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1. Feminisms and Feminist Literary
Criticism: Definitions
2. Woman: Created or Constructed?
9653001 人社 100 鄭朱晏
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1. Feminisms and Feminist Literary Criticism: Definitions
• Engage with biological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, Marxist, poststructuralist, and cultural studies, as well as ethnic and race studies, postcolonial theory, lesbian and gay studies, and gender studies.
• No longer merely the “ism” of white, educated, bourgeois, heterosexual Anglo-American women.
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• “I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is”
• Feminism has often focused upon what is absent rather than what is present.
• Reflecting concern with the silencing and marginalization of women in a patriarchal culture.
• An overly political approach
• Other approaches for their false assumptions about women
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• “Literature is political,” and its politics “is male.”
• In part because of the efforts of feminist critics but also because of social changes such as mass education.
• She is constructed differently by men.
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• Feminine Mystique
• demystified the dominant image of happy American suburban housewife and mother.
• New women’s organizations, manifestos, protests, and publications
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Sexual politics
• The first widely read work of feminist literary criticism
• The twin poles of gender as biology and culture
• Millett included critiques of capitalism, male power, crude sexuality, and violence against women
• “more uniform, and certainly more enduring
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• Collected in large anthologies such as The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women
• Harriett E. Wilson, author of the first novel by an African American woman
• Unearthing women’s literature did not ensure its prominence
• Questioned culture, sexual, intellectual, and/ or psychological stereotypes about women
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2. Woman: Created or Constructed?
• Three phases of modern women’s literary development:
• The feminine phase
• The feminist phase
• The female phase
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• Four current models of difference:
• Biological
• Linguistic
• Psychoanalytic
• cultural
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• Biological model is the most problematic
• Linguistic model asserts that women are speaking men’s language as a foreign tongue
• The Hours relates with unnerving clarity the inner lives of three women connected through their experiences with Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway, itself a study of female subjectivity
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• Has observes, “English feminist criticism, essentially Marxist, stresses opposition; French feminist criticism, essentially psychoanalytic stresses repression; American feminist criticism, essentially textual, stresses expression
• Being woman-centered or gynocentric, must search for terminology to rescue themselves from becoming a synonym for inferiority.