Odstrta krajina

Unveiled landscape

Landscapes bind people and places. They connect the present, the past, and the future. We should be proud of our landscapes.

Krajine povezujejo kraje in ljudi. Krajine povezujejo preteklost, sedanjost in prihodnost. Ponosni moramo biti na naše krajine.

Lasersko skeniranje okolice Škocjana

Airborne laser scanning of the Škocjan landscape

Avtor: dr. Dimitrij MlekužSodelavci: Darja Krajnc, dr. Maša Sakara SučevičJezikovni pregled: Darja Kranjc, dr. Maša Sakara Sučević, Sabina PugeljOblikovanje in tisk: Design Damjan, d. o. o.Posnetki: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine, Center za preventivno arheologijoRazstavo je finančno omogočil: Park Škocjanske jame, Slovenija

Škocjan, 2013

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Author: dr. Dimitrij MlekužContributors: Darja Krajnc, dr. Maša Sakara Sučević

Proofreading: Darja Kranjc, dr. Maša Sakara Sučević, Sabina PugeljDesign and print: Design Damjan, d. o. o.

Lidar imagery: Institute for the protection of cultural heritage of Slovenia, Centre for preventive Archaeology

Exhibition funded by: Škocjan Caves Park

Škocjan , 2013

Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Centre for Preventive Archaeology

Škocjan Caves Park

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Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine, Center za preventivno arheologijoPark Škocjanske jame, Slovenija

Introduction

Uvod Tradicionalne krajine, ki so nastajale skozi tisočletja človeškega bivanja, so zaradi nebrzdanega razvoja ogrožene. Pogoj za ustrezno, celostno varovanje krajin je znanje. Brez poznavanja in razumevanja krajin, njihove časovne globine in sledov, ki jih sestavljajo, je vsako varovanje zaman. Center za preventivno arheologijo Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije (CPA ZVKDS) z naborom različnih metod raziskovanja dediščine prispeva k prepoznavanju arheoloških sledov v pokrajini. Preventivna arheologija, ki jo opravljamo v okviru javne službe, je novost, ki arheološke raziskave umesti v sam postopek načrtovanja posegov v prostor. S pomočjo predhodnih arheoloških raziskav arheološke sledove prepoznamo in preučimo že pred posegi v prostor in tako usmerjamo prostorski razvoj. S tehnikami daljinskega zaznavanja, predvsem laserskim skeniranjem površja, odkrivamo in natančno dokumentiramo množico sledi človeških aktivnosti v preteklosti. Prav velika količina sledov prinese njihovo drugačno razumevanje, saj lahko razumeti krajino kot celoto, v kateri se kažejo nepretrgani sledovi človeških aktivnosti v preteklosti.

Okolica Škocjana predstavlja eno najbolj zanimivih in zapletenih pokrajin v Sloveniji, v kateri so se ohranili sledovi človeških aktivnosti iz različnih obdobij. Sledovi in brazgotine v pokrajini, ki ni nikjer prazna, segajo od "običajnih" arheoloških najdišč kot so gradovi, naselbine, gomile… do sledov človeških aktivnosti v prostoru kot so groblje, parcelne meje, apnenice, kamniti zidovi, kulturne terase, polja z dvignjenimi hrbti in podobno. Večina sledov niso arheološka najdišča v klasičnem pomenu besede, kot jih je še nedavno razumela praksa varovanja arheološke dediščine, temveč predstavljajo del sodobne in “žive” krajine.

Poslanstvo našega dela je pozabljene, izgubljene, zakrite in zabrisane sledove v pokrajini narediti ponovno aktivne in jih neposredno vključiti v živo krajino. Tako se lahko spet prepletajo z interesi, delom, bivanjem ljudi in drugih bitij v krajini. Le v takih krajinah lahko vsakdo najde mesto, interes, identiteto, delo, možnosti za razvoj.Dolgoročno najbolj vzdržen in produktiven način varovanja krajin predstavlja izobraževanje in seznanjanje ljudi z njihovo zapleteno časovno globino. Ob stoletnici varovanja dediščine v Sloveniji predstavlja pričujoča razstava naš skromen prispevek k razumevanju in varovanju krajine Škocjanske krajine.

Traditional landscapes, a result of millennia of human engagement with environment are under threat. A precondition for integrated landscape protection is knowledge. Without knowledge and understanding of the landscape, its time-depth

and features that constitute it, all protection is useless. Centre for Preventive Archaeology at the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia

(CPA ZVKDS) uses a range of methods for the detection and study of archaeological traces. Preventive archaeology, as part of the public service, integrates archaeological research in the process of development planning.

Preliminary archaeological research recognises and evaluates archaeological traces before spatial interventions and thus integrates archaeology into spatial

planning.Using remote sensing techniques (including laser scaning ), we discover and

precisely document a mass of traces of human activities in the past. A large quantity of traces brings a new quality to our understanding of these traces. If the number of traces is sufficiently large, we begin to understand the landscape as a

whole, no longer as the sum of a relatively few, well-delimited sites in empty space. The landscape thus becomes a whole in which uninterrupted traces of

human activity in the past appear.

Škocjan park is one of the most interesting and complex landscapes in Slovenia. Here, traces of past human activities from different periods are preserved. It turns

out that nowhere is the landscape empty; everywhere it is full of traces of practices and activities that have been materialised in the landscape. These scars and

traces range from “ordinary” archaeological sites such as castles, settlements, mounds, etc. to traces of human activities such as clearance cairns, field

boundaries, lime kilns,, ridge and furrow, and so on. For the most part these traces are not ordinary archaeological sites. Often they are part of the modern, “living”

landscape and are still in use today.

Our work is to make forgotten, lost, concealed and erased traces in the landscape active again; forgotten traces once again become part of the living landscape. In

this way they can intertwine with the interests, work and life of the people and other creatures in the landscape. Only in landscapes of this kind can everyone find

his or her place, interest, identity, work, opportunities for development.In the long term, the most sustainable and productive method of protecting

landscapes is education and familiarising people with their complexity and time depth. This is our contribution to the at the centenary of the organised cultural

heritage protection in Slovenia.

Laser scaning (Lidar)

Lasersko skeniranje (Lidar)

Lasersko skeniranja površja ali lidar (LiDAR, ang. Light Detection and Ranging, “svetlobno zaznavanje in merjenje razdalj”) je metoda, ki omogoča natančno merjenje Zemljinega površja. Naprava, nameščena na letalu, pošilja množico laserskih žarkov proti Zemljinemu površju, kjer se odbijejo nazaj do sprejemnika. Iz časa potovanja žarka izračuna razdaljo do tal, s pomočjo globalnega pozicijskega sistema (GPS) in drugih merilcev položaja letala, pa tudi nadmorsko višino točk na tleh. Tako dobimo zelo natančno trirazsežno sliko Zemljinega površja. Z lidarjem je tako mogoče opazovati tudi gozdna tla. Ko žarek doseže drevo, se del žarka odbije od listov in vej, del pa potuje do tal, kjer se odbije nazaj do sprejemnika. Ko odstranimo odboje od dreves, dobimo natančno sliko tal pod drevjem. To je še posebej pomembno v Sloveniji, saj jo do šestdeset odstotkov prekriva gozd.

Laser scanning or lidar (LiDAR, Light Detection and Ranging) is a technique that allows precise recording of the surface of the Earth.

Transmitter, mounted on the airplane, emits series of laser pulses that reflect from the surface back to the receiver. By precise measurement of

time needed for the laser pulse to travel, altitude of the aircraft can be calculated and transformed into the elevation of the point on the surface of the earth. In this way a very precise three-dimensional image of the earth's

surface can be obtained. Lidar thus allows us to observe ground beneath forest canopy. When laser pulse reaches objects such as trees, part of it is

reflected by the canopy, and part of it travels to the ground where it is reflected back. By eliminating canopy reflections, a precise image of forest

floor can be produced. This is especially significant in countries such as Slovenia, where as much as sixty percent of the country is covered by

forest.

Zračna fotografija in lidarski posnetek tal okolice Gornjih Vrem. Gozd skriva prazgodovinskogradišče (1), opuščene poljedelske terase (2), suhe zidove (3) in vojaške jarke (4), ki jih opazimo le na lidarskem posnetku.

Aerial photograph and lidar image of the are near Gornje Vreme. Forest covers prehistoric hillforrt, abandoned agricultural terraces, dry stone walls and military trenches, that can be observed on the

lidar derived image.

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Landscape

Krajina Krajine nastajajo s soočenjem in ukvarjanjem ljudi s svetom okoli njih. Lahko jih razumemo na različne načine: kot območje, kakršnega zaznavajo ljudje in katerega značilnosti so nastale skozi medsebojna vplivanja naravnih in človeških dejavnikov; kot del Zemljinega površja, ki ga opazujemo, preučujemo ali upodabljamo od daleč, morda s pomočjo umetnosti ali tehnologij kot je lidar; ali kot življenjsko okolje, katerega del so ljudje in sestavlja njihovo identiteto. Krajine so vedno v nastajanju, nikoli dokončane. Ljudje živimo in spreminjamo krajine, ki so jih ustvarili naši predniki. Krajine imajo tako časovno globino, v njih je zapisana zgodovina človeškega ukvarjanja s svetom.

Landscapes are made through human engagement with the world. They can be approached in many ways: as areas perceived by people with

features made through interaction between natural and cultural forces; as part of the Earth's surface that can be observed, studied or represented

from detached position, perhaps using art or technology such as lidar; or as a life world, building block of the identity of the people that inhabit it.

Landscapes are always in the process of making, never finished. We live and modify landscapes that were made by our ancestors. Landscapes thus

have time-depth, they are records of the past engagement with the world.

Kras

Karst

Vrtače so značilne oblike kraškega površja; ljudje so v njih imeli njive in vrtove.Doline or sinkholes are typical karstic landforms. Doline bottoms were often cultivated.

Obsežno uravnana pokrajina Škocjanskega krasa, soteska Reke in velike udorne doline. Na severu se vzpenjata Gabrk s Čebulovico in Vremščica, proti vzhodu in jugu pa flišno vznožje Vremščice inflišni Brkini.

A vast flat landscape of Škocjan Karst, with the Reka River gorge and the surrounding collapse doline. To the north Gabrk, Čebulovica and Vremščica hills rise; to the east and south, there are the

flysch Vremščica foothills and Brkini.

Kras (Carso, Karst) is a low carbonate plateau in the hinterground of the Trieste bay. It connects Mediterranean with the Middle Europe. Karst is known for typical landform such as doline or

sinkholes, underground rivers and caves and bora (burja), cold northern wind. But Karst is also its people. People have lived here and shaped their surrounding since Stone Age. Karst and Karst people have formed together. The stony landscape, lack of surface water, proximity of

Trieste and road connections are the main factors that have contributed to the formation of the typical cultural landscape, which is rapidly disappearing.

Kras je apnenčasta planota nad Tržaškim zalivom. S svojo lego na severnem robu Jadranskega morja povezuje sredozemski prostor s srednjeevropskim. Kraška planota je znana predvsem po kraških pojavih, kot so vrtače in podzemske jame, burji, mrzlem severovzhodnem vetru, ki zapiha iz Nanosa in Vremščice. Kras pa so tudi ljudje. Ti na Krasu živijo že od kamene dobe naprej in oblikujejo svoje življenjsko okolje. Kras in Kraševci so nastajali skupaj, drug z drugim. Tako so bili kamnita pokrajina, trajno pomanjkanje vode, bližina Trsta in prometnic glavni dejavniki oblikovanja značilne kraške kulturne krajine, ki danes hitro izginja.

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Brežec, gručasta vas v kulturni krajini posejeni z obdelanimi vrtačami in prepredenmi z suhimi zidovi.Brežec, nucleated village situated in a cultural landscape dotted with cultivated doline and

crisscrossed by dry stone walls.

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Časovna globina krajine

Time depth in landscape

Ostanke prazgodovinskih polj pri Goričah (1) so izbrisale srednjeveške njive (2), čeznje so zgradili kamnite zidove (3). V prvi svetovni vojni so ob cesti izkopali strelske jarke (4).

Remnants of prehistoric fields near Goriče (1) were erased by medieval fileds (2) and crossed by dry stone walls (3). During the WWI, trenches were built to defend the road (4).

Vrtače so značilne oblike kraškega površja; ljudje so v njih imeli njive in vrtove.

Vas Gradišče pri Divači je nastala na mestu prazgodovinskega gradišča, ki so ga postavil na robu udorne doline in med vrtače; ostanki okopa so še vidni na severu vasi (1), prav tako ostanki prazgodovinskih polj (2). Na robu vasi ležijo ostanki srednjeveške utrdbe (3).

Village Gradišče near Divača was build inside the remains of prehistoric hillfort, erected on the edge of collapse doline. Traces of the stone rampart are still visible on the northern edge of the

village (1), as well as traces of prehistoric fields (2). East of the village ruins of the medieval fortification are preserved(3).

Landscapes change. Forests spread, rivers carve out their channels, glaciers slide, mountain chains rise, seas advance and retreat – even continents change shape. Economic rises and

falls, historical events, development of technology … change the ways we engage with landscape. People, like landscapes, do not merely exist: we are formed together with them. Landscapes change and at the same time they also change us. The past is included in the

present in a variety of ways. Traces from different times exist simultaneously and are part of a landscape in which people and other creatures are creating new traces. The landscape is

therefore multitemporal and composed of a multitude of durations.

Krajine se spreminjajo: gozdovi se širijo, reke vrezujejo svoja korita, ledeniki polzijo, gorske verige se dvigajo, morja se umikajo in poplavljajo, celo celine spreminjajo svojo obliko. Gospodarski vzponi in padci, zgodovinski dogodki tehnološki razvoj, spreminjajo naše ukvarjanje s krajino. Naša življenja, vsakdanja opravila v krajini, so del teh ritmov. Ljudje nismo zgolj pasivni prebivalci krajine, temveč nastajamo z njo; pokrajine se spreminjajo in ob tem spreminjajo tudi nas. Preteklost je vključena v sedanjost na različne načine; njeni sledovi obstajajo sočasno in so del pokrajine v kateri delujejo ljudje, ki ustvarjajo nove sledove. Krajina je več-časna, sestavljena iz množice trajanj.

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Prazgodovinska gradišča

Prehistoric hillforts

Gradišča so utrjene prazgodovinska naselbine. Stojijo na vrhovih izstopajočih vzpetin, in so obdana s kamnitimi ali zemljenimi nasipi in jarki. Prva gradišča so nastala v bronasti dobi (okoli 2300 let p. n. š.) in bila v uporabi do rimske osvojitve. Gradišča so bile utrjene vasi, sedež elite ali pa le začasna zavetišča za ljudi in črede v času spopadov.

Gradišče Soline nad Dolnjimi Vremami. Ohranjen je kamnit okop (1) , ki obdaja vrh, dva nasipa, ki branita dostop po grebenu (2) in terase v notranjosti gradišča (3), kjer so stale stavbe.

Hillforts are defensive enclosures located on prominent hilltops and protected by series of stone or earthen ramparts and ditches. First hill forts were erected in the

Bronze Age (around 2000 BC) and were used until Roman conquest. Hill forts were fortified settlements, seats of the local elite or temporary shelter for people

and herds during the conflicts.

Soline hillfort above Dolnje Vreme. Remains of the circular stone enclosure (1) and two banks that defend the ridge (2) are still preserved, as well as terraces inside the enclosure (3), where houses once stood.

Manjše gradišče Volarija pri Danah pri Divači (1) je morda služilo kot zatočišče. V vznožju so ohranjene prazgodovinske ograde (2).

Small hillfort Volarije (1) was perhaps used as a shelter. Remains of prehistoric enclosures (2) are still visible below it.

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Gradišče na mestu današnjega Škocjana (1) je bilo sedež prazgodovinske skupnosti na Škocjanskem območju, zavarovano z prepadnimi stenami udornic. Danes so vidni le še sledovi južnega dela obzidja (2).

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Hillfort in the place of today's village of Škocjan (1) was a seat of prehistoric community of the area. Hillfort was protected by the steep slopes of the collapsed doline. Today, only the traces of southern ramparts are visible (2).

Prazgodovinska krajina

Praehistoric landscape

Številna arheološka najdišča kažejo, da je bilo območje Škocjana v prazgodovini gosto poseljeno. Takratni ljudje niso živeli le na gradiščih temveč so obdelovali zemljo, jo čistili kamenja in ustvarjali stalne meje v obliki zemljenih in kamnitih nasipov. Čiščenje in obdelovanje krajine je pustilo trajne sledove v krajini. Kljub temu, da so prazgodovinska polja prekrila kasnejša, predvsem srednjeveška in novoveška polja, lahko fosilne sledove prazgodovinskega poljedelstva ponekod na Krasu še najdemo. Najboljši primer so zemljene gomile, ostanki polj nepravilne oblike v bližini Gorič.

Numerous archaeological sites suggest that vicinity of Škocjan was densely populated in prehistory. But people did not stay on the sites only. They cultivated the land, cleared the stone and form permanent traces in the form of clearance cairins and earthen banks. Clearing and cultivation have in many cases left a permanent and clear imprint on the landscape.

Most of the fields laid out during this time were reorganised and overlain by medieval and later field patterns. Even so, whilst field systems derived

directly from the prehistoric field pattern are rare, traces of prehistoric fields have been identified in several parts of the Karst. A good example of this is

the brick-shaped fields surviving as earthworks near the village of Goriče.

Zemljene gomile in nasipi nepravilnih oblik (1) pri Goričah so ostanki prazgodovinskih polj. Na severu so bila polja omejena z zidom (2). Srednjeveške njive (3) so ponekod uničile ostanke prazgodovinskih polj.

Earthen barrows and earhworks (1) near Goriče are remnants of prehistoric fields. In the north, fields were enclosed by bank (2). In some places, medieval fields (3) erased traces of earllier fields.

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Srednjeveška polja

Medieval fields

Polja z visokimi hrbti so značilna za srednjeveško poljedelstvo. Nastala so z iznajdbo težkega pluga okoli leta 1000. Polja so bila sistematično razdeljena na dolge in ozke njive (jermene, delce); posest kmetij je bila enakomerno razmetana po različnih odprtih poljih. Njihova oblika v reliefu je dolgoročna posledica oranja v vzorcu, ko plug obrača brazdo proti središču polja. Težek plug na kolcah je za vlečenje potreboval več parov volov in ga je bilo težko obračati, zato so ta polja običajno dolga in ozka. Ko je prvi par volov dosegel rob njive, je bil plug še precej pred koncem brazde, zato so brazde proti koncu njive zavijale. Njive tako v tlorisu dobijo obliko zmehčane črke S. Oblika hrbta in jarka je obenem pomagala pri odcejanju težke ilovnate prsti.

Dobro ohranjena polja z visokimi hrbti na Vremskem polju. Well-preserved ridge and furrow in the Vremsko polje.

Polja z viskimi hrbti v vrtači pri Goričah. Ridge and furrow in the doline near Goriče.

Ridge and furrow is the result of the medieval agriculture. They came about with the development of the heavy plough around 1000 AD. Fields were systematically

divided into long, narrow strips; the land of farms was evenly divided across different open fields. The ridge and furrow form is the long-term consequence of ploughing in a pattern where an asymmetric plough turns the furrow towards the

centre of the field. The plough was usually drawn by several pairs of oxen, and when the first pair reached the edge of the field the plough was still quite a way

from the end of the furrow. The result of this was that the furrows curved towards the end of the field. Viewed from above, fields therefore gain a soft S shape. Ridge

and furrow pattern also helped with the drainage of heavy clay soil.

Razdeljena krajina

Divided landscapeDry stonewalls are physical signs of boundaries. They are result of

landscape clearance, result of depositing stones on the plot boundaries. Their form, location, shape, materiality and scale differ widely. They are

means by which individuals or communities define, demarcate and divide landscape for specific uses and activities and uses. Dry stonewalls are

expressions of territoriality that may be imbued with conflict, discord and dispute, with histories based on memory and traditions, or may be the

tangible material results of co-operation. They may relate to specific land uses, or express mental imagery and ideas of landscape, such as

liminality.

Suhi zidovi označujejo meje. Nastali so s čiščenjem krajine in odlaganjem odvečnega kamenja na meje parcel. Njihove oblike, položaj, velikost in načini gradnje se zelo razlikujejo. S suhimi zidovi skupnosti in posamezniki omejujejo, delijo in označujejo pokrajino za posamezne rabe, aktivnosti in dejavnosti. Suhi zidovi tako lahko izražajo teritorialnost, lastništvo, morda spore, ki temeljijo v spominu in tradiciji. Suhi zidovi so tudi materialni sledovi sodelovanja in skupnega dela. Suhi zidovi so lahko vezani na posamezne rabe krajine, lahko pa izražajo ideje o krajini, o robu in bližini.

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Suhi zidovi okoli vrtač v okolici Škocjana. Dry stone walls sourrounding doline in the vicinty of Škocjan.

Mreža zidov v okolici Gorič.Network of dry stone walls in the vicinity of Goriče.

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Krajina spopadov

Landscape of conflicts

Smrtonosni spopadi dvajsetega stoletja so v pokrajino vtisnili svoje sledove. Strelski jarki, topniški položaji, mitralješka gnezda … se ne ozirajo na obstoječo krajino, temveč upoštevajo zgolj vojaško logiko nadzora, moči in prevlade. Iz njihove oblike lahko razberemo njihov namen, vojaško doktrino in njihove graditelje, avstro-ogrsko vojsko, italijansko armado in jugoslovansko ljudsko armado.

Deadly conflicts of the 20th century left their own traces in the landscape. Fieldworks, such as trenches, artillery position and machine gun

emplacements do not respect existing landscape organisation but impose their own military logic of control, domination and command. Their shapes reveal their purpose, military doctrine and their builders: Austro-Hungarian

soldiers, Italian army, Yugoslav people's army.

Jarki v bližini Pared.

Sistem jarkov iz prve svetovne vojne, ki varujejo želežniško progo proti Postojni.

Jarki različnih oblik na robu udorne doline Sokolak.

Trenches in the vicinity of Pared.

Trenches of different types trenches on the edge of the Sokolak collapsed doline

System of WWI trenches, defending railway towards Postojna.

Krajina vsakdanjih dejavnosti

Landscape of daily activities

Pretekle krajine so bile žive, polne ljudi, ki hodili naokoli po opravkih, pasli ovce, delali na polju, sekali drevje, kuhali apno, mleli žito in shranjevali led v ledenicah. Vse te aktivnosti puščajo materialne ostanke. Krajina je polna teh sledov, ki nastajajo skozi človeško ukvarjanje z svetom okoli njih.

Past landscape were busy with people moving around their daily activities, tending sheep, working on the field, cutting trees, grinding grain, producing quicklime, storing ice. All these activities leave material traces. Landscapes

are full of these traces, result of human engagement with world around them.

Apnenice pogosto najdemo v vrtačah, kjer je na obočjih lahek dostop do apnenca, hkrati pa dajejo zavetje pred vetrom. Apnenice na pobočju nad Zavrhkom.

Limekilns are often located in doline, where slopes provide easy access to limestone and provides shelter from the wind. Limekilns on the slopes above Zavrhek.

Ledenica v Paredu, zgrajena v manjši vrtači (1). V njej so domačini shranjevali led, ki je pozimi zamrznil v bližnji večji vrtači (2) in ga poleti vozili v Trst.

Ice house in Pared, built in a small doline (1). In winter ice was chopped from flooded large doline nearby (2) and sold to Trieste in summer.

Ostanki mlinov na Reki pred ponorom v Škocjanske jame.Remains of watermils on the Reka River before it sinks inside the Škocjan Caves.

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