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Aerospace Dimensions – Module 2Aircraft Systems & Airports

Airplane Systems– Combustion– Reciprocating Aircraft Engines– Jet (Turbine) Engines– Controls & Instruments

Airports– Layout, Signs & Makings– FAA– Flight Profile– Phonetic Alphabet

Aeronautical Charts– Sectional Charts, Legend, Features– Airport Information– Latitude & Longitude

Aerospace For Cadets

Rev. 0 – Feb 2009Bruce Bream, LtCol. / CAPEagle Composite SquadronOhio Wing Civil Air Patrol

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Introduction

Airplane Systems Learning Outcomes

• Reciprocating Aircraft Engine Operation

• Recognize Engine Parts

• Jet (Turbine) Engine Operation

• Cockpit Powerplant Controls

• Flight Instruments

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CombustionAtomize the fuel Add an oxygen Then a sparkChemical process Mechanical energy

Fuel: AvGas or Jet fuel carried in aircraft tanks Oxidizer: Air (21% oxygen)

Fuel to Air Mixture Ratio Rich = More fuel than air

Stoichiometric ratio (STO-kee-oh-met-rik) Mixture Ratio that uses ALL the Fuel and Oxidizer

Mixture changes with altitude to get same mixture ratio Thinner air has less oxygen content

Ignition Spark plug run by high voltage from a magneto

Combustion is just one part of an engine cycle

Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Combustion

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Reciprocating Engine• Engine parts reciprocate

– Move back and forth

• Combustion chamber– Piston stroke in the cylinder

• 4-Stroke Operating Cycle– Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust

• Magneto & Spark plugs– Ignite fuel and air in the cylinder

• Air and oil cooled

rpm= revolutions per minute

Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines

Let’s look at some airplane engine parts

Brought to you by INTERNAL Combustion

Animation Credit:http::www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/engopt.html

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines

Animation Credit:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines

Carburetor• Mixes fuel and air for a reciprocating engine• Venturi uses the Bernoulli Principle

• Drops pressure to mix and vaporize fuel

Usually found on the bottom of the engine

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines

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Turbine (Jet) Engine• Continuous Combustion Cycle

– Everything rotates around and flows along the centerline shaft

Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Turbine Engines

AfterburnerSprays fuel into Exhaust

Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Turbine Engines

GE-90 Turbofan

- Engine Inlet inspection

- 115,000 lb thrust

- 45:1 compression- 660 psi to combustor

- Weights 18,260 lbs

- 3,000 lbs/sec air flow

- Fan turns at 2,500 rpm

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Turbine Engines

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems - Instrumentation

ManifoldPressure

Exhaust Gas Temperature

(EGT)

Flight Instruments

TypicalGeneral Aviation

AircraftInstrumentation

(pre-glass panel)

Tachometer(rpm)

Engine Instruments

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Gyroscopic Instruments

Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems - Instrumentation

Attitude Indicator(artificial horizon)

Heading Indicator(stabilized compass)

Turn Coordinator(rate of turn)

Also Skid/Slip Ball

Spinning gyro rotor provides stable

reference in space

Spinning gyro rotor provides stable

reference in space

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Pitot/Static System InstrumentsStandard Pressure• 29.92” Hg (English) = 1013.2 millibars (Metric)

Pressure drops with altitude• 1 inch per 1000 feetInstruments use two air probes:

Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Instrumentation

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

(static rate)

Altimeter(static pressure)

Airspeed Indicator

(pitot to static)Pitot TubeRam air pressure

Static PortNon-moving air pressure

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Throttle quadrant

Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Engine Controls

Mixture Ratio

Throttle

Propeller RPM(Constant pitch propellers)

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Overview

Airports Learning Outcomes

• Role of the FAA

• Flight Profile

• GA Airport Layout

• Taxiway & Runway Signs & Markings

• Phonetic Alphabet

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – FAA

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

• Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)• Regulate air transportation• Standards for Aircraft and Airports• Pilot certification

• Air Traffic Control (ATC)• In-flight• Towered Airports

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Flight Profile

LandingTaxiShut down

Cruise

Preflight(VFR & IFR)

Taxi

Takeoff

Climb

DescentApproach to landing

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Military Airfield

White / White / Green

Airport Rotating Beacons

Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting

Public Airport

White / Green

Water Airport

White / Yellow

Heliport

White / Green / Yellow

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting

Approach Flight Path Guidance Lighting

VASI – Visual Approach Slope Indicator

PAPI – Precision Approach Path Indicator

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Signs

Wind Direction Indicators

Location SignsDirection & Destination Signs

Information Signs

Mandatory Signs

ILS

UNICOM 122.9

6 Remaining runwayIn 1,000’s of feet

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Runway & Taxiway Markings

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No

n-P

rec

isio

n A

pp

roa

ch

N360°

S180°

E90°

W270°

Vis

ua

lR

un

wa

y

18 L36 R

9-27 A

Precision Approach

Runway Number• Magnetic Heading• 2 digits• Degrees / 10

36 L

18 R

Ramp

36

L-1

8R

B

B

A 9-27↑

18R

-36L

↑

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting

Approach Lighting System

(ALS)

Taxiway Edge Lights – Blue

Runway Threshold Lights•Green facing approach•Red facing runway

Runway EndIdentification

Lights (REIL)

•Strobes

CenterlineIn-Runway

Lights – White

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Runway LightingRunway

EdgeLights

•White in•Red out

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Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Phonetic Alphabet

A Alpha (Al fah)

B Bravo (Brah voh)

C Charlie (Char lee)

D Delta (Dell tah)

E Echo (Eck-oh)

F Foxtrot (Foks trot)

G Golf (Golf)

H Hotel (Hoh tell)

I India (In dee ah)

J Juliet (Joo lee ett)

K Kilo (Kee loh)

L Lima (Lee mah)

M Mike (Mike)

N November (No vem ber)

O Oscar (Oss cah)

P Papa (Pah pah)

Q Quebec (Keh beck)

R Romeo (Row me oh)

S Sierra (See air rah)

T Tango (Tang go)

U Uniform (U nee form)

V Victor (Vik tah)

W Whiskey (Wiss kee)

X X-Ray (Ecks ray)

Y Yankee (Yang kee)

Z Zulu (Zoo loo)

1 Wun

2 Too

3 Tree

4 Fo-wer

5 Fife

6 Six

7 Seven

8 Ate

9 Niner

0 Zero

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Introduction

Aeronautical Charts Learning Outcomes

• Sectional Chart Layout

• Chart Legend

• Reading Latitude and Longitude

• Identify Features

• Read Airport Information

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Deg, Min, Sec

360 degrees in a circle

60 minutes in a degree

60 seconds in a minute

Degrees ° Minutes ’ Seconds "

W270°

E90°

S180°

N0°

1 degree

60 minutes

60 seconds

Q: How many seconds in a degree?

1 minute

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Latitude & Longitude

Measured inDegrees, Minutes, Seconds1 degree = 60 minutes1 minute = 60 seconds

Parallels of Latitude• Measured from Equator • 0 to 90 degrees North and South

0° Equator30° S

30° N60° N

60° S

90° S – South Pole

90° N – North Pole

Meridians of Longitude• Measured from Prime Meridian • 0 to 180 degrees East and West• Converge at poles

90° E90° W 0°

S

N

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Map Coordinates

40 degrees North

Latitude

40 degrees30 minutes

North Latitude

85 degrees

West Longitude

84 degrees30 minutes

West Longitude

Prim

e Meridian is 0° Longitude

Equator is 0° Latitude

Longitude measured from Prime Meridian

Latitude measured from

Equator

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1 Nautical Mile (nm) = 6076 feet= 1 minute of longitude at the equator

1 Statue Mile (sm) = 5,280 feet

1 Nautical Mile = 6,076 feet

1 Statute Mile = 5,280 feet

Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Distance & Speed

Conversion factor: 1 nm = 1.15 smExample: 25 nm = 28.7 sm

Sectional chart 1:500,000 inches or 1” = 8 nm

Knot = 1 nm per hour (Measures speed)100 knots = 115 mph

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Sectionals

• Sectional chart scale 1:500,000 inches• 1” on the chart = 8 nm on the ground• Each chart covers 8° of Longitude and 4° of Latitude• Named after a city on the chart

Sectional Aeronautical Charts

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Legend

ATC Airspace

Airports CitiesTowers

Wildlife refuges

Railroad

Water

Navigation Aids

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Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Airport Info

NEIL ARMSTRONG – Airport Name(AXV) – ICAO Airport IdentifierAWOS-3 128.325 – Automated Weather Observation Service frequency913 – Elevation in feet Mean Sea Level (MSL)*L – Lighted runway ( * = with some limitations)55 – Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet122.8 – Common Traffic Advisory Frequency

CUYAHOGA CO – Airport Name(CGF) – ICAO Airport IdentifierCT - 118.5* – Control Tower Frequency (* means not 24hr)879 – Elevation in feet MSL*L – Lighted runway ( * = with some limitations)51 – Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet122.95 – Unicom for FBO

Uncontrolled Airport - MAGENTA

Control Tower Airport - BLUE

Rotating Beacon

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Questions?