Download - 01 Introduction to EMS System
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Introduction to
the EMS System
Lesson 1
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Introduction
First Responders are essential part of EMSsystem
First trainedpersons to reach ill/injured patient
Individual summoned to provide care in anemergency
Professional duty to respond/provide emergencycare
Usually have access to supplies/equipment forproviding initial care
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Examples of Occupations of
First Responders Law enforcement
personnel
Firefighters
Industrial safetyofficers
Prison guards
Lifeguards
Daycare attendants
Athletic trainers
Ski patrol members
Civil defense
personnel
Disaster team
members
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Medical Emergencies
Situation where person suddenly needs medical care
Often person is injured or experiences sudden illness
May be life-threatening
U.S. Medical Emergency Statistics
40 million visits made to emergency departments
2 million people are hospitalized
140,000 die from injuries
180,000 die from heart attacks
162,000 die from strokes
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Sudden Illness
Medical conditions that occur suddenly
Person with non-emergency chronic illness
Common Causes of Injuries Treated in Emergency
Departments Examples of annual cases in U.S.:
Falls - 7,989,000
Motor vehicle crashes - 4,582,000
Struck by or against object - 4,209,000
Cut or pierced by object - 2,544,000
Poisoning - 750,000
Burns - 516,000
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Injuries Causing Deaths
Motor vehicle crashes, injuries at home, public
places, and work
Injuries may strike at any time
First Responders provide care until patientreceives advanced help
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Emergency Medical Services
System (EMS) EMS Act of 1973 established nationwide system
Sophisticated network of services
Single call for help initiates responses to rush care to
patientAccessing EMS
Activated when someone calls 911 or another local
number
Most communities have a centralized 911 system 911 calls reach dispatcher who then sends resources to
scene
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911 Systems
Callers identify name,location, and phonenumber
Enhanced 911 systems
automatically providedispatcher with callersphone number/locationfor land lines
Caller may need to
specify exact location
With cellular calls, callerslocation is unknown
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Steps of EMS Response to
Emergencies1. Medical emergency occurs
2. Emergency recognized/EMS is activated
3. Citizen responder may give first aid/CPR on the scene iftrained
4. First Responders arrive
5. EMTs/Paramedics arrive and assume care
6. EMTs continue care measures begun by FirstResponders
7. Following stabilization and care, patient transported tohospital
8. Patient transferred to in-hospital care system
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Response of First Responders
Sent to scene by
dispatcher after a citizen
has activated EMS
If on-scene, initiates call
to dispatcher to activate
EMS.
Ensure that EMS has
been activated to cover
all situations
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Types of Facilities Receiving
Patients
Hospital emergency departments
Specialty facilities:
Trauma centers
Burn centers
Pediatric centers
Perinatal centers
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Preparation of First Responders
Equipment used must be clean, complete, and readily
available for use
Frequent checks of equipment /supplies:
All equipment safe and in good working order Dated supplies checked and replaced before
expiration
Oxygen cylinders kept full
Dressings/bandages replaced as soon as they areused
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Preplanning
Preparing a plan in anticipation of differentemergencies
Many industrial plants have plans for responsethat identify:
key personnel, locations of supplies
mechanism for notifying EMS
evacuation routes
Fire departments/EMS systems preplanresponses to areas of potential hazards
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First Responder Preparation
Preparation begins with training
First Responders should strive to keep
skills/knowledge up to date
Infrequently used skills should be practiced
Continuing education also essential
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Notification of Medical
Emergencies
Police department, fire department, andEMS receive the call
Lifeguards, ski patrol members, and
athletic trainers are already at scene
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Responding to the Call
Gather medicalequipment and go toscene
Respond in the
appropriate vehicle Fire, police, and rescue
personnel have vehiclesequipped with thenecessary warning
equipment If private vehicle, obey all
traffic laws/signs
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Ten Components of EMS
Systems
Regulation and policy
Resource management
Human resources and training
Transportation
Facilities
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Communications
Public information and education
Medical oversight
Trauma systems
Evaluation
Ten Components of EMS
Systems Continued
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Dispatcher
First Responder
Emergency Medical
Technician (EMT)
Medical Director
EMS
Professionals
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Dispatcher
Called an emergency medical
dispatcher (EMD) or dispatch
Receives most 911 calls
Located in law enforcement
agency, fire station, or other
site
Trained to obtain
information/determine whatpersonnel/equipment are
needed
Sends appropriate EMS
unit(s) to the scene
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First Responder
Sometimes called an
emergency medical responder
Usually first person to arrive at
emergency
Takes over care of victim fromthose giving first aid
Gathers information
concerning the victim
Controls scene
Prepares for arrival of anambulance
Provides care until more
advanced professionals arrive
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Emergency Medical Technician
(EMT) Arrive in ambulance equipped
for Basic or Advanced Life
Support
Take over care/transport
patient for definitive medical
care
EMTs with different levels of
training perform different
medical treatments
EMT-Basic (EMT-B) EMT-Intermediate (EMT-I)
EMT-Paramedic (EMT-P)
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Medical Director
Physician within EMS system who oversees
First Responders/EMTs
Establishes protocols for medical care
Available for consultation by radio or telephone
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Categories of First Responders
Responsibilities
General responsibilities
Patient care responsibilities
Responsibilities at the scene
Personal responsibilities and characteristics
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General Responsibilities
1. Respond in safe/rapid manner
2. Maintain personal safety
3. If emergency requires special
personnel/equipment, contact EMS
4. Gain access to patient
5. Give care to the patient
6. Document emergency/actions to meet localrecordkeeping requirements
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Patient Care Responsibilities
1. Give care needed for life-threatening problems
2. Activate EMS system
3. Further assess patient to detect medical
problems/life threats4. Provide care/remain with patient
5. Assist other EMS personnel as needed
6. Maintain the patients privacy and confidentiality
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Responsibilities at the Scene
1. Identify safety issues,determine number ofpatients, determineresources needed
2. It may be necessary toaccess the patient
3. Maintain safety of self,patient and others atscene
4. Assist personnel asrequired /requested
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Responsibilities at the Scene
Continued
5. Cooperate with other public safety workers
6. Other responsibilities may include:
Assist in directing traffic
Summon other appropriate help
Control, direct, or ask bystanders for help
Other responsibilities as dictated by your job
or specific EMS system
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Training Responsibilities
Keep your skills/ knowledge up to date
Attend continuing education programs and
refresher training
Read professional publications
Maintain current knowledge of issues affecting
EMS
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Personal Responsibilities and
Characteristics
Maintain a caring and professional attitude
Respect all patients, family
Maintain composure
Maintain a professional appearance
Maintain personal fitness and health
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Medical Oversight
Responsibility of physician overseeing out-of-
hospital emergency care
Medical director leads response team and
decides how care is delivered
Includes direct/indirect medical control
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Direct Medical Control
Medical director involved by instructing
prehospital care providers
Medical director stays in contact with care
providers Medical director can authorize specific patient
treatment outside of standard protocols
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Indirect Medical Control
Refers to offline direction provided by the
medical director
Medical director responsible for developing
protocols Includes EMS system design, standards of
training, quality assurance programs
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Legal Responsibility of Medical
Director
First Responders function under
guidance/control of medical director
First Responders generally considered agents of
the medical director