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Unemployed in Nepalese Society: A Sociological Study

After the Declaration of World

Unemployed Movement on 1 January 2008

A Thesis

Submitted To:

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

The Degree of Master in Sociology, Tribhuvan University (TU)

Submitted by:

Durga Bhattarai

Symbol no: 2780054

17 July 2015

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Letter of Approval

 

 

The thesis entitled “Unemployed in Nepalese society: A sociological study after the declaration of world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal’’ Prepared and submitted by Mrs. Durga Bhattarai in partial fulfillment of the requirement of master degree of sociology has been evaluate and approved by the thesis evaluation committee comprising:

Dissertation committee

.............................................

Prof. Dr. Mr. Kesav Kumar Shrestha

(Head of the department)

...................................

Mr. Rajendra Pandit

(Supervisor)

................................

External supervisor

17 July 2015

 

 

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Letter of recommendation

  

 

  

I hereby recommend that this dissertation entitled “Unemployed in Nepalese society: A sociological study after the declaration of world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal’’ prepared by Mrs. Durga Bhattarai under my supervision to be accepted by the research committee for the final examination in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA in sociology.

 

.................................

Mr. Rajendra Pandit

(Supervisor)

Department of sociology/Anthropology

17 July 2015

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  

 

I am grateful to my supervisor respected teacher Mr. Rajendra Pandit sir for helping me since the very beginning of this study till the end of writing. He encouraged me constantly made insightful comments during research process.

I would like to thank to my respected teacher Professor Dr. Kesav Kumar Shrestha the head of the department, providing me an opportunity to carry out this study. I would like to express my thanks to my respected teachers in this department. I would also like to hanks all the respondents for cooperating in data collection. I would also like to thanks Mr. Madan Bhandari, and Mrs. Sita Nepal who help me to providing the information to fill up the data from this unemployed organization. I am also very much thankful to my family member who has always supported me in my studies.

Durga Bhattarai

17 July 2015

 

 

 

 

 

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List of Abbreviation  

BYSN: Berojgar Yuba Sangh Nepal

CA: Constitution Assembly

CDR: Central Development Region

CPN (UML): Nepal Communist Party Unified-Marxist-Leninist

EDR: Eastern Development Region

FWDR: Far Western Development Region

MWDR: Mid-Western development Region

MOF: Ministry of Finance

NC: Nepali Congress

NUF: Nepal Unemployed Forum

UCPN (Maoist): Unified Nepal Communist Party Maoist

WDR: Western Development Region

YSF: Youth self-employment fund

YSEF: Youth and Small Entrepreneur self-employment Fund

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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List of Tables

Table 1: Age group of the respondent 63

Table 2: Education level of the respondents 64

Table 3: Respondent reasons to organize 65

Table 4: Changing experience of the respondent 68

Table 5: Respondents joining category 69

Table 6: Respondent unemployed standing 70

Table 7: Achievement of the respondent 71

Table 8: Respondent unemployed conditions 71

Table 9: Improvement idea of the respondents 72 

List of Figures

Figure 1: Budget yearly expenditure 52

Figure 2: Respondent unemployed time Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3: Respondent origin Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4: Respondents views on what should government do Error! Bookmark

not defined. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Table of Contents

 

Acknowledgement  4 

List of abbreviation  5 

List of Tables  6 

Chapter -I  10 

Introduction  10 

1.1 Background of the study  10 

1.2 Statement of the problem  15 

1.3 Objectives of the study  16 

1.4 Significance of the study  16 

Chapter-II  17 

Literature Review  17 

2.1 World Context  17 

2.2 Nepalese Context  18 

2.2.1 Media Coverage  19 

2.2.2 Protest Continue  20 

2.2.3 The Manifesto of Unemployed  22 

Chapter -III  34 

Research Methodology  34 

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3.1 Research design  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

3.3 Universe of the study  35 

3.4 Nature and source of data  35 

3.5 Techniques and tools of data collection  36 

3.5.1 Questionnaire  36 

3.5.2 Interview  36 

3.5.3 Checklist  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

3.6 Data analysis and processing  37 

3.7 Limitations of the study  37 

3.8 Organization of the study  38 

Chapter- IV  39 

Result and discussion  39 

4.1 Objective 1.  39 

4.1.1 Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-employment Fund Secretariat  39 

4.2 Objective 2 54

4.2.1: Election manifesto of 3 parties in 2008 57

4.2.1.1: CPN (UML) 57

4.2.1.2: NC 57

4.2.1.3: UCPN (Maoist) 58

4.2.2: Election manifesto of 3 parties in 2013 58

4.2.2.1: CPN (UML) 58

4.2.2.2: NC 59

4.2.2.3: UCPN (Maoist) 60

4.3 Objective 3  62 

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4.3.1 Age of the respondent  62 

4.3.2 Education of the respondent  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

4.3.3 Unemployed time periods of the respondent  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

4.3.4 Joining reason of the respondent  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

4.3.5 Respondent involvement area in the movement  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

4.3.6 Changing experience of the respondent  67 

4.3.7 Encouragement criteria of the respondent in BYSN  68 

4.3.8 The respondent unemployed standing by their educational level  69 

4.3.9 Respondent achievement from the Sangh  70 

4.3.10. Respondent opinion about the unemployed conditions in Nepal  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

4.3.11 Views of respondent to improve unemployed condition  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

4.3.12 Government should do.  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

Chapter- V  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

Summary, conclusion and recommendation  87 

5.1 Summary  87 

5.2 Conclusions  89 

5.3 Recommendations  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

References  89 

Appendix I  94 

 

 

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Chapter -I

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study When a person, a family, a community, a society, a state, and a country etc. get

dominated from other person, family, society, state or country, they may be

organized and involved in movement to gain their rights and status. That’s the

background for unemployed movement which was began on 1 January 2008 in

the capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu at Maitighar Mandala, near national

ministerial headquarter, the Simhadurbar, representing all unemployed

personalities (Aryal: 2014a; Aryal: 2013; Aryal: 2014b; Aryal : 2014c; Aryal :

2008a, p.3; Dahal: 2008a, P.6; Dahal: 2008b, P.4; Aryal : 2008b, P.3;

Annapurna Post National Daily: 2008, P. 3; The Himalayan Times: 2008, P. 3;

The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6; Himaalaya Taaimsa: 2008, P. 2; Tamang: 2008,

P.5; Maharjan: 2008, P.5; The Rising Nepal: 2008, P.1; Rajdhaani National

Daily: 2008, P.1; Aryal : 2008; Aryal : 2010).

Among several newspapers, some of them covered the movement. This was a

caption below a photo published in The Himalayan Times on January 2, 2008.

“Policeman preventing Achyut Aryal from self-immolation at Maitighar,

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Mandala on Tuesday. Aryal had threatened to commit suicide for the welfare of

unemployed people” (The Himalayan Times: 2008, P. 3.)

There are several evidences of the effects after the declaration of this

movement. Unemployed started to talk and gather for their rights. They

organized and started rallies, conferences, membership’s distribution, discourses

and wall paintings etc. demanding unemployed rights (Aryal: 2014a; Aryal:

2013; Aryal: 2014b; Aryal : 2014c; Aryal : 2008a, p.3; Dahal: 2008a, P.6;

Dahal: 2008b, P.4; Aryal : 2008b, P.3; Annapurna Post National Daily: 2008, P.

3; The Himalayan Times: 2008, P. 3; The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6; Himaalaya

Taaimsa: 2008, P. 2; Tamang: 2008, P.5; Maharjan: 2008, P.5; The Rising

Nepal: 2008, P.1; Rajdhaani National Daily: 2008, P.1; Aryal : 2008; Aryal :

2010). Before, during and after the movement, Government was fully serious to

tackle this issue. Then Finance minister Dr. Baburam Bhattarai announced first

programme for unemployed in Nepal. When he was Prime Minister, he

continued it with Youth self –employment fund project. All political parties

declared their understanding about unemployed in their manifesto and speeches.

Agenda of unemployed was a central agenda for all political parties in

Constituent Assembly (CA) elections (Dahal: 2008a, P.6; Dahal: 2008b, P.4;

Aryal : 2008b, P.3; Tamang: 2008, P.5; Maharjan: 2008; Aryal : 2010).

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Thousands of Nepalese youth participated in self-employment project under

Nepal Government with collateral free easy loan (Bina Dhato Rin) .This was

very popular between the youths (Aryal: 2013, p. 17-29).

The industrial revolution replaced the number of real workers which increased

the unemployment problem in the world. Today’s this problem is remains same

for all kind of unemployed in the world. The proposed research is an

interdisciplinary study incorporating insights from human rights, press freedom

(freedom of speech), society, culture, media and law. The research observe

effects of unemployed movement in present context from the available source,

knowledge and from perspective/viewpoints of the unemployed, who

themselves are in psychological trauma. The output can show a real condition of

unemployed in Nepal.

Understanding the condition of unemployment is necessary in a society where

democracy and human rights are practiced. Unemployed movement in the

country for employment has been one of the major concerns of Nepalese

society. This research is looking for answers to these questions: In which

condition are these unemployed living? What are their present status and their

movement in Nepal? Can we study it from sociological prospective?

About unemployed: The conditions of unemployed are very disastrous in our

society. They need to survive a sophisticated life because it is more than

difficult for them to engage in any occupation. It had also difficult for them to

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intern in to the service oriented organization by the lack of skill boundary. Total

population of national senses 2068 had 26494504. Among this population 42%

are unemployed.

About unemployed movement: Unemployed movement was held in 1January

2008, representing all unemployed people in the country (Aryal: 2014a; Aryal:

2013; Aryal: 2014b; Aryal : 2014c; Aryal : 2008a, p.3; Dahal: 2008a, P.6;

Dahal: 2008b, P.4; Aryal : 2008b, P.3; Annapurna Post National Daily: 2008, P.

3; The Himalayan Times: 2008, P. 3; The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6; Himaalaya

Taaimsa: 2008, P. 2; Tamang: 2008, P.5; Maharjan: 2008, P.5; The Rising

Nepal: 2008, P.1; Rajdhaani National Daily: 2008, P.1; Aryal : 2008; Aryal :

2010). The movement was declared by the hidden classical identity of the

unemployed. The movement also indicated the unemployed bread and butter,

and allowance when they remain unemployed.

About government policy and programme: The government policies and

programme are indicated by fiscal year budget allocation. The budget allocation

represents the every sector of the development in the nation. The study

happened with government budget policy and programme under youth self-

employment fond (YSF) allocated by financed ministry from 2008 to till date.

The study also related to the youth and small entrepreneur self-employment

fund (YSEF).

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About political parties: There were 120 political parties registered in second

constitution assembly (CA) (source: election.gov.np). Political parties election

manifesto is the main written agenda where they declared every speeches after

fulfill the election. They convince the public about their views, policies and

programme etc. This study had happen with the major three political parties CA

election manifesto from 2008 and 2013. The major three political parties were

Nepali Congress (NC), Nepal Communist party Unified-Marxist-Leninist (CPN

UML), and Unified Nepal Communist party Maoist (UCPN Maoist).

About  Berojgar  Yuba  Sangh  Nepal  (unemployed  organization): This

organization is in Kathmandu metropolitan city at Thapathali. Different kinds of

unemployed were registered in this organization. There were 13, 0000

unemployed recorded. This record is increasing never remain the same. The

Berojgar Yuba Sangh Nepal (BYSN) had established for the welfare of

unemployed people. They struggled for their hidden classical identity, their

bread and butter than allowance towards government from this sangh. All their

vision, mission, goal and objectives are addressing unemployed people and their

real condition in the nation. The organization also addressing the bases of

employment for 19259000 unemployed youth in the nation (Source: Berojgar

Yuba Sangh Nepal ko Sankalpa Prastawona: 2071,www.berojgarnepal.org.np).

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1.2 Statement of the problem

In the first day of 2008, in Kathmandu, world unemployed movement was set.

The movements started at Maitighar Mandala, near national ministerial

headquarter- the Simahadurbar(Aryal: 2014a; Aryal: 2013; Aryal: 2014b; Aryal

: 2014c). This event was given importance by national media (Aryal : 2008a,

p.3; Dahal: 2008a, P.6; Dahal: 2008b, P.4; Aryal : 2008b, P.3; Annapurna Post

National Daily: 2008, P. 3; The Himalayan Times: 2008, P. 3; The Rising

Nepal: 2008, p. 6; Himaalaya Taaimsa: 2008, P. 2; Tamang: 2008, P.5;

Maharjan: 2008, P.5; The Rising Nepal: 2008, P.1; Rajdhaani National Daily:

2008, P.1; Aryal : 2008; Aryal : 2010). However, no research has been done to

explore and examine the unemployed movement in Nepalese society from

sociological perspectives. Despite the states’ huge scope for the study of

unemployed movement in Nepal, it has been ignored by sociological scholars

and researchers. The proposed research can be a breakthrough (or is importance

in the sense that) as it is first of this kind in field of sociological studies.

This research has fixed following questions to get answers:

-What are the Government policies for unemployed after declaration of

world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal?

-What are the political views about unemployed after declaration of world

unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal?

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-What is the situation of unemployed after declaration of world

unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal?

1.3 Objectives of the study

The general objective of the study is to explore and examine the unemployed

movement in Nepal, but there are specific objectives:

-To identify the Government policy about unemployed after the

declaration of world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal.

- To identify the political views about unemployed after the declaration of

world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal.

- To identify the situation of unemployed after the declaration of world

unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal.

1.4 Significance of the study

Understanding the state of unemployed is important where the democracy,

human rights are practiced. Unemployed movement and their protests for

employment are important to study (Aryal: 2008; Aryal: 2010). This study will

be helpful for future researchers and unemployed themselves. Every year four

lakhs youths enter into labor market. It is very challenging for a state to provide

employment to them. This is reflected in more youths going abroad for jobs.

This study will help to understand the situation of the unemployed and political

party’s importance to the unemployment problem.

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Chapter-II

Literature Review

2.1 World Context

Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward gave a detailed account of the

movement of unemployed American workers during the Great Depression.

Some of those movements are as follows.

In the slump of 1837, some 20,000 unemployed in Philadelphia

assembled to demand a Public work programs to relieve pain among the

unemployed. In 1857, unemployed protested in several big cities. Ten

thousand Philadelphians rallied to stimulate their State representatives in

the State House to understand their troubles. In New York a meeting of

15,000 people in Tompkins Square to demand work resulted in the

destruction of fences and the seizure of food wagons. The depression of

1873 moved new demonstrations. In New York City, rallies drew 10,000

to 15,000 people who were dispersed by mounted police, and in Chicago,

mass meetings of the unemployed, organized by rebels under the slogan

“Bread or Blood,” ended in a march of 20,000 on the City Council.

Subsequently, unemployed workers stormed the offices of the Chicago

Relief and Aid Society, swamping the Society with applications for aid.

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The depression movements of the unemployed and of industrial workers

came after a period of economic breakdown that produced pain and

confusion in the lives of millions. This produced problems in the posture

of elites. For those still working, the sadness caused by economic

collapse during the 1930s brought struggles within the factory system.

But for those who were no longer in the factories, they were

unemployed, and their struggle had to take another form, in another

institutional context. Occasionally, unemployment reached disastrous

levels and the jobless protested. At each of the recurrent depressions of

the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, people joined together and

demanded some form of aid to ease their distress (Aryal: 2014a; Aryal:

2013; Aryal: 2014b; Aryal : 2014c).

2.2 Nepalese Context

In the first day of 2008, in the capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu world

unemployed movement was set. It was at Maitighar Mandala, near national

ministerial headquarter- the Simhadurbar. The program was heavily covered by

national media (Dahal: 2008a, P.6; Dahal: 2008b, P.4; Aryal : 2008b, P.3;

Annapurna Post National Daily: 2008, P. 3; The Himalayan Times: 2008, P. 3;

The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6; Himaalaya Taaimsa: 2008, P. 2; Tamang: 2008,

P.5; Maharjan: 2008, P.5; The Rising Nepal: 2008, P.1; Rajdhaani National

Daily: 2008, P.1; Aryal : 2008; Aryal : 2010)

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2.2.1 Media Coverage

Media coverage of the movement is extensive and nation-wide. There were

many accredited journalists and reporters in Kathmandu, and most of them

cover the beginning of world unemployed movement. In addition, 200 special

unemployed movement declaration-related press releases were distributed. The

result is the most extensive media coverage of any event in Kathmandu for a

single person’s participation. Nepal Television broadcasts 5 minute coverage of

the entire Maitighar Mandala program, the movement declaration is the lead

story on all major radio stations, and it's on the pages of every major newspaper

of Kathmandu (Annapurna Post National Daily: 2008, P. 3; The Himalayan

Times: 2008, P. 3; The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6; Himaalaya Taaimsa: 2008, P.

2; Tamang: 2008, P.5; Maharjan: 2008, P.5; The Rising Nepal: 2008, P.1;

Rajdhaani National Daily: 2008, P.1).

The rising Nepal spells the movement like- ‘man attempts self- immolations’ in

its front page.

President of Nepal Unemployed Forum (NUF) Achyut Aryal attempted

self-immolation to mount pressure on the state authorities to look into the

problems of the unemployed. Before Aryal, who was seated on the pile of

wood burnt himself, police prevented him from taking his own life, which

is against the law. The main aim of the forum is to secure the rights of the

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unemployed, said Aryal. “We also want to impart the message that

agitation can be done without violence and road blockade. All those who

are unemployed belong to a responsible class; hence we want to lunch our

struggle in a unique way.” Before his attempt to self-immolate, he said he

had decided to take his own life out of the belief that it would create unity

among the unemployed and establish their independent identification.

Aryal said his sacrifice was also aimed to materialize the aims of the

Janaandolan-II and thereby ensure the representation of the unemployed

in the constituent Assembly and also to end the traditional thinking of

elderly people that young people can’t do anything (The Rising Nepal:

2008, p. 1).

2.2.2 Protest Continue

After this successful declaration of the world unemployed movement, a mass

consciousness began on Nepalese people for the rights of unemployed. NUF

started its rapid consciousness building programs nationwide. Suddenly after the

succession of declaration on 1 January 2008, another program was set in

January 11, 2008 with hand written press release in Nepali. The Rising Nepal, a

leading English language government newspaper reported it with following

…Member fed rice to a dog, which was symbolized as the

government and lit a fire in the middle of the road in New

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Baneshwor to cooked rice. Hundreds of unemployed youths

participated in the dog-feeding program organized (The Rising

Nepal: 2008, p. 6).

Nepal Unemployed Forum (NUF) on Saturday staged protest at New

Baneshwor, Kathmandu against the job fair, a fair at Birendra International

Convention Center that said on-the-spot job offer would be available to

qualified personal. NUF President said the fair was nothing but another poly to

cheat those who are already unemployed.

The forum protested by putting the cloths inside out. During the protest there

was a commotion as another group of protesters, saying the entry fee was too

high as Rs. 5000, pelted stones, set fire and resorted vandalisation. After this,

Aryal announced their protest was over (The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6).

NUF had made several other movements for the rights of unemployed. When

government declares price hike, it directly affects the unemployed. NUF

organized a unique protest program against the recent price hike of petroleum

products at New Baneshwor. NUF Aryal said- “we had to organize such

program because price hike directly affects the unemployed,” He added

government has proved that it is a dog by hiking the price of petroleum three

times within three months. Issuing a press release NUF has demanded to

provide fuel, food and shelter free of coast to the unemployed. Unemployed

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citizens numbering five million will not participate in the CA elections if their

problems are not addressed, the press statement said (The Rising Nepal: 2008, p.

6).

2.2.3 The Manifesto of Unemployed

A historic move on unemployed movement began when as a founder of world

unemployed movement Achyut Aryal published ‘The Manifesto of

Unemployed’ in 2008, suddenly after the declaration of world Unemployed

Movement in 1 January 2008. The manifesto was published in Nepali (Aryal:

Unemployed Manifesto). There were several images about unemployed

movement which were covered by the journalists in their news (Aryal : 2008a,

p.3; Dahal: 2008a, P.6; Dahal: 2008b, P.4; Aryal : 2008b).

In this way, an entire discourse began of unemployed movement in Nepal. The

huge interests of Nepalese media, civil society and situation of joblessness state

of the Nepalese society uplifted the movement. Now there are organizations

campaigning against unemployment. Main gap of this research comes here:

what is the structure of that declaration from sociological perspectives like

Government approach, political party attitude and present situation of

unemployed themselves.

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2. 2.4. Marxist meta-theory and this research

Among four meta-theories in sociological and anthropological research protocol

Marxist meta-theory is one. This research follows it as guidance. That’s why it

is purely a sociological research. Unemployed is subject belongs to the Marxist

meta-theory. The ‘founder father’ of ‘world unemployed movement’ Achyut

Aryal has different conception about Marxism up to now, expressed through

different researches published in global journals:

In a research abstract Arayl (2013, P.212) says: this research article is an

introduction about unemployed movement. It constructs the claim unemployed

movement was began from Nepal in January 1, 2008, so this date is significant

turning point from historical point of view to intake a new kind of revolution is

human society. It appeals to celebrate world unemployed day each year on 1

January. Furthermore it asks for further depth research in the field with

experimentation.

About a movement of workers, held in USA, Arayl (2013, P.213) criticizes: It is

said that Unemployed workers’ movement was set in US in the decade of 1930.

I laugh on it! Especially for its tag: Unemployed workers. How workers are

called unemployed? If they are unemployed why to be called them workers? If

they are workers why to connate with unemployed tag? I do say: unemployed

are unemployed and workers are workers! My point is that: that movement was

worker’s movement at all. In the human history unemployed movement was just

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began after 200 AD, exactly in 1 January 2008, from capital city of Nepal,

Kathmandu.

About the world unemployed movement and its further growth to become anti-

Marxist tradition possibility, Arayl (2013, P.237) spell: here it was just a

beginning for longer journey, from unemployed to non-labor. Superstructure

and sub-structure were already ready in my mind. But to achieve that, must

powerful way was unemployed. It was historically exploited class by all classes

of human history. So called Marxists, so called Communists and so called

proletarians are very cruel over this class. They’d made their root over the grave

of non-labor. Formation of unemployed class had opened the door to form other

classes: non-workers, non-labors, non-farmers, jobless etc. and as a whole

Original proletariat. Who do have nothing to lose but just a chain! 36 Final

moves in this direction were made through a book: Labor-Interjectional Grand-

Network and The Dictatorship of Perfect Proletariat, having ISSN: 978-9937-

2196-2. The Publisher was Perfect Proletariat party (PPP) and I’d used my

nickname –Moksha.

How unemployed movement was set? In an account the founder father of world

unemployed movement, Arayl (2013, P.239) mentions through a book account

in detail: through this book I’ve raised another side of the same coin- the non-

labor. Nature of the non-labor, its root, and way-up all has been described

through it. There is several evidences of the effects after the declaration of

26  

World Unemployed Movement from Nepal in 1 January 2008. Basically effects

were counted over: Effect on those who are unemployed started to talk and

gather for their rights. They’d begin organization and with organizational move

unemployed started rally, conferences, membership distribution, discourses, and

wall painting etc. demanding unemployed rights. My intention was not to

involve in violence for the unemployed but some are doing it. Effect on the

Country Thousands of Nepalese youth, participated in Self-employment project

declared by Nepal Government. Loan without Deposit (Bina Dhito Rin) was a

famous program all youth were interestingly participated on it. Effect on

Government Before, during, and after the movement, Government was fully

serious to tackle this issue, though it was not possible. Nepal government

ministry of finance led by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai announced first ever program

for unemployed in Nepal. When Bhattarai led the government as Prime Minister

of Nepal he continued it with Youth Self-employment Fund project. Effects on

Politics All political parties declared their understanding about unemployed in

their manifesto and speeches. Agenda of unemployed was a central agenda for

all political parties. In CA to it is a major agenda to discuss.

Aryal wishes- it is better that United Nations (UN) most declare the separate

department like ‘UN Unemployed’- as like several other UN days, possibility of

‘World Unemployed Day’ is logical. Again as like other UN bodies: UN

Women, ILO, UNCHR etc; the possibility of the formation of UN Unemployed

27  

is not possible? I approach it, let’s begin it. In this way from various

perspectives and approaches, unemployed will be a great opportunity for human

world to understand society and its nature. Unemployed are not such hazards,

useless classes of the society. It is the very beginning epoch of non-labor, a vast

and greater reality just hidden behind labor world. We need to dig it up for our

own benefit. Let’s celebrate WORLD UNEMPLOYED DAY on 1 January

every year (Arayl, 2013, P.239).

Arayl (2013, P.239) writes about an article of international journal: my aim in

this article is to show the direction of unemployed movement. It is such social

movement which can create vast scope for human knowledge as well as

discipline from economic, social, legal, ethnic, language, geographic, religious,

biological, ecological, political, cultural connotations. We can understand

unemployment as an opportunity for 21st century’s human being on different

aspects:

Unemployment as a discipline of knowledge

Unemployment as a sector of profession

Unemployment as an Industry

Unemployment management is a vast scoped sector of post-modern societal

complexities from discipline of knowledge point of view. Like other

management field, for example- Conflict management, knowledge management,

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Human Resource management, Disaster-Risks Management, Mind

Management, Hospitality Management etc. is has such capacity to remain as

different and independent discipline for human knowledge.38 Unemployment

Management discipline do have its own strong base, we just have to think on it

from research angle because it has its own.

Further he says in conclusion- this article is to show new possible area of human

knowledge and activities from knowledge as well as economic and social point

of view. Possibility of unemployed and its management from positive approach

leads us towards the broader area of management which represents half of the

existence: the non-labor. And the management of non-labor will create new

probability of higher civilization. I suggest universities to run such a course,

let’s design syllabus. Furthermore let’s conduct researches in the possible area. I

also request to United Nations for its support in this direction, if possible take

unemployed as its sister organization and declare- WORLD UNEMPLOYED

DAY as the beginning (Arayl: 2013, P.239).

Aryal (2014b, P.59) presents new management approach through a research,

which address unemployed as a main theme: this research article is an

introduction about a new approach on management, its background, nature,

process, elements and models which introduce a new kind of management

philosophy for academic and social discourse. Furthermore it asks for further

depth research in the field with experimentation. It constructs the claim

29  

unemployment is not a problem and hazard of the society but it is an unique

opportunity to know, learn, understand human society from historical,

theoretical and economic as well as many other perspectives which are in

existence. It has such a nature to link all societal phenomena together. Moreover

unemployment management is first step in broad non-labor management sector.

From which we can study half of the existence, which is still in dark.

About presenting a new approach, Aryal (2014c, p.121) in an abstract of a

research says: this research article is an introduction about a new approach on

literary criticism, its background, nature, process, elements and models which

introduce a new way of criticism. It constructs the claim unemployed persons

are being treated with prejudice in texts by scholars or writers with inferior

framework like before with women, blacks, minority and poor. It is happening

from within as well as beyond literary discipline, which makes criticism with

new approach possible. This paper explains that such new approach has broader

horizon; it means it begins from unemployed and goes upwards to non-labor,

from sub-structure to super-structure. How author behaves to non-labor is its

ultimate quest. For example how a novel author behaves with bad computer,

weak internet network, viruses’, cell phone and old house; as after they stop

working proper. And the new approaches on criticism explains such behaviors

of authors(senders) as well as readers(receivers) from the judgment of used

words, phrase, symbols, metaphors, sentences, characterizations, persona,

30  

setting, placement, structure etc. This will reveal new kind of discrimination

through criticism. Moreover it will say about how a text interacts with

complexity and survives as it can. Furthermore it asks for further depth research

in the field with experimentation.

With a lengthy discursive research paper, Aryal (2014d, P.6-7) concludes: the

conclusion of this discourse is- Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith is

nothing more but to cheat original proletarians and to kill them by root.

Intentionally they’d made draft and promoted it. After Marx his followers

continued this cheating task further strong. Exploitation happened forever.

Engels, Lenin, Mao and other so many byproducts of Marx always cheated

original proletariat, non-labor. ‘All hitherto existing society is the history of

class struggle’ is just a simple judgment of the history. It is not complete

understanding of existing society by root. Existence is directly proportional to

rate of interaction. And it is the main center of everything which is in existence,

even society. How a society remains in history depends on its existence not in

class struggle. Rate of interaction determines the existence of society in relation

to other time, space and matter aspects. Class struggle is just a natural and tiny

part of interactional behavior during complex rate of interaction, nothing more.

So, all hitherto existing society is the history of rate of interaction in other

words labor. Once there were several classes in different time frame in record of

known history. Now they are no more. Where they have gone? Certainly they

31  

were not able to survive because of rate of interaction was not survived from

theirs side in front of bourgeoisie and proletariat. These two classes started to

interact on such a way others had to die in front, and it’d happened. It was

natural even because the rate of interaction of these two classes was very high

and they survived. Interactional behavior itself has a unique nature in the sense

that it produces itself a new condition for further to go as like in the case of

bourgeoisie and proletariat. Now such situation has been appeared worldwide

and it is in the form, non-workers. The growing rate of non-workers worldwide

is root cause for the death of so called proletariat and workers. Nothing is long-

lasting. Everything changes with interactional complexity, always, everywhere.

Non-workers, non-labors, non-peasants, jobless and unemployed are the output

of previously ignored facts by Marx as well as blind followers and their

manipulation. Now the end is near! Abolition of private property depends on

same rule- the rate of interaction. Up to now it has failed theory. The rate of

interaction in sector remained weak. Achieving political supremacy through

abolition or takeover is also depends on interactional behavior. How strong and

in which direction it interacts. If formation of the class itself is so weak and on

wrong base how can it interact boldly? The root of the formation of so called

proletariat and communists was blood of innocent original proletariat, so

automatically it never worked. Rate of interaction is basically a natural

phenomenon but we can manipulate it. Manipulation depends on its power and

time of manipulation but natural interaction everlasting. Sometime it interacts

32  

one-another too. Everything passes from the stage of labor and non-labor.

Society, people, governments, classes all. With this reality there remain just two

classes: labor class and non-labor class. The effort to come in labor and the

effort to push on non-labor is the main existential phenomena of class, but it is

not with struggle notion, it is natural. During interaction it occurs. One remains

in labor and other remains in non-labor. Degree of it depends on the rate of

interaction just. If we view postmodern society from this angle it is clear that

there are two classes in all society. Communist bourgeoisie and original

bourgeoisie are labor class and original proletariat, non-labors are non-labor

class. And all non-labor class is interacting to come in labor very naturally.

Some are with struggle and political form; some are with various other ways.

And the whole change has been happening.

So when root claim of Marxism was wrong other all claims base on that goes

automatically wrong. The instrument used for the achievement was wrong, so

all the achievements are improper. Proletariat were not original so communist

were fake. So called revolution was not proper and on unjust so all revolutions

are unreliable. Marxism, communism, Leninism, Maoism and many more

taboos are not valid. Further Research: It is most to conduct further research on

so called Marxism, Communism from critical perspectives from experimental

epochs. Economic and time constrain made me just to explain this much (Aryal:

2014d, P.6-7).

33  

About communist manifesto, with criticism on it, Aryal (2014b, P.1) writes: this

research article is a critical study of communist manifesto written by Karl-Marx

and Fredrick Engels in 1847. It claims that communist up to now are not true

communist in nature, they are bourgeois communist. And this bourgeois

communist (m) emerged after 1850 made popular so called manifesto of so

called communist to cheat original or real or true proletariat. Moreover this

paper is a critical study on history of cheating by Karl-Marx and his prayers up

to now.

Unemployed are real proletariat where Marx was failed to address them, (Aryal:

2014b, P. 1-8) writes: they knew it but pretended to be unknown and the whole

unjust had happened in the name of communist and communism. All went fake

up to now- the so called communist movements, achievements, revolutions,

theories, definitions and many more. A justice designer seems had involved

itself on injustice over true proletariat, the Non-labor. It was their master plan to

cheat and rule over real one in the name of communism and proletariat. It was

grand-design of Marx and Angels in the beginning but when they had gone; it

come possession under their followers or prayers. Lenin, Mao etc. made the

culture continue to justify founder father of unjust was true. Still it is happening.

As 21st century consciousness and after the so long history of exploitation by

masked one in the name of proletariat being so called communist and in the

name of bringing new era of communism the cruel unjust over true proletariat,

34  

we must have to think very seriously on it. Is it rational? It is not needed to

abolish? My quest here is to show this entire hypocrisy surface. Let all know

how so called communist had been doing exploitation on true proletariat. The

manifesto begins with the references of established workers, high class people

in society of that time talking with their alliance. Moreover it spells about the

effect of communistic bully on contemporary society. Marx and Angels had

done it very consciously to impose the image of masked communist and to stay

over real proletariat forever

 

 

35  

Chapter -III

Research Methodology

3.1 Rationale behind the selection of study area

No research has been conducted yet in order to explore and examine the

unemployed movement in Nepalese society from sociological perspective. It has

been ignored by sociological scholars and researchers. The proposed research

can be a breakthrough as it is first of this kind in field of sociological studies in

Nepal. Unemployed movement and their protest all over the country for

employment has been one of the major concerns to study.

Government budget policy to unemployment, political views from their CA

election manifesto 2008 and 2013 were collected. Only three major political

parties like NC, CPN (UML), and UCPN (Maoist) manifesto were chosen.

3.2 Research design

There are different types of research; this research is descriptive because it tries

to explain what is going on after the unemployed movement.

Research design represents the overall structure of the study. It is subdivided

into different headings.

36  

3.3 Sampling

The respondents are the registered members of "Berojgar Yuba Sangh Nepal" in

Kathmandu metropolitan city at Thapathali. There are 130000 unemployed

registered in this sangh. Out of them there are 100 unemployed members in

different committees in Kathmandu. Only 25 members responded in a random

manner. No selection bias was present. Sample size estimation was done with

the following formula. n= N/ (1+N (e) 2) where e=0.05% at 95% level of

confidence, N=100 (Pandit, n.d.). There were very few respondents than

expected sample size of 80.

Government budget policy to unemployment, political views from their CA

election manifesto 2008 and 2013 were collected. Only three major political

parties like NC, CPN (UML), and UCPN (Maoist) manifesto were chosen.

3.4 Nature and source of data

This study obtained both quantitative and qualitative data. In this study, survey

was the leading method to collect necessary primary data. Primary data were

collected from field survey using different survey methods like questionnaire,

interview with key informant, and direct and indirect interview with people who

were submitted questionnaires.

Secondary data were obtained from relevant books, journals, reports,

magazines, newspaper articles etc. For objective first and second, mostly the

37  

secondary data were used, for third objective, unstructured interview were done,

and secondary data were also used as per the need.

Both primary and secondary sources were used to collect information. Primary

data were collected from field survey like questionnaire, interviewing with

unemployed in the BYSN office and with unemployed declaration leader.

Secondary data were collected from relevant books, journal articles,

newspapers, website etc.

3.5 Techniques and tools of data collection.

All the above indicate data were collected by using the following tools and

techniques:

3.5.1 Questionnaire

Research questionnaire with 12 open ended questions were prepared and

distributed to respondents in BYSN as a pretest. After their responses, same

question but now with multiple choices were prepared and distributed again to

them. The returned questionnaires were analyzed in different headings (See

questionnaire in Appendix i).

3.5.2 Interview

Formal and informal interview were done with selected sample about their

involvement in this organization and their movement.

38  

3.6 Data analysis and processing

All the collected data were tabulated in Microsoft excel and analyzed in

different categories. Simple tools like tables, percentage and graphs have been

used in analyzing the findings of the research.

3.7 Limitations of the study

 Due to the lack of limited time, resources and budget, the respondents were

limited. The respondents were only from the BYSN and not from the

unemployed outside the forum. Most respondents were male. The manifesto of

other political parties and the other plans and policies of the government could

not be observed. This research has focused just:

-To identify the Government policy about unemployed after the

declaration of world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal.

- To identify the political views about unemployed after the declaration of

world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal.

- To identify the situation of unemployed after the declaration of world

unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal.

39  

3.8 Organization of the study

The study deals with 5 chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction to

unemployed movement in Nepali society, statement of the problem, objectives

and the significance of the study. The second chapter deals with the review of

literature. The third chapter describes the methodology. The fourth chapter deals

with results and discussion of the study and fifth chapter deals with conclusion

and re-commendation.

40  

Chapter- IV

Result and discussion

4.1 Objective 1: Government policies about unemployed after declaration

of world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal

From authentic documents available and mentioned above in different chapters

proves that world unemployed movement was set in Nepal on 1 January 2008 in

Kathmandu. In other side, after the movement several sectors affected by it, and

among them one is government policy. Nepal government for the first time

established an independent body under Ministry of Finance; such was never

happened in entire history of Nepal government before January 1, 2008.

4.1.1 Government of Nepal, ministry of finance: Youth and Small

entrepreneur self employment fund, secretariat

Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-Employment Fund (YSEF) was established

by the Government of Nepal in 2009 with the aim of carrying out self-

employment programs, and providing orientation, vocational and skills

development trainings to the unemployed youths across the country. YSEF

41  

helps provide the educated and uneducated unemployed youths with necessary

collateral-free loans from banks, cooperatives and financial institutions at a low

interest rate in order to give them self employment opportunity, thus speed up

the development of the country through the use of local resources, optimum

utilization of the productive labor and entrepreneurship development

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/introduction).

Board members

1 Finance Minister: Chairman

2 Government Nominee : Vice- Chairman

3 Member, National Planning Commission (Respective Sector):

Member

4 Governor, Nepal Rastra Bank: Member

5 Secretary, Ministry of Finance : Member

6 Secretary, ministry of Labor and Transportation Management :

Member

7 Secretary, Ministry of Youth and Sports : Member

8 Chief Financial Advisor, Ministry of Finance: Member

9 Chairman, Nepal Chamber of Commerce: Member

10 Chairman, Nepal Bankers Association: Member

11 Chairman, Insurance Committee : Member

12 Chairman, Bimak Association : Member

42  

13 Joint Secretary Ministry of Finance, Nominated by Ministry of

Finance: Member

14 Executive Director : Member- Secretary

15 Deputy Governor , Nepal Rastra Bank: Member (Invited)

16 Secretary, Ministry of Cooperative and Poverty elevation : Member

(Invited) (http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/board-members).

The secretariat started self-employment opportunity in 2009. The 2008-09

budget policy by Finance Minister Dr. Baburam Bhattarai provided this

opportunity under Youth Self Employment Fund in with aim of reducing

unemployment (www.http://ysef.gov.np).

YSEF provides the educated and uneducated unemployed youths (age: 18- 50

yrs.) with necessary collateral-free loans at an interest rate (12%) for self-

employment opportunity. The loan amounts to NRs. 200,000 for an individual

and to NRs. 5,000,000 for a group of maximum 25 members. They provide loan

on the following projects like commercial farming, animal husbandry, agro-

forestry based industry, cottage and small industry, service-oriented self-

employment entrepreneurship, traditional skills possessed by some cast or

ethnic group etc. They have emphasized in providing loan from 466

cooperatives in 72 districts and now it is working to expand in Kathmandu

valley (www.http://ysef.gov.np).

43  

The self –employments of 25,206 from 72 districts are recorded. The number

is low. The reason might be the difficulty in process of receiving loan or the

lack of proper information to the unemployed (www.http://ysef.gov.np).

Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-Employment Fund (YSEF) was established

by the Government of Nepal in 2009 with the aim of carrying out self-

employment programs, and providing orientation, vocational and skills

development trainings to the unemployed youths across the country. YSEF

helps provide the educated and uneducated unemployed youths with necessary

collateral-free loans from banks, cooperatives and financial institutions at a low

interest rate in order to give them self employment opportunity, thus speed up

the development of the country through the use of local resources, optimum

utilization of the productive labor and entrepreneurship development.

Main objectives

The main objectives of YSEF are to facilitate the improvement of livelihood of

the economically disadvantaged groups, including destitute, women, Dalits,

indigenous nationalities, conflict victims, people living with disabilities,

members of the injured and martyrs' families, and youth and the groups with

traditional skills by enhancing their income generation by providing the

collateral-free periodic loans of up to NRs. 200,000 for an individual and up to

NRs. 5,000,000 for a group (maximum 25 persons) at a low interest rate to run

44  

commercial farming, agro-based industry or service-oriented self-employment

program. The other objectives of YSEF are as follows:

To provide collateral-free loans at low interest rate to the

unemployed youths of the country in order to make them self-

employed;

To provide self-employment opportunity to the educated and

neducated youths who go abroad for employment inside the

country;

To give priority to the groups like Kami, Sarki, Damai, Dhimal,

Rajbansi, conflict victims, people from oppressed caste groups,

indigenous nationalities and regions and women who have

traditional skills in providing loans;

To provide trainings on commercial farming, animal husbandry,

agro- forest-based industries, home-stay and precious stones;

To provide loans for self-employment programs, including

operating rickshaws and push- carts in urban areas;

To give special priorities to the projects that utilize local raw

materials, run skill-oriented programs, and produce materials that

are consumed within the area;

To encourage to invest on the project on "One Village One Product

and One Cooperative One Main Identity (ibd.)"

45  

Features of YSEF

Under self-employment program, YSEF provides loans at the annual

interest rate of 6 to 7 per cent from the loan it receives through banks and

financial institutions.

Concerned banks and financial institutions will then issue loans at the

annual interest of 12 per cent.

An unemployed youth receives collateral-free periodic loan of up to

NRs. 200,000, and if the individuals want to receive loan in a group, a

group of maximum 25 members will receive loans of up to NRs.

5,000,000.

If the borrower pays off the loan and interest in time stipulated by banks,

financial institutions and cooperatives, YSEF will rebate 60 percent of the

interest.

All the borrowers of the loans provided under YSEF will be insured

mandatorily and the premium of the insurance will be paid by YSEF.

Provide entrepreneurial trainings to the borrowers free of cost as per their

needs (ibd.).

Entrepreneurship to receive loans

Commercial farming and animal husbandry, agro-forestry-based

industry, cottage and small industry and other businesses;

46  

Service-oriented self-employment entrepreneurship, including

Rickshaws, push-carts in urban areas;

Entrepreneurship on traditional skills;

Training on precious stones;

Entrepreneurship on home stay;

Priorities will be given to the projects that utilize local raw materials

and skill development, projects that emphasize consumption in the

same village as it is produced, projects on one village one product and

the projects run by conflict victims, people living with disabilities,

members of injured and martyrs' families, oppressed, indigenous

nationalities, Dalits and women

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/about-us).

A. Activities

Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-Employment Fund was established in 2009

by the Government of Nepal with the noble aim of contributing to the

development of the country by utilizing labor and skill of the youths. YSEF has

been providing support to the development in the local sector by providing

collateral free easy loans to the youths of 18 to 50 years of age who have not

been able to utilize their talent and skill because of the lack of capital.

It has helped the youths having skills and talent who go abroad in search of

employment or forced to live secluded life in the absence of necessary fund to

47  

utilize their talent skills within their community or locality. YSEF has been

undertaking a number of activities in order to materialize the Government of

Nepal's aim to make them self-employed.

Major activities of YSEF include providing collateral-free easy loans, as well as

necessary trainings for the youths who participate in this scheme and monitor

the projects run under it, among others.

While YSEF does not provide training to the youths itself, it deploys and/or

encourages various support organization to provide orientation to the youths

who want to receive loans and skill development and capacity development

training to the youths who have received loans under this scheme

(Thttp://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/activitiesraining).

1. Training

Entrepreneurship is starting a business from scratch. It includes everything from

idea conception to managing the project in the long run. Skill oriented training

programs are designed to help fostering entrepreneurial ideas and pragmatic

skills.

As Such, Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-Employment does not provide

trainings to the youths directly. It motivates the partner organizations across the

country to provide necessary orientation, skill development and capacity

building training to the youths in order to make them self-reliant.

48  

Orientation

Orientation means providing the prospective self-employed youths with the

basic information about the fund, loan, interest, payment procedure of repaying

it, among others. Orientation training programs are used to ensure that the

youths who want to receive loan under Self-Employment scheme has the basic

knowledge required to inter into the loan agreement with the concerned

organization.

Youths who want to receive loan from the banks, financial institutions or

cooperatives under Self-Employment scheme, must be aware of all the

conditions and procedures of the scheme as well as the concerned bank,

financial institute or cooperative. This is why, orientation training is an essential

precondition to receive loan under this scheme.

However, YSEF itself does not provide orientation training programs to the

youths. It is often done by partner organizations of YSEF

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/orientation).

Capacity building

If you don’t have some key personal, entrepreneurial traits you may be facing a

lot of trouble. In order to be successful businessman one has to learn different

behaviors that can be picked up along the development pathway. Demonstrating

strong traits and behaviors such as dedication, perseverance, ambition,

determination, openness, honesty, transparency, fairness may help you to

become a successful entrepreneur.

49  

Capacity building trainings are important in order to develop certain traits

necessary to become a successful entrepreneur. These trainings are also

provided to the entrepreneurs who have been running their business through the

loans received under this scheme. http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/capacity-

building

Skill development

Dictionary definition of the skill is "the ability to do something well arising

from talent, training, or practice." YSEF gives priority to the projects

oncommercial farming, animal husbandry, agro-forestry-based industry,

cottage and small industry and other businesses; service-oriented self-

employment entrepreneurship, including Rickshaws, push-carts; traditional

skills possessed by some caste or ethnic groups; precious stones; and home

stay, etc. Hence, it is important to have at least one of these skills for those

who want to receive loan under self-employment scheme.

Your skills are your greatest asset. As an entrepreneur, the growth of your

business is paramount. Enhancing the capacity of the entrepreneur improves

her/his project’s efficiencies. Realizing this, skill development training

programs are organized free of cost by the support organizations for the youths

who have received loans under this scheme

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/skill-development).

50  

B. Loan distribution

Under Self-Employment scheme, YSEF provides loans to the banks, financial

institutions and cooperatives that reach an agreement with YSEF, at an annual

interest rate of 6-7 percent. The banks, financial institutes and cooperatives,

then, provide loans to unemployed youths who want to run a business to

become self-employed at an annual interest rate of 12 percent

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/loan-disbursement).

Eligibility criteria

An unemployed person, whether educated or uneducated, belonging to the age

group of 18 to 50, not involved in any occupation, entrepreneurship and income

generating activity may participate in this program

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/eliglibility-criteria).

Procedure

An unemployed youth of the age group of 18-50 may apply for the loan under

this scheme. In order to get loan under this scheme, an unemployed youth may

contact a bank, financial institute or cooperative that has reached an agreement

with YSEF to reimburse loan.

S/he must include following document to apply for the loan:

a. Certificate of an orientation training,

b. Citizenship Certificate,

c. Details of assets of the person and her/his family members,

d. Details of the project (http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/procedure).

51  

Bonus (subsidy)

An arrangement will be made to rebate 60 per cent of the interest of the loan as

bonus once the borrower pays off the loan and interest in time through YSEF

funded banks, financial institutions and cooperatives. These banks, financial

institutions and cooperatives will provide the list of such borrowers and after

proper verification of the claim YSEF will approve and disburse through banks,

financial institutions and cooperatives

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/bonussubsidy).

Insurance policy

If a borrower dies, is permanently disabled or project is damaged by a natural

calamity, the loan is repaid by insurance company. YSEF will pay the premium

of the insurance. However, the details of the loss and information regarding this

will be verified before settling the claim. The projects and burrowers are insured

by YSEF through Rastriya Beema Sansthan

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/insurance-policy).

C. Monitoring

Monitoring is an integral part of Youth and Small Entrepreneur Self-

Employment Fund (YSEF). YSEF has given priority to monitoring activities. In

order to make youths in the country self-employed YSEF's monitoring activities

are focused on identifying the areas of self-employment, probability study,

52  

investment status of the financial institutions and cooperatives. Monitoring

provides YSEF important knowledge on the utilization of the loans providing it

the input on the status of the disbursed loan and future investment.

YSEF has now emphasized on the programs to make youths self-employed

through the cooperatives in order to materialize the national program to disburse

loan through YSEF in all 75 districts of the country. YSEF has provided loans

to 466 cooperatives in 73 districts of the country and it is now in the process to

expand it to three districts in Kathmandu Valley. In this context YSEF has

concluded monitoring in Bhaktapur district and it is now conducting its

monitoring in Kathmandu and Lalitpur districts

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/monitoring). Monitoring happens through

these levels also:

- Central level

- Regional level

- District level 

Lending agencies 

Lending Agencies are the banks, financial institutions and/or cooperatives that

provide loans to the youths under youth self-employment scheme.

YSEF does not provide loans directly to unemployed youths but provides

through banks, financial institutions and cooperatives. Concerned banks,

53  

financial institutions and cooperatives get loan from YSEF at the annual interest

rate of 6 to 7 percent and then they provide it to unemployed individuals or

groups at an annual interest of 12 percent.

An unemployed youth receives collateral-free periodic loan of up to NRs.

200,000, and if the individuals wants to receive loan in a group, a group of

maximum 25 members will receive loans of up to NRs. 5,000,000. YSEF, now,

has emphasized in providing loans to unemployed youths through cooperatives

and a total of 466 cooperatives from 72 districts have received loans

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/lending-agencies).

Banks

1. Kist Development Bank

2. Agriculture Development Bank

(http://ysef.gov.np/site/index.php/banks).

Co-operatives

Financial Institutions

Government budget and youth self employment fund

Since 1 January 2008, Government of Nepal has started to distribute budget for

unemployed. It means Government of Nepal has a high priority in its policies

regarding unemployed (MoF: 2008, MoF: 2009, MoF: 2010, MoF: 2011, MoF:

2012, MoF: 2013, MoF: 2014).

The following graph shows the distribution of budget to YSF in years after the

unemployed movement. The fund is in decreasing trend after 2008-09. There

could be many reasons about this fund is in decreasing trend. Political instability

54  

and separation power of the government seems to be most (MoF: 2008, MoF:

2009, MoF: 2010, MoF: 2011, MoF: 2012, MoF: 2013, MoF: 2014).

Figure 1: Budget yearly expenditure

 

(Source: www.mof.gov.np)

55  

4.2 Objective 2: Political views about unemployed after declaration of

world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008

From entire data available of political parties election manifesto before 1

January 2008 elections in Nepal proves, there were no words mentioned for

unemployed. Unemployed agendas were not in mainstream for political parties

before. But suddenly, the movement began in 1 January 2008, all political

parties started to carry unemployed in its manifesto with high priority. This

research conceptualizes that ‘election manifesto’ is authentic source to know

about the political views regarding unemployed and mentioned words there in

concerning manifesto are the one and only authentication of the views.

There were 120 political parties registered in second CA election (source:

election.gov.np). It is difficult to mention their entire CA election manifesto in

the study. For this objective, only 3 major political parties (CA) election

manifesto from 2064 /2070 BS (2008/2013 AD) were selected. The three major

political parties are Nepali congress (NC), Nepal Communist Party Unified-

Marxist-Leninist (CPN -UML) and Unified Nepal Communist Party UCPN

(Maoist). All the three parties declared some unemployed centric provision in

their both CA election manifestos (election.gov.np).

56  

It is difficult to analyze whether their provision was due to the unemployed

movement or to jaaanaladon II, or to take favor in the election. But the

unemployed movement leader claims that they made the unemployment as main

agenda in their CA election manifesto because of the unemployed movement in

1 january 2008. The rising Nepal, Nepal’s authentic government newspaper

proves the founder father’s claim because during unemployed movement

demand of unemployed leaders seems very clear, they were demanding

inclusion of unemployed agenda in CA election, newspaper with high priority in

its coverage mentions it on different editions in clear:

President of Nepal Unemployed Forum (NUF) Achyut Aryal attempted

self-immolation to mount pressure on the state authorities to look into the

problems of the unemployed. Before Aryal, who was seated on the pile of

wood burnt himself, police prevented him from taking his own life, which

is against the law. The main aim of the forum is to secure the rights of the

unemployed, said Aryal. “We also want to impart the message that

agitation can be done without violence and road blockade. All those who

are unemployed belong to a responsible class; hence we want to lunch our

struggle in a unique way.” Before his attempt to self-immolate, he said he

had decided to take his own life out of the belief that it would create unity

among the unemployed and establish their independent identification.

Aryal said his sacrifice was also aimed to materialize the aims of the

Janaandolan-II and thereby ensure the representation of the

57  

unemployed in the constituent Assembly and also to end the traditional

thinking of elderly people that young people can’t do anything (The

Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 1).

…Nepal Unemployed Forum (NUF) on Saturday staged protest at New

Baneshwor, Kathmandu against the job fair, a fair at Birendra International

Convention Center that said on-the-spot job offer would be available to

qualified personal. NUF President said the fair was nothing but another poly to

cheat those who are already unemployed.

The forum protested by putting the cloths inside out. During the protest there

was a commotion as another group of protesters, saying the entry fee was too

high as Rs. 5000, pelted stones, set fire and resorted vandalisation. After this,

Aryal announced their protest was over (The Rising Nepal: 2008, p. 6).

NUF had made several other movements for the rights of unemployed. When

government declares price hike, it directly affects the unemployed. NUF

organized a unique protest program against the recent price hike of petroleum

products at New Baneshwor. NUF Aryal said- “we had to organize such

program because price hike directly affects the unemployed,” He added

government has proved that it is a dog by hiking the price of petroleum three

times within three months. Issuing a press release NUF has demanded to

provide fuel, food and shelter free of coast to the unemployed. Unemployed

citizens numbering five million will not participate in the CA elections if

58  

their problems are not addressed, the press statement said (The Rising Nepal:

2008, p. 6).

4.2.1: CA election manifesto of three major political parties in

2008

In history of Nepal for the first time CA election was occurred in 2008 AD.

Many political parties raised their voices regarding unemployed in their

respective manifestos. In this research, three major political parties are just

analyzed regarding political views for unemployed in Nepal.

4.2.1.1: CPN (UML)

CPN (UML) has clearly mentioned in its manifesto for unemployed. In different

sections repeatedly come the words ‘unemployed’ and its scientific

management. So, CPN (UML) seems heavily affected and pressurized by world

unemployed movement of 1 January, 2008 to include agendas in its CA election

manifesto. Here are two main sections as a proof:

-Allowance for unemployed and right to social security.

-Infrastructure development and reconstruction campaign to minimize the

poverty by solving the unemployment problem (CPN -UML: 2008, P. 10-

23).

4.2.1.2: NC

Nepali congress did not mention ‘unemployed’ as agenda in whole manifesto.

But they include poverty alleviation as their major provision, it means NC was

59  

unaware of the world unemployed movement in 1 january 2008 (Nepali

Congress: 2008, P. 17-25).

4.2.1.3: UCPN (Maoist)

After 10 years civil war, UCPN (Maoist) was in democratic process leaving

bullet and accepting ballet. After election it was became a major political party

of Nepal. The manifesto declared by UCPN (Maoist) shows that it was affected

and inspired by world unemployed movement of 1 January 2008 because, it has

given high priority in its election agendas for unemployed. These are the main

section found in CA election manifesto of UCPN (Maoist).

• Immediate relief to unemployed below poverty line fully unemployed and

going abroad seeking job or involved in agriculture as hidden

unemployed or semi-unemployed.

• Establishment of the labor exchange center

o Enlisting educated and uneducated unemployed.

o Unless there is productive employment, the unemployed will be

provided allowances or collateral free loans to those who want to

be self- employed (UCPN –Maoist: 2008, P. 19-34).

4.2.2: Election manifesto of 3 parties in 2013

First CA was not successful because it was not able to declare any constitution

in time and suddenly second CA election was declared for 2013. All major

60  

political parties participated in the election. In this election all major political

parties included unemployed agenda with focus and elaboration. Here is detail:

4.2.2.1: CPN (UML)

CPN (UML) continued its unemployed agenda with brief description in it’s

different section:

-Ending unemployment: Launching massive employment campaign.

They discuss to provide self-employment program for one fourth of

400,000 youths who enter into labor market annually. The manifesto

includes creation of 300,000 new jobs annually from state’s investment

policy, with 100, 000 jobs in agriculture sector and 50, 000 jobs will be

created in different enterprise.

-Legal provision of at least one employment for one household

-Special program entitled “useful education gainful employment” for the

youths and allowance for unemployed youths (CPN –UML: 2013, P. 30-

44).

4.2.2.2: NC

Nepali Congress (NC) has highly prioritized unemployed in CA election

manifesto 2013; it was a great move of NC in comparison to previous CA

election of 2008 AD. Different sections were made for unemployed :

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• Provision of special policy and structural changes to promote

knowledge in service related industries in Information and

communication to cope with increase in unemployment.

• Specials programs for the youths gone abroad seeking employment

• Subsistence allowance for the unemployed youths.

• Create employment in the nation to solved unemployed youth’s

problem (Nepali Congress: 2013, P. 48-61).

4.2.2.3: UCPN (Maoist)

Huge priority was given by UCPN (Maoist) in 2013 CA election for

unemployed. Long description and clear programs was addressed in CA

manifesto by UCPN (Maoist) seems it was aware of the unemployed movement

well.

This slogan “full or self-employment for youths” is UCPN (Maoist)’s major

concern. Their manifesto includes ending unemployment in 15 years. They talk

about providing self-employment to 50,000 youths annually and also 180 days

of employment to one person of a family below poverty line (UCPN –Maoist:

2013, P. 27-28).

All the 3 parties’ addressed the unemployed situation. In 2008 CA election

manifesto, all three parties mentioned unemployed problem in different

headings. From 2008 CA election manifesto, CPN-UML and UCPN-Maoist

both mentioned to provide allowance to the unemployed. In 2013 CA elections

manifesto, UCPN-Maoist and CPN-UML addressed the unemployed problem

and policy in separate heading which was easy to understand, but not NC. All

parties in 2013 talk about allowance for unemployed. They mentioned about

service oriented industrial and agriculture development, and also private sector

62  

investment. It proves that world unemployed movement of 1 January 2008

started by Achyut Aryal was a big lesson for political parties to include

unemployed agendas in their respective programs. Formally political sectors

seem to be affected and accepted it (CPN -UML: 2008, P. 10-23; CPN –UML:

2013, P. 30- 44; Nepali Congress: 2008, P. 17-25; Nepali Congress: 2013, P.

48-61; UCPN –Maoist: 2008, P. 19-34; UCPN –Maoist: 2013, P. 27-28).

63  

4.3 Objective 3: To identify the situation of unemployed after the

declaration of world unemployed movement on 1 January 2008 in Nepal

For this objective as a founder father Prof. Dr. Achyut Aryal’s views has been

considered most and meanwhile a mini survey has been conducted with the

members of the Berojgaara Yuba Sangh Nepal (unemployed organization).

According to authentic record of BYSN, there were 130000 unemployed people

organized and involved in different kind of protests to establish unemployed

rights all over Nepal (road blockade, unemployed rally, and wall painting etc.)

and social work: cleaning environment etc. For mini survey 150 questionnaires

were distributed through central office of BYSN staff and collected the filled up

questionnaire with very low response rate just of 25. Figuring this with 100%,

the analysis in frequency has been calculated here.

4.3.1 Age of the respondent

The age between 18-31 years is basically the period of taking higher education

and making self-identity. Lack of poverty and unemployed, this age group are

involved in this BYSN.

The following table shows the different age group of the population who were

selected in the sample.  

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Table 1: Age group of the respondent

Age group Gender Total Percentage

Male Female

18-24 4 0 4 16

25-30 7 0 7 28

31above 12 2 14 56

Total 23 2 25

Source: Field survey 2015

The above table shows the respondent in different age group organized in

BYSN. Among 25 respondents, the majority of unemployed populations (56%)

were from the age group 31-above and lowest form age group 18-24 (16%).

From the high involvement of 31- above population, the self-employment

programme might have been difficult to access.

4.3.2 Education of the respondent

Survey questionnaire were adopted to find out the respondents

education status organized in BYSN. The following table shows their

education status.

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Table 2: Education level of the respondents

Education of

the

respondent

Gender Total Percentage

Male Female

Less than 10 4 0 4 16

10-SLC 5 1 6 24

11-Bachelor 9 1 10 40

Above

Bacheor

5 0 5 20

Total 23 2 25

Source: Field survey 2015

The table shows the high involvement of the educated unemployed in the forum.

Most of the people educations were between 11- Bachelor (40%) and 20% are

bachelor above education level. 10-SLC education level population are 24%.

16%were least educated or uneducated. The government must start unemployed

centric programme to address this problem.

4.3.3 Unemployed time periods of the respondent

The question was how long you are unemployed in the study. The following

figure shows the respondent unemployed time.

66  

Figure 2: Respondent unemployed time 

8 

16 

28 

48 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Less  than 1 1  to 2 2 to 5 Above 5

Years

Respondent's unemployment in years

Percentage

 

Source: Field survey 2015

The figure indicated the majority (48%) of the unemployed populations were in

the group (above 5), and 8% were unemployed for less than a year. This result

indicated that the numbers of long time unemployed are organized in BYSN.

The seat of government employment sources were either low or they were

unable to be selected from the competition.

4.3.4 Joining reason of the respondent

The question was why they have joined in this organization. The result is in

table number 3.

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Table 3: Respondent reasons to organize

Reason for joining Responded Total Percentage

To get job 15 15 60

To discuss

unemployed problem

6 6 24

To pressurize

Government

4 4 16

Source: Field survey 2015

The majority 60% joined BYSN to get job. Rest joined to discuss unemployed

problems and to pressurize government. It indicates that there is maximum

population who are searching job in the Nepalese society and have undergone

through psychological trauma to get the job.

4.3.5 Respondent involvement area in the movement The question was where they involved in unemployed movement. The

following figure shows their involvement area.

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Figure 3: Respondent origin

8 

68 

4  4 

16 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

EDR CDR  WDR FWDR  MWDR

Development Regions

Respondent Origin

Percentage

 

Source: Field survey 2015

The majority of unemployed involved in movement from central develop region

(CDR) were 68%. There were least involvement (4%) from western

development region (WDR) and far-western development region (FWDR). The

highest percentage of unemployed appeared in CDR region because people

come in this region for better education, job and work.

4.3.6 Changing experience of the respondent

The survey asked any changes you experienced after joining this organization

and the movement. The following table shows their result what they gain or

imagine from BYSN.

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Table 4: Changing experience of the respondent

Changing

experiences

Respondent Total Percentage

As expected 16 16 64

Less than

expected

6 6 24

No change 3 3 12

Source: Field survey 2015

The majority of 64% population views were as expected, 24% population views

were less than expected and only 12% population expressed there is no change.

As expected result indicates that the unemployed wills and needs were provide

by the BYSN.

4.3.7 Encouragement criteria of the respondent in BYSN

The question was who encouraged you to involve in this organization. The table

number 5 shows their result or their views.

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Table 5: Respondents joining category

Joining Category Respondent Total Percentage

Self-8 8 32 32

Family and

Friends

4 4 16

Unemployed

Organization

member

13 13 52

Source: Field survey 2015

The majority (52%) joined the forum by the encouragement of unemployed

organization member, 32% joined themselves-and rest due to the

encouragement from their family and friends. The main reason behind

unemployed joining the forum is the encouragement or counseling of

organization member rather than family or friends.

4.3.8 The respondent unemployed standing by their educational

level

The purpose of the question was to categorize unemployed standing. The table

number 6 shows their result.

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Table 6: Respondent unemployed standing

Unemployed standing Respondents Total Percentage

Skilled educated 10 10 40

Unskilled /uneducated 1 1 4

Skilled /uneducated 2 2 8

Educated/inexperienced 12 12 48

Source: Field survey 2015

The majority are Skilled and educated (40%), educated and inexperienced

(48%) and rest (12%) are uneducated. The above table shows that the persons,

who are educated but not experienced has the maximum number of involvement

in this organization.

Analyzing the above result, the number of educated person are being

unemployed with the lack of experience. Therefore, the government should

provide skill enhancement training for educated inexperienced or special

provision for them for jobs with on the job training rather than asking

experience at job requirements.

4.3.9 Respondent achievement from the Sangh

The question was what you achieved from involving in this Sangh. The

following table mentions their result.

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Table 7: Achievement of the respondent

Achievement Responded Total Percentage

Happiness 7 7 28

Disappointment 5 5 20

Bond with

Unemployed

13 13 52

Source: Field survey 2015

The majority (52%) answered bonding with the unemployed, the only 20%

population were disappointed. It shows that the person who has no job or work

organizes in this BYSN and they get opportunity to bond with the same kind of

group. From this result, it appears that the same kind of population joined

together to discuss about their problem.

4.3.10. Respondent opinion about the unemployed conditions in

Nepal

The question was what is the condition of unemployed is now in Nepal. The

result is in the following table.

 

 

 

 

 

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Table 8: Respondent unemployed conditions

Unemployed

Condition

Responded Total Percentage

Disastrous 22 22 88

Satisfactory 0 0 0

Between the two 3 3 12

Source: Field survey 2015

The high majority (88%) answered their conditions as very serious. But there

are no people or population with satisfactory result and only 12% population

answered between the two. From this above result, the condition of unemployed

population is very disastrous in present days. These conditions create maximum

unsocial activities in the society like robbing, murdering, alcoholism,

trafficking, raping, suicide etc.

4.3.11 Views of respondent to improve unemployed condition

The question was how we can improve the condition of the unemployed. The

following table applies their views

 

 

 

 

 

74  

Table 9: Improvement idea of the respondents

Improvement Responded Total Percentage

Organizing and

pressurizing the

government

19 19 76

Organization and self-

employment

6 6 24

Source: Field survey 2015

Majority (76%) answered improvement by organizing unemployed and

pressurizing the government, the rest expressed to organize and self-

employment will improve their condition.

4.3.12 Government should do

The survey question was what government should do for unemployed people.

The following figure shows their response.

 

 

 

  

 

75  

   Figure 4: Respondents views on what should government do

52% 

32% 

16% 

Response on what should government do?

Unemployment Fund orAllowance

Skill Enhancement

Quota or Reservation

 

Source: Field survey 2015

Majority(52%) populations expressed the government must start unemployed

fund or give allowance to them, while 32% asked for skill enhancement and rest

answered quota seat or reservation to the unemployed. Their views were

suitable in the present condition of the unemployed.

4.3.13 Do you know the main objectives of this sangh? The research

questionnaire in the survey in 2015, about thus question following views are

found, out of 25 respondents:

a) The state should guarantee the job or allowance according to their

capability, ability, talent, skill, and education certificate level.

76  

b) The state must evaluate the certificates of the unemployed educated

and keep those certificates in collateral in order to grant loan for the

purpose of making suitable environment for self-employment.

4.3.14 some considerable personal views

According to the question (Finally do you want to say anything more? If yes

explain) asked in research questionnaire during field survey in 2015 among 25

respondents some major personal views have been found like this-

-We unemployed are respected from the BYSN. We are ready to do any

struggle but it must be result oriented.

-Anyhow the government should provide job for unemployed.

-Nepalese political leaders as well as the people of Nepal must avoid the

feudalistic characters and build democratic characters.

-We are organized and will continue our struggle till the unemployment

problem is completely solved.

4.4 Founder father of world unemployed movement: Prof. Dr.

Achyut Aryal & his views on unemployed

Media outlet like before years, of 2015 AD, also frequently mentions Prof. Dr.

Achyut Aryal as ‘founder father’ of ‘world unemployed movement’ declared in

1 January 2008 (Image Khabar.com: 2015, Artha Bazzar.com: 2015,

77  

Nepaljapan.com: 2015, NEWS NRN: 2015). He has expressed his views about

unemployed in Nepalese as well as global context through different seminars,

journals, books, speeches etc. here I present some of them feeling, without

founder father’s perception this research can’t be complete, to know about the

actual condition of unemployed now in contemporary era:

In a research abstract Arayl (2013, P.212) says: this research article is an

introduction about unemployed movement. It constructs the claim unemployed

movement was began from Nepal in January 1, 2008, so this date is significant

turning point from historical point of view to intake a new kind of revolution is

human society. It appeals to celebrate world unemployed day each year on 1

January. Furthermore it asks for further depth research in the field with

experimentation.

About a movement of workers, held in USA, Arayl (2013, P.213) criticizes: It is

said that Unemployed workers’ movement was set in US in the decade of 1930.

I laugh on it! Especially for its tag: Unemployed workers. How workers are

called unemployed? If they are unemployed why to be called them workers? If

they are workers why to connate with unemployed tag? I do say: unemployed

are unemployed and workers are workers! My point is that: that movement was

worker’s movement at all. In the human history unemployed movement was just

began after 200 AD, exactly in 1 January 2008, from capital city of Nepal,

Kathmandu.

78  

About the world unemployed movement and its further growth to become anti-

Marxist tradition possibility, Arayl (2013, P.237) spell: here it was just a

beginning for longer journey, from unemployed to non-labor. Superstructure

and sub-structure were already ready in my mind. But to achieve that, must

powerful way was unemployed. It was historically exploited class by all classes

of human history. So called Marxists, so called Communists and so called

proletarians are very cruel over this class. They’d made their root over the grave

of non-labor. Formation of unemployed class had opened the door to form other

classes: non-workers, non-labors, non-farmers, jobless etc. and as a whole

Original proletariat. Who do have nothing to lose but just a chain! 36 Final

moves in this direction were made through a book: Labor-Interjectional Grand-

Network and The Dictatorship of Perfect Proletariat, having ISSN: 978-9937-

2196-2. The Publisher was Perfect Proletariat party (PPP) and I’d used my

nickname –Moksha.

How unemployed movement was set? In an account the founder father of world

unemployed movement, Arayl (2013, P.239) mentions through a book account

in detail: through this book I’ve raised another side of the same coin- the non-

labor. Nature of the non-labor, its root, and way-up all has been described

through it. There is several evidences of the effects after the declaration of

World Unemployed Movement from Nepal in 1 January 2008. Basically effects

were counted over: Effect on those who are unemployed started to talk and

79  

gather for their rights. They’d begin organization and with organizational move

unemployed started rally, conferences, membership distribution, discourses, and

wall painting etc. demanding unemployed rights. My intention was not to

involve in violence for the unemployed but some are doing it. Effect on the

Country Thousands of Nepalese youth, participated in Self-employment project

declared by Nepal Government. Loan without Deposit (Bina Dhito Rin) was a

famous program all youth were interestingly participated on it. Effect on

Government Before, during, and after the movement, Government was fully

serious to tackle this issue, though it was not possible. Nepal government

ministry of finance led by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai announced first ever program

for unemployed in Nepal. When Bhattarai led the government as Prime Minister

of Nepal he continued it with Youth Self-employment Fund project. Effects on

Politics All political parties declared their understanding about unemployed in

their manifesto and speeches. Agenda of unemployed was a central agenda for

all political parties. In CA to it is a major agenda to discuss.

Aryal wishes- it is better that United Nations (UN) most declare the separate

department like ‘UN Unemployed’- as like several other UN days, possibility of

‘World Unemployed Day’ is logical. Again as like other UN bodies: UN

Women, ILO, UNCHR etc; the possibility of the formation of UN Unemployed

is not possible? I approach it, let’s begin it. In this way from various

perspectives and approaches, unemployed will be a great opportunity for human

80  

world to understand society and its nature. Unemployed are not such hazards,

useless classes of the society. It is the very beginning epoch of non-labor, a vast

and greater reality just hidden behind labor world. We need to dig it up for our

own benefit. Let’s celebrate WORLD UNEMPLOYED DAY on 1 January

every year (Arayl, 2013, P.239).

Arayl (2013, P.239) writes about an article of international journal: my aim in

this article is to show the direction of unemployed movement. It is such social

movement which can create vast scope for human knowledge as well as

discipline from economic, social, legal, ethnic, language, geographic, religious,

biological, ecological, political, cultural connotations. We can understand

unemployment as an opportunity for 21st century’s human being on different

aspects:

Unemployment as a discipline of knowledge

Unemployment as a sector of profession

Unemployment as an Industry

Unemployment management is a vast scoped sector of post-modern societal

complexities from discipline of knowledge point of view. Like other

management field, for example- Conflict management, knowledge management,

Human Resource management, Disaster-Risks Management, Mind

Management, Hospitality Management etc. is has such capacity to remain as

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different and independent discipline for human knowledge.38 Unemployment

Management discipline do have its own strong base, we just have to think on it

from research angle because it has its own.

Further he says in conclusion- this article is to show new possible area of human

knowledge and activities from knowledge as well as economic and social point

of view. Possibility of unemployed and its management from positive approach

leads us towards the broader area of management which represents half of the

existence: the non-labor. And the management of non-labor will create new

probability of higher civilization. I suggest universities to run such a course,

let’s design syllabus. Furthermore let’s conduct researches in the possible area. I

also request to United Nations for its support in this direction, if possible take

unemployed as its sister organization and declare- WORLD UNEMPLOYED

DAY as the beginning (Arayl: 2013, P.239).

Aryal (2014b, P.59) presents new management approach through a research,

which address unemployed as a main theme: this research article is an

introduction about a new approach on management, its background, nature,

process, elements and models which introduce a new kind of management

philosophy for academic and social discourse. Furthermore it asks for further

depth research in the field with experimentation. It constructs the claim

unemployment is not a problem and hazard of the society but it is an unique

opportunity to know, learn, understand human society from historical,

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theoretical and economic as well as many other perspectives which are in

existence. It has such a nature to link all societal phenomena together. Moreover

unemployment management is first step in broad non-labor management sector.

From which we can study half of the existence, which is still in dark.

About presenting a new approach, Aryal (2014c, p.121) in an abstract of a

research says: this research article is an introduction about a new approach on

literary criticism, its background, nature, process, elements and models which

introduce a new way of criticism. It constructs the claim unemployed persons

are being treated with prejudice in texts by scholars or writers with inferior

framework like before with women, blacks, minority and poor. It is happening

from within as well as beyond literary discipline, which makes criticism with

new approach possible. This paper explains that such new approach has broader

horizon; it means it begins from unemployed and goes upwards to non-labor,

from sub-structure to super-structure. How author behaves to non-labor is its

ultimate quest. For example how a novel author behaves with bad computer,

weak internet network, viruses’, cell phone and old house; as after they stop

working proper. And the new approaches on criticism explains such behaviors

of authors(senders) as well as readers(receivers) from the judgment of used

words, phrase, symbols, metaphors, sentences, characterizations, persona,

setting, placement, structure etc. This will reveal new kind of discrimination

through criticism. Moreover it will say about how a text interacts with

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complexity and survives as it can. Furthermore it asks for further depth research

in the field with experimentation.

With a lengthy discursive research paper, Aryal (2014d, P.6-7) concludes: the

conclusion of this discourse is- Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith is

nothing more but to cheat original proletarians and to kill them by root.

Intentionally they’d made draft and promoted it. After Marx his followers

continued this cheating task further strong. Exploitation happened forever.

Engels, Lenin, Mao and other so many byproducts of Marx always cheated

original proletariat, non-labor. ‘All hitherto existing society is the history of

class struggle’ is just a simple judgment of the history. It is not complete

understanding of existing society by root. Existence is directly proportional to

rate of interaction. And it is the main center of everything which is in existence,

even society. How a society remains in history depends on its existence not in

class struggle. Rate of interaction determines the existence of society in relation

to other time, space and matter aspects. Class struggle is just a natural and tiny

part of interactional behavior during complex rate of interaction, nothing more.

So, all hitherto existing society is the history of rate of interaction in other

words labor. Once there were several classes in different time frame in record of

known history. Now they are no more. Where they have gone? Certainly they

were not able to survive because of rate of interaction was not survived from

theirs side in front of bourgeoisie and proletariat. These two classes started to

84  

interact on such a way others had to die in front, and it’d happened. It was

natural even because the rate of interaction of these two classes was very high

and they survived. Interactional behavior itself has a unique nature in the sense

that it produces itself a new condition for further to go as like in the case of

bourgeoisie and proletariat. Now such situation has been appeared worldwide

and it is in the form, non-workers. The growing rate of non-workers worldwide

is root cause for the death of so called proletariat and workers. Nothing is long-

lasting. Everything changes with interactional complexity, always, everywhere.

Non-workers, non-labors, non-peasants, jobless and unemployed are the output

of previously ignored facts by Marx as well as blind followers and their

manipulation. Now the end is near! Abolition of private property depends on

same rule- the rate of interaction. Up to now it has failed theory. The rate of

interaction in sector remained weak. Achieving political supremacy through

abolition or takeover is also depends on interactional behavior. How strong and

in which direction it interacts. If formation of the class itself is so weak and on

wrong base how can it interact boldly? The root of the formation of so called

proletariat and communists was blood of innocent original proletariat, so

automatically it never worked. Rate of interaction is basically a natural

phenomenon but we can manipulate it. Manipulation depends on its power and

time of manipulation but natural interaction everlasting. Sometime it interacts

one-another too. Everything passes from the stage of labor and non-labor.

Society, people, governments, classes all. With this reality there remain just two

85  

classes: labor class and non-labor class. The effort to come in labor and the

effort to push on non-labor is the main existential phenomena of class, but it is

not with struggle notion, it is natural. During interaction it occurs. One remains

in labor and other remains in non-labor. Degree of it depends on the rate of

interaction just. If we view postmodern society from this angle it is clear that

there are two classes in all society. Communist bourgeoisie and original

bourgeoisie are labor class and original proletariat, non-labors are non-labor

class. And all non-labor class is interacting to come in labor very naturally.

Some are with struggle and political form; some are with various other ways.

And the whole change has been happening.

So when root claim of Marxism was wrong other all claims base on that goes

automatically wrong. The instrument used for the achievement was wrong, so

all the achievements are improper. Proletariat were not original so communist

were fake. So called revolution was not proper and on unjust so all revolutions

are unreliable. Marxism, communism, Leninism, Maoism and many more

taboos are not valid. Further Research: It is most to conduct further research on

so called Marxism, Communism from critical perspectives from experimental

epochs. Economic and time constrain made me just to explain this much (Aryal:

2014d, P.6-7).

About communist manifesto, with criticism on it, Aryal (2014b, P.1) writes: this

research article is a critical study of communist manifesto written by Karl-Marx

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and Fredrick Engels in 1847. It claims that communist up to now are not true

communist in nature, they are bourgeois communist. And this bourgeois

communist (m) emerged after 1850 made popular so called manifesto of so

called communist to cheat original or real or true proletariat. Moreover this

paper is a critical study on history of cheating by Karl-Marx and his prayers up

to now.

Unemployed are real proletariat where Marx was failed to address them, (Aryal:

2014b, P. 1-8) writes: they knew it but pretended to be unknown and the whole

unjust had happened in the name of communist and communism. All went fake

up to now- the so called communist movements, achievements, revolutions,

theories, definitions and many more. A justice designer seems had involved

itself on injustice over true proletariat, the Non-labor. It was their master plan to

cheat and rule over real one in the name of communism and proletariat. It was

grand-design of Marx and Angels in the beginning but when they had gone; it

come possession under their followers or prayers. Lenin, Mao etc. made the

culture continue to justify founder father of unjust was true. Still it is happening.

As 21st century consciousness and after the so long history of exploitation by

masked one in the name of proletariat being so called communist and in the

name of bringing new era of communism the cruel unjust over true proletariat,

we must have to think very seriously on it. Is it rational? It is not needed to

abolish? My quest here is to show this entire hypocrisy surface. Let all know

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how so called communist had been doing exploitation on true proletariat. The

manifesto begins with the references of established workers, high class people

in society of that time talking with their alliance. Moreover it spells about the

effect of communistic bully on contemporary society. Marx and Angels had

done it very consciously to impose the image of masked communist and to stay

over real proletariat forever

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Chapter- V

Summary and conclusions

5.1 Summary

The unemployed movement began on 1 January 2008 in Kathmandu, near

national ministerial headquarter, the Simhadurbar, representing all unemployed

and the founder father of the movement was Achyut Aryal.

The study has emphasized the unemployed movement and their struggle. The

study is important to the future researchers in this kind of study in the field of

sociology.

From this study, following results were found from government policies,

political views and from unemployed themselves:

Government and government policies were heavily influenced by world

unemployed movement of 1 January 2008. In 2008/09 youth self-employment

fund was brought by the government of Nepal, Ministry of finance, Dr.

Baburam Bhattarai, to reduce unemployment problem. Four lakhs youths enter

annually in labor market. YSEF helps provide the educated and uneducated

unemployed youths (age: 18- 50 years) with collateral-free loans at an interest

rate (12%) for self- employment opportunity.

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Politics and elections policies were also heavily influenced by world

unemployed movement of 1 January 2008. The three major political parties’

constituent election manifesto 2008 and 2013 A.D. addressed unemployed or

unemployment as follows:

• Launching massive employment centric programme with the utilization

of agriculture and forest, industry and constructions, cooperatives and

tourism resources

• Establishing the labor exchange Centre

• Providing allowance to the unemployed

• provide short term collateral, and

• Reducing unemployment in 15 years.

Unemployed organizations and members were also heavily influenced by world

unemployed movement of 1 January 2008. The majority unemployed in BYSN

are or have expressed these views:

• Age group: 31-above (56%).

• Educated unemployed: 11-bachelor (40%)

• Unemployed time: Above 5 years (48%)

• Reasons to join BYSN: To get job (60%)

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• Region involvement: CDR (68%)

• Who encouraged in joining: unemployed organization member (52%)

• Unemployed standing: Educated /inexperienced (48 %)

• Condition of unemployed now: Disastrous (88%)

• What should government do: Fund or Allowance for unemployed (52%)

Some considerable personal views prove they were to fight for the problem until

the success of the unemployed movement.

5.2 Conclusions

World Unemployed Movement started from Nepal in 1 January 2008 affected

several sectors of the Nepalese society. Basically:

Effect on those who are unemployed: unemployed started to talk and gather for

their rights. They’d begin organization and with organizational move

unemployed started rally, conferences, membership distribution, discourses, and

wall painting etc. demanding unemployed rights.

Effect on the Country: Thousands of Nepalese youth participated in Self-

employment project declared by Nepal Government. Loan without Deposit

(Bina Dhito Rin) was a famous program all youth were interestingly

participated on it.

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Effect on Government: after the movement, Government was fully serious to

tackle this issue, though it was not on successes. Nepal Government, Ministry of

Finance led by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai announced, first ever program for

unemployed in Nepal. When Bhattarai led the government later as Prime

Minister of Nepal again he continued it with ‘Youth Self-employment Fund’

project. All other Governments after him continued it.

Effects on Politics: All political parties declared their understanding about

unemployed in their manifesto and speeches. Agenda of unemployed was a

central agenda for all political parties. In CA it is a major agenda to discuss.

Unemployed movement seems to be the beginning of Non-labor movement, an

anti-thesis of Marxist tradition. Which may deny Marxism at all when it makes

its height; proving non-workers, non-peasants, non-labors and unemployed are

true proletariats; and they are exploited by the workers.

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Aryal, A. (2008). The Menifesto of unemployed (Berojgaarako Menifasto). Kathmandu: Janapragatishil Prakashan, ISBN: 978-99946-798-5-0.

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Aryal, A. (2014c). Theorizing multidimensional interaction approach on literary criticism: Unemployed to non-labor. International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews, 3(1), 121-148, ISSN: 2279-0543. 

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Aryal, S. (2008a). Aafailaai maarneko lugaa-jutta ulto. Jana Aastha Weekly, 13(43), pg.3. 

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Appendix- I Questionnaire

Please kindly fill the following form according to the given instruction below. It is a questionnaire (interview schedule) for MA level study. Your support here is valuable for this study. The data and the information given by you will be used here for thesis purpose only. Thank you a lot. Name: Married/Unmarried: Age: Education: Gender: Address: Cell no: E-mail:

1. How long are you Unemployed? (a) Less than 1year (b) 1-2 year (c) 2-5 year (d) above 5 year

2. Why have you joined this unemployed organization? (a) To get job (b) to discuss unemployed problem (c) to pressurize government

3. From where did you involve in unemployed movement? (a) EDR (b) CDR (c) WDR (d) FWDR (e) MWDR

4. Any changes you experienced after joining this organization and the movement? (a) As expected (b) less than expected (b) No changes.

5. Who encouraged you to involve in this Yuba Berojgar Sangh? (a) Self (b) Family and Friends (c) Unemployed organization member

6. Do you know the main objective of this forum? If yes, explain? ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7. Categorize your unemployed standing. (a) Skilled/Educated ( b) Unskilled/Uneducated C) Skilled/Uneducated (d) Educated/inexperienced 8. What you achieved from involving in this Sangh? (a)Happiness (b) Disappointment (c) Bond with the unemployed 9. In your opinion what is the condition of unemployed now in Nepal? (a)Disastrous (b) Satisfactory (c) between the two 10. How can we improve the condition? (a) Organizing the unemployed and pressurizing the government (b) Organization and self- employment 11. What should Government do for unemployed? (a) Unemployed fund or allowance for unemployed (c) skill enhancement (d) Quota/Seat reservation 12. Finally do you want to say anything more? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank You!

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Appendix II

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Red book FY 2008/09 T0 2014/015 (Source: Budget@mof.gov.np )

S.no Year Particular Total Budget (Rs. in 000)

Priority Code

Strategy Code

Page Report no

1 2008-09 Youth self-employment fund

500,000 P 6-8 16

2 2009/2010 Youth self-employment fund

355,000 p6-5 16

3 2010/2011 Youth self-employment fund

249,900 p26-273 34

4 2011/2012 Youth Self Employment Fund

255,000 P1 01 p36-470 23

5 2012/2013 Youth Self Employment Fund

245,000 P1 01 p41-522 23

6 2013/2014 Youth Self Employment Fund

293,250 P1 05 p46-572 23

2014/2015 Youth Self Employment Fund

161,138 P1 05 p55-632 23

The End!