abstract 61 million americans have cardiovascular diseases (ex. high blood pressure, coronary heart...
TRANSCRIPT
AbstractAbstract• 61 million Americans have
cardiovascular diseases (ex. high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure)
• Staus has stated that there are many causes of stroke (ex. habitual smoking)
• Smoking will increase the heart rate in humans- high heart rates cause of many heart related diseases (Ikonomidis)
• Nicotine applied to heart of Daphnia shows stimulation in weaker concentrations+ inhibition in stronger ones--not reversible-- damage permanent
• Long-term cigarette smoking- major and independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, mortality
Heart of a smoker
Dr. John Ikonomidis
NeedNeed• Quillen (1993) found that
before smoking, the artery’s diameter was an mean of 2.61 +/- .12 mm.
• After smoking, the person’s artery measured an average of 2.40 +/- .7mm.
• Arteries constricted – blood pressure increases – high chance of heart attack.
• Nicotine, from cigarette smoke has been associated with all types of sudden cardiac death in men and women (Gregory,2004).
View of a constricted vessel
Dr. Richard Gregory
Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base• Daphnia- model organisms- heart is
easily visible-anatomy similar to humans
• concentrations of 10-6 - acceleration of 6 per cent; 10-4 a 17 per cent fall; 10-3 a 35 percent fall.
• Daphnia hearts, like human hearts, are accelerated and inhibited by nicotine (Alexandrowicz, 1932; Carlson, 1904).
• If the person survives heart rate increase, wound heals- less effective- same in daphnia (Ayanian, 1993)
Dr. John Z. Ayanian
Dr. Anton J. Carlson
Literature ReviewLiterature Review• Behura(2007) stated that
Daphnia magna plays a central role in studies of evolutionary heart rate, and ecological genetics of human beings
• These organisms are easily cultured and have a short reproductive cycle, making them an ideal model system for heart rate and habitual experiments
Dr. Susanta Behura
• Acute smoking enhances adrenergic activity and is associated with changes in the cardiovascular system, including heart rate.
• In five minutes, their heart rate went up an average of 10 and their average blood pressure went up 7% due to the nicotine. (Karakaya, 2007)
Dr. Osman Karakaya
Literature ReviewLiterature Review
PurposePurpose• Therefore, the general purpose of
this experiment is to find if nicotine adversely effects the heart over different lengths of time.
HypothesisHypothesis• Null- If the Daphnia are exposed to
nicotine at various concentrations, their heart rate will increase, then decrease.
• Alternative- If the Daphnia are exposed to nicotine at various concentrations, their heart rate will increase.
MethodologyMethodology.01% Nicotine Solution N=5
.001% Nicotine Solution N=5
0% Nicotine Solution N=5
Daphnia re-exposed to equal solution daily
Fed every 3 days 1 drop Daphnia Medium
BPS and BPM recorded 4x/ group daily
The Effects of Chronic Exposure to Nicotine on Heart Rate and
Behavior in Daphnia
Means taken of each group; compared using standard deviation
BPS and BPM observed under Dissecting scope using Motic Software + Camera. Video replayed at
1/2 speed to view beats