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II-ANNUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL "BALOCHISTAN REVIEW" ISSN I8I0.2I74",Balochistan Study Centre, UoB, Quetta (Pak) Vot-. XXVIII No' l

' 2013

GONTENT Page No.

THE CULTURAL LEGACY OF BALOCH CWILIZATIONJamil Hussain Baloch, Dr Gul Hasan BalochAzmatullah Baloch & Hamid Ali Baloch

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PLANTS TREASURES, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ANDBALOCH SOCIETYMuhammad Panah Baloch, Muhammad Yousuf MarriMuhammad Afzal Qaisrani & Abdullah Baloch

ROLE OF LIVESTOCK IN THE ECONOMY OF BALOCHISTANWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SHEEP AND GOATMuhammad Shafiq

CAUSES OF LOW QUALITY EDUCATION IN BALOCHISTANFaisal Raza

THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIOUS TEACHING METHODS ON..SOCIAL STUDIES'' SUBJECT AND ITS IMPACT ON TIIEPERFORMANCE OF TITE STUDENTS OF CLASS TTII

AT QETTA CITY SCHOOLSAbdul Nasir

NEW DISCOVERED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OFNUSHKI DISTRICT OF BALOCHISTAN (A FIELD REPORT)Farooq Baloch &Waheed Razzaq

A BRIEF ABOUT PERSIAN POETRY OFKI{USHAL KHAN KHATTAKDr. Nasrullah Jan Wazir, Dr. Mohammad Usman Tobawal& Abdul Rehman Kakar

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tu that mankind executed for his betterment and needs. The man of this

Ffud made tools of stone to get his work done easily. The general periodqfrScA for this period is two million BP until 10,000 BC. It has three morefrrcs namelv:

a)Early or Lower Paleolithicb) Middle Paleolithicc)Late or Upper Paleolithic / advanced Paleolithic

So far the evidences of early or middle Paleolithic cultures have not been

hnd in Balochistan, although such evidences have been discovered in the

Smn Valley of Potohar region. Future researches are needed to build and findfu evidences of early or middle Paleolithic activities in Balochistan as thishrd is very old. Furthermore, the evidences of cultural activities have been

discovered in the late or advanced Palaeolithic period. The general period offiis phase is considered is from 45,000 until 10,000 BP., (Qazi 1998: 2).In this phase, man brought a remarkable development of skill and productionof a variety of implements not only in stone but also in bone, antler, ivory andmany of the men of this period were real artists, shaping and engraving bone,antler and mammoth ivory, and painting on the walls of roc-shelters andcaves, realistic hunting scenes and other illustrations of their daily life (Kakar2000: 2-3). So in this phase man started expressing his creative sense, whichis reflected in the shape of engravings and paintings in various caves found inBalochistan. As Balochistan is full of mighty mountains, there are manyrock-shelters and caves which contain paintings and engravings of Gravettianand Magdalenian times. It is usually supposed that Gravettian and

Magdalenian were nomadic and that in rocky areas like Balochistan occupiedthe mouth of Cave and rock-shelters, during winter and fbllowed the

migrating herd of game during summer (Ibid).Paleolithic settlements have also been found at Kot Mondai, Marri Area ineastern Balochistan where stone tools have been found. They belong to

Acheullian Culture - an ancient primitive stage in human development. Somehand axes of Mousterian culture (100,000-40,000 BC.) have been at KhokarKore, Lasbela region in the south eastern Balochistan in the upper Paleolithicperiod (40,000-12000 B.CE) which is known to us from the wonderful caves

and rock-shelter paintings found in the Suleman range and its subsidiaryranges in the North-Eastern Balochistan (Jamil & Gul 2011:57).The wonderful achievement and development of this phase is that people

lived in open areas during the earlier two phases, in this phase they learnt toshelter themselves in the caves. They became more creative as evidenced in

the engravings and paintings featuring wild horses, cave bear, lion, panther

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kpis lazuli and turquoise were made. Burial tradition started the graves

dr1uining goods like stone tools, jewelry and pottel{, the discovery of cotton

36eds show the weaving or ctoit lng industry, sickle blade was introduced

indicating indirect evidJnce of agriculture, in this regard barley and wheat

reds are worth mentioning. Ani-mals were for the first time domesticated'

use of fire has been ,eporied at Mehrgarh, it is known.ilo* the fireplaces

containing pebble tool used for indirect heating (Jarrige 1995:20-447)'

TherearemanydiscoverieseitherreportedatMehrgarhorothersitesofBalochistan which reflects the culture of Baloch. In this regard' Jonathon

Mark Kenoyer stated that "from the grave of Mehrgarh a dentalium headband

discovered and these iypes of headb-and with bead embroidery are still-being

used by Baloch *o*Lr,' (Jonathan 2012, during lecture ar TIAC, QAU).

other Examples are pebble tools found in the fire places at Mehrgarh may

have been used for baking Qurno and still this tradition of Qurno Baking is

;;;;tt B;b"h, ttreiiJcovery of a ner of Cheelak or Saad from Shahi

trrnp and'mats have been regularly attested during the excavation in the

form of irnprints on soils or even preserved by carbonization as the piece of

mar found iogether with the net (Besenv al 2Ol2 l7). These were made from

Nannorrhops ritchieana or palm tree leaves so it is another tradition that

Baloch have it from prehistoric times. In this tradition, even today Baloch use

Ritchieana or palm i"uu", to make many things such as rope, mats, shoes,

baskets, purse and much more. The prehistoric basket marked potteries have

been made by the mould of basket mould of ritchieana or palm leaves' as it is

evidenced Uy ttre marks of leaves on the potteries throughout Balochistan'

Moreover, there are so many discoveries which are resembled with Baloch

Culture such as defiction of'Balochi Embroidery Designs and fish motifs 9n

the potteries. Not only this, there are- many other similarities' However' it h4d

opened a new u"rrr" of research for Baloch historian, archaeologists and

anthropologists.So Neolithic settlements first recorded at Mehrgarh and continued;

furthermore we r"" tnuny Neolithic settlements throughout Balochistan

practicing the same Neolithic tradition s-tarEd.at Mehrgarh. The successors bf

people or uenrgartr followed their forefathers or predecessors and this

tradition continued so. Because of the same reason today Balochistan has a

more profile Neolithic period beginning in.the 8ft millennium BC, down to

il;';fr-;ilLinium nc. nna so far *uny imporranr archaeological sites of

this period have been found in the t<actri Plains, Quetta valley, the Zhob

Valley and LoralJ.-Irnportun, sites of this period include Mehrgarh' Killi Grtl

Muhammad, Baleli Mound, Musazai, Surlangal, Anjira and Rana Ghundai'

Not many of the Neolithic Period sites in Balochistan except a few in the

Quetta Valley and Kachi Plains have been scientifically excavated' The

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hsan 1998 : 16-17). So Balochistan entered the Chalcolithic Period around

5500 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E of which a large number of settlements emerged

in Quetta Valley, Rana Ghundai, Sur Jangal (Lorali Valley), Mughal Ghundai

and Periono Ghundai (Zhob Valley), Anjira and Siah Damb (Khuzdar Region

and Mehrgarh (Kachi Plains) (Jamil 2013 2l-17).The Nindowari Damb inthe Nindowari village of Tehsil Wadh, in the Southern Part of Kalat District,

is a Chalcolithic period site. It was excavated by Mons. Jean-Marrie Casl in'

1962 (rbid).Balochistan entered in the so called advanced Chalcolithic period or Phase

around 4000 B.C.E at Mehrgarh (Periods IV and V). This advanced

Chalcolithic phase in Balochistan is represented at various sites including

Kechi Beg, Killi Gul Muhammad, Periodno Ghundai, Damb Saddat, Karez,

Baleli, Faiz Muhammad, Mughal Ghundai, Kanozoai, Musazai, Musafirpur,Ismailzai, Mazghar, Rana Ghundai, Sur Jangal, Sawaran, chinjane Dabar

Kot, Anjira, Siah Dam, Tougue, Surab Damb, Khokar-Kot, Miri Kalat, Shahi

Tump etc., (Jamil 2013:21-127).

BALOCHISTAN IN BRONZE AGEThe general period of Bronze Age in Balochistan is 3500-1800 B.C.E.

This age is represented at many important archaeological sites including

Mehrgarh. Of the important survey carried out during pre and post partitionperiods mainly confined to a limited area in Quetta Valley, Zhob Valley,Khuzdar District, Makran Region, Lasbela, Region, Kachi Plains (Bolan

Valley), Turbat (Kech Valley), etc. while the remaining vast areas have not

been explored (Ibid). The site of Lal Shah, Mehrgarh, which first period dates

back roughly to the first half of the third millennium falls in the Bronze age

time period (East and West).After the Bronze Age we are wandering here and there in the search of solid

evidences for the continuity of the sequence of events. We have splendid

tombs and graves specially those of Chowkundi types in Bhawany, Pasni,

Jiwani, Hindan and Bara Bagh and some Zoroastrian burial places at

MusaKhel, Nag and Panjgur (Stein 193 I : I - I 00).

CONCLUSIONThe culture of Balochistan speaks itself on the origin of Baloch.

These cultural findings show the indignity of Baloch culture which proves

that Balochs are original inhabitants of this land, in fact, they are the

indigenous people of this land living here for thousand years or since time

immemorial. So this land of Baloch gave birth to many great cultures such as

Mehrgarh - the first Neolithic culture of Pakistan and the earliest settlement

of South Asia, witnessed many inventions such as introduction of agriculture,

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TEFERENCESo Casal, Mons, Jean-Marrie. "Nindowari: A Chalcolithic Sites in South

Balochistan" in Pakistan Archaeology Number No 3, 1962.

Durrani & Ihsan Ali. "Proto-History: The Urban Phase" in the Glorythat was Pakistan, 50 year of Archaeological Research in Pakistan,

edited by F.A Durrani & Ihasan Ali. Peshawar: Department ofArchaeology, University of Peshawar and National Heritage

Foundation. 1998.

"Excavations of a Bronze-Age Ceramic Manufacturing Areas at LalShah, Mehrgarh" in East and West Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1985),

pp. 458-468 Published by: Istituto Italiano perl'Africa e l'Oriente(IsIAO) Stable URL: http ://www j stor. org/st ablel 297 5 675 I . Accessed :

OBlO2l20l3 08:28.

Hussain, Jamil. Survey of archaeological sites of Makran and theircultural relationship with other archaeological sites of Balochistanand lran. Unpublished M.Phil. thesis, Taxila Institute of AsianCivilization, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 20 I 3.

"Field Archaeology in Balochistan and its Importance in the BalochHistory," in Annual Research Journal Hanken, Vol. 2. (2010).

Jarrige, J. F. Mehrgarh: Field Reports 1974-1985 from Neolithictimes to the Indus civilization edited by. Cattherin Jarrige, Jean'

Francois Jarrige, Richard H. Meadow and Gonzague Quivron.Published by Sind: the department of culture and tourism, Govt ofSindh, in collaboration with the Fechch Ministry of Foreign Affairs,1995.

"Mehrgarh Neolithic"the "First Farmers inJanuary,2006.

Kakar, Dr. Fazal Dad.Man in Balochistan,1992.

Paper presented in the International Seminar on

Global Perspective', Luck now, India, l8-20

"Art of Rock-Shelters of Advanced PaleolithicPakistan" "Early settlement in Quetta Valley