VERNACULAR HERITAGE OF KARTEPE – KOCAELI: THERMAL

PERFORMANCE AND CONSERVATION OF CIVIL

ARCHITECTURE

Emre Kishalı1 and T. Gül Köksal

1

1: Department of Architecture

Faculty of Architecture and Design

Kocaeli University

Kocaeli Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi Anıtpark Yerleşkesi 41300 İzmit/KOCAELİ

e-mail: {emre.kishali, tgul.koksal}@kocaeli.edu.tr web: http://mtf.kocaeli.edu.tr

Keywords: Vernacular architecture, Kartepe, Kocaeli, Conservation, Sustainability, Thermal Analysis

Abstract Vernacular architecture examples have been threatened by rapid changes due to

both global and local unplanned urbanization policies. Demographic, social and

environmental changes affect local construction techniques thus vernacular settlement

units usually turn into abandoned and disfavoured spaces. However built heritage would

sustain via rethinking of vernacular practices by technology, planned development and

integrated conservation plan. Besides, conservation of built heritage and sustainability of

those cultural assets need multi-disciplinary approach. In addition, energy efficiency and

thermal performance of the existing structures especially recovering historical ones is

challenging yet actual promising subject.

The Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement defines principles and standards for

energy efficiency in new buildings by The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

(Law No.5627) in Turkey published and issued on December 5, 2008. Besides, clause 2,

article ç of the law states that a building under legal protection measure is fully subject to

such principles provided that its visual appearance remains unchanged, so as rigorously

dictated by the Turkish Cultural and Natural Heritage Conservation Board. However, the

integrated conservation approach for adopting recovering actions is always under debate,

prior to any interventions.

Moreover energy consumption of residential buildings increased by local building stocks

constructed recently in Kartepe-Kocaeli while vernacular architecture examples are

becoming obsolete or sometimes demolished. Conservation of built heritage not only

depends on users but also cultural, economic and social aspects of area. Therefore

thermal performance of historical dwellings and upgrading interventions become

important in conservation and restoration of built heritage. In this paper, Kartepe-

Kocaeli district and the field study performed in 2012 and 2013 are elucidated in order to

reveal architectural heritage interwoven with nature. Then conservation level of

vernacular architecture examples is discussed. Finally, a case study with possible

intervention strategies are analysed by well-known energy simulation tool Energyplus and

national programme in order to start comprehensive methods via practical technology

and recovering alternatives to optimise thermal behaviour of cultural heritage assets.

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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1. INTRODUCTION

This study based on a field survey which has been performed in 2012 – 2013 for the

project of comprehensive Kartepe book – including cultural, social, historical, economic

and architectural studies - by the collaboration of Kartepe Municipality and Kocaeli

University. A chapter of book which elucidates the architectural heritage of district and its

conservation was prepared by the authors [1]. In this paper, after brief introduction of

district and civil architecture examples, the level of conservation and sustainability of

vernacular architecture examples are discussed. A case study from Eşme with possible

thermal intervention strategies on building envelope is analysed by well-known energy

simulation tool Energyplus and TS 825 calculation programme by Association of

Producers and Suppliers of Heat-, Water-, Sound-and Fire-proofing Material (IZODER) in

order to start comprehensive method for the peculiar dwellings. Upgrading of vernacular

architecture via practical technology, recovering alternatives considering locality needs

integrated approaches including sociology, material science, architecture, city planning,

preservation engineering and economy etc. therefore successful conservation approach

with modern day practices can be optimised in terms of thermal/energy behaviour of

cultural heritage assets.

2. KARTEPE - KOCAELI

2.1. Brief History

Kartepe is located southeast of Kocaeli Province, east of İzmit Gulf and northeast of

Sapanca Lake. The district is placed on the northern slopes of Kartepe - the highest point

of Samanlı Mountains surrounding north of İzmit Gulf in east west direction –, northern

slopes of Sapanca Lake and flat plains surrounded by above mentioned slopes. Kartepe

and its administrative borders have been shaped in 2008 due to the new municipality

legislations therefore its history should be evaluated with the one of Izmit. At the

beginning of 6th century BC, Astakos was founded 6 km southeast to the current Izmit

city center; nowadays the ancient city is located between the districts of Başiskele and

Gölcük. The area was felt under domination by Phrygia, Lidia, Achaemenid Empire until

Bthyinia Empire (297 – 274 BC) which was established by Bithyns, a branch of

Thracians. Roman Empire Diocletian invaded Nicomedia in 284 and made the city capital

of Roman Empire. In this period, the city became the fourth biggest city after Rome,

Antioch and Alexandria in the world. Nevertheless Nicomedia was not developed after

Constantinople became capital city of Empire, besides the city devastated by earthquakes.

In turn, its glory was diminished but Nicomedia sustained its importance due to the

location of city. Nowadays, it is mentioned that Roman and Byzantine artefacts and grave

monuments revealed during the archaeology excavation in Köseköy – a town in Kartepe -

show that there had been a settlements at that era [2]. Besides, Kocaeli hosted industrial

investments during first years of Republic Era. Izmit Gulf – the spot where important

transportation systems pass – support this industrialization process; industry facilities

were placed around the gulf then progressed into Kartepe. Therefore, current gulf of Izmit

has been reached to current situation by the industrialisation and the other sectors serving

the factories in turn Kartepe has been influenced by these developments. Kartepe was

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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established by the Law No: 5747 titled as “Establishing Districts within Boundaries of

Metropolitan Municipalities and Amending Various Laws” enacted in 2008.

2.2. Kartepe: At the Present Time

İzmit - Ankara railway, constructed at the end of 19th century, entered in northwest of

Kartepe passing through South of Sapanca Lake and arrived to Adapazarı. When the map of

Dr. Rudolf Fitzner was examined, prepared in 1900, it is observed that settlements are

densified in the North and South area of railways [1]. Besides, a road following same route as

railway existed South of Lake. Nowadays, two highways, named as D – 100 (west – east state

road) and E – 80 (European Route – Trans European Motorway), intersected in Kartepe,

which provides transportation route between Marmara and Central Anatolian Regions.

Settlements were divided by D-100 highway, industrial facilities have been moved from

North of gulf to east Kocaeli and Cengiz Topel Airport - has been served recently to domestic

flights - thus existing urban fabric transformed; new settlements have been developing there.

Dense urban settlements are noticed close to D-100, the rural areas on the slope of mountains

are strongly influenced by dense urban city fabric whereas rural urban tissue still sustain in

the most north area and on the slope of mountains in south. In city centre agricultural areas

are located in the urban blocks. On the contrary considering rural villages and slope of

Mountain, south part of city is greener however they are threatened by urbanisation.

3. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF KARTEPE

In Kartepe, various historical buildings, settlements, cultural and natural assets are listed and

conserved via registering to national inventory system. Most of these are plane trees showing

the importance of natural tissue of area. Based on direct investigations on area in 2012 - 2013,

the area has unique natural value should be registered as natural protected area however it is

noticed that conservation effort towards these assets are not sufficient [1]. In addition to lack

of preservation for existing natural fabric, new urbanized areas have been developed mostly

without considering natural assets. Due to the quality of recent public works in Kartepe,

existing architectural fabric has been also altered. Furthermore, three tumuli registered as 1st

degree archaeological site to inventory list reveals that ancient settlements in Kartepe belong

to antique era. Currently there is no other registered ruins belong to the era which points out

serious loss in area. Apart from pine trees and tumuli, three listed mosques, fountain, Train

Station of Büyükderbent, İzmit broadcloth factory (Çuha factory), Izmit SEKA Cellulose and

Paper Factory Camping Lodgings and few sprawled civil architecture examples are noticed

(see Figure 1).

In region, very few civil architecture examples have been reached today. They are one or two

storey and timber framed structures filled with adobe, brick or timber. It is observed that, even

in two-year field study the rate of degradation/loss is very high so existing vernacular

architecture dwellings would probably disappear in near future. On the other hand until 2011,

only one civil architecture example has been listed by Conservation Board but registration of

other existing traditional housings in area not only would help preservation of vernacular

architecture but sustain traditional construction techniques in area. Sapanca Seka Camping

Lodgings were put into service with other facilities of factory on 20 July 1957. The lodgings

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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hosted a lot families are not only noteworthy for Sapanca region but reflecting social life in

industrialized cities. Single storeyed housings in front of which having a terrace are located in

parallel to Sapanca Lake. These lodgings were defined as lakeside buildings in SEKA History

Book however these buildings are now far away from Sapanca Lake due to costal filling.

Lodgings behind which green areas exist have one kitchen, one bathroom, and two rooms

connecting to each other [3], [4]. Brick masonry buildings are constructed on reinforced

concrete foundations with timber floor and ceiling are dilapidated and degraded. The location,

construction quality and the use of lodgings by staff of SEKA factory for numerous years

increased the tangible and intangible values of buildings. The camping lodgings, a part of

SEKA Factory, one of the prominent examples of modernization of cities and transformation

in social life during Republic Era are needed to be conserved.

4. CONSERVATION PROBLEMS & SUSTAINABILITY

4.1. Regional Scale

Recent projects have been developed to be completed for Marmara Region in near future.

These projects would influence Kocaeli, Kartepe and the vernacular housings directly and

indirectly. The prominent projects are related to new routes and facilities in transportation

network, new industrialization, technology and urban zones. Considering transportation in the

region, three highway routes are planned which are North Marmara Highway – alternative of

existing roads between two continents - connecting Kınalı (Tekirdağ) and Akyası (Sakarya)

via third bridge; new highway between İstanbul and İzmir via İzmit Gulf Bridge over Gebze

and Hersek (Kocaeli) and South Marmara Highway connecting Köseköy and new İstanbul –

İzmir Highway passing through the rural areas of Gölcük [5], [6]. Besides, first private

logistic site on 0.8 million m2 in Köseköy will be constructed which will be linked to South

Marmara Highway. It is aimed that the facilities serve to all Marmara Region and organize the

logistics activities of foreign trade [7], [8]. Moreover, high-speed railway has been recently

completed between Ankara and Istanbul then it will be connected to Marmaray Project via

suburban line which is being under construction currently. Urbanization and industrialization

impacts on Kocaeli was analysed on a paper written by the authors [9]. According to this

research, considering previous urbanization experiences, there is an interwoven relationship

between highway transportation systems, new settlements areas (residential, commercial,

industrial) and destruction of green areas in Marmara Region. Strengthening and development

of east – west axis over İstanbul and Kocaeli by the aforesaid transportation routes will take

place additionally it will be linked vigorously to Kartepe via new transportation facilities.

Therefore, the districts of Kocaeli like Gölcük, Kartepe etc. will not only be changed in the

future but also become a transit region but also vulnerable to problems caused by rapid

urbanization and seismic actions which can be occurred at any moment. Considering

aforementioned situation, the vernacular architecture examples – have been decreasing since

1999 – would probably be extinct in near future. Kocaeli is a seismic prone zone; the

earthquake hit the region on 17 August 1999 has been shaped urbanization activities in the

region. Recent developments post-quake decisions, new zones, transportation, mass housings

and tourism facilities have been influenced vernacular architecture and its sustainability.

These buildings should be preserved during municipal interventions especially considering

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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infrastructure works. Furthermore, it is noticed that the integration of urban facilities to rural

architecture does not carry any contextual relationship therefore ironic images could be

perceived in the area. On the other hand, the new architecture indicates that Kartepe has the

same problems related to construction culture as in Turkey. New buildings constructed by

state or via tender offer standardize physical appearance of cities. The urban growth causes de

facto and unqualified reinforced concrete buildings to influence the traditional tissue.

Therefore, the qualities deduced from vernacular architecture and traditions could be re-

approached with a modern way on new built environment would help preventing this current

standardization.

Regional, local developments and the lack of sustaining traditional systems for new building

stock would lead to destroy current vernacular houses. On the other hand, the buildings can be

abandoned when there is no active use depending on the agricultural economy, maintenance

or fulfilling contemporary living standards. Moreover number of abandonment and

degradation by lack of maintenance has been increased substantially causing from multi-

scaled parameters. By development of technology and changes on micro climate may affect

behaviour and demands of users so traditional buildings do not meet living comforts in these

buildings.

5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF HOUSINGS

The decision on limiting the inexorable demolition process of vernacular architecture

examples in Kartepe is challenging issue including financial and technological aspects.

Energy-efficiency and technological recovery of traditional buildings seems to be out of scope

while regional political, economic and social problems are matter of fact. On the other hand,

holistic approaches consisting of local initiatives, community awareness, sustainable

economic support, availability of conservation experts, stakeholders etc. are essential for

conservation of architectural heritage. However, conservation of cultural and natural

properties is mainly endeavoured by legal framework without any parameter in turn it may

cause unilateral and problematic cases. The legislation has been changed recently; more

regulations are inured which may lead to questionable intervention on vernacular architecture

examples [9]. More specifically The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Law

No.5627) was published. The Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Settlement defines

principles and standards for energy efficiency in buildings. Clause 2, article ç of the Law

states that a building under legal protection measure is fully subject to such principles under

condition that its visual appearance remains unchanged, so as rigorously dictated by the

Turkish Cultural and Natural Heritage Conservation Board. Not all the surviving examples of

vernacular architecture in Kartepe are under legal protection measure. If a house is not under

protection measure, visual appearance may be changed. However, the debate for adopting a

conservation approach depending on structure in recovering actions is always opened, prior to

any interventions. While new developments on legal framework influence the historic

building direct or indirectly, The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive was published

mentioning also listed historic buildings without discussing any practice or guidelines

prepared by multidisciplinary experts. This paper is aimed to start very first preliminary

analysis on thermal performances of these structures in Kartepe – having similar architectural

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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and construction techniques - by comparing intact and intervened buildings modelled by

Energyplus simulation programme and to seek opportunities to sustain these dwellings while

upgrading in terms of climatic conditions. It is aimed to start a comprehensive research on

vernacular architecture of Kocaeli and its rural regions.

Figure 1. Kartepe city and its administrative borders before law on integrations of villages, Architectural heritage distribution map over Kartepe (left), Elevations of case study (northeast, south, north and west

elevations from top to bottom) [1].

6. CASE STUDY: HOUSING IN EŞME

6.1. General Information

The building is located in Eşme, a neighbourhood of Kartepe – Kocaeli. This abandoned

private house was constructed in mid-20th century by traditional construction techniques.

In ground floor stone masonry reinforced with horizontal timber elements are noticed. In

first floor and north elevation of ground floor is timber framed structure filled with brick

and timber. These elements are rendered by adobe material and plastered. The building

was altered in 60s by removing internal staircases and building a new reinforced concrete

one in east façade, adding new spaces for bathroom in south facade in order to rent ground

floor. In 70s a mill housing is constructed as lightweight gas concrete masonry adjacent to

west of structure (see Figure 1). Elevations are described in following; North elevation:

ground and first storey is timber framed filled with brick masonry plastered by adobe.

Window openings are different from each other. East elevation: ground floor is stone

masonry covered by adobe. Concrete staircase was added so the façade was altered. First

floor is timber framed filled with timber. South elevation: Stone masonry, timber framed

and wattle daub system are easily noticed. Protrusions belong to bathroom in both storeys.

The one in ground floor was constructed later during division of house by storey. West

façade: Mill building is located on west site constructed by lightweight gas concrete

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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masonry. Developed countries care historical buildings in more organized way than other

countries; non-governmental organisations, research institutes and stakeholders valued

conservation of historical buildings. English Heritage, the Government's statutory adviser

on the historic environment, sought ways for improving thermal performances of

structural elements in historic buildings. Timber-framed buildings are important heritage

stocks of country and they are constructed of materials that are capable of absorbing and

releasing moisture freely (vapour-open). The institute published a guideline on the

insulation of them and permeable and natural materials like wood fibreboard; sheep’s

wool batts; hemp fibre insulation boards; flax fibre batts and cellulose fibre etc. [10]. The

most common insulation materials EPS, XPS and foam sprays should be avoided in these

structures which lead to non-breathable consequences. Their applications especially foams

are not as reversible as possible, which is indispensable for historical assets. Furthermore,

internal and external insulation methods are possible for vernacular dwellings of timber

framed walls; external one may affect historical values of buildings and internal one will

reduce the floor area and change the ornaments inside. It is necessary recalled that

interventions on listed buildings should be approved by Conservation Board whereas non-

listed buildings are free to be intervened.

6.2. Energy Efficiency Simulation

Case study is modelled in OpenStudio Sketchup Plugin 8.0 environment analysed via

Energyplus. Thermal analyses pursued for the building in its current conditions and by

introducing wood fibreboard insulation boards (5 cm.) applied on building envelope

externally and internally. The raw material can be obtained easily in area and insulations

materials can be produced for the housings. In the following, the results are presented for

the months of March, June, September and December. Kocaeli Climate data, obtained

from Energyplus website, is used for the simulation. Thermal zones are generated by

neglecting internal partition walls. Energy simulations run for the case considering non-

insulated, insulated externally and internally. It is assumed that natural ventilation (no

active heating and cooling) is active in structure for each cases; air mass flow coefficient

is taken as 0.05 kg/s and 0.001 kg/s-m for airflow through cracks and windows

respectively. When wooden fibreboard is introduced to building the crack value is reduced

nearly zero. The results show that monthly mean air temperature values with external

insulation are slightly higher than the interior one in March, September and December. In

June, the values of interior insulated model, external insulation displays cooler thermal

environment. Considering relative humidity, insulated cases display better performance –

lower than 60 % - than the non-insulated model in March and December. In June and

September, while mean temperature of zone for non-insulated case is higher than other,

RH values lower than those from insulated case both internally and externally. According

to Thermal Insulation Requirements for Buildings (TS 825), when RH value of room

exceeds 80 % even for a short period, there is risk of mould growth on surfaces. Besides,

these values trigger interstitial condensations phenomenon if cement based plaster is

applied. This risk is analysed by IZODER TS 825 Calculation Program. The material and

its thermo-physical properties are selected from its database considering the values

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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assumed for Energyplus programme. It can be concluded that external insulated case does

not result in risk of condensation for timber framed walls whereas stone masonry one

needs to be considered when the internal RH value exceeds 65%. Although internal

insulation is suggested for historical buildings since there will be no change on façades

but undesirable anomalies could be constituted in building envelope by risk of

condensations which causes degradations of structural elements and low thermal comfort.

In the programme wood wool is used and its water vapour diffusion resistance value is

taken as 2, this value could be less in real practices so more breathable situation can

obtained. Indeed, this analyses show that under these assumptions insulation application

internally may lead to condensation after a certain amount of RH value. Without

insulation case analysis show that mould growth risks occur on timber framed wall filled

by brick and on stone masonry when RH value reach 75% and 65% respectively.

Timber framed wall in Energyplus

[11] the façade is assumed that wall is completely brick materials.

Thickness (d): 20 cm

Conductivity (k): 0.71 W/mK Density (ρ): 1772 kg/m3

Specific Heat: 969 J/kgK

Stone masonry

(d): 20 cm (k): 0.20 W/mK

(ρ): 460 kg/m3

Specific Heat: 1400 J/kgK.

Insulation material is chosen as

wooden fibreboard due to its permeability properties.

(d): 5 cm (k): 0.043 W/mK

(ρ): 512 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 880 J/kgK.

Timber framed filled by timber/

Wattle daub.

(d): 20 cm (k): 0.20 W/mK (ρ): 460

kg/m3

Specific Heat: 1400 J/kgK.

Lightweight gas concrete masonry

(d): 30 cm (k): 0.71 W/mK, (ρ): 512 kg/m3 Specific Heat: 880 J/kgK.

EnergyPlus Model with reference zone:

Ground Floor

Table 1. Thermo-physical properties of structure

Figure 3. Energyplus mean temperature relative humidity outputs in ground floor of case study.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

March June September December

Tem

peratu

re °

C

0

10

20

30

March June September December

Tem

pera

ture °

C

06:00 - 11:59

Without Insulation Wood Fibreboard External

Wood Fibreboard Internal Outside

0

10

20

30

March June September December

Tem

pera

ture °

C

18:00 - 23:59

Without Insulation Wood Fibreboard External

Wood Fibreboard Internal Outside

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

March June September December

Tem

peratu

re °

C

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

9

The risk of interstitial condensation per months phenomenon for three strategies by IZODER TS 825

Programme

Relative

Humidity

Timber framed timber filled Timber framed brick filled

(assumed completely brick) Stone masonry

Int.

U:0,34*

Ext.

U:0,34

W/O

U:0,47

Int.

U:0,67

Ext.

U:0,67

W/O

U:1,38

Int.

U:0,62

External

U:0,62

W/O

U:1,18

% 65 - - -

Jan.,Feb.,

Mar.,Nov.,Dec.

- - Jan.,Feb.,D

ec. - -2

% 70 - - -

Jan.,Feb.,

Mar.,Nov

.,Dec.

- - Jan.,Feb.,D

ec. Jan.,Dec. Jan.2

% 75 Jan.,Feb.

,Dec. - -

Jan.,Feb.,

Mar.,Nov

.,Dec.

- -1 Jan.,Feb.,Mar.,Dec.

Jan.,Feb.,Dec.

Jan.,Dec.2

% 80

Jan.,Feb.

,Mar.,No

v., Dec.

- -

Jan.,Feb.,

Mar.,

Apr.,Nov.,Dec.

- -1

Jan.,Feb.,

Mar.,Nov.,

Dec.

Jan.,Feb.,De

c.

Jan.,Feb.

,Dec.2

Table 2. Condensation risks of case study by insulation applied externally, internally and without wood

fibreboard. 1 Risk of mould growth: The difference between internal air and surface temperature is higher

than 3 °C on Jan., Feb., Mar., Nov. and Dec. 2 Same risk, ∆T (higher than 3 °C on Jan., Feb., Mar., and

Dec. *Values are in W/m2K.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Architectural facilities had been influenced by natural assets of area and they were

constructed in a compatible way its environment. The preservation and sustainability

strategies towards them are not sufficient indeed multi-scaled phenomenon lead to

abandonment, degradation even destruction of these examples. Moreover, new mass housings

are constructed without considering peculiarity of area due to the demand for touristic

facilities and urbanization. Although few of them have been survived these facts still threats

vernacular architecture dwellings. Therefore, a holistic approach including regional urban

planning, politics, economy, architecture, preservation engineering, sociology, geophysics etc.

should be generated for architectural heritage of area. In this paper, upgrading of civil

architecture examples is analysed in order to highlight the need of sustainability of cultural

heritage assets. These buildings were abandoned or disfavoured along with developing

technology and needs of users. Awareness level of community towards historical buildings

should be increased and thermal performance of them should be adopted. A non - listed case

study from Eşme was analysed by Energyplus and TS 825 Calculation Programme. Non-

insulated, wooden fibreboard insulated internally and externally models were sought in terms

of thermal performance under natural ventilation. The output of external and internal

insulation approaches show very little differences in terms of temperature and RH however

they display better performance with respect to non-insulated one. Reduction in RH level is

important so that mould growth or interstitial condensation risks would decrease. On the other

hand, internal and external insulation cases reveal different condensation performances.

External one is substantially superior in terms of condensation risk but such interventions are

always a matter of question for historical buildings. To sum up, the authors are aware of the

importance of in-situ measurement, non-destructive tests and investigation of material in

laboratories focused on specific case but it is aimed to start preliminary research on upgrading

Emre Kishalı and Gül Köksal

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thermal performance of vernacular housings in Kocaeli comparing international studies and to

highlight the significance of conservation and sustainability of these structures.

REFERENCES

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Kartepe Book, Kocaeli, Turkey.

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2014).

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ve Kağıt Fabrikalarının Tarihsel Gelişimi, SEKA Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, İzmit.

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ve Kentsel Koruma, YEM Yayın, İstanbul, pp. 399 – 412.

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