Leaves as the Atlas of world agriculture: an example from studies of tomato introgression lines
The Spandrels of San MarcoStephen J. Gould & Richard C. Lewontin (1979)
Imitation, genetic lineages,and time influenced themorphological evolutionof the violinDan ChitwoodDonald DanforthPlant Science CenterSeptember 15, 2015
How to measure shape:
Shape = { xn, yn } How to measure shape:Coordinates and landmarks
How to measure shape:Chain code
How to measure shape:Chain code
How to measure shape:Chain code
How to measure shape:Chain code
01234567
How to measure shape:Chain code
01234567
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1
How to measure shape:Chain code
012345670 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0
How to measure shape:Chain code
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0
Shape ={}
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier DescriptorsKuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image Processing (1982)
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 66 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 60 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 66 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 44 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 22 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 22 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 02 0 1 0
Shape ={}
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
a1, a2, a3 anb1, b2, b3 bnc1, c2, c3 cnd1, d2, d3 dn
Shape ={}Harmonic coefficients:
How to measure shape:Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
The morphological evolution of violins:Predecessors and relatives of the violin
The morphological evolution of violins:Predecessors and relatives of the violin
The morphological evolution of violins:Violin family members
The morphological evolution of violins:Violin family members
The morphological evolution of violins:Violin family members
The morphological evolution of violins:The effects of time on shape
The morphological evolution of violins:The effects of imitation on shape
The morphological evolution of violins:The effects of human relatedness
The morphological evolution of violins:The effects of human relatedness
Laura Miller
Beyond the desert tomato .
Beyond the desert tomato .30,000 genes, 8 different species
Beyond the desert tomato .30,000 genes, 8 different species
High-throughput phenotypingto identify drought-resistant genes
Where do drought-resistant traits originate?The meristem
Mature organsStem cellsThe meristem
Husbands, Chitwood, et al. (2009) Genes & Dev.We measure mature organ phenotypes.Why? And are they relevant?
Heisler et al. (2005) Current Biology
Smith et al. (2006) PNAS
MacotoMurayama
Seed CathedralThomas Heatherwick
Rolling BridgeThomas Heatherwick
Urban tissue experimentMrton Jancs
Dune architectureSporosarcina pasteuriiMagnus Larsson
Self-organizing robot swarms
Nath et al. Science 2003
Self-organizing robot swarms
@nervous_jessica
@nervous_jessica