1
Aerospace Dimensions – Module 2Aircraft Systems & Airports
Airplane Systems– Combustion– Reciprocating Aircraft Engines– Jet (Turbine) Engines– Controls & Instruments
Airports– Layout, Signs & Makings– FAA– Flight Profile– Phonetic Alphabet
Aeronautical Charts– Sectional Charts, Legend, Features– Airport Information– Latitude & Longitude
Aerospace For Cadets
Rev. 0 – Feb 2009Bruce Bream, LtCol. / CAPEagle Composite SquadronOhio Wing Civil Air Patrol
2
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Introduction
Airplane Systems Learning Outcomes
• Reciprocating Aircraft Engine Operation
• Recognize Engine Parts
• Jet (Turbine) Engine Operation
• Cockpit Powerplant Controls
• Flight Instruments
3
CombustionAtomize the fuel Add an oxygen Then a sparkChemical process Mechanical energy
Fuel: AvGas or Jet fuel carried in aircraft tanks Oxidizer: Air (21% oxygen)
Fuel to Air Mixture Ratio Rich = More fuel than air
Stoichiometric ratio (STO-kee-oh-met-rik) Mixture Ratio that uses ALL the Fuel and Oxidizer
Mixture changes with altitude to get same mixture ratio Thinner air has less oxygen content
Ignition Spark plug run by high voltage from a magneto
Combustion is just one part of an engine cycle
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Combustion
4
Reciprocating Engine• Engine parts reciprocate
– Move back and forth
• Combustion chamber– Piston stroke in the cylinder
• 4-Stroke Operating Cycle– Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust
• Magneto & Spark plugs– Ignite fuel and air in the cylinder
• Air and oil cooled
rpm= revolutions per minute
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines
Let’s look at some airplane engine parts
Brought to you by INTERNAL Combustion
Animation Credit:http::www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/engopt.html
5
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines
Animation Credit:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine
6
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines
Carburetor• Mixes fuel and air for a reciprocating engine• Venturi uses the Bernoulli Principle
• Drops pressure to mix and vaporize fuel
Usually found on the bottom of the engine
7
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines
8
Turbine (Jet) Engine• Continuous Combustion Cycle
– Everything rotates around and flows along the centerline shaft
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Turbine Engines
AfterburnerSprays fuel into Exhaust
Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust
9
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Turbine Engines
GE-90 Turbofan
- Engine Inlet inspection
- 115,000 lb thrust
- 45:1 compression- 660 psi to combustor
- Weights 18,260 lbs
- 3,000 lbs/sec air flow
- Fan turns at 2,500 rpm
10
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Turbine Engines
11
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems - Instrumentation
ManifoldPressure
Exhaust Gas Temperature
(EGT)
Flight Instruments
TypicalGeneral Aviation
AircraftInstrumentation
(pre-glass panel)
Tachometer(rpm)
Engine Instruments
12
Gyroscopic Instruments
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems - Instrumentation
Attitude Indicator(artificial horizon)
Heading Indicator(stabilized compass)
Turn Coordinator(rate of turn)
Also Skid/Slip Ball
Spinning gyro rotor provides stable
reference in space
Spinning gyro rotor provides stable
reference in space
13
Pitot/Static System InstrumentsStandard Pressure• 29.92” Hg (English) = 1013.2 millibars (Metric)
Pressure drops with altitude• 1 inch per 1000 feetInstruments use two air probes:
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Instrumentation
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
(static rate)
Altimeter(static pressure)
Airspeed Indicator
(pitot to static)Pitot TubeRam air pressure
Static PortNon-moving air pressure
14
Throttle quadrant
Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Engine Controls
Mixture Ratio
Throttle
Propeller RPM(Constant pitch propellers)
15
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Overview
Airports Learning Outcomes
• Role of the FAA
• Flight Profile
• GA Airport Layout
• Taxiway & Runway Signs & Markings
• Phonetic Alphabet
16
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – FAA
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
• Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)• Regulate air transportation• Standards for Aircraft and Airports• Pilot certification
• Air Traffic Control (ATC)• In-flight• Towered Airports
17
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Flight Profile
LandingTaxiShut down
Cruise
Preflight(VFR & IFR)
Taxi
Takeoff
Climb
DescentApproach to landing
18
Military Airfield
White / White / Green
Airport Rotating Beacons
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting
Public Airport
White / Green
Water Airport
White / Yellow
Heliport
White / Green / Yellow
19
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting
Approach Flight Path Guidance Lighting
VASI – Visual Approach Slope Indicator
PAPI – Precision Approach Path Indicator
20
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Signs
Wind Direction Indicators
Location SignsDirection & Destination Signs
Information Signs
Mandatory Signs
ILS
UNICOM 122.9
6 Remaining runwayIn 1,000’s of feet
21
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Runway & Taxiway Markings
9
27
No
n-P
rec
isio
n A
pp
roa
ch
N360°
S180°
E90°
W270°
Vis
ua
lR
un
wa
y
18 L36 R
9-27 A
Precision Approach
Runway Number• Magnetic Heading• 2 digits• Degrees / 10
36 L
18 R
Ramp
36
L-1
8R
B
B
A 9-27↑
18R
-36L
↑
22
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting
Approach Lighting System
(ALS)
Taxiway Edge Lights – Blue
Runway Threshold Lights•Green facing approach•Red facing runway
Runway EndIdentification
Lights (REIL)
•Strobes
CenterlineIn-Runway
Lights – White
18
36
Runway LightingRunway
EdgeLights
•White in•Red out
23
Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Phonetic Alphabet
A Alpha (Al fah)
B Bravo (Brah voh)
C Charlie (Char lee)
D Delta (Dell tah)
E Echo (Eck-oh)
F Foxtrot (Foks trot)
G Golf (Golf)
H Hotel (Hoh tell)
I India (In dee ah)
J Juliet (Joo lee ett)
K Kilo (Kee loh)
L Lima (Lee mah)
M Mike (Mike)
N November (No vem ber)
O Oscar (Oss cah)
P Papa (Pah pah)
Q Quebec (Keh beck)
R Romeo (Row me oh)
S Sierra (See air rah)
T Tango (Tang go)
U Uniform (U nee form)
V Victor (Vik tah)
W Whiskey (Wiss kee)
X X-Ray (Ecks ray)
Y Yankee (Yang kee)
Z Zulu (Zoo loo)
1 Wun
2 Too
3 Tree
4 Fo-wer
5 Fife
6 Six
7 Seven
8 Ate
9 Niner
0 Zero
24
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Introduction
Aeronautical Charts Learning Outcomes
• Sectional Chart Layout
• Chart Legend
• Reading Latitude and Longitude
• Identify Features
• Read Airport Information
25
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Deg, Min, Sec
360 degrees in a circle
60 minutes in a degree
60 seconds in a minute
Degrees ° Minutes ’ Seconds "
W270°
E90°
S180°
N0°
1 degree
60 minutes
60 seconds
Q: How many seconds in a degree?
1 minute
26
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Latitude & Longitude
Measured inDegrees, Minutes, Seconds1 degree = 60 minutes1 minute = 60 seconds
Parallels of Latitude• Measured from Equator • 0 to 90 degrees North and South
0° Equator30° S
30° N60° N
60° S
90° S – South Pole
90° N – North Pole
Meridians of Longitude• Measured from Prime Meridian • 0 to 180 degrees East and West• Converge at poles
90° E90° W 0°
S
N
27
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Map Coordinates
40 degrees North
Latitude
40 degrees30 minutes
North Latitude
85 degrees
West Longitude
84 degrees30 minutes
West Longitude
Prim
e Meridian is 0° Longitude
Equator is 0° Latitude
Longitude measured from Prime Meridian
Latitude measured from
Equator
28
1 Nautical Mile (nm) = 6076 feet= 1 minute of longitude at the equator
1 Statue Mile (sm) = 5,280 feet
1 Nautical Mile = 6,076 feet
1 Statute Mile = 5,280 feet
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Distance & Speed
Conversion factor: 1 nm = 1.15 smExample: 25 nm = 28.7 sm
Sectional chart 1:500,000 inches or 1” = 8 nm
Knot = 1 nm per hour (Measures speed)100 knots = 115 mph
29
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Sectionals
• Sectional chart scale 1:500,000 inches• 1” on the chart = 8 nm on the ground• Each chart covers 8° of Longitude and 4° of Latitude• Named after a city on the chart
Sectional Aeronautical Charts
30
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Legend
ATC Airspace
Airports CitiesTowers
Wildlife refuges
Railroad
Water
Navigation Aids
31
Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Airport Info
NEIL ARMSTRONG – Airport Name(AXV) – ICAO Airport IdentifierAWOS-3 128.325 – Automated Weather Observation Service frequency913 – Elevation in feet Mean Sea Level (MSL)*L – Lighted runway ( * = with some limitations)55 – Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet122.8 – Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
CUYAHOGA CO – Airport Name(CGF) – ICAO Airport IdentifierCT - 118.5* – Control Tower Frequency (* means not 24hr)879 – Elevation in feet MSL*L – Lighted runway ( * = with some limitations)51 – Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet122.95 – Unicom for FBO
Uncontrolled Airport - MAGENTA
Control Tower Airport - BLUE
Rotating Beacon
32
Questions?