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UB DRILLING - JOBS
1997 Underbalanced Drilling Jobs
Geographic Distribution
Canada
US Europe
South America
Middle East
Far East
1998 Spears & Assoc.
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Underbalanced Drilling in the United StatesUnderbalanced Drilling in the United States
YEAR
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
TOTA L
UNBDE
RBALA
NC
EDWELL
S
LOW
HIGH
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UBD Definition
Formation Pressure isequal to or greater than
Circulating Pressure
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Barriers to UB Drilling
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REGULATORY BARRIERSto
UnderBalance Drilling
The regulatorsneed assuranceand details
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BARRIERS TO UB D&C
RegulatoryLack of Standards
Lack of knowledgeLittle statistical history
Concern about well control
Environmental questions
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OPERATORS BARRIERS
The Operatorneedsexperience and
confidence.
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OPERATORS PROBLEMS
Unfamiliar with the systemrisk of the new
Lack of experienced peopleEconomics - Too expensive
Concern- liabilityConcern- well bore stability
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REASONS FOR UB GROWTH
There aredriving
economicreasons
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UBD Forecast by Region
UBD Forecast by Region
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200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Wells
US
Can
Eur
SoAm
ME/Afr
FE
1998 Spears & Assoc.
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REASONS FOR UB GROWTH
Depleted reservoirs
Awareness of skin damageLimits of lost circulation matl.
Cost of differential sticking
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REASONS FOR UB GROWTH
Service co. competition
Trade journal publications
Horizontal drilling
Consultants available
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TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS
We were notready to put all
of this togetheruntil the 1990s
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TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Compressor EvolutionHammer drills
NitrogenIncreased availability
Reduced costOn site generation
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TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Recyclable foam systemsBetter gas separators
Closed loop circulationHydraulics models
Improved rotating headsWire line wet connect
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TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Improved MWDRig assist snubbing units
Coiled tubing equipmentNon-damaging drilling fluids
Top drive
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Reasons for UB drilling
Lost circulation Faster Drilling
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Reasons for UB drilling
Lost circulation Faster Drilling
No DifferentialSticking
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Reasons for UB drilling
... Reduce
Reservoir
Damage
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Reasons for UB drilling
... Reduce
Reservoir
Damage
Improve Prod.
Evaluation
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Effect of Skin on Production Rates
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
SKIN
BOPD
5 10-2 0 15-3 -1
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UBD is another tool in the toolbox,
not a Panacea.
Physical Limitation to UBD
Borehole Instability
Unconsolidated Sands Weak Formations
Geopressured Shales
Salt Beds
Inadequate Casing
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Production Limits to UBD
Permeability isso low the zoneneeds to be
fracked
Zones must beisolated
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MISTFOAMLIQUID GASAERATED
LIQUID
Types of Flow Regimes
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GeneralizedFluid Systems
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Shaffer Rotating Blow-Out Preventor
2,500 psi rotating - 5,000 psi static
Equipment - Rotating Head
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Closed Loop Circulation
System
Closed Loop Circulation
System
SEPARATOR
OILTANKS
WATER
TANKS
NITROGENPUMPERS
MUDTANKS
RIG
RIG
PUMPS
R-BOP
TOPDRIVE
SYSTEM
CATCHERS
SAMPLE
CHOKEMANIFOLD
FLARESTACK
N2 / FLUID
MIX
CUTTINGRETURN
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Stainless Steel
Liquid Nitrogen(-320OF)
Carbon Steel
Gaseous nitrogento well
80O
F, 0-10,000psi
Pump
Vaporizer
6.11.3
Equipment - Gas Source
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AIR DRILLING
A brief summary
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Air Drilling
Air/Gas drilling (dust) is a technique used inareas where the formations are Dry i.e., thereis no influx of water or liquid hydrocarbons.
This medium requires significant compressedgas volumes to clean the well with average
velocities of over 3,000 ft per minute.
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Air Drilling Dusting
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Air Drilling Benefits
Increased Rate of PenetrationReduced Formation DamageImproved Bit Performance
Lost Circulation ControlContinuous Drill Stem Test
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Air/Dust Drilling Layout
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Misting
Addition of 6 to 30 bbl/hr offluid to the air stream.
Cleans and lubricates the bit
Carries the cuttings to thesurface as a mist or more
normally in a modified twophase flow.
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TT96-86 39
FOAM DRILLINGFOAM DRILLING
Basic Comments
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Foam Drilling
The most versatile of the gas-generatedsystems.
Effective operating range from 0.2 to 0.6 s.g. Mixture of gas phase and foaming solution.
Foam flow varies with depth in the hole.
Adjustable effective BHP.
Enhanced lifting and well bore cleaning.
A displacing medium, not a propellingmedium.
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Foam (Heading)
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Improved Hole Cleaning
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Foam Drilling Benefits
Faster Penetration rate Low Air requirements
Low fluid requirements
Low Hydrostatic head No damage to formation
Continuous Drill Stem test
Best for large holes
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Mist or Foam Drilling Layout
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GASEATED
OR
AERATED
DRILLING
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Gaseated
Mist
TransitionWater
Gas
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Aerated Fluid
Gasification of Primary Drilling Fluid.
Initially designed as a technique to lightenmud to reduce lost circulation.
Methods
Standpipe injection Jet Sub
Parasite String
Dual Casing String
As an UB fluid, it is easiest to control in smallholes.
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Small injection string run simultaneously
with intermediate casing. Injected gas does not affectbit hydraulics.
Injected gas does not effectMWD
Parasite String
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Aerated Fluid Layout
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Compressor/N2Cost
Rotating BOPs
Solid/Liquid/GasSeparation
Corrosion
Vibration
High Torque/Drag
Borehole StabilityMWD Transmission
Hydraulic Calculations
Cuttings Lifting
Fluid Influx
Fire/Explosions
UnderbalancedCompletion
Aerated Drilling Problems