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Lesson Plans 1-2
(Week 1-2)
Chapter One: The study of the morphologial struture of !nglish
1" Learning O#$eti%es
Upon completing this chapter, students are expected to be able
to:
1.1Identify the morpheme base affixes allomorph and morph.
1.2Identify the types of morpheme1.3Identify the function of morpheme base affixes, allomorph and
morph.
1.4Use the morpheme base affixes, allomorph and morph in
English correctly.
1.!e a"are of different types of allomorphs in "ords.
2" Topis of Content
2.1#hat is $orpheme%
2.2#hat is &egmentation%
2.3'ypes of $orpheme
2.4!ase
2.(ffixes and (ffixation
2.)(llomorph2.*$orph
&" Teahing and Learning 'ethod
4.1 +ectures
4.2 !rainstorming
4.3 iscussions
4.4 (ssignment
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4. -resentations
" Teahing 'aterials
4.1$ain textboo
4.2&upplementary materials
4.3'ransparencies
4.4/harts
4.#orsheet
4.)'extboos
4.*English ictionary
" 'easurement and !%aluation
&tudents "ill be e0aluated on:
.1Exercise in the boo
.2&mall test
.3bser0ation of the learners attention and participation
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Chapter One
The *tudy of the 'orphologial *truture of !nglish
(ccording to traditional linguistic theories, grammatical description
largely operates on t"o important units: the "ord and the sentence.
'hese t"o units form the basis of the differing "riting systems in 0arious
languages of the "orld.
In order to mae the study of meaningful linguistic elements simplerand more explicit, it has been found con0enient to postulate abstract
entities called morphemes in some"hat the same "ay in "hich
phonemics "ere postulated to mae the study of speech sounds simpler
and more explicit.
In English, the smallest grammatical unit is the morpheme "hich is
unstructured5 and each higher unit is made up of units immediately
belo" it. 'he highest grammatical unit is the sentence "hich includes all
the smaller units. 'hus, morphemes function in the "ord structure, "ord
structures in the group structure, group structures in the clause structure,
and clause structure in the complex sentence structure. 'he diagram
belo" sho"s this hierarchical arrangement of syntactic structure in
English.
&entence
/lause
6roup
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#ord
$orpheme
What is 'orpheme+
$orpheme, an important di0ision of the grammar of a language, deals
"ith the structure of "ords. It is the study of "ords 7 "ords "hich
exhibit arrangements of morphemes. 'he study of "ord7formation or the
structure of "ords in a language is called the morphology of that
language.
'he definition of the morpheme may not be completely unassailable
as "ill be e0ident from the discussion that follo"s, but it is certainly a
0ery satisfying definition applicable to a ma8ority of "ords in any
language. &ome linguists describe morphemes as the smallest recurrent
elements of grammatical patterning and lea0e meaning out of the
definition. 'he "ord recei0e may be regarded as one morpheme9 if
broen do"n into smaller units, re and ei%e, one can claim that
ei%e is grammatically significant and recurs in a slightly different form,
ept, in ad8ecti0e such as reepti%e, perepti%e, pereptual,etc. &imilarly,
the follo"ing "ords may be split up into t"o units: concei0e con, cei0e5,
transport trans, port5, report re, port5, export ex, port5, percei0e per,cei0e5, etc. 'his represents one point of 0ie", but not one "hich is
accepted by many other linguists since it totally excludes meaning.
'he morpheme is the second basic unit in the expression system of
a language, the first being the phoneme. ( morpheme may be defined
as the smallest meaningful unitin the structure of a language. It cannot
be subdi0ided "ithout destroying or drastically changing its meaning. ;or
example, man/ { / is a morpheme. #e cannot subdi0ided it into
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kind A one morpheme kind
kind ful A t"o morphemes kindful
unkindful A three morphemes .nkindful
unkindful ness A four morphemes .nkindfulness
&ome morphemes ha0e no clear shape. &uch a morpheme "ill be
called @Bero@ or <
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Units of "ord building such as the prefix un-the base or stem read
and suffix - a#leare morphemes since they are meaningful and unable
to be segmented further, and if a con0entional construction is to be
formed of these morphemes, "e shall ha0e the "ord unreada#le, an
ad8ecti0e meaning not able to be read.
6eorge Cule ga0e the definition of a morpheme as Da minimal unit of
meaning or grammatical function. #e "ould say that the "ord
reopened in the sentence, The polie reopened the in%estigation,
consists of three morphemes. ne minimal unit of meaning is open,
another minimal unit of meaning is re-meaning again5, and a minimalunit of grammatical function is 7 edindicating past tense5. 'he "ord
tourists also contain three morphemes. 'here is one minimal unit of
meaning, tour, another minimal unit of meaning ist meaning person
"ho does something5, and a minimal unit of grammatical function 7s
indicating plural5.
What is *egmentation+
( large number of "ords can be broen do"n into segments and
are said to be Ddeterminate "ith respect to segmentation.
Examples:
boys boys
playing playing
passed passed
unable unable
no"ingly no"ingly
"atches "atches
!ut there are se0eral "ords "hich can either not be segmented
indeterminate5 at all, or are only partially determinate "ith respect to
segment.
Examples:
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men, children, mice, sheep, "ent, too, broe, sung, brought, better,
best, "orse, "orst.
'he problems of segmentation in all such "ords may 0ary in ind as
"ell as in degree. 'his presents a serious problem. (lthough #etterand
entstand in the same grammatical relationship "ith goodand goand
as loerand alkedha0e "ith loand alk, yet the "ords #etterand
entcannot be segmented into parts as loerand alked5 as per the
gi0en definition of the term morphemes. &ince "e no" that #etterhas
the same grammatical function 0isa0is good as shorterhas 0isa0is
short, "e can express the relationship as a proportion of grammatical ordistributional5 e>ui0alence:
good : better : best :: short : shorter : shortest
3ood and short are both ad8ecti0es and the expression #etter and
shorterare grammatically alie in the sense that they both express only
the comparati0e degree of the ad8ecti0e. &imilarly, #estand shortesttoo
are alie as they express the superlati0e degree of the ad8ecti0e. Fo"
suppose, on an analogy from algebra, "e resol0e each of the six "ords
gi0en abo0e into factors
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Types of 'orphemes
$orphemes in English can be classified into t"o categories: free
morphemes and bound morphemes.
2"1 4ree morphemes
/ free morpheme is independent for it can occur alone by itself
as a "ord in the language. ;ree morphemes are those that can occur
alone: dog, girl, good, run, t"o, ha0e, I, you, of, can, the, lo0e, bad,
etc. ( free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone "ith meaning.
;or instance, in reply to D#hat are you going to do no"% you might
ans"er DEat. 'his is a free morpheme. ( bound morpheme, unlie the
free, cannot be uttered alone "ith meaning. It is al"ays annexed to one
or more morphemes to form a "ord, e.g. antedate, replay, manly,
eeper, unable. 'he underlined morphemes in the examples are all
bound, for one "ould not utter in isolation forms lie ante, re, ly, er,
and un.
2"2 / #ound morpheme
/ #ound morpheme is dependent as it is al"ays attached to
another morpheme. (ffixes are bound morphemes as they al"ays occur
"ith bases. 'he bound morphemes are those that cannot occur alone,
and must be attached to "ords i.e. enlarge, >uicly, "iden, singing,
replace, etc.
$ost bases occur independently as free morphemes and fe"bases are bound morphemes.
4or e5ample:
'he morpheme ed in lo0ed
ful in beautiful
miss in mistae
ness in goodness
s in dogs
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un in unhappy
dis in dislie
re in replay
ante in antedate
ex in expresident, ex"ife, ex
child mid in middle, midterm,
midday, midnight neo in neo+atin, neo
FaGi, neoclassic, post in post"ar,
postpaid, postscript
pre in pretest, prepay, predate,
pre0ie",
preschool, prefix, preflight.
Classifiation of 'orphemes
$H-E$E&
;HEE $H-E$E& !UF
$HE-E$E&
Foun /on8unctions and, or5 (ffixes !ound
/ontracted
Jerbs (rticles the, a5 !ase ;orms
(d8ecti0es emonstrati0e this, that5
(d0erbs -reposition -refixes &uffixes
ll
re s cran d
un iGe i0e
dis ify s
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mis en
6ases
(nother classification of morpheme puts them into t"o classes: bases
and affixes. ( base morpheme is the part of a "ord that has the
principal meaning. ( base is a morpheme "hich is the core of the "ord
that contains the "ords basic meaning. 'he underlined morphemes in
these "ords are bases: denial, lo0able, annoyance, reenter, disagree,
pretest, manly.
!ases are 0ery numerous, and most of them in English are free
morphemes9 but some are bound, lie sent in consent, dissent, and
assent. ( "ord may contain one base and se0eral affixes. Headability,
for example, contains the free base read and the t"o affixes 7abil and
7ity9 and unmistaable has the free base tae and the affixes un, mis,
and 7able.
In the "ords lie unhappy, disregarded, hildhood, etc. morphemes
such as happy, regarded and hild can stand on their o"n as
independent "ords. &uch morphemes are called free morphemes. n the
other hand, morphemes lie un, dis, ed, hood, etc. cannot stand on
their "on as independent "ords. 'hey are al"ays attached to a free
morpheme. $orphemes such as dis, un, ed, hood are also called
bound affixes. 'he form to "hich an affix is attached is called a base.
ere is a tree diagram sho"ing the morphological analysis of the "ord
unknoingly:
Unno"ingly
affix
base
un no"ingly
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base
affix
no"ing5
ly5
stem root5 affix
no" ing
/ffi5es and /ffi5ation
(ffixes may be di0ided into prefixes "hich appear at the
beginning of the base5 and suffixes "ith appear at the end of the
base5.
/onsider the follo"ing sets:
&et ( &et !
-refix !ase !ase &uffix
unhappy un happy friendship friend
ship
immobile im mobile childhood child
hood
enable en able girls girl s
illegal il legal nicely nice ly
'he bound morphemes, in "ord7formation, are called Daffix and
the "ords to "hich the affixes are added, are called Dbase "ord free
morpheme5"
act actor
base "ord affix
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play replay
affix base "ord
'he "ord Daffix is a general term that means either prefix or
suffix. 'hose that ha0e to be added at the beginning of "ords are called
Dprefixes, and those that are added at the end of "ords are called
Dsuffixes.
affix
prefix = base "ord = suffix
(n affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or "ithin or after a
base. (n affix does not carry the principal meaning but is added to a
free or a bound base to change the meaning of the base or to mar a
grammatical function.
'he affixes in English can be arranged into t"o groups: infletional
and deri%ational.Inflection is a change made in the form of a "ord to
express its relation to other "ords in the sentence. eri0ation, on the
other hand, is the process by "hich ne" "ord belong to the same class
e.g. girland girlhood, both nouns, playand replay, both 0erbs5 and is
classchanging if the t"o "ords belong to different categories e.g. a#le
and ena#le, 0erb from ad8ecti0e, reason and seasonal, ad8ecti0e from
noun, daneand daner, noun from 0erb5.
Inflectional suffixes do not change the class of the "ord, for exampleslide slides both 0erbs5
hot hotter both ad8ecti0es5
boy boys both nouns5
spea speaing both 0erbs5
'hey come last in a "ord and appear only as suffixes. eri0ational
affixes can be both prefixes and suffixes5. 'hey do not pile up only one
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ends a "ord5, e.g. boos, higher, "ritten. (lso, inflectional suffixes go
"ith all stems of a gi0en part of speech, for example
7er#s /d$eti%es 8ouns
come comes cold colder girl girls
sing sings tall taller pen pens
see sees short shorter bench
benches
$ore examples of inflectional suffixes classified according to a part of
speech.
Foun inflectional suffixes
a. -lural marer 7s
girl 7 girls
'he girls are here5
b. -ossessi0e marers
&amran 7 &amrans
&amrans pen5
Jerb inflectional suffixes
c. 'hird person present singular marer 7s
bae 7 baes
&he baes "ell5
d. -ast tense marer 7 ed
"al 7 "aled
#e "aled here yesterday5
e. -rogressi0e marer ing
play 7 playing
'hey are playing5
f. -art participle marers 7en or 7ed
eat 7 eaten
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&he has eaten mango5
bae 7 baed
e has baed a cae5
(d8ecti0e inflectional suffixes
g. /omparati0e marer 7er
fast 7 faster
&he is faster than you5
h. &uperlati0e marer 7est
fast 7fastest
&he is fastest5
English has only the inflectional affixes listed abo0e, and all
inflectional affixes in English are suffixes none are prefixes, unlie the
situation "ith deri0ational affixes, "hich include both suffixes and
prefixes5.
9inds of affi5es
'here are three inds of affixes, "hich are: prefixes, infixes, and
suffixes:
Prefi5esare those bound morphemes that occur before a base, as in
import, prefix, reconsider, unhappy. -refixes in English are a small class
of morpheme, numbering about se0entyfi0e. 'heir meanings are often
those of English prepositions and ad0erbial.
-refixes in English usually modify the meaning of the base form. 'hefollo"ing are some of the acti0e prefixes, together "ith their appro5imate
meaning.
-refix (pproximate $eaning Examples
anti against antipeople
arch chief archenemy
bi t"ice, t"o bimonthly, biplane
co "ith copassenger
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contra against contradication
counter against countermo0e
de from, a"ay decentraliGe
dis a"ay, "ithout disable
em in, on emplane
en encircle
e>ui e>ual e>uidistant
ex former expresident
extra outside extraconstitutional
hyper abnormally high hypersensiti0e
I illogical
i = m not immobilise
n in0isible
r irresponsible
inter bet"een intercollege
intra "ithin intracollege
mal defecti0e, badly5 malad8ustment, maltreat
mini small minisirt
mis not misbeha0e
non not noncommittal
pan all panIndian
post after postgraduate
pre before predegree
pro fa0ouring procapitalist
pseudo sham pseudointellectual
>uasi half, seemingly5 >uasipassi0e
re bac, again regain
semi half semicircle, semifinal
sub under subcommittee
super 0ery high degree superdiplomat
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trans across transcontinental
tri three tri8unction
ultra excessi0ely ultramodern
un not unusual
under not sufficiently "ith 0bs.5 underestimate.
placed5 under "ith nn5 undersecretary
0ice next belo" 0icepresident
nfi5esare bound morphemes that ha0e been inserted "ithin a "ord,
although in English these are rare. ccasionally they are additions "ithin
a "ord, but, infixes in English are most commonly replacements, not
additions. 'hey occur in a fe" noun plurals. +ie the 7ee in geese,
replacing the 7oo of goose, and more often in the past tense and past
participles of 0erbs, lie the 7o of hoseand hosenreplacing the 7oo
of hoose.
*uffi5esare bound morphemes that occur after a base, for example
shrinage, failure, noisy, realiGe, nails, dreamed. ( suffix can occur after
another suffix but not directly after a prefix. &uffixes may pile up to the
number of three of four, "hereas prefixes are commonly single, except
for the negati0e un before another prefix. In normaliGes "e perhaps
reach the limit "ith four: the base norm plus the four suffixes 7al, iGe,
er, s. "hen suffixes multiply lie this, their order is fixed: there is oneand only one order in "hich they occur.
&uffixes are generally di0ided into t"o classes: a5 those that
ser0e some grammatical functions, and b5 the others that are used to
deri0e ne" "ords from the base form. (ccording to these t"o functions
the first group is called grammatical or nfletional *uffi5es and the
second group is called lexical or 0eri%ational *uffi5es.
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Classifiation of /ffi5es
(ffixes may be classified as deri0ational and inflectional according
to their effect on the base.
nfletional affi5es
Inflectional affixes are bound morphemes that mar grammatical
meanings such as plurality, past tense, or comparison. 'hey do not
change the "ord class of the base to "hich they are attached.
Inflectional affixes are those that do not change "ords to "hich
they are added5 from one "ord 7 class or subclass to another.
;or example:
understand misunderstand
0
0
countable uncountable
ad8.
(d8.
boy boys
n n
In English, as in many other languages, "ords are sometimes
modified or changed to meet grammatical re>uirements. ;or instance, the
"ord like in 0ogs like meat. 'he forms are so changed or modified to
indicate their connection "ith or dependence on other "ords in thesentence, or for other grammatical functions snf are called the
nfletional forms of the "ords9 and this is usually done by adding
inflectional suffixes to the base form. o"e0er, unlie some highly
inflected languages e.g. &ansrit, +atin, etc.5 "here e0en entire sentence
can be s>ueeGed into a single inflected form, English uses inflection only
for a fe" limited purposes. 'hey are:
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1" Tense affi5es
'he tense affix is used by adding it at the end of an auxiliary or
a 0erb "hich is the first element in the predicati0e structure, The tense
affi5 in English is di0ided into t"o inds: presentand past.
i5 The present tenseaffi5 in a %er# has t"o forms:
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ha0e
'he allomorphs of this morpheme too are phonetically identical
"ith the plural and casesuffixes and occur under similar phonetic
contexts, namely:
ii5 Thepast tense affi5 has t"o forms: ed and
ed
past tense affix
'he form of the past tense affix "ill be sho"n at the first element
of the predicati0e structure of a sentence. ;or examples
( sentence : &he "ent to +omsa.
Is the string : she = go ; past= to = +omsa
"ent
( sentence : 'he girl opened a letter.
Is the string : the = girl = open ; past= a letter
opened
open = past opened
open ed
iii5 The plural affi5 is added at the end of the "ord, for a
countable noun, therefore, it is the suffix. 'he plural affix has t"o
forms :
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dog = plural dogs
pen s5 pens
etc. etc,
'he plural affix taing form
deer deer
fish fish
sheep sheep
man men
child = plural children
"oman "omen
goose geese
etc. etc.
s
plural affix
i05 The affi5 ing usually occurs together "ith be in a
sentence,
be = ing5
( sentence:
&he is coming
is
be = present tense affix am
are
'he pre0ious sentence is the string:
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&he = be = present = come = ing
&he = #e ; - s= come = ing
is
&he is coming.
(ll full 0erbs and the auxiliaries !e and ha0e auxiliary o has
no 7ing form5 regularly tae the 7ing suffix to form the present participle
and the gerund. &ince both of these are identical in form and sometimes
difficult to distinguish grammatically, they are con0eniently labelled as
the 7ing form of a 0erb.
'he suffix is regarded as inflectional "hen its function is purely
grammatical. ;or instance, is inflectional in the continuous progressi0e5
tense of the 0erb. It becomes a deri0ational functional suffix "hen the
resultant form has an ad8ecti0al or nominal function, e.g. *eeing is
#elie%inghere the suffix is used to deri0e the t"o nominals59/ rolling
stone gathers no mosshere the suffix is used to deri0e the ad8ecti0al5.
05 The partiiple affi5usually occurs together "ith ha0e in a
sentence ha0e = participle5, the participle affix has three forms:
ed, en and <
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has been
ed
Partiiple affi5 en
'he participle forms of regular 0erbs are spelt 7d or 7ed, and
three different forms can be added to the base. 'hey are:
uired by the language.
2" Comparati%e affi5 'he comparati0e affix 7 er is added to manyad8ecti0es and a
fe" ad0erbs. 'he ad8ecti0es that tae the comparati0e affix are the
follo"ing:
2.1 Fearly all one syllable ad8ecti0es: big< bigger small
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2.2 ( number of t"o7syllable ad8ecti0es9 particularly those ending
in 7 y: dirty
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Hesult : (my is = more = hopeful = than = Hobert is hopeful
A (my is = more hopeful = than = Hobert is
A (my is more hopeful than Hobert.
A (my is more hopeful.
The superlati%e ith most
;or most ad8ecti0es or ad0erbs of t"o syllables and all of more
than t"o except the untype, mostmust be used instead of est, The
andmostare placed before the ad8ecti0e or ad0erb, and ofafter it. 'he girls "ere beautiful.
$ary "as beautiful.
Hesult: $ary "as = the = most = beautiful = of the
girls.
'he inflectional affix can be schematiGed as follo"s:
nfletional affi5es !5amples 8ame
1. Ks plL cars, oxen, mice noun plural
2. Ks sg psL girls, birds noun singular
possessi0e
3. K s pl psL boys, mens noun plural
possessi0e
4. Ks 3dL 0acates, "atches present third person singular
. King 0bL discussing, studying present participle
). Kd ptL che"ed, rode past tense
*. Kd ppL che"ed, eaten, s"um past participle
M. Ker cpL bolder, nearer, higher comparati0e
N. Kest spL soonest, nearest, highest superlati0e
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&" Pronominal nfle5ions: 'he English noun has only t"o inflected forms,
namely, the plural and the geniti0e caseform. !ut the English personal
pronouns exhibit an elaborate system of inflected forms to distinguish not
only case sub8ect, ob8ect and t"o geniti0es5 and number all except
you5 but also person and gender at least in three of them5. (s this
elaborate pronominal system "as ac>uired by the language >uite early in
its career, many of the distinguishing feathers ha0e been obliterated by
long usage. It has therefore become extremely difficult to analyse them
into their respecti0e bases and suffixes. Indeed, only the self- forms
"hich some grammarians regard as compounds5 ha0e an easily
distinguishable suffix. Fe0ertheless, the pronominal forms that follo"
represent an inflectional class:
&ub8ect
form
b8ec
t
form
1st6eniti0e
dependent,
i.e. follo"ed
by a noun5
2nd6eniti0e
independen
t, i.e. not
follo"ed by
a noun5
Heflexi0
e form
&ingular
1st-erson
2nd-erson
3rd-erson
a5$asculine
b5 ;eminine
c5 Feuter
-lural
1st-erson
2nd-erson
I
you
heshe
it
"e
you
they
me
you
himher
it
us
you
them
my
your
hisher
it
our
your
their
mine
yours
hishers
its rare5
ours
yours
theirs
myself
yourself
himselfherself
itself
oursel0
es
yoursel
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3rd-erson 0es
themsel
0es
'he affixes "e are studying are called inflectional affixes. #hen "e
add inflectional suffixes to a base, the ne" form base = affix5 is
usually the same part of speech as the base form "as.
#hen "e add the inflectional affixes plural to the noun girl, the ne"
form girls5 is still a noun. #hen "e add the inflectional suffixes past to
the 0erb run, the ne" form ran5 is still a 0erb. #hen "e add the
inflectional suffix comparati0e to the ad8ecti0e hot, the ne" form hotter5
is still an ad8ecti0e.
&imilarly, if "e tae any of these inflectional affixes a"ay from the
base = affix form, "e do not change the part of speech. &moothest is
an ad8ecti0e. &mooth is an ad8ecti0e. 6o is a 0erb. 6oing is a 0erb.
'o conclude, an inflectional suffix is different from a deri0ational suffix
in the follo"ing "ays:
1. It is added to a "ord for a grammatical reason. It does not
change a "ord from one class to another, "hereas a
deri0ational suffix changes a "ord into a different "ord class
and sometimes adds ne" meaning to the base.
2. It comes at the end of a "ord, e.g. enlightens, falsified.
3. It does not pile up. nly one ends a "ord, e.g. "als, tallest.'he only exception is the geniti0e possessi0e5 plural, as in
boys toys.
"2 0eri%ational /ffi5es
The deri%ational affi5esare those that change "ords to "hich they
are added5 from one "ord class or subclass to another, for example:
happy happiness
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ad8. n
nation national
n ad8.
(lmost all the prefixes are inflectional. nly some of them are
deri0ational. 'hose are a, en, em, etc.
sla0e sla0e
n n
large enlarge
ad8. 0
body embody
n 0
$ost suffixes are deri0ational. 'hough there are numerous such
suffixes from a strictly philological point of 0ie", many of them ha0e
become extinct in the sense that they are no longer used in the
language to deri0e ne" "ords. &ome of the acti0e suffixes that are still
freely used in the language are gi0en belo":
&uffix /lass of "ords deri0ed Examples
able, ible ad8ecti0e "orable, irresistible
age noun leaage
al ad8ecti0e deri0ational
ance, ence noun obser0ance, existence
ant noun claimant
er, or noun "orer, 0isitor
ate noun9 0erb electorate, educate
cy noun proficiency
dom noun freedom
ed ad8ecti0e bearded, haunted house5
en ad8ecti0e: 0erb silen, lengthen
ette noun diminuti0e5 itchenette
ful ad8ecti0e harmful
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fy 0erb personify
graphy noun photography
ic ad8ecti0e heroic
ical ad8ecti0e historical
ing noun9 ad8ecti0e "riting, interesting
ion noun rebellion
ise iGe5 0erb e>ualise
ish ad8ecti0e "olfish
ism noun groupism
ist ad8ecti0e opportunist
ity noun deformity
i0e ad8ecti0e remunerati0e
less ad8ecti0e "orthless
lie ad8ecti0e godlie
ling, let noun diminuti0e5 princeling, starlet
logy ad0erb9 ad8ecti0e biology
ly ad0erb9 ad8ecti0e >uicly, friendly
ment noun mo0ement
ness noun darness
ory ad8ecti0e migratory
ous ad8ecti0e dangerous
some ad8ecti0e troublesome
th noun9 ordinals "idth, tenth
ure noun failure
"ard ad8ecti0e "est"ard
"ays ad8ecti0e9 ad0erb side"ays
"ise ad8ecti0e, ad0erb length"ise
y noun disco0ery
The differenes #eteen nfletional and 0eri%ational *uffi5es
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'he follo"ing points of difference bet"een the t"o inds of
suffixes may be noted:
1. ( deri0ational suffix usually changes the base into another
"ord class e.g. a
noun into an ad8ecti0e, an ad8ecti0e into a 0erb, etc.5, "hile an
inflectional suffix does not so change the base but fulfils certain
grammatical re>uirements in the sentence.
2. $ore than one deri0ational suffix may occur together e.g.
lo0eliness,
personality, bac"ardness, etc.5 but normally only one inflectional suffix
occurs "ith the base.
3. Usually the inflectional suffix is the last item added to the base
and no other
suffix occurs after it. ence, "hen the t"o inds of suffixes occur
together, the inflectional suffix follo"s the deri0ational suffix.
8ote:
&ometimes, the distinction bet"een the t"o inds of suffix is not
0ery clearcut. ;or example, in forms lie doctors childrens, "i0es, etc.,
the t"o inflectional suffixes 0iG., the plural and the geniti0e5 occur
together. 'he forms of maredly, reportedly, etc, ed follo"ed by 7ly5
and "ritings, doings, "illingness, "illingly ing follo"ed by both
inflectional and deri0ational suffixes5 can be explained by assuming t"o
deri0ational suffixes ed and 7ing5 identical in form "ith the t"o
deri0ational suffixes. 'his accounts for the inclusion of these t"o suffixes
in the list of inflectional as "ell as in deri0ational suffixes. In each case
there are t"o phonemically identical forms, one inflectional and the other
deri0ational.
eri0ation affixes are bound morphemes "hich are added to the base
in order to add meaning, to form a ne" "ord, or to change the "ord
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class part of speech5 of the base. ( deri0ation affix may appear in the
final position or may be follo"ed by other deri0ational suffixes.
o"e0er, there is a large set of affixes in English called deri0ational
affixes that usually not al"ays5 change "ords from one part of speech
to another. !y adding the deri0ational affix signaled by 7al to the 0erb
base arri0e, "e get the noun arri0al.
/ompare: 'hey usually arri%eearly.
'heir early arri%al "as typical.
'he addition of the deri0ational suffix 7ment to the 0erb employ
gi0es the noun employment.
/ompare: 'hey employmany ne" "orers each year.
is employment"as terminated.
&ometimes the addition of a deri0ational affix changes a noun
form to a 0erb form.
Cou are my friend.
Cou #efriendme.
'he addition of the affix be to the noun friend gi0es the 0erbs
the 0erb befriend in the abo0e example.
Cou bring me$oy.
I en$oyyou company.
'he addition of the affix en changes the noun 8oy to the 0erb
en8oy.
eri0ational suffixes usually do not close off a "ord9 that is, aftera deri0ational suffix one can sometimes add another deri0ational suffix
and can fre>uently add an inflectional suffix. ;or example, to the "ord
fertiliGe, "hich ends in a deri0ational suffix, one can add another one,
er, and to fertiliGer one can add the inflectional suffix 7s, closing off the
"ord.
'he follo"ing diagram summarises all the statements made abo0e
applicable to English language only5:
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$orpheme
;ree morpheme !ound morpheme
-refixes &uffixes
eri0ational Inflectional eri0ational
/lass /lass /lass
/lass
changing maintaining changing
maintaining
/llomorph
(n allomorph may be defined as the D0ariant of morpheme "hich
occurs in a certain definable en0ironment.
ne of the 0arious distinct forms of a morpheme is an allomorph.
(llomorphs occur in predicable en0ironments.
( morpheme may ha0e one or more allomorph.
(llomorphs can be described in terms of phonemes.
(n abstract such as plural morpheme in English can be represented
in three forms:
-s as in boos, pens, mars
es as in beaches, dishes, peaches
en as in oxen, children, "omen
'he suffixes 7s, es and 7en, each, represent the plural morpheme in
the English language. Each of these distinct forms cannot be established
as a morpheme because they cannot occur independently, but do occur
under phonetic conditioning, as follo"s:
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s occurs after sounds spelled "ith p, t, , d, g, f, 0, th, l, r, n,
m, ng, y, ".
es occurs after sounds spelled "ith ch, sh, s, G, x.
en does not occur under phonetic conditioning, but is a matter of
con0ention.
'he negati0e particle not in English also has a bundle of allomorphs.
Hepresenting the negati0e not are im, il, ir, un, in, and dis.
-honetic conditioning that determines the negati0e prefixes in, im,
il, ir, and un, in certain composite "ords is the initial sound of the
base "hich follo"s each of the prefixes:
Im is prefixed to possible bases "ith initial letter m or p as in
immo0able, improper, immature, impossible, immorality, impolite.
il is prefixed to possible bases "ith initial letter as in illegible,
illegal, illiterate, illogical, illuminate, illi>uid.
ir is prefixed to possible bases "ith initial letter ras in irrele0ant,
irregular, irrational, irresponsible, irremo0able, irre0ersible.
un is prefixed to possible base "ith other initial letter sounds as in
unbelo0ed, unhappy, unanalyGed, unburnt, unpre8udiced, ungraceful.
in is prefixed to possible bases "ith other initial letter sounds as in
incapable, inapplicable, independent, inade>uate, inhuman, insensible,
in0iolable,
dis is prefixed to possible bases "ith other initial sounds as in
disagree, dislie, disappro0e, disestablish, disunion, disaffection.
In the relation to a bound morpheme, "e should consider the notion
of the allomorph. 'o simplify it, "e can loo at the "ay English nouns
are pluraliGed in the follo"ing examples:
Founs -lural morpheme (llomorphs of the plural morpheme
cat
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horse
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b5 morphological conditioning
(a) Phonologial ondition
#e shall first examine the follo"ing sets of "ords:
( !
sets
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K-ast 'ense $orphemeL
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&et ( &ingular &et ! -lural5
sheep sheep
deer deer
cattle cattle
&et ( -resent 'ense &et ! -ast 'ense
cut cut
put put
hit hit
beat beat
!ut "e no" that set ( "ords are in the present tense and
that set !
"ords are in the past tense. #ith this understanding "e use the "ords.
'here is a sheep.
'here are sheep.
e cuts
e has cut
#e can say that a Gero suffix of plural and a Gero suffix of
the past tense
has been added to these forms. 'he change is not one of o0ert
alternation in the phonemic shape of the morpheme allomorph5. 'hey
are said to undergo a
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"oman is "omen, and louse is lice. In maing them plural "e see
that nothing has been added, but a change in the 0o"el and diphthong
has been made.
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consonants also. &ome English "ords ending in
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one morpheme in sound or "riting, the segment is a morph. ;or
example, unhappiness, is comprised of three segments un, happy, ness,
and each segment represents one morpheme. #e say that unhappiness
consists of three morphemes9 famouscontains t"o morphs9 and mouse
has 8ust one morph. 'he "ord happier thus consists of t"o morphs
"hich can be orthographically "ritten as happyand ercon0entions of
English orthography allo"ing a charge of y into i5. In phonological
transcription the t"o morphs can be represented as
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possibl
e
regulari
Ge
logical
happy
appropr
(llomorphs
'he relationship bet"een the terms morph, allomorph and
morpheme is similar to that bet"een phone, allophone and phoneme.
'he term morph means shape. (ny minimal phonetic form that has
meaning is a morph. 'hus, buses
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and PhQ. ere PpQ and PphQ are the allophones of the phoneme
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25 'he plural morpheme 7s is pronounced in three different
common
"ays: in cats it is
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called suffixes, for example.
ly in the "ord manly9 s in the "ord boys: hood in the "ord
boyhood 9 er in the "ord player.
'here are t"o inds of &uffixes:
15 eri0ational &uffix: 'he deri0ational suffix changes the
part of speech
of the "ord to "hich it is added. ;or example, ly is a deri0ational
suffix. #hen added to the base man noun5, "e get manly "hich is
an ad8ecti0e. $ore examples of deri0ational suffixes are:
&uffix 7en: fright n5 O frighten059 strength n5 O strengthen
05
&uffix 7 0e, iGe: memory n5 O memori
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35 'he 0erbperson and numbersuffix includes the three
forms of
be, is, am, are, s in sleep, plays, rises, the sound 0aries as
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