dosage form - external preparations
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
EXTERNAL PREPARATIONS
Ibrahim Abdullah. MSU Pharmacy, Malaysia
Lotion
INCLUDE
LotionLinimentDoucheEnemaEnemaCream, jelly, paste Ointment
Low to medium viscosity
LOTION
Low to medium viscosityApplication to unbroken skinMostly O/W emulsionsMay contain added ingredients like fragrances, preservatives, stabilizing agentsagents
Deliver to skin antiseptic, antifungal, corticosteroids, anti-acne, soothing agent
Low to medium viscosity (same as lotion)
LINIMENT / BALM
Applied with friction (always rubbed in)Common one used to relieve pain and stiffness (eg LMS)Formula include easily evaporating solvents like alcohol and acetonelike alcohol and acetoneMay be diluted before use (refer instructions)Not used on sensitive areas
Ibrahim Abdullah. MSU Pharmacy, Malaysia
A device used to
DOUCHE
A device used tostream water into body cavity, often for medical or hygienic reasonshygienic reasonsUsually (though not exclusively) refers to vaginal irrigation
May consist of water,
DOUCHE
May consist of water,vineger and antisepticUnproven benefits ?Old time – used to cleanse after intercourse as a intercourse as a method of birth control, though not very effective
Used to introduce
ENEMA
Used to introduce liquids into rectum and colon via anusAct directly at siteUsed for constipation, and fecal impactionand fecal impactionCompare this with suppository (more preferred?)
Ibrahim Abdullah. MSU Pharmacy, Malaysia
Sodium phosphate solution draws additional water from the bloodstream
ENEMA
additional water from the bloodstream into the colon and increases the effectiveness of the enema, but often irritating to the colon
Mineral oil, which functions as a lubricant Mineral oil, which functions as a lubricant and stool softener, but side effect of sporadic seepage from the patient's anus
Semi-solid emulsions containing suspensions or solutions of medicinal agents for external application
CREAM
solutions of medicinal agents for external applicationO/W cream – small droplets of oil dispersed in continuous aqueous phase. Less greasyW/O cream – small droplets of water in continuous oily phase. Suitable for hydrophobic drugs. More moisturising as oily barrier reduces water loss
Will not flow under influence of gravity (high viscosity)viscosity)Soft, easy to apply onto skinWater-washable
CREAM
Ibrahim Abdullah. MSU Pharmacy, Malaysia
GEL
Transparent or translucent semi-solids –Transparent or translucent semi-solids –thick viscous fluidsNatural gums (tragacanth, pectin) or synthetics (methylcellulose)
PASTE
Semi-solids with high amount Semi-solids with high amount of fine powder medicaments (high amount of insoluble solids)Compared to ointment –pastes less stiffer, less greasypastes less stiffer, less greasyPastes absord serum secretions – used for acute lesions which likely to ooze Zinc Oxide paste
OINTMENT
Semi-solids, viscousSemi-solids, viscousOintment based:
Hydrocarbon bases. e.g. hard paraffin, soft paraffin. Absorption bases. e.g. wool fat, beewax. Water soluble bases. e.g. macrogols 200,300,400200,300,400
Used on many parts of body including skin, mucus membranes of eyes, vagina, anus, glans, nose
Ibrahim Abdullah. MSU Pharmacy, Malaysia
OINTMENT
Prepared using one of these Prepared using one of these methods:
TRITURATION – finely subdivided insoluble medicaments are evenly distributed by grinding with a small amount of the base followed by dilution with gradually increasing followed by dilution with gradually increasing amounts of the base
FUSION – the ingredients are melted together in descending order of their melting points and stirred to ensure homogenity
TRANSDERMAL
PATCH
Medicated adhesive patch placed on Medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstreamAdvantage – controlled releaseExamples: scopolamine (motion sickness), nicotine patch, estrogen (menopause)
QUESTION TIME
Ask questions through email. Send your questions to:
[email protected]@msu.edu.my
Ibrahim Abdullah. MSU Pharmacy, Malaysia