54030339 unit 1 the study of morphological structure of english

8/13/2019 54030339 Unit 1 the Study of Morphological Structure of English

1/47

Lesson Plans 1-2

(Week 1-2)

Chapter One: The study of the morphologial struture of !nglish

1" Learning O#$eti%es

Upon completing this chapter, students are expected to be able

to:

1.1Identify the morpheme base affixes allomorph and morph.

1.2Identify the types of morpheme1.3Identify the function of morpheme base affixes, allomorph and

morph.

1.4Use the morpheme base affixes, allomorph and morph in

English correctly.

1.!e a"are of different types of allomorphs in "ords.

2" Topis of Content

2.1#hat is $orpheme%

2.2#hat is &egmentation%

2.3'ypes of $orpheme

2.4!ase

2.(ffixes and (ffixation

2.)(llomorph2.*$orph

&" Teahing and Learning 'ethod

4.1 +ectures

4.2 !rainstorming

4.3 iscussions

4.4 (ssignment


2/47

4. -resentations

" Teahing 'aterials

4.1$ain textboo

4.2&upplementary materials

4.3'ransparencies

4.4/harts

4.#orsheet

4.)'extboos

4.*English ictionary

" 'easurement and !%aluation

&tudents "ill be e0aluated on:

.1Exercise in the boo

.2&mall test

.3bser0ation of the learners attention and participation


3/47

Chapter One

The *tudy of the 'orphologial *truture of !nglish

(ccording to traditional linguistic theories, grammatical description

largely operates on t"o important units: the "ord and the sentence.

'hese t"o units form the basis of the differing "riting systems in 0arious

languages of the "orld.

In order to mae the study of meaningful linguistic elements simplerand more explicit, it has been found con0enient to postulate abstract

entities called morphemes in some"hat the same "ay in "hich

phonemics "ere postulated to mae the study of speech sounds simpler

and more explicit.

In English, the smallest grammatical unit is the morpheme "hich is

unstructured5 and each higher unit is made up of units immediately

belo" it. 'he highest grammatical unit is the sentence "hich includes all

the smaller units. 'hus, morphemes function in the "ord structure, "ord

structures in the group structure, group structures in the clause structure,

and clause structure in the complex sentence structure. 'he diagram

belo" sho"s this hierarchical arrangement of syntactic structure in

English.

&entence

/lause

6roup


4/47

#ord

$orpheme

What is 'orpheme+

$orpheme, an important di0ision of the grammar of a language, deals

"ith the structure of "ords. It is the study of "ords 7 "ords "hich

exhibit arrangements of morphemes. 'he study of "ord7formation or the

structure of "ords in a language is called the morphology of that

language.

'he definition of the morpheme may not be completely unassailable

as "ill be e0ident from the discussion that follo"s, but it is certainly a

0ery satisfying definition applicable to a ma8ority of "ords in any

language. &ome linguists describe morphemes as the smallest recurrent

elements of grammatical patterning and lea0e meaning out of the

definition. 'he "ord recei0e may be regarded as one morpheme9 if

broen do"n into smaller units, re and ei%e, one can claim that

ei%e is grammatically significant and recurs in a slightly different form,

ept, in ad8ecti0e such as reepti%e, perepti%e, pereptual,etc. &imilarly,

the follo"ing "ords may be split up into t"o units: concei0e con, cei0e5,

transport trans, port5, report re, port5, export ex, port5, percei0e per,cei0e5, etc. 'his represents one point of 0ie", but not one "hich is

accepted by many other linguists since it totally excludes meaning.

'he morpheme is the second basic unit in the expression system of

a language, the first being the phoneme. ( morpheme may be defined

as the smallest meaningful unitin the structure of a language. It cannot

be subdi0ided "ithout destroying or drastically changing its meaning. ;or

example, man/ { / is a morpheme. #e cannot subdi0ided it into


5/47


6/47

kind A one morpheme kind

kind ful A t"o morphemes kindful

unkindful A three morphemes .nkindful

unkindful ness A four morphemes .nkindfulness

&ome morphemes ha0e no clear shape. &uch a morpheme "ill be

called @Bero@ or <


7/47

Units of "ord building such as the prefix un-the base or stem read

and suffix - a#leare morphemes since they are meaningful and unable

to be segmented further, and if a con0entional construction is to be

formed of these morphemes, "e shall ha0e the "ord unreada#le, an

ad8ecti0e meaning not able to be read.

6eorge Cule ga0e the definition of a morpheme as Da minimal unit of

meaning or grammatical function. #e "ould say that the "ord

reopened in the sentence, The polie reopened the in%estigation,

consists of three morphemes. ne minimal unit of meaning is open,

another minimal unit of meaning is re-meaning again5, and a minimalunit of grammatical function is 7 edindicating past tense5. 'he "ord

tourists also contain three morphemes. 'here is one minimal unit of

meaning, tour, another minimal unit of meaning ist meaning person

"ho does something5, and a minimal unit of grammatical function 7s

indicating plural5.

What is *egmentation+

( large number of "ords can be broen do"n into segments and

are said to be Ddeterminate "ith respect to segmentation.

Examples:

boys boys

playing playing

passed passed

unable unable

no"ingly no"ingly

"atches "atches

!ut there are se0eral "ords "hich can either not be segmented

indeterminate5 at all, or are only partially determinate "ith respect to

segment.

Examples:


8/47

men, children, mice, sheep, "ent, too, broe, sung, brought, better,

best, "orse, "orst.

'he problems of segmentation in all such "ords may 0ary in ind as

"ell as in degree. 'his presents a serious problem. (lthough #etterand

entstand in the same grammatical relationship "ith goodand goand

as loerand alkedha0e "ith loand alk, yet the "ords #etterand

entcannot be segmented into parts as loerand alked5 as per the

gi0en definition of the term morphemes. &ince "e no" that #etterhas

the same grammatical function 0isa0is good as shorterhas 0isa0is

short, "e can express the relationship as a proportion of grammatical ordistributional5 e>ui0alence:

good : better : best :: short : shorter : shortest

3ood and short are both ad8ecti0es and the expression #etter and

shorterare grammatically alie in the sense that they both express only

the comparati0e degree of the ad8ecti0e. &imilarly, #estand shortesttoo

are alie as they express the superlati0e degree of the ad8ecti0e. Fo"

suppose, on an analogy from algebra, "e resol0e each of the six "ords

gi0en abo0e into factors


9/47

Types of 'orphemes

$orphemes in English can be classified into t"o categories: free

morphemes and bound morphemes.

2"1 4ree morphemes

/ free morpheme is independent for it can occur alone by itself

as a "ord in the language. ;ree morphemes are those that can occur

alone: dog, girl, good, run, t"o, ha0e, I, you, of, can, the, lo0e, bad,

etc. ( free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone "ith meaning.

;or instance, in reply to D#hat are you going to do no"% you might

ans"er DEat. 'his is a free morpheme. ( bound morpheme, unlie the

free, cannot be uttered alone "ith meaning. It is al"ays annexed to one

or more morphemes to form a "ord, e.g. antedate, replay, manly,

eeper, unable. 'he underlined morphemes in the examples are all

bound, for one "ould not utter in isolation forms lie ante, re, ly, er,

and un.

2"2 / #ound morpheme

/ #ound morpheme is dependent as it is al"ays attached to

another morpheme. (ffixes are bound morphemes as they al"ays occur

"ith bases. 'he bound morphemes are those that cannot occur alone,

and must be attached to "ords i.e. enlarge, >uicly, "iden, singing,

replace, etc.

$ost bases occur independently as free morphemes and fe"bases are bound morphemes.

4or e5ample:

'he morpheme ed in lo0ed

ful in beautiful

miss in mistae

ness in goodness

s in dogs


10/47

un in unhappy

dis in dislie

re in replay

ante in antedate

ex in expresident, ex"ife, ex

child mid in middle, midterm,

midday, midnight neo in neo+atin, neo

FaGi, neoclassic, post in post"ar,

postpaid, postscript

pre in pretest, prepay, predate,

pre0ie",

preschool, prefix, preflight.

Classifiation of 'orphemes

$H-E$E&

;HEE $H-E$E& !UF

$HE-E$E&

Foun /on8unctions and, or5 (ffixes !ound

/ontracted

Jerbs (rticles the, a5 !ase ;orms

(d8ecti0es emonstrati0e this, that5

(d0erbs -reposition -refixes &uffixes

ll

re s cran d

un iGe i0e

dis ify s


11/47

mis en

6ases

(nother classification of morpheme puts them into t"o classes: bases

and affixes. ( base morpheme is the part of a "ord that has the

principal meaning. ( base is a morpheme "hich is the core of the "ord

that contains the "ords basic meaning. 'he underlined morphemes in

these "ords are bases: denial, lo0able, annoyance, reenter, disagree,

pretest, manly.

!ases are 0ery numerous, and most of them in English are free

morphemes9 but some are bound, lie sent in consent, dissent, and

assent. ( "ord may contain one base and se0eral affixes. Headability,

for example, contains the free base read and the t"o affixes 7abil and

7ity9 and unmistaable has the free base tae and the affixes un, mis,

and 7able.

In the "ords lie unhappy, disregarded, hildhood, etc. morphemes

such as happy, regarded and hild can stand on their o"n as

independent "ords. &uch morphemes are called free morphemes. n the

other hand, morphemes lie un, dis, ed, hood, etc. cannot stand on

their "on as independent "ords. 'hey are al"ays attached to a free

morpheme. $orphemes such as dis, un, ed, hood are also called

bound affixes. 'he form to "hich an affix is attached is called a base.

ere is a tree diagram sho"ing the morphological analysis of the "ord

unknoingly:

Unno"ingly

affix

base

un no"ingly


12/47

base

affix

no"ing5

ly5

stem root5 affix

no" ing

/ffi5es and /ffi5ation

(ffixes may be di0ided into prefixes "hich appear at the

beginning of the base5 and suffixes "ith appear at the end of the

base5.

/onsider the follo"ing sets:

&et ( &et !

-refix !ase !ase &uffix

unhappy un happy friendship friend

ship

immobile im mobile childhood child

hood

enable en able girls girl s

illegal il legal nicely nice ly

'he bound morphemes, in "ord7formation, are called Daffix and

the "ords to "hich the affixes are added, are called Dbase "ord free

morpheme5"

act actor

base "ord affix


13/47

play replay

affix base "ord

'he "ord Daffix is a general term that means either prefix or

suffix. 'hose that ha0e to be added at the beginning of "ords are called

Dprefixes, and those that are added at the end of "ords are called

Dsuffixes.

affix

prefix = base "ord = suffix

(n affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or "ithin or after a

base. (n affix does not carry the principal meaning but is added to a

free or a bound base to change the meaning of the base or to mar a

grammatical function.

'he affixes in English can be arranged into t"o groups: infletional

and deri%ational.Inflection is a change made in the form of a "ord to

express its relation to other "ords in the sentence. eri0ation, on the

other hand, is the process by "hich ne" "ord belong to the same class

e.g. girland girlhood, both nouns, playand replay, both 0erbs5 and is

classchanging if the t"o "ords belong to different categories e.g. a#le

and ena#le, 0erb from ad8ecti0e, reason and seasonal, ad8ecti0e from

noun, daneand daner, noun from 0erb5.

Inflectional suffixes do not change the class of the "ord, for exampleslide slides both 0erbs5

hot hotter both ad8ecti0es5

boy boys both nouns5

spea speaing both 0erbs5

'hey come last in a "ord and appear only as suffixes. eri0ational

affixes can be both prefixes and suffixes5. 'hey do not pile up only one


14/47

ends a "ord5, e.g. boos, higher, "ritten. (lso, inflectional suffixes go

"ith all stems of a gi0en part of speech, for example

7er#s /d$eti%es 8ouns

come comes cold colder girl girls

sing sings tall taller pen pens

see sees short shorter bench

benches

$ore examples of inflectional suffixes classified according to a part of

speech.

Foun inflectional suffixes

a. -lural marer 7s

girl 7 girls

'he girls are here5

b. -ossessi0e marers

&amran 7 &amrans

&amrans pen5

Jerb inflectional suffixes

c. 'hird person present singular marer 7s

bae 7 baes

&he baes "ell5

d. -ast tense marer 7 ed

"al 7 "aled

#e "aled here yesterday5

e. -rogressi0e marer ing

play 7 playing

'hey are playing5

f. -art participle marers 7en or 7ed

eat 7 eaten


15/47

&he has eaten mango5

bae 7 baed

e has baed a cae5

(d8ecti0e inflectional suffixes

g. /omparati0e marer 7er

fast 7 faster

&he is faster than you5

h. &uperlati0e marer 7est

fast 7fastest

&he is fastest5

English has only the inflectional affixes listed abo0e, and all

inflectional affixes in English are suffixes none are prefixes, unlie the

situation "ith deri0ational affixes, "hich include both suffixes and

prefixes5.

9inds of affi5es

'here are three inds of affixes, "hich are: prefixes, infixes, and

suffixes:

Prefi5esare those bound morphemes that occur before a base, as in

import, prefix, reconsider, unhappy. -refixes in English are a small class

of morpheme, numbering about se0entyfi0e. 'heir meanings are often

those of English prepositions and ad0erbial.

-refixes in English usually modify the meaning of the base form. 'hefollo"ing are some of the acti0e prefixes, together "ith their appro5imate

meaning.

-refix (pproximate $eaning Examples

anti against antipeople

arch chief archenemy

bi t"ice, t"o bimonthly, biplane

co "ith copassenger


16/47

contra against contradication

counter against countermo0e

de from, a"ay decentraliGe

dis a"ay, "ithout disable

em in, on emplane

en encircle

e>ui e>ual e>uidistant

ex former expresident

extra outside extraconstitutional

hyper abnormally high hypersensiti0e

I illogical

i = m not immobilise

n in0isible

r irresponsible

inter bet"een intercollege

intra "ithin intracollege

mal defecti0e, badly5 malad8ustment, maltreat

mini small minisirt

mis not misbeha0e

non not noncommittal

pan all panIndian

post after postgraduate

pre before predegree

pro fa0ouring procapitalist

pseudo sham pseudointellectual

>uasi half, seemingly5 >uasipassi0e

re bac, again regain

semi half semicircle, semifinal

sub under subcommittee

super 0ery high degree superdiplomat


17/47

trans across transcontinental

tri three tri8unction

ultra excessi0ely ultramodern

un not unusual

under not sufficiently "ith 0bs.5 underestimate.

placed5 under "ith nn5 undersecretary

0ice next belo" 0icepresident

nfi5esare bound morphemes that ha0e been inserted "ithin a "ord,

although in English these are rare. ccasionally they are additions "ithin

a "ord, but, infixes in English are most commonly replacements, not

additions. 'hey occur in a fe" noun plurals. +ie the 7ee in geese,

replacing the 7oo of goose, and more often in the past tense and past

participles of 0erbs, lie the 7o of hoseand hosenreplacing the 7oo

of hoose.

*uffi5esare bound morphemes that occur after a base, for example

shrinage, failure, noisy, realiGe, nails, dreamed. ( suffix can occur after

another suffix but not directly after a prefix. &uffixes may pile up to the

number of three of four, "hereas prefixes are commonly single, except

for the negati0e un before another prefix. In normaliGes "e perhaps

reach the limit "ith four: the base norm plus the four suffixes 7al, iGe,

er, s. "hen suffixes multiply lie this, their order is fixed: there is oneand only one order in "hich they occur.

&uffixes are generally di0ided into t"o classes: a5 those that

ser0e some grammatical functions, and b5 the others that are used to

deri0e ne" "ords from the base form. (ccording to these t"o functions

the first group is called grammatical or nfletional *uffi5es and the

second group is called lexical or 0eri%ational *uffi5es.


18/47

Classifiation of /ffi5es

(ffixes may be classified as deri0ational and inflectional according

to their effect on the base.

nfletional affi5es

Inflectional affixes are bound morphemes that mar grammatical

meanings such as plurality, past tense, or comparison. 'hey do not

change the "ord class of the base to "hich they are attached.

Inflectional affixes are those that do not change "ords to "hich

they are added5 from one "ord 7 class or subclass to another.

;or example:

understand misunderstand

0

0

countable uncountable

ad8.

(d8.

boy boys

n n

In English, as in many other languages, "ords are sometimes

modified or changed to meet grammatical re>uirements. ;or instance, the

"ord like in 0ogs like meat. 'he forms are so changed or modified to

indicate their connection "ith or dependence on other "ords in thesentence, or for other grammatical functions snf are called the

nfletional forms of the "ords9 and this is usually done by adding

inflectional suffixes to the base form. o"e0er, unlie some highly

inflected languages e.g. &ansrit, +atin, etc.5 "here e0en entire sentence

can be s>ueeGed into a single inflected form, English uses inflection only

for a fe" limited purposes. 'hey are:


19/47

1" Tense affi5es

'he tense affix is used by adding it at the end of an auxiliary or

a 0erb "hich is the first element in the predicati0e structure, The tense

affi5 in English is di0ided into t"o inds: presentand past.

i5 The present tenseaffi5 in a %er# has t"o forms:


20/47

ha0e

'he allomorphs of this morpheme too are phonetically identical

"ith the plural and casesuffixes and occur under similar phonetic

contexts, namely:

ii5 Thepast tense affi5 has t"o forms: ed and

ed

past tense affix

'he form of the past tense affix "ill be sho"n at the first element

of the predicati0e structure of a sentence. ;or examples

( sentence : &he "ent to +omsa.

Is the string : she = go ; past= to = +omsa

"ent

( sentence : 'he girl opened a letter.

Is the string : the = girl = open ; past= a letter

opened

open = past opened

open ed

iii5 The plural affi5 is added at the end of the "ord, for a

countable noun, therefore, it is the suffix. 'he plural affix has t"o

forms :


21/47

dog = plural dogs

pen s5 pens

etc. etc,

'he plural affix taing form

deer deer

fish fish

sheep sheep

man men

child = plural children

"oman "omen

goose geese

etc. etc.

s

plural affix

i05 The affi5 ing usually occurs together "ith be in a

sentence,

be = ing5

( sentence:

&he is coming

is

be = present tense affix am

are

'he pre0ious sentence is the string:


22/47

&he = be = present = come = ing

&he = #e ; - s= come = ing

is

&he is coming.

(ll full 0erbs and the auxiliaries !e and ha0e auxiliary o has

no 7ing form5 regularly tae the 7ing suffix to form the present participle

and the gerund. &ince both of these are identical in form and sometimes

difficult to distinguish grammatically, they are con0eniently labelled as

the 7ing form of a 0erb.

'he suffix is regarded as inflectional "hen its function is purely

grammatical. ;or instance, is inflectional in the continuous progressi0e5

tense of the 0erb. It becomes a deri0ational functional suffix "hen the

resultant form has an ad8ecti0al or nominal function, e.g. *eeing is

#elie%inghere the suffix is used to deri0e the t"o nominals59/ rolling

stone gathers no mosshere the suffix is used to deri0e the ad8ecti0al5.

05 The partiiple affi5usually occurs together "ith ha0e in a

sentence ha0e = participle5, the participle affix has three forms:

ed, en and <


23/47

has been

ed

Partiiple affi5 en

'he participle forms of regular 0erbs are spelt 7d or 7ed, and

three different forms can be added to the base. 'hey are:

uired by the language.

2" Comparati%e affi5 'he comparati0e affix 7 er is added to manyad8ecti0es and a

fe" ad0erbs. 'he ad8ecti0es that tae the comparati0e affix are the

follo"ing:

2.1 Fearly all one syllable ad8ecti0es: big< bigger small


24/47

2.2 ( number of t"o7syllable ad8ecti0es9 particularly those ending

in 7 y: dirty


25/47

Hesult : (my is = more = hopeful = than = Hobert is hopeful

A (my is = more hopeful = than = Hobert is

A (my is more hopeful than Hobert.

A (my is more hopeful.

The superlati%e ith most

;or most ad8ecti0es or ad0erbs of t"o syllables and all of more

than t"o except the untype, mostmust be used instead of est, The

andmostare placed before the ad8ecti0e or ad0erb, and ofafter it. 'he girls "ere beautiful.

$ary "as beautiful.

Hesult: $ary "as = the = most = beautiful = of the

girls.

'he inflectional affix can be schematiGed as follo"s:

nfletional affi5es !5amples 8ame

1. Ks plL cars, oxen, mice noun plural

2. Ks sg psL girls, birds noun singular

possessi0e

3. K s pl psL boys, mens noun plural

possessi0e

4. Ks 3dL 0acates, "atches present third person singular

. King 0bL discussing, studying present participle

). Kd ptL che"ed, rode past tense

*. Kd ppL che"ed, eaten, s"um past participle

M. Ker cpL bolder, nearer, higher comparati0e

N. Kest spL soonest, nearest, highest superlati0e


26/47

&" Pronominal nfle5ions: 'he English noun has only t"o inflected forms,

namely, the plural and the geniti0e caseform. !ut the English personal

pronouns exhibit an elaborate system of inflected forms to distinguish not

only case sub8ect, ob8ect and t"o geniti0es5 and number all except

you5 but also person and gender at least in three of them5. (s this

elaborate pronominal system "as ac>uired by the language >uite early in

its career, many of the distinguishing feathers ha0e been obliterated by

long usage. It has therefore become extremely difficult to analyse them

into their respecti0e bases and suffixes. Indeed, only the self- forms

"hich some grammarians regard as compounds5 ha0e an easily

distinguishable suffix. Fe0ertheless, the pronominal forms that follo"

represent an inflectional class:

&ub8ect

form

b8ec

t

form

1st6eniti0e

dependent,

i.e. follo"ed

by a noun5

2nd6eniti0e

independen

t, i.e. not

follo"ed by

a noun5

Heflexi0

e form

&ingular

1st-erson

2nd-erson

3rd-erson

a5$asculine

b5 ;eminine

c5 Feuter

-lural

1st-erson

2nd-erson

I

you

heshe

it

"e

you

they

me

you

himher

it

us

you

them

my

your

hisher

it

our

your

their

mine

yours

hishers

its rare5

ours

yours

theirs

myself

yourself

himselfherself

itself

oursel0

es

yoursel


27/47

3rd-erson 0es

themsel

0es

'he affixes "e are studying are called inflectional affixes. #hen "e

add inflectional suffixes to a base, the ne" form base = affix5 is

usually the same part of speech as the base form "as.

#hen "e add the inflectional affixes plural to the noun girl, the ne"

form girls5 is still a noun. #hen "e add the inflectional suffixes past to

the 0erb run, the ne" form ran5 is still a 0erb. #hen "e add the

inflectional suffix comparati0e to the ad8ecti0e hot, the ne" form hotter5

is still an ad8ecti0e.

&imilarly, if "e tae any of these inflectional affixes a"ay from the

base = affix form, "e do not change the part of speech. &moothest is

an ad8ecti0e. &mooth is an ad8ecti0e. 6o is a 0erb. 6oing is a 0erb.

'o conclude, an inflectional suffix is different from a deri0ational suffix

in the follo"ing "ays:

1. It is added to a "ord for a grammatical reason. It does not

change a "ord from one class to another, "hereas a

deri0ational suffix changes a "ord into a different "ord class

and sometimes adds ne" meaning to the base.

2. It comes at the end of a "ord, e.g. enlightens, falsified.

3. It does not pile up. nly one ends a "ord, e.g. "als, tallest.'he only exception is the geniti0e possessi0e5 plural, as in

boys toys.

"2 0eri%ational /ffi5es

The deri%ational affi5esare those that change "ords to "hich they

are added5 from one "ord class or subclass to another, for example:

happy happiness


28/47

ad8. n

nation national

n ad8.

(lmost all the prefixes are inflectional. nly some of them are

deri0ational. 'hose are a, en, em, etc.

sla0e sla0e

n n

large enlarge

ad8. 0

body embody

n 0

$ost suffixes are deri0ational. 'hough there are numerous such

suffixes from a strictly philological point of 0ie", many of them ha0e

become extinct in the sense that they are no longer used in the

language to deri0e ne" "ords. &ome of the acti0e suffixes that are still

freely used in the language are gi0en belo":

&uffix /lass of "ords deri0ed Examples

able, ible ad8ecti0e "orable, irresistible

age noun leaage

al ad8ecti0e deri0ational

ance, ence noun obser0ance, existence

ant noun claimant

er, or noun "orer, 0isitor

ate noun9 0erb electorate, educate

cy noun proficiency

dom noun freedom

ed ad8ecti0e bearded, haunted house5

en ad8ecti0e: 0erb silen, lengthen

ette noun diminuti0e5 itchenette

ful ad8ecti0e harmful


29/47

fy 0erb personify

graphy noun photography

ic ad8ecti0e heroic

ical ad8ecti0e historical

ing noun9 ad8ecti0e "riting, interesting

ion noun rebellion

ise iGe5 0erb e>ualise

ish ad8ecti0e "olfish

ism noun groupism

ist ad8ecti0e opportunist

ity noun deformity

i0e ad8ecti0e remunerati0e

less ad8ecti0e "orthless

lie ad8ecti0e godlie

ling, let noun diminuti0e5 princeling, starlet

logy ad0erb9 ad8ecti0e biology

ly ad0erb9 ad8ecti0e >uicly, friendly

ment noun mo0ement

ness noun darness

ory ad8ecti0e migratory

ous ad8ecti0e dangerous

some ad8ecti0e troublesome

th noun9 ordinals "idth, tenth

ure noun failure

"ard ad8ecti0e "est"ard

"ays ad8ecti0e9 ad0erb side"ays

"ise ad8ecti0e, ad0erb length"ise

y noun disco0ery

The differenes #eteen nfletional and 0eri%ational *uffi5es


30/47

'he follo"ing points of difference bet"een the t"o inds of

suffixes may be noted:

1. ( deri0ational suffix usually changes the base into another

"ord class e.g. a

noun into an ad8ecti0e, an ad8ecti0e into a 0erb, etc.5, "hile an

inflectional suffix does not so change the base but fulfils certain

grammatical re>uirements in the sentence.

2. $ore than one deri0ational suffix may occur together e.g.

lo0eliness,

personality, bac"ardness, etc.5 but normally only one inflectional suffix

occurs "ith the base.

3. Usually the inflectional suffix is the last item added to the base

and no other

suffix occurs after it. ence, "hen the t"o inds of suffixes occur

together, the inflectional suffix follo"s the deri0ational suffix.

8ote:

&ometimes, the distinction bet"een the t"o inds of suffix is not

0ery clearcut. ;or example, in forms lie doctors childrens, "i0es, etc.,

the t"o inflectional suffixes 0iG., the plural and the geniti0e5 occur

together. 'he forms of maredly, reportedly, etc, ed follo"ed by 7ly5

and "ritings, doings, "illingness, "illingly ing follo"ed by both

inflectional and deri0ational suffixes5 can be explained by assuming t"o

deri0ational suffixes ed and 7ing5 identical in form "ith the t"o

deri0ational suffixes. 'his accounts for the inclusion of these t"o suffixes

in the list of inflectional as "ell as in deri0ational suffixes. In each case

there are t"o phonemically identical forms, one inflectional and the other

deri0ational.

eri0ation affixes are bound morphemes "hich are added to the base

in order to add meaning, to form a ne" "ord, or to change the "ord


31/47

class part of speech5 of the base. ( deri0ation affix may appear in the

final position or may be follo"ed by other deri0ational suffixes.

o"e0er, there is a large set of affixes in English called deri0ational

affixes that usually not al"ays5 change "ords from one part of speech

to another. !y adding the deri0ational affix signaled by 7al to the 0erb

base arri0e, "e get the noun arri0al.

/ompare: 'hey usually arri%eearly.

'heir early arri%al "as typical.

'he addition of the deri0ational suffix 7ment to the 0erb employ

gi0es the noun employment.

/ompare: 'hey employmany ne" "orers each year.

is employment"as terminated.

&ometimes the addition of a deri0ational affix changes a noun

form to a 0erb form.

Cou are my friend.

Cou #efriendme.

'he addition of the affix be to the noun friend gi0es the 0erbs

the 0erb befriend in the abo0e example.

Cou bring me$oy.

I en$oyyou company.

'he addition of the affix en changes the noun 8oy to the 0erb

en8oy.

eri0ational suffixes usually do not close off a "ord9 that is, aftera deri0ational suffix one can sometimes add another deri0ational suffix

and can fre>uently add an inflectional suffix. ;or example, to the "ord

fertiliGe, "hich ends in a deri0ational suffix, one can add another one,

er, and to fertiliGer one can add the inflectional suffix 7s, closing off the

"ord.

'he follo"ing diagram summarises all the statements made abo0e

applicable to English language only5:


32/47

$orpheme

;ree morpheme !ound morpheme

-refixes &uffixes

eri0ational Inflectional eri0ational

/lass /lass /lass

/lass

changing maintaining changing

maintaining

/llomorph

(n allomorph may be defined as the D0ariant of morpheme "hich

occurs in a certain definable en0ironment.

ne of the 0arious distinct forms of a morpheme is an allomorph.

(llomorphs occur in predicable en0ironments.

( morpheme may ha0e one or more allomorph.

(llomorphs can be described in terms of phonemes.

(n abstract such as plural morpheme in English can be represented

in three forms:

-s as in boos, pens, mars

es as in beaches, dishes, peaches

en as in oxen, children, "omen

'he suffixes 7s, es and 7en, each, represent the plural morpheme in

the English language. Each of these distinct forms cannot be established

as a morpheme because they cannot occur independently, but do occur

under phonetic conditioning, as follo"s:


33/47

s occurs after sounds spelled "ith p, t, , d, g, f, 0, th, l, r, n,

m, ng, y, ".

es occurs after sounds spelled "ith ch, sh, s, G, x.

en does not occur under phonetic conditioning, but is a matter of

con0ention.

'he negati0e particle not in English also has a bundle of allomorphs.

Hepresenting the negati0e not are im, il, ir, un, in, and dis.

-honetic conditioning that determines the negati0e prefixes in, im,

il, ir, and un, in certain composite "ords is the initial sound of the

base "hich follo"s each of the prefixes:

Im is prefixed to possible bases "ith initial letter m or p as in

immo0able, improper, immature, impossible, immorality, impolite.

il is prefixed to possible bases "ith initial letter as in illegible,

illegal, illiterate, illogical, illuminate, illi>uid.

ir is prefixed to possible bases "ith initial letter ras in irrele0ant,

irregular, irrational, irresponsible, irremo0able, irre0ersible.

un is prefixed to possible base "ith other initial letter sounds as in

unbelo0ed, unhappy, unanalyGed, unburnt, unpre8udiced, ungraceful.

in is prefixed to possible bases "ith other initial letter sounds as in

incapable, inapplicable, independent, inade>uate, inhuman, insensible,

in0iolable,

dis is prefixed to possible bases "ith other initial sounds as in

disagree, dislie, disappro0e, disestablish, disunion, disaffection.

In the relation to a bound morpheme, "e should consider the notion

of the allomorph. 'o simplify it, "e can loo at the "ay English nouns

are pluraliGed in the follo"ing examples:

Founs -lural morpheme (llomorphs of the plural morpheme

cat


34/47

horse


35/47

b5 morphological conditioning

(a) Phonologial ondition

#e shall first examine the follo"ing sets of "ords:

( !

sets


36/47

K-ast 'ense $orphemeL


37/47

&et ( &ingular &et ! -lural5

sheep sheep

deer deer

cattle cattle

&et ( -resent 'ense &et ! -ast 'ense

cut cut

put put

hit hit

beat beat

!ut "e no" that set ( "ords are in the present tense and

that set !

"ords are in the past tense. #ith this understanding "e use the "ords.

'here is a sheep.

'here are sheep.

e cuts

e has cut

#e can say that a Gero suffix of plural and a Gero suffix of

the past tense

has been added to these forms. 'he change is not one of o0ert

alternation in the phonemic shape of the morpheme allomorph5. 'hey

are said to undergo a


38/47

"oman is "omen, and louse is lice. In maing them plural "e see

that nothing has been added, but a change in the 0o"el and diphthong

has been made.


39/47

consonants also. &ome English "ords ending in


40/47

one morpheme in sound or "riting, the segment is a morph. ;or

example, unhappiness, is comprised of three segments un, happy, ness,

and each segment represents one morpheme. #e say that unhappiness

consists of three morphemes9 famouscontains t"o morphs9 and mouse

has 8ust one morph. 'he "ord happier thus consists of t"o morphs

"hich can be orthographically "ritten as happyand ercon0entions of

English orthography allo"ing a charge of y into i5. In phonological

transcription the t"o morphs can be represented as


41/47


42/47

possibl

e

regulari

Ge

logical

happy

appropr

(llomorphs

'he relationship bet"een the terms morph, allomorph and

morpheme is similar to that bet"een phone, allophone and phoneme.

'he term morph means shape. (ny minimal phonetic form that has

meaning is a morph. 'hus, buses


43/47

and PhQ. ere PpQ and PphQ are the allophones of the phoneme


44/47

25 'he plural morpheme 7s is pronounced in three different

common

"ays: in cats it is


45/47

called suffixes, for example.

ly in the "ord manly9 s in the "ord boys: hood in the "ord

boyhood 9 er in the "ord player.

'here are t"o inds of &uffixes:

15 eri0ational &uffix: 'he deri0ational suffix changes the

part of speech

of the "ord to "hich it is added. ;or example, ly is a deri0ational

suffix. #hen added to the base man noun5, "e get manly "hich is

an ad8ecti0e. $ore examples of deri0ational suffixes are:

&uffix 7en: fright n5 O frighten059 strength n5 O strengthen

05

&uffix 7 0e, iGe: memory n5 O memori


46/47

35 'he 0erbperson and numbersuffix includes the three

forms of

be, is, am, are, s in sleep, plays, rises, the sound 0aries as


47/47

54030339 unit 1 the study of morphological structure of english

Documents