wellcome witnesses to twentieth century medicine - the

WELLCOME WITNESSES TO

TWENTIETH CENTURY MEDICINE

EARLY HEART TRANSPLANT SURGERY IN THE UK _______________________________________________

______________________________________________

THE TRANSCRIPT OF A WITNESS SEMINAR HELD AT THE WELLCOME INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE,

LONDON, ON 10 JUNE 1997

Volume Three – September 1999

WITNESS SEMINAR TRANSCRIPT EDITED BY:

E M TANSEY L A REYNOLDS

=

©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 1999updated 2005 in new pdf, revised ISBN, 2010

First published by the Wellcome Trust, 1999

The Wellcome Trust is a registered charity, no. 210183.

ISBN 978 184129 007 2

All volumes are freely available at www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/

Please cite as: Tansey E M, Reynolds L A. (eds) (1999) Early Heart Transplant Surgery in the UK. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 3. London: Wellcome Trust.

KeyFront cover photographs, L to R from the top: Dr Stephen Lock Dr Simon Joseph, Mr Marvin Sturridge Dr Eunice Lockey, Mr Barry Ross Dr David Zuck, Dr Alan Gilston (1928–2005) Professor Tom Treasure (chair), Mr Donald Ross Mr Barry Ross, Dr Geoffrey Rivett Professor Donald Longmore, Sir Keith Ross (1927–2003) Sir Terence English, Dr David Carnegie Back cover photographs, L to R from the top: Dr Peter Fleming, Mr Donald Ross, Mr Raymont Hurt Sir Terence English, Mr John Wallwork Professor John Bunker, Dr Geoffrey Rivett Dr Walter Somerville (1913–2005) Dr Tilli Tansey, Mrs Lois Reynolds, Professor Donald Longmore Professor Renee Fox, Dr Jane Somerville Mr John Wallwork, Professor Maurice Lessof

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION = E M Tansey v =

EARLY HEART TRANSPLANT SURGERY IN THE UK

EDITORS : L A REYNOLDS AND E M TANSEY

TRANSCRIPT 1

INDEX 67

=

=

INTRODUCTION

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Tilli Tansey Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine===

vi

History of Twentieth Century Medicine Witness Seminars, 1993–1999

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Participants

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aê=bìåáÅÉ=içÅâÉó= jê=gçÜå=t~ääïçêâ===[updated 19 January 2005] G=ÇáÉÇ=NU=gìåÉ=OMMR=æ=ÇáÉÇ=NU=cÉÄêì~êó=OMMP=˛=ÇáÉÇ=OM=gìäó=OMMR=¬=ÇáÉÇ==O=j~ó=OMMR============Others present at the meeting:= aê= mÉíÉê= cäÉãáåÖI= jê= gçÜå= dáÄÄçåëI==jê=o~óãçåÇ=eìêíI=jáëë=^ååÉ=oçÄÉêíëçåI=jê=j~êîáå=píìêêáÇÖÉI=aê=o~óãçåÇ=s~äÉI=mêçÑÉëëçê=gçÜå=tÉëí=

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=2

Early Heart Transplant Surgery in the UK

Professor Tom TreasureWN= f= ~ã= ~= Å~êÇáçíÜçê~ÅáÅ= ëìêÖÉçå= ïÜç= ï~ë= çåäó= ~=ãÉÇáÅ~ä= ëíìÇÉåí=ïÜÉå=íÜÉëÉ= áãéçêí~åí=ÉîÉåíë=ïÉêÉ= í~âáåÖ=éä~ÅÉI=~åÇ=f=~ã=ÜÉêÉI=åçí= ~ë= ~=táíåÉëë= Äìí= ~ë= íÜÉ=`Ü~áêã~åK=qÜ~í= ÅçãÉë= ~Äçìí= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= ~= ÅçìéäÉ= çÑ=óÉ~êë= ~Öç= f= ëéÉåí= ~=ãçëí= Éåàçó~ÄäÉ= Ñçìê=ãçåíÜëÛ= ë~ÄÄ~íáÅ~ä=ïçêâáåÖ=ÜÉêÉ= ~í= íÜÉ=tÉääÅçãÉ= fåëíáíìíÉ= ~åÇ= êÉã~áåÉÇ= çå= áå= ëéáêáí= ~ë= ~= ãÉãÄÉê= çÑ= íÜÉ= píÉÉêáåÖ=`çããáííÉÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=eáëíçêó= çÑ=qïÉåíáÉíÜ=`Éåíìêó=jÉÇáÅáåÉ=dêçìéI=ïÜáÅÜ= êìåë=íÜÉëÉ=táíåÉëë=pÉãáå~êëKO=qÜÉ=éìêéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=áë=íç=ÖÉí=íçÖÉíÜÉê=éÉçéäÉ=ïÜç=ïÉêÉ=íÜÉ= ïáíåÉëëÉëI= íÜÉ= âÉó= éä~óÉêëI= áå= áãéçêí~åí= ÉîÉåíë= áå= ãÉÇáÅáåÉ= ïáíÜáå= çìê=ãÉãçêáÉëI= íÜ~í= áëI= ïáíÜáå= óçìê=ãÉãçêáÉëI= ~åÇ= íç= ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉ= óçì= íç= í~äâ= ~Äçìí=íÜÉã=~åÇ=íç=íÉää=ìë=íÜÉ=íÜáåÖë=óçì=êÉãÉãÄÉê=~åÇ=íç=ÖÉí=~=Çá~äçÖìÉ=ÖçáåÖK=fí=ïáää=ÄÉ=êÉÅçêÇÉÇ=~åÇ=f=ïçìäÇ=äáâÉ=éÉçéäÉ=íç=ÖáîÉ=íÜÉáê=å~ãÉë=~ë=íÜÉó=ëéÉ~âK=bîÉêóÄçÇó=ïÜç= ëéÉ~âë=ïáää= ÖÉí= ~= íê~åëÅêáéíI= ~åÇ=åçíÜáåÖ=ïáää=ÄÉ=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ= íÜ~í=óçì=ïçìäÇ=åçí=ï~åí=íç=ÄÉI=~åÇ=ïÉ=ÜçéÉ=íÜ~í=íÜáë=ïáää=éêçîáÇÉ=~=îÉêó=áãéçêí~åíI=î~äì~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ= ~ÅÅçìåí= çÑ= íÜÉëÉ= çéÉê~íáçåëK=tÉ=ïáää= Ü~îÉ= íÉ~= Ü~äÑ=ï~ó= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ=~ÑíÉêåççåK= ^ÑíÉê= íÉ~= ïÉ= ïáää= ÇáëÅìëë= íÜÉ= áëëìÉë= çÑ= ïÜ~í= ~ééÉ~êë= íç= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ~=ÅäáåáÅ~ä= ãçê~íçêáìãI= áãéäáÅáí= çê= ÉñéäáÅáíI= çîÉê= ~= éÉêáçÇ= çÑ= íáãÉI= Üçï= íÜ~í= ï~ë=åÉÖçíá~íÉÇI=Üçï=áí=ï~ë=ÇÉ~äí=ïáíÜ=~åÇ=Üçï=áí=íÜÉå=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇK==

_ìí=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=àçÄ=áë=íç=íÜáåâ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=íïç=çéÉê~íáçåë=íÜ~í=ïÉêÉ=ÇçåÉ=áå=içåÇçåK=qÜÉ= Ñáêëí= çéÉê~íáçå= ï~ë= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= k~íáçå~ä= eÉ~êí= eçëéáí~ä= çå= P=j~ó=xNVSUz=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=äÉ~ÇÉê=çå=íÜÉ=ëìÄàÉÅí=~ééÉ~êÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=_êáíáëÜ=jÉÇáÅ~ä=gçìêå~ä=çå=NN=j~ó=NVSUK=qÜÉ=éìÄäáÅ~íáçå=ÄÉáåÖ=ëç=éêçãéí=ï~ë=ìåìëì~äK=qÜÉó=ÅçìäÇ=åçí=Ü~îÉ=Öçí=áí=çìí=ëççåÉêI=~åÇ=áí=ï~ë=çÄîáçìëäó=êÉÖ~êÇÉÇ=~ë=~=ã~àçê=ÉîÉåí=~í=íÜÉ=íáãÉK=fí=ë~óëW=

lå= íÜÉ= íÜáêÇ= çÑ=j~ó= íÜÉ= íÉåíÜ= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí= áå= íÜÉ= ïçêäÇ= ï~ë= ëìÅÅÉëëÑìääó=~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~äI=içåÇçåK=jê=açå~äÇ=oçëëI=jê=g=h=

=================================================N= mêçÑÉëëçê= qçã= qêÉ~ëìêÉ= co`p= EÄK= NVQTF= íê~áåÉÇ= áå= içåÇçå= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= rp^I= ~åÇ= Ü~ë= ÜÉäÇ= ~=éÉêëçå~ä= ÅÜ~áê= áå=`~êÇáçíÜçê~ÅáÅ= pìêÖÉêó= áå= íÜÉ=råáîÉêëáíó= çÑ= içåÇçå= ~í= pí=dÉçêÖÉÛë=eçëéáí~ä=ëáåÅÉ=NVVQK=O= ^ë= é~êí= çÑ= íÜÉ=tÉääÅçãÉ= qêìëíÛë= áåáíá~íáîÉ= íç= ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= áå= íÜÉ= Üáëíçêó= çÑ= íïÉåíáÉíÜ=ÅÉåíìêó= ãÉÇáÅáåÉ= ~åÇ= ãÉÇáÅ~ä= ëÅáÉåÅÉI= ~= ëÅÜÉãÉ= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= Ñçê= ~Å~ÇÉãáÅ~ääó= Ä~ëÉÇ=ÅäáåáÅá~åë= çê= ëÅáÉåíáëíë= ïÜç=ïáëÜ= íç= ìåÇÉêí~âÉ= ~= ëÜçêí= éÉêáçÇ= çÑ= ÑìääJíáãÉ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= íç= äÉ~êå= íÜÉ=ãÉíÜçÇë=çÑ=ÜáëíçêáÅ~ä=ëÅÜçä~êëÜáé=~åÇ=íç=ÉñéäçêÉ=íÜÉ=ïáÇÉê=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åíë=~åÇ=ÅçåíÉñíë=çÑ=íÜÉáê=çïå=ãÉÇáÅ~ä=~åÇ= ëÅáÉåíáÑáÅ=ïçêâK=cìêíÜÉê=ÇÉí~áäë=~î~áä~ÄäÉ= Ñêçã=íÜÉ=eáëíçêó=çÑ=jÉÇáÅáåÉ=mêçÖê~ããÉ=j~å~ÖÉê=~í=íÜÉ=tÉääÅçãÉ=qêìëíK=

3


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Mr Donald RossWR=f=~ã=åçí=ëìêÉ=Éñ~Åíäó=ïÜ~í=óçì=ï~åí=íç=âåçïI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ïÉ=ïÉêÉ=ÅçåÅÉêåÉÇ=ïáíÜ= íêóáåÖ= íç= ÖÉí= ~= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí= ÖçáåÖ= Ñçê= ëçãÉ= íáãÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ= íÜÉ=~Åíì~ä=çéÉê~íáçåK=tÉ=ïÉêÉ=~ää=âÉóÉÇ=ìéI=ïÉ=âåÉï=~Äçìí=áíI=ïÉ=Ü~Ç=~=é~íáÉåíI=ïÉ=Ü~Ç=Öçí=~=Ççåçê=~åÇ=ïÉ=ÇáÇ=~=íê~åëéä~åíI=~åÇ=áí=ïçêâÉÇ=ëìêéêáëáåÖäó=ïÉääI=áåáíá~ääó=~åóÜçïK= f= ëìééçëÉI= ~ë= çåÉ=çÑ= ~= Öêçìé=çÑ=éÉçéäÉ=ÇçáåÖ=ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åíë= ~í= íÜ~í=íáãÉI= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÅçåÅÉéí= çêáÖáå~íÉÇ=ãìÅÜ= É~êäáÉêK= pìêÖÉçåë= áå= ÖÉåÉê~äI= ~ää= Å~êÇá~Å=ëìêÖÉçåëI=ïÉêÉ=~ï~êÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=åÉÉÇ=Ñçê=~=íê~åëéä~åí=~åÇ=ïÉêÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=Çç=~=íê~åëéä~åí==

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Professor Donald LongmoreWU= vÉëI= áåÇÉÉÇK= f= íÜáåâ= açå~äÇ= xoçëëz= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå=ê~íÜÉê=ãçÇÉëí= ~Äçìí= íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ= íÜáåÖK=cáêëí=çÑ= ~ääI=ïÉ=ïÉêÉ= ~ää= ~ï~êÉ= íÜ~í=^äÉñáë=`~êêÉä= Ü~Ç= ÇçåÉ= ~å= ÉñéÉêáãÉåí~ä= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí= áå= NVMR= ~åÇ= íÜ~í=aÉãáâÜçî=Ü~Ç= ÇçåÉ= ~= ëÉêáÉë= áå= NVRO= ~åÇ= ïÉ= ïÉêÉ= ~äëç= ~ï~êÉ= íÜ~í= pÜìãï~ó= ï~ë= ÇçáåÖ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= áå= íÜáë= ~êÉ~KV= tÉ= ~ééäáÉÇ= Ñçê= ~= _êáíáëÜ= eÉ~êí= cçìåÇ~íáçå= Öê~åíI= páê=

=================================================S=kçêã~å=pÜìãï~ó=EÄK=NVOPFI=ëìêÖÉçåI=ãçîÉÇ=íç=m~äç=^äíç=áå=NVRTK=oáÅÜ~êÇ=içïÉê=EÄK=NVOVFI=ëìêÖÉçåI= ãçîÉÇ= íç= m~äç= ^äíç= áå= NVRUK= pÉÉ= içïÉê= o= oI= pÜìãï~ó= kK= ENVSMF= píìÇáÉë= çå= íÜÉ=çêíÜçíçéáÅ= Üçãçíê~åëéä~åí~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= Å~åáåÉ= ÜÉ~êíK= pìêÖáÅ~ä= cçêìã= NNW= NUÓNVK= içïÉê= o= oI=píçÑÉê=o=Ì=pÜìãï~ó=k=bK= ENVSNF=eçãçîáí~ä= íê~åëéä~åí~íáçå=çÑ= íÜÉ=ÜÉ~êíK= gçìêå~ä=çÑ=qÜçê~ÅáÅ=~åÇ=`~êÇáçî~ëÅìä~ê=pìêÖÉêó=QNW=NVSÓOMQK=pÉÉ=~äëç=açåÖ=bI=pÜìãï~ó=k=bI=içïÉê=o=oK=ENVVNF=^=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí~íáçå=å~êê~íáîÉW=qÜÉ=É~êäáÉëí=óÉ~êëK=få=qÉê~ë~âá=mK=EÉÇKF=eáëíçêó=çÑ=qê~åëéä~åí~íáçåW=qÜáêíóJÑáîÉ=êÉÅçääÉÅíáçåëK=içë=^åÖÉäÉëI=`^W=rì^=qáëëìÉ=qóéáåÖ=i~Äçê~íçêó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=oÉÖÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=`~äáÑçêåá~I=QPRÓQQVK=T= mêçÑÉëëçê= `Üêáëíá~~å= _~êå~êÇ= ENVOOÓOMMNF= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= pÉåáçê= `çåëìäí~åí= ~åÇ= pÅáÉåíáëí= áå=oÉëáÇÉåÅÉ=~í=íÜÉ=lâä~Üçã~=eÉ~êí=`ÉåíêÉI=_~éíáëí=jÉÇáÅ~ä=`ÉåíêÉI=ëáåÅÉ=NVURK=eÉ=ï~ë=mêçÑÉëëçê=çÑ=pìêÖáÅ~ä=pÅáÉåÅÉ=~í=`~éÉ=qçïå=råáîÉêëáíó=Ñêçã=NVSU=íç=NVUPI=mêçÑÉëëçê=bãÉêáíìë=Ñêçã=NVUQK=eÉ= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= íÜÉ=ïçêäÇÛë= Ñáêëí= Üìã~å=ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí= çéÉê~íáçå= çå=içìáë=t~ëÜâ~åëâó= ~í= íÜÉ=dêççíÉ=pÅÜììê=eçëéáí~äI=`~éÉ=qçïåI=pçìíÜ=^ÑêáÅ~I=çå=P=aÉÅÉãÄÉê=NVSTK=xìéÇ~íÉÇ=NVLNLMSz=U= mêçÑÉëëçê= açå~äÇ= içåÖãçêÉ= l_b= co`pbÇ= coò= EÄK= NVOUF= ï~ë= mêçÑÉëëçê= çÑ= j~ÖåÉíáÅ=oÉëçå~åÅÉ=áå=jÉÇáÅáåÉ=~åÇ=aáêÉÅíçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=jo=råáíI=oçó~ä=_êçãéíçå=k~íáçå~ä=eÉ~êí=~åÇ=iìåÖ=eçëéáí~äI= içåÇçåI= Ñêçã= NVUO= íç= NVVPI= åçï= bãÉêáíìëK= eÉ= áë= aáêÉÅíçê= çÑ= _êçãéíçå= jo=båíÉêéêáëÉë= ~åÇ= `Ü~áêã~å= çÑ= joPMMMI= ~= Åçãé~åó= éêçÇìÅáåÖ= ~Çî~åÅÉÇ= ã~ÖåÉíáÅ= êÉëçå~åÅÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåíK=eÉ=ï~ë=`çåëìäí~åí=pìêÖÉçå=~åÇ=`äáåáÅ~ä=mÜóëáçäçÖáëí=~í=íÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~ä=Ñêçã=NVSP=íç=NVUMK=V=^äÉñáë=`~êêÉä=ï~ë=~ï~êÇÉÇ=íÜÉ=kçÄÉä=mêáòÉ=áå=mÜóëáçäçÖó=çê=jÉÇáÅáåÉ=áå=NVNO=Ñçê=Üáë=ãÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=ëìíìêáåÖ=ÄäççÇ=îÉëëÉäëI=ïÜáÅÜ=éÉêãáííÉÇ=~êíÉêó= êÉéä~ÅÉãÉåíK=pÉÉ=`~êêÉä=Î=dìíÜêáÉ=`=`K= ENVMRF=qÜÉ=íê~åëéä~åí~íáçå=çÑ=îÉáåë=~åÇ=çêÖ~åëK=^ãÉêáÅ~å=jÉÇáÅáåÉ=NMW=NNMNÓMOK=aìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=NVQMë=~åÇ=

5


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7


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Dr Alan GilstonWOQ= cáêëí= çÑ= ~ääI= f=Ü~îÉ= àìëí= êÉãáåÇÉÇ=açå~äÇ=içåÖãçêÉ= íÜ~í= áå=Ñ~Åí=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íê~åëéä~åí=ï~ë=~=éáÖ=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí=áå=íÜÉ=Üçëéáí~äI=~åÇ=f=êÉãÉãÄÉê=ÅÜ~ëáåÖ=éáÖÖó=êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêáÇçêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Üçëéáí~äK=f=Ü~Ç=åÉîÉê=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáòÉÇ=~=éáÖ=ÄÉÑçêÉI=Äìí=íÜ~í=ï~ëåÛí=íÉêêáÄäó=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìäI=ëç=ïÉ=ÇáÇåÛí=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=éêÉëë=áå=çå=íÜ~íK=qÜÉ= Ñáêëí= íÜáåÖ= f= âåÉï= ~Äçìí= íÜÉ= Üìã~å= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí=ï~ë= f= Öçí= ~= êÉÇ= ~äÉêí=ëáÖå~ä=Äó=éÜçåÉ= Ñêçã=açå~äÇ=oçëë=~åÇ=f=Ç~ëÜÉÇ= áå=~åÇ=ïÉ= íççâ= íÜÉ=é~íáÉåí= íç=íÜÉ~íêÉK= qÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ= åç= ëéÉÅá~ä= ~å~ÉëíÜÉíáÅ= éêçÄäÉãë= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉI= ~ë= óçì= âåçïI= íÜÉ=èìÉëíáçå= çÑ= é~íáÉåíë= ÄÉáåÖ= Ñáí= Ñçê= ~= ÖÉåÉê~ä= ~å~ÉëíÜÉíáÅ= áë= ~ÄëçäìíÉ= êìÄÄáëÜ= ~åÇ=~ëâáåÖ=~=éÜóëáÅá~å=~Äçìí=Üáë=çéáåáçå=~ë= íç=ïÜÉíÜÉê= ~=é~íáÉåí= áë= Ñáí= Ñçê= ~=ÖÉåÉê~ä=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáÅ=áë=ä~êÖÉäó=~=ï~ëíÉ=çÑ=íáãÉK=qÜÉêÉ=áë=åç=ëìÅÜ=íÜáåÖ=~ë=åçí=ÄÉáåÖ=Ñáí=Ñçê=~=ÖÉåÉê~ä=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáÅKOR=qÜÉó=ã~ó=åçí=ÄÉ=Ñáí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçåI=Äìí=íÜÉêÉ=áë=ÅÉêí~áåäó==================================================OQ=aê=^ä~å=dáäëíçå=co`p=cc^o`p=ENVOUÓOMMRF=ï~ë=pÉåáçê=`çåëìäí~åí=^å~ÉëíÜÉëáçäçÖáëí=~í=íÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä= eÉ~êí= eçëéáí~ä= Ñêçã= NVST= íç= NVVMK= ^= ÑçêãÉê= éêÉëáÇÉåí= ~åÇ= ÑçìåÇÉê= çÑ= íÜÉ=tçêäÇ=cÉÇÉê~íáçå=çÑ=pçÅáÉíáÉë=çÑ=fåíÉåëáîÉ=~åÇ=`êáíáÅ~ä=`~êÉ=jÉÇáÅáåÉI=pÉÅêÉí~êóJdÉåÉê~ä=~åÇ=áåáíá~íçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=cáêëí=tçêäÇ=`çåÖêÉëë=çå=fåíÉåëáîÉ=`~êÉ=áå=NVTQI=~åÇ=`Ü~áêã~å=~åÇ=ÑçìåÇÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=fåíÉåëáîÉ=`~êÉ= pçÅáÉíóI=ïÜç= Ö~îÉ= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí=dáäëíçå=iÉÅíìêÉI= ~åÇ=páäîÉê=jÉÇ~ääáëí= çÑ= íÜÉ=pçÅáÉíóK= xìéÇ~íÉÇ=NVLNLMSz=OR=aê=^ä~å=dáäëíçå=ïêçíÉW=ÚjÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=îÉåíáä~íáçå=éä~óÉÇI=~åÇ=f=ÄÉäáÉîÉ=ÅçåíáåìÉë=íç=éä~óI=~=îáí~ä=êçäÉ= áå= ë~îáåÖ= é~íáÉåíë= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉëéáê~íçêó= éêçÄäÉã= ~ÑíÉê= Å~êÇá~Å= ëìêÖÉêóK= _ìí= áí= ï~ë= ëÉîÉêÉäó=çééçëÉÇ=Äó=ã~åó= ëìêÖÉçåëI= ~åÇ= íÜáë= áë= ëç= ÉîÉå= íçÇ~óK=j~åó= óÉ~êë= ~= Öç= f= éìÄäáëÜÉÇ= ~= Ñçêãìä~W=“páÅâ= é~íáÉåíë= çÑíÉå= åÉÉÇ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä= îÉåíáä~íáçå= Ñçê= êÉëéáê~íçêó= Ñ~áäìêÉK= páÅâ= é~íáÉåíë= çÑíÉå=ÇáÉK=bêÖç= Eáå= íÜÉ= ëìêÖÉçåÛë= îáÉïF= îÉåíáä~íçêë= âáää= é~íáÉåíëÒK= f= Ü~îÉ= ëìÑÑÉêÉÇ= Öê~îÉ= éêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉë=Ñêçã=çåÉ=Å~ëÉ=ïÜÉêÉ=~=ëìêÖÉçå=êÉÑìëÉÇ=íç=~ääçï=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=îÉåíáä~íáçå=áå=~=é~íáÉåí=ïÜç=ÅçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ë~îÉÇK=qÜÉ=íêçìÄäÉ=áë=íÜ~í=ïÜáäëí=äáé=ëÉêîáÅÉ=áë=é~áÇ=íç=çíÜÉê=ãÉãÄÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÉ~ãI=áå=Ñ~Åí=íÜÉ=ëìêÖÉçå=í~âÉë=~ää=íÜÉ=ÅêÉÇáíK=qÜÉ=_êçãéíçå=eçëéáí~ä=ëçãÉ=óÉ~êë=~Öç=áåëíáíìíÉÇ=~=

11


åç=ëìÅÜ=íÜáåÖ=~ë=åçí=ÄÉáåÖ=Ñáí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáÅK=^ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ïÉ=Ü~Ç=åç=êÉëáÇÉåí=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëí=~í= íÜ~í= íáãÉI= ëç=f= ëäÉéí=çå=íÜÉ=íêçääÉó=åÉñí= íç=íÜÉ=é~íáÉåí= áå=íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= íÜÉ~íêÉ= ~åÇ= ìåÑçêíìå~íÉäó= áå= íÜÉ=ãáÇÇäÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= åáÖÜí= íÜÉ= ÅÉåíê~ä=îÉåçìë=äáåÉ=Å~ãÉ=çìí=~åÇ=ïÉ=Ü~Ç=íç=éìí=~åçíÜÉê=çåÉ=áåI=~åÇ=f=ï~ë=ïçêêáÉÇ=áå=Å~ëÉ=f=ï~ë= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= ~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëí= íç= âáää= ~= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí= é~íáÉåíK= f=ï~ëåÛí= ëìêÉ=ïÜ~í=~å~ÉëíÜÉëá~= Ñçê= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí= é~íáÉåíë= ïÜç= Ü~Ç= Ü~Ç= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ï~ëI= Äìí=ÉîÉåíì~ääó=ïÉ=ÇáÇ=áí=xáåëÉêíáçå=çÑ=ÅÉåíê~ä=îÉåçìë=äáåÉz=ìåÇÉê=äçÅ~äK=

^åçíÜÉê=éçáåí= áë=íÜ~í=ãó=oÉÖáëíê~êI=aê=^åå=k~óäçêI=íçäÇ=ãÉ=~ÑíÉêï~êÇë=ëÜÉ=ï~ë=îÉêó=ìéëÉí=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ÜÉêÉ=ëÜÉ=Ü~ÇI=~ë=áí=ïÉêÉI=~=äáîÉ=Üìã~å=ÄÉáåÖ=~åÇ=íÜÉå=íÜÉó=ëå~íÅÜÉÇ=Üáë=ÜÉ~êí=~ï~ó=~åÇ=~äíÜçìÖÜ=ÜÉ=ï~ë=~=Ççåçê=~åÇ=áí=ï~ë=~ää=ÇçåÉ= ÉíÜáÅ~ääó= ~åÇ= éêçéÉêäóI= ëÜÉ= íçäÇ= ãÉ= ~ÑíÉêï~êÇë= íÜ~í= ëÜÉ= ï~ë= îÉêó==ìéëÉí=~Äçìí=áíK=

TreasureW=qÜ~åâ=óçì=îÉêó=ãìÅÜK=kçï=íç=ãçîÉ=áåíç=~=éçëíJçéÉê~íáîÉ=éÜ~ëÉI=óçì=Ü~îÉ=Öçí=íÜáë=ÅÜ~êí=ïÜáÅÜ=óçì=çåäó=Ü~îÉ=íç=äççâ=~í=íç=êÉ~äáòÉ=íÜÉ=ä~Äçìê=áåîçäîÉÇ=áå=ãáåìíÉ= Äó=ãáåìíÉI= Üçìê= Äó= ÜçìêI= Ç~ó= Äó= Ç~óI= ÅÜ~êíáåÖ= íÜÉ= éêçÖêÉëë= çÑ= íÜáë=é~íáÉåí=~åÇ=íÜáë=çåÉ=áåÅäìÇÉë=ëçãÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=áããìåçëìééêÉëë~åí=ÇêìÖë=~åÇ= ëç=çåK= páãçå= gçëÉéÜ=ï~ë= íÜÉ= êÉëáÇÉåí= ~í= íÜÉ=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~ä= ~í= íÜÉ= íáãÉI= ~=ãÉêÉ=Äçó=íÜÉå=åç=ÇçìÄíI=~å=pel=xpÉåáçê=eçìëÉ=lÑÑáÅÉêzK=`~å=óçì=íÉää=ìë=~Äçìí=~ää=íÜáëI=páãçåK=

Dr Simon JosephWOS= tÉää= f= Å~å= íêóK= f= ÑÉÉä= ~= ãÉêÉ= Äçó= åçï= ~Åíì~ääó= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ=~ëëÉãÄäÉÇ= Åçãé~åóI= ~äíÜçìÖÜ= f= ãìëí= ë~ó= áíÛë= îÉêó= éäÉ~ë~åí= íç= ãÉÉí= ÉîÉêóÄçÇó=~Ö~áåK=f=íÜáåâ=óçì=xaçå~äÇ=oçëëz=ä~ìåÅÜÉÇ=ãÉ=çå=ãó=Å~êÉÉêK=f=~Åíì~ääó=ëí~êíÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ= xk~íáçå~äz= eÉ~êí= eçëéáí~ä= ~í= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= íáãÉ= ~ë= hÉáíÜ= xoçëëzK= få= Ñ~ÅíI= f=êÉãÉãÄÉê=ï~äâáåÖ=áåíç=íÜÉ=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~äI=råÅäÉ=qçã=ï~ë=ÅçãáåÖ=çìí=~åÇ=ÜÉ=ÜÉäÇ=íÜÉ=Çççê=çéÉå=Ñçê=ãÉK=f=ÇçåÛí=âåçï=ïÜÉíÜÉê=áí=ï~ë=Üáë=ä~ëí=Ç~óK=

TreasureW= tÉ= ëÜçìäÇ= ë~ó= íÜ~í= råÅäÉ= qçã= ï~ë= páê= qÜçã~ë= eçäãÉë= pÉääçêëI=~äï~óë=âåçïå=~ë=råÅäÉ=qçãKOT

=========================================================================================================================éçäáÅó=ïÜÉêÉÄó= íÜÉ= ëìêÖÉçå= äçëÉë=ÅÜ~êÖÉ=çÑ=ÅêáíáÅ~ääó= áää=é~íáÉåíë= íç= áåíÉåëáîáëíëK=qÜÉêÉ= áë=åçï=~å=áåíÉåëáîáëí= ïáíÜ= ~å= çìíëí~åÇáåÖ= áåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= êÉéìí~íáçå= áå= ÅÜ~êÖÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= fåíÉåëáîÉ=`~êÉ=råáíKÛ=iÉííÉê=íç=aê=a~éÜåÉ=`ÜêáëíáÉI=NQ=kçîÉãÄÉê=NVVTK=OS= aê= páãçå= gçëÉéÜ= co`m= EÄK= NVQMF= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= `çåëìäí~åí= `~êÇáçäçÖáëí= ~í=j~óÇ~ó=råáîÉêëáíó=eçëéáí~äI=`êçóÇçåI=ëáåÅÉ=NVTVK=eÉ=ï~ë=oÉëáÇÉåí=pìêÖáÅ~ä=lÑÑáÅÉê=áå=íÜÉ=fqr=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí= áå= íÜÉ= rh= áå= NVSUK=tÉ= ~êÉ= Öê~íÉÑìä= íç= Üáã= Ñçê= ã~âáåÖ= íÜÉ= ÅÜ~êí= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= íç= íÜÉ=táíåÉëë= pÉãáå~êI= ïÜáÅÜ= ëÜçïë= ëçãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= éçëíJçéÉê~íáîÉ= ÅäáåáÅ~ä= ÇÉí~áäë= ~åÇ= Ñçê= ÖáîáåÖ= ìë=éÉêãáëëáçå=íç=êÉéêçÇìÅÉ=áí=ÜÉêÉ=çå=é~ÖÉë=NQÓNRK=OT=pÉÉ=ÄáçÖê~éÜáÅ~ä=åçíÉI=çéK=ÅáíK=åçíÉ=NM=~ÄçîÉK=

=12


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17


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áåíç=íÜÉ=êççãI=íç=îáÉï=íÜáë=éççê=é~íáÉåí=áå=ïÜçëÉ=ÄçÇó=Üáë=Ç~ìÖÜíÉêÛë=ÜÉ~êí=ä~óK=kçï= íÜáë= ï~ë= ~= éêÉííó= Éãçíáçå~ä= íáãÉK= f= ÇçåÛí= âåçï= áÑ= óçì= êÉãÉãÄÉê= íÜ~íI=açå~äÇ= xoçëëz\=qÜÉ= íÜáêÇ= íÜáåÖ= íÜ~í= ëíáÅâë= áå=ãó=ãáåÇ= áë= íÜ~í=ïÉ=åÉÉÇÉÇ=moK=bîÉêóçåÉ=Ü~ë=í~äâÉÇ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉëëI=~åÇ=~=ÑÉääçï=ïÜç=Å~ãÉ=ÜçíJÑççí=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=_^im^=x_êáíáëÜ=^áê=iáåÉ=máäçíëÛ=^ëëçÅá~íáçåz=ÇáëéìíÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=dçîÉêåãÉåí= çîÉê= íÜÉ= ~áêäáåÉ= éáäçíëÛ= é~ó= ~åÇ= jê= kçêã~å= qÉÄÄáí= Eåçï= içêÇ=qÉÄÄáíFI=ï~ë=~=ÅÜ~é=Å~ääÉÇ=gçÜå=dçêëíKPV=kçï=ïÜÉíÜÉê=ÜÉ=çÑÑÉêÉÇ=Üáë=ëÉêîáÅÉë=íç=ìë=çê=ïÜÉíÜÉê=açå~äÇ=ÜáêÉÇ=ÜáãI=f=Å~åÛí=~Åíì~ääó=êÉãÉãÄÉêI=Äìí=ÜÉ=íççâ=çå=íÜÉ=moK=f=Ü~îÉ=~=ïçêÇ=Ñçê=ÜáãI=ïÜáÅÜ=~Åíì~ääó=ÄÉÖáåë=ïáíÜ=mo=~åÇ=ÉåÇë=áå=`hI=Äìí=ÜÉ=ï~ë=~Åíì~ääó=~=é~áå=áå=íÜÉ=åÉÅâI=Äìí=áí=ï~ë=~=îÉêóI=îÉêó=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=íÜêÉÉ=ãçåíÜëI=ÅÉêí~áåäó=Ñçê= ~=ãÉãÄÉê= çÑ= íÜÉ= àìåáçê= ëí~ÑÑK=tÉ=Ü~îÉåÛíI= ~ë= Ñ~ê= ~ë= f= âåçïI= Öçí= ~åó= çÑ= íÜÉ=ëÅáÉåíáÑáÅ=Ç~í~=ÜÉêÉI= Äìí= ~ää= f= Å~å= ë~ó= áë= íÜ~í= ~í= íÜ~í= íáãÉ=ïáíÜçìí= íÜÉ=pÜìãï~ó=êÉÖáãÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëçêí= çÑ= íÜáåÖë= íÜ~í= qÉêÉåÅÉ= båÖäáëÜ= ïáää= Ü~îÉ= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= ä~íÉêI=ïÜáÅÜ=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=ã~ÇÉ=íÜÉ=ã~å~ÖÉãÉåí=çÑ=~=íê~åëéä~åí=é~íáÉåí=ëç=ãìÅÜ=É~ëáÉêI=ïÉ= êÉ~ääó= ïÉêÉ= íÜê~ëÜáåÖ= ~Äçìí= áå= íÜÉ= Ç~êâK= eÉåÇêáÅâ= äáîÉÇ= Ñçê= ~Äçìí= íÜêÉÉ=ãçåíÜëK=^ä~å=v~íÉë=ï~ë=ëçêí=çÑ=ÅççêÇáå~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëìêÖáÅ~ä=ÉäÉãÉåí=~åÇ=ï~ë=~=îÉêó=ïáëÉ= ÅçìåëÉä= Ñêçã= íÜÉ=dìóÛë= éçáåí= çÑ= îáÉï= ~åÇ= ^ä~å= ~åÇ= f= ïÉêÉ= áå= ~í= íÜÉ= ä~ëí=Å~êÇá~Å=ã~ëë~ÖÉ=àìëí=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÜÉ=ÇáÉÇK=pç=ÜÉ=ÇáÉÇI=f=íÜáåâI=áå=íÜÉ=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=çÑ=íÜ~í=óÉ~êK=

TreasureW=qÜ~åâ=óçì=îÉêó=ãìÅÜK=f=ÇçåÛí=ï~åí=íç=ÑçêÖÉí=íÜÉ=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëíëI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ïÉ= Ü~îÉ= Öçí= ëçãÉ= âÉó= ~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëíë= ÜÉêÉI= Äìí= Ñáêëí= çå= íÜÉ=ãÉÇáÅ~ä= ëìééçêí= ëáÇÉ==aê= bìåáÅÉ= içÅâÉó= ï~ë= ~í= íÜÉ= k~íáçå~ä= eÉ~êí= eçëéáí~ä= ~åÇ= f= ~ã= Öä~Ç= íç= ëÉÉ==ÜÉêÉ= mêçÑÉëëçê= iÉëëçÑK= tçìäÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= çÑ= óçì= äáâÉ= íç= íÉää= ìë= óçìê= ãÉãçêáÉë= çÑ==íÜÉëÉ=~ëéÉÅíëK=

Professor Maurice LessofWQM=jó=ã~áå=áãéêÉëëáçå=ï~ë=Üçï=Ñ~ê=~ÜÉ~Ç=íÜÉ=ëìêÖÉçåë=ïÉêÉI= Åçãé~êÉÇ=ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= áããìåçäçÖáëíëK= fí=ï~ë=ÉãÄ~êê~ëëáåÖ= íÜ~íI= Ñçê= áåëí~åÅÉI=ïÜÉå=açå~äÇ= xoçëëz= éáçåÉÉêÉÇ= íÜÉ= íê~åëéä~åí~íáçå= çÑ= Å~Ç~îÉê= ~çêíáÅ= î~äîÉë= ~åÇ=íÜÉó=ÇáÇ= ëç=ïÉääI=ïÉ= ëí~êíÉÇ=çÑÑ= íêóáåÖ= íç= áããìåçëìééêÉëë= íÜÉ=é~íáÉåíë=ïáíÜçìí=êÉ~äáòáåÖ=íÜ~í=~ää=óçì=Ü~Ç=íç=Çç=ï~ë=íêÉ~í=íÜÉ=ÜçãçÖê~Ñíë= äáâÉ=Äáíë=çÑ= äÉ~íÜÉê=~åÇ=äÉ~îÉ=íÜÉã=~äçåÉK=qç=ëçãÉ=ÉñíÉåí=ïÉ=ÇáÇ=ãçêÉ=Ü~êã=íç=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ÑÉï=é~íáÉåíë=íÜ~å=~åó=ÖççÇK=^ë=Ñ~ê=~ë=açå~äÇÛë=xoçëëz=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí=ÉÑÑçêíë=ÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ=ÅçåÅÉêåÉÇI=f=íÜáåâ=íÜ~í=ÜÉ=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=ëí~êíÉÇ=ãìÅÜ=ëççåÉê=áÑ=áí=ï~ëåÛí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=éÉçéäÉ=çå=íÜÉ=ãÉÇáÅ~ä=ëáÇÉ=ïÉêÉ=ë~óáåÖI=ÚkçI=åçI=açå~äÇI=ïÉ=~êÉ=åçí=êÉ~Çó=óÉíKÛ=fåÇÉÉÇ=f=íÜáåâ==================================================PV=páê=gçÜå=dçêëí=EÄK=NVOUF=ï~ë=éìÄäáÅ=êÉä~íáçåë=~ÇîáëÉê=íç=dìóÛë=eçëéáí~ä=Ñêçã=NVSU=íç=NVTQK=eÉ=Ü~Ç=ÄÉÉå=^ÇîÉêíáëáåÖ=~åÇ=mìÄäáÅ=oÉä~íáçåë=j~å~ÖÉê=çÑ=móÉ=iíÇ=Ñêçã=NVRP=íç=NVSP=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ëí~êíáåÖ=Üáë=çïå=Åçåëìäí~åÅó=Ñçê=íê~ÇÉ=ìåáçå=~åÇ=éìÄäáÅ=~ÑÑ~áêëI=gçÜå=dçêëí=C=^ëëçÅá~íÉëI=áå=NVSQK=eÉ=ï~ë=jm=E`çåF=Ñçê=eÉåÇçå=kçêíÜ=Ñêçã=NVTM=íç=NVVTK=QM= mêçÑÉëëçê= j~ìêáÅÉ= e= iÉëëçÑ= co`m= EÄK= NVOQF= ï~ë= `çåëìäí~åí= mÜóëáÅá~å= ~åÇ= `äáåáÅ~ä=fããìåçäçÖáëí= íç= dìóÛë= eçëéáí~äI= ä~íÉê= mêçÑÉëëçê= çÑ=jÉÇáÅáåÉ= íç= dìóÛë= = Ñêçã= NVTN= Eä~íÉê= íÜÉ=råáíÉÇ=jÉÇáÅ~ä=~åÇ=aÉåí~ä=pÅÜççäë=çÑ=dìóÛë=~åÇ=pí=qÜçã~ëÛë=eçëéáí~äëF=ìåíáä=Üáë=êÉíáêÉãÉåí=áå=NVUVI=åçï=mêçÑÉëëçê=bãÉêáíìëK=

=20


ÜÉ=éêçÄ~Ääó=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=ÖçåÉ=~ÜÉ~Ç=ÄÉÑçêÉ=_~êå~êÇ=áÑ=áí=Ü~ÇåÛí=ÄÉÉå=Ñçê=íÜ~íK=lìê=ÉÑÑçêíë= ïÉêÉ= åçí= îÉêó= ïÉää= ÅççêÇáå~íÉÇ= ~åÇ= Äó= ãçÇÉêå= ëí~åÇ~êÇë= åçí= îÉêó=ëÅáÉåíáÑáÅ=Ó=~åÇ=áÑ=íÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=åçí=íÜÉ=Å~ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêçÄäÉãëI=íÜÉó=~í=äÉ~ëí=ÇáÇ=åçí=ëçäîÉ=íÜÉãK=

Dr Eunice LockeyWQN= f= ÇçåÛí= Ü~îÉ= ~= ÖêÉ~í= ÇÉ~ä= íç= ~ÇÇK= g~åÉ= í~äâÉÇ= ~Äçìí= ÄÉáåÖ=~éé~ääÉÇ=~í=ëÉÉáåÖ=~= äáîÉ=é~íáÉåí=ïáíÜçìí=~=ÜÉ~êíK=jó=ÖêÉ~íäó=êÉëéÉÅíÉÇ=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉI=oÉÖÖáÉ= eìÇëçåIQO= ï~ë= îÉêó= çééçëÉÇ= íç= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí~íáçå= ~í= íÜ~í= íáãÉ= ~åÇ=ìéëÉí=íÜ~í=áí=ï~ë=åçí=~=ïÜçäÉ=éÉêëçå=xíÜÉ=Ççåçêz=áå=Üáë=éçëí=ãçêíÉã=êççãK=

f=íÜáåâ=ïÉ=âÉéí=jê=tÉëí=ëç=äçåÖ=áå=íÜÉ~íêÉ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ïÉ=Ü~Ç=îÉêó=ÑÉï=ëáåÖäÉ=êççãë=~åÇ=ïÉ=ïÉêÉ=îÉêó=ÅçåÅÉêåÉÇ=~Äçìí=áåÑÉÅíáçåK=mÉçéäÉ=ÜÉëáí~íÉ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÖçáåÖ=áåíç=~å=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íÜÉ~íêÉI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=Öçí=íç=ÖÉí=ìåÇêÉëëÉÇ=~åÇ=êÉÇêÉëëÉÇ=~åÇ=éìí=çå=Ü~íë=~åÇ=çîÉêëÜçÉëK=vçì=Å~å=âÉÉé=~=ÖççÇ=ÇÉ~ä=ãçêÉ=Åçåíêçä=çîÉê=ïÜç=áë=ÖçáåÖ=áå= ~åÇ= çìíK= jçîÉãÉåí= ÖêÉ~íäó= ÜÉäéë= áå= íÜÉ= ëéêÉ~Ç= çÑ= Ä~ÅíÉêá~K=tÉ= äÉ~êåí= íÜáë=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=ïÜÉå=~=ä~êÖÉ=ÅÜìåâ=çÑ=ÅÉáäáåÖ=éä~ëíÉê=ÑÉää=çÑÑ=áå=çìê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íÜÉ~íêÉ=ëìáíÉX=åçí=~í= íÜ~í=íáãÉI=Äìí=É~êäáÉêI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=íÜÉ~íêÉë=Ü~Ç=íç=ÄÉ=ÅäçëÉÇ=ïÜáäëí=íÜÉó=ïÉêÉ= êÉéä~ëíÉêÉÇK=açå~äÇ= içåÖãçêÉ= ÅêÉ~íÉÇ= ~= éä~ëíáÅ= çéÉê~íáåÖ= íÉåí= ïÜáÅÜ=ï~ë=éìí=ìé=áå=íÜÉ=fqrKQP=qÜáë=ëçìåÇë=äáâÉ=~=àçâÉI=Äìí=óçì=ÅçìäÇ=~Åíì~ääó=ëíÉêáäáòÉ=íÜÉ=~êÉ~I=~åÇ=ïÉ=ÇáÇ=çéÉå=ÜÉ~êí=ëìêÖÉêó=íÜÉêÉ=ïáíÜ=åç=éêçÄäÉãëK==

qÜÉ= Ñáêëí= Ç~ó= ï~ë= äáâÉ= ~= ÅáêÅìëI= éÉçéäÉ= ïÉ= ÇáÇåÛí= âåçï= ÉñáëíÉÇ= ~êêáîÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ=íÜÉ~íêÉ= íç= ëÉÉ= íÜÉ= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI= ëç= íç= ëéÉ~âI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= Ä~ÅíÉêá~ä= Ñ~ääJçìí= ï~ë=áåÅêÉÇáÄäÉK= ^ÑíÉê= íÜ~í= páëíÉê= `ìêêó= EíÜÉ= íÜÉ~íêÉ= ëìéÉêáåíÉåÇÉåíF= ~åÇ= f= ëí~íáçåÉÇ=çìêëÉäîÉë= ~í= íÜÉ= Éåíê~åÅÉ= ~åÇ= áÑ= ïÉ= ÇáÇåÛí= êÉÅçääÉÅí= ëÉÉáåÖ= ëçãÉçåÉ= ÄÉÑçêÉI= ïÉ=~ëâÉÇ=íÜÉã=ïÜ~í=íÜÉáê=ÑìåÅíáçå=ï~ëK=qÜÉ=Ñ~ääJçìí=çÑ=Ä~ÅíÉêá~=ïÉåí=Ççïå=íç=îÉêó=äáííäÉK=_ìí= íÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ= ~äï~óë= éäÉåíó= çÑ= éÉçéäÉ=ïáíÜ=jê=tÉëíK=eÉ=ï~ëåÛí= çå=Üáë=çïå=Äó=~åó=ãÉ~åëK=

TreasureW= f= íÜáåâ=ïÉ=çìÖÜí=íç=ÜÉ~ê=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëíëK=qÜÉó=~äï~óë=íÉåÇ=íç=ÄÉ= ÑçêÖçííÉå= Äó= ëìêÖÉçåë= ÇçåÛí= íÜÉó\= _ìí= áå= íÜÉ= ïÜçäÉ= çÑ= çìê= ïçêâ= áå===

=================================================QN=aê=bìåáÅÉ=içÅâÉó= EÄK=NVORF=ï~ë=~=`çåëìäí~åí=`äáåáÅ~ä=m~íÜçäçÖáëí=ïáíÜ=é~êíáÅìä~ê= áåíÉêÉëí= áå=çéÉå=ÜÉ~êí=ëìêÖÉêó=~åÇ=áåíÉåëáîÉ=Å~êÉ=ïçêâI=~åÇ=~=Åçåëìäí~åí=~í=íÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~ä=Ñêçã=NVSP=íç=NVTQK=QO=mêçÑÉëëçê=oÉÖáå~äÇ=eìÇëçå=ENVNMÓNVVOF=ï~ë=Å~êÇáçî~ëÅìä~ê=é~íÜçäçÖáëí=~í=íÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~ä=Ñêçã=Üáë=~ééçáåíãÉåí=áå=NVQU=~åÇ=mêçÑÉëëçê=çÑ=m~íÜçäçÖó=~í=íÜÉ=fåëíáíìíÉ=çÑ=`~êÇáçäçÖóI=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ=içåÇçå=E~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=_êáíáëÜ=mçëíÖê~Çì~íÉ=jÉÇáÅ~ä=cÉÇÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=ä~íÉê=íÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä=eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~äI=ãÉêÖÉÇ=áå=NVTO=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=fåëíáíìíÉ=çÑ=aáëÉ~ëÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=`ÜÉëí=íç=Ñçêã=íÜÉ=`~êÇáçíÜçê~ÅáÅ= fåëíáíìíÉI= êÉå~ãÉÇ= íÜÉ= k~íáçå~ä= eÉ~êí= ~åÇ= iìåÖ= fåëíáíìíÉI= ~åÇ= ãÉêÖÉÇ= ïáíÜ=fãéÉêá~ä= `çääÉÖÉ= çÑ= pÅáÉåÅÉI= qÉÅÜåçäçÖó= ~åÇ=jÉÇáÅáåÉ= ~ë= é~êí= çÑ= áíë= åÉï= _áçãÉÇáÅ~ä= pÅáÉåÅÉ=c~Åìäíó= áå= NVVRF= Ñêçã=NVSS=ìåíáä= Üáë= êÉíáêÉãÉåí= áå=NVTNI= íÜÉå=bãÉêáíìëK= pÉÉ=eìÇëçå=o=b=_K=ENVSRÓNVTMF=`~êÇáçî~ëÅìä~ê=m~íÜçäçÖóK=P=îçäëK=_~äíáãçêÉI=jaW=táääá~ãë=C=táäâáåëK=QP=^åçåK=ENVSRF=eçëéáí~ä=ëÜìíë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íÜÉ~íêÉëK=qÜÉ=qáãÉë=EO=^éêáä=NVSRFK=

21


Å~êÇáçíÜçê~ÅáÅ= ëìêÖÉêóI= çÑ= ÅçìêëÉI= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= ÅÉåíê~ä= ~åÇ= íÜÉáê= ïáääáåÖåÉëë= íç=ÅççéÉê~íÉ=ïáíÜ=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÜáåÖë=íÜ~í=ïÉ=ÖÉí=ìé=íç=áë=íÜÉ=çåäó=êÉ~ëçåI=çÑ=ÅçìêëÉI=íÜ~í=ïÉ=Å~å=Öç=~ÜÉ~ÇK=mêçÑÉëëçê=gçÜå=_ìåâÉê=áë=ÜÉêÉI=~åÇ=~äíÜçìÖÜ=ÜÉ=ï~ëåÛí=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=içåÇçå=ïçêâI=ÜÉ=ï~ë=ïáíÜ=kçêã~å=pÜìãï~ó=~åÇ=Üáë=ïêáííÉå=êÉÅçääÉÅíáçåë=çÑ= áí= ~êÉ= Ñ~ëÅáå~íáåÖ=~åÇ=îÉêó=ÉåíÉêí~áåáåÖK=mêçÑÉëëçê=_ìåâÉêI=pÜìãï~óÛë= êçäÉ= áå=~ää=íÜáë=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ãÉåíáçåÉÇI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=ÜÉ=Öçí=`Üêáëíá~~å=_~êå~êÇ=ëí~êíÉÇI=~åÇ=ï~ë=ÄÉÜáåÇ=~ää=íÜáë=íÜáåâáåÖI=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉÑÉêêÉÇ=íç=Äó=açå~äÇ=oçëëK=`~å=óçì=íÉää=ìë=~=Äáí=~Äçìí=áí\=

Professor John BunkerWQQ=qÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí=~í=pí~åÑçêÇ=ï~ë=~ë=áåíÉêÉëíáåÖ=Ñçê=ìë=~ë=óçìêë=ï~ë=Ñçê=óçì=~=ÑÉï=ãçåíÜë=ä~íÉêK=pÜìãï~ó=Ü~Ç=ÅçãéäÉíÉÇ=íÉå=óÉ~êë=çÑ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=áå=~åáã~äë=Äó=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=íÜ~í=`Üêáëíá~~å=_~êå~êÇ=îáëáíÉÇ=Ñçê=íïç=ãçåíÜë=~í=pí~åÑçêÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉå=ïÉåí=ÜçãÉ=íç=éÉêÑçêã=íÜÉ=ïçêäÇÛë=Ñáêëí=Üìã~å=íê~åëéä~åíK=fÑ=pÜìãï~ó= Åçãéä~áåÉÇI= fÛã= ëìêÉ= íÜ~í= f= ïçìäÇ= Ü~îÉ= ÜÉ~êÇI= ~åÇ= ÜÉ= åÉîÉê= ÇáÇK= f=ÇçåÛí=íÜáåâ=ÜÉ=êÉëÉåíÉÇ=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=_~êå~êÇ=Ü~Ç=çåÉJìééÉÇ=ÜáãI=Äìí=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~í=ÜÉ= ÑçìåÇ=íÜ~í=_~êå~êÇÛë= íê~åëéä~åí=Ü~Ç=çéÉåÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÇççêëI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ïÉ=ïÉêÉ= áå=~=îÉêó=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=ãÉÇáÅçJäÉÖ~ä=áãé~ëëÉ=~í=íÜ~í=íáãÉK=

pÜìãï~ó= Ü~Ç=ã~ÇÉ= ÉñíÉåëáîÉ= éêÉé~ê~íáçå= áå= íÜÉ= ëìêÖáÅ~ä= ä~Äçê~íçêóI= Äìí= íÜÉêÉ=ï~ë= äáííäÉ= ï~êåáåÖI= ÉñÅÉéí= íç= íÜÉ= Å~êÇáçäçÖáëíëI= íÜ~í= ~= íê~åëéä~åí= ï~ë= ~Äçìí= íç=çÅÅìêK= f= Çç= âåçï= íÜ~í= ÜÉ= Ü~ÇåÛí= ÅçåëìäíÉÇ= ìë= áå= ~å~ÉëíÜÉëá~I= åçê= ï~ë= íÜÉêÉ=ï~êåáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ= ÄäççÇ= Ä~åâ= çê= íç= íÜÉ= Ü~Éã~íçäçÖáëíëK= få= íÜÉ= ÉîÉåí= íÜÉêÉ= ïÉêÉ==OUU=íê~åëÑìëáçåë=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëìêÖÉêó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=íÜêÉÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=Ç~óë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=é~íáÉåí=äáîÉÇI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= Ü~Éã~íçäçÖáëíë= ÑçìåÇ= íÜÉãëÉäîÉë= ÅçåÑêçåíÉÇ= ïáíÜ==Ü~Éã~íçäçÖáÅ~ä=éêçÄäÉãë=ÉåíáêÉäó=åÉï=íç=íÜÉãK=f=Ü~Ç=ÖêÉ~í=ÇáÑÑáÅìäíó=áå=êÉÅêìáíáåÖ=ãó=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉë= áå=~åÉëíÜÉëá~= íç=é~êíáÅáé~íÉK=qÜÉêÉ=ïÉêÉ=çåäó= íïç=çÑ=ìë=ïáääáåÖ= íç=Ü~îÉ= ~åóíÜáåÖ= íç= Çç= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= íê~åëéä~åíI= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= ïÉ= Ü~Ç= ÄÉÉå= ï~êåÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ==äçÅ~ä=ÇáëíêáÅí=~ííçêåÉó=íÜ~í=ïÉ=ÅçìäÇ=ÉñéÉÅí=íç=ÄÉ=áåÇáÅíÉÇ=Ñçê=ãìêÇÉêK=f=~ëëáÖåÉÇ=ãóëÉäÑ= íç= éêçîáÇÉ= ëìééçêí= íç= íÜÉ= Ççåçê= ~åÇ= aê= `Ü~êäÉë= tÜáíÅÜÉê= ï~ë= íÜÉ=~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=êÉÅáéáÉåíKQR

^í= íÜ~í= íáãÉ= Äê~áå= ÇÉ~íÜ= Ü~Ç= åçí= ÄÉÉå= Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ= ~ë= ~= äÉÖ~ä= Ä~ëáë= Ñçê= çêÖ~å=íê~åëéä~åí~íáçåK= qÜÉ= äçÅ~ä= ÅçêçåÉê=ï~ë= åçí= éäÉ~ëÉÇ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~êí=ï~ë= êÉãçîÉÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=ÜÉ=ÅçìäÇ=Å~êêó=çìí=~å=~ìíçéëóK=eÉ=ë~áÇI=~ÑíÉêï~êÇëI=ÚtÜÉå=f=Çç=~å=~ìíçéëóI=

=================================================QQ=mêçÑÉëëçê=gçÜå=_ìåâÉê=EÄK=NVOMF=ï~ë=mêçÑÉëëçê=çÑ=^å~ÉëíÜÉëá~=~í=pí~åÑçêÇ=råáîÉêëáíó=Ñêçã=NVSM=íç=NVUVI=åçï=bãÉêáíìëI= ~åÇ=sáëáíáåÖ=mêçÑÉëëçê= ~í= íÜÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=çÑ=béáÇÉãáçäçÖó=~åÇ=mìÄäáÅ=eÉ~äíÜ= ~í= råáîÉêëáíó= `çääÉÖÉ= eçëéáí~ä=jÉÇáÅ~ä= pÅÜççä= ëáåÅÉ= NVVMK= pÉÉ= _ìåâÉê= gK= ENVTOF=qÜÉ=^åÉëíÜÉëáçäçÖáëí= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=pìêÖÉçåK=_çëíçåI=j^W=iáííäÉ=_êçïåI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=ÅÜ~éíÉê=UI= Úqê~åëéä~åíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~êí=~í=pí~åÑçêÇW=pÜìãï~ó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~åÉëíÜÉëáçäçÖáëíëÛI=NOPÓNPUK=QR=jê=jáâÉ=h~ëéÉê~âI= ~ÖÉÇ=RQI= êÉÅÉáîÉÇ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~êí= çÑ=jêë=sáêÖáåá~=tÜáíÉI= ~ÖÉÇ=QPI=ïÜç=Ü~Ç= ~=ã~ëëáîÉ= ëìÄ~ê~ÅÜåçáÇ=Ü~ÉãçêêÜ~ÖÉI=çå=S=g~åì~êó=NVSUK=qÜÉ=ÄäççÇ=Ä~åâ=éêçîáÇÉÇ=OUU=ìåáíë=çÑ=ÄäççÇ=áå=íÜÉ=íïç=ïÉÉâë=ìåíáä=Üáë=ÇÉ~íÜK=qÜÉ=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=ÇÉ~íÜ=ÇÉéÉåÇÉÇ=çå=ïÜÉíÜÉê=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~êí=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=êÉîáîÉÇK=çéK=ÅáíK=åçíÉ=QQ=~ÄçîÉI=NOSÓNOUK=jê=h~ëéÉê~â=ÇáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=NR=Ç~óëK=

=22


f=ÇçåÛí=ï~åí=~åóçåÉ= ÑáÇÇäáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ãó=ÄçÇáÉëKÛ= QS=pÜìãï~ó=ï~ë=åçí=ÇÉíÉêêÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=íÜ~í=ÜÉ=ãáÖÜí=ÄÉ=áåÇáÅíÉÇ=Ñçê=ãìêÇÉêI=åçê=ï~ë=fK=pç=ïÉ=ïÉåí=~ÜÉ~ÇI=ïáääó=åáääóI=~åÇ=Ñçêíìå~íÉäó=íÜÉ=ÇáëíêáÅí=~ííçêåÉó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=pí~íÉ=çÑ=`~äáÑçêåá~=íççâ=~=ãìÅÜ=ãçêÉ=êÉ~äáëíáÅ=îáÉï=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~ííÉêK=qÜÉêÉ=ï~ë=ëçãÉ=í~äâ=~Äçìí=ÚtÜó=ïÉêÉåÛí=íÜÉ=ä~ïóÉêë=íÜÉêÉ=íç=ëÉí=íÜÉ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=íÜ~í=ïçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=éêçíÉÅíÉÇ=ìë=áå=~Çî~åÅÉ\Û=qÜÉ= ä~ïóÉêë= êÉëéçåÇÉÇ= íÜ~í= Úvçì= áå=ãÉÇáÅáåÉ=Ü~îÉ= íç=Éëí~ÄäáëÜ=óçìê=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=~åÇ=ïÉ=ïáää=íêó=íç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=Üçï=íç=äÉÖ~äáòÉ=íÜÉã=~ÑíÉêï~êÇëKÛQT

pç=íÜ~íÛë=ïÜ~í=Ü~ééÉåÉÇK=f=Çç=ï~åí=íç=~ÇÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=êçäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Å~êÇáçäçÖáëíë=ï~ë=ÅÉåíê~ä= íç=íÜÉ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=Éñíê~çêÇáå~êáäó=ÖççÇ=êÉÅçêÇ=~í=pí~åÑçêÇK=^í=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=Ñçìê=óÉ~êëI=pÜìãï~óÛë=çåÉJóÉ~ê=ëìêîáî~ä=ê~íÉ=ï~ë=QM=éÉê=ÅÉåíI=~ë=çééçëÉÇ=íç=NR=éÉê=ÅÉåí=ïçêäÇïáÇÉK=pÜìãï~óÛë=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=~ÅÅçãéäáëÜãÉåí=ï~ë=êÉã~êâ~ÄäÉI=Äìí=íÜÉ=Å~êÇáçäçÖáëíëI=gçÜå=pÅÜêçÉÇÉê=~åÇ=açå=e~êêáëçåI=ÇÉëÉêîÉ=Éèì~ä=ÅêÉÇáí=Ñçê=íÜÉáê=Ç~óJíçJÇ~ó=Å~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=éçëíJçéÉê~íáîÉ=Ç~óë=~åÇ=ãçåíÜëKQU==

TreasureW=qÜÉ=dìóÛë= ~å~ÉëíÜÉíáëíë=çÑ= íÜÉ= íáãÉ=~êÉ= ~äëç=ÜÉêÉI= íïç=çÑ= íÜÉã=Ó=aê=o~óãçåÇ= s~äÉ= ~åÇ= aê= `~êåÉÖáÉI= ïÜçã= f= êÉãÉãÄÉê= îÉêó= ïÉää= Ñêçã= ãó==Ç~óë=~ë=eçìëÉã~åK=

Dr David CarnegieWQV= f= Å~å=ÖáîÉ=óçì=~=Äáí=çÑ= áåÑçêã~íáçåI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= f=Ü~ééÉå= íç=Ü~îÉ= íÜÉ=çêáÖáå~ä= ~å~ÉëíÜÉíáÅ= êÉÅçêÇ=Å~êÇ= Ñçê=açå~äÇ=oçëëÛë= íê~åëéä~åí=~í=dìóÛëX=~äëçI= f= Å~å= íÉää= óçì= ëçãÉíÜáåÖ= ~Äçìí= íÜÉ= ÇçåçêK= qÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= íççâ= éä~ÅÉ= çå=cêáÇ~óI= NS= j~ó= NVSVK= lå= íÜÉ= qÜìêëÇ~ó= ~ÑíÉêåççå= f= ï~ë= ÇçáåÖ= íÜÉ= êçìíáåÉ=Å~êÇá~Å=äáëí=ïáíÜ=açå~äÇ=xoçëëz=ïÜÉå=~=ãÉëë~ÖÉ=Å~ãÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íç=Üáã=ë~óáåÖ=íÜ~í=íÜÉêÉ=ï~ë=~=éçëëáÄäÉ=Å~ëì~äíó=íÜ~í=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=~=Ççåçê=Ñçê=~=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åíK=qÜÉ= åÉñí= íÜáåÖ= íÜ~í= Ü~ééÉåÉÇI= ÜÉ= ~ëâÉÇ= ãÉ= áÑ= f= ÅçìäÇ= Öç= Ççïå= íç= mìíåÉó=eçëéáí~ä= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= ~= åìêëÉ= Ü~Ç= ÄÉÉå= áåàìêÉÇ= áå= ~= ãçíçêÅóÅäÉ= ~ÅÅáÇÉåí= íïç= Ç~óë=éêÉîáçìëäó=~åÇ=íÜÉó=íÜçìÖÜí=ëÜÉ=ãáÖÜí=ÄÉ=~=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=ÇçåçêK=f=ïÉåí=Ççïå=áå=íÜÉ=~ãÄìä~åÅÉI= ÑçìåÇ=ÜÉê=çå=~=îÉåíáä~íçêI= íççâ=ÜÉê=çÑÑI=îÉåíáä~íÉÇ=ÜÉê=Äó=Ü~åÇI=~åÇ=ÄêçìÖÜí=ÜÉê=Ä~Åâ=çå=qÜìêëÇ~ó=ÉîÉåáåÖ=íç=dìóÛëK=qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ãçêåáåÖ=ëÜÉ=Ü~Ç=~å= bbdI=ï~ë= ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ= Äê~áåJÇÉ~Ç= ~åÇ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= ëìáí~ÄäÉ= ~ë= ~= ÇçåçêK= pç= íÜ~í=~ÑíÉêåççå= ~í= NTKOMI= ïÉ= ëí~êíÉÇ= íÜÉ= çéÉê~íáçå= ~åÇ= f= íÜçìÖÜí= ~= ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí=ïçìäÇ=Öç=çå=Ñçê=~Äçìí=ÉáÖÜí=çê=íÉå=ÜçìêëI=Äìí=f=ÇáëÅçîÉêÉÇ=áí=ï~ë=~=ãìÅÜ=èìáÅâÉê===

=================================================QS=çéK=ÅáíK=åçíÉ=QQ=~ÄçîÉI=NPMK=QT=Úfí=ïçìäÇ=~ééÉ~ê=íç=ãÉ=íÜ~í=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ìåáèìÉåÉëë=çÑ=ëìÅÜ=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ï=íç=~åíáÅáé~íÉ=éêçÄäÉãë=ìåíáä=íÜÉó=~êáëÉ=íÜ~í=íÜáë=ÉåíáêÉ=ã~ííÉê=êÉèìáêÉë=íÜÉ=ìíãçëí=ÅççéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=Äó=~ää=ÅçåÅÉêåÉÇKÛ=aáëíêáÅí=^ííçêåÉóI=p~åí~=`ä~ê~=`çìåíóI=å~ãÉ=åçí=ÖáîÉåK=p~å=gçëÉ=jÉêÅìêóI=OT=^ìÖìëí=NVSUK=çéK=ÅáíK=åçíÉ=QQ=~ÄçîÉI=èìçíÉ=çå=é~ÖÉ=NPNK=QU=píáåëçå=b=_I=açåÖ=b=gêI=pÅÜêçÉÇÉê=g=pI=e~êêáëçå=a=`I=pÜìãï~ó=k=bK=ENVSUF=fåáíá~ä=ÅäáåáÅ~ä=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=ïáíÜ=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí~íáçåK=^ãÉêáÅ~å=gçìêå~ä=çÑ=`~êÇáçäçÖó=OOW=TVNÓUMPK=QV=pÉÉ=ÄáçÖê~éÜáÅ~ä=åçíÉI=çéK=ÅáíK=åçíÉ=PT=~ÄçîÉK==

23


çéÉê~íáçå= íÜ~å= ~= äçí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÜÉ~êí= î~äîÉë= íÜ~í= ïÉ= ÇÉ~äí= ïáíÜK= tÉ= ëí~êíÉÇ= íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=~í=NTKOMI=~í=NUKNR=íÜÉó=ïÉêÉ=çå=íç=Äóé~ëëI=~í=NVKPM=ïÉ=ïÉêÉ=çÑÑ=Äóé~ëë=~åÇ= íÜÉ= é~íáÉåí= ï~ë= Ä~Åâ= áå= íÜÉ= áåíÉåëáîÉ= Å~êÉ= ìåáí= Äó= ONKPMI= áå= îÉêó= ÖççÇ=ÅçåÇáíáçåK= f= íÜáåâ= áí= ï~ë= íÜÉ= Ñ~Åí= íÜ~í= açå~äÇ= xoçëëz= Ü~Ç= íÜÉ= î~ëí= ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ==çÑ= íïç= Å~êÇá~Å= íê~åëéä~åíëI= íÜ~í= ïÜÉå= ÜÉ= Å~ãÉ= íç= Çç= íÜÉ= çåÉ= áå= ïÜáÅÜ= f==ï~ë= áåîçäîÉÇI= áí= ï~ë= ~ää= ÉñíêÉãÉäó= èìáÅâ= ~åÇ= ãìÅÜ= É~ëáÉê= íÜ~å= ~= äçí= çÑ= íÜÉ==çíÜÉê=Å~êÇá~Å=ëìêÖÉêóK=

Jane SomervilleW= f= ïçìäÇ= àìëí= äáâÉ= íç= ë~ó= íÜ~í= gçÜå=dçêëíRM= Å~ãÉ= íç= çìê= êÉëÅìÉ=ïÜÉå=ïÉ=ã~ÇÉ= ëìÅÜ=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=ãÉëë=ìé=çÑ=éìÄäáÅáíó= ëççå=~ÑíÉêI=ïÜÉå=ïÉ=ïÉêÉ=èìáíÉ=ÇÉäáÖÜíÉÇ=ïáíÜ=çìêëÉäîÉë= ~åÇ=Ü~Ç= ~=éêÉëë= ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉ= ~åÇ=~ééÉ~êÉÇ=ï~îáåÖ=ìåáçå= à~Åâë= çê= ëçãÉíÜáåÖ= ~åÇ= íÜ~í=ï~ë= åçí= íÜçìÖÜí= îÉêó= ÖççÇKRN= f= ÇçåÛí= âåçï=ïÜ~í= ïÉ= ë~áÇI= íÜÉêÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~= êÉÅçêÇ= ëçãÉïÜÉêÉI= Äìí= ïÉ= ïÉêÉ= áå= íÜÉ= eÉ~êí=eçëéáí~ä= ~åÇ=ïÉ= ~ééÉ~êÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= êÉèìÉëí= çÑ= íÜÉ=eçìëÉ=dçîÉêåçê= ~åÇ= áí=ï~ë= ~ää=~êê~åÖÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= éêÉëë= ïÉêÉ= íÜÉêÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉêÉ= ïÉêÉ= ãáÅêçéÜçåÉë= ~åÇ= íÜÉå=ëçãÉíáãÉ= ~ÑíÉê= íÜ~íK= gçÜå=dçêëí= ëçêí= çÑ= éêçÇìÅÉÇ=ÜáãëÉäÑ= ~åÇ= ë~áÇI= Úvçì= ÅÜ~éë=ÇçåÛí=âåçï=Üçï=íç=Ü~åÇäÉ=éìÄäáÅáíóI=f=ïáää=ÜÉäé=óçìÛK=eÉ=Å~ãÉ=áå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íê~åëéä~åí= ~åÇ= íÜÉå=ÜÉ=ÇáÇ= ÉîÉêóíÜáåÖ= ~ÑíÉê= íÜ~íK= pç= áÑ= ~í=dìóÛëI= åìãÄÉê= íÜêÉÉI=ÑçìêI= çê= ïÜ~íÉîÉê= áí= áë= Ççïå= íÜÉ= äáåÉI= Äó= íÜÉå= gçÜå= dçêëí= ï~ë= ~= îÉêáí~ÄäÉ==éêçÑÉëëçê=çÑ=Ü~åÇäáåÖ=íê~åëéä~åí=mo=Ó=f=íÜáåâ=óçì=Å~å=ÄÉÅçãÉ=~=éêçÑÉëëçê=ïáíÜ=~ë=äáííäÉ=~ë=íÜêÉÉ=Å~ëÉëK==

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=28


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33


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41


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f=ã~å~ÖÉÇ=íç=ê~áëÉ=¡RM=MMM=ÇìêáåÖ=NVTVI=ïÜáÅÜ=íççâ=Å~êÉ=çÑ=~Äçìí=ëáñ=Å~ëÉëI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=Ö~îÉ=ìë=¡NMM=MMM=ÇìêáåÖ=NVUMI=~ë=~= ëçêí=çÑ=ÖÉåíäÉ=Ä~ÅâÜ~åÇÉêI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= íÜÉó= ëíáää= ÇáÇåÛí=ï~åí= íç=ÖáîÉ=ìë= íÜÉ= Ñçêã~ä= êÉÅçÖåáíáçå= íÜ~í=ïÉ= ëçìÖÜíK=_ìí=íÜÉå=NVUM=ï~ë=áå=ã~åó=ï~óë=~=Äçå~åò~=óÉ~êI=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çìê=ÑìåÇáåÖ=Å~ãÉ=ÖççÇ=áå=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äçÅ~ä=ãáääáçå~áêÉI=a~îáÇ=oçÄáåëçåI=éêçîáÇÉÇ=ìë=ïáíÜ=¡PMM=MMMI=ïÜáÅÜ=ï~ë= íç= í~âÉ= Å~êÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= íïç= óÉ~êë= Ñêçã= NVUN= íç= NVUOK= qÜÉ= _êáíáëÜ= eÉ~êí=cçìåÇ~íáçå=~äëç=Ö~îÉ=ãÉ=~=Öê~åí=áå=lÅíçÄÉê=çÑ=NVUM=çÑ=¡PMM=MMM=Ñçê=Éëí~ÄäáëÜáåÖ=~=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=råáíK=qÜáë=ãçåÉó=ï~ë= ÅêáíáÅ~ä= ~í= íÜÉ= íáãÉI= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ= áí= Éå~ÄäÉÇ= ìë= íç=Å~êêó= çå= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ÅäáåáÅ~ä= ïçêâ= ëç= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= Éî~äì~íáçå= Äó= oçó= x^ÅÜÉëçåz= ~åÇ=j~êíáå= _ìñíçå= ~åÇ= íÜÉáê= íïç= íÉ~ãë= çå= íÜÉ= ÅçëíJÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë= çÑ= íÜÉ= íê~åëéä~åí=éêçÖê~ããÉë=~í=e~êÉÑáÉäÇ=~åÇ=m~éïçêíÜ=ï~ë=~ÄäÉ= íç=ÄÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉÇ=~åÇ= íÜÉ= Ñáå~ä=êÉéçêí=ï~ë=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=ÄÉÖáååáåÖ=çÑ=NVURKVO=qÜÉ=êÉëìäíë=ïÉêÉ=ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=ÄçíÜ=ìåáíë= íÜÉå= Öçí= ëìéê~JêÉÖáçå~ä= ÑìåÇáåÖ= ~åÇ= çìê= ÑìíìêÉë= ïÉêÉ= ëÉÅìêÉ= ~åÇ= f= íÜáåâ=íÜ~í=áë=ïÜÉêÉ=f=ëÜçìäÇ=ëíçéK==

TreasureW= qÜ~åâ= óçì= îÉêó= ãìÅÜI= páê= qÉêÉåÅÉK= f= íÜáåâ= óçì= ~êÉ= ~= ã~ëíÉê= çÑ=ìåÇÉêëí~íÉãÉåí= ïáíÜ= ëçãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÅçããÉåíë= óçì=ã~ÇÉI= àìëí= ~ë= açå~äÇ= xoçëëz=ã~ÇÉ=äáÖÜí=çÑ=Üáë=ëìêÖÉêóK=f=íÜáåâ=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜçëÉ=åÉÖçíá~íáçåë=Ü~Ç=íÉåëáçåë=ïÜáÅÜ=óçì=ÄêìëÜÉÇ=~ëáÇÉK=^=äçí=çÑ=éÉçéäÉ=Ü~îÉ=ãÉãçêáÉë=çÑ=íÜ~í=ïÜáÅÜ=f=ï~åí=íç=ÅçãÉ=çå= íç= ä~íÉêI= Äìí= Ñáêëí= Å~å= ïÉ= ~ëâ= aê= cçñ= íç= ÖáîÉ= ìë= ëçãÉ= ÅçããÉåíëI= ëçãÉ=éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉë=çÑ=íÜáë=áëëìÉ=çÑ=~=ÅäáåáÅ~ä=ãçê~íçêáìãK=

Professor Renée FoxWVP=_ÉÑçêÉ=f=ëéÉ~â=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=áëëìÉ=çÑ=ÅäáåáÅ~ä=ãçê~íçêá~=ãçêÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ääóI=äÉí=ãÉ=àìëí=ë~ó=íÜ~í=ÜáëíçêáÅ~ääó=ëéÉ~âáåÖI=NVSU=Ó=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=íÜÉ=ãçåíÜë=çÑ=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=íç=kçîÉãÄÉê=NVSU=Ó=ï~ë=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=çÑ=~=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åí=ÚÄççãÛ=çå=~=ïçêäÇ=Ä~ëáëK=fí=ï~ë=~=Ä~åÇï~Öçå=éÉêáçÇ=áåíÉêå~íáçå~ääó=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÑáÖìêÉë=f=Ü~îÉ=~êÉ=íÜ~í= NMR= Å~êÇá~Å= íê~åëéä~åíë= ïÉêÉ= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= áå= íÜ~í= óÉ~êI= SM= çÑ= íÜÉã= çîÉê= íÜÉ=ÅçìêëÉ=çÑ=pÉéíÉãÄÉê= íç=kçîÉãÄÉê=~äçåÉK=^ÑíÉê=kçîÉãÄÉê=NVSUI=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Üìã~å= íê~åëéä~åíë= íÜÉ=ïçêäÇ=çîÉê= íççâ=~= ëìÇÇÉå= ëÜ~êé=éäìåÖÉ=~åÇ= äÉîÉääÉÇ=çÑÑK=jçëí= ëìêÖÉçåëI= áí=ïçìäÇ= ëÉÉãI=ÇáÇ=çåäó=çåÉ=ÜÉ~êí= íê~åëéä~åí=~åÇ=íÜÉå=ëíçééÉÇK=_ó=N=aÉÅÉãÄÉê=NVTMI=~=íçí~ä=çÑ=NST=ÜÉ~êí=íê~åëéä~åíë=Ü~Ç=ÄÉÉå=êÉÅçêÇÉÇK=qÜÉëÉ=

=================================================VN= pÉÉ= ÄáçÖê~éÜáÅ~ä= åçíÉI= çéK= ÅáíK= åçíÉ= RU= ~ÄçîÉK= qÜÉ= ìåáíë= ïÉêÉ= ~ééêçîÉÇ= Ñçê= ëìéê~JêÉÖáçå~ä=ÑìåÇáåÖ=Äó=íÜÉ=aÉé~êíãÉåí=çÑ=eÉ~äíÜ=~åÇ=pçÅá~ä=pÉÅìêáíó=áå=NVUSK=VO=çéK=ÅáíK=åçíÉ=NQ=~ÄçîÉK=rëÉ=çÑ=`óÅäçëéçêáå=^=ÄÉÖ~å=~í=m~éïçêíÜ=áå=j~êÅÜ=NVUOK=VP=mêçÑÉëëçê=oÉå¨É=cçñ=EÄK=NVOUF=ï~ë=^ååÉåÄÉêÖ=mêçÑÉëëçê=çÑ=íÜÉ=pçÅá~ä=pÅáÉåÅÉë=~í=íÜÉ=råáîÉêëáíó=çÑ= mÉååëóäî~åá~= Ñêçã= NVSV= íç= NVVUI= åçï= bãÉêáíìëI= ïáíÜ= ëÉÅçåÇ~êó= àçáåí= ~ééçáåíãÉåíë= áå==íÜÉ= aÉé~êíãÉåí= çÑ= mëóÅÜá~íêóI= aÉé~êíãÉåí= çÑ=jÉÇáÅáåÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= pÅÜççä= çÑ= kìêëáåÖK= pÜÉ= ï~ë=dÉçêÖÉ=b~ëíã~å=sáëáíáåÖ=mêçÑÉëëçê=~í=_~ääáçä=`çääÉÖÉI=lñÑçêÇI=ÇìêáåÖ=NVVSÓNVVTK=pÉÉ=cçñ=o=`I=pï~òÉó= g= mK= ENVVOF= pé~êÉ= m~êíëW= lêÖ~å= êÉéä~ÅÉãÉåí= áå= ^ãÉêáÅ~å= ëçÅáÉíóK= kÉï= vçêâI= kvW==lñÑçêÇ=råáîÉêëáíó=mêÉëëK=

=42


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45


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63


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65


=66


INDEX: SUBJECT

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67

Index: Subject

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68

Index : Subject

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69

Index: Subject

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