1. Living Things2. Classification3. Cell Structure4. Viruses
Chapter 8Life’s Structure and
Classification
Section 1 Living ThingsOrganism
Any living thingMade of cells
CellThe smallest unit of a living thing that
carries on the functions of life
6 Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things…
Made of cellsGrow and DevelopRespond to StimuliMaintain HomeostasisUse EnergyReproduce
Section 2: Classification All living things are classified using…
Binomial Nomenclature2 word naming system Uses organisms Genus and SpeciesScientific Name
Human Homo sapiens
Whitetail Deer Odocoileus virginianus
Black Bear Ursus americanus
White Oak Quercus alba
Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis
Classification SystemDeveloped in late 18th century by Carolus
Linnaeus.7 steps
Kingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass CalledOrder OutFamily ForGenus GreatSpecies Spaghetti
6 Kingdoms of LifeAnimal
Vertebrates: mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibiansInvertebrates: Insects, arachnids, jellyfish, crustaceans
PlantsFlowering plantsEvergreen plantsFerns, mosses, hornworts
FungusYeast, molds, mushrooms
ProtistaAlgae
EubacteriaAll around us. Live in our stomachs. Others can make us ill.
ArchaebacteriaCan make their own food. Live in deep sea trenches.
Humans’ classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapiens
Section 3: Cell StructureAnton van Leeuwenhoeck
Dutch fabric merchant who perfected the microscope.
Robert HookeCut a thin slice of cork and viewed it under a
microscope. Viewed empty little monk “cells”
Matt Schleiden and Theordor SchwannObserved plant and animal cells and
concluded that all living things are made of cells.
Rudolf VirchowProposed that all cells come from pre-existing
cells.
Cell Theory was formedAll organisms are made of one or
more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms
All cells come from other cells
Animal Cells Cell Memrane
Protective layer that surrounds the cell and regulates movement into and out of the cell
CytoplasmGelatin-like substance that fills the cells and carries on
life processes Ribosomes
Structure that manufacture proteins Nucleus
Contains DNA and controls the cells functions Mitochondria
Energy releasing agents, break down food and water Endoplasmic Reticulum
Series of folded membranes that move materials throughout the cell
Golgi BodiesPackage and ship materials within the cell and outside
of the cell
Plant Cells3 differences from animal cellsCell Wall
Stiff outer covering that gives the cell rigidness, shape, and protection
ChloroplastsGreen organelles that capture sunlight and
use it for photosynthesis.Contain chlorophyll
VacuoleWater and mineral storing area that needs to
be full for the plant to be rigid.
Cellular OrganizationCells
Smallest unit life can be broken down toTissues
A group of similar cells performing a certain function
OrgansA group of tissues performing a function
Organ systemA group of organs performing a life
sustaining functionOrganism
A collection of organ systems creating a living creature