doi and crossref richard o’beirne blackwell publishing seminar on linking technologies edinburgh,...

DOI and CrossRefRichard O’Beirne

Blackwell Publishing

Seminar on Linking TechnologiesEdinburgh, 6 March 2001

http://www.munksgaarddirect.dk/usr/munksgaard/Nyhed.nsf/fa38327f8ea5d1d141256591003f79ac/93c387472007af1e412569f500337cf0?OpenDocument

Seminar on Linking Technologies, Edinburgh, 6 March 2001

Blackwell Publishing• Blackwell Publishing (2001)

Blackwell Science [STM]

Munksgaard [Danish STM] Blackwell Publishers [Humanities,

Social sciences]

• Combined output500+ journals600 text and reference books p.a.

• Publishes on behalf of 550 academic and professional societies

• Online journals service: SynergyAlso publish through 15+ aggregators and

intermediaries


Our involvement with CrossRef

• One of twelve founder members

• Represented on Board by John Strange

• Represented on Technical Working Group and System Rewrite Group by Richard O’Beirne


CrossRef organization• Publishers International Linking Association

(PILA) - independent, not-for-profit, incorporated January 2000

• Board of Directors

– AAAS (Science),Academic Press (Harcourt), AIP, ACM, Blackwell Science, Elsevier Science, IEEE, Kluwer, Nature, OUP, Springer, Wiley

• Fees, member terms, technical infrastructure and standards established

See http://www.crossref.org


Publisher A

Publisher C

Publisher D

Publisher A

Publisher B

Publisher C

Publisher D

Publisher E

Publisher F

Publisher B Publisher E

Publisher F

15 bilateral relationships 6 network relationships

What problem does CrossRef solve?


What is CrossRef?

• A neutral, non-profit, independent membership organization– Members: publishers of original scholarly

material– Users: publishers and any organization creating

links to full text articles– No need for bilateral linking agreements– CrossRef System makes broad-based linking

efficient and manageable


CrossRef’s aims

• Purpose 1: Enable persistent links from primary article references to the cited articles at other publishers’ sites

• Purpose 2: Maximize links to full text articles from all information resources

• Purpose 3: Enable links between all types of scholarly content (conference proceedings, books, encyclopedias, patents, etc)


Current Status• 68 Member publishers (60% are non-profit)

• Metadata deposited for 2.7 million articles from 6100 journals

2,735,247 records in CrossRef MDDB as of Mon Mar 5 00:52:20 EST 2001

• System went live in June 2000: thousands of journals with links (Elsevier, Academic Press, Wiley, Springer, Blackwell Science)

• 3 million+ articles in 2001• 0.5-1 million new articles per year


Current Status: metadata depositorsElsevier Science

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

American Physical Society

Academic Press

The University of Chicago Press

IEEE

Institute of Physics

Springer-Verlag

AIP

Blackwell Science

Taylor & Francis Ltd

International Union of Crystallography

American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biol

American Psychological Association

OUPJOURNALS

The Royal Society of Chemistry

SCIENCE

Nature Publishing Group

PNAS

Acoustical Society of America

MAIK

Mosby, Inc.

American Vacuum Society

W.B. Saunders

American Mathematical Society

Churchill Livingstone

American Society of Plant Physiologists

Munksgaard

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Turpion Ltd.

The Royal Society

Geological Society of America

SOR

Portland Press Ltd.

American Society of Civil Engineers

SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engin

ASME International

World Scientific

American Association of Physicists in Medicine

American Association of Physics Teachers

Biomedical Engineering Society

Pion Ltd.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

Electrochemical Society

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

American Geophysical Union

American Chemical Society

NRC Research Press

American College of Medical Physics

Institution of Electrical Engineers


CrossRef System - Components

• Persistent Identifiers– Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)

[http://www.doi.org]

• Standardized Metadata– XML DTD

[http://www.crossref.org]

• Resolution System (to get from Identifiers to Content)– DOI/Handle System

[http://www.handle.net]


The Article Identifier• Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

– unique, persistent, NISO standard

– DOI System routes a DOI to a URL registered by publisher (and it can do a lot more besides…)

• With a DOI - – linker doesn’t need to know publishers’ linking

algorithms/systems

– if a publisher changes their URLs (or a journal moves to another publisher), DOI-enabled links will still work

– article is guaranteed to be online (only articles online get DOIs)


DOI resolutions since CrossRef launch

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

May-00

Jun-00

Jul-00

Aug-00

Sep-00

Oct-00

Nov-00

Dec-00

Jan-01

Feb-01

DOI resolutions per month


DOI

• DOI Problem – how do you know what the DOI is for an

article?– CrossRef provides a database of DOIs and a

DOI Lookup service (telephone book and directory assistance)


The CrossRef Process• Publishers deposit article metadata

(including DOIs) in CrossRef database

• Publishers query references from articles against CrossRef MDDB to lookup DOIs

• Publishers use DOIs to create reference links in their online journals

• Users click on reference links and go to other Publishers’ site


CrossRef Metadata Admin Stuff

DOI Batch ID - uniquely identifies batch

Time Stamp - uniquely identifies batch

Depositor - name and email for error messages

Registrant - DOI Prefix owner

Content Stuff

DOI - for the DOI Directory

URL - where the DOI resolves

Article Title (optional)Author - first author last name

Publication Date - electronic/print date

Enumeration (volume, issue, page)Journal Title, ISSN/Code


Metadata file example


Workflow for reference linking

3. Journal production systems export articles with DOIs

2. DOI Lookup: a Journal production system requests a DOI based on citation metadata 1. Journal production

systems export metadatato MDDB as new articlesare published

4. Users may requestand retrieve articles via DOI resolution system

User

CrossRef MDDB

Publisher Online Journal System

Publisher Production System


Online Journal 1

End User

DOI Directory (Handle System)

Online Journal 2

1. User Gets Article

2. User Clicks DOI

3. URL Returned

4. User Gets Cited Article

DOI Resolution - IDF System


Business Rules/Governance

• CrossRef Membership– Provide full bibliographic citation for incoming

DOI links (‘response page’)– many publishers will give free abstracts– information on acquiring article (pay online,

document delivery, subscription)– Access to abstracts and full text controlled by

publishers - business model neutral

• CrossRef guarantees links


CrossRef Fees• Principles

– operate on a cost recovery basis

– fees should be related to system usage

– no charges to end users to click links

– flexibility

• Fees– Members: Annual Membership, Deposit, Retrieval (one-time for

each DOI looked up)

– Affiliates: Annual Admin Fee, Retrieval

– See http://www.crossref.org


Issues for the Future

• Multiple Resolution– one DOI = one URL is starting point– multiple locations and multiple files

• ‘Appropriate Copy’ Issue (a.k.a ‘Contextualization’)• Prototype with libraries (DLF, CNRI, IDF)

• http://www.niso.org/CNRI-mtg.html

• Access to “Non-subscribed” Content• Archive Repositories (JSTOR, ADS)


Conclusion I

• CrossRef is a milestone– Without CrossRef broad-based linking is not

feasible (high costs, business issues and technical problems)

– DOIs and Metadata lay the groundwork for more sophisticated linking (URLs don’t)

– CrossRef is a vehicle for publishers to work with libraries and others


Conclusion II

• Publishers need:– excellent, easy-to-use CrossRef system– technical support and information

• Users want:– lots of links (to content and services)– personalized/localized links– easy (not necessarily free) access to full text

• More work to do…


URLs

• CrossRef – http://www.crossref.org

• DOI – http://www.doi.org

Richard O’BeirneBlackwell Publishing

[email protected]

doi and crossref richard o’beirne blackwell publishing seminar on linking technologies edinburgh,...

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