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AbstractAbstract• 61 million Americans have
cardiovascular diseases (ex. high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure)
• Staus has stated that there are many causes of stroke (ex. habitual smoking)
• Smoking will increase the heart rate in humans- high heart rates cause of many heart related diseases (Ikonomidis)
• Nicotine applied to heart of Daphnia shows stimulation in weaker concentrations+ inhibition in stronger ones--not reversible-- damage permanent
• Long-term cigarette smoking- major and independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, mortality
Heart of a smoker
Dr. John Ikonomidis
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NeedNeed• Quillen (1993) found that
before smoking, the artery’s diameter was an mean of 2.61 +/- .12 mm.
• After smoking, the person’s artery measured an average of 2.40 +/- .7mm.
• Arteries constricted – blood pressure increases – high chance of heart attack.
• Nicotine, from cigarette smoke has been associated with all types of sudden cardiac death in men and women (Gregory,2004).
View of a constricted vessel
Dr. Richard Gregory
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Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base• Daphnia- model organisms- heart is
easily visible-anatomy similar to humans
• concentrations of 10-6 - acceleration of 6 per cent; 10-4 a 17 per cent fall; 10-3 a 35 percent fall.
• Daphnia hearts, like human hearts, are accelerated and inhibited by nicotine (Alexandrowicz, 1932; Carlson, 1904).
• If the person survives heart rate increase, wound heals- less effective- same in daphnia (Ayanian, 1993)
Dr. John Z. Ayanian
Dr. Anton J. Carlson
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Literature ReviewLiterature Review• Behura(2007) stated that
Daphnia magna plays a central role in studies of evolutionary heart rate, and ecological genetics of human beings
• These organisms are easily cultured and have a short reproductive cycle, making them an ideal model system for heart rate and habitual experiments
Dr. Susanta Behura
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• Acute smoking enhances adrenergic activity and is associated with changes in the cardiovascular system, including heart rate.
• In five minutes, their heart rate went up an average of 10 and their average blood pressure went up 7% due to the nicotine. (Karakaya, 2007)
Dr. Osman Karakaya
Literature ReviewLiterature Review
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PurposePurpose• Therefore, the general purpose of
this experiment is to find if nicotine adversely effects the heart over different lengths of time.
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HypothesisHypothesis• Null- If the Daphnia are exposed to
nicotine at various concentrations, their heart rate will increase, then decrease.
• Alternative- If the Daphnia are exposed to nicotine at various concentrations, their heart rate will increase.
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MethodologyMethodology.01% Nicotine Solution N=5
.001% Nicotine Solution N=5
0% Nicotine Solution N=5
Daphnia re-exposed to equal solution daily
Fed every 3 days 1 drop Daphnia Medium
BPS and BPM recorded 4x/ group daily
The Effects of Chronic Exposure to Nicotine on Heart Rate and
Behavior in Daphnia
Means taken of each group; compared using standard deviation
BPS and BPM observed under Dissecting scope using Motic Software + Camera. Video replayed at
1/2 speed to view beats