Download - 2_Basic CBL Theory
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
1/52
Internal Use Only
Cement Bond Evaluation
CBL Theory
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
2/52
Internal Use Only
Cementing
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
3/52
Internal Use Only
Objectives of Primary ementing
Principle Function
OilZone
Water Zone
Cement
Shear Bond
Mechanical Support
Hydraulic BondIsolationShale
Zone
Casing
GasZone
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
4/52
Internal Use Only
Hydraulic Bond
OilZone
Water Zone
Cement Preents
Mi!ing o" reseroir#uids
Fluids escaping to
sur"ace
Cross #o$ o" #uids%et$een &ones'
Casing Corrosion
Casing
Zonal Isolation
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
5/52
Internal Use Only
Shear Bond
%
Mechanical Support
Considerations
Hydrostatic Pressure
Formation Pressure
Casing Weight
Completion Pressure
Cementing
Production (nhancement
Formation Fluids
H)S
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
6/52
Internal Use Only
WHAT ARE TYPICAL CAUSES
A POOR CEMENT JOB?
WASHOUTS
POOR CEMENT FLUID DESIGN
CASING DECENTRALIZATION
POOR MUDCAKE REMOVAL
GAS INFLUX
WATER INFLUX
POOR MUD PROPERTIES
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
7/52Internal Use Only
Acoustic Tools
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
8/52
Internal Use Only
Standard ement Bond Tools
Ceme! Bo" Lo# $D%&' Re(e)*er+, GO -./01 S!&"&r"
, GO -./01 Mo"%'&r
, Pro2e /.301 4 5 556571
, CSS, Te8(o
Se#me!e" Bo" Lo# $RCBL+
, CSS
, Te8(o, Pro2e
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
9/52
Internal Use Only
Advanced ement Bond Tools
M%'!)9Tr&:"%(er U'!r&:o)(
, E)#h! S!&!)o&ry Tr&:"%(er:, A;)m%!h&' Ceme!9!o9P)
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
10/52
Internal Use Only
Sound to Signal
Magnetostriti!e trans"#er
A $ig$ #rrent is %asse" t$ro#g$ a oil s#rro#n"ing a &agneti &aterial
intro"#ing a strain an" a#ses a ti'ing so#n" (Jo#le e))et*
L + L
Piezoelectric transducer
Polari&ed ceramic crystals in the sonde produce oltage $hene!posed to strain *+illari e,ect-
strain
oltage.nstrained crystal
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
11/52
Internal Use Only
Piezoelectric Transmitter
Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
12/52
Internal Use Only
Standard Piezoelectric eceiver
Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
13/52
Internal Use Only
adial Piezoelectric eceiver!
Picture courtesy of Probe Technology Services, Inc
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
14/52
Internal Use Only
Princi"le Of O"eration
Too' h&: & !r&:"%(er$P)e;oe'e(!r)(6Me!o:!r)(!)*e+ @h)(h &(!: ')8e &
Tr&:m)!!er. Tr&:m)!!er (o*er!: e'e(!r)(&' eer#y) !o me(h&)(&' $So%"+
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
15/52
Internal Use Only
B# Theory
Sound $aes emitted %y the
transmitter are re"racted along thecasing/ out in to the cement and"ormation and return to thereceiers on the %ond tool'
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
16/52Internal Use Only
CB# Theory
Me(h&)(&' Pro
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
17/52
Internal Use Only
$m"ortant Sonic %aves &or ement
Evaluation
Three
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
18/52
Internal Use Only
om"ressional %aves
Com ro(8 &" )!:
!hereore> !he )r:! !o &rr)*e &! &y re(e)*er. For !h):re&:o !hey &re o!e reerre" !o &: P,Wa!es$primary+. Com
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
19/52
Internal Use Only
om"ressional %ave P'%aves
The o'y me(h&):m o &(o%:!)( eer#y !r&:
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
20/52
Internal Use Only
Schematic of molecular
deformation caused by a
com"ressional (ave!
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
21/52
Internal Use Only
Shear %aves
L)8e (om
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
22/52
Internal Use Only
D)re(!)o O
Pro
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
23/52
Internal Use Only
Schematic of molecular deformation caused by a
shear (ave
This (ave also undergoes a reflection and refraction"rocess li)e com"ressional (aves and e*"eriences
critical angle of refraction
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
24/52
Internal Use Only
Stonely %aves
S!oe'y @&*e: &re #eer&!e" &'o# !he 2oreho'e @&'' 2y !he
'e=)# o !he @&'' (&%:e" 2y )!er&(!)o o !he orm&!)o &"
!he 2oreho'e '%)".
I (o:o')"&!e" orm&!)o:> !h): )m
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
25/52
Internal Use Only
Stonely %ave Pro"agation
C&:)#6Boreho'e ")&me!er e=
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
26/52
Internal Use Only
CB# Theory
A(o%:!)( Pro
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
27/52
Internal Use Only
Acoustic Pro"agation
Pro
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
28/52
Internal Use Only
Acoustic Pro"agation
Whe !he )()"e! '%)" &" !he *e'o()!y o !he(om
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
29/52
Internal Use Only
Pressure (aves are refracted and reflected
according to Snell+s #a(,
Snell-s la( mathematically defines the relationshi"
bet(een angles of incidence and refraction for a (aveim"inging on an interface bet(een t(o media (ith
different indices of refraction!
v1/sin1 = v2/sin2
V1 and V2 are compressionalwave speeds in mediums 1 and21 and 2 are the incident andrefracted angles
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
30/52
Internal Use Only
Snell+s #a(
Rer&(!)o ): "e)e" &: !he (he o ")re(!)o o &r&y o ')#h!> :o%"> he&!> or !he ')8e> ) he&!> :o%">
e!(.> &!er :!r)8)# & :%r&(e.
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
31/52
Internal Use Only
Water
Steel
Cement
Sound
Z0
Z)
0' I" Z01Z) is high 223 lo$
transmittance
)' I" Z01Z) is lo$ 223 high
transmittance
4coustic impedance *Z- de5ned
as6
Z 2 '
6 density o" material
+6 elocity o" sound on that
material
Propagation Acoustic Energy
7he amount o" soundtransmitted %et$een t$o
di,erent materials depends ontheir acoustic impedance
di,erence'This presumes thatthe materials arecoupled
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
32/52
Internal Use Only
.elocity
To "e!erm)e !he *e'o()!y o &y &(o%:!)( @&*e> !h&! @&*em%:! 2e "e!e(!e" 2y &! 'e&:! !@o re(e)*er:. The !)me e'& &" *)(e*er:&.
The )irst arri!alo &y &(o%:!)( @&*e ): !he e&r')e:! !)me &!@h)(h )! ): "e!e(!e" &! & re(e)*er. E&(h @&*e !y e&(h @&*e !y
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
33/52
Internal Use Only
7 Casing 2 89sec1"t7 Cement 2 98 sec1"t7 Formation : 0;; sec1"t7 Fluid : 0
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
34/52
Internal Use Only
TRANSIT TIMES FOR
IFFERENT MATERIA!S
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
35/52
Internal Use Only
CB# Theory
P)
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
36/52
Internal Use Only
According to Snell+s #a( at some incident angle com"ressional
energy is critically refractedalong the borehole (all and at a
very shallo( de"th (ithin the formation! Because this "ath
re"resents the "ath of minimum travel time bet(eentransmitter and receiver/ the first com"ressional (ave to
arrive at any receiver is one that has been critically refracted!
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
37/52
Internal Use Only
Pi"e Bond
Ceme! E*&'%&!)o )r:! 2e#): @)!h e*&'%&!)# !he (o")!)o
o !he (eme! 2o" !o !he (&:)#.
The :o%" @&*e: !r&*e')# !hro%#h !he ")ere!
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
38/52
Internal Use Only
Pi"e Am"litude Signal
A(o%:!)( S)#&'
7imes
4mplitude
7;
> 7; 6 Firing Pulse
?>>> @esulting Sound>>?
> @esulting Sound $ae 6 as recorded atthe @eceiers
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
39/52
Internal Use Only
Basic CBA Principle
Similar to a
@inging Bell
When Fluid is %ehind
Casing/ pipe is "ree to
i%rate' loud sound
When the casing is
%onded to hard cement/
casing i%rations are
attenuated proportionally
to the %onded sur"ace"ood"ood
#ond#ond
"ood"ood
#ond#ond
NoNo
$e%ent$e%ent
NoNo
$e%ent$e%ent
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
40/52
Internal Use Only
Attenuation
De))!)o The
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
41/52
Internal Use Only
Pi"e Am"litude
Pi%e A&%lit#"e .e)inition
A&%lit#"e o) /irst Arri!al in &0
Meas#re" at 1 )t Reei!er
It is a )#ntion o) t$e Casing,
Ce&ent Bon"D "t
7!
@D
@8
Tra&el Ti%e e'nition
Ti%e elapsed fro% T(to 'rstarri&al )a*o&e threshold le&el+
T T is used as !og ,uality $ontrol
Indicator-
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
42/52
Internal Use Only
Pi"e Signal
HIGH :)#&' :!re#!h S)#&' ): o! &!!e%&!e" )!o !he
(eme! &" orm&!)o.
AOW signal strength 23 attenuated energy cement is
present
"ood"ood#ond#ond"ood"ood#ond#ond
NoNo$e%ent$e%ent
NoNo$e%ent$e%ent
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
43/52
Internal Use Only
Pi"e Am"litude
The 'o# *&'%e or P)
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
44/52
Internal Use Only
CB# Theory
Form&!)o Bo"
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
45/52
Internal Use Only
0$COSE$S0O1A0
D F7
8 F77IM( 4EIS
$e%entsheath
FORMATION
7O S(( ((P I 7H( FO@M47IO
[email protected] 7H( C(M(7 W( ((4O7H(@ @(C(I+(@ WHICH ISSP4C( 47 4 G@(47(@ IS74C(F@OM 7H( 7@4SMI77(@'
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
46/52
Internal Use Only
0icro'Seismogram
M)(ro9Se):mo#r&m $MSG+, The To!&' Eer# "):
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
47/52
Internal Use Only
0S1 Algorythm Princi"le
7otal (nergy isplay *E>-
Cut to remoe negatiepeas
@otated =; egrees
Compared to grey scale
Positie peas areshaded %lac
egatie peas areshaded $hite
+ie$ed "rom top do$n'
0icroseismogram
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
48/52
Internal Use Only
0icroseismogramMS67 MiroSeis&o6ra&
8 )t Reei!er )or MS6
Analysis
Allo-s easy "i))erentiation
9et-een asing an"
)or&ation arri!als
8 "t
7!
@D
@8
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
49/52
Internal Use Only
0icro Seismo1ram
MSG GENERATION A9A.
http://msg%20presentation%20a-a.ppt/#Cement%20Bond%20Evaluationhttp://msg%20presentation%20a-a.ppt/#Cement%20Bond%20Evaluationhttp://msg%20presentation%20a-a.ppt/#Cement%20Bond%20Evaluation -
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
50/52
Internal Use Only
The blac)ness of the 0S1 increases (ith the am"litude of
the signal
2 &oot Total Energy 3is"lay 45 6 Plot7
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
51/52
Internal Use Only
2 &oot Total Energy 3is"lay 45'6 Plot7
2 &oot Total Energy 3is"lay 40S17
-
7/25/2019 2_Basic CBL Theory
52/52
gy " y 4 7