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Production Technology for All
(Perforations)
Manuel BramaoPE-Perf-00
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Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Learning Objectives
Guns classifications
Shaped charges
Classification of guns system
Perforating conveyance
Factors affecting performance Slick line perforating head
Dynamic underbalance perforating
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Perforating
Perforations connect the wellbore with the well
The productivity of a given reservoir is primarily dependent on the nearwellbore pressure drop.
This is governed by drilling damage and perforation parameters.
Furthermore, successful stimulation and sand control operations are strongly
dependent on perforation parameters.
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History
Mechanical, prior to 1932.
Bullet Gun, 1932 to present
Hydraulic, 1958 to present
Abrasive jetting
Shaped Charge, 1946 to present
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Perforations
Perforating
Casing is perforated using a perforating
gun to allow formation fluids to enter
the wellbore Run on wireline, slickline, tubing
Depth control is critical
Engineers rely on open-hole logs to
decide where to perforate
Safety is paramount
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Cavity Effect
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Shaped Charge Perforator
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The Perforation Process
High velocity
7,000 m/secHigh Pressure millions psi
High Speed microseconds
Low temperature
Particulated jet does the work
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Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems
Thru-Tubing
Small guns to get through the tubing string can be shot underbalance
Casing
Larger guns with big charges
Usually shot overbalance
High Shot Density Larger gun with more shots per foot
Used for tubing conveyed applications
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Three conveyance methods for perforating guns:
-Through Casing
-Through Tubing (Option for Magnetically Eccentered)
-Tubing (or drill-pipe) conveyed
Perforating Conveyance
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Classification of Gun Systems
Capsule Charge
Enerjet (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)
Pivot Gun (1 11/16-in.)
Hollow Carrier
Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)
HEGS (3 1/8 & 4-in.) Port Plug Guns (4-in.)
HSD (2 to 7-in.)
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Casing Guns
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High-Shot Density (HSD) Guns
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Capsule and Hollow Carrier Guns
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Downhole Parameters that Affect Performance
Major effects
Gun clearance
Casing and formation strength
Effective formation stress
Wellbore Fluid
Temperature (selection of explosive)
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Factors Affecting Performance
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Gun Clearance
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F Aff i P d i i
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Factors Affecting Productivity
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F ti St th Eff t
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Formation Strength Effects
Penetration decrease is charge dependent
Penetration decrease ranges between 0.5" to 1.75" per 1 ksi strengthincrease
__________________________________________________
All of these factors affecting performance can be simulated with a PC
program which will output penetration and productivity results for a
particular gun system in a particular environment.
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G /Ch S l ti
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Gun/Charge Selection
Temperature Rating
BH (Big Hole Charge) or DP (Deep Penetration Charge) BH only for gravel pack completion and fracturing
Gun Size
generally, larger the guns, better the performance
Shot Density
higher the shot density, better the performance
Shot Phasing
60, 90, 120 are better than 180 ro 0 degree phasing
180 or 0 degree guns for oriented perforation
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Sli k Li P f ti H d
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Slick Line Perforating Head
Electronic computer controlled firing mechanism
Responds only to direct commands
Firing sequence enabled when RIH
Power applied to detonator through several safety circuits
No radio silence required
No primary explosives
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N T h l
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New Technology
PURE* - Show Movie
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Any Questions?
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Any Questions?
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