of witnesses prosecution's .1itnesses nakai, kimbei
TRANSCRIPT
I ND EX
Of
WITNESSES
Prosecution's .1itnesses
NAKAI, Kimbei (resumed)
Redirect (Movi e Film)
Recross by Mr . Sugawara " " Captain Kle iman
P01f/ELL , John B.
- - .... _ -- - - - ----- -
Direct by Mr. McKenzie
I ND EX
Of
EXHIBITS
(no exhibits)
5 AUGUST 1946
3155
3155
3191 3200
3209
3209
'
2
3
4
5
6
7
....... •• 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 ,153
- - - - --------------
a t 0930.
Monday , 5 August, 1946
I NTERNATI ONAL MI LITARY TRI BUNAL FOR THE FAR EAST
Court House of the Tribunal ,.,ar Ministry Building
Tokyo, Japan
The Tribunal met, pursuant to adjournment ,
Appearances:
For the Tribunal , same as before .
For the Prosecution Section , same as befor e .
For the Def ense Section , same a s before .
(English to Japanesa and Japanese
t o English inter pretation was made by the
Language Section, n.:TFE.)
-'
G r c c n b 0 r g
&
jj
a
• r t 0
n
3,154
l MARSHAL OF THL COURT : The Internati onal
2 Military Tribunal for the Far Eas t is nou in session
3 and is r eady to hear any matter brought before ito
4 THE PRESIDENT : Doc s counsel desire to
s mention any matter?
6 Mr. Logan.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
l9
20
21
22
23
24
25
MR. LOGAN : If the Tribunal pl ease , for
the purpose of the r ecord, I for mally move tho Tri
bunal at this time , on behalf of all the accused,
that the proceedings her e t of ore had in Chambers and
all the proceedings to be held in Chambers her eaft e r
be CTade part of the r ecord of this case , that a
separate volume be kept of such proceedings entitled
"Proceedings in Chambers," and that an or der be
enter ed to that effect .
In the absence of any opposition by the
prosecu.tion I ask to defer any argument on this
question.
THE PRESIDENT: Docs the pr osecution desire
to be heard?
MR. DONIHI: No objections. to the motion,
i f it please the Trihunal .
THE PRESIDENT: The Court will cons ider the
matter .
Mr . Don1h1.
I
1
2 I
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I ()
I l
12
I " , l If
I '\
16 .. 17 . 18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
NAKAI RLDIRECT
MR . DONIHI: I am 1nforr.ied by the Iic:i.rshal
of tho Court tha t tho courtroo~ r.iay be blackened
out i mncdiately without di fficulty if tho Tr ibunal
is desir ous of s eeing tho pictur e "The Cr iti cal
Period of J apan" a t t his ti r.ie .
THE PRESIDENT : We caCTc her e expec ting to
sec t he picture at 9:30.
K I M B E I N A KA I , r ecalled as a r1itness on
behal f of the pr osecution , r csuncd the stand
and t esti fi €d as f ollows :
REDIRECT EXMHNJ~T ION
(\./hereupon , the fil r.i "Tho Cr itica l
Per iod of J apan" was shovm with the Lang
uage Section Chie f r ead i ng in English the
ti tle s and sound track , as foll ows : )
"Le t us calr.ily obser ve the situation in
Asiao Has peace r e igned in Asia during the l as t
f i fty year s?
"Have we lived in the peaceful condi t i on
which i s our ideal?
"Have our Asi a tic brother s been livi ng i n
peaceful satisfaction fulfilling their own r.iissi ons
i n accordnnce with the i deal of As i a?
'' ·1hat i s the situation in the North , in
3,155
·----- - ---
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3,156
in Siberia , Mongol ia , Tibet and Sinkiang? And what
is the situation in Chine. , which ourht to be our
most intimat e friend?
"Next, let us l ook eDstward upon the P?cific
Ocean. Are the waves of the Pacific reelly calm?
Can we ~:,qJect the waves of the Pacific of t omorrow
to be as calm PS they ~re today?
"After conr.i dering all this , on whose shoul
ders may we suppose thet ~.11 of the responsibtlity
of establishing peace i n the Or i ent lies? Written
tl on screen: ' Divine Country, J apen , The Yam~to
12
13
L4
15
16
17
18
l9
20
2 1
22
23
24
25
Race . 1
"I fi r cly believe that we cnn never expect
t o see pe~ce r estored in the q~ient if we rely uron
others .
"Our country of J apen , was est~blished by
God' s will . It is a divine country , the country
of Gods .
"It is t he mission of our r ace e.nd of <1ur
nation t o realize the idePls shown t o us by our
gods . If we , t he Yama t o r ace , should refuse to
carry out this hcly mission of estebl ishing peace
in the Orient with our ideels and power , ho'V' could
we, the Asiet ics , ever expect to live in peace which
we i dee.lize?
.
I
u
,,
J
1
2
3
5
6
7
s
9
lO
l1
12
13
14
15
l6
"Therefor E:: , the cr eat e.s t T"iss i 0n f or us
of the Ja panese Race end 0f t h& J apenes c Nation
is thc>.t cf rising ·rii t~1out dep6nding upon others
and of shouldering our own r cspcns i bili t i es 9
3 ,157
"The f act the t r;e hrve such e, great
r e sponsibility obl iges us J apcnE: se t o T)r e ss f 0r werd
in this critice l period .
"This , I believe , is the nost i nportant
thinp Wiich our countrynen nust bear i n ni nd in
this ernerye~cy period .
"Thus, a gr ave r.nd i nportcnt r esponsi.bility
i s on our shoulcers . Vlhen vie t hink about its
meaning we cannot help being d~o~ly conc~rned .
"For inst::..nce, the a t t itude C' f t he League
of N~tions which i s nuch di scuss6d t ccay , r.?kes
us doub€ the t they r espect our Mi ssi0n or th~ t
17 they fUlly understand Asi~ Pnd Jepen . Does our
19
w
21
22
23
24
25
fr i end Chin~ r ealize the desir~bility of under
ste.ndlng 2.nd cooper~ting with Jcipe.n in ful f illine
this greet responsibility of the Ori£nt?
"Jepen has been r egarded with contempt .
She has been rejected.
"Fbrtuna t ely , we hr ve r ecently seen a
netion- v1id.e r evival of the Jo p~ne se spiri t in
our country ,
,,
·-
l
2
3 ,158
--------------·----"But it is the present conoiticn of our
country such es to enable us to rise whil e bearing
the full weight of our resuon~ibilities ?
"However , we rnust not cone. t o the r [!sh
conclusion th~t e.11 this i s brought about by others '
6 evil intentions e.nd contempt . Befcre V/€ r each such
7 e conclusi on., before we blaMe others , we do some
s serious self- examinetion .
9 "For this reason , r.1Y dee.r country- men, for
10 a few minutes let us consider tho historical s t ages
l 1 through which our country has gone past in the l ast
l 2 1 f ew deca0es .
L4
15
I(,
17
l .. ~.,
l ')
20
2 I
22
23
2·1
25
"Vie , the J c>pe.ncsc pe:ople surpcss all other
peoples of the world in our f orvent l ove f or peace
and in our r e spect f or justice end honor~
"Truly , this is th€ rreat spirit of the
founding of our Enpire and is the fundaMental
consciousness of our whole race .
"The gates of our country rier c opened
i n the gr eat r<:.forJ!ll'tion E1.t thE. tine of the Meij i
r estor ation, \'.Jhen the true cspcct of J ap?.n vms re
veP l ed t o the \7hol e VJ("lrld .
"Ever since then Jnpr.n he s been edvrncing
vii th rapi d strides, taking her stand f or r i ghteous
ness and with the fi rm resolution t o spare nothi ng
- - ---
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21f
25
-- --3 ' 159
f or the sake of peace , And the result is, thrt in
the short period of f orty years she h~s ~ade a sur
prisint; e.dvence which hP s emPz E)d the r1hcle world.
"However , af ter r. short ·.vhile the glory
of the nation began t o decline gr e.dually . 1."lhat
br ought this sad but undeniable situation? There
may be several rc&sons , but the most i nmEdi ete
cause i s our self- conceit , nc~ligence and f orget
fulness of our pest history ,
"The sudden rise of J e.pe.n ' s intern2 t i onal
:position and the er owth C'f n"'ti cnel power have made
the J ape.nose people essm:1c v.n ~ir of vulgar pros
perity beth spiritually rnd in c nater inl sense ,
conpl e t ely f or getting t heir previous exerti ons end
the originel ground upon which the Er.p i re stands :
"This resulted in an uncriticizing in··
f etueti on y•i th all things European , c-nd the western
culture both good e.nd be.d we.s t'.C ceptGd ur1ccndi tion
ally. Thus, the independent i dEel , cherrcteristic
of the J apanese r e.co WtJs sYTopt ewey in l ess the.n
no time . I t is quite natur~ l that thi s nvtion~l
stt:'.gne.tion r eflected 1 t self in al l her f ore i gn
policies .
(A scene of a pair of man end wonen ,
dancing in a r oom,)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
L9
20
21
22
23
24
25
3,160
------- ------ --- ·- - ·- - - -- -----·----
"Womr.n: 1Vle have been dancing for quite
a l ong while . I ' m ~11 tired out . Le t ' s have ten
•••• • Novi shall we go f or a 'Vnlk?
"Man: 1\'!hat i s it - - what ~re you l ooking
a t? You ' re eye ing C' geish~ , aren ' t you? '
"ThE. Other Mc-n: 1 No , I wasn 1 t . I just
thought she l ooked pretty. The geishas e>re only
the r emains of the ol d Meiji ere - I don ' t care
f or them.
"Man: (in J apl'! nes e dress): ' Well ,
well, we have P. c ouple of he. iry Europeans with
us, I seei; '
"Woman: ' Ouchl Ycutre hur ting ne ..
Cen 1 t you sec thc t, you stupid? A~olcgize! 1
"Man: ( of t he Rir ht Wing): 1 I 1 n
sorry . I beg your pcrdon. 1 (Curt f orn of
J aprnese) .
'"ilom~n : , ,.,he. t e Pey t o e. sk ti. l ady 's
perdon! Repent tha t! '
"Man: (Of the Rir ht Wing): ' I ' n sorry.
I 1 rn renlly very s orry.'
''Women: 1In the first plece this is no
place f or y ou t o wr lk! 1
"Ane.chr onist : 1 Apclogize more politely.'
"Me.n: 1 I e.m r sking your pa.rd on quite
- -
::-- -\.. 3'161 -
2
3
4
s
6
7
8 -
10
11
12
--------------------suff:l.ci c::ntly . 1
111ilornPn: 'Why 0cesn ' t one of you se.y ~orne-
t h i ng? Don ' t you see thet a l ady i s being in~ulted ? '
"Man : (Modern l coking): ' Heyl Meiji Era !
You should apolog i ze t o e. 12dy like this .'
11r.1en (of t he Richt \"Jing ): ' Fool!
Li sten well t o what I say . This i s J apen . Fven
though t hi s is Ginze , it is e part of t he Jep~nese
Em~ire . Understand? '
"Rys tn.nc1.er (in t he J e.pe.nese Clress ):
' Well done , good ! Good!'
"MPn : ( of th€ Right Wing): ' Hol d your
13 tongue , you sl ur.grrd . Such profl igetes as you
14 poison the nati on . I s this the t i me to f ool
l S er ound i n the gey ouart &rs? Fool! '
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
"It i s needl ess t o sey that t he rne j crity
of the Jap~nese h~ve not l ost the tradition£1
c onsci~·sness of true Jap~nese , but the r uinous
and corru::>ti ve condi t10n on the surface •1er e more
c ons~icuous , rnisloeding foroiene r s to l ook down
upon J apan as a count r y which could be ee sily
diST)OSed c f .
"Thi s i s the ree.l cDuse of t he Menchurien
Inci0ent , end this is also the fector r esponsi bl e
for J eprn ' s solitary position in the world , the
•· ...
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
• 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
seed of which I do not he: s i t r. te to sey , we s s own
by c.ur own hands :
3 ,162
"' . 0 1 2 f
3 &
4 s p 5 r a 6 t t 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
- -- ----·---------"Then , f ortunPt ely, we hed a r evel fl t i on f r om
Heaven wh ich came t o us in the f or m of the r:anchurian
Incident . The true char acter of J apan was vividly
r eveP.l ed in the splendid nctions of the IM~erial troops
fighting in extreme col d , or in scorched fiel ds under
a burning sun.
11 /.nd the sir ht of our f ellow countrymen in
Manchuria working earnestly end devotedly ut the
front, with the 0verlas ting sr irit of the song which
SAYS 'when we go over the soos , cor pses down in the
deep wa t er; when we p.o over t he nnuntains , cor pses
among the thick-gr owinr. r r e.ss ; THE GR&~TEST HONOR IS
TO DIE FOR THE EUPEROR, ' t his sonr nakes us f eel tha t
they are the per sonific&tion of t he puv.rdian fads of
"Inside J ?.pan , also , the r eal spirit nani
f ost ed itself in nation- wide zeal f or the encournfe
ment of the sol di ors, a story t hat cannot be t ol d
without t ears. The rt> triotic zeal was nfpClr ent in
the enthusiastic cheers which nade soldi ers ro gl adly
t o the front, l euvinr t heir dcnr ones behind .
"Younf!' boys e.nd firls s ent l e t t ers written
in t heir own blood , all the peopl e , both rich and
poor, sent innumer able coMforts and l ar ge anounts of
money t o the sol diers .
•
2 '
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
I 5
16
17
IS
19
20
2 1
22
23
24
25
"Relief funds wer e sent f r ')r.l the r c11ot os t
corners of J [>pn n e.nc1, fron d i s t ant pl etccs in J.r.terica
3,164
Pnd Europe ~ This exr r ession of s incerity end patriotisn
moved us ~lM0s t t o t ears .
"'''hen the pr esent inc ident broke out our
peopl e awakened t o a r enlization 'Jf the r acia l spirit.
The J apanes e peopl e , aft er a l ong interval, r esumed
their consciousness of be ing J ppanese .
"When we r ef l ect upon it n0w, we cannot help
t hinkinf tha t it wns really the will of Heaven, a
speciel grace of God .
"Girl No . 1 : ' Evcninf paper s : Eveninr
Pepers : Buy an eveninp r~pcr? '
"Girl No . 2 : ' Isn ' t it t erribly col d? '
"Girl No . 1: ' But think ".> f the sol di ers in
Manchuria . It ' s col der over ther e !'
"''.·oman: 1 11.'c ' ve been dencinf a l ong time -
it ' s l ate . Let ' s go hoMc now.'
"Han : ' Yes , l et ' s po.'
"Girl No . 2 : 1 It ' s very l r t c , 2nd as ther e 1 s
no one t o buy our pnpers , cone on !'
"Girl No . 1 : ' Yes , l e t's fo .'
" ( f. re.ssinf Jll')t0r car kno cks d0·.vn Girl N0 . 1.)
"Girl N0 . 1: ' Oh !'
11 111ornan : ' Oh , Yoko che.n !'
- --.J
'
•
--··------------
"Doctor : ' Noth inf. t o vrnry ;-brmt. She is
2 no t hurt. She hD s hnd a shock.'
3 "Yok0 : ' Teacher sai1 "e Must W')rk hnr d and
4 r emember the s0l d i er s in ~1anchur ia . '~i th t he p0cke t
5 money you veve ne , I h0d bnur ht evonin~ pa~ers . I
6 w~s s cllinp t hen so tha t I c0uld earn r-oncy t o s end
7
8
9
10
I l
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
t o our s ol d i ers .'
"Mother : ' Then -- y0u wer e selling news -
papers ! 1
"Child : 1 J.nd , rr0thcr , -- the t eacher s a i d
tha t thos e r r own ur peopl e who have the nerve t o dance
in days like thes e a r c f o0l s --.'
"Hother : 'F0r r i ve ne , Yok ()- chen t For r- ive
ne t Daddy ~nd I will n0ver, nevor d~ncc arain. For -
r ive ne !'
"However, does this nl" tirm- wi c.o zeal hav e
f nundntions stron r en0ur h t 0 surr0rt it cons istently?
D0 we n0t snptch ~t t e!1p0r a r y ease when we obte. in a
brief r est'? Do i:1e not f ive i n eus ily when vie ar e
threat ened by others? Docs er ch of us live ur t o his
own firn beliefs , f ounc1ed up0n his own th0uf hts?
11 ''.'hen I c0nsider these n~tter s ca r efully ,
I cannot he l r be inf a l ittle worried about the pr e-
s ent situa tion .
"Does each one of our peopl e , our countr y-
- -
-,.
•
3 ,166
- ·-------- - - ----------- ---a-
r.ien hr ve en0ugh cournrc and strength within hiosGlf
2 t o eaer ge successfully fror.i t his difficult situe tion?
3 '"hen I think 0f these thinrs , !iY henrt sinks within
4 r.le C1 nd I an overcone b~r worry concerninr t he futur e
5 of the El'lpire and the destiny of J apan.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
lS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
"Then , wha t sh?uld we ~o f r on no11 on? How
can we survive the critical situRtion? Let ne say
a f ew wor ds on i t.
"As I sa i d bef or e , the whol e world is watch
ing J apan. They want t o under stend tho re~l Japan.
Ther efor e , what no r.mst df) t odny is t o l ook upon
thewhol ·e of J.sia Pnd t o rmkc t he true na t ur e of .,
J c>pan arpar ent in al l of j .. sie.. '''e oust t r y t o mnin-
t a in that true n?. ture e.nd t o mnke t hem under stand
it .
"In 0ther wor ds , the nnly way f or Jc-pan to
fight her way through this critical situation is f or
us th0r oughly t o r evive the self-consciousness of
our being J ar,anese , thus r ere.i ninr t he firm belief
inna t e in tho J .:-prmes e. N0w t hen, whE'.t docs it mean
t o have the consci ousness of be int; Jqmnese? '~/hat is
the true n2ture of Japnni It is ver y clear -- it
means t hat we must f:O bnck t o the i deels on nhich
our Empire WF:' S f ounded .
""!hen Japan was f irst cr eAt ea , what d i d the
•
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
3,167
-- - ------- -------·- - -- ----- - -- --·--- - -
1.ncestr al God~ess say t o the God and Gnddess , Izcnapi
~nd Izauami? She t ol d them t o ' transfor m the s emi
liqu i d el ements into a firm and solid nation ' ~nd
so , the Utopi a of J P.pP.n was forned nfter many stren
uous endef:.v0rs .
"The p~th f or us t o tread is clearly shovm
in tho spirit r epr esent ed by the three l r ticles 0f
Imperia l Refalia given t o the Imperia l gr ands on on
his descent fr0m Heaven by t he J.ncestral Goddess .
Therefor e , our duty i s t n establish J P.pBn as an i deal
c0untr y of gods in accor dnnce with this gr eat i deal .
(1•.tri tten 0n screen : ' The I se Shrine ' and ' The Kashi
war a Shrine .' )
"Of the three ,~rticles 0 f I11rerial Re!!alia , 15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
the mirr or symbolizes justice and honor , the stone
beads , benevol ence , and the sword , courage and deci
sion .
"The justice , the hnnor , the benevol ence ,
the courage end the decis i on r epr esented by the three
~rticlos of Imrer ial Rorelia ar e the gr eet i deals of
nur EMp ire . These ar e our ne.ti0nnl virtues v1hich the
:Emper or himself h~ s set up r s his i deals .
"Since the Lge of Gods , the way of the Em
per or has been truly f l 0ri0us on<l s hininf . The t is
the so- called Imperial '?ay , nnd when we l onk back
--------------
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
• 17 ....
13
l9
20
21
22
23
24
25
s
3 ,168
. --------------
upon the gl orious hist0ry of J~~an, we find th~t t his
Inrcrial , .. fl.Y shinGs t hr ourh it Cl)nsistently o To pr o
t ect this way , t 0 M~ke i t m0r e ~lorious e.nd t o advance
in this nann0r should be the only i deal e.nd dut y of
J~1 anesc subjects . (''fri tten nn screen : 1 The ,·.tsuta
Shrine ' nnd ' The I!ciji Shrine '.)
"Tho essence of our nati1 mal str uctur e ltes
in the f act the t we march 0nw~rd , hol 0 ing this i deal
P.l nft with the conc0r d bet ween th0 sover e i gn , and the
subj ects, and \'Ii th the cooi:cr ati'Jn () f ee.ch ~nd all
J .~panese eo
"Now the missi0n of the J ppmeso is quit e
cleer; t her e is nothing t n d,ubt in i t. ~ssisting
the Imr erial rule and cnhancinr the pl ory of t he
Imperial r r esti?e in the world neans r enlization 0f
this Mission of ours .
"However, vm havo observed r ecently tha t
t her e is a Er 0winf t endency amnng s ome Jaranes e t o
blindly CMf hasize f r i vol •1us imptilsive:ness and cri-
curecmisr.i, c'Jrr1rl et ely negl ectinf! the r l 0ries of our
i r.iconrar able n~t i'Jnal str ucture end the essenc e of
our r ncial spirit which shrmld be o bscrvcd by t he
whol e nati()n .
"Ls a natur al r esul t , the br ave and Plagni-
ficicnt spirit 0f the mill0nin 0f l)Ur his t 0ry is
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 ,169
dininishing de..y by dP.y . ( '"'ritten on screen : Russ i a ,
China , Philippines , J~pan , Mnnchuria , Scene : Bl ack
clouds risinr , c> ncl cnvol 0pinp J~:"an , fr om Russia
anrl the Philirp incs . ) Fur t her nor e , it is t o be gr eat
l y depl or ed tha t ther e ar e sonc. -- h0wever f ew t hey
rnny be -- who , h?.ving wron~ c~nccptions , neke such
outrereous renarks es t o curse the inc0Mpar able
f l ory of our n~ tion~l structure .
"".'her e is our f a t herland? 1·.'her e is our
f a therland J~ran'? ( t.rpenr s on scr een : Newspe.pers
with erticl es obout Cornnunists.) Oh , my compa t riot s ,
it i s an unpar donPble treason f or country-men of
ours t 0 s~y tha t t here i s a f a t herl and bes ides J apan !
Do we deserve t o be called J riranese if t:1e t hr oVI away
our pride of be ing J ppancse , and f or get about the
spirit of the f ounding n f the Emrire which ains a t
t he r ealiza tion of peace in the Orient , Pnd in the
world?
"Lll of the evil srrinrs frrn~ this .
"Let Me r Gpeat the t it wv. s, nfter ~11, our
0wn f c.ul t th~t t he vmr l rl , incluc1ing even China , has
cone t 0 1~0k down up0n us with contenpt .
""!hat J pran has done i n the rast, wha t our
countr YJ11en have done in the past , i s the ceuse of the
contemr t with which J apPn i s now r e?ar ded . The out-
.
-
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
• 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
•
·"
--- --~--
3,170
break of the ~~enchurian Incident in the ne::mti;:ic vm s
inde ed ?. warninp- bcll reel ed fr"'lr.t the Hee.vens.. 1''e
oust deeply consider the f eet t hnt the siefe of J nran
cnnc!ucted by the whol e world un~ cr the l erdershir of
the Loapue of Netions wns d iscl0scd t o us in this wny.
If the J prunese nntinn has r r nsred this truth cl early ,
the way throufh the r r osont situati0n will 0!1en 0f
itself . The outbreak of the !1c.nchurian Incident was
r eally an plnrn-bell t ellinr us t o wr.kc ur end t o
exanine 0urselves .
"I PM not at Pll ress i Mistic about t he pr e
sent difficult situation, howc rcr . I firnly believe
that the rresent intcrnati0nal circurstnnc~s nn~ the
vPrieties of di f ficulties that lie bet ween the na tions
will be i rtr:ted i a t ely dissolved ~s soon a s the f r eot
spirit of the fnundinr of the Er1rire r evives in the
heart of every Jnranesc, and when the Jn~Rnese, r eal i
zing this clearly, display the pr es tire of our countr y .
"The day will cone , sormcr or l a t er , when
wfJ cr.n make the whol e world l ol')k ur t 0 l')Ur nPti.,nal
virtues , I an sure . (nn the screen: In the center '1f
the screen Jp1an l'.nd Ilanchuria arrear , then Chinn ,
India, Siberi~ Pnd tho S0uth Seas.)
"In c0Mrliance 'llith the i doal 0 f the f 0und
inr of the Enrire which I hove exr l a ined , we nust
_, ---- .
i
I
'•
,,
fl
I I
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3,171
firs t 0 f all establish per~ancnt pence in the Orient ,
r r 0pafvtinf our gl nrious Imrcria l woy ther e .
11".'hen we r ef l ect uprm the situation i n ,·.s i a
durinp these f i fty 0r sixty ycnrs , we fine. tha t it
was ~eplorable bey~nc wor ds .
"Just close your eyes e.nd qui etly c0nter.1-
plate the pRst, then wil l numer ous visions flash
thr ough y~ur mind , visi0ns ~s in n r evolvinf l enter n .
9 "'"hen we think of the chans in the Orient,
10 we cannot hel p bolievin~ tha t it is t he duty 0f the
11
12
13
14
15
J6
17
18
L9
20
21
22
23
24
25
J epanese nat i on , no , the niss i 0n of divine Japan , to
es t abl ish a r enccful Utop i a in the ~rient making i t
trul y Or i ental by supr r essinp nll d isor ders .
" '''hen we r ecall the sever al occasions when
we sent our troor s t o the continent we c~n Plways
find in the In;erie.l Rescrir t on the Declar ation of
,~ar t he ex~ressi0n of n sincer e 0esire t o est eblish
pernanent peace in nSiP. .
"In the Inrer i al Rescrir t s r r rinul fe t ed on the
r es t or ation nf per> ce , the Enrcr 0r a l ways r eninds us
of nur duty t o 11aintnin rer nanent re~ ce in the Orient.
" In these sever nl canre i fns f0 r 1cace , the
sacr ifice !!l<>de by 0ur f pther s anti cont(mr or aries , ond
the endeavors !!lcde by th0se wh0 e.ctue.lly def ended the
countr y were in:lecd very r r eat. ""hen we think of 1 t ,
·--
' '
i
I I
I
I
I
I
I
~ 11 I
I
•
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
I I
I 5
16
• 17
18
19
20
2 1
2:!
23
24
25
we r eelize that our r esp0nsibil ity 0n the continent ,
I.'ienchuku0 , no, in the . wh0lc of r.s i a is not a new
one , but that it started n l onf ti:ie afo r evealing
our power end i deals steadily ns tine ~rorress cs .
(On the screen : On the n~r of East ~sia bl 0od
spl ashes apree.r \'Ii th the f oll ")\'/inr vnr c1 s surer impos ed I
1 The sacrifice we made in the Sin~-Je.r~ne sc '7ar.'
' The sr crifice we mede in the Boxer Uprisinf .' ' The
sacrifice Y1e M?.de in the Rus so- J c>.rcnese "'Qr.' ' The
srcrifice we nAde in the Gerrnan- J nrancse ·~r .' ' The
sc.crifice we nactc in our expedition to Siberi~ .'
' The srcrifice we made in the Tsin~n Incident. '
"Durinp. this l onr reriod , we have encounter-
e<l all kinds of insults and of national crises . ,., .e
have suffered under t he Intervention 0f the Three
Powers, end we heve secrificed nuch in Siberia.
n·:·e have endeo.voured t 0 r ealize ou::- i denl ,
with the cooperation of China , but re?ce h~s n0t
been est ablished ther0 , even fo r n short period of a
s in?le year durinr the t wenty years since the esteb-
lishment of the Chinese Republic . The Chinese f eel -
inf t owl'rds Jppe.n chanf!cd frrm b~.d t o w0rse , thl't is ,
the f eeling of r eject inf' the Jr~pmesc chc.nged t o <'.
feeling (')f op~osinp the Jr.panese , r:nd eventually be
ce.Me a contempt 0f the J E' re.nese . ,·.na f inelly the
I 1
-
l
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Me.nchurian Incident broke out by n revel~tion 0f
Heaven. (On the screen: Various l".nti- Jr:.renese pos
t ers end pl acar ds in China .)
"Thus the !!anc.l-) urinn Empire was f oun0.ed , a s
you all know, and the blessed l and of benuty Pnc
lif ht is t 0 be r eal i zed in As i e .
ttJ c>pen ~nd !:nnchuku 1 will '.mrk t orether,
end with the coorcr e tion nf Kor ea , will first of all
es t ablish rence in the Orient . The first s t er t ownr d
pr 0pagating the Im~er ial we>.y Pnd t 0v1c> r d <.".rdinp- lustre
t 0 the n2ti0nal virtue he s r lrcady been mP.de . J a}an
and 1-1C"nchukUQ's firm f a ith in the est~blishment of
Menchukuo will r e.move all d i ff icult situa t icms e.nd
will s ecure the rermnnent peace ih .. ~s ia . F0r · the
Japanese, it will be the best we.y t o enhance t re
Imperial way , Pnd f or the rtanchurians , it will be the
bes t way t o establish a pnr adise in f·fanchukuo , the
l and of f elicity, in ncc0r dance with t he spirit of
the way of sover e i r n, which is t heir i deal. (On the
screen : t .. r.iap of J apnn end ~~t.nchuku0 .)
"Therefor e , I de~ ir e tha t all r P. ces will
cooperate wit h eFch other in re~lizing t he ir i deal s
Pnd fulfillinf t he ir r.iissions .
"I have r el a t ed so f P.r , the neanin{? of J P.pan
in the erner rency and of the sel f - consc iousness of the
3,173
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
J ap:mese in nakinr. our wo.y throuph this peri0d ,
thereby cmrhasizin[.' the nccesstty of strenu'">US ef
f orts t '1w? rc-:; the fulfillment of our miss i on .
11Furtherm0r e , the mi .,. s ion of the Imrier ial
....
PrMy is not of ~n e2sy nnture , since it lies in ~r0-
t e cting the Imrerial way v1h ich unifies ~nd he'.rr.!onizes
the true spirit 0f the f ound in? 0f the Enpire ~nd
8 the r r eat ideal of the J V.f E'ncsc nRtirm . ''"e r.1ust ex-
9 pect t o find neny obs t ocles in <'Ur way .
10 "However , in or der t ri r0nrwc ?.11 these ob-
11 stacles, thct is, t n fulfill 0Ur mission co~rlctely,
12 we riust possess u rirhteous VJill ?nd ro•ner, In or der
13
14
15
16
t o fulfill the true r:iee.ninf 0f the establishment o f
the t1rny e.nd the rniss ir>n of 0ur C'Junt ry, 11e need
na tional defense , end f or n~ tionPl defense , the exis-
' tenco of the Inpcria l er my i s i nrer ntivc .
"There.fore , I vmuld like to s?y e f ew words
3,174
17
lS concerning the nPtional defense end the IHrcria l er~y.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
To ex~la in national ccfens e in a f ew words , I s ay
tha t i t is t he defensive Pbilities of ~ country , that
i s , the defense of the woy of the n?tion . (On the
screen : ··'hnt is Nc.tional Defense? 1 . Defense of
Country, 2 . Defense of the '7Ay f)f the C0untry , 3.
Defense of the · ~ay 0f J pran , 4 . Defense of the Imper -
i nl '''ay.)
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
11/ countr y or nrtion has its ovm way . Th e
way nf our country i s the w?y of JerPn , the way of
the Ernrer l")r, t he IBrerial way .
"Cons equently, ns this is the nat i on <>nC.
way which has everlastin~ life , it i s in its nature
t o continue permenently end et ernally in tL~c rnd t o
pr ogr ess end devel 0p endl essly in sp?.cc . I woul(~ not
adopt such r n?rrow viewrnint t ha t inter r r cts the
defense 0f the n~tinn thnt is , the defense of the way
of the countr y in t er ns of veorr r.r hic :--osition and
envir onment . (On the screen : ' The I;i_ erinl ·'.~r.y .
To def end this is the miss i on 0f the Inrericl Arny
1. In srace . 2 . In time . 3. Enl a:-fnGnt end deve
l opMcnt . 4 . Eternity r nd continuity.')
"J<'ranese n?tional anthcn bcinr pl ayed .
11Thoref0re , when we say that the existence
of the hr my is a rnor al existence , ne neAn it in the
above Mentioned sense -
""s l")ur c0untry is rlcstincd t f) devel or. in
3,175'
spece , tha t is , ns it has tho spirit of c0ntinual
r r os r.erity, .withthc et ernity of a netion v1hich is
bounded onl y by Heoven and eArth, our ncti0nal def ense
cannot be consider ed 0nly in t er IJs of gc~rraphy or in
a narrow sense 0f nrros i tion t o 0ther c0untries .
11 1''e cannot think separ a t ely 0f the Imr-erial
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
™
3,176
·------ -· - - - - - ----- ----------h0usehold , nation or of the subjects , bec~use Jaran
is the cnuntr y whose n?tional structure consists in
the combination of r ll three .
" In our country , those wh0 s t anrl as the
shield of our r r acions Er.trer or, observinf t he sr i r it
of n~tional structure , P.nd with0ut any C)ncer n ?bout
their own inter es ts ar e nl' turally th0se who deeply
r espect and defend the r ace untl t he c0untry.
"In short , the nrny ,.,f our C''untry is the
Emper or' s a rny which is a t t he snne ti~e the national
r r r.iy .
"Ther ef or e , I c~nsider t he Pr My as the es
sence of the nationa l virtues .
"To treed 0n the fl3 th 0f the Emper or which
is r.iade arrar ent by the t hr ee J.rti cles of the Inperial
Reralia is the s r irit with which nur ar my is or fanized.
Tha t is , the spirit 0f the J ppPnes e f orces is r ealized
when they enhance the na tione l virtues , t he i deals of
the Emper or in conpliC".nce •:lith the s r irit of the
sacred Emper or wh0 cmmenct s t hen .
"This is the r eason why the Je.rnnes e army
never starts ?n pct on unless bcinp comnanded by the
Enper or.
"'1e r.ius t first clePrly bear in 0ur mind that
t o t ake actions obeyinf t he Emper or ' s c0rr11I1and is the
3,177
----------------
l
2
3
4
true spirit of tho Japanese nrmy.
"It is, of course , exrected of the arny t o
fic:ht ar:- inst th0se wh0 orrns e us in spr ead inf.: t he
I mperinl way . But , the purp0se 0f fi ?htinr is s ol e-
5 ly t o observe virtue a nd t o cnrry it out . N~turally ,
6 it is necessar~r t o r1 in, but i f the victor y shoul d be
7 accomranied by the r cs ent ncnt of the re~rle c0nq ucr -
8 ed , it is quite aa ver se t o t he s r irit of t he I mperia l
9 ar my.
10 11 If 0ur troors arc s t:' tirmod in c cert P.in
11 place , they Must try t o be adored by the nrtives of
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
the pl ace . That is the true spirit of the Imper i al
~rmy , throurh which the gl ory of our nntion will be
enhanced .
"Even c'lur inp- riOneuvers, if t he crops ar e
damar ed by the actions of the orny , it is an inportant
thing for the ar my t 0 t ake cer e t o m~ke as much ~mends
as possible durinp r ecess or on other occasions , f or
the crors are tho tre~sure of the Emper or ~nd the
peasant's - our coMpatriot' s - works of art.
G 0 l 1 d 2 b e 3 r
4 g
& s
B 6
a 7 r t 8 0 n 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 ,178
------------- - - -------------"Now, I should like t o say a few words
a bout t he orig in and t he hi stor y of the Imperial
army .
"When oPr c<w'1tr y wo s estsblis11ed , our
army was composed of 8 . 000 , 000 "Gods of Wara
/ ' gunsl:in ' / , t hat ia to say , the people who
guarded our divi ne land , under the personal con
mand of the Emperor .
11 In t he rnidd l e a ges , hov1e ver , t he warriors
cons t itut ed a s pecially pr ivi l oged class, with
the result t ha t a feudal age was ushere d in .
"Fortunately, howeve r, wi t h the ac1'ieve
ment of t he g r eat underta kings of t he MEIJI
Re stora tion , the Irrperial Reacript on Military
conscri pti on Vias issued in Novembe r 1872 , (the
5th y ea r of MEIJI) whe r eby the basic principle
of unive rsal mi l i ta rtJ conscr5.ption was revi sed
as of yore .
"This wa s indeed the greatest reform of
the pa st t housa nd years .
" I n short , we r etur ned t o t he n orma l
path of the time of our country 's est abl i shment .
T;,e privileged and prof ess i ona l troops wer e a bol
i s ~1ed , the f our social classes made equa l, sol cUe r s
and f armers combined , and at the same t ime the
.
--
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 .. 9
10
11 1,
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
- ---· -----·------------
r esponsibi l ity for '(;ho national defense was put
upon the whole of the peopl e , and the troops were
placed under the persona 1 command of the Eriperor
as was the case in and.ent times.
11 Thus our Army and 1'ia vy , r eflectil1G
upon t he basis of the f ounda ti on of our conn·:;ry
and s t r iving at the same time to train t he ir
soldier s pirit by upi.10l cling the v1i ll of Eeaven ,
!1a ve remembered the glorious rdlito r y ·1erits an.d
dis tingui shed. services of t~1c p~1st 60 J€a rs , and
have endeavored to fulfil l their i.1ea vy respon-
s1bility as a mora l existence in order to achie ve
the mission of t he Im:10ria l forces .
"Reflectine ul)on the past and also c on-
s i dering t he present eenera l state of national
defense , I wish to dYIA 11 r.ere a li ttle upon tbe
subject of national goneral mobilization.
11 In both the Sino- Japanese Viar and the
Russo- Japanese Wa r , Japan , it is needless to say ,
fought by staking t he country ' s existence , but
the principa 1 body which d1spla yed t he strength
of national dofenso m\o the military forces .
'l'he pe ople as a nhol <' vcre nclther organized nor
displ ayed , in t~e d~rect ">rosccution of the holy
• 3,179 I
'
I
I
'
I
I
'
Ii
wo r, such activit ies as they do today under nationa l •
- -· .- - - - ,_
.
_,-- -t
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
~,180
------- -·--------------------------
genoral mobilization .
11 Judg5_ng from recont circumstances , pre -
parat i ons for nation\'lide gene r a l mol.Jiltzat:ton a re
necessar y for concentrQtinf' t ho u t mo3t nationa l
defense poY1e r of tho country .
ilit would rcq_ui r o rr:.any hours to d <; scri':ie
in detai l this nationY1idc [;On.o ral mobilization,
but, i n short , i t is '1~:10 mobilization of all the
p or!er s of a natl on, botr tangible end i npanRible .
il •r11ere is no change in tho fact t ha'i:; tie
ba ttlc in the ma in :i. s f 0"1:g11t by troops , but vie
can easily i magine t~1a ·~ tho stron(5th or v1eakness
of t he spiritua l pO\:-cr of t110 pe ople ultirr.ateJ.y
dete rmines the issue of r10r , o s may be seen from
the interna l condi ~ions of Garmany , Ru.ssia , and
othe r countrie s at the time of the European ""in r .
IL
,I
I
.. ~--
/ !. b r a 2
m 3
& 4
M s 0 r s 6
e 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
\
3 ,181
- --·------------·- - -- -- - -- ----------]U.RSHhL OF THE COURT : The International
Militar y Tribunal f or t he Far t c.st is now r esumed.
THE PRESIDENT : Continue with the r icture .
"i•ddressing the Japanese after the Russo-
J apanese "lar, the Lrmdon Times sa i d :
' The victory you won in tho r ecent Russo
J <:!.panese '":'ar , i s indeed due t o the sp j_r itual uni on
of the Japcnese.
10 J upnn ! I cannot but hore th~t you woul d
pr eserve this nobl e s r i rit and in"lort~l izc this
stren~th and this i cteel by all ~e~ns , even if you
shoul~ l ose all of your nRteri?l t hinr s .
' If the whol e of the J C'rnnese peor l e shoul d
make the ~nst 0f this s r iritual el enent end becone
united on this basis , not onl y Rus s i e but the wt:ol e
world would not be abl e t o conquer Jq;['m . ' 11
Tha t is the end of the quot? tion f r on the
London Ti.mes .
111J1C. now, in cl.iscussinp- here nr-tional de
f ense , in thinkin? of the IMrerial forces , r:nd in
consider inf£ ar maMent , I keenly f ool hm1 essential
this rw.npower is c>nd above all how essential the
sp iritu~l el ement i s .
"Not only from our ovm viewroint as J~pc>.n-
ese l ookinp e t it in a fnvor~bla lifh t , but clso
-'
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
.. 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3,182
fr om the stRndpoint of for e ipn countries , J pren hes
b or stroDg p0ints , e s~irit of her own Pnd n r oad of
life t o pr oceed on.
0 Lastly, I want t o state briefly rer~rding
arnaments . It eo0 s without s~yinb thfl t erM~nont is
necoss~ry, but it r ests r rirwrily on MPnr0wer , end r.mn
power r ests first of all on its s r iritual e l oAent.
However, judfinf! frm'!l the r ctm~l scene rm the front,
it cnnnot be thou~ht thnt vict0ry can be a chieved by
mnnrower nnd by the spiritual el ericmt al one .
"In or der t o neke the be~ t 0f nanr'0wer l".nd
s1 iritual el enent so ns t o :-1 ininize the disasters and
t o r estor e ponce quickly , no t arial equipMent is neces
sary .
"It is ~rlnarily f or this rur~0se of naking
tho nost of the n0hle Jarancse Spirit Dntl the whol e
i deal of the Imreria l f orces thc t we ar e tc-.king such
p.rent pains in r erar d t o equipMcnt .
"I horc , y0u will under stnnd th~ t nP.tional
defense is the neons of i' r ot ecting Jrron ' s way , thnt
the Inperi?.l f orces ar e her e t '1 ex~lt the virtues of
the Enper or by obeyinp. His Ml'. j csty ' s connands as they
are r iven, Pnd tha t arnA~ents c0nstitute nn es~ential
el eMcnt in /fostcrinp/ in the n0st direct nanncr the ir
mor a l nctivities with the l east anount of disnst~r.
.
•
'
: I 4
5
6
7
8
3,183
" (On the sere en: f l chart shovrin~ t he nun-
ber of a irplanes rossesEed by powers: Engl"nd 1500
Russia 2200
Jnrnn 600
i.meric~ 1800
Fr~nce 3000
Itrly 1 500 )
" (On the screen is written: 1 1''ith eternr-.1
9 pe~ce in t he Orient ns tho pocl the J.r r.ty of right-
10 eousness cdv~nces . Thnt is the r enson why the Im-
11 perial J.r rny is str0n~ . ) 11
12 Continuinr with the srccch:
13 "Such beinr t :-te c:\se , it i s a f r e"t crr')r 'to
14 l ook upon our neti0nal def ense , the Inper icl hroy
15 which nssUMe s this duty , ~nd the sufficient arnaments
16 and spirit which nr e necessary t o enabl e the Inrerinl
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
J.rny to d isplr-.y their :>Ctivi ties , in the se.me light
as those of other countries .
" I wish t o "dd here thrt it is most essential
in displ r-yi ntz the sririt of univcr snl Military con
scription of the Ynr.ic-.t o r ace thnt we fully understand
the f act that national defense , Ir1pcrial l.rmy and ar na-
ments r enain t o t he l as t P.S n')r al entities end as Means
of naintaininr our Mnr ality.
"The next r eel contt'. ins photogr t>.phs 0f the
. ·~
I
I
! I Ii
i.
.
--
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
3,184
actual scense of drills executed by the students of
the Infnntry School s nnd tl·e Ct-.valry Sch0ol on the
Narashino pl a in, Chiba Prefecture ."
There ar e nn sreeches in this r~rt by '7a r
Minister /.R;J<I .
11Finally, I want t 0 appec-1 t o ny co~1pe.triots
whon I l ove and r espect , t o urre t ren t o nake ur
8 their Minr1s . Jin e.ncient SE' r e t c:.u!."ht us , ' "'hen Heaven
9 is r oinf' t 0 entrust a per son with an inportant duty,
10 He ~lways inflicts pnin and ho.r clship upnn hir.i , in
11 or der t n dot ernine whethor he is cerable of carrying
12 out his r.i i ssion .'
13 '' ~lso, es y~u know, ther e is enother r r o-
14 verb : 'J.dver sity Makes A nc.n Ylise. 1 That is t o say,
15 nnn cannot achieve a f r ea t thine •Ji t hout grappling
16 with difficulties. The mor e the difficulties ther e
17
JS
19
20
21
22
23
24 I
25
ar e , the gr en t or ar e the pl easures one cen enjoy after
the success .
11!.s I snid bef or e , t he true sr irit of the
Jcranese r nce lies in finr1 inf order aMi d chaos and in
r cnlizing an ideal world. In other wor a s, our racial
sr irit f r on ancient tiP1os i s t~ nnke , with strenuous
off0rts , Pn ideal v1 orld , P. rcaceful l and throufh hard-
ships and d ifficulties . Ther e f nr o, the Jap~nese can-
nnt live in J"e.ren with f eeble f eelinrs. To fif ht to
~ II
" ij
I
I I
l ~ l
.
J
Ii 11
-
2
3
4
5
3,185
---- --------- - - - ---------------the l ast is the wey of a true Je~anes c . S0 , al thnugh
0ur noral s are t o r r actice the nay of justice and
benevol ence , it is necessary f0r us ti") have cnurafe ,
as str l")n? as a swor d , t o pr actice it , t o carry it
out r esolutely a t ~11 costs . It is necess~ry f 0r us
6 t o have the spirit , enthusinsn and endur P.r.c0 t o stand
7 up defiantl y ~nd fifht t o the l ?.st , if ther e is any-
8
9
rm e who interfer es with us . I
"CoMr~atriots l Let us l nrik ct the situat i on
10 in t.s i a . Is it t 0 be l eft unarionc~ cc1 f or evr r? In
11 or~ er t o r e?lize the i deel nf our Lsia tic r~ces and
12 t n c'1ntributc t o ·.v('lrld per. cc , v:e nust first estab-
13 lish Manchukuo . ..:e nust cooper a t e in the establish-
14
15
16
17
l S
L9
20
21
22
23
24
25
ment of that country Pnd nust exert our selves in as-
s istinr a sound c1eve1·opr12! nt of the: cuntry , so as t o
r ealize a r eal M of reacc and :-'r l") sper l ty in P?nchuria . '
Tr)(lay , Manchurie is called t he life- l ine of riur coun
try , but it is not a life- line t o s P. tisfy n0r e appe
tites f or f o0c1 . Our supr e11e niss i l")n is , I believe ,
t o Qake a par Rd ise ther e , by r oclizinr the nobl e sririt
of the Japanese r ace , and of the Jaranese nation as
well as the spiritual culture of ~sia o
"So , we nust 10ok , we ou('ht t o 100k Uf')TI
Manchuria a s a moral l ife-line ~ In short , in view
of the pr esent world situati0n , I believe there is a
I
I
.
.....-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
J 5
16
l7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 ,186
------- - --- - - - - -- - -- -- ------------necessity t~ nake the Orient al spirit , Or iental cul
ture , Orientel nor als known t o t he worl ct at ~ny cost ,
and ther eby t o ~ake the world r ecognize cl early tha t
the East exists . For t r.is ~urr~se , Ja~an f0r her
self nust r ealize a sta t e , a t the heod of ~ther s , es
tabl ishe~ by the J ?pnnese spi rit , J rranese Mor als ,
J aranese culture which r err esent the whol e Orient.
In 0ther wor ds , I believe JLran rms t do her utmost
t o nanifest her true char octcr, t o devel op ~£r pnwer
t o t ake the l eed , t o cultivate her nor al charecter ,
in the ncnifest otinn '1f the nor a l r rincipl es . In
sh'1rt, ?lthourh the worlf! situation is p.r ?ve , we do
not f eel discnura~ed . Today 's r~in i s to~orrow ' s
success . It is t he ra in of nountain-clinbin? . It
is the ~ P.in of an ovmer of a little sh0r in a back
str ee t struggling t o r.iake his way to t ho r?a in str eet.
Indeed , I bel~ve it i s the ~reet challenr e gr anted
our nation t o t eke o bold l car , a trial on 0ur way
t 0 the glorious future . There i s vr eat pl easure a f t er
r r cat pain . I think tha t it is odver so f ortune which
rn~kes a country ~roat .
"Now , J n ran , like i1t . Fuji t owering abrupt
ly in the sky ~bove the norn in:! mi s t, i s P1Fkinf a
displ ay of her ~apnificPnt beinf befor e t he whole
wor l d . It is y- r eciscly t he true f irure of the J ppan-
I
~I
I
~ .I
l
2
3
4
5
6
3~187
ese Empire. I feel that fresh pride , eMotion,
couras;e and rleasure rise up within r.ie when , inspired
by that figure, the singular r acie.l spirit is r e
vived in m~rself and I Make up "lY nind t o exalt the
virtue of the divine country.
11'1e ar e now standinf a t e. criticPl junc-
7 ture. This crisis is a trial sent by Heaven . The
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Emperor Meiji's ode stnt es , 'The courape of .the Yru!lato
spirit will reveal itself in cases of eJ:11er rency.'"
Thnt is nlso written on the screen.
11How renssurin{' w0 f eel when we encounter
the nurnberous instances of our peoi:.l e enhancing their
true sr irit s ince the outbrenk of the Hanchurian In
cident.
"My conpatriot s whor.:i I l ove and honor, I
beseech you t o r evive in your h~arts t he cournf eous ,
beautiful, and clear sririt which has been hended
dovm t o us from t he ti.Mo of the est~blishnent of our
country, end embr ac ing this sririt , l e t us show to
the world the spi rit '">f str iving onward which is the
characteristics of the Japanese r~ce. In or der to
r ealize a lPnd 0f reace v.nd a ut'>pi a , we Must have
sincerity, ardour and per sever ance as well ns rro
f ound self-realization.
11 ·1e Mil1 t ary nen r1ust Pl ways bec-r in nind
.
,;-----
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
- 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
l
3,188
the spirit of the Inporia l poem of t he Emper or Meij i
which roes e.s f ollows : ' Ther e is one who r i erced an
i r on t er rct , ther e is noth i nr which cannot be r ene
tret ed by the s ;- irit of YaMr. t o '. ,·.nd with t his s r i rit
hel d s ecred in our hearts , ue nr e det cr n incd t o serve
the .Ertirer or with P.n iron will throur h this cr isis. "
On the scr een is r ereet cd t he poe~ just
mentioned .
11Fir ends ! The Enpcr or He i j i c> lso says in
his I rnrerial orle , ' If wo concentrate all the efforts
of the thousands Pnd ~ill ions of our subjects, I an
sure ther e is nothinr which Ct'nnot be c~one ' "•
~".nd that i s c l so \Jri tten on the scr een ,
eventually.
"It is needl ess t o scy , tha t without waiting
f or the London Tines ' advice , we nus t s t rive onwards
w,i th decis ive steps , the whole nation united with
this one s r irit . Then the ePst ern sky uill be flood
ed with cel estial lir ht , end the future destiny of
Jaran , nay of the whol e Asia , will be gl oriously deve
l oped befor e us, and I fir mly believe t hat with Eur ope
r nd the United States , we cnn brinf P b~ut the ever
l as ting peace in the wh~le world .
"I will end ny speech f erv(;ntl y beseeching
all of you t o strive onw~rrl s united , end with perse
1' I
I
I
r--
•
3,189
verence , enthusiesm end sinc ~rity . (On the screen : l
' Litht comes f r 0n the East. ' 2
' Light comes f r om the Bas t .'" 3
Repeat ed sever a l times . 4
5
6
7
8
9
THE END.
THE PRESIDENT: Hr . Mcf!anus .,
MR . UcM.~1'!US : I shoul~ like t o call t o the
Court ' s a ttention that the picture started c t r eel
t wo . Reel one WR S not shown . S01"c ?-\)Mbers of the
10 Tr ibuna l saw r eel one . I don ' t know whether ynu nll
11 s een 1 t or not , but I vmult~ just like tha t not ed
12 end called to your Honor ' s ett ention.
l3 THE PRESIDENT; i:ttenpt was rl<-"K~c t o show us
r eel one , but it f e iled . I ~on ' t think Pny of us
obser ved anything excer t sonc shadows 0n the screen .
Perhaps you ar e sufres tinf thet All r~nbcrs of the
Tribunal have not seen or hear ct all of the evidence •
I do n~t shar e that view. Lt this stape ther e is
no nes i r e t o s ee r eel one .
Mr . Donihi .
MR. DONIHI : The def ense nay t ake the
witness .
1ffi . SUGi.'1/JU, : I PTJ SUG,;'-?iJ1i, , Yutek~, counsel
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 f or the rlefendP.nt IRiJ<I . Befor e r r ocee .inr. t o my
25 cross - examination, I should like to brinf t o the
- ~ --- ~- .. 3,190
·-- - ----------- --
l
2
3
4
6
Court's attention what it wnulct neAn t 0 0nit r eel
one of this pr esent r ic tur e . I woul~ like to s~y
tha t r eel one pr esent s the intr oduc t0ry r er:mrks
of the r r onucer of t he r icture , vnd because of
the f a ct t hat these intr oduct ory r e!1Prks have been
or.1i tted it i s not known wh'1 nede 0r wh'"> r r oc'!uced
7 this picture . I feel tt~t this nnission is quite
8 unfortunate , but tha t is not her e nor t her e now ,
9 and ther ef0r e I shall r r oceed with ny cross - exaninn-
10 t ion.
11
12
13
14
15
l6
• 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
;_.ia~---- - ------ :-:--_,
w h l
a 2 1 e n 3
& 4
D 5
u 6 d a 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
• L7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 ,191
NAKAI RECROSS
-------------------- --RECROSS-EXAMINATION
I BY hlRQ. SUGA.I/ARA:
Now , Mr . '.Vitness , was this picture made by
t he ~ainichi Shimbun?
A Yes .
Q Is it a picture made by t he ~ainichi Shimbun
as a means of propaganda based upon the speech -- one
of the speeches of Gener a l ARAKI?
A This picture was produced in t he year 1933 .
Not having been a sro ciated with t he production, I am
not acquainted with the detnils. However, as I under
stand, a recording was f irst mace of War Minister
ARAKI 1 s speech and the picture was pr oduced l a ter as
a picturization of his speech.
Q In consequence , the ltlninichi Shimbun i s solely
r esponsibl e for the production and the story of the
picture, and ARAKI only offered hi s speech ; isn't that
the case?
A Yes . But as the int er pretation of tha pic
ture was given by War Minister ARAKI and since the
picture wos previewed before him as well as by the
leaders of the V!ar Mi ni stry before it was made public,
I am sur e tha t '!ar Minister ARAKI and other 'Nar i:inistry
leaders approved of and aff irmed t his picture .
Q I am not asking you, Mr. •:11 t ness , your opinion.
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
• L7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
----. 3 ,192
NAKAI RECROSS
I just wanted to kno\'/ the background of the production
of this pictur e . It seems to us outsiders that General
ARAKI -- it seems as though General ARAKI is responsibl e
for the production of the picture because he is
constantly shovm in the picture while he is making a
speech.
THE PRESIDENT: That i s a s t atement .
I.ffi . SUGAWARA & But I should imagine that the
Tribunal knows that ARAKI is not re spons ible for the
pr oduction of the picture .
A In the title of the first r ee l of this pictur e
it is shown that the pr ess section of the VJar Ministry
super vised the p~oauction of the picture and , there
fore , naturall y this production is the responsibility
of the War Off ice ,
Q Although it was not shoVJn during the repre-
sentation, Mr . KIDO, Genr yo , the Chairman of the Bra rd
of Director s of the Mainichi Shimbun, gave a speech a t
the very outset of the picture .
THE MONITOR: Recommending this picture to
the public .
Q (Continuing) And the '.Jar Ministry also gave
a letter of recommendation to that picture . Now, Mr .
~itness , don ' t try to define the question of respon
sibility yourself , but only try to answer to my
-- - -,.~- ----- - -
~
<t
----=----"--- ----~- - --- - -
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3,193 NAKAI RECROSS
questions. Are you aware of the f act that t his picture
was produced immedintely after Japan's cessation from
the League of Nations?
A Yes .
Q I n those days Asia was in complete chaos . The
Manchurian Incident developed into a r eal war. The
League of Nat ions did not r ecognize this f actor and
sent in a report to that effect.
THE MONITOR: And moreover, Japanese people
at home were- -
Q (Continuing) Were useless ly excited over
that situation and· forgot to reflect upon themselves .
THE MONITOR: I s the witness awar e of this
f ac t?
THE PRESIDE~IT: You are not entitled to
address the Court under the guise of a question . It
is not for you to t ell the witness what the f acts are
or may be, but mer ely to ask him questions and to
assume nothing about the f ncts except so f nr as they
are already indicat ed .
To prevent that kind of thing for all time, I
will direct the witness not to answer that questionv
But you will be at liberty to put other questions.
Q The War Minister ARAKI ur ged the nation to
r etrospect concerning tha t state of affairs. ~hat do
----..--..--- ----- -~----
3,194
NAKAI RECROSS
l you think of that?
2 THE MONITOR: Correction: I believe that War
3 llinister ARAKI made a statement urging the people to
4 r eflect upon themselves . ·;/hat co you think of that?
5 A Yes . But at the s3me time , Genera l ARAKI at
6 that time wanted to l ift the sagging spirit of the
7 nation. However, at the same time he r egarded the }fan-
8 ohur ian Incident as a God-given opportunity , and in
9 that manner gave this incident n sort of myst ic inter-
10 pretntion. He furt her s::lid thnt it vms up to Japan to
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
)9
20
21
22
23
24
25
secur e peace in the Orient, and thnt for this purpose
Japan must r einforce its nationa l defense and i ncr ease
its nilitary preparations .
Q Wait a minute , Mr . ~itness, I ~ill ask you
other questions .
I can s ee from that picture tha t hRAKI sought
the bnsis f or r etrospect ion of the people in the
history.
THE PRESIDENT : You arc not at liberty to
tell the witness how you vicv1 the pictur e . You may
suggest to him tha t ho views it ln n. certain way or
you may ask him whether he does so . But do not tell him
what your knowledge or your beliefs are , or whnt vie\'1
you take about anything . Jus t nsccr t nin f rom him what
are his .
- -;- ~--- --
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
NAKAI
Q
A
Q
--3,195
RECROSS
Could I have your ans~er to my last question?
Yes . I think it i s ns· you have stated .
The history of J apan is based on justice, nnd
t his is nlso cl early shown in thi s pictur e , is it not?
THE PRESIDENT: '"/ell now , I cannot allow you
to put questions that way . I mnke ever~r allovmnce for
Japanese counsel. I nm most anxious to assist t hem.
But they must observe t he or dinary rul es . No wa iver
of the rules of evidence would warrant cou~sel in s t at
ing what thoy think nr e the f acts . The f acts must be
given by the witness and not stnted by counsel.
UR . SUGA"JARA: Your Honor, I am not stn ting
my opinion. I nm mere ly trying to get the opinion of
the witness ; thnt is, tho most important impressions
that the wit ness has got from thi s pic ture . And I nm
only trying t o n.ssi st him in doing so .
TdE PRESIDENT: I t hi nk you will succeed if
you put your f orm of question at t he b eginning and not
a t the end.
~ Mr. Witness , you stat ed -- you used the wor ds
"aggr ess ive" nnd " conquest" in speaking about tho
picture . To ~hich scone of the picture do you r ef er
to?
A In tho ninth r ee l of tho picture , General
ARAKI in the pic ture quot es from the Lon6on Times
--- -----~~ ~
.
r
1
2
I 3
4
5
6
7
~ 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
• 18 I 19 I 20
21
22
23
24
25
'
3,196
NAKAI RECROSS
a. -; 1 torinl nnd states t~~t even if J apan loses all her
material possess ions , still if she had her spiritual
unity Japaq could never be conquered; and further, tha t
if Japan proceeded with this spiritual unity of the
people the J apanese people had nothing to fe~r . In
the picture there appears a chert showing t he number
of military planes possessed by the world power s . In
the column r epresenting Japan ' s a ir power, t he figure
given is 600 planes . But this picture also shovJS t hnt
if the ~ap~nesa spirit is demonstrat ed t o the fullo st,
it shows the picture wher e J npnnese pl anes sweep away
the plane~ belonging t o the other milite.ry powers .
1.fo.s it not en ndc.ition made by the scenario writer ,
and the producer himself i s not r espons ible for it ,
is he?
THE ~ONITOR : Correction: The speaker himself
is not responsible , i s he?
A ~es . But the Mi nistry of War nor General
ARAKI hae shown no opposition t o this pictur e .
Q ~he stntemant to the effect thnt 600 plnnes
of Japan should sweep nw:J.y nll the pl:tnos in the whole
world ml·tl used just as nn cxnmple of spiri tue l power~
wasn 't it?
THE 110NITOR: Correction: The f~ct th1t 600
plnnes wer e used i n tho net of sweeping nll the pl 'Jnes
...... - -----:c ·- · ----.,. - -- --- ... - --
Ii
.
~
.
- - - ~
l
"' -3
r.
5
6
7
" "'
9
to
11
12
13
L4
• < l .J
l (>
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
2'1
25
I I
I
RECROSS
------ - - --of other powers away, was it not used as a sort of
a llegory or symbol nlthough tho speech by the
Minister does not ref er to the 600 planes?
Q (Continuing) One of the missions of the
3,197
Japanese Army is to protect t he way of the cour1try or
the virtue of t he nation. Didn ' t you get that impr es
s ion strongly?
A Yes , I did.
THE PRESIDENT: Counsel , you ar e asking the
witness f or his opinion, you know , of these things . I
do not think he should be nsked to give it . If you
objected to his giving his opinion we very likely
would uphold your obj ection. But you a r e o.sking for
his opinion and you ar e getting adver se r eplies.
This is a matter upon wh ich v;e need no ~ xpert
assistance. It is for us t o i nter pret th~t pictur e ,
subj ect, of course , to any specia l f eatures of a
technical character being expl ained by evidence .
Q Lastly, Mr. 'Iii tness , wer e you not strongly
impr essed by the l a st portion of the speech , in r1hich
he says thnt the world peace should be brought about
through a close cooperation vii th the United Sta tes and
Europe .
THE tmNITOR: Cor r ection; "Genuin~ r10rld
I I I ' I I
peace" instead of just "world peace ." I
~~~~---~~~~~-'
I
!
'
.
,.
~
- ---- - ~
1
2
3
f,
5
6
7
C' u
9
10
11
12
13
l'l
• ' l,.I
J \)
, -.. I
13
19
20
21
22
23
2'1
25
NAKAI RECROSS
of other powers away, was it not used as n sort of
allegory or symbol nlthough tho speech by the
Minis t er does not r efer to the 600 planes?
.. ,
.~ r
Q (Continuing) One of the missions of the
3,197
Jnpanese Army is to protect the way of the country or
the virtue of the nation. Didn 't you get thnt impr es
s ion strongly?
A Yes , I did .
THE PRESIDENT: Gounsol , you ar e asking the
witness for his opinion, you knov1, of these things . I
do not think he should be csked to give it . If you
objected to his giving his opinion we very likely
would uphold your objection. But you are ~sking for
his opini on and you are getting adver se r eplies.
This is a matter upon which v;e need no c xpert
assistance . It is for us to interpret th~t picture,
subject, of course, to any special f eatures of a
technical char acter being explained by evidence .
Q Lastly, Mr . ~itne ss , were you not strongly
impr essed by the l ast portion of the speech, in ~hich
ho says that the world peace should be brought about
through a close cooperation v1ith the United States and
Europe .
THE HO NIT OR : Correction: "Genuin2 world
peace" instead of just "world peace . "
11
Ir
I
rt
i1
1
.
1
3
3 ,198
NA~<AI RECROSS
------ ---- -THE PRESIDENT: The witness ' opinion upon
that is of no VQlue whatever to this Tribun~l, which
must f orm 1 ts ovm estim:itc from the v1or ds used by
Ge ner'll ARAKI . Honever, it is not f or the Tribunal to
I I l I 4
t ake objections; but they c3n t e ll you whQt t hey thi nk . I
6
7
8
9
MR . SUGAWARA: I just wanted to ask the wit
nes;s by what pn.rt of the picture he w.'ls most strongly
impressed.
THE PRESIDZIIT : No, we cannot -- r1e ll, there
lO is no objection taken to it . But I o.ss ure you thnt
l l the answer will not help us .
I:? Q Hhat do you thinlt is tho mos t import ~nt
l3 point which the speaker in tho picture wanted to
l4 expound?
THE PRESID~NT: Ther e , aga in, the ans\'1er will
JG not help. That speech has no technical f eatures . If
17 it has , will you suggest them to the witness? The
:. ~ Tribuno.l is qui to c n.pable of putting 1 ts o·;m construc-
lY tion on the words attributed in tha t picture to General
2d ARAKI .
21 MR. SUGA1.•JARA : Counse l mer e ly wished to n.sk
22 tho witness rri th r ef er ence to his r ef er ence to the
2:i, London Time s editorinl. But what I wished foremost to
2'1 drnw from tho wi tncss \7l\S v1hot hG thought to be the
25 purpose for the existence of the fupnnese Imperial
1
f:
.
•
•
.,
3
3,199 NAKA I RECROSS
,---·---· ·--- .. -I Army. As the picture itself explained , the army should
not gvt the contempt of the peopl e but should be loved
by t he peopl e nt l nrge, whe ther of Jap~n or other
countries , and such scenes as the soldiers helping the
5 f ~rmer out in his fie l d have been shown. Thnt i s ol l
6 that this counsel wanted to ask of the witnes s , whnt
7 his impress i ons wer e of these points ~hic h I f ee l to be
" u
10
I 1
the ma in poi nts which I think Gener ol ARt KI tried to
expound upon.
Q lily last questi on woulu bo this: ·;!hnt is your
impressi on , Mr . '"Ii tness, of whc t I hove just told the
I
I
Ii
12 President of the Court? ( 13
1·1
' " l ;•
t6
13
19
20
21
22
23
2'1
25
THE PRESIDEi'~T : r~o·;1, thnt question must not
be ansv1er ed.
This is n convenient break . Vic ::1 111 r ecess
nov1 until half past one .
( ~hereupon , ut 1200 , a r ecess was
t aken, )
. I
I
I
J j
l
... .. G r 3 e e 4
n '\ b e 6 r g 7
& s B 9 a r 10 t 0 II n . ..,
, .. • J
'., • I
" I \ )
2 1
I I
- 3 , 200
NAKAI RECROSS
AFTERNOON SESSION
MARSHAL OF THE COURT: The Interna tional
Military Tribunal for the Far East is now r esumed .
THE PRESIDENT: I s t her e an~r further
cross- examination?
Captain Kl e iman.
CAPTAIN KLEIMAN : This , may it please the
Tribunal, is in connection vd th the direct t estimony
given by this witness some time previously. Jus t
t wo ques tions .
K I M B E I N A K A I, r eca ll0d as a witness on
behalf of the prosecution, r esumed the stand
and t estified as follovJS :
RECROSS-3XAh.IN/~T ION.
BY CAPTAIN KLEIMAN:
Q Mr . Witness , i sn 't it a f oc t that after 1938 I until December 8, 1931 there was nn average of thtrty-
1 five hundred American films imported and shown i n
Japan?
A I do not r emember the accurate number. How-
2; ever, approximately , the number was that .
24 Q J\nd i sn't it a fact that following the China 1
25 Incident in 1937, cotion picture per sonnel and equip-
l
2
3
4
NAKA I RECROSS
ment wer e used in taking war pictures for the mili
tar y forces?
A It is a f act .
Q Isn 't that one of the main r easons why ther e
5 was a decrease of Japanese non- propaganda films after
6 the year 1938?
7 A I cannot gra sp the meaning of the question.
8 THE PRESIDENT: Just repeat it .
9 Q Following the China Incident in 1937, you
10 advise us that mnny of the picture personne l and
I J much of-the equipment wns used in the t aking of war
12 films for the milit nry forces . You nl so advi se us
I 3
l I
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
23
25
that ther e hnd been a decrease of J npanose non
propagnnda pr oduction after the l m-1 that you t csti-
f i ed about . VJasn ' t one of the main r easons for the
decrease of non- propaganda Japanese pi ctures the
f act that motion pictur e per sonne l and equipment
were used in the taking of films for the militnry
f orccs?
A
r eason .
I cannot say that that was the dircc1'
TEE MONITOR: It is not necessar i ly so .
CAPTA I N KLEI .iAN : No further cr oss - exami-
nntion , mny it please your Honor .
THE PRESILENT : Any f urther cr oss-
3 , 2C'l
'·
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
NAKAI RECROSS.
exaoination?
tm. LOGAN : Thnt i s all.
(¥/her eupon, the r1i tness was
excused. )
THE PRESIDENT: t lr. Donihi .
~.m . DONIHI: The pr osecution rlill not
3 )202
s exanine the witness further.
9 At this time Mr . Parkinson will pr esent
10 sooe matter s to the Tribunal.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
MR. PARKINSON: If the Tribunal pl ease , the
r equest which I am about to pr esent ! wish t o state
to the defense i s slightly differ ent than I had di s
cussed ni th thee resulting fror.i a di scussi on with
Mr . Keenan in the l ast f ew c1oments .
It was in t ended that the next witness called
by the prosecuti on should t estify i n each of three
phases as each phase pr esentod i tself . \'!e now a sk
if it is agreeable t o this Tribunal that that witness ,
while on the stand, be enabled to t es tify as to each
of the three phase s for which he was brought here .
THE PRESIDENT : You vmnt to avoi d calling
23 · hir.i three time s? 24
25 MR . PARKINSON: Yes , sir. It is intended to
examine thi s witness , Mr. Pov1ell , i n r ef erence t o t he
l I,
'
.
11
I
3,203
----- ------------------
1 Manchuri an Inc i dent, t hus concl uding t hat phase
2 THE PRESIDENT: With cal l i ng hi m once , you
3 want to gi ve hi s evidence i n three compartMents?
4 ~m . PARKINSON : If I understood your
s Honor cor r ectly , that would be t r ue . In connection
6 wi th tha t , we were desirous of havinf Ur . McKenzie
7 conduct a dir ect exami nation ,.,i th r elation t o the
8
9
Manchurian phase f ollowed by a cross - exanination -
THE PRESIDENT~ Then , having conplet ed one
10 phase , he would i t:mcdiately go on with the next?
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
MR. PARKINSON: Yes , sir, under exaraina~
tion by
THE PRESIDE~~T : V'hat does the defense say
about that?
ttr. Logan .
1m. LOGAN: If i t pl ease the Tribunal , thi s
has come to us r ather unexpectedly, but it has been
our contenti on right al ong , and the pr osecution hns
ser iously objected t o it , and t hat i s, when a witness
i s put on the s t and , hi s examination on di rect, hi s
information with r espect t o all t he f act s of the
case should be clearly stat0d and exhausted on direct
examination.
THE PJIBSID;,N~: Wel l , t o shorten t he mo.tter ,
do you object to three direct cx~ninations , or do
- 11 1
.
1
') I
.,
4
5
6
7
' 8 ....
9
10
I I
l .!
l~
14
•" L.)
16
17
I~
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
\
II
~~~=-,,,_--, ----~------~-------- --------------~ ,, 3 , 204
you ask for one only?
MR . LOGAN : With r espect t o this particular
witness , your Honor , r1c mus t object; we ' ve only r e
ceived one of hi s affidavits . And with r espect t o
the proposition of l aw ·.vhich I have jus t stated , I
am one hundred percent in f avor of that , but I have
t o t ake 1 t up 1:11 th sor.ic of my col leagues to find out
how the group as a whol e would fee l on that pr opo-
sition .
Th8 theory behind it i s this , your Honor :
That , if this mnn t alws the stand and t estifies to
one phase , and they intend t o use him on other
phases , it aay ve ry well be tha t on cross- examina
tion the s econd and third phase nay come into the
cros s- examina tion, and it certainly won ' t be condu
cive t o good , ord~rly pr ocedure f or the pr osecut i on
t o so pr oceed in thi s case .
THE PRESIDENT: I t could not be mor e
r.lixed than it would be if ther e m1s only one direct
examination.
MR . LOGAN : ''!ell, I don t t know of any
courts , your Honor, that would perr.iit a wi t nes s t o
be cal led three times and pcr r.iit three direct exanin
ations and three cr oss- exar.ii nations without special
l eave of tho Court under speci al c i r cunstances .
-
I
I J j
-
\
.. -~ ______________ ...:.._ ______ _ 1 THE PRESIDENT: I have never lmovm a Court
2 to o.llow it . But, on tho other hand, I have never
3 known a Court to be faced with a situati on like
4 this, nor you.
5 I think we have had enough argunent . I
6 think we can all appreciate the difficulties tha t 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
l7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
any arise fron one course or tho other. The Court,
by a oajority, thinks tha t ther e should be three
directs or that you should be allowed to examine hin
in three direct exaninati ons in .succession, each
direct exar.1ination t o be f ollormd by cross-exar.iino
tion and r eexanina tion.
Dr . KIYOSE , what do you wont to speak
about?
DR. KIYOSE : What do you mean by t he three
phases , please?
MR . PARKINSON: In thi s case , i f the Court
please , ther e is the Manchurian phase , ther e is that
phase dealing with milj.tary aggr ess i on in Chin~ , and
that phase dealing with the treatment of civilian
internees and prisoners of war.
DR. KIYOSE : I undcr s t cnd the intention of
the prosecution as far as the phase of tho ~nnchur
i on Inc ident i s concerned. However, we haven ' t
heard ye t the intention of the pr osecution as t o the
I
- -_, .. 1
I
.
~·-
l
2
I 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
te 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24 I
25
\
- -"-'----- ~
2,206
- --------··--- ·-
phase of the China Incident and that of the trca t
oent of civilians in China. It would be much be t ter
for us if they could t ell us beforehand wha t their
intentions are concerning those two phases .
THE MONITOR: Correc t i on : "Their intenti on"
should be corrected t o "wha t the witness is going t o
t estify. " We do know about wha t he i s going t o
t estify a bout in r egar d t o Manchuria , but we do not
know what he i s going t o t estify t o i n r egard t o
China aggression and the t r eat ment . Ther ef or e , it
would be mor e hel pful if we knew wha t ho Vlill t e s
tify, then f or the Court t o st art t aking evidence.
MR . PARKINSON : If your Honor pl ease , i t was
intended at this ooment tha t Col onel Morrow proceed
with his opening r emarks on the China phase i mmedi
ately f ollowed by the calling of Mr. Powell, the
witness.
THE PRESID!:NT : Ma j or Furness .
MR. FURNESS: I f t he Court please , if t her e
ar e t o be three separ ate direct examinations and
three cross-examinations , the def ense doesn ' t see
why those should not cor.1c up while the phase under
pr oof t o which they r el at e i s be i ng pr oved .
THE PRESIDENT : The decis i on s t ands . I am
not going t o deba t e it with you, Ha j or Furnes s .
--)Al
1
l
I
'
I
I
l
.
l
2
3
4
5
3, 207
---------------------Mn. FURNESS: I di dn't under stand that i t
was the decision that they nll three go on at once.
THE PRESIDENT : Yes , I sai d so.
,m. FURNESS: I think ther e Clay be -
THE PRESIDENT: You cannot debat e it . I
6 won 't allow you t o say anothe: r wor d with r espect to
7 that decision.
s Colonel Morrow,
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
COLONEL MORRO\'': I f the Court pl ease , the
subject I am concerned with is ''All China Mili t nry
Aggr ession.
"The subject which .1y associates and I vlill
present cover s military aggr essi on i n all China,
except Manchuria, consisting in pl anned warlike
attack and invasi on f or conquest and plunder by
means of modern ar~ie s, naval and air f orces .
"The evidence which we shall pr esent wi l l
show the foll owing:"
THE PRESIDDNT: Just a moment, Colonel
Morrow. Aren 't you going to fini sh the Manchnrinn
phase first?
COLONEL MORnOW: I under stand --
THE PRESIDENT: Pl ease. You wil l mix up
thG r ecord if you do mor e than it need be .
rm. McKENZIE: If the Tribunal pl ease , I
\
I I
I
I I
i J
!
I
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
~ 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
~ , 208
desire to call as a witn~ ss John B. Pow0ll.
- ----- ..
.
w 0 l 1 f 2
& 3
s 4 p
5 r a
6 t t 7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
~ 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
I
I
- - -
3 , 209
POWELL DIRECT
--------- --------- --J 0 H N B. P 0 WE L L , called as a wi tness
on behalf of the prosecution, being fi rst duly
sworn, testi~ied as follows:
DIRECT EXAMINATION
BY MR. McKENZIE :
Q ~ill you state your full name, please?
A My name is John B. Powell, P-o-w-e-1-1,
Powell.
Q V'here do you live?
A I am a native of the State of Missouri, but
I now live in New York.
Q Have you ever lived in China?
A I lived in China, in Shanghai, from 1917,
almost continuously, until about May, 1942, f ollowing
Pearl Harbor.
Q What was your business there?
A I was engaged throughout the period in news
paper editorial work and in correspoP.dence work for
American and British newspapers.
Q Have you ever been in Manchuria?
A Yes, in the course of newspaper work, I
made several trips to tianchur ia . My first trip to
Manchuria was with a Congressional Delegation - - I
t hink back in 1923.
Q Did you visit Manchuria in 1931?
~l
I I
I ~
I
I
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
~ 17
18
19
20
2J
22
23
24
25
3 ' ?.10
POWELL DIRECT
-- --·-------·---------A Yes, in 1929 and also in '31 .
Q What was the occasi on of your visi t t here i n
1931?
A I went to Manchuria in 1931 to cover t he so
called Manchurian Incident for my own paper, the
China ¥'eekly Review in Shanghai,and for t wo other
newspapers .
Q What were t hese other papers? .
A The American papera'was the Chicago Tribune,
and the British paper, the Manchester Guardian .
Q When did you leave for Manchuria i n 1931?
A Why on the fi r s t boat I could ge t; I think
it was the next day aft er the Incident.
Q Did you go alone?
A No . There were a number of correspondents
on the boat -- British, American, and, as I r emember
now, two or three Europe~ correspondents, and several
Chinese correspondents quite a group.
Q Where did you go first?
A Well, our ship landed at Dairen, and I think
we took the night train immediately after landing for
Mukden, which was the scene of the trouble, of c0urse .
Q Do you r acal l when you arrived in r4ukden?
A We arrived in Mukden in the morning; I t hink
it must have been about t he 23rd .
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
"' 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 , 211
POV.'ELL DIRECT
------ ----- --- ---·------- - -----Q Of what month?
A Of Sentember, 1931, immediately after the
so- called Incident .
Q What was the cond i tion of Mukden when you
arrived there?
A Japanese soldiers wer e in complete occu
pation of the city .
Q Do you know anything about the civil govern-
ment?
A Well, t he Japanese Army had created a sor t
of temporary administration there . I understand Mr.
DOHIHARA, then Colonel I believe, or Major DOHIHARA,
was Acting Mayor of the City.
Q What was the first thing you did after
arriving in Mukden?
A I think most - - I know that I did most
correspondents went to t he Yamato Hotel, a Japanese
hotel within the Japanese city within the so-called
rail way zone, and we obtained rooms t here. I think
the next morning I probably~1"tnt ~o the American
Consulate - - that is the usual procedure , so they
will know wher e you are if you get any inquiries
from your home of fice or get telegrams. In my
case I went to the American Consulate.
Q Did you visit any military headquarters;
- ~
.
l
2
I 3
4
5
6
7
8 .. 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 , ?12
POWELL DIRECT
and if so, whose?
A The J apanese ?·iili tary Headquarters was es
t ablished in the square within the Japanese Con
cession, jus t opposite our hotel. General HON JO was
in charge . We called at his office and established
connection, particularly with the Japanese spokesman,
Ea j or DOHIHARA, whom most of us knew - - had known
previously •
Q Describe , please , your visit to General
HONJO's headquarters.
A Well, I think upon t he first visit t o the
General's headquarters t he mos t noticeable thing was
a pile of wr eckage , apparent ly frow a r a ilway, in the
hall just outside his of f ice . There was a section of
r ail that was -- r ather one end of it -- r ather
shattered. There was some iron pla t es -- fish plat es,
I think they call t hem -- wher e the r ails 't'E.d been
joined . There was some bent spikes and sections of
some shattered cross-ties, wooden ties. They wer e
piled up in the corridor just outside the office .
Q Was ther e anything else t hot happened there?
A v.rell, as I r emember ., we wer e told t hat this
r epr esented the wreckage , an explos i on that had t aken
place on t he r ailroad t he night of September 18 .
Q ~ere you given any other i nfor mation or
-~ I
I;
I
'
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
JS
16
~ 17
1 !:>
t9
20
21
22
23
24
25
? , 213
POVJELL DIRECT
- --- - ---- --- ---------··
anything else at that time?
A We were shown pictures of this material that
had been t aken; also pictures of the section of track
wher e this had taken place, out in the country on a
curve a few mil es outside Mukden.
Q 1!1ere you given any pictures at that tirr.e?
A I don't r emember that we were provtded --
I suppose we could have had them for the asking, but
the pictures were shown everyone in order t o , I sup
pose, fix in our minds the loc ation and the statement
as to what ha<l occurred on tha t occasion.
Q You say this materi al was o.11 gathered in
the corridor outside Gener al HONJO's office?
A Yes .
Q Did you visit the scene of the alleged ex-
plosion?
A Yes , o. short time after wards we were taken -
I should say all the correspond ents there were taken
out to see the plo.ce wher e this hnd occurred . We
were taken in a notor car to the nearest point and
walked across the fields, the Kaoliang fields,
to where the so- called explosion had t aken place .
Q Will you describe what you so.w t here , please?
A ~·Jell, we -- the wreckage had all been cleared
up, and there was a new rnil on the outside of the
------ ------------ ------------
-~- ---- ___._ .. _ ....
~ I
.
2
- ,
3 , 214 POV'ELL DIRECT
- - ----·-------------- - -- -··----------
curve, and I think two new tires hed been put in.
That we could s ee quite easily.
Q Did you exami ne t he r oadbed?
A Yes, we examined it r nther car efully. We .I
5 walked up and down the path al ongside the right of
6 way, nnd whatever damage had been creat ed by t he
7 explosion had certainly been r ectified, because thore
8 was no evidence of it . Everything was shipshape. The
9 ballast, if it had been disturbed, had been put back
10 in place.
ll
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Q What else , if anything , did you observe
there?
A There were bodies of three Chinese soldiers
lying in the pa thway alongs ide the track, I should s~y
within a distance of fifty to one hundred yards fr om
the scene of the expl osion.
Q Will you continue your answer if you hadn't
completed it, pleas e?
A These bodies were lying on the pathway along
side the track, and ther e our attention was called t o
the f act that their heads were pointing away from the
Incident as though they had been running. These
bodies had been surrounded by little piles of ties and
n heavy piece of corrogat ed iron put on top to preserve
them, apparently. They hnd been -- the bodies were
II
I I
ti
J
I I
.
•
') ')1 h - 3 3 , 215
2
3
4
POWELL DIRECT
--·----. ·---·---
lying there . I r emember a group of correspondents
who -- one of the corresponden~s examined one of tm
bodies end told us that he didn't s ee any evidence
of blood; but these bodies wer e kept ther e f or quite
5 awhile . I made another trip l a t er with another
6 correspondent who came up l o. t er. \'le went out ther e ;
7 the bodies wer e still ther e . They were kep t there for
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
I S
19
20
2 1
22
23
25
quite a long period •
Q Ar e you acquainted with Ben Dorfman?
A Yes . Mr. Dorfman was a research student, &
gradu~te studGnt 'of ·the Ur..lvor si t y of California , who
had been in annchuria f or s ever a l weeks investigating
some economic problem upon which he was basing his
Ph. D. Degree. Dorfman is now connect ed with the
United States Tariff Comnis s i on in \'Tashin~ton, D. c., but he was t aken on by t he Lytton Commission ~nd spent
s ever al weeks investi gating this Hanchurian Incident -- 1
that is, the actual explosion on the track .
Q Did you make an independent investigotion of
your own of the alleged expl osion?
A Only fr om the standpoint of wha t I could see
at t hat time. I didn 1 t go i~to it ns thoroughly .
I was in contact with ~:r , Dorfman~ who even went t o
the extent of interviewing r a i lVTuy conductors and
brakeman who wer e on the trcin that allegedly pas sed
---------'
I
I
I
I I. I
-~- - -
2
3
4
-
POWELL DIRECT
lying there . I r emember a group of correspondents
who -- one of t he correspond ents exami ned one of tte
bodies end t old us t ha. t he didn 't s ee any evidence
of blood ; but these bodi es were kept ther e for quite
5 awhile. I made another trip later with another
6 correspondent who came up l~ t er. \'le went out ther e ;
7 the bodies wer e still ther e . They were kep t ther e for
8 quite a long period .
9
10
11
l2
13
14
I 5
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
Q Ar e you acquainted with Ben Dorfman?
A Yes . Mr. Dorfman was n r esearch student, a
gradu~te s t ud6Ilt ·of ·toe U~lvor sity of California, who
had been in annchuria for sever a l weeks investigating
s ome economic pr oblere upon which he was basing his
Ph. D. Degree. Dorfman i s now connect ed wi th the
Unit9d States Tariff Comnis s i on in V'ashin~ton, D. c. , but he was t aken on by t he Lytton Commission ~nd spent
s ever al weeks investigating this Manchurian Incident -- 1
that is, the actual explosion on the track.
Q Did you make an independent investi gati on of
your own of tho alleged explosion?
A Only fr om the standpoint of whut I could see
at t hat time . I didn 1 t go i:ito it ns thor oughly .
I was in contact with ~1r, Dorfman~ who even went t o
the extent of interviewing r a ilway conductors and
brakeman who wer e on the trein that allegedly passed
I I
I
i
I
-~- . I
.
•
/
3 ,216
POWELL DIRECT
- ·-------------·------- --
t
4
over this Incident t wenty minutes aft er it had oc
curred -- over t his space -- according t o the r ail
way timetable.
Q Did you find any pictures of t he r:ukden
5 Incident f or sale when you arrived ther e?
6 A Yes, I made a search of phot ogr aph shops
7 und -- well, any kind of a shop wher e pictures were
s exhibited·-- I found l arge numbers of pictures of
9 groups of Japanese men in civilian clothes carrying
10 rifles and wearing arm-bands . I collected qui t e a
11 number of these pictures, which wer e -- they wer e
12 printed in my paper in Shanghai; also printed, as
L3 I r emember, in the Chicago Tri bune .
14
15
16
17
ts I
J9 I 20 I
21 ~ 22 I 23
25
Q Did you make any investigati on concerning
these pictures?
A Yes, I was -- I t ook these pictures , as I
r emember it, t o the /Lmerican Consulat e t o get t te
transla tor there t o tr anslat e t he inscriptions on
the arm-bands, ~nd t o find nn expl anation of it. I
mi ght say tha t the consul in charge in Mukden at t hat
time was Mr. John Carter Vincent, who is now Chairman
of t he Far Eastern Division in V/ashington, D. c., at
the pres ent time .
1
I
-~
I
--~~~-____).' I
G 1 0 l 2 d b 3 e r 4 g
5 &
6 A b 7 r a 8 • m 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
-3, 21?
POWELL DIRECT
~ \'lh "l t did you find thf' i nscription meant?
A These i nsc riptions indica ted th~ t these men
wer e r 0s €rvists , and people ~ t t he Consul3t e and ~ lso
f or e igners who r esided -- who were r F>s i di ng i n Mukd en
nt th~t tima t old us tha t f or sever al days prior to
the so - cnllcd "llukdeh Incident" t he r e h:)d been l ~rre
numbers of tourist. s•-mnle t ourists on the stree ts in
Mukd en for two or three dnys prior t o the Incident .
0 Did you send tht s story to your papers bas ed
on this informntion?
A Yes , and 'l f ew hours ?f t er t he a ppe3r ance of
the Sh~nghni r.ewsp~pers , they dis qppe~rcd of f the
stree ts of Mukden and out of the ~ ~uJrden shops . Ther e
wer~ no more obt~in "lble ther e .
Q What was it dis nppe3r ed , ~r. Powell?
A These picture s, I should sa y .
q Now, do vou know Kend ~ll Graham?
A Mr . Kendall Graham w-is the As sistnnt Mnnager
of the Stnnd ~rd Oil Comp~ny in I~kd cn ot t he t i me of
the Inc ident. He hnd been the r e some time pr eviously,
h~d been es t ablished in Shnngha i .
Q Wha t, if anything, did you do vii th him?
A Gr1ham took me i n his c ~r p"ls t the J qp1n0se
Uj.lit~ry Compound in Mukd <:?n , A l ll r ge a r ea , prob~bly t wo
blocks squar e f enced with corrug ~ ted iron .
.
3,?18
PO'"IELL DIRECT
Q Well, did you see anything else ?
2 A Why , Grahnm stopped his ca r ll t n plac8 wher e
3 we could, stcnding on the fender , could loo~ ove r
4 the f ence . He call ed my a tt0ntion t o t wo l3rge bu!ld-
5 ings in t he compound . They looked like b~rns enti r ely
6 covered with corruE~ tAd iron. The thing thqt attr1cted
7 our ~ttention, attrRcted my 1tt0ntion, he s1id th~ t he
8 h~d seen this befo r e since he hnd been going by there
9 all the time . But tho ~nds of these b1rns or buildings
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
had been opened up , but the g~ble p~rt above the door
was sh~ttered, long strips of this corrugAtcd iron blown
out wrapped out gr ound the top of the building a s though 1
a he1vy exploston h~d t~Y.en place inside.
Graham told me thnt those bu~ldings had housed
tha heavy guns or howitzers which the peopl e of 1fu~den
had heard on t he night of the occupntion, but no one
h~d been able t o see on the stree ts the next d~y . Thvse
buildings h~d hous ed hcnvy guns whlch h~d been brought
in as mining equipment according to the story he h3d
hear d.
0 Wer e ther e nny press rules th~t you hnd to
observe in Jap1nese t erritory?
A Well, we had to follow the usu1l procedure of
depositing our press ca rds ~ t the t~legrnph office which 1
I is connect~d with the pos t office . But, 4t l east at
I
.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
J 5
16
~ 17
18
19
20
2 1
22
23
:!4
25
\
PO'-:ELL DIREC T
·---· ---- -- ---·---- ----
Q Well, did you see anythi ng e l se?
A Why, Grahnm stopped his car ot n place wher e
we could, s t anding on the fender, could loo~ over
the f ence . He call ed my ntt0nticn t o two l3rge bui ld
ings in t he compound . They l ooked like b~rns entirely
covered with c orruf~ tAd iron. The thing thit attr~ cted
our ~t tention, at tr~cted my ~ttcntion, he s: id th~t he
h~d seen this bofore sinc e he hnd been going by t her e
all the time . But tho ~nds of these b1rns or buildings
had been opened up, but th~ g~ble pnrt above the door
was shqtter ed, long strips of this corrugAted i r on hlown
out wrapped out ar ound t he top of the building ns
s he:vy explos ton h~d t~ken plnce inside .
though 1 I
Graham told me thnt those bu~ ld ings hnd housed
the heavy guns or howitze rs which the peopl e of !fu~den
had hear d on t he night of t he occup~ tion, but no one
h~d been able t o see on t he s tree ts the next dn.y . Thvse
buildings had housed hc~vy guns whtch had been brought
in as mining equipment according to the s t ory he h3d
heard.
0 Wer e ther e nny press rules thr t you hnd to
obse rve in J ap:nese t erritory?
A '11ell, ·11e had to follow the usu1l procedur e of
deposi ting our pr e ss cs rds ~t the t olegr 1ph office which
i s connect&d wi t h the pos t office . But , 4t l east a t
~-------
I
'
'
:,
I
I
/
--3, 219
2
3
P01'TELL DIRECT
the beginning , there was very little intcrfe r 0nce with
the work of the correspondents . L~ter, however, th\ ~
we gere somewhat r estricted ~nd were followed by gen-
4 d ~ rmerie agents who would follow us in a car, usunlly
5 whenever we mAde any trips. This becqme r~ the r tiresome
6 and on one occasion I once compl3lncd to the J np1nese
7 Consulate nbout it . I think Mr. MORISHIEA who w3s
8 here the other day was Consul Gener a l a t that time .
9 Mr. MORISHH1A, I r emember, on thnt occ.:i sion assured
10 me thnt I hAd nothing to fenr from this man, thnt
11 r ea lly he wqs protec ting me from sorn~one else who
12 might caus0 me grea t harm he sa id .
13
14
J 5
16
17
lS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Q How long did you let your press cards r c;mP.in
at the t el egr aph office?
A Well, the custom is to lc1vc your press card
at the t elegraph offi ce until you t1kc a trip to
nnothcr place . Then you call and get your c~rd nnd
t ake it to the new place, then d0posit it . That is
your authori ty to any messages t o your newspaper .
Tha t ls a wel l-known custom.
Q Did anything unusuql ever occur when you
picYcd up your pr ess card a t t hn t time?
A Yes . On one occrsi on we were making a trip
to Harbin in N,.. rth I~anchuria and I went up wi t h another
man to get our pr ess cards and as we were leaving the
-- ------------
~ ""
/
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
22
3 , 220
PO'"IELL DIRECT
·- ----·---- ---
building , a clerk followed me outside and told me t hat
he had handled all of my messages and that he generally
approved of v1hat I had sent. But, he said, "You rrust
be very_ careful . Someone May ki ll you . That was the
statement he made .
Q Did you learn of any drastic or inhurrane tac
tics e~ployed by the Japane se to~ards the i nhabitants
of Manchuria?
A There were stories i n circulation from Chinese
sources of vjllages being wiped out in retaliation
f or harboring so- called "guerri l l as " or "bandits."
Those stories we re constantly in circulation. I person-
ally did not see any of that, but I heard of it .
Q Did you report any of the se s t ories or pr int
any of them in vour paper , The China Weekly Review?
A One such story v1hi ch was \Videly printed and
r eported concerned the killing of some three thousand
villagers, some village i n Hanchuria which had a llegedly
harbored guerrillas or native forces, and the story
was to the effect that the inhabitants of this village
had been taken outside to the edge of a gully and
machine gunned, and their bodies pushed over into the
23 1 gully . I remember reportinr that story , giving the
24 source which was a Chinese source, of cour se.
25 Q Was that s tory printed --
--
. ;
/
3 , 221
---- - ---
THE PRESIDENT: Nothing but well authentica ted
2 accounts v1 i ll be -,.,orthwhile, you know that .
3 We recess now for fifteen minutes .
4 (Whereupon, at 1445 , a recess ·.vas t aken
5 until 1500 , after which the proceedings were
6 resumed as foll ows :)
7
8
9
. 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
• l7
lS
19
20
2 1
22
23
24
25
II
II
I!
. /
-··-
I1l 0 r
2 s e 3
e. 4
A 5 b r 6 a m 7
s 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
lS
l9
20
21
22
23
24
25
3 ' )'"t') , • -C.. C..
POV/ELL DIRECT
------------ - - - ------- ------·--MARSHAL OF THE COURT : The International
I hlilitary Tribunal f or the Far East is now r esumed .
MR . McKENZIE : In connect ion with the
President 's remarks jus t prior t o r ecess, I believe
the next two or t hree questi ons will clear t hat matter
up .
THE PRESIDENT: Apart altogether from the
r eference to atrocities, this witness has given a
number of details v1hich might have led· so!llewhere but
which amounted to no thing .
BY MR . 1icKENZIE (Continued ) :
Q What , if any , attempt did you make to in
vestigate or verify that s t ory?
A The pl ace where t his particular incident had
occurred was a long distance fr om f.lukden and in an
occupied area where i t wa s imposs i ble f or any foreigner
to travel at that time, but t his particular s tory, as
well as others of a similar nature , not only were
r eported from Chinese sources but also by mission-
aries.
\t Vas this story r ela ting to the 3 ,ooo victims
published in any of the papers, and if so which one?
J.. Yes . This s t ory was carried by the news
services and was widely printed in the United States .
There was an i nter esting development in connection
J I
--
/
l
2
3
4
5
3,223 POWELL DIRECT
. --- --- . ·------with the story as it a?peared in the Chicago Tribune
because the Japanese Consul General, ·whose off ice was
in our building, called on t he editor the following
day and protested at the publication of this stor y .
MR . BROOKS: If the Tribunal please, I want
6 to object at this time . I don ' t believe the publica-
7 tion in the papers would add any more credibility
8 than the man ,.,ho is tes t ifying as t o nhat he heard .
9 It is getting more remote every minute .
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2 1
22
23
24
25 I
THE PRES IDEKT: On the contrary, it was
published in the newspapers and gave an opportunity
to the Japanese to contradict it .
AIR . McKENZIE: I believe t he completion of
the answer will show the probative value of it, if
the Tribunal please .
THE PRESIDENT: I r epeat , we insist on having
authentic accounts .
WR . McKENZIE: May the witness be per mitted
to compl ete his answer , if the Tribunal please?
THE PhESIDENT: We have to trust you to that
extent .
THE · ·11TI!ES~: : In t his case , the editor asked
the Consul Genera l to i'ind out exactly \·1hat did hap
pen in t his particular case where i t was alleged
'~J:panese soldiers had killed 3,ooo villagers. Some
'
~ I
I
.
, ,.
----- '-,
3 , 224 ~l
l
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
POWELL DIRECT
days later the Chicago Tribune printed an interview
with the Japanese Consul Gener al on the f r ont pace ,
the heading of whi ch said, "No massacre; only 3,000
killed -- only 300 killed . "
THE PRESIDE1~T: You understand, t he world
hear d these allegations . We are here '; o get the
e71dence that supports the al legat i ons and you are
giving us the allegations over again .
llffi . McKEN~IE: It was my belief t hat the
statement of the Japanese Consul explaining it would
11 make the original statemant of some value, at l eas t
12 to the extent of 300, if not the 3,000 .
13 THE PRESIDE~T: Have you taken the t rouble
14 to get the newspaper?
l S MR . It:cKENZIE : That is the next question, if
16 t he Court please .
17
18
Q Did you receive these newspapers, Mr . Powell?
We have always kept a compl ete fil e of all
19 the papers in our files in Shanghai .
20
21
22
23
24
25
Q. Did you receive the particul ar papers to
which you have just r eferred?
A Yes .
Q What became of them?
A All of our fil es were l ooted on the morn-
ing of Pearl Harbor in Shanghai .
- ------
f
I:
I
,J .
.
1-I
I
2
3 I
" 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
L9
20
21
22
23
24
3 , 225
POWELL DIRECT
----··--
Q And you haven ' t seen your papers or any of
your files since that time?
A I haven ' t seen the inside of my office since
the morning of Pearl Harbo~ about four o'clock on the
morning of Pearl Harbor .
Q Going back for a moment to t he tourists t hat
you described on the streets at .Mukden , do you know
their nationality?
A Well , the so- called tourists were --
MR. WARHEN : If tha Tribunal please , it is
clear that he intends to abandon his previous line of
~ue stioning . We should like to have t he name of the
village and the place it occurred and the approximate
date of the so- called the all eged stor y in the
Chicage Tribune so tha t the defense may trace its
authenticity.
THE PRESIDENT : I think you ought to get
the newspapers, Judge McKenzie . There must be other
copies besides t hose t hat the witness possessed and
which were destroyed .
J\lH. McKENZIE : I might say, if the Tribunal
please , thjs thing came up at a l ate date in the
preparation of our case and there wasn 't time to
attempt to get t hem from Chicago . I shall be glad
25 I to andeavor to do that . , __
--- - -
)
I
l
it
.. ..:'. .
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
' 17
18
L9
20
21
22
23
24
25
\_
- - - -
3 ,226 PO VIE LL DIRECT
THE PRESIDENT: We want the best evidence , and
we von ' t t ake mere all egations .
Q Going to the question before, I will ask it
agal.n: Referring now to the male tourists on the
streets of Mukden, do you know t heir nationality, and ,
if so , what was it?
.&ffi . LOGAN: I object to that , your Ironer .
It clearly aµpears from his pr evious t estimony that
this witness wa s not in Mukden at the time these
tourists wer e t here .
THE PRESIDENT: I r egret I v.ras talking to
a Member of the Court ·11hen you put your question.
You might r epeat it for my benefit .
11R . McKENlIE : The question was : with
reference to the male tourists that you testified
were seen on the streets of Mukden, can you tell us
their national ity?
THE PRESIDENT: Well, he only heard they
were there and I suppose he only hear d what their
nationality was , but we are to.king hearsay for v1hat
it is worth.
A
MR . McKENZIE : You may ansv1er , pl ease .
The tourists were Japanese . The evidence
I didn ' t see them but I must have collected at l east
a dozen pictures of them and the evidence was
-
;1
l
'I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
- .~ j
.
DIRECT
1 obta inable from a large number , say ut l east 200,
2 American and British internationa l r esidents, includ-
3 ing ".!onsuls who v1ere living in Mukden at tha t time, a
4 gr eat many of Hhom we saw in connection wit h our
5 investigation.
6
7
Q
A
Are you a cquaint ed with Mr . Yuan Chin- Kai?
Yuan Chi n-Kai wa s a well knovm Chinese resi -
S dent of Nukden a t the time and was being pressed to
9 accept a position in the tcmporar r government which
lO the Japanese were trying to set up immedio.tely after
ll
12
13
l If
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
- - - ··-------
the Mukden Incident . I saw Mr. Yuan Chin-Kai on two
or three occasions , on one occasion in the presence of
Mr . Farrar, the Spanish Consul General formerly
stationed i n Yokohama, who was a ssigned by the League
of I\ations to make the trip to Hukden to make t he
initia l investigation of t he Mukden Incident . On
another occasion, I saw this Chinese gentl eman in
company vii th A·ir . Rowell, Chest er Rowell of San
Francisco, who was the r epresent a tive in Mukden of
t he American Branch of the Institute of Pacific
Rel a tions which also sent a man to ~iukden to make e.n
investigation.
·~ -
,I
11
' ~ I
.
w h l
a 1
"l ... e
3 n
& 4
D 5
u 6 d a 7
¢;) 8
9
10
11
12
13
l4
i '.5
16
17
!S
l $>
2U
21
22
23
24
25
\
._ w _wwwz
3 ,228
P01."/ELL DIRECT
Q Do you know what position if nny Yuan Chin-Kai
he ld in Mukden a t th3t time?
A I think he was e member of the Feng-Tien
Provinei~l Government .
On both occasions when we interviewed t !1is
man we h~d to go to a secret r endezvous to see him.
Compl ete report s of our interview ~ere sent to the
League of Nations through th0 Spani sh Consul Gener al
at tha t time .
Q Did you discuss nit h him hi s r e l ations with
the J apanese?
A The intervie~ consisted of ~ description of
wh3t had t c:1ken pl ace in Mukden on the night of the
18th of September, a.rn:: the pr es sure r!hich had been
brou~ht on him to accept a position in th~ t amporary
government which the J ap!lncse ··.,ere t r ying to set up in
Mukden at that time .
Q What if anything wo.s sa id about seeking inde
pendence from Chino.?
A His obj ect ~n s to emphns ize to us not only
~.,ho t hnd happened, but tha.t who.t measures ho had t c:1ken
hnd been in the inter est of the peopl e of !lukden, the
Chinese people, r1ho wor e in a sorlous pr edicament o.s n
r esult of ·1hnt had happened .
Q Do you knov1 by whom ha ·:ms succeeded in off ice?
·- r,.
I
I
!
I
I
Ii
,,
11,
_I I
3 ,229
POWELL DIR.i:CT
·---- -----------
A I cun ' t think of tho man ' s name . 'Je at t ended
the inauguration of th~ man who t ook tho job r1hich rms
~ off er ed to this gentleman, Mr . Yu.:m . I can ' t think of ' 4 his name offhand .
Q Was ther e anything unusual occurred a t th~t
6 inauguration, or can you t ell us anything about tho man
7 gho succeeded?
8 A This man had been under d8t ention and ·.vns in
9 a nervous, wer..kened condition ot t his so- called ina ugu-
10 ration. I r emember thnt he ~ 'ls l ed i nto the room by a
11
. ') ....
!3
i.5
!(
17
I <)
20
2 1
J:tp[-tnes0 in military uniform, and that he stood back
of a sofa ;vith his hand on tho back of the sofa , and he
seemed to be steadying himself bec'luse he \'Io s very weak.
Dur i ng the course of the interview n J apanese photo
grapher took a flashlight picture ~nc this gentlem~n
nenrly f ainted at the time , he W'\S in such a ~e3kened
condition. He had been under det ention for quite a
l ong period.
Q
A
Did you know Gener al Mn Cho.n- Shnn?
General Ma Chan- Sh3n rr:s t he commander of the
Chinese troops in North Ecnchuria . The Chinese troops
in South ge.nchuria under the dir ect command of young 23 The expl o- •
I Mar shnl Chang Hsueh-Li~ng hnd not r esisted.
na tion alrmys wns th~t Chang Hsueh- Li ang and the Chinese l 24
25 administrators in the ffiukden Gov0rnment had been
.
1
"> ..
.. , 4
'j
6
7 , 8
9
lO
11
12
13
14 ' i5
16
17
13
19
2u
2 1
22
23
24
25
3, 230
PO\"IELL DIRECT
advised by both the British and American Governments
not to resist, that the Manchurian case would go to
the League ; Chlna would get justice at Geneva •
Q Did you interview General Ma Chan-Shan?
A Yes .
Q ·;/here?
A On two occasions; once at the northern town
of Tsitsihar which is t he capitol of Hei Lung-Kiang
Province, the most northern province of l\lanchuria .
Q What became of his army, if you know, after
his defeat at Nonne River Bridge?
A This interview tgok place aft e r the batt l e of
the Nonne River in which the Chinese t r oops had repulseQ
the Japanese and had delayed their advance by burning
n bridge . While the bridge wns under r epair Ma suc
ceeded in getting most of his troops out and across the
Chinese Eastern Railway, which was within the Russian
Zone in North Manchuria , up to the t own of Tsitsihar
which is the metropol is of tha t norther n area . It was
in thi s place that we interviewed him.
Q
A
Wher e did he go from Ts itsihar, if you know?
He withdrew his troops to the north into the
f or est of the Hsing-An mountain chain , which is an
isolated ar ea untouched by railroads or motor r oads ,
leading in the direction of the frontier city of Aigan
l
I I
'" I
I
I
.
1
2
3 I
4
'i
6
7
~ 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
•C lj
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
2'1
25
\
3,231
POl.:ELL DIRECT
which is on the Amur River directly opposite the Rus
sian town of Blagovestchensk.
Q What happened then , if anything?
A It •:ms at ~his point thJ t qenera l DOHIHARA ,
been active in Chinese political affair s in
Manchuria and elsewhere in Chine for many years, entered
the picture of North Manchuria, which, as I stat ed be
fore, was within the Russian 1one .
who ha6
I.ffi . '.'·!ARREN: If the Tribuna l please, ·we shoul d
l ike to object to this line of questioning , or questi on
this wit ness any further, until first it is establ ished
whether this man is testifying from rumors he had r e
ceived as a newspaper man, or whether it is from hear
say th2t he himsel f received from some source that
should have known . In other woras , ·.•1e h<lve no objection ; I to hearsay.
THE PR3SIDEi.JT: You ar e entitled to know the
name of his informant . Obj ection upheld .
Q Wher e did you obtain t his information with
ref erence to Gener al DOHIHARA?
A The succeeding developments in connection
with General DOHIHARA were widely r eprinted in I should
say all of the newspapers in Manchuria . They wer e a l so
printed in the newspaper s of Japan. They were printed
in the nerys,epers of Shangh~ i, and were the subject of
It
II
11
11
.
I
'
I
'I
1
2
;\
4
5
6
7
r, s
9
IO
11
L~
13
J '1
15
I(>
17
19
20
21
22
2:'>
'
3,232
PO'.tELL DIRECT
official reports bec~tUse General Ma , as r. r esnlt of
the negoti a tions vith DOHIHARA , accept ed t he yosition
of Hinister of Var in the Chang-Chun Government , the
puppet government, which the J npanese had set up at the
time of Chang-Chun.
Q Had you comple t ed your .:inswer ?
A The negotiations l eading t o thase devel opments
wer e conducted from Gener a l DOIIIHARA ' s office which he
establ ished in the city of Harbin .
Q Did you intervt~·. 1 Gener a l DOHIHARA ther e?
MR . WA:tlREN: If .vour Honor . ple~se , it is evi
dent that the witness is t es tif:,rj ng f r om rumor . Vie
know of many , many newspaper stories th::lt have been
based upQn rumor and in wh:l.ch t her e i s no t ruth, nnd
you have heard t estimony concer ni ng one of them today.
MR . McKENZIE: I do not believe my l ast ques-
1 tion can be object ed to on gr ounds of ca' ' l ng for an t , •}
' answer based on rumor~
THE PRESILENT: The obj ection, of course , goes
to weight and not to admissibilit y. '"le must t ake henr
say. But we will t ake into account the f act that its
source ~~s in newspapers . The obj ection i s overruled .
MH . McKENZIE: ·;/ill you r ead the l as t qu~stion ,
pl ease .
(''/her eupon, the questton \'.'a s r ead by
•
1
4
5
6
7
• 8 ' .
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
\
3,233
POWELL DIRECT
the offic ial court r eporter.)
A I di d not interview Gener a l DOHIHARA concerning
t r se developments , but I can gi ve you the finnl chapt er
in t h.s.t episode which occurred aft er I ho.d returned to
Shanghai.
Q Very well .
A After I had r e turned to Shungho.i, necessitat cd
by the outbr eak of ':mr at that city, one night in our
off ice I received a long circul~r telegram which had
been di stributed , hnd been sent, by Gener~l Mn Chan- Shan ,
Commnnder of the Chinese troops in North Manchurin, to
Gencre.lissimo Chi ang Kai -shek· ..
Q Wher e is th~t t el egram?
A This t e l egram w~s circul ated to all of the
newspaper s in Shanghai , and i t uas circulated fr om the
Russian town of Blagovestchonsk.
Q No, my question
A How i s that?
Q My question was , whor e i s thn.t t el egram you
r eceived?
A ··r 11 .. c ' you could find t hat tclegr~m if you
coul d find our other paper s which wer e looted from our
office on the morning of Pearl Har bor , in Shanghai .
Q '1111 you stnte t he contents of tha t t clogr am,
please?
- -~ - ---
,:
I
.
• .. w
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3, 231i
PO .. 'ELL DIRECT
·--------------·-----------------A This t e l egram asserted -- described Ha ' s
-activities in accepting, prc::;t1mably accepting , th~ job
as Minister of For0i gn Aff~irs of the puppet government,
thnt he hnd r eceived n large sum of money , sta t ed that
as a million dollnr s in gold bar s , but thnt he had t cken
advantage of this del ay and these discuss ions with Gen
eral DOHIHARA to move his troops up t o the border town
s of Aigan , and had succeeded in gett ing them <!Cr oss the
9 river into Rus s i an territory, froin which point they wer e
10 sent west and returned to Chincs0 t erritory.
11 Q Did he S:lY .mything nbout whom he had obtained
12 the money from?
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
A The money came from Jap3ncse militar y sources .
A Did he use cny name?
A I don ' t r emember any par ticular name, except
that he had been in negotiat i ons continuously ~ith Gen
eral DOHIHARA Vlho Pirranged th0 6etuils .
Q
China?
Vias anything said about his r e l 'l tj.ons \'Ii th
A You mean at this particular time?
Q In the t e l egr am.
A Ma, of course , assorted he was a loyal Chinose
citizen. And, as a matter of f act , he is still with
the National Gover nment , for a l ong time w~ s stationed
at the important city of Pao Tou v1hich is t o the
·~ ---(
~ _ J I
.
3 , 235
PO~lELL DIRECT
1 northwest of Peking . He is somewhere in th1t ur ea
2 today.
3 THE PRESIDENT: This is a convenient break.
4 ·ae will recess now until ha lf past nine tomo1~roVT
5 morning .
6 (Wher eupon, at 1600 , an adjournment
7 was t nken until Tuesday, 6 August , 1946 , a t
8 0930.) 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
- - - -
----- - -- -- ) I