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IJSRES International Journal of Scientif ic Research in Environmental Sciences

wwwi jsrpubcom

October 2013

Volume 1 Issue 10

Pages 263 ndash 305

Table of Contents

Article Author(s) page

Evaluation of Nematode Parasitemia in Oreochromis niloticus from Lower New Calabar River Port Harcourt Niger Delta Nigeria

Francis Sikoki Sidney Nzeako Betty Nchege

263

Prevalence of Malaria in Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Care at University of Port Harcourt Primary Health Care Centre Aluu Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako Florence O Nduka Obilete A Origie

268

Evaluation of Genetic Variations of Tomato Genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum L) with Multivariate Analysis

Aliyeh Emami Ali Reza Eivazi 273

Valuation of Some Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L) Genetic Materials to Achieve Tolerant Resources for Rice Stem Borers (Lepidoptera Pyralidae)

Muhammad Sarwar 285

Environmental Flow Requirement and Comparative Study of the Turag River Bangladesh

Mirza ATM Tanvir Rahman Sanjida Hoque Moly A H M Saadat

291

Two-Dimensional Interpolation Polynomial Method for Modelling Ground Water Hydraulic Head at Nariya Area of Kaduna Nigeria

Isaac Oladejo Olaniyan Toyin Gideon Okedayo Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba

300

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES) 1(10) pp 263-267 2013 Available online at httpwwwijsrpubcomijsres

ISSN 2322-4983 copy2013 IJSRPUB

httpdxdoiorg1012983ijsres-2013-p263-267

263

Full Length Research Paper

Evaluation of Nematode Parasitemia in Oreochromis niloticus from Lower New

Calabar River Port Harcourt Niger Delta Nigeria


Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences College of Natural and Applied Sciences

University of Port Harcourt Nigeria

Corresponding author nsoma_4realyahoocom or sidneynzeakouniportedung

Received 17 July 2013 Accepted 8 August 2013

Abstract A total of 100 samples of Oreochromis niloticus from the lower New Calabar River were examined to determine

their levels of nematode parasitemia using standard parasitological techniques An overall prevalence of (59) was recorded

comprising (5) ectoparasites and (54) endoparasites Sex related parasitemia showed that males harboured more parasites

(43) compared to (16) recovered in the females (Pgt005) Parasite specificity revealed three nematodes Capillaria spp

(21) Eustrongylide spp (15) and Goezia sigalasi (Ascarididae) (18) and Lernaeocera branchialis (5) a crustacean

were recovered from the samples However the study revealed a progressive increase in parasitemia as age of the fish host

increased (Plt005) The high parasitemia observed in this study was associated with the tidal effects of the water system which

influences the organic load of the benthos directly and fish nutrition indirectly

Key word Parasitemia ectopaarasites endoparasites sex related parasitemia tidal effect organic load and benthos

1 INTRODUCTION

Parasites are always present in any community (plants

and animals) and usually infect hosts species that

dominate the higher trophic levels in any food chain

(Maclinnis 1976 Edem et al 2008) Fish which

naturally occupies the top of the predator-prey

pyramid in freshwater and marine environments is

most affected by parasites due to some predisposing

factors such as physiologic specificity (age genotype

sex etc) nutritional specificity and ecologic

characteristics (Ravichandran and Ajithkumar 2008

Adam et al 2009)

11 Effect of parasites on fish species

Parasitism of fish and fishery is a cause of worry to

fish culturists and artisanal fishermen in the in-land

and coastal waters of Nigeria (Ukoli 1988 Umuoeren

et al 1988 Onwuliri and Mgbemena 1998

Awharioma and Okaka 1999 and Edema and Okaka

2008) This concern is attributed to parasite induced

economic losses and negative health implications

manifesting in forms of poor fish productivity poor

marketability of caught fish reduction in protein

availability and reduction in job opportunities due to

lack of motivation to invest in aquacultural activities

by potential investors (Meyer and Hoffman 1976

Van Dan Brook 1979 and Awharitoma and Ehigiafor

2012)

Tillapia a cherished cichlid of variable species

common in Nigeria is greatly infected by parasites

(Ukoli 1988 Umuoeren et al 1988 Onwuliri and

Mgbemena 1998 Awharioma and Okaka 1999

Edema and Okaka 2008 and Awharitoma and

Ehigiafor 2012) Studies have indicated that

Tillapiarsquos adaptability to various aquacultural systems

is due to its high fecundity hardiness tolerance to

poor water quality salinity temperature and pH

(Chervinski 1973 Abbas et al 2009 Awharitoma

and Ehigiafor 2012) characteristics which inevitably

predisposes it to parasitism In the Niger Delta where

more than 60 of the populace depend on

aquacultural activities for their livelihood it is apt to

determine the current status of nematode parasitic

fuana of O niloticus from the lower New Calabar

River

22 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Study Area

The study was carried out on the lower New Calabar

River situated at Choba in ObioAkpor LGA Rivers

State of Nigeria The area lies between latitude 5˚ 54

295 N and longitudes 6˚ 53 889 and 7˚E

experiences an average rainfall of 2500cm3 and

temperature range of between 28˚C-30˚C annually

which supports the rainforest type of vegetation The

area is sub-urban in structure with about 40 of the

populace predominantly rural artisanal fishermen and

subsistent farmers However the life style of the

indigenes is greatly influenced by the presence of the

University of Port Harcourt and several industries

Sikoki et al

Evaluation of Nematode Parasitemia in Oreochromis niloticus from Lower New Calabar River Port Harcourt Niger

Delta Nigeria

264

22 Collection of samples

Hundred (100) freshly caught Oniloticus were

selected using the stratified random sampling

technique (the fourth fish out of every four counts

was selected) between the months of August to

October 2012 Each fish was put in a properly

labelled polyethene bag which was secured in a vat

and transported to the laboratory for examination

23 Physical examination

Fish samples were isolated from vat weighed and

total lengths determined Skin examination of the

samples were carried out with a x10 hand lens to

detect any attached parasite afterwards the skins of

the fish samples were scraped and the scrapings used

to prepare thin smears for microscopic examination

Gill examination was carried out by the use of x10

hand lens in situ and on detached gills Further

examinations of detached gills were conducted with a

stereoscopic microscope

The abdominal cavities of the samples were

opened and the mesenteries examined for migratory

juveniles of nematodes Gastrointestinal tract of the

samples were excised and contents extracted into a

5ml beaker containing normal saline and later stored

in properly labelled sterile vials containing 4

formalin and processed using the formal-ether

concentration method for further microscopic

examination

24 Microscopy

Thin and thick smears of skin scrapings were prepared

and observed under x10 and x40 objectives for

presence of parasites Gastro-intestinal endothelial

scrapings were used to prepare wet smears (stained

with Lugolrsquos iodine) The intestinal contents of the

samples were also examined using the formal-ether

concentration technique and microscopically

examined at x10 and x40 objectives Identification of

parasites was done using Zdenek Locky (1977) and

Cheng (1986) guides

25 Statistical analysis

Measures of central tendency and chi square were

used to analyse the results

3 RESULTS

Table 1 shows the prevalence of Oniloticus from the

lower New Calabar river A total of 100 fish samples

were examined showing an infection of 59(59) out

of which 5(50) and 54(540) were for

ectoparasites and endoparsites respectively Age

related prevalence increased as age increased

Sex related prevalence of parasites in the sampled

fishes indicated an overall prevalence of 43(43) and

16(16) for male and female respectively The data

further showed higher prevalence of endoparasites

(43) to ectoparasites (16) (Figure 1)

The study revealed two phyla of parasites

Nematode and the Arthropoda in Oniloticus from the

study area Amongst the nematodes were the

Capillaria spp Eustrongylide spp and Ascarididae

(Goezia sigalasi) while Lernaeocera branchialis was

the only crustacean discovered (Figure 1)

4 DISCUSSION

The overall prevalence (590) of parasites in

Oniloticus from the lower New Calabar River was

rather high for a tidal river but within the range for

inland waters as stated by Onwuliri and Mgbemena

(1998) Umuoeren et al (1988) and Awharioma and

Okaka (1999) However the study showed variability

in the density of parasites within the groups with the

gt225cm length range harbouring the highest

prevalence (90) This pattern of parasitism was

consistent with (Paperna 1996 Mbahinzireki 1980

Wanderson et al 2012 Ashade et al 2013) who

observed a gradual consistent increase in parasitemia

as fish aged However this trend was not consistent

with the ectoparasites which drastically declined as

fish samples aged A trend the researchers attribute to

possible accidental dislodgement of some

ectoparasites due to out of water fish resistance by the

fish samples The higher parasitemia (43) in female

samples than the male counterparts (16) an

observation that contradicts the report by Olurin et al

(2012) and agrees with that of Thomas (1964) is an

issue that has enjoyed flux in opinion by researchers

(Price and Clancy1983 and Olorin and Somorin

2006) However this physiological preference was

attributed to host specific factors On specific parasitamia the endoparastes

consisting the nematodes had a higher density on

individual sample basis than the crustaceans

(ectoparasites) Also there was a progressive

increase in nematode parasitemia as fish samples aged

(Mbahinzireki 1980 Paperna 1996 and Awharitoma

and Ehigiafor 2012) This result was consistent with

Paperna (1996) who attributed the age related

prevalence to repeated infections and accumulation of

parasite load with increased age Other factors which

may have influenced the high prevalence of parasitic

nematodes in this study include the tidal

characteristics of the river coupled with the rich

organic constitution of the benthos which harbours

rich population of annalides that aid in the

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES) 1(10) pp 263-267 2013

265

transmission of nematode parasites as fish ingest them

(Kennedy 1975 Cheng 1986 Ukoli 1988 Edema

and Okaka 2008) The absence of monogenean

parasites in the examined samples was in line with

some previous studies in inland waters of Africa by

Paperna and Thurston (1968) The absence of

monogenean in the study area could also be an

indication of the quality of the environment or the

immune status of the samples (Wanderson et al

2012 Ashade et al 2013)

Table 1 Sex related prevalence of ectoparasites and endoparasites in Oniloticus caught ins Lower New Calabar River

Length(cm) Number

examined

Number infected () Total()

female male

ecto endo ecto endo

100-145 30 1(33) 9(30) 1(33) 5(10) 16(533)

145-185 23 1(43) 7(304) 1(43) 2(86) 11(478)

185-225 37 1(27) 20(54) 0 (0) 2(54) 23(622)

gt225 10 0(0) 4(40) 0(0) 5(50) 9(900)

Total ()

Overall total ()

100 3(30) 40(400) 2(20) 14(140) 59(59)

43(43) 16(16)

Fig 1 The population of the parasitic fauna of Oniloticus from the lower New Calabar River

Fig 2 The overall prevalence parasites in Oniloticus from lower New Calabar river

Acknowledgement

We recognize the assistance of the Laboratory crew of

the Department of Animal and Environmental

Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of

Port Harcourt and Miss Siapkere Marvis during the

course of this study

Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

266

REFERENCES

Adam HM Samia H Sayied AS (2009)Protozoan

Parasites of two freshwater fish species

(Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias

gariepienus) in Khartoum State (Sudan) Sud

J Vet Sci Anim Husb 48 (1and 2) 44-

50

Ashade OO Osineye OM Kumoye EA (2013)

Isolation Identification and Prevalence of

Parasites on Oreochromis niloticus from three

selected River Systems Journal of Fisheries

and Aquatic Science 1(8) 115-121

Awharitoma AO Okaka CE (1999) Observations on

the Cichlid fishes in Ikpoba River and their

parasitic infections Nigerian Journal of

parasitology 20 129-137

Bichi AH Ibrabim AA (2009) A survey of ecto and

intestinal parasites of Tilapia Zilli (Caervias) in

Tiga Lake Kano Northern Nigeria Bayero

Journal of pure and Applied Science 2(1)79-

82

Chervinski J (1982) Environmental Physiology of

Tilapias In Biology of Culture of

Tilapias Pullin RSV and RH Lowe

McConnell (eds) ICLARM Conference

Proceedings International Center of Living

Aquatic Resources Management Manilla

Philippines pp 119- 128

Edema CU Okaka CE (2008) A preliminary study of

parasitic infections of some fishes from

Okhuo River Benin city Nigeria International

Journal of Biomedical and Health

Science 4 120-135

Kennedy CR (1975) Ecological Animal Parasitology

Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

pp141-167

Maclnnis AJ (1976) How parasites find their hosts

some thoughts on the inception of host parasites

integration In Ecological Aspects of

Parasitology (Eds) pp3-20 North Holland

Amsterdam

Mbahinzireki GB (1980) Observation on some

common parasites of Bagrus docmac Forskahl

(Pisce Siluroidea) of lake Victoria

Hydrobiologia 73 (3) 273-280

Meyer FP Hoffman GL (1976) Parasites and diseases

of warm water fishes US Department of

Interior Fish and Wildlife Fish Farm

Experimental Station No 127

Olorin KB Somorin CA (2006) Intestinal Helminths

of the fishes of Owa stream South-west

Nigeria Research Journal of fisheries and

Hydrobiology 1(1) 6-9

Kayode O Okafor J Alade A Asiru R Ademiluwa

J Ademiluwa KOJ Oranaye O (2012)

Helminth Parasites of Sarotherodon

galilaeus and Tilapia zillii (Pisces Cichlidea

from River Oshun Southwest Nigeria

International Journal of Aquatic Science 3(2)

49-55

Onwuliri COE Mgbemena MO (1987) The parasitic

fauna of some freshwater fish from Jos Plateau

Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Applied fisheries

and Hydrobiology 233-37

Oribhabor BJ Ogbeibu AE Okaka CE (2012) The

Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of the

Threadfin Fish Polydactylus quadrifilis

(Family Polynemidae) in a Niger Delta

Mangrove Creek Nigeria International Journal

of Animal and Veterinary Advances 4(4) 240-

243

Paperna I Thurston JP (1968) Report on ectoparasitic

infection of freshwater fish in Africa Bull Of

Int Epiz 68(7-8) 1197-1200

Paperna I (1996) Parasites infections and diseases of

fishes in Africa An update CIFA Technical

paper 31

Price PW Clancy KM (1983) Patterns in number of

helminth parasites species of freshwater fishes

Journal of Parasitology 69 449-454

Ravichandran S Ajithkumar TT (2008) Secondary

microbial infection in Ilisha melastoma due to

isopod fish parasites J Fish Aquat Sci 3(1)

92-96

Thomas CC (1986) General Parasitology Academic

Press Inc Harcourt Brace and Company Asia

PTE Ltd Singapore

Thomas JD (1964) A comparison between the

helminthes burdens of male and female brown

trout Salmotrutta L from natural population in

the River Teify West Wales Parsitology 54

263-272

Ukoli FMA (1988) Fish parasites and Diseases in

Aquaculture in Tropical Africa 15pp

Wanderson PMF Maacutercia DRD Daniel M (2013)

Protozoan and metazoan parasites of Nile

tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in

Brazil Revita MVZ Cordoba 17 (1) 2812-

2819

Van Dan Brock WLF (1979)Copepod ectoparasites of

Merlanginus malangus and Platichys flescic

J Fish Biol 141-6

Zdenek Lucky (1977) Methods for the Diagnosis of

Fish Diseases Amerind Publishing Company

PVT Ltd New Delhi Pp 1-135


267

Professor FD Sikoki holds BSc and MSc from University of Michigan in 1977 and 1979 respectively

and a PhD in Fish Reproductive Biology from the University of Jos 1987 with extensive teaching and

research experience with international perspective spanning over three decades He has supervised over

50 post graduate students and has served as a consultant in fisheries development research and

environmental assessment to several national and international agencies

His research interest include reproductive cycling in tropical fishes Sex direction and growth promotion

in fishes Limnological and fish stock assessment ecological and environmental management He is

currently the National Coordinator of an FGN-IAEA research project on Pollution Monitoring and

Director Centre for Marine Pollution Monitoring and Seated safety

Dr Sidney Obidimma Nzeako graduated from the University of Nigeria Nsukka BSc (Hons) Biology

Education 2003 In 2007 he obtained MSc Environmental Parasitology and PhD Nematology (2012)

from the University of Port Harcourt Dr Nzeako has a broad research interest in Environmental

Parasitology and Nematology He has conducted several researches in biological control of parasitic

nematodes in economically important animals and crops in Nigeria and has published several articles in

professional in national and international journals cutting across General Parasitology and Nematology

Miss Nchege Betty optioned BSc in Animal and Environmental Biology from the University of Port

Harcourt in 2009 In her BSc project she assessed the parasitic fauna of the Nile cat fish Oreochromis

niloticus in the New Calabar river in Port Harcourt She is an astute researcher with interested in fish

binomics




268


Prevalence of Malaria in Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Care at University

of Port Harcourt Primary Health Care Centre Aluu Port Harcourt Rivers State

Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1

Florence O Nduka1 Obilete A Origie

2

1Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Faculty of Biological Science College of Natural and Applied Science

University of Port Harcourt Rivers State NIGERIA 2Department of Microbiology Technology School of Science Laboratory Technology University of Port Harcourt Rivers

State NIGERIA



Abstract Venule blood samples were randomly collected from eighty pregnant women receiving ante natal care in the

University of Port Harcourt Primary Health Care Centre after obtaining ethical clearance These blood samples were put in

EDTA properly designated bottles and taken to the Parasitology Laboratory Department of Animal and Environmental

Biology for examination The standard thick and thin smears were used to examine the blood specimens Overall prevalence

showed that 725 of the pregnant women were infected with malaria Specific Plasmodium prevalence amongst the infected

showed that 635 were infected with P falciparum 189 for P vivax 155 for Pmalariae and 17 for Povale There

was no statistically significant (Pgt005) increase in the prevalence of Plasmodium species between the primigravidea (586)

and the multigravidae (413) The disparity in parasitemia was attributed to pregnancy induced delayed antibody expression

in the primigravidae The study emphasized the significance of health education in malaria control especially during

pregnancy

Key words Specific Plasmodium prevalence primigravidea multigravidae delayed antibody expression

1 INTRODUCTION

Malaria control is major challenges in Africa where

over 588 million people in the 45 endemic countries

are at risk especially children and pregnant women

(Newman et al 2003 WHO 2008 Agomo et al

2009) Statistics indicate that Nigeria alone accounts

for 45 prevalence in the Africa continent a fact not

far-fetched when the population of the country is

considered (Federal Ministry of Health (FMH) 2000

National Census 2006 Adefioye et al 2007)

Reports by FMH (2000) and Agomo et al (2009)

stated that the prevalence of malaria has shown

significant reduction in other African countries except

Nigeria a position which presents a gloomy future for

malaria eradication in Nigeria amidst the huge efforts

by the government and non-governmental agencies at

combating the menace

11 Malaria in Pregnancy A Public Health

Challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa

Okpere et al (2010) stated that pregnancy results in

increased incidence and severity of malaria which has

been implicated for complications in pregnancy In

sub Saharan Africa anaemia spontaneous abortion

prematurity and stillbirths are common symptoms of

the disease In Nigeria the disease is a major public

health challenge as malaria alone accounts for 11

maternal deaths annually (WHO 2010 Amoran et al

2012) However no matter how alarming these

statistics may sound some researchers still express

doubts about their accuracy especially on the true

status of malaria parasitemia in pregnancy in Nigeria

(Eze et al 2010) This discrepancy is not unconnected

with the poor documentation of cases of malaria in

pregnancy in health establishments and the attitude of

pregnant women in the rural areas patronizing

unorthodox health care services (Eze et al 2010)

Experts in epidemiology have identified poor

surveillance and poor intervention coverage by the

government as a contributory factor to the increase in

cases of malaria in Nigeria (Desai et al 2007 Enato

et al 2007 Okpere et al 2010 Olurunfemi 2012)

12 Factors that Predispose Pregnant Women to

increased Malaria Parasitemia

Several studies have established radical physiological

and behavioural changes such as increased volume of

exhaled air release of increased levels of cortisol and

volatile compounds due to increase body temperature

that predispose pregnant women to increase in

mosquito bites (Lindsay et al 2000 Martνnez-

Nzeako et al

Prevalence of Malaria in Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Care at University of Port Harcourt Primary Health

Care Centre Aluu Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria

269

Espinosa et al 2000 Bouyou-Akotet et al 2005

Rogerson and Boeu 2007 and Enato et al 2007 and

2009 WHO 2010) In endemic countries like Nigeria

20 of malaria parasitemia in pregnancy are

asymptomatic with susceptibility to parasitemia

common in primgravidae (Desai et al 2007

Rogerson et al 2007 Amoran 2012) Agomo et al

(2009) stated that amongst the factors identified to

increase the risk of malaria infection include young

maternal age (lt20years) and gravidity

(primigravidae) This problem is further aggravated by

the paucity in Primary health facilities and the

preference of pregnant women for unorthodox health

care providers especially in the rural areas (Nduka et

al 2011 Amoran 2012 Molina and Gonzalez

2012) This study is aimed at determining the malaria

parasitaemia in primigravidae and multigravidae

pregnant women on ante-natal care programme at the

University of Port Harcourt Primary Health Care

Centre Aluu Rivers State Nigeria


21 Study Area

The study was carried out at the University of Port

Harcourt Primary Health Centre situated at Aluu in

Ikwere LGA Rivers State Nigeria The area lies

between latitude 5˚ 54 295 N and longitudes 6˚ 53

889 and 7˚E experiences an average rainfall of

2500cm3 and temperature range of between 28˚C-

30˚C annually which supports the rainforest type of

vegetation The area is sub-urban in structure with

about 40 of the populace being predominantly rural

artisanal fishermen and subsistent farmers However

the life style of the indigenes is greatly influenced by

the presence of the University of Port Harcourt and

several industries

22 Collection of Blood Samples to evaluate

Plasmodium spp Parasitemia

Venule blood samples were randomly collected from

eighty pregnant women receiving ante natal care in

the University of Port Harcourt Primary Health Care

Centre after obtaining informed consent and ethical

clearance from the Chief Medical Officer of the

centre These blood samples (20microl of blood) were

collected in properly designated EDTA bottles and

taken to the Parasitology Laboratory Department of

Animal and Environmental Biology University of

Port Harcourt for examination within 24hours

The standard thick and thin smears on a single slide

were used to examine the blood specimens

(Cheesbrough 2005) Data were analysed with Excel

ANOVA

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In the study the overall prevalence showed that 58

(725) of the sampled pregnant women were

infected with malaria Specific prevalence of

Plasmodium amongst the infected showed that P

falciparum was the dominant species in the sampled

group (Table 1) There was no statistically significant

(Pgt005) difference in the prevalence of specific

Plasmodium species between the primigravidea

(850) and the multigravidae (150) However the

primigravidae expressed more specific parasitemia

than the multigravidae in the sampled group

Suppressed immunity due to pregnancy

The study show cases the level of malaria parasitemia

in a select group of pregnant women attending ante

natal care in a primary health centre in the Niger

Delta In the study there was high prevalence of

malaria parasitemia amongst the examined set (Table

1) which was in line with several studies including

(Lindsay et al 2000 Martνnez-Espinosa et al 2000

Bouyou-Akotet et al 2005 Rogerson and Boeu 2007

Chimere et al 2009 Enato et al 2009 WHO 2010

Olunfemi et al 2012) where results indicated heavy

and multiple species malaria parasitemia in

pregnancy Naturally indigenes of the study area

readily acquire immunity due to repeated exposure to

Plasmodium spp of parasites (Bassey et al 2007

Rogerson et al 2007 Amoran et al 2012) which

declines as pregnancy set-in (Amoran 2012 Molina

and Gonzalez 2012) This decline in immunity could

be attributed to physiological and behavioural changes

that result to increase in the levels of cortisol and

volatile compounds that make pregnant women more

attractive to infected female anopheles mosquito



and Enato et al 2009 WHO 2010 Molina and

Gonzalez 2012) Another factor that may have

impacted on the disparity in malaria parasitemia is the

patronage of alternative ante natal health care

providers such as herbalists and traditional midwifes

scattered around the rural areas of Nigeria by pregnant

women


270

Table 1 Malaria parasitemia in pregnant women attending ante-natal care in primary health centre Aluu Port Harcourt

Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)

Overall Total 80 58 37

(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION

The study thereby states that the disparity in

Plasmodium spp parasitemia between the

multigravidae and primigravidae could be attributed to

acquired immune-efficiency of the multigravidae to

malaria (Martνnez-Espinosa et al 2000 Bouyou-

Akotet et al 2005 Opkere et al 2010) as parity

advances Depressed immunity due to delayed

antibody expression andor lack of awareness on the

necessary preventive measures in pregnancy could

also be responsible for the increased malaria

parasitemia in the primigravidae (Okwa 2003 Okpere

2004 Bassey et al 2007 Agomo et al 2009) This

study buttresses the significance of aggressive

awareness campaigns on health education and family

planning in the rural settings because effective health

education at the grass root level would project the

country faster in actualising her millennium

development goal of health for all by the year 2020

Acknowledge

We appreciate the efforts of the laboratory crew of the

Department of Animal and Environmental Biology

University of Port Harcourt and Dr CJ Ogugbue the

coordinator Microbiology Technology Institute of

Science Laboratory Technology for his support during

the study

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OA (2007) Prevalence of malaria parasite

infection among pregnant women in Osogbo

southwest Nigeria American-Eurasian J Sci

Res 2 43ndash45

Agomo CO Oyibo WA Anorlu RI Agomo PU

(2009) Prevalence of Malaria in Pregnant

Women in Lagos South-West Nigeria Korean

J Parasitol 47(2) 179ndash183

Amoran OE (2012) A comparative analysis of

predictors of teenage pregnancy and its

prevention in a rural town in Western Nigeria

Int Health 11(37) 11-17

Bassey BE Asor JE Useh MF (2007) Profile of

Malaria in Pregnant Women Attending

Antenatal Clinics in Rural Community in

Nigeria The Open Parasitology Journal 11-6

Bouyou-Akotet MK Adegnika AA Agnandji ST

Ngou-Milama E Kombila M Kremsner PG

(2005) Cortisol and susceptibility to malaria

during pregnancy Microbes and Infection

7(11-12) 1217-23

Cheesbrough M (2005) District Laboratory Practice

in Tropical Countries part 2 (Cambridge low

price edition) Cambridge Universal Press

New York pp256-266

Desai M Kuile F Nosten F McGready R Asamoa K

Brabin B Newman R (2007) Epidemeology

and burden of malaria in pregnancy Lancet

infectious diseases 7(2) 93- 104

Enato EF Okhamafe AO Okpere EE (2007) A

survey of knowledge attitude and practice of

malaria management among pregnant women

from 2 health care facilities in Nigeria Acta

Obstetrica et Gynaecological scandinavica

86(1) 33-6

Enato EF Mens PF Okhamafe AO Okpere EE

Pogoson E Shalling HD (2009) Plasmodium

falciparum malaria in pregnancy prevalence of

peripheral parasitemia anaemia and malaria

care seeking behaviour among pregnant women

attending 2 antenatal clinics in Edo state

Nigeria J Obstet Gynaecol 29(4) 301-306

Eze NCE Nzeako SO Amadi EC (2010) Current

status of malaria and Urban Schistisomiasis

infections in Mammy Market Free Zone of the

34 Field Artillary Brigdage in Obinze

Owerri Nig jof Parasitology 31(2) 61-68

Federal Ministry of Health Report (2000) Malaria

situation analysis document Nigeria Federal

Ministry of Health p14

Nzeako et al



271

Lindsay S Ansell J Selman C Cox V Hamilton K

Walraven G (2000) Effect of pregnancy

on exposure to malaria mosquitoes Lancet

355 1972-1975

Martνnez-Espinosa FE Alecrim WD Daniel-Ribeiro

CT (2000) Attraction of mosquitoes to

pregnant women Lancet 356 685

Molina RC Gonzalez EA (2012) Teenage pregnancy

Endor Dev 22 302-31

National Census (2006) National Beaureau of

Statistics

httpwwwnigerianstatgovngConnectionsPo

p2006pdf

Nduka FO Nwosu E Oguariri RM (2011)

Evaluation of the effectiveness and compliance

of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in the

control of malaria in pregnant women in south

east Nigeria Annals of Tropical Medicine and

Parasitology 105(8) 599

Newman RD Hailemariam A Jimma D Degifie A

Kebede D Rietveld AE Nahlen BL Barnwell

JW Steketee RW Parise ME (2003) Burden of

malaria during pregnancy in areas of stable and

unstable transmission in Ethiopia during a

nonepidemic year J Infect Dis 187 1765ndash

1772

Okpere EE (2004) Malaria in pregnancy In Okpere

E (Ed) Clinical Obstetrics Uniben Press 56-

63

Okpere EE Enabudoso EJ Osemwenkha AP (2010)

Malaria in Pregnancy Niger Med J 51

109-13

Okwa OO (2003) The status of malaria among

pregnant women a study in Lagos

Nigeria Afr J Reprod Health 7 77ndash83

Olorunfemi AE Ariba AA Iyaniwura CA (2012)

Determinants of intermittent preventive

treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp)

utilization in a rural town in Western Nigeria

Reproductive Health 9(12)

Rogerson SJ Hviid L Duffy P Leke R Taylor D

(2007) Malaria in pregnancy pathogenesis and

immunity Lancet infectious diseases 7(2)

105- 117

Rogerson SJ Boeu FP (2007) New approaches to

malaria in pregnancy Parasitology 134

1883ndash1893

World Health Organization (2008) World Malaria

Report Switzerland World Health

Organization pp 99ndash101

World Health Organization (2010) World Health

Organization Global Malaria Programme


272

Obilemetu Origie Alakasoni holds a BSc Tech in Microbiology (2012) from the School of Science

Laboratory Technology University of Port Harcourt She is interested in the epidemiology of malaria

in infants and pregnant women in the Niger Delta of Nigeria






professional journals at national and international levels cutting across General Parasitology and

Nematology

Professor Florence O Nduka is a Professor of Parasitology in the Department of Animal and

Environmental Biology of the University of Port-Harcourt She obtained her PhD from the University

of Nigeria Nsukka in 1986 Her research interests focuses on epidemiology of major parasitic diseases

including Malaria and Schistosomiasis She has published many refereed articles in reputable journals




273


Evaluation of Genetic Variations of Tomato Genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum L)

with Multivariate Analysis

Aliyeh Emami1 Ali Reza Eivazi

2

1Scientific Members of Agricultural Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province Urmieh Iran

2Associate Professor of Agricultural Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province Urmieh Iran

Corresponding Author Dr Ali Reza Eivazi PO Box 365 Post Cod 57169-64455 Cell +98914145157 Fax

+984412622221 Email alirezaeivaziyahoocom


Abstract In order to evaluate genetic variations of tomato genotypes an experiment carried out in Kahriz station during two

seasons in 2010-11 Experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications Combined analysis of

variance showed that for agronomic and quality related traits were significant differences Selb-Jino TO2 Early-Urbana

Carmina Cal-J-N and Falat-Shof with more than 105 kgm2 had the highest fruit yield With increasing fruit number per plant

decreased fruit weight Carmina had 170cm plant height and indeterminate growth TO4 Chase Selb-Jino and Carmina with

more than 52 had the most total soluble solid Cluster analysis classified genotypes in two groups Flower inflorescence had

the most significant regression coefficient (063) with fruit yield Two first components explained 97 of total variations in

principal components analysis Correlation coefficients of fruit yield with fruit number at per plant (r=049) number of flower

per inflorescence (r=048) were positive significant differences With delaying fruit maturity decreased fruit number (r=-

078) increased fruit weight (r=080) and pH (r=071) Therefore genotypes with more fruits had low pH (r=-075)

From the point of fruit shape Carmina Nina Selb-Jno and BSS282 were quite uniform TO4 and TO2 had the most fruit color

and Carmia Falat-CH Super-Srin-B Shof Falat-Y and Seb-Jino were the lowest values Fruit firmness of cultivars was in

four groups Blossom-end rot in BSS282 Tima and TO4 were less than others

Key words Genetic diversity tomato Multivariate analysis

1 INTRODUCTION

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) is a dicot

herbaceous and has different vegetative period as well

as influenced by environmental conditions (Naika et

al 2005 Kahlo 1991 Akinfasoye et al 2011) It is

known as an important source of vitamins and

minerals due to adequate vitamins A and C calcium

and iron Tomatos fruit is consumed in providing

salads and cookies In addition it is used to can paste

ketchup sauce puree and fruit juice (Maitidevi and

Kathmandu 2008) The approaches to make

significant improvement in tomato productions

require information regarding nature and magnitude of

genetic variation and their interrelationships in the

available germplasm which are important pre-

requisites for systematic breeding programs Several

researchers have emphasized the utility of the

estimates of genetic components such as coefficient of

variation heritability and expected genetic advance in

the prediction of response quantitative and qualitative

traits to selection Golani et al (2007) in evaluating

tomato genotypes with path analysis confirmed that

fruit weight had highest positive direct effect followed

by number of carpel per fruit Wessel-Beaver (1992)

pointed out that heritability and genetic correlations in

tomato was high for fruit set yield and fruit weight

Although many of resistant genes are still

undiscovered but in evaluations of wild types

identified drought salinity stresses and insect

tolerance damage of genes (Passam et al 2007

Hanson et al 2000) Presently there are demands for

improved cultivars for growing under greenhouse and

field conditions for different consumes In Iran

planting area and production of tomato were about

150 thousand hectare and 57 million ton respectively

in year of 2011 (FAO 2012) West Azerbaijan

province with 5 thousand hectare under planted area

of tomato and production of 163 thousand ton was one

of the important areas

Evaluation of tomato germplasm collected from

different parts of Kenya showed wide variation in

morphological agronomical and biochemical

characterizations (Stevens 1986) These variations

were due to genetic and environmental differences

Also fruit weight was negative significant correlated

with fruit number at per plant In contrast it had

positive correlation with length and width fruit The

objective of this study was to evaluate genetic

variations of quantitative and qualitative

characteristics of twenty-five tomato genotypes

Emami and Eivazi


274


Trial was conducted in Kahriz station of agricultural

research center of west Azerbaijan province in Iran

The station was located in latitude 45deg 10prime east

longitude 37deg 5 north and 1325m altitude (Figure 1)

and Meteorological parameters of experimental

location are shown in table 1 Soil texture was sandy

loam soil with pH 78 and electrical conductivity

09dsm (Table 2)

Fig 1 Map of Iran and experimental location

Table 1 Meteorological parameters of agricultural research of Kahriz station

Table 2 Soil characteristics of experimental location of Kahriz station


275

Twenty-five tomato genotypes including TO4 TO2

Chase Carmina King-Stone Super-Stone Nina

Falat-CH Falat Falat-Y Falat-Shof Shof Primo-

Falat Super-Srin-B Peto-Early-CH Primo-Early

Early-Urbana-VF Early-Urbana-Y Early-Urbana

Pri-Max Cal-J Cal-J-N Selb-Jino BSS282 and Tima

used in this experiment during two seasons in 2010-

11

Seeds obtained from seed and plant improvement

institute and planted in single rows When seedling

had 4 to 5 true leaves transferred into the field

Based on soil analysis one-third of recommended

nitrogen fertilizer and total amount of potassium

phosphor and iron and magnesium soleplate zinc

cupper added to soil before planting at late April

Then soil ploughed and disked Rows created with

120cm distance Two-thirds of remaining nitrogen

added before flowering and fruit set stages The

design arranged as randomized complete blocks with

three replications Each plot had 3 rows with 5m

length Insects and fungi controlled with Zineb and

Diazinon 02 and 01 respectively

During growth period three types of quantitative

traits including plant height flower per inflorescence

fruit per plant fruit weight carpel per fruit and days

to first fruit maturity determined from randomly

selected six plants at each plot according to Tanksley

(2004) Fruit yield measured from each total plots

such as mentioned by Al-Aysh et al (2012) Total

soluble solid fruit pH recorded at related qualitative

traits of category methods of according to Majidi et al

(2011) and Ajayi and Olasehinde (2009) respectively

Descriptive traits including fruit uniformity fruit

color fruit firmness fruit shape blossom end rot

sunscald and fruit crack were determined according to

Stevens (1986) Frary et al (2003) Okmen et al

(2011) Passam et al (2007) IPGRI (2003) and Kallo

(1991) respectively Combined analysis of variance

and multivariate analysis for traits of two years done

with SAS and SPSS soft wars Means compared with

Duncans multiple range tests


Combined analysis of variance showed that

interaction between year and genotype for traits of

fruit yield number of fruit at per plant fruit weight

total soluble solid and days to first fruit maturity

significant differences (ple005) (Table 3) Significant

interactions of traits demonstrated that genotypes had

different responses at two years under field

conditions It can be used in breeding programs for

selecting superior genotypes

31 Agronomic traits

At first year genotypes of Selb-Jino and Falat-Shof

had the highest fruit yield with 112 and 118kgm2

respectively In addition TO2 Early-Urbana Carmina

and Cal-J-N with more than 105kgm2 fruit yield

were the highest values at the second year In

opposite Early-Urbana-VF Falat-Y at 2010 season

and Pri-Max and Cal-J genotypes at 2011 season with

less than 8kgm2 fruit yield had the lowest values

(Table 4) Fruit yield is the genotypic trait which

varies from line to line and clone to clone The result

of Hussain et al (2001) was in confirmation with our

statement of fruit yield differences for different

cultivars

Selb-Jino with 354 and 262 fruit per plant had the

maximum amounts at 2010 and 2011 years

respectively With increasing fruit number at per plant

decreased fruit weight Also Selb-Jino had lower fruit

weight Falat-Y and Pri-Max with 34 and 33 had the

minimum fruit at per plant respectively (Table 4)

Researchers reported that genotype and environment

interaction was not important for fruit weight

(Wessel-Beaver 1992)

Super-Stone with 106g fruit weight at 2010 year

and King-Stone Primo-Early and Falat-Shof with

more than 108g fruit weight at 2011 year allocated the

highest values In contrast Selb-Jino had the lowest

value with 16 and 14g fruit weight at two years

respectively

Table 3 Combined mean square traits of tomato genotypes under field conditions for years 2010 and 2011

SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994

Cultivarх Year 24 12802 70187 18374 040ns 026 001ns 6462ns 035ns 2352

Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041

Coefficient of variation

() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265

ns and were not significant significant at plt005 and plt001 respectively

Emami and Eivazi


276

King-Stone with 53 carpel had the highest

amount Also Super-Srin-B Early-Urbana-Y TO4

and Nina had more carpel in per fruit In opposite

Selb-Jino and Cal-J-N with 24 carpel in per fruit

allocated the lowest values (Table 5) Existence of

high heritability for carpelfruit implies that there is

less influence of environment and consequently

selection can be effective for this trait (Asati et al

2008)

Table 4 Mean comparison of interaction between years and tomato genotypes

Carmina with 170cm length had the highest plant

height and Falat-CH Primo-Falat Shof and TO2 were

lower plant height (68cm) Carmina due to

indeterminate growth and high plant height is

suggested for greenhouse cultivation Lerner (2009)

also reported that indeterminate tomatoes increase in

height throughout the growing season because the

terminal of the stem continues to produce foliar

growth rather than set flowers The flowers and thus

fruits on these plants are produced continually through

the season along the side shoots of the plant

Indeterminate tomatoes are the choice to spread out

the harvest over a long period of time Short height

cultivars due to take low spacing under field

conditions therefore with increasing plant density

arise fruit yield Also these cultivars have determinate

growth similar maturities and selected for

mechanized cultivation

Selb-Jino with 78 flowers at per inflorescence was

significant differences with other genotypes The

effect of environmental parameters on this trait is low

and affected by genetic control (Zdravkovic et al

1998)

Cal-J-N Nina Super-Srin-B Pri-Max with more

than 127 days and Selb-Jino with less than 112 days to

first fruit maturity were lateness and earliness

genotypes respectively Lerner (2009) categorized

tomato cultivars in to early mid and late seasons in

regards to time of ripening In our experiment

genotypes with 127 and 112 days to ripening were

lateness and midness maturities respectively

Cluster analysis classified 25 genotypes in two

groups (Figure 2) Discriminate analysis also

confirmed results of cluster analysis (Table 6) At first

group Cal-J-N Falat-Y BSS-282 TO4 Shof Falat-

Primo Early-Urbana and Nina and at the second

group Super-Stone TO2 King-Stone Tima Chase

Peto-Early-CH Primo-Early Cal-J Falat-CH Early-

Urbana-VF Falat-Shof Primax Falat Early-Urbana-

Y Super-Srin-B Selb-Jino and Carmina were located

Genotypes in the second group had more than total

mean fruit yield (Table 7) Also superior genotypes at


277

first group included TO4 Nina Primo-Early Cal-J-N

Falat-Shof had more than total mean fruit yield It

seems that superior genotypes of each group with

genetically distant cross for increasing hetrosis in

breeding programs

Table 5 Mean comparison traits of tomato genotypes

Table 6 Discernment analysis for identification point of interrupting cluster analysis of tomato genotypes

Table 7 Mean and deviation of it from total mean for each group at cluster analysis

Emami and Eivazi


278

Fig 2 Cluster analysis of 25 tomato genotypes based on different traits

To determine the most effective traits on tomato

fruit yield and better explain relationships of its

stepwise regression used Number of flower in

inflorescence had the most regression coefficient with

fruit yield (063) and remained in the final model

(Table 8)

Table 8 Regression coefficients of related trait with fruit yield in tomato genotypes

Principal components analysis explained 97 of

total variations by the first two components (Table 9)

At first component that more than 86 of total

variations can be explained fruit yield at per plant

with 094 eigen vector had the maximum value (Table

10) Therefore it is named yield components

Genotypes within component that had high variations

for yield components and could be selected for

increasing fruit yield were Early-Urbana-VF TO4

Selb-Jino and Falat (Table 11) At second component

that more than 1096 of total variations can be

explained plant height with 099 eigen vector had the

maximum value Therefore second component is

component of morphological traits Carmina had the

most value at this component Its indeterminate

genotype and had high plant height which

recommended for cultivation under greenhouse

conditions


279

Table 9 Latent roots variance percentage and cumulative variance of two first components of tomato genotypes

Table 10 Latent vectors of two principal components for traits of tomato genotypes

Table 11 Values of two principal components for traits of tomato genotypes

32 Related quality traits

At first year of experiment genotypes of TO4 Chase

and Selb-Jino with 58 56 and 55 and at the

second year Carmina and Selb-Jino with 56 and 52

had the most total soluble solid in fruit Early-Urbana-

Y and Tima were the lowest values with 39

Soluble solid is one of the most important quality

traits in processing tomato 50 to 65 of soluble

solid contents are sugars glucose and fructose and

their amount and proportion influences the

organoleptic quality of tomatoes (Adedeji et al

2006) Remaining soluble solid are mainly citric and

malic acids lipids and other components in low

Emami and Eivazi


280

concentrations Variations of soluble solid in wild

varieties were more than cultivated (Kallo 1991)

Purkayastha and Mahanta (2010) reported that soluble

solid varied in genotypes from 41 to 59 High total

soluble solid is desirable to higher yield of processed

products Genotypes were also different in terms of

fruit pH Cal-J-N and Selb-Jino with 42 and 38 were

the highest and lowest pH respectively Other

genotypes had between them Selb-Jino due to has

low pH and pathogen activity in processed products it

may be used to preparation of pickles One of the aims

of selection cultivars in tomato were adequate soluble

solid pH and suitable flavor of fruits for processing

Botulism disease delayed in tomato products at lower

pH than 45 (Agong et al 2001) In ripen fruits acid

content was high enough to prevent botulism diseases

Agong et al (2001) introduced pH and soluble solid

as the main criteria for assessing related quality traits

in tomato

33 Descriptive traits

In selecting superior tomato genotypes

morphological market-demand and tolerance to biotic

and abiotic stresses were important From the point of

fruit shape genotypes characterized in six groups

including round long round shaped heart

cylindrical oval and vary-form Shapes of long round

and vary-form had the highest and lowest frequencies

(Table 12) Researchers reported that wild and semi

wild forms of tomatoes bear fruits that are almost

invariably round whereas cultivated tomatoes come

in a wide variety of shapes round oblate pear-

shaped torpedo-shaped and bell pepper-shaped

(Tanksley 2004)

From the view of uniformity fruits placed in to

quite uniform uniform relatively uniform and non-

uniform More genotypes were in relatively uniform

(Table 12) For increasing market-demand and

reduction of harvesting costs large fruits with high

color intensity tart and synchronized mature is

preferred to indeterminate growth and non-uniforms

(Bennett et al 2000)

Fruit color of genotypes distinct in light red

medium red dark red very dark red groups (Table

12) TO4 and TO2 had the most fruit color and Carmia

Falat-CH Super-Srin-B Shof Falat-Y and Seb-Jino

were the lowest values With increasing fruit red color

will be market-demand and paste and sauce be pretty

color Fruit color in tomato is being formed from

lycopene and carotene pigments In red tomatoes

predominant lycopene pigment and inversely in

orange fruit tomatoes carotene has in high value (Hart

and Scott 1995) Wild species may have more

lycopene as commercial cultivars (Dorais et al 2001)

Besides being influenced by genotype some fruit

constituents also influenced by environmental

conditions For example lycopene contents were

strongly affected by light intensity and temperature

(Davies and Hobson 1981)

Fruit firmness of cultivars was in four groups of

soft relatively stiff stiff and very stiff More of

cultivars located in relatively stiff group (Table 12)

Ability of transport and storage capability is important

in tomato Varieties with soft tissue have less

maintenance rapid decayed and damaged in

mechanized harvest therefore must be immediately

consumed (Kallo 1991) Blossom-end rot in

genotypes of BSS282 Tima and TO4 decay rate due

to drought stress and lack of calcium absorption were

less than other genotypes

Table 12 Descriptive traits of tomato genotypes


281

Sunscald was seen in first harvesting Genotypes

grouped in three less low and medium sunscald

Super-srin-B Early-Urbana-Y Nina Falat-Y Tima

TO2 and Falat-Shof had medium sunscald (35 fruit at

per plot) and Falat-CH TO4 Primo-Early Peto-Early-

CH Early Urbana-VF Cal-J Cal-J-N Shof and

BSS282 had less than 10 fruit Genotypes with more

foliage prevented directly radiation and then fruits

didnrsquot damage for sunscald (Lerner 2009) Low

percentage of fruit cracking observed in more

genotypes and in Selb-Jino Cal-J TO2 Carmina and

Early-Urbana had more amounts Fruit crack like

blossom-end rot increased in drought stress and

subsequently decreased market-demand and shelf-life

(Kallo 1991)

34 Correlation coefficient of traits

Fruit yield with fruit at per plant (r=049 plt005) and

number of flower at per inflorescence (r=048 plt005)

were positive and with days to first fruit maturity (r=-

046 plt005) was negative significant differences

(Table 13) Fruit yield in tomato obtained from

multiplied plant density number of fruit at per

inflorescence and fruit weight (Zdravkovic et al

1998) Increasing one of components reduce other

portions Number of fruit at per plant correlated with

number of flower at per inflorescence (r=095

plt001) Golani et al (2007) showed that fruit yield

with number of fruit at per plant correlated positively

but contrary related with fruit weight Blay et al

(1999) introduced number of fruit at per plant the

most important part in fruit yield By increasing

number of fruit at per plant decreased fruit weight (r=-

085 plt001) and carpel in per fruit (r=-046 plt005)

With delaying fruit maturity decreased fruit number

(r=-078 plt001) and increased fruit weight (r=080

plt001) and fruit pH (r=071 plt001) Therefore

genotypes with more fruits had low pH (r=-075

plt001) Soluble solid with fruit weight (r=-055

plt001) and fruit number at per plant (r=050 plt001)

were negatively and positively significant differences

Thus with increasing number of fruits at per plant

increased fruit soluble solid and in heavy and large

tomatoes decreased total soluble solid Researchers

reported negative correlation between fruit weight and

total soluble solid (Golani et al 2007) Canonical

correlation coefficients between quantitative and

qualitative traits were not significant differences

(Table 14) Fruit yield and fruit soluble solids had the

most coefficients in bellow equation It seems that

between fruit yield from quantitative traits and fruit

soluble solids from related qualitative traits had

negative relationship that observed in simple

correlation coefficients

Y= 1508(fruit yield) + 0766(fruit weight) +

0552(fruit per plant) - 1804(fruit soluble solids)

Table 13 Simple correlation coefficient traits of tomato genotypes

and were significant at plt005 and plt001 respectively

Table 14 Canonical correlation coefficient analysis for traits of tomato genotypes

4 CONCLUSION

Results showed that for selecting a genotype not only

fruit yield but also fruit quality fruit size shape and

color must be considered before choosing Market-

demand and shelf-life appeared stronger criteria for

genotype selection This could be better for most

tomatoes produced for both local and distance market

Genotypes of Falat-Shof TO2 Primo-Early Peto-

Early-CH Carmina Cal-J-N Early-Urbana TO4

Falat King-Stone BSS282 and Super-Stone had more

than 105kgm2 fruit yield Stiff and firm oval and

cylindrical fruit shape is recommended for salad

preparation and frying Earliness genotypes had more

fruit at per plant and subsequently increased fruit yield

and total soluble solid and reduced pH With reducing

of fruit pH arise shelf-life of proceed products Selb-

Jino and TO2 due to have low pH and small fruits

recommended in preparing pickle TO4 Carmina and

Selb-Jino had more total soluble solid and

Emami and Eivazi


282

recommended for paste sauce and ketchup

Genotypes of Falat-Shof Super-Stone King-Stone

and Tina had great fruits and market-demand Super-

Stone King-Stone and Tima had stiff fruit firmness

and suitable for transport and shelf-life Carmina due

to have indeterminate growth period and high plant

height suggested for planting under green house

conditions

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Emami and Eivazi


284

Associate Professor Dr Ali Reza Eivazi obtained his first degree from University of Urmieh (West

Azerbaijan Province of Iran in bachelor) in Agronomy and plant breeding in 1991 He later pursued

master degree in plant breeding (Master of Science in Shiraz university Fars province of Iran) in

1997 I am received doctorate degree in plant breeding from university of Science and Research

campus of Tehran Iran in 2002 Currently I am researcher in agricultural research center of west

Azerbaijan province Urmieh Iran and I have numerous articles which published in international and

internal journals

Mrs Aliyeh Emami graduated in Agronomy and plant breeding in 1986 at bachelor degree and in

2005 obtained Master of Science in Agronomy from Urmieh University West Azerbaijan province of

Iran At presently She works from 20 years ago on vegetable crops in agricultural research center of

west Azerbaijan province in Iran




285


Valuation of Some Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L) Genetic Materials to Achieve

Tolerant Resources for Rice Stem Borers (Lepidoptera Pyralidae)

Muhammad Sarwar

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Nuclear Institute of Agriculture Tandojam-70060 Sindh Pakistan

E-mail drmsarwar64yahoocom

Received 25 July 2013 Accepted 2 September 2013

Abstract For selection of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L) lines fifteen (15) genotypes (Graminales Poaceae) were evaluated

for insect pests detection and agronomic characteristic through field test The rice stem borer incidence was recorded according

to deadhearts whiteheads and grain yield parameters from the natural pest infestation In general the results on abundance and

diversity of pestrsquos species at different stages of crop growth revealed the yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

(Lepidoptera Pyralidae) as most dominant insect pest On the basis of percent damage none at all rice genotypes were totally

free from stem borer damage and results showed significant differences (Plt 005) for the selected traits These results

demonstrated that evaluation of rice genotypes conducted for stem borer tolerance showed resistance reactions by the genomes

viz Basmati-15-15 Jajai-25A Basmati-15-13 and CR-33 These four genotypes possessed better antixenosis against adult

egg laying and antibiosis for larval survival of stem borer as compared to the susceptible genome These genotypes can be used

in resistance development breeding program and should be admired in stem borer endemic areas But the genotypes Basmati-

20-300 Basmati-20-400 Basmati-15-3 and CR-12 were highly susceptible to borerrsquos incidence with a corresponding

reduction of paddy yield The present study implies that the tolerant elite lines are able to minimize yellow stem borerrsquos

damage and could be readily used in breeding program to release aromatic rice varieties with significantly improved paddy

yield

Key words Paddy Cultivation Rice Stem Borer Pest Control Scirpophaga Sustainable Agriculture

1 INTRODUCTION

A number of insects have been reported to ravage the

rice fields of Pakistan but the most important pests

are rice stem borer species belong to genus

Scirpophaga of family Pyralidae under the Order

Lepidoptera that are serious constraints of regular

occurrence in affecting rice crop The rice stem borers

cause injury to the crop at every phase of crop

development their larvae bore into stem feed on the

inner tissue and usually one larva occurs per tiller

The damage symptoms due to stem borer larvae on

affected plants differ with the development period at

which plant infestation is initiated The feedings of

larvae cause deadheart symptoms at the vegetative

stage and the rice plants may be capable of

recompense the damage during the stage of maximum

tillering During the reproductive stage the feedings

of larvae particularly in panicle initiation and earhead

emergence cause whitehead symptoms and with

heavy infestation resulting profound loss in yield The

last instar borer larvae create an outlet hole and pupate

in a silken cocoon inside the larval tunnel at the base

of rice plant (Sarwar 2012 a 2012 b) Damage at the

elongation stage usually does not produce such

symptoms but affects plant elongation capability

resulting in the loss of stem in the rising flood water

(Islam 1990) The damage is caused by caterpillars

only which bore into the leaf sheath and destroy the

growing tips by feeding the internal contents This in

turn disrupts the flow of water and nourishment to the

plant thereby causing drying of central shoot during

vegetative stage When the infestation occurs at the

flowering stage the earheads become chaffy (Jadhao

and Khurad 2012)

Yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas

(Walker) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) a monophagous

pest of paddy is considered as most important

nuisance of rain fed low land and flood prone rice

eco-systems (Deka and Barthakur 2010) It is one of

the major pests in all rice producing areas of the

world Globally yellow rice stem borer alone causes

yield losses of 10 million tones and accounts for 50

of all insecticides used in the rice field (Huesing and

English 2004) Rice plants are vulnerable to the

yellow stem borer during the booting phase when

infestations cause the greatest yield loss Stem borer

feeding route depends on plant phenology larvae are

more likely to feed on the panicle than on vegetative

structures on booting heading and flowering tillers

Because larvae feed on the panicle resistance during

the booting phase may be effective if it reduces the

likelihood of panicle feeding or if strong antibiotic

resistance can be found in the panicle (Yolanda and

Sarwar

Valuation of Some Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L) Genetic Materials to Achieve Tolerant Resources for Rice Stem

Borers (Lepidoptera Pyralidae)

286

Romena 2006) Unlike other rice stem borers S

incertulas is well adopted to the aquatic deep-water

rice environment (Islam and Catling 1991)

At the present time farmers frequently use

chemical pesticides for the control of this pest

(Kudagamage and Nugaliyadde 1995) This reliance

on use of chemical pesticides leads to numerous

undesirable consequences Host plant resistance is

identified as the most effective way of stem borer

management in various regions Quite a lot of high

yielding rice cultivars having manifold resistances to

the insect pests have been developed and utilized in

the rice growing systems The varietals resistance is

the mainly inexpensive least problematical and

ecological friendly advantageous approach for the

control of insect pest damage Host plant resistance

has been emphasized as a major tactic in integrated

pest management for the motive of its monetary and

environment friendly benefits (Sarwar 2012 c) It is

critical to widen resistant varieties possessing

deviating genetic background to sustain a durable

resistance in the field and for that motivation the

assessment of rice varieties for resistance to stem

borer should continuously be done Therefore it is

important to identify new sources of high and broad

spectrum resistance for rice breeding against stem

borers The present trial is therefore undertaken in

order to evaluate new resistance resources for pestsrsquo

detection and yield characteristic through field test


21 Field site and plant material

The material used in the study comprised of fifteen

(15) aromatic rice genotypes grown in agro-ecological

zone of Sindh province of Pakistan These genotypes

were evaluated during planting season of 2008 at

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Nuclear

Institute of Agriculture Tandojam town located in

periphery of Hyderabad The germplasms comprising

Basmati-15-15 Basmati-15-16 Basmati-20-300


Basmati-25-4 Jajai- (P) Jajai-15-1 Jajai-25A

Khushboo Mehak CR-12 CR-33 and CR-34 were

taken from Plant Breeding Division of same Institute

The experimental field was weed or stubble cleared

mechanically then disc ploughed and disc-harrowed

afterward All genotypes were appraised for pestsrsquo

incidence and grain yield attributing character

following randomized complete block design with

three replications For each replicate of a genotype an

area of 3 m2

was specified with a 2 m path

demarcating each replicate The seedlings of all rice

germplasm were raised in nursery seedbed and 30 day

old seedlings were transplanted in the field Spacing

of 30 cm was maintained between the rows and 15 cm

among the plants The crop was raised as per the

recommended package of practices and all cultural

operations were done as and when needed In this

trial only varietals resistance of these genotypes to

rice stem borers was observed and no chemical

control agent was used

22 Identification of varietals resistance

These germplasms were classified into different types

based on the stem borerrsquos incidence recorded

according to deadhearts whiteheads in the crop during

vegetative and reproductive stages respectively and

grain yield parameter at harvesting from the natural

infestation Generally stem borerrsquos incidence was

determined from the presence of deadhearts (larvae

bore leaf sheaths and stems causing dried-up of

central shoots of tillers) or whiteheads (larvae cut the

growing parts resulting in a white or dry empty

panicle) or both in each replicate of a genotype The

borerrsquos incidence was recorded at experimental site as

deadhearts 30 and 60 days after transplanting and as

whiteheads near harvest Just before the booting stage

deadhearts observations were taken from 1 m2

randomly selected area of each replicate of a genotype

by counting the total number of tillers and tillers

showing deadheart symptoms Whitehead counts were

taken one weak before the rice harvesting from each

replicate of a genotype For observation recording the

total numbers of productive tillers were counted then

numbers of damaged panicles found The percentage

deadhearts and whiteheads incidence were computed

by using the counting of total tillers and those with

deadhearts and whiteheads infestations Grain quality

and yield attribute data were obtained after harvesting

the rice crop at the experimental field After

harvesting the seeds of each rice genotype were used

to evaluate agronomic characteristic

23 Analysis of data

The data recorded on paddy yield percentage

deadhearts and whiteheads were subjected to

statistical analysis for characterization using Statistix

81 software All the means were then compared using

analysis of variance at 5 significant level

3 RESULTS

31 Pestrsquos diversity and damage mode in rice

production system

In general the results on abundance and diversity of

pestrsquos species at different stages of crop growth

revealed the yellow stem borer S incertulas as most


287

dominant insect belonging to the Lepidopteron family

Pyralidae Higher proportion of pest larvae dispersed

from vegetative rice plant than booting plants This is

linked to the alteration of phenological of rice crop in

relation to different stages of growth Definitely odor

and growth of plants acted as specific line to the

larvae for crop During the vegetative stage the

numbers of tillers enhanced and the greatest numbers

were achieved ahead of the booting stage Further at

booting stage the rice tillers had larger stem diameter

and for that reason made certain relatively better

quantity of food resources and tendered larger

survival value to the population of larvae Typically

within a single tiller one larva was found near to

apical growing area of the plant in comparison to the

other segment of the plant tissue This is due to more

rigidity and less palatability of the plant tissue

comparatively at the apical growing area of the plant

At booting heading and flowering growths of tillers

stem borer feeding route also depended on plant

phenology The larvae were more likely to nourish on

the panicle compared to vegetative portions


In this experiment the reactions of the rice

germplasms to stem borer infestation are presented in

Table 1 In general the result of experiment showed

that most of the germplasms were found to give minor

to moderate type of resistance against stem borers

Only four genotypes had slight deadhearts and

whiteheads infestations and four had heavy incidence

With respect to deadhearts spreading values four

genotypes Basmati-15-15 Jajai-25A CR-33 and

Basmati-15-13 having a score of 395 447 457 and

484 respectively were exceedingly tolerant But

Basmati-20-300 Basmati-20-400 Basmati-15-3 and

CR-12 captured more mean values of deadhearts

(1030 918 811 and 778 respectively) proving

susceptible and significant variations were observed

among the genotypes

Regarding whiteheads Basmati-15-15 Jajai-25A

Basmati-15-13 and CR-33 had the minimum mean

values for this trait (597 681 758 and 777

respectively) Meanwhile the germplasms viz


CR-12 had abundant infestation of stem borer (1472

1331 1290 and 1289 whiteheads respectively)

and were categorized as susceptible to the pest

Regarding paddy yield Basmati-15-15 Jajai-25A

CR-33 and Basmati-15-13 had the minimum mean

values for this attribute (15117 14250 14000 and

13900 gm per 3 m2 respectively) with a good grain

quality On the basis of paddy yield only four

varieties viz Basmati-20-300 Basmati-20-400

Basmati-15-3 and CR-12 could recorded significantly

less produce (7517 8333 8617 and 8667 gm per 3

m2 respectively) which were more infested and

produced fewer grains This study showed that there is

a great diversity of volatiles in aromatic rice cultivars

and with further research this may lead to a better

understanding of the combination of compounds that

give a cultivar an unique tolerant

Table 1 Screening of aromatic rice genotypes against rice stem borers and grain quality traits

S No Rice genotypes Stem Borers infestation () Yield plot

(3 m2) (gm) Deadhearts Whiteheads

1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a

2 Basmati-15-16 609 cdef 955 def 10167 d

3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b

7 Basmati-25-4 641 cdef 996 cde 9967 d

8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab

11 Khushboo 512 def 948 def 11333 c

12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c

S E 1313 1515 44089 Means in the column followed by similar letter (s) superscript are not significantly different according to Least Significantly Difference Test (Pgt 005)

4 DISCUSSIONS

The screening of fifteen (15) aromatic rice

germplasms led to the identification of some

genotypes with natural resistance to the stem borer

Resistance to stem borer in Basmati-15-15 Jajai-

25A Basmati-15-13 and CR-33 appeared to be due to

the presence of a strong repellent or a lack of feeding

stimulus in the plants and either due to the presence

of toxic materials or nutritional deficiencies in the

Sarwar



288

plant for the insect In nature to reduce insect pestrsquos

damage plants may make use a variety of resistance

types Generally the plant resistance to insects is

distinguished as antibiosis (reductions of insect

survival growth rate or reproduction subsequent to

ingestion of host tissue) tolerance (despite insect

infestation capacity of a crop to produce high quality

yield) and antixenosis (quality of plant to repel or

disturb insects to reduce their colonization or

oviposition) (Alam and Cohen 1998) All the three

categories of resistance are observed against bores in

rice germplasm Similar to this study other

investigators (Abro et al 2003 Khan et al 2010

Sarwar et al 2010 Sarwar 2011 and Sarwar 2012

d) also recorded differential behavior of rice cultivars

to borerrsquos infestation in Pakistan The results revealed

that larval damage varied significantly with varieties

of rice and that among traditional basmati growing

areas stem borers are a great threat and in certain

cases crop is left un-harvested in the field due to the

cost of harvesting being higher than the attainable

yield

Evaluation of some selected rice germplasms was

conducted in this trail in the natural infestation of

lepidopteron insects The estimates obtained based

upon parameters of stem borer incidence (deadhearts

or whiteheads and yield) showed resistance reactions

in some genotypes these promising plant materials

ought to be popularized in stem borer prevalent

regions and can be used in varietals breeding program

Moreover in field conditions these results

demonstrated the expression of the resistance genome

of rice that can provide season-long protection from

the infestation of lepidopteron insect pests Rice plant

is susceptible to the yellow stem borer S incertulas

throughout the booting stage when infestations

caused the greatest yield loss from the natural

infestation Since larvae fed more on the panicle so

resistance in rice may be more effective throughout

the booting period if strong antibiotic resistance can

be found in the panicle to reduce the likelihood of

panicle feeding The identical observations were given

by earlier investigators (Yolanda and Romena 2006

Satpathi et al 2012) on feeding patterns of S

incertulas on rice during the booting stage

Numerous physical and chemical

characteristics of rice were evaluated to determine

which character would be the best to assess multiple

rice varieties for resistance breeding to the borers A

significant positive correlation was observed between

different corrected damage ratings and leaf width and

chlorophyll content in rice leaves whereas no

significant correlations between resistance and plant

height and leaf length were found (Xu et al 2010)

Results of the study showed that mechanism of

tolerance were affected by the plant height and

amount of chlorophyll on antixenosis mechanism

stem diameter and number of tillers on antibiosis

mechanism (Hosseini et al 2011)

Previous reports have proposed that the mechanism

of tolerance for the insect depends upon many factors

occurring that time and environmental conditions are

also more important and effective Resistance to stem

borers appears to be under polygenic control (Khush

1984) Many morphological anatomical

physiological and biochemical factors have been

reported to be associated with resistance each

controlled by different sets of genes (Chaudhary et al

1984) Some varieties have added resistance caused

by the presence of minor genes however in future it

is possible to determine which resistance genes are

still effective against the local borer populations To

verify whether one or many genes exist in the tolerant

genotypes they ought to intercross in reciprocal

directions to study inheritance of resistance Further

research is required to conclusively determine the

allelic relationships of resistance genes in the tolerant

genotypes

5 CONCLUSION

Presently through rigorous testing of some rice

germplasms for resistance to stem borers few

resistant genotypes are identified Because the data

confirming the occurrence of the new rice genotypes

resistant to borers are somewhat small so the

inclusion of resistance to the better rice varieties is

crucial Resistance noted among these genotypes

could be owing to previously recognized resistant

genes or else attributable to new genes Hence more

experiments ought to be conducted with markers for

previously recognized resistant genes to perceive

whether the resistance noticed in rice germplasms is

as a result of existing resistant genes or new genes to

keep away from genetic homogeny of borer resistance

in rice Their identification and characterizing may

support for upcoming transfer of genes into a wide

range of commercial rice cultivars The results of

genetic stocks must facilitate in understanding pest

resistance categories of rice to set a solid foundation

for breeding new resistance varieties

REFERENCES

Abro GH Lakho GM Syed TS (2003) Relative

resistance of some rice cultivars to yellow

Scirpophaga incertulus and Pink Sesamia

inferens stem borers Pakistan J Zool 35 (2)

85-90

Alam SN Cohen MB (1998) Detection and analysis

of QTLs for resistance to the brown

planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in a doubled-


289

haploid rice population Theoretical Applied

Genetics 97 1370-1379

Chaudhary RC Khush GS Heinrichs EA (1984)

Varietal resistance to rice stem-borers in Asia

Insect Sci Appl 5 447-463

Deka S Barthakur S (2010) Overview on current

status of biotechnological interventions on

yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas

(Lepidoptera Crambidae) resistance in rice

Biotechnol Adv 28 (1) 70-81

Hosseini SZ Jelodar NB Bagheri N Alinia F (2011)

Traits Affecting the Resistance of Rice

Genotypes to Rice Stem Borer International

Journal of Biology 3 (1) 130-135

Huesing J English L (2004) The impact of Bt Crops

on the developing world Ag Bio Forum 7 (1-

2) 84-95

Islam Z (1990) Influence of Scirpophaga incertulas

(Lepidoptera Pyralidae) on deepwater rice

Bulletin of Entomological Research 80 301-

308

Islam Z Catling HD (1991) Biology and behaviour of

rice yellow stem borer in deep water rice J

Plant Prot In the Tropics 8 85-96

Jadhao MF Khurad AM (2012) Biology of

Scirpophaga incertulus (W) A Major Pest of

Rice in Eastern Vidarbha Maharashtra

International Indexed amp Refferred Research

Journal 1 (1) 14-16

Khan SM Murtaza G Mir H (2010) Screening of Six

Rice Varieties against Yellow Stem Borer

Scirpophaga incertulus WALKER Sarhad J

Agric 26 (4) 591-594

Khush GS (1984) Breeding rice for resistance to

insects Protection Ecol 7 147-165

Kudagamage C Nugaliyadde L (1995) Present status

and future directions of insect pest management

in rice In Amarasiri SL Nagarajah S Perera

MBK editors Rice Congress 1990

Proceedings of the Rice Symposium Kandy

(Sri Lanka) DOASL pp 39-54

Sarwar M (2011) Effects of Zinc fertilizer application

on the incidence of rice stem borers

(Scirpophaga species) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae)

in rice (Oryza sativa L) crop Journal of

Cereals and Oilseeds 2 (5) 61-65

Sarwar M (2012 a) Study on the non aromatic rice

(Oryza sativa L) varietals resistance to rice

stem borers (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and yield

factors International journal of Agronomy and

Plant Production 3 (5) 159-163

Sarwar M (2012 b) Management of rice stem borers

(Lepidoptera Pyralidae) through host plant

resistance in early medium and late plantings

of rice (Oryza sativa L) Journal of Cereals and

Oilseeds 3 (1) 10-14

Sarwar M (2012 c) Management of aromatic rice

(Oryza sativa L) genotypes using varietal

resistance against the prevalence of rice stems

borers International journal of Agronomy and


Sarwar M (2012 d) Effects of potassium fertilization

on population build up of rice stem borers

(Lepidopteron pests) and rice (Oryza sativa L)

yield Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds 3 (1) 6-

9

Sarwar M Ahmad N Nasrullah Tofique M (2010)

Tolerance of different rice genotypes (Oryza

sativa L) against the infestation of rice stem

borers under natural field conditions The

Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259

Satpathi CR Kaushik C Shikari D Acharjee P

(2012) Consequences of Feeding by Yellow

Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walk) On

Rice Cultivar Swarna mashuri (MTU 7029)

World Applied Sciences Journal 17 (4) 532-

539

Xu J Wang QX Wu JC (2010) Resistance of

Cultivated Rice Varieties to Cnaphalocrocis

medinalis (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) Journal of

Economic Entomology 103 (4) 1166-1171

Yolanda HC Romena A (2006) Feeding Patterns of

Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera

Crambidae) on Wild and Cultivated Rice during

the Booting Stage Environmental Entomology

35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290

Dr Muhammad Sarwar has more than 23 years research experience in the field of integrated insect

pests management including opening a new avenue for culturing and applications of bio-control

agents like Predatory mites Coccinelid beetle and Chrysopid for pests control needs The Investigator

has been an active member of a IAEA project on IPM of Fruit Fly in Pakistanrsquos environment together

with use of radiations as tactic of fruit fly control and production of their parasitoids He has

completed one year fellowship at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing and awarded

Post Doctorate certificate from China Postdoctoral Council 2008 after fellowship There the

Investigator attained a vast experience of culturing predatory mites for their releasing in field and

protected environment for insect and mite pests management For outstanding and significant

contributions on the work of innovative methodology with a particular focus on insect pests control

strategy awarded Gold Medal-2010 from Zoological Society of Pakistan Research Productivity

Award-2011 by Pakistan Council for Science and Technology and selected as approved Ph D Supervisor on Higher

Education Commission of Pakistanrsquos panel Participated in FAO IAEA training courses on Surveillance of Tephrited Fruit

Flies in Support of Planning and Implementing Area Wide Integrated Pest Management program-2010 Thailand Control of

Aedes mosquitoes using SIT and other suppression techniques Seibersdorf Austria-2011 Basic Surveillance and Control for

Dengue Vectors in Pakistan and Elsewhere and 2nd

Regional Dengue Workshop-2012 Pakistan financed by IAEA under

Technical Cooperation Current responsibilities include research on topics relating to Mosquitoes surveillance identification

biology and experimentation towards integrated mosquitoes control to prevent mosquito-borne diseases and IPM of Fruit

flies Recently attended the 13th

International Dengue Course held on 12-23 August 2013 at lsquoPedro Kourirsquo Tropical Medicine

Institute Cuban Society of Microbiology amp Parasitology Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Cuba Havana Cuba




291


Environmental Flow Requirement and Comparative Study of the Turag River

Bangladesh


Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh

Corresponding Author tanvir497gmailcom


Abstract Environmental flow is necessary for securing ecological health status of a river Around the Dhaka city of

Bangladesh the Turag an ecologically critical area is an important river Environmental flow assessment of the Turag can help

to sustain ecosystem and navigation in it The aims of the research are to estimate environmental flow of the Turag and to

assess current flow condition Mean daily discharge data recorded by Bangladesh Water Development Board had been

collected and analyzed for two periods (1989-2004) and (2005-2009) Mean Annual Flow (MAF) Flow Duration Curve (FDC)

and Range of Variability Approach (RVA) methods were used and IHA software had been exercised in calculating

environmental flow According to RVA FDC and MAF methods estimated environmental flow was found to be 19272 cms

2065 cms and 18077 cms respectively with the mean of 19272 cms It is observed that in more recent time the

environmental flow is not maintained during the low flow season in the river and overall flow rate is reduced Mean maximum

and minimum annual flows are reduced about 35 42 and 9 respectively from the period (1989-2004) to (2005-2009)

Considering environmental flows estimated by RVA and MAF methods about 40 and 36 of total flow of the period 2005-

2009 flowed below the required environmental flow In FDC method about 35 flow is flowed below the required

environmental flow during the low flow season in the same period These findings may help the policy makers to manage

water resources in the catchment area of the Turag

Key words Flow Duration Curve Hydrologic Alteration Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration Mean Annual Flow Range of

Variability Approach

1 INTRODUCTION

Variability of river flow influences water quality

energy cycles biotic interactions and habitat of rivers

(Naiman et al 2002) More recent time the river

scientists refer to the flow regime in freshwater

systems as a master variable due to its strong

influence on the environmental factors eg water

chemistry physical habitat biological composition

and interactions (WB 2008) Minimum flow in rivers

and streams is necessary to provide a certain level of

protection for the aquatic environment (Jowett 1997)

Although human manipulation of river flow provides

many societal benefits it also degrades and eliminates

valuable ecosystem services and threatens freshwater

biodiversity (Bunn and Arthington 2002 Magilligan

and Nislow 2005) There is now widespread

understanding that the environment is a legitimate

user of the river The environmental flow or the

provision of water within rivers to conserve

freshwater biodiversity while meeting the water

demand of human society is needed for most riverine

systems (Brown and King 2003) To evaluate the

ecological effect indicators are needed to evaluate the

overall ecological health of the river and the degree of

hydrologic alteration caused by a particular operating

policy (Gao et al 2009)

It is possible to describe flow regime in terms of

environmental flow components Environmental flows

are a regime of flow in a river or stream that describes

the temporal and spatial variation in quantity and

quality of water required for freshwater as well as

estuarine systems to perform their natural ecological

functions including sediment transport and support the

cultural and livelihood activities that depend on these

ecosystems (Tare 2011) The health and integrity of

river systems ultimately depend on these components

which may vary seasonally (Mathews and Richter

2007) Moreover environmental flow is necessary for

securing ecological health status of a river River

health is often equated with bdquobiological integrity‟

which has been defined as ldquothe capability of

supporting and maintaining a balanced integrated

adaptive community of organisms having a

composition and diversity comparable to that of the

natural habitats of the regionrdquo (Frey 1977)

Improved quantitative evaluations of human-

induced hydrologic changes are needed to advance

research on the biotic implications of hydrologic

alteration and to support ecosystem management and

restoration plans (Richter et al 1996) The concept

Rahman et al


292

of environmental flow is relatively new in

Bangladesh Organizations responsible for water

management are becoming increasingly aware of their

responsibilities for environmental protection creating

an increasing interest in methods of assessing flow

requirements for different instream uses (Jowett

1997) Now a day most of the rivers around the main

cities of Bangladesh are polluted because of receiving

huge amount of partially treated and untreated sewage

effluent sewage polluted surface run-off and

untreated industrial effluent from nearby residential

and industrial areas The Government of Bangladesh

(GoB) is solely responsible to maintain environmental

flow in the rivers By imposing importance on the

environmental flow the GoB makes one of the seven

strategies to assess environmental flow requirement

after prioritizing twelve major issuesproblems as the

main sources of coastal and marine pollution (DoE

2007) The capital city Dhaka is surrounded by the

rivers named Balu Buriganga Dhaleshwari

Shitalakhya Tongi khal and Turag (Fig 1) The flow

of the Turag River is the main source of water into the

Buriganga particularly during the dry period (Kamal

1996 Alam 2003) and the Buriganga is the main

navigation route to the southern part of Bangladesh

The Turag River has been declared as ecologically

critical area (ECA) by the Department of Environment

on September 2009 (DoE and LGED 2010)

Present study aims to estimate environmental flow

of the Turag River which can be used for future

reference in management purposes and to assess the

flowing condition of the river through the comparison

between past and more recent time


21 Study area and data collection

The Turag River is the upper tributary of the

Buriganga The Turag originates from the Bangshi

River (Fig 1) The Turag flows through Gazipur

district and joins the Buriganga at Mirpur in Dhaka

district The Tongi Khal links the Turag with the

Balu River (Choudhury and Choudhury 2004) The

entire regime of the Turag is almost a semi-funnel

shaped basin and its catchment is located on the

central and southern part of the Madhupur tract and

flows from north to south within the basin and its

length is about 40 miles and 15 miles in wide to the

maximum The average width and depth of the river

are about 218m and 135m respectively It has a total

area of 386 square miles (Uddin 2005) From 1989 to

2009 mean daily discharge (cms) data had been

collected from Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) Among these years the supplied data had

been missing for 1994 1995 and 2007

Fig 1 The Turag River and other rivers at the surroundings of the Dhaka city

22 Analysis of flow characteristics

The historical river data had been analyzed under two

periods named P1 (1989-2004) and P2 (2005-2009)

The river characteristics and estimated environmental

flow of P1 were compared with P2 Results are

organized as parametric statistics in which data are

characterized by mean or standard deviation The flow

in the Turag varies from season to season For the

convenience in analysis of the flow data annual flow


293

had been characterized in three separate seasons

named low flow season (February to May) high flow

season (July to October) and intermediate flow season

(November to January and June)

23 Estimation of environmental flow

An instream flow policy requires clear and

measurable goals ideally defining the goal (e g

retention of a resource or instream use) the extent to

which this is to be achieved (ie level of protection)

and criteria for evaluating the achievement (Beecher

1990) In practice either the proportion of the flow

wetted perimeter or physical habitat that is retained by

a minimum flow is used as a measure of the level of

protection (Jowett 1997) There are 207 methods

from 44 countries that had been used to assess

environmental flow (Tharme 2003) The different

methods of environmental flow assessment used all

over the world can be grouped into four main

categories hydrological hydraulic rating habitat

simulation and holistic methods (Tharme 2003 and

King et al 2000) Again quantitative instream flow

methods are generally divided into three major

categories historic flow regime hydraulic and habitat

(Jowett 1997) Among these methods hydrological

(or historic flow regime) is the easiest to use and the

required data is only the historic flow records of the

stream concern (Mullick et al 2010) For the research

work Mean Annual Flow (MAF) method (Tennant

1976) Flow Duration Curve (FDC) method and

Range of Variability Approach (RVA) (Richter et al

1997) were used to estimate the environmental flow

which are under the hydrological method In MAF

method environmental flow requirement is set at

different percentage of the mean annual flow that

varies from 10 to 200 The percentage is set

considering the desired habitat quality (Table 1) The

FDC is a very useful tool for assessing the overall

historical variation in flow (Lamb et al 2009) The

RVA method provides a flow target that resembles the

natural flow regime with the primary objective of

protecting natural ecosystem (Mullick et al 2010)

The IHA software (version 71) had been exercised to

acquire required calculation of FDC and RVA to

estimate environmental flow of the Turag River

Table 1 Percentage of MAF for various Habitat Qualities (Tennant 1976)

Habitat Quality Percent of Mean Annual Flow (MAF)

Low Flow Season High Flow Season

Flushing or maximum 200 200

Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10

Severe degradation lt10 lt10

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

31 General characteristics of the Turag

In the dry season (November to February) the water

flow is the lowest in the Turag By considering mean

monthly annual flows September is the highest

flowing (639 cms for P1 and 5427 cms for P2)

month January is the lowest flowing (2051 cms)

month for P2 and May is the lowest flowing (4102

cms) month for P1 Some other general characteristics

are shown in Table 2

Table 2 General characteristics of the Turag Characteristics P1 P2

Mean annual flow (cms) 47719 31271

Maximum annual flow (cms) 73788 43188

Minimum annual flow (cms) 23233 21243

Annual C V 043 064

Flow predictability 063 061

Constancypredictability 091 065

of floods in 60d period 068 057

The estimated high and extreme low flow

thresholds for the Turag are 611 and 1939 cms

respectively Comparing with each other P2

significantly reduces high flow and shows larger

portion of flow flows below the extreme low flow

threshold (Fig 2) For P1 about 41 of total flow

flows over high flow threshold that reduces to about

16 for P2 Again the portion of extreme low flow

threshold increases from about 2 to 36 for P1 and

P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294

Fig 2 Scenarios of mean daily discharge of the Turag for (a) P1 (1989-2004) and (b) P2 (2005-2009)

32 Environmental flow components (EFCs) of the

Turag

The IHA software calculates 34 parameters under 5

groups of Environmental Flow Components (EFCs) as

shown in Table 3 Low flow season (February to May)

is the main concern to estimate environmental flow of

the river Considering EFCs monthly low flows of the

Turag show clear reduction of flow from P1 to P2

(Table 3) According to Julian date of peak flow for

P2 extreme low peak of the Turag occurs during the

pre-monsoon period (at May) however for P1

extreme low peak takes place during the monsoon

period (at September) of Bangladesh Again at

September during the monsoon period small flood

occurs for both P1 and P2 33 Estimation of

environmental flow

331 RVA analysis

In IHA software the RVA targets are computed

setting at +- 1 standard deviation In setting such

target it is implicitly assumed that values within these

limits from the mean are not expected to have


295

significant impact on stream ecology (Mullick et al

2010) The RVA targets with mean monthly flow for

two periods (P1 and P2) are presented in Fig 3 It is

clearly seen that at P2 period the Turag flows below

the lower range of RVA which last from December to

May that exceeds the months of the low flow season

(February to May) In this method the Turag should

have at least 2065 cms of flow to meet environmental

flow requirement which is the lowest value of the

lower range of RVA

Table 3 Environmental Flow Components (EFCs) containing types and parameters of the Turag Type 1 Monthly low flows P1 P2 Type 3High flow pulse P1 P2

January Low Flow (cms) 4016 3075 High flow peak (cms) 6733 6843

February Low Flow (cms) 4008 4449 High flow duration (days) 1251 6667

March Low Flow (cms) 4002 4736 High flow timing (Julian date of

peak flow)

2289 2276

April Low Flow (cms) 3994 5023 High flow frequency (per year) 1571 2

May Low Flow (cms) 3801 3736 High flow rise rate (cmsyear) 1555 2208

June Low Flow (cms) 3988 4124 High flow fall rate (cmsyear) -2076 -6367

July Low Flow (cms) 4775 4492 Type 4Small Flood P1 P2

August Low Flow (cms) 5199 4664 Small Flood peak (cms) 9189 9805

September Low Flow (cms) 505 4221 Small Flood duration (days) 9217 84

October Low Flow (cms) 409 3128 Small Flood timing (Julian date of

peak flow)

248 267

November Low Flow (cms) 4252 291 Small Flood frequency (per year) 04286 025

December Low Flow (cms) 4225 3062 Small Flood riserate (cmsyear) 1635 5296

Type 2Extreme low flows P1 P2 Small Flood fallrate (cmsyear) -214 -4349

Extreme low peak (cms) 1532 8428 Type 5Large flood P1 P2

Extreme low duration (days) 1217 1593 Large flood peak peak (cms) 1097 --

Extreme low timing

(Julian date of peak flow)

2729 1305 Large flood duration (days) 450 --

Extreme low frequency (per year) 03571 075 Large flood timing (Julian date of

peak flow)

250 --

Large flood frequency (per year) 007143 0

Large flood rise rate (cmsyear) 9057 --

Large flood fall rate (cmsyear) -1228 --

Fig 3 RVA targets and mean monthly flow (MMF) for two periods (P1 and P2) of the Turag River

332 Flow duration curve (FDC) method

A flow duration curve (FDC) represents the

relationship between the magnitude and duration of

stream flows duration in this context refers to the

overall percentage of time that a particular flow is

exceeded In practice FDCs are used mainly in

relation to the setting of environmental flow

objectives In the United Kingdom Q95 flow (the flow

exceeded 95 of the time according to the FDC) has

been used historically to represent the low flow in a

river (Lamb et al 2009) This means that abstraction

is permitted for the flow which is greater than the Q95

In case of Bangladesh Mullick et al (2010) and

Hossain and Hosasin (2011) used 90 (or 90th

percentile) to represent the low flow in the Tista and

the Dudhkumar respectively two northwestern rivers

of the country Again for Bangladesh the mentioned

authors set 50 (or 50th percentile) for high flow

season to determine environmental flow requirement

Rahman et al


296

Fig 4 Flow duration curve (FDC) for P1 (1989-2004) and P2 (2005-2009) of the Turag

The FDC for the Turag is shown in Fig 4 and the

environmental flow requirement is in Table 4 During

the low flow season the Turag is needed 18077 cms

of water which is maintained by all months of

intermediate and high flow seasons at P1 The

minimum requirement based of FDC method is

retained by P2 during both intermediate and high flow

seasons except low flow season About 35 flows are

flowed below the required environmental flow during

the low flow season of P2

Table 4 Environmental flow requirement of the Turag based on flow duration curve

Flow season Percentile value Flow (cms)

P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233

Intermediate flow 50th 40589 19138

High flow 50th 56685 46782

333 Mean annual flow (MAF) method

This method is generally known as Tennant method

The mean annual flow of the Turag is 47719 cms

(Table 2) which is calculated with defined percentage

as described in Table 1 and the results are shown in

Table 5 Although 9544 cms is supposed to meet

environmental flow requirement of the Turag

according to MAF method the result is not close

enough to environmental flow requirement obtained

from other two methods as described earlier During

the low flow season 19088 cms flow requires to

maintain outstanding habitat quality which is closer to

environmental flow requirement for the Turag found

by RVA and FDC methods

Table 5 Flow requirement of the Turag in MAF method according to habitat quality

Habitat Quality Low Flow Season (cms) High Flow Season (cms)


Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719

Outstanding 19088 28631

Excellent 14316 23860

Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772

Severe degradation lt 4772 lt 4772

34 Change of flow in the Turag

Hydrologic alteration (HA) can be used to determine

change of flow in the river which is calculated by the

IHA software according to the following equation ndash

A positive HA value means that the frequency of

values in the category has increased from pre- to post-

condition (with a maximum value of infinity) while a

negative value means that the frequency of values has

decreased (with a minimum value of -1) (TNC 2009)

From Table 6 it is evident that significant increase in

alteration occurs at P2 for low RVA In case of high

and middle RVAs increase in alternation occurs only

at July and September months respectively and at

other months the RVAs decrease Mean annual flow

maximum and minimum annual flow are reduced


297

about 35 42 and 9 respectively from P1 to P2

(Table 2) Considering environmental flow estimated

by RVA method only about 3 of total flow flows

below this value for P1 period and about 40 flows

for P2 period

Table 6 Hydrologic alteration from P1 to P2 of the Turag

Months Hydrologic Alteration

High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425

February -1 -065 425

March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25

From FDC in Fig 4 the change of flow can also

be verified For P2 the annual FDC clearly alters

significantly especially after 375 of exceedance

probability After 85 of exceedance probability

annual FDC of P2 sharply reduces comparing with P1

Again at P2 period significant amount of flow

reduces during low flow (about 66) and

intermediate flow (about 53) seasons and during

high flow season the reduction rate is about 17

(Table 4) In MAF method the river flow also

significantly reduces from P1 to P2 periods Less than

2 of total flow flows below the estimated

environmental flow (19088 cms) for P1 and about

36 flows below for P2 period

4 CONCLUSION

The estimated environmental flow requirement of the

Turag according to RVA FDC and MAF methods are

2065 cms 18077 cms and 19088 cms respectively

By taking average of these values the Turag should

have at least 19272 cms all the year around to meet

environmental requirement or instream demand

Mean maximum and minimum annual flows are

reduced about 35 42 and 9 respectively from

P1 to P2 periods Considering environmental flows

estimated by RVA and MAF methods about 40 and

36 of total flow of P2 period flow below the

estimated required environmental flow Again in FDC

method about 35 flows are flowed below the

required environmental flow during the low flow

season of P2 Therefore in all scenarios the Turag

suffers from significant hydrologic alteration that

reveals reduction of flow in recent time

REFERENCES

Alam K (2003) Cleanup of the Buriganga River

integrating the environment into decision

making PhD Thesis Murdoch University

Australia

Beecher HA (1990) Standards for instream flows

Rivers 1 97ndash109

Brown C King J (2003) Environmental Flow

Assessment Concepts and Methods Water

Resources and Environment Technical Note

C1 World Bank Washington DC USA

Bunn SE Arthington AH (2002) Basic principles and

ecological consequences of altered flow

regimes for aquatic biodiversity Environmental

Management 30 492-507

Choudhury GA Choudhury A (2004) An assessment

of water resources and flood management of

Dhaka city Water resources management and

development in Dhaka city Geothe-institut

Dhaka Bangladesh

DoE (2007) Bangladesh National programme of

action for protection of the coastal and marine

environment from land-based activities

Department of Environment Dhaka

Bangladesh httpwwwdoe-

bdorgnpa_draftpdf

DoE LGED (2010) Limited environment amp social

impact assessment and environmental amp social

management framework Bangladesh Dhaka

environment and water project Volume 1

Department of Environment and Local

Government Engineering Department

Bangladesh

Frey DG (1977) Biological integrity of water ndash a

historical approach The Integrity of Water

Rahman et al


298

US Environmental Protection Agency

Washington DC USA

Gao Y Vogel RM Kroll CN Poff NL Olden JD

(2009) Development of representative

indicators of hydrologic alteration Journal of

Hydrology 374 136ndash147

Hossain MM Hosasin MJ (2011) Instream flow

requirement of Dudhkumar River in

Bangladesh Asian Transactions on

Engineering 1 42ndash49

Jowett IG (1997) Instream flow methods a

comparison of approaches Regulated rivers

Research amp Management 13 115ndash127

Kamal MM (1996) Assessment of pollution of the

Buriganga River Bangladesh using a water

quality model MSc thesis Department of

Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of

Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka

Bangladesh

King JM Tharme RE de Villiers DE (2000)

Environmental flow assessments for rivers

Manual for the Building Block methodology

Freshwater Research Unit University of Cape

Town WRE report no TT 13100

Lamb R Faulkner DS Zaidman MD (2009)

Hydrology Fluvial Design Guide Environment

Agency UK

Magilligan FJ Nislow KH (2005) Changes in

hydrologic regime by dams Geomorphology

71 61ndash78

Mathews R Richter B (2007) Application of the

indicators of hydrologic alteration software in

environmental flow-setting Journal of the

American Water Resources Association 43

1400-1413

Mullick RA Babel MS Perret SR (2010) Flow

characteristics and environmental flow

requirements for the Teesta River Bangladesh

Proceedings of International Conference on

Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh

(ICEAB10) Japan

Naiman RJ Bunn SE Nilsson C Petts GE Thompson

LC (2002) Legitimizing fluvial ecosystems as

users of water Environmental Management

30455-467

Richter BD Baumgartner JV Powell J Braun DP

(1996) A method for assessing hydrologic

alteration within ecosystems Conservation

Biology 10 1163ndash1174

Richter BD Baumgartner JV Wigington R Braun DP

(1997) How much water does a river need

Freshwater Biology 37 231-249

Tare V (2011) Environmental Flows State-of-the-Art

with special reference to rivers in the Ganga

River Basin Report

Code022_GBP_IIT_EFL_SOA_01_Ver 1_Dec

2011 Development of GRB EMP IIT Kanpur

India

Tennant L (1976) Instream flow regimes for fish

wildlife recreation and related environment

resource Fisheries 1 6-10

Tharme RE (2003) A global perspective on

environmental flow assessment Emerging

trends in the development and application of

environmental flow methodologies for rivers

River Research and Applications 19 397ndash441

TNC (2009) Indicators of hydrologic alteration

(version 71) users manual The Nature

Conservancy USA

Uddin HM (2005) Initial environmental impact

assessment of the Turag-Buriganga naval

transport MSc thesis Department of

Geography and Environment Jahangirnagar

University Dhaka Bangladesh

WB (2008) Integrating environmental flows into

hydropower dam planning design and

operation World Bank USA


299

Mirza ATM Tanvir Rahman is the Lecturer of the Department of Environment Sciences

Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka Bangladesh since November 2012 He achieved BSc (Hons)

and MS in Environmental Sciences from Jahangirnagar University in 2006 and 2007 respectively

His interest areas are water and soil sciences and climate change Before joining as a faculty member

of Jahangirnagar University he was engaged in two Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) named

Bangladesh Disaster Preparedness Certre (BDPC) a national NGO as Programme Officer (Climate

Change) and BRAC the largest NGO of the world as Young Professional

Sanjida Hoque is MS student Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University

Savar Dhaka Bangladesh Sanjida bagged her BSc (Hons) in Environmental Sciences from the same

University in 2011 Her life purpose is to fight against environmental pollution in Bangladesh through

sustainable natural resources management She wants to do further research on flow alteration of rivers

and drawdown pattern in aquifer due to excess pumping in Bangladesh Her hobby is reading story

books and poems

A H M Saadat is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar

University Dhaka Bangladesh He started his carrier as a lecturer in that University in 2003 Mr

Saadat attended his graduation and master‟s program in Physics from Jahangirnagar University He

later obtained his MPhil degree in Ion Beam Material Analysis of Environmental Samples from the

same institute in 2007 Presently he is continuing his doctoral research in a joint program between

Jahangirnagar University and University of Birmingham (UK) on contaminant hydrogeology of

urban aquifer under the funding of Commonwealth Split-Site Scholarship (UK) His area of research

is Environmental Monitoring and Modeling His research interest includes groundwater and

watershed modeling in relation to industrial and agricultural pollution load He has 25 peer reviewed

research articles (local and international) on diverse environmental issues




300


Two-Dimensional Interpolation Polynomial Method for Modelling Ground Water

Hydraulic Head at Nariya Area of Kaduna Nigeria

Isaac Oladejo Olaniyan

1 Toyin Gideon Okedayo

1 Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba

2

1Faculty of Science Ondo State University of Science and Technology Okitipupa Nigeria

2Faculty of Engineering University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria

Correspondence Author dejoolaniyangmailcom


Abstract This paper presents the result of a two-dimensional model for predicting groundwater hydraulic head in Nariya

Village Kaduna Nigeria Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was employed in investigating the subsurface water level at six

different points (500m to 1km apart) and the result obtained was used to fit a two-dimensional polynomial using Mathcad 14

which satisfactorily predicted the groundwater hydraulic head at other locations on the site Surface and Piezometric surface

contour maps were plotted using the polynomial with Maple 14 software and the modeled result showed good agreement with

the interpreted field data with less than 4 error margin

Key words Groundwater hydraulic head interpolation polynomial vertical electrical sounding

1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Groundwater plays an important role in the

development and management of water resources

Hence the increasing need for information on

groundwater hydrology and hydraulics of movement

of water in aquifers (Bear 1979) The actual pattern

of the groundwater level changes in the aquifer is of

great interest to hydrologists irrigation engineers and

related practitioners hence the need to formulate

models both theoretical and mathematical to

accurately forecast the groundwater level

Models for groundwater analysis are powerful

techniques for forecasting the effects on a system

created by causative elements Numerical modeling of

a groundwater basin system involves constituting a

groundwater model that is mainly mathematical in

nature involving the inherent characteristics of an

aquifer Groundwater models are used to understand

the behavior of groundwater systems and predict the

response of an aquifer to any external changes such as

extraction recharge etc The model can also be used

to select the best of several alternative management

plans for a groundwater basin In the final analysis

groundwater models can suggest optimum utilization

of resources and maximization of the overall yield of

the system (Rastogi 2007)

Several mathematical models exist in literature for

determining the water level such as the one- and two-

dimensional Boussinesq equations and have been

solved analytically now numerically for different

boundary conditions and geometries Analytical

models and solutions are often very complicated and

difficult to apply for most water management

practitioners especially because the flow region must

have a well-defined regular shape Therefore such

models may not be accurately applicable to real field

problems But now numerical models have removed

such limitations and hindrances to modeling of any

region of interest irrespective of shape or geometry

For examples of such models one may consult the

works of Hantush (1962) Marino (1974) Bear

(1979) Mustafa (1987) Haruna and Gideon (2005)

Nwaogazie (2008) and Olaniyan et al (2011)

On the other hand experimental methods of

determining groundwater level also exist such as

borehole and well drilling methods vertical electrical

resistivity (VES) etc but these methods are often of

great financial costs Examples of these works include

Carruthers and Smith (1992) Hazel et al (1992)

Adeoti et al (2010) Alile et al (2011) Olaniyan and

Olabode (2012) and several others

The objective of this study is to apply a two-

dimensional polynomial model to field measurements

to determine the groundwater and ground surface

elevations across Nariya area within Kaduna State

2 METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

Vertical Electrical Sounding investigation was carried

out using ABEM terrameter model SAS 300C with its

accessories at six locations using the schlumberger

configuration The maximum array length in the

survey was 200m VES data obtained was interpreted

Olaniyan et al

Two-Dimensional Interpolation Polynomial Method for Modelling Ground Water Hydraulic Head at Nariya Area of

Kaduna Nigeria

301

first by manual partial curve-matching and then by

using automatic program by Zohdy (1989) to

delineate lithology and infer water table hydraulic

heads The six VES points were assigned coordinates

based on their locations with x-axis measured along

the adjoining River Kaduna and y-axis perpendicular

to the river These coordinates and their corresponding

hydraulic head values (Table 1) were used to fit a two-

dimensional interpolation polynomial which was able

to accurately predict the groundwater hydraulic heads

across the entire study area

Fig 1 Contour plot of hydraulic head

Table 1 Hydraulic Heads and Topographic Elevations of VES Points

Location Coordinates (m) Hydraulic Head

above sea level (m)

Topographic Elevation

above sea level (m) X Y

VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area

Nariya is a sub-urban settlement to the west of

Kaduna and is located approximately on latitude 10deg

29rsquoN and longitude 7deg 22rsquoE The study area consists

of parts of Nariya bounded to the south by River

Kaduna The climate of Kaduna is the tropical type

which has distinctive wet and dry seasons Annual

rainfall ranging between 1000 to 1500mm occurs

between early April and early October while

maximum temperatures vary between 38oC in

MarchApril and 24o C in other months but becomes

far less in peak rainy periods (JulyAugust) and in

harmattan months (November-February) The Guinea

Savannah type of vegetation in the area consists of

broad-leaved savannah woodland which may attain

heights of about 10 to 15 meters when fully

developed and may be dense enough to suppress the

growth of grasses (Olaniyan and Olabode 2012) The

relief of the area is characterized by an undulating

plain gentle slope and consists of peneplains with

eroded flat tops often capped by layers of indurated

laterites The southern boundary of the study area

adjacent to the river exhibits swampy conditions

during the rainy season while the upper parts drain

freely The drainage pattern is dendritic while stream

flow fluctuates seasonally

The typical rock types underlying the entire land

area of Kaduna State consist of the Precambrian

migmatite-gneiss complex met sediments and

metavolcanics (mostly schists quartzites

amphibolites and banded iron formations) Pan-

African granitoids and calc-alkaline granites and

volcanics of Jurassic age towards the south-eastern

border of the State (Oluyide 1995) Most of the areas

underlain by the Basement Complex rocks in northern

Nigeria consist of a thin discontinuous mantle of

weathered rock overlying them The average thickness

of the mantle is about 15m although depths of about

60m may be encountered The unweathered bedrock is

characterized by rapid grain-size variations from

micro to pegmatitic regions but normal sizes are

dominant The water-bearing units (aquifers) in

Basement rocks occur within the weathered residual

overburden (the regolith) and the fractured bedrock

(Uma and Kehinde 1994)


302

Fig 2 Surface plot of hydraulic head

Table 2 Comparison of Measured Hydraulic Heads with Modelled values

Location Measured Hydraulic Head

above sea level (m)

Modelled Hydraulic Head

above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238

4040039667062380 orErrorAbsoluteMean

22 Mathematical Modeling

The two-dimensional (2D) quadratic interpolation

polynomial used in this study is based on the general

2D interpolation polynomial

nn yayaxyaxayaxaayxf )( 2

54

2

3210 (1)

When a function is dependent on two variables

say coordinates equation (1) could be used to

interpolate such data by determining the values of the

unknown constants ia rsquos (Gerald 1977 Rastogi 2007)

thereby obtaining a system of equation of the form

vectorheadhydraulictheisb

vectortcoefficienunknowntheisa

matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(

The solutions of equation (2) gives the values of

the coefficients of equation (1) For the aquifer model

in the study area the hydraulic heads and the

coordinates of the six VES points were substituted

into equation (1) to obtain the model equation

310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH

Where H is the aquifer hydraulic head x and y are

the coordinates from a reference point


The interpreted hydraulic head data presented in

Table 1 was substituted into the hydraulic head

equation (3) to simulate the aquifer hydraulic heads at

other points in the region with the aid of Maple 14

subroutine software The corresponding modeled

values were compared with the interpreted (measured)

values in Table 2 and the absolute errors between the

two values are also indicated The figures in Table 2

shows that the measured hydraulic head values and

the corresponding modelled values are very close

with a mean absolute error of less than 4 between

them Thereafter contour and surface maps for Nariya

Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303

were plotted as shown in Figures 1 to 4 Figures 1 and

2 show the contour and surface maps of the hydraulic

heads respectively From the result it was observed

that the water table decreases toward the Kaduna

River which agrees with the results of field

investigation and is consistent with similar findings

obtained by Onwuemesi (1990) Similarly Figures 3

and 4 show the contour and surface plots of the

ground surface elevation This also agreed with field

observations and is consistent with similar findings

obtained by Olaniyan et al (2013)

Fig 3 Topographic Elevation contour map

Fig 4 Topographic Surface Elevation

4 CONCLUSION

A mathematical model involving a two-dimensional

interpolation polynomial has been used as a novel to

simulate hydraulic head and ground surface elevations

at Nariya The result from the 2D quadratic

interpolation polynomial was compared with field

data and both the calculated data and the field

measured data showed excellent correlation This

outcome further gives credence to the fact that

mathematical models are effective in depicting and

predicting natural groundwater conditions to a high

degree of accuracy This model is however applied

to Nariya locality and may be used for other localities

provided that the similar hydrogeological conditions

are prevalent

REFERENCES

Adeoti L Alile OM Uchegbulam O (2010)

Geophysical investigation of saline water

intrusion into freshwater aquifers A case study

of Oniru Lagos State Scientific Research and

Essays 5(3)248-259


304

Alile OM Ojuh DO Iyoha A Egereonu JC (2001)

Geoelectrical investigation and hydrochemical

analysis of groundwater in a waste dump

environment Isolo Lagos African Journal of

Environmental Science and Technology 5(10)

795-806

Bear J (1979) Hydraulics of groundwater McGraw-

Hill Inc New York

Gerald CF (1977) Applied numerical analysis

Addison Wesley Publishing Coy pp158-181

Hantush MS (1962) Flow of groundwater in sands of

non-uniform thickness 2 Approximate Theory

Journal of Geophysics Research 67 703-709

Haruna M Gideon OT (2005) Analysis of transient

groundwater channel-aquifer interaction

Standardizer of the Nigerian Academics

2(1)78-83

Hazel JRT Cratchley CR Jones CRC (1992) The

hydrogeology of crystalline aquifers in northern

Nigeria and geophysical techniques used in

their explorationrdquo In Wright EP amp Burgess

WG (Eds) Hydrogeology of Crystalline

Basement Aquifers in Africa Geol Soc

Special publication No 66 London pp 155-

182

Marino MA (1974) Rise and fall of water table

induced by vertical infiltration recharge J

Hydrology 23 289-298

Mustafa S (1987) Water table rise in a semi-confined

aquifer due to surface infiltrarion and canal

recharge J Hydrology 95 269-276

Nwaogazie IL (2008) Finite element modeling of

engineering systems with emphasis in water

resources 2nd

Edition University of Port

Harcourt Press Port Harcourt Nigeria

Olaniyan IO Agunwamba JC Ademiluyi JO (2011)

Groundwater flow modelling of Galma Basin

Nigeria using finite element method J of Env

Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252

Olaniyan IO Okedayo TG Olorunaiye ES (2013)

Geophysical Appraisal and Trend Surface

Analysis of Groundwater Potential for

Irrigation at Nariya Area Kaduna Nigeria

Science and Technology 3(3) 93-98

Olaniyan IO Olabode OT (2012) Assessment of the

groundwater potential of a typical

lsquofadamarsquo in Kaduna State Nigeria

Researcher 4(4)10-15 Marsland Press New

York US

Oluyide PO (1995) Mineral occurrences in Kaduna

State and their geological environments

Proceedings of NMGS Kaduna Chapter

Workshop in collaboration with Kaduna State

Govt 15 December pp13-27

Onwuemesi AG (1990) Hydrogeophysical and

geotechnical investigations of the Ajali

sandstone in Nsukka and environs with

reference to groundwater resources and gully

erosion problems Water Resources-Journal of

Nig Assoc of Hydrogeologists 2(1) 70-76

Rastogi AK (2007) Numerical Groundwater

Hydrology Penram International Publishing

(India) PvtLtd Mumbai pp 624-633

Uma KO Kehinde MO (1994) Potentials of regolith

aquifers in relation to water supplies to rural

communities A case study from parts of

Northern Nigeria Journal of Mining and

Geology 30(1) 97- 109

Zohdy AAR (1989) A new method for the automatic

interpretation of schlumberger and wenner

sounding curves Geophysics 54 245-253

Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305

Dr Isaac Oladejo Olaniyan obtained a PhD in Civil Engineering from the University of Nigeria

Nsukka specializing in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering He is a member of several

professional associations in the fields of engineering and geosciences such as NSE COREN NMGS

and COMEG Research fields surface and groundwater flow and quality studies hydrogeophysics

environment irrigation engineering He is currently a Senior Lecturer at Ondo State University of

Science and Technology Okitipupa Nigeria

Dr Toyin Gideon Okedayo obtained a PhD in Applied Mathematics from the Federal University of

Technology Minna specializing in Fluid Mechanics He is a member of several professional

associations in the field of mathematics and mathematical physics Research fields flow statics and

dynamics water quality studies He is currently a Reader and Head of Department of Mathematical

Sciences Ondo State University of Science and Technology Okitipupa Nigeria

Prof Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba is a Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of

Nigeria Nsukka specializing in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering He is a member of

several professional associations in the fields of engineering such as NSE and COREN Research

fields hydraulic structures mathematical modeling of surface and groundwater flow and quality

studies environment and management He is the immediate past Dean of Faculty of Engineering

University of Nigeria Nsukka

02 issue covers IJSRES 1(10)

03 issue TOC ijsres 1(10)

IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Table of Contents

Article Author(s) page

Evaluation of Nematode Parasitemia in Oreochromis niloticus from Lower New Calabar River Port Harcourt Niger Delta Nigeria


263

Prevalence of Malaria in Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Care at University of Port Harcourt Primary Health Care Centre Aluu Port Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako Florence O Nduka Obilete A Origie

268


Aliyeh Emami Ali Reza Eivazi 273

Valuation of Some Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L) Genetic Materials to Achieve Tolerant Resources for Rice Stem Borers (Lepidoptera Pyralidae)

Muhammad Sarwar 285



291

Two-Dimensional Interpolation Polynomial Method for Modelling Ground Water Hydraulic Head at Nariya Area of Kaduna Nigeria

Isaac Oladejo Olaniyan Toyin Gideon Okedayo Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba

300




263


















1 INTRODUCTION











Adam et al 2009)















2012)

















River


21 Study Area













Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

264




























examination

24 Microscopy










Cheng (1986) guides




3 RESULTS


















4 DISCUSSION









































265












Length(cm) Number

examined


female male

ecto endo ecto endo

100-145 30 1(33) 9(30) 1(33) 5(10) 16(533)

145-185 23 1(43) 7(304) 1(43) 2(86) 11(478)

185-225 37 1(27) 20(54) 0 (0) 2(54) 23(622)

gt225 10 0(0) 4(40) 0(0) 5(50) 9(900)

Total ()

Overall total ()

100 3(30) 40(400) 2(20) 14(140) 59(59)

43(43) 16(16)



Acknowledgement






Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

266

REFERENCES






50














82












Science 4 120-135



pp141-167





Amsterdam



















49-55











243



Int Epiz 68(7-8) 1197-1200



paper 31







92-96



PTE Ltd Singapore





263-272







2819



J Fish Biol 141-6





267



















binomics




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53




263


















1 INTRODUCTION











Adam et al 2009)















2012)

















River


21 Study Area













Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

264




























examination

24 Microscopy










Cheng (1986) guides




3 RESULTS


















4 DISCUSSION









































265












Length(cm) Number

examined


female male

ecto endo ecto endo

100-145 30 1(33) 9(30) 1(33) 5(10) 16(533)

145-185 23 1(43) 7(304) 1(43) 2(86) 11(478)

185-225 37 1(27) 20(54) 0 (0) 2(54) 23(622)

gt225 10 0(0) 4(40) 0(0) 5(50) 9(900)

Total ()

Overall total ()

100 3(30) 40(400) 2(20) 14(140) 59(59)

43(43) 16(16)



Acknowledgement






Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

266

REFERENCES






50














82












Science 4 120-135



pp141-167





Amsterdam



















49-55











243



Int Epiz 68(7-8) 1197-1200



paper 31







92-96



PTE Ltd Singapore





263-272







2819



J Fish Biol 141-6





267



















binomics




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

264




























examination

24 Microscopy










Cheng (1986) guides




3 RESULTS


















4 DISCUSSION









































265












Length(cm) Number

examined


female male

ecto endo ecto endo

100-145 30 1(33) 9(30) 1(33) 5(10) 16(533)

145-185 23 1(43) 7(304) 1(43) 2(86) 11(478)

185-225 37 1(27) 20(54) 0 (0) 2(54) 23(622)

gt225 10 0(0) 4(40) 0(0) 5(50) 9(900)

Total ()

Overall total ()

100 3(30) 40(400) 2(20) 14(140) 59(59)

43(43) 16(16)



Acknowledgement






Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

266

REFERENCES






50














82












Science 4 120-135



pp141-167





Amsterdam



















49-55











243



Int Epiz 68(7-8) 1197-1200



paper 31







92-96



PTE Ltd Singapore





263-272







2819



J Fish Biol 141-6





267



















binomics




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


265












Length(cm) Number

examined


female male

ecto endo ecto endo

100-145 30 1(33) 9(30) 1(33) 5(10) 16(533)

145-185 23 1(43) 7(304) 1(43) 2(86) 11(478)

185-225 37 1(27) 20(54) 0 (0) 2(54) 23(622)

gt225 10 0(0) 4(40) 0(0) 5(50) 9(900)

Total ()

Overall total ()

100 3(30) 40(400) 2(20) 14(140) 59(59)

43(43) 16(16)



Acknowledgement






Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

266

REFERENCES






50














82












Science 4 120-135



pp141-167





Amsterdam



















49-55











243



Int Epiz 68(7-8) 1197-1200



paper 31







92-96



PTE Ltd Singapore





263-272







2819



J Fish Biol 141-6





267



















binomics




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Sikoki et al


Delta Nigeria

266

REFERENCES






50














82












Science 4 120-135



pp141-167





Amsterdam



















49-55











243



Int Epiz 68(7-8) 1197-1200



paper 31







92-96



PTE Ltd Singapore





263-272







2819



J Fish Biol 141-6





267



















binomics




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


267



















binomics




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53




268




Nigeria

Sidney O Nzeako1


2



State NIGERIA












pregnancy


1 INTRODUCTION

















































Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Nzeako et al



269






















21 Study Area













several industries
















ANOVA











































women


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


270


Number

examined

Number

infected

()

Plasmodium species

Primigravidae

P

falciparum

()

Pvivax

()

Pmalariae

()

Povale

( )

Overall

Total ()

Primigravidae 80 34 20 (344) 8 (137) 5 (86) 1 (17) 34 (586)

Multigravidae 80 24 17 (293) 3 (517) 4 (68) 0 24

(413)


(633)

11 (189) 9

(155)

1

(17)

58

(725)

4 CONCLUSION



















Acknowledge






the study

REFERENCES





Res 2 43ndash45








Int Health 11(37) 11-17









7(11-12) 1217-23




New York pp256-266










86(1) 33-6
















Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Nzeako et al



271




355 1972-1975





Endor Dev 22 302-31


Statistics


p2006pdf













1772



63



109-13












105- 117



1883ndash1893







272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


272










Nematology








273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53




273





2




















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Emami and Eivazi


274









09dsm (Table 2)





275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


275








11












































31 Agronomic traits













cultivars















respectively


SOV df

Mean squares

Fruit

yield Fruitplant

Fruit

weight

Carpel

fruit

Soluble

solid

pHfru

it Plant height

flowers

per

infloresc

ence

days to

first

fruit

maturity

Year 1 14620 001ns 67636 089ns 1486 215 1445313 1034 3649ns

Rep(Year) 4 805 6942 3278 061 011 001 42276 050 2985

Cultivar 24 8423 1640797 209414 336 042 004 238505 475 8994


Error 96 3048 6832 10343 041 015 001 10826 052 1041


() 970 1380 1167 1646 825 250 1303 1923 265


Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Emami and Eivazi


276









2008)
























1998)





















277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


277





breeding programs




Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Emami and Eivazi


278







(Table 8)



















conditions


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


279

















Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Emami and Eivazi


280



















in tomato














(Tanksley 2004)







































281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


281















(Kallo 1991)












































4 CONCLUSION



















Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Emami and Eivazi


282








conditions

REFERENCES













Essay 4 185-187






17-22






142-145




225


















Reviews 26 239-306


129










Research 41 146-149




wwwavrdcorgtw











Science 4 1215-1216




















92 pp







283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


283






1-21








273-311













366

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Emami and Eivazi


284







internal journals








285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53




285




Muhammad Sarwar

















yield


1 INTRODUCTION

































and Khurad 2012)




















Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Sarwar



286


















































area of 3 m2










































23 Analysis of data






3 RESULTS


production system





287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


287







































among the genotypes


























1 Basmati-15-15 395 f 597 g 15117 a


3 Basmati-20-300 1030 a 1472 a 7517 f

4 Basmati-20-400 918 ab 1331 ab 8333 ef

5 Basmati-15-3 811 abc 1290 abc 8617 e

6 Basmati-15-13 484 ef 758 efg 13900 b


8 Jajai- (P) 703 bcde 1090 bcd 8700 e

9 Jajai-15-1 698 bcde 1093 bcd 9917 d

10 Jajai-25A 447 ef 681 fg 14250 ab


12 Mehak 531 def 870 defg 13433 b

13 CR-12 778 abcd 1289 abc 8667 e

14 CR-33 457 ef 777 efg 14000 b

15 CR-34 552 cdef 901 defg 12233 c


4 DISCUSSIONS









Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Sarwar



288






















yield
























































genotypes

5 CONCLUSION





















REFERENCES





85-90





289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


289


Genetics 97 1370-1379















2) 84-95




308








Journal 1 (1) 14-16




Agric 26 (4) 591-594

































9





Nucleus 47 (3) 253-259






539









35 (4) 1094-1102

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Sarwar



290


























291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53




291



Bangladesh





















1 INTRODUCTION


















































Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Rahman et al


292

































































293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


293

















































Optimum 60-100 60-100

Outstanding 40 60

Excellent 30 50

Good 20 40

Fair 10 30

Poor 10 10
















Annual C V 043 064













P2 respectively

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Rahman et al


294



Turag














environmental flow

331 RVA analysis






295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


295










lower range of RVA





peak flow)

2289 2276








peak flow)

248 267






Extreme low timing




peak flow)

250 --
























Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Rahman et al


296














P1 P2

Low flow 90th 18077 6233


High flow 50th 56685 46782


















Optimum 28631-47719 28631-47719



Good 9544 19088

Fair 4772 14316

Poor 4772 4772


















297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


297





for P2 period



High RVA

Category

Middle RVA

Category

Low RVA

Category

January -1 -065 425


March -1 -065 425

April -1 -065 425

May -1 -061 425

June -1 -022 25

July 25 -065 1333

August -1 -030 25

September -1 005 25

October -1 -022 25

November -1 -022 1333

December -1 -061 25















4 CONCLUSION


















REFERENCES




Australia


Rivers 1 97ndash109













Dhaka Bangladesh






bdorgnpa_draftpdf







Bangladesh



Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Rahman et al


298


Washington DC USA

















Bangladesh








Agency UK



71 61ndash78





1400-1413






(ICEAB10) Japan




30455-467










River Basin Report



India











Conservancy USA










299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


299













books and poems














300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53




300







2












1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





























































Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

301















above sea level (m)



VES 1 1570 820 57270 5800

VES 2 1900 430 56882 5730

VES 3 2120 920 57207 5825

VES 4 1130 870 57002 5760

VES 5 680 690 57034 5745

VES 6 250 930 57418 5795

21 The Study Area














































302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


302




above sea level (m)


above sea level (m)

Absolute Error

VES 1 57270 572658 0042

VES 2 56882 568795 0025

VES 3 57207 572025 0045

VES 4 57002 569977 0043

VES 5 57034 570303 0037

VES 6 57418 574134 0046

TOTAL = 0238







54

2

3210 (1)








matrixnntheisuwhere

bau

)2(






310388110677210

933524100093190576473

24526 yxyx

yxH
















Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

303














4 CONCLUSION














are prevalent

REFERENCES





Essays 5(3)248-259


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53


304






795-806


Hill Inc New York









2(1)78-83








182









resources 2nd






Sc and Eng 5(3) 247-252










York US



















Geology 30(1) 97- 109




Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

Olaniyan et al


Kaduna Nigeria

305




















IJSRES-p263-267-13-56

IJSRES-p268-272-13-58

IJSRES-p273-284-13-67

IJSRES-p285-290-13-64

IJSRES-p291-299-13-68

IJSRES-p300-305-13-53

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