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2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system PP2
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2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory
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Breathing
Discuss the process of breathing.External respiration
Internal respiration
Inhalation
Exhalation
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InspirationIntercostal muscleslift ribs outward,sternum rises and the diaphragmcontracts and movesdownward this increases the volumeof the lungs and air rushes in.
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Expiration
Exhalation is a passive process
All the contracted intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
Ribs move down, diaphragm moves up
4
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Breathing1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
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Respiratory Movements
Normal adult = 14-20 Respirations per minute Increases with exercise,
body temperature, certain diseases.
Age-newborm= 40-60/min Sleep= respiration Emotion can or rate
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CoughingDeep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tractHiccups spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.
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SneezingAir forced through nose to clear respiratory tract
YawningDeep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood
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Neural Factors
•Respiratory center located in the Medulla Oblongata
on CO2 or O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center
•Phrenic Nerve- stimulates the diaphragm
Chemical Factors
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood (respiratory center in the brain)
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
Control Breathing Breathing controlled by neural and chemical
factors.
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Neural Control
Medulla Oblongata – part of the brainstem which controls the rate and depth of respirations.
Phrenic Nerves – a group of nerves which stimulates the diaphragm
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Types of breathing
Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation
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Types of Breathing
• Apnea – temporary stoppage of breathing• Dyspnea – difficult, labored, painful breathing • Eupnea – normal or easy breathing • Hyperpnea – an increase in depth/rate of
breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements.
• Orthopnea – difficult or labored breathing when the body is in a horizontal position – usually corrected by standing or sitting.
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Types of Breathing
• Tachypnea – abnormally rapid and shallow rate of breathing
• Hyperventilation – condition that can be caused by disease or stress. Causes body to lose carbon dioxide too quickly, sym: Dizziness and fainting TX: breath in paper bag to restore carbon dioxide blood levels.
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Lung Capacity and volume
Tidal volume – amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath – Normal amount: about 500 mLInspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – amount of air you can force a person to take in over and above tidal volume - Normal amount: about 2100-3000 mLExpiratory reserve volume (ERV) – amount of air you can force a person to exhale over and above the tidal volume. Normal amount: about 1000 mLResidual air – amount of air that can’t be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. Normal amount: about 1500mL
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Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity: total amount of air involved
with tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. Normal 4,500mL
Residual volume: amount of air that can’t be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. It allows for the continous exchange of gases between breaths. Normal 1,500mL
Functional residual capacity: sum of the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. Normal 2,500 mL
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Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity includes: Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air
* Normal amount is 6,000 mL
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Respiratory Disorders
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Respiratory disorders
AsthmaWhat is asthma?
Who most likely has it?
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Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
RX anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator.
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Respiratory disorders
Bronchitis What is
bronchitis? Acute Chronic
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Inflammation of mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
May be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis
characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis-middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause.
Bronchitis
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Respiratory disorders
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
AKA: COPD
Chronic lung conditions such as emphysema and brochitis
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Respiratory disorders
COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best
preventative measure
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Common Cold
Contagious viral respiratory infection
Indirect causes- chilling fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
Rx- stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
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Respiratory disorders
EmphysemaWhat is emphysema?
Who is most likely to have it?
How is it treated?
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EmphysemaAlveoli become over-dilated, lose their elasticity, can’t rebound, may eventually ruptureAir becomes trapped, can’t exhale-forced exhalation requiredReduced exchange of O2
and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses
RX – Alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2
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Respiratory disorders InfluenzaDiscuss the
symptoms of influenza.
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Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane
Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Complication-pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media, and pleurisy
Rx – treat the symptoms
Influenza (Flu)
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Respiratory disorders
Pneumonia
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Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria
or virus Alveoli fill with
exudate Symptoms- chest
pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Rx- O2 and antibiotics
Pneumonia
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Respiratory disorders
Pneumothorax
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Pneumothorax
A buildup of air within the pleural cavity on one side of the chest.
Excess air increases pressure on lumg, causing it to collapse
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Sinusitis
Infection of the mucous membranes which lines the sinus cavities
Sym: Pain and Nasal discharge
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Respiratory disorders
Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis Infectious lung disease Tubercles (lesions)
forms in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low
grade fever in the afternoon, weigh loss, night sweats
Diagnosis- TB skin test If skin test positive-
follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample
RX- Antibiotic
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Tuberculosis
Due to the increase in immigration, homelessness and AIDS, the incidence of TB is increasing in the United States.
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Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system The respiratory
system plays a vital role in homeostasis Discuss the relevance
to your health.
What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients?