the growth of presidential power

30
7KH *URZWK RI 3UHVLGHQWLDO 3RZHU &KDSWHU 6HFWLRQ

Upload: khangminh22

Post on 29-Apr-2023

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

7KH�*URZWK�RI�3UHVLGHQWLDO�3RZHU&KDSWHU����6HFWLRQ��

([HFXWLYH�3RZHU$UWLFOH�,,�RI�WKH�FRQVWLWXWLRQ��DND�WKH�([HFXWLYH�$UWLFOH�VWDWHV�

³7KH�H[HFXWLYH�3RZHU�VKDOO�EH�YHVWHG�LQ�D�3UHVLGHQW�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�RI�$PHULFD�´

3UHVLGHQWLDO�3RZHUV�IURP�WKH�&RQVWLWXWLRQ

Ɣ &RPPDQG�WKH�$UPHG�)RUFHV

Ɣ 0DNH�7UHDWLHV

Ɣ $SSURYH�9HWR�DFWV�RI�&RQJUHVV

Ɣ 6HQG�DQG�5HFHLYH�'LSORPDWLF�

5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV

Ɣ *UDQW�3DUGRQV�DQG�UHSULHYHV

Ɣ WR�³WDNH�&DUH�WKDW�WKH�/DZV�EH�

IDLWKIXOO\�H[HFXWHG´

/dIEQNQE�dgIhQGI[jQ<Y�d]qIgh�Og<[jIG�Ds�jPI�E][hjQjkjQ][���

)DFWRUV�RI�H[SDQVLRQ�

*URZWK�RI�3UHVLGHQWLDO�3RZHU

Ɣ 7KH�3UHVLGHQW�LV�WKH�VLQJOH��FRPPDQGLQJ�FKLHI�H[HFXWLYH�ZKLOH�LQ�&RQJUHVV��WKHUH�DUH�WZR�KRXVHV��%RWK�PXVW�DJUHH�EHIRUH�&RQJUHVV�FDQ�GR�DQ\WKLQJ�

Ɣ $�VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�H[HFXWLYH�SRZHU�LV�WKDW�RI�WKH�SUHVLGHQW�EHLQJ�DEOH�WR�PDNH�LPPHGLDWH�DQG�GHFLVLYH�DFWLRQ�LQ�WLPHV�RI�FULVLV�DQG�LQ�WLPHV�RI�ZDU��

Ɣ 7KH�3UHVLGHQW�KDV�D�XQLTXH�DELOLW\�WR�DWWUDFW�WKH�SXEOLF�DWWHQWLRQ�DQG�EXLOG�VXSSRUW�IRU�SROLFLHV�DQG�DFWLRQV��

Ɣ 0DVV�0HGLD��IRUPV�RI�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ��HVSHFLDOO\�UDGLR��WHOHYLVLRQ��DQG�WKH�LQWHUQHW

3UHVLGHQWLDO�9LHZV5RRVHYHOW¶V�³VWHZDUGVKLS�WKHRU\´

7KH�VWURQJ�DQG�PRUH�HIIHFWLYH�FKLHI�H[HFXWLYHV�KDYH�VHHQ�WKH�RIILFH�LQ�D�EURDG�OLJKW��3UHVLGHQW�KDV�D�ULJKW�DQG�D�GXW\�WR�GR�ZKDW�WKH�QDWLRQ�QHHGV�XQOHVV�WKH�DFWLRQ�LV�IRUELGGHQ�E\�WKH�&RQVWLWXWLRQ�RU�/DZV

7DIW¶V�RSSRVLQJ�YLHZ3UHVLGHQW�VKRXOG�RQO\�H[HUFLVH�SRZHU�WKDW�FDQ�EH�IDLUO\�DQG�UHDVRQDEO\�WUDFHG�WR�VSHFLILF�SRZHUV�JUDQWHG�RU�³MXVWO\�LPSOLHG�DQG�LQFOXGHG´��IURP�&RQVWLWXWLRQ�DFWV�RI�&RQJUHVV��

&ULWLFV�RI�6WURQJ�3UHVLGHQWLDO�3RZHU&RQGHPQ�,PSHULDO�3UHVLGHQF\

WHUP�XVHG�WR�GHVFULEH�D�SUHVLGHQW�DV�DQ�³HPSHURU´�ZKR�DFWV�ZLWKRXW�FRQVXOWLQJ�&RQJUHVV�RU��DFWV�LQ�VHFUHF\�WR�HYDGH�RU�GHFHLYH�FRQJUHVV��L�H��5LFKDUG�1L[RQ¶V�SUHVLGHQF\

LW�KDV�IUHTXHQWO\�EHHQ�XVHG�LQ�UHIHUHQFH�WR�3UHVLGHQW�5LFKDUG�1L[RQ

7KH�3UHVLGHQW¶V�([HFXWLYH�3RZHUV&KDSWHU����6HFWLRQ��

([HFXWLYH7KH�SUHVLGHQW�DSSRLQWV�SHRSOH�WR�FDUU\�RXW�WKH�ODZV�

$SSRLQWPHQW�3RZHU���$PEDVVDGRUV���&DELQHW�0HPEHUV���$JHQF\�+HDGV���)%,��1$6$����)HGHUDO�-XGJHV���0LOLWDU\�2IILFHUV

$OO�PXVW�EH�DSSURYHG�E\�D�VLPSOH��PDMRULW\�YRWH�LQ�WKH�VHQDWH�

5HPRYDO�3RZHU&DQ�UHPRYH����$PEDVVDGRUV���&DELQHW�0HPEHUV���$JHQF\�+HDGV���)%,��1$6$����0LOLWDU\�2IILFHUV

&DQ¶W�UHPRYH��)HGHUDO�-XGJHV

��7KH�&RQVWLWXWLRQ�VWDWHV�WKH\�KDYH�WR�EH�LPSHDFKHG�DQG�UHPRYHG�E\�&RQJUHVV�

'LSORPDWLF�DQG�0LOLWDU\�3RZHUV&KDSWHU����6HFWLRQ��

'LSORPDWLF7KH�SUHVLGHQW�GHWHUPLQHV�ZKLFK�IRUHLJQ�FRXQWULHV�ZH�GHDO�ZLWK�DQG�KRZ�

3RZHU�RI�5HFRJQLWLRQ:KHQ�WKH�SUHVLGHQW�UHFHLYHV�WKH�GLSORPDWLF�UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV�RI�DQRWKHU�VRYHUHLJQ�VWDWH��WKH�SUHVLGHQW�H[HUFLVHV�WKH�SRZHU�RI�UHFRJQLWLRQ��7KDW�LV��WKH�SUHVLGHQW�DFWLQJ�IRU�WKH�8�6�DFNQRZOHGJHV�WKH�OHJDO�H[LVWHQFH�RI�WKDW�FRXQWU\�DQG�JRYHUQPHQW��

,PSRUWDQW�WR�QHZ�FRXQWULHV�7KH�SUHVLGHQW�LQGLFDWHV�WKDW�WKH�8�6�DFFHSWV�WKDW�FRXQWU\�DV�DQ�HTXDO�LQ�WKH�IDPLO\�RI�QDWLRQV�

7UHDW\�3RZHU:KR�7KH�SUHVLGHQW�PDNHV�WKH�WUHDW\�

$SSURYDO�6HQDWH�PXVW�JLYH�LWV�DSSURYDO�E\�D�WZR�WKLUGV��7KH�VHQDWH�GRHV�QRW�UDWLI\�WUHDWLHV��7KH�FRQVWLWXWLRQ�UHTXLUHV�WKH�VHQDWH¶V�³DGYLFH�DQG�FRQVHQW´�WR�D�WUHDW\�PDGH�E\�WKH�SUHVLGHQW��2QFH�WKH�VHQDWH�KDV�DSSURYHG�WKH�WUHDW\��WKH�SUHVLGHQW�UDWLILHV�LW�E\�WKH�H[FKDQJH�RI�IRUPDO�QRWLILFDWLRQV�ZLWK�WKH�RWKHU�SDUW\�WR�WKH�DJUHHPHQW

0LOLWDU\�7KH�SUHVLGHQW�LV�LQ�FKDUJH�RI�WKH�PLOLWDU\��EXW�WKH�&RQJUHVV�KDV�FODLPHG�WKH�SRZHU�WR�FKHFN�KLV�XVH�RI�LW�

8QGHFODUHG�ZDU�PDNLQJ7KH�SUHVLGHQW�PDNHV�ZDU�ZLWKRXW�D�GHFODUDWLRQ�RI�ZDU�E\�FRQJUHVV��3UHVLGHQWV�KDYH�RIWHQ�XVHG�WKH�DUPHG�IRUFHV�DEURDG��LQ�FRPEDW��ZLWKRXW�D�GHFODUDWLRQ�RI�ZDU��,Q�IDFW��PRVW�3UHVLGHQWV�KDYH�GRQH�VR�DQG�RQ�VHYHUDO�KXQGUHG�RFFDVLRQV��

:DU�3RZHUV�5HVROXWLRQ����������:LWKLQ����KRXUV�DIWHU�FRPPLWWLQJ�$PHULFDQ�IRUFHV�WR�FRPEDW�DEURDG��WKH�SUHVLGHQW�PXVW�UHSRUW�WR�FRQJUHVV��GHWDLOLQJ�WKH�FLUFXPVWDQFHV�DQG�WKH�VFRSH�RI�KLV�DFWLRQV����$�FRPPLWPHQW�RI�$PHULFDQ�IRUFHV�WR�FRPEDW�PXVW�HQG�ZLWKLQ����GD\V��XQOHVV�&RQJUHVV�DJUHHV�WR�D�ORQJHU�SHULRG��7KDW����GD\�GHDGOLQH�PD\�EH�H[WHQGHG�IRU�XS�WR����GD\V��KRZHYHU��WR�DOORZ�IRU�WKH�VDIH�ZLWKGUDZDO�RI�$PHULFDQ�IRUFHV�LQYROYHG����&RQJUHVV�PD\�HQG�WKH�FRPEDW�FRPPLWPHQW�DW�DQ\�WLPH��E\�SDVVLQJ�D�FRQFXUUHQW�UHVROXWLRQ�WR�WKDW�HIIHFW�

/HJLVODWLYH�DQG�-XGLFLDO�3RZHUV&KDSWHU����6HFWLRQ��

/HJLVODWLYH7KH�SUHVLGHQW�KDV�WKH�SRZHU�WR�SURSRVH�ODZV�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�SRZHU�WR�YHWR�WKHP�

3RZHU�WR�5HFRPPHQG³IURP�WLPH�WR�WLPH�JLYH�WR�WKH�&RQJUHVV�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�6WDWH�RI�WKH�8QLRQ��DQG�UHFRPPHQG�WR�WKHLU�&RQVLGHUDWLRQ�VXFK�0HDVXUHV�DV�KH�VKDOO�MXGJH�QHFHVVDU\�DQG�H[SHGLHQW´�&KLHI�([HFXWLYH�VHQGV���PDMRU�PHVVDJHV�WR�&DSLWRO�+LOO�HDFK�\HDU�WR�LQIOXHQFH�&RQJUHVV�WR�SDVV�WKH�ODZV�KH�ZDQWV�SDVVHG

��6WDWH�RI�8QLRQ�PHVVDJH��GHOLYHUV�LQ�SHUVRQ�WR�D�MRLQW�VHVVLRQ�RI�&RQJUHVV���3UHVLGHQW¶V�%XGJHW�0HVVDJH��$QQXDO�(FRQRPLF�5HSRUW��/DZPDNHUV�0HVVDJH��LQ�HDFK�KH�FDOOV�RQ�&RQJUHVV�WR�HQDFW�WKRVH�ODZV�KH�WKLQNV�WR�EH�QHFHVVDU\�WR�WKH�ZHOIDUH�WR�WKH�FRXQWU\�

$UWLFOH�,,��6HFWLRQ��

/LQH�,WHP�9HWR�3RZHU�7KH�SRZHU�RI�WKH�SUHVLGHQW�WR�YHWR�RQO\�SDUW�RI�D�ELOO�ZKLOH�VLJQLQJ�WKH�UHVW�LQWR�ODZ�

�,Q�������&RQJUHVV�JDYH�WKLV�SRZHU�WR�3UHVLGHQW�&OLQWRQ

�%XW�LQ�������WKH�6XSUHPH�&RXUW�UXOHG�DJDLQVW�WKLV�VD\LQJ�WKDW�WKH�3UHVLGHQW¶V�YHWR�SRZHU�FDQ�RQO\�EH�FKDQJHG�E\�DGGLQJ�DQ�DPHQGPHQW�WR�WKH�&RQVWLWXWLRQ�

-XGLFLDO$V�D�FKHFN�RQ�WKH�SRZHU�RI�WKH�FRXUWV��WKH�SUHVLGHQW�PD\�JUDQW�UHOLHI�WR�WKRVH�ZURQJO\�DFFXVHG�DQG�RU�FRQYLFWHG�RI�IHGHUDO�FULPHV�

7HUPV�3DUGRQ��/HJDO�IRUJLYHQHVV�IRU�D�FULPH��([DPSOH��)RUG�SDUGRQHG�1L[RQ�DIWHU�WKH�:DWHUJDWH�6FDQGDO��$PQHVW\��$�SDUGRQ�IRU�D�JURXS�RI�ODZ�YLRODWRUV���([DPSOH��&DUWHU�JUDQWHG�DPQHVW\�WR�DOO�WKRVH�ZKR�DYRLGHG�WKH�GUDIW�GXULQJ�9LHWQDP�5HSULHYH��$�SRVWSRQHPHQW�RI�D�VHQWHQFH�EHLQJ�FDUULHG�RXW���LW�MXVW�SXVKHV�LW�EDFN�WR�D�ODWHU�GDWH��&RPPXWDWLRQ��7KH�SRZHU�WR�UHGXFH�WKH�VHQWHQFH�RU�D�ILQH�LPSRVHG�E\�D�FRXUW���%XW�,W�GRHVQW�FOHDU�WKH�SHUVRQ¶V�UHFRUG�OLNH�D�SDUGRQ�GRHV�

7KH�([HFXWLYH�'HSDUWPHQWV&KDSWHU����6HFWLRQ��

([HFXWLYH�'HSDUWPHQWV

7KH�)LUVW�&RQJUHVV�FUHDWHG�WKH�WKUHH�GHSDUWPHQWV�RI�6WDWH��7UHDVXU\��DQG�:DU�LQ�����

$.$�WKH�ŏ&DELQHW�'HSDUWPHQWVŐ

$V�WKH�)HGHUDO�*RYHUQPHQW�JUHZ��&RQJUHVV�DGGHG�QHZ�GHSDUWPHQWV�

1RZ��WKHUH�DUH����H[HFXWLYH�GHSDUWPHQWV

([HFXWLYH�'HSDUWPHQWVƔ 6WDWH

Ɣ 7UHDVXU\

Ɣ 'HIHQVH

Ɣ -XVWLFH

Ɣ ,QWHULRU

Ɣ $JULFXOWXUH

Ɣ &RPPHUFH

Ɣ /DERU

Ɣ +HDOWK�DQG�+XPDQ�6HUYLFHV

Ɣ +RXVLQJ�DQG�8UEDQ�'HYHORSPHQW

([HFXWLYH�'HSDUWPHQWVƔ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ

Ɣ (QHUJ\

Ɣ (GXFDWLRQ

Ɣ 9HWHUDQV�$IIDLUV

Ɣ +RPHODQG�6HFXULW\

(DFK� GHSDUWPHQW� LV� KHDGHG� E\� D�6HFUHWDU\�� H[FHSW� WKH� 'HSDUWPHQW� RI�-XVWLFH�� ZKLFK� LV� GLUHFWHG� E\� WKH�DWWRUQH\�JHQHUDO�

+LVWRU\�RI�WKH�&DELQHW3UHVLGHQW�*HRUJH�:DVKLQJWRQ�DSSRLQWHG�SHRSOH�WR�IRXU�WRS�OHYHO�H[HFXWLYH�SRVWV�

7KRPDV�-HIIHUVRQ��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�6WDWH$OH[DQGHU�+DPLOWRQ��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�WKH�7UHDVXU\+HQU\�.QR[��:DU�'HSDUWPHQW(GPXQG�5DQGROSK��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�-XVWLFH��DWWRUQH\�JHQHUDO�

%\�KLV�VHFRQG�WHUP��KH�ZDV�UHJXODUO\�VHHNLQJ�WKHLU�DGYLFH�7KLV�EHJDQ�D�WUDGLWLRQ�±�HVWDEOLVKLQJ�DQ�LQIRUPDO�DGYLVRU\�ERG\�

$SSRLQWLQJ�&DELQHW�0HPEHUV

Ɣ 3DUW\

Ɣ 3URIHVVLRQDO�4XDOLILFDWLRQV�DQG�3UDFWLFDO�([SHULHQFH

Ɣ ,QIOXHQFH�RI�9DULRXV�,QWHUHVW�*URXSV

Ɣ *HQGHU�5DFH

Ɣ 0DQDJHPHQW�$ELOLWLHV�DQG�([SHULHQFH

Ɣ 2WKHU�SHUVRQDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7KH�3UHVLGHQW�FKRRVHV�WKH�&DELQHW�PHPEHUV��SUHVLGHQW�DSSRLQWV�WKHP��WKRXJK�6HQDWH�FDQ�YHWR���7KRVH�FKRLFHV�DUH�LPSDFWHG�E\�D�YDULHW\�RI�IDFWRUV��LQFOXGLQJ�

(DFK�&DELQHW�PHPEHU�KDV���PDMRU�MREV

����HDFK�PHPEHU�LV�WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�KHDG�RI�WKHLU�H[HFXWLYH�GHSDUWPHQW�

����WKH�PHPEHUV��WRJHWKHU��DUH�DGYLVRUV�WR�WKH�3UHVLGHQW

5ROH�RI�WKH�&DELQHW