textual fidelity, elaboration, supersession, or encroachment? typological reflections on the...

Rewritten Bible after Fifty Years Texts Terms or Techniques

A Last Dialogue with Geza Vermes

Edited by

Joacutezsef Zsengelleacuter

LEIDEN | BOSTON

This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | copy 2014 Koninklijke Brill NV

Contents

List of Abbreviations emspemspviiPreface emspemspxi

PART 1Defĳining of Rewritten Bible emspemsp1

The Genesis of the Concept of ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo emspemsp3Geza Vermes

PART 2Redefĳining of Rewritten Bible emspemsp11

Textual Fidelity Elaboration Supersession or Encroachment Typological Reflections on the Phenomenon of Rewritten Scripture emspemsp13

Anders Klostergaard Petersen

Rewritten Bible A Terminological Reassessment emspemsp49Jonathan G Campbell

Crossing the Borders from ldquoPre-Scripturerdquo to Scripture (Rewritten) to ldquoRewritten Scripturerdquo emspemsp83

Eugene Ulrich

Rewritten Scriptures as a Clue to Scribal Traditions in the Second Temple Period emspemsp105

Sidnie White Crawford

Memory Cultural Memory and Rewriting Scripture emspemsp119George J Brooke

Rewritten Bible and the Vocalization of the Biblical Text emspemsp137Stefan Schorch

PART 3Case Studies emspemsp153

Inner Biblical Rewritings emspemsp155

Reuse of Prophecy in the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets Rewriting and Canonization emspemsp157

Istvaacuten Karasszon


vi contents

On the Battlefĳield and Beyond The Reinterpretation of the Moabite-Israelite Encounters in 2 Chronicles 20 emspemsp167

Előd Hodossy-Takaacutecs

Early Jewish Rewritings emspemsp181

Textual Criticism of Hebrew Scripture and Scripture-Like Texts emspemsp183Emanuel Tov

Apocryphon of Jeremiah C from Qumran Rewritten Prophetic Text or Something Else emspemsp203

Balaacutezs Tamaacutesi

Between Rewritten Bible and Allegorical Commentary Philorsquos Interpretation of the Burning Bush emspemsp221

Steven D Fraade

Philorsquos Life of Moses as ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo emspemsp233Finn Damgaard

Josephusrsquo ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo as a Non-Apologetic Work emspemsp249Marton Ribary

Josephusrsquo Rewriting of Genesis 24 in Ant 1242-255 emspemsp267Christopher T Begg

Later Rewritingsemspemsp293

Can We Apply the Term ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo to Midrash The Case of Pirqe

de-Rabbi Eliezer emspemsp295Rachel Adelman

Adam or Adams Genesis and the Mythical Anthropology in the Writing without Title on the Origin of the World from Nag Hammadi

(NHC II5) emspemsp319Csaba Oumltvoumls

Samaritan Rewritings The Toledot in Samaritan Literature emspemsp345Joacutezsef Zsengelleacuter

Index of Ancient Sourcesemspemsp359 Index of Modern Authors emspemsp378


copy koninklijke brill nv leiden 2014ensp|enspdoi 1011639789004271180_003This is a digital offfprint for restricted use only | copy 2014 Koninklijke Brill NV

Textual Fidelity Elaboration Supersession or Encroachment1 Typological Reflections on the Phenomenon of Rewritten Scripture2


Introduction

Before I address the specifĳic topic of my essay which pertains to the relation-ship that exists in terms of authority between rewritten texts and their scrip-tural antecedents I shall take a look at the history of scholarship on rewritten Biblemdashor Scripture as it has come to be called during the last decade From this discussion I shall proceed to present my understanding of the notion as I have lately developed it3 Since serious challenges have recently been raised against the continued use of the term it is incumbent upon us that we not only argue for the heuristic value of retaining the notion but also that we are capa-ble of repudiating the criticism The reflections of the fĳirst two parts allow me to set the scene for the fĳinal discussion of diffferent forms of authority exhib-ited by texts captured under the umbrella term rewritten Scripture In this manner the ultimate thrust of the essay is to take up the thorny question of authority asserted by rewritten Scripture and offfer a solution that goes against the grain of prevalent strands of current scholarship Before entering the dis-cussion of the fĳirst main section I shall briefly elaborate on individual points pertaining to each of the three main sections and point out how the sections relate to each other

1 In memory of my erudite and close colleague dear and generous friend Professor Dr Friedrich Avemarie 19101960‒12102012 who gave so much to others and yet had so short a life

2 I want to express my gratitude to Professor Geza Vermes who kindly provided me with a copy of his paper given at the Budapest Conference ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo after 50 years Texts Terms or Technics International Conference on the Phenomenon of ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo Budapest 10ndash13 July 2011 Vermes has allowed me to make use of his paper for this essay for which I am very grateful Additionally I want to thank Professor George J Brooke for valuable comments on the part of my paper concerned with the history of scholarship on the subject

3 Petersen 2007 For my most recent discussion of the topic see Petersen 2010 Petersen 2012 and my forthcoming essays Petersen 2013 which are specifĳically aimed at broadening the category by locating it in the wider context of rewriting authoritative texts which is a far more prevalent phenomenon found not only in literature but in arts in general

14 Petersen


In recent research on the topic it has become an almost truism that texts belonging to the category of rewritten Scripture do not attempt to replace their scriptural antecedents but on the contrary strive to make the author-ity and content of their scriptural predecessors present in new contexts as a form of applied hermeneutics4 Ben Zion Wachholder is among the few who have argued in favour of an alternative view since he understands rewritten Scripture to be engaged in the attempt to replace their scriptural predecessors5 I shall argue that estimated on their own neither of these two view-points sufffĳices Although initially it may sound contradictory I shall contend that the two views are complementary but that they cast light on diffferent facets of the problem in question6 In fact I shall argue that when seen from dif-ferent perspectives both points of views may be plausible Such a sugges-tion is metaphorically speaking parallel to the famous duck-rabbit picture of Wittgensteinrsquos Philosophical Investigations and the staircase example of Alan Chalmersrsquo What Is This Thing Called Science In the Wittgensteinian example the spectator depending on his or her cultural habits and perspective incli-nations may see the image as either a duck or a rabbit In Chalmerrsquos exam-ple the staircase contingent on the applied perspective may be viewed from either beneath or from above7 In the same manner texts exhibiting rewritten Scripture may be understood as an attempt to make authoritative texts of the past present in new contexts yet at the same time they may also by virtue of being rewritings justifĳiably be viewed as engaged in the attempt to functionally replace their scriptural antecedents In this case the diffference in perspective depends on whether one focuses on aspects pertaining to content form func-tion or authorial intent The discussion however becomes more complicated if one acknowledges that the group of texts attributed to the category does not constitute a homogenous entity but comprises a diversity of texts which difffer considerably with respect to the claims they are making in terms of authority With regard to content some texts make more extravagant claims in terms of authority over against their textual predecessors than others do To substanti-ate the argument I shall have recourse to texts which have not traditionally

4 See among others Alexander 1988 116 Najman 2003 46ndash50 Himmelfarb 2006 54f Brooke

2010 52f5 One of the few who have argued against such a view is Ben Zion Wachholder who empha-

sises how rewritten scriptural texts aim to replace the authority of their antecedents see Wacholder 1985 and Wacholder 1997

6 A similar view is now argued by Zahn 2010 3317 Wittgenstein 2001 Part II sect11 Chalmers 1999 6

15Textual Fidelity Elaboration Supersession or Encroachment


been discussed in terms of rewritten Scripture but which I shall argue qualify even to be assigned to the category

Some Further Elaboration

As already mentioned this article is divided in three main sections In part one I shall give an outline of the decisive phases in the history of scholarship on rewritten Bible which until a decade ago was the traditional term used to des-ignate a number of Jewish texts of the late Second Temple period8 As far as I have been able to tell from the scholarly literature there has been no previous attempt to delineate the history of scholarship Since the present volume not only aims to further the discussion of the notion but also to celebrate the half centennial since Geza Vermesrsquo coinage of the category I think it is useful to provide a history of research It can only be provisional since I have not had the opportunity to talk with all of the involved scholars nor would I claim to have a complete view of all literature published on the topic during the last50 years However I do claim to cover the main contours of the previous debate An additional argument for providing a history of research has to do with my overall focus Since problems pertaining to the discussion of the authoritative status of rewritten Scripture are closely linked to the history of research on the term it is obvious to initiate the examination by paying closer heed to this history

In part two I shall discuss what I conceive to be the major obstacles against the continued use of the term and the theoretical horns to be dealt with if we want to retain the concept This is all the more necessary in a scholarly situation in which not only new texts are being added to the category but also texts which originate in contexts that lie conspicuously outside the scope of

8 When referring to the older phases of the history of scholarship on the term I shall use the time-honoured notion rewritten Bible whereas I shall apply the category rewritten Scripture when referring to the recent phrasing of the concept Despite the heuristic value of Vermesrsquo original coinage of the term I think that the objections that have been put forward against this phrasing of the concept are too weighty to allow for its continued use see VanderKam 2002 4352f Campbell 2005 49f Petersen 2007 287ndash289 Crawford 2008 2ndash10 and Zahn 2011 1ndash11 I capitalise Scripture in the expression lsquorewritten Scripturersquo in order to emphasise the authoritative but not necessarily canonical status of the base texts that are being rewritten As to authority the base text is authoritative in the sense of being accorded special impor-tance in a given cultural and social context which leads to the fact that it may give rise to subsequent rewritings The expression rewritten Scripture does not indicate anything about the status of the rewritten composition which may or may not strive to become Scripture

16 Petersen


literature that Vermes originally imagined the concept to embrace When for instance gnostic texts such as the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of the Saviour or the New Testament gospels are being included in the category9 it becomes the more crucial that we know what we are talking about if we want to avoid a situation where the notion becomes a signifĳiant flottant and there-fore useless as part of scholarly nomenclature Far from being alarmed by this development characterised by the inclusion of an increasing number of texts in the category I welcome the situation as a sensible advancement I think it would be more problematical in terms of theory of science if the conceptmdashas the dominant parts of the Wirkungsgeschichte of the term has itmdashcould only be used with respect to a limited number of Jewish texts of the late Second Temple period For the same reason I am sceptical against the trajectory in recent scholarship which whether deliberately or not tends to reserve the dis-cussion of the concept primarily to Qumran texts10 If we are only able to apply the concept to a limited number of Jewish texts from a particular period it becomes difffĳicult to ward offf the criticism that we have created an ideological construct ultimately used to safeguard a lsquoparochialrsquo form of scholarship from being intruded by outside influence whether it be in the form of other texts or another mode of theorising And even if we were to object to such criticism as unreasonable we would still have to enquire about the analytical value of a category that can be applied to a few texts only Would such a concept void of comparative value constitute more than a textual self-reflection of the very texts claimed to being examined Therefore I think it is sensible to refĳine the concept in terms of comparative capability and scope To the extent however that the notion is elevated to a comparative category which may be used cross-culturally with respect to other texts which also share the element of rewrit-ing authoritative textual antecedents it is imperative that we know how to go about it analytically This discussion takes me to the last main section in which

9 As far as I have been able to tell Jonathan Campbell was the fĳirst scholar to suggest the inclusion of New Testament texts in the category In his 2005 essay he mentions texts such as Acts 7 and Hebrews 11 in the context of ldquorewritten Biblerdquo and argues that they are akin to Ben Sira 44ndash49 see Campbell 2005 50

10 I concur with the overall aspirations of the recently edited book by Alexander Lange and Pillinger 2010 which applies the concept to texts such as for instance the Homeric Songs which traditionally have not been discussed from the perspective of rewritten Scripture See also the forthcoming edited volume by myself in which the term in a number of essays is used not only with respect to ancient texts but also modern ones just as it by virtue of a more comprehensive notion of text is applied to examples from musicology and arts



I shall focus on one particularly moot question in previous scholarship on the term

In part three I shall by way of a few suggestive examples develop a tentative typology that will enable us to diffferentiate between diffferent forms of author-ity which pertains to the relationship between texts and their scriptural prede-cessors In a recent article on rewritten scripture Molly Zahn has put forward a view similar to the one I am endorsing Zahn emphasises how crucial it is to distinguish between functional replacement and notions of literal or physi-cal replacement and makes the acute observation that ldquoas long as the prag-matic perspective is maintained it does seem appropriate to say that rewritten texts especially those with strong authority claims in certain ways do seek to replace the texts that they rewriterdquo11

I concur with Zahnrsquos view but there are two points that I would like to elab-orate First it is crucial to examine what in Zahnrsquos claim is referred to as ldquoin certain waysrdquo By acknowledging the diffferences that may exist between texts traditionally accorded the category Zahn implicitly points to the need for fur-ther diffferentiations How is it that some texts from the functional point of view may be seen to replace their scriptural predecessors while others do not Additionally this call for a diffferentiation also points to the need for clarifying the relationship between the diffferent view-points How is it possible that a text from one perspective may be seen to replace that of its scriptural ante-cedent when viewed from another angle it may be understood to faithfully endorse the authority of its predecessor

Second I think it is important to diffferentiate between diffferent texts not only with respect to their claims to authority in terms of function but also with regard to how they instantiate their interpretations over against those of their scriptural antecedents In other words the functional aspect is important but we also need to pay heed to the semantics of the texts under scrutiny Whereas my fĳirst point may appear obvious the second one is perhaps not as evident This may have to do with the fact that the texts traditionally discussed under the rubric are not particularly polemical against their scriptural predecessors If however we include a number of other texts in the category which have not traditionally been subsumed under the nomenclature such as for instance the New Testament gospels it may be more obvious also to take the semantic dimension into account when discussing the moot question of the relation-ship in terms of authority between rewritten texts and their scriptural anteced-ents In fact it may well be that the inclusion of other texts may help us to shed new light on the texts that traditionally constituted the category

11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen


Although the relationship with regard to authority may be conceived of in diffferent ways with respect to content form function and reception12 and yet again these aspects may as I have already indicated be thought of in diffferent fashions I shall focus on the element of rewriting per se Rewriting of Scripture may become authoritative as is well known from cases such as Deuteronomy Books of Chronicles and the Book of Jubilees but in this essay I am not focus-ing on the relationship that exists between rewritings and their subsequent history of reception although that may not be entirely independent of the rela-tionship which I want to highlight It is the textual semiotic dimension of what instantiates the rewriting in the fĳirst place and the interconnected question how the rewritten text relates in terms of authority to its scriptural base text on which I shall focus One may of course contravene against such an approach that it is artifĳicial to study texts independent of the social contexts in which they as social action came to exert influence George Brooke for instance has with reference to Geacuterard Genette made the argument that texts should not be studied without paying close heed to their function With reference to Edward Said Brooke advocates the view that

Since we know that texts demand to have readers and hearers and are not entities sufffĳicient in themselves it is necessary to take into account that they ldquohave ways of existing that even in their most rarifĳied form are always enmeshed in circumstance time place and societymdashin short they are in the world and hence worldlyrdquo as Edward Said has remarked13

Although I acknowledge Brookersquos argument I think he takes it too far by plac-ing too much emphasis on the actual hearers or readers of the text thereby ignoring the aspect that before a text comes to be used in specifĳic cultural and social contexts it already by virtue of its textual qualities constitutes an act of communication between the two textually embedded instances of author and reader that is enunciator and enunciatee To avoid misunderstandings I am not making claims as to the possibility of attaining access to the extra-authorial instance ie the historical author What a given author or group of writers may have thought of when engaging in rewritings of authoritative texts

12 The variety of ways that may exist in terms of conceptualising the relationship between rewritten scriptures and their textual predecessors has been well captured by Zahn 2010 in her state of art article on rewritten Scripture although she does not mention reception as an additional important dimension

13 Brooke 2010 50



we do not have access to This acknowledge ment however should not prevent us from reflecting upon the problem of the rewriting in terms of a semiotic phenomenon which pertains to the relationship between authoritative texts

and their subsequent rewriting in new forms of writing Nor does it preclude us from recognising that texts ldquoare always enmeshed in circum stance time place and societyrdquo but rather than examining actual receptions of texts we may also focus on the rewriting with respect to its intended audience understood as an intra-textual phenomenon reconstructed in light of the cultural and social conventions available at the time of communication of the text14 Hence I am not referring to the phenomenon of implied author and reader which desig-nates the textual instances that any actual reader may fĳill out at any time Nor am I designating when talking about the intended audience a textually con-structed instance identical with the historically empirical audience to whom the text was directed Instead I am referring to the textually constructed audi-ence as it may be inferred on the basis of the cultural and social conventions judged to be pertinent in the context in which the text originated In sum I am not making claims as to how the actual empirical author and audience under-stood the text in terms of authority I am solely raising the question of author-ity as it pertains to the relationship between base text and scriptural rewriting as a semiotic phenomenon

History of Scholarship

It is fĳifty years agomdashas we have all come to know through Joacutezsef Zsengelleacuterrsquos excellent idea to organise a conference to celebrate the occasionmdashsince pro-fessor Geza Vermes felicitously coined the concept of rewritten Bible lsquofelici-touslyrsquo by virtue of the subsequent extensive scholarly use of the notion As far as I have been able to tell from the history of scholarship which either has been using the term or has reflected upon its use the Wirkungsgeschichte of the notion can advantageously be divided into four phases These phases are artifĳicial in the sense that they are not a direct reflection of an inherent

14 This is the approach underlying much of Umberto Ecorsquos semiotic work See for instance Eco 1979 130ndash135 Eco 1992 64ndash66 and the distinction he makes between interpretation and use of texts in Eco 1990 57ndash63 and the importance he attributes to acknowledging the element of codes in interpretation of texts Over against Ecorsquos use of the concept of codes I would modify the notion by speaking of conventions which to a lesser degree signify a 11 relationship between the sign and its reference

20 Petersen


forward moving development in the history of scholarship In fact as we shall see they have by and large been determined by historical contingencies Nevertheless they are representative of what I consider to be a useful way of projecting order onto the history of scholarship The phases however do have an empirical grounding to the extent that they are characterised by important developments in the wider study of late Second Temple Jewish literature

The First Phase from 1961 to the Mid-Eighties

Subsequent to Vermesrsquo coinage of the term in 1961 in his book Scripture and

Tradition in Judaism the notion had limited reper cussions in scholarship Certain events had to take place in order for the concept to become a pervasive scholarly term It is important to notice however that in his original formula-tion of the concept Vermes did not provide the category with a defĳinition in the strict sense The lack of a clear defĳinition may account for some of the con-fusion pertaining to the precise status of the concept as respectively a genre or a textual strategy which has lingered on in subsequent discussions15 In the ini-tial formulation of rewritten Bible Vermes after having examined the medieval manuscript Sefer ha-Yashar (approx 11th Century ce) in light of the notion of rewritten Bible characterised the concept by arguing that ldquoIn order to antici-pate questions and to solve problems in advance the midrashist inserts hag-gadic development into the biblical narrativemdashan exegetical process which is probably as ancient as scriptural interpretation itselfrdquo16

There are two things to observe in Vermesrsquo formulation First on the basis of this characterisation the scholars who subsequently have argued in favour of understanding the notion as a textual strategy rather than a genre have a fĳirm ground In the original use of the category Vermes did not indicate that rewrit-ten Bible should be conceived of as a defĳinite and distinct genre of Jewish lit-erature Second his use of Sefer ha-Yashar implies that he did not intend the concept to be constrained to Second Temple Jewish literature only In fact the comprehensive use of the notion to designate a textual strategy found in works dating both to the late Second Temple period and the medieval period should have made scholars alert to the fact that the category constitutes a more prev-alent phenomenon than is often assumed The concept should not only be taken as a prime characteristic of late Second Temple Jewish literature

In subsequent formulations of the concept however Vermes provided ammunition for those scholars who have opted for understanding the notion

15 Petersen 2007 284f16 Vermes 1961 95



in terms of genre17 In his contribution to the New Schuumlrer for instance he did not hesitate to speak of rewritten Bible as a distinct and defĳinite genre conceived to include the following writings Josephusrsquo Antiquities Jubilees Genesis Apocryphon Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum the Book of Noah (1Q1 and 19bis) the Testament of Kohat (4QTQahat) the Testament of Amram

(4QAmramandashe) a Samuel Apocryphon (4Q160) and the Martyrdom of Isaiah In the context of rewritten Bible Vermes also mentions the Testaments of the

Twelve Patriarchs and the Lives of the Prophets but the discussion of these texts has been located in another chapter since they are conceived to have been subjected to Christian adaptations The Books of Chronicles which most scholars nowadays tend to include in the category of rewritten Scripture are treated in the New Schuumlrer under the rubric of haggadic midrash or historical midrash but are simultaneously said to embody the same exegetical technique as that found in later writings such as the Book of Jubilees and the Genesis Apocryphon18

I think it is fair to say from Vermesrsquo diffferent formulations over the years that he endorses an understanding of rewritten Bible which includes both of the components which have loomed as a bone of contention in recent debates19 In Vermesrsquo view rewritten Bible constitutes both a genre and a textual strategy or process In his Budapest lecture Vermes confĳirmed this interpretation by claiming that ldquothe person who combined biblical studies with its interpreta-tion was engaged in a process but when his activity was completed it resulted in a literary genrerdquo20

The Second Phase from 1984 to the Mid-Nineties

The second phase in the history of scholarship evolved in the mid-eighties when increasing scholarship was being invested in the fĳield of late Second Temple Judaism The limited application of the term in textual studies of early Jewish literature which had characterised the fĳirst phase changed considerably from this point on A crucial factor in this development was the publication in 1985 of the two volumes of the Charlesworth edition of the Pseudepigrapha which decisively contributed to a renewed and vibrant scholarly interest of

17 In recent years Bernstein 2005 and Segal 2005 have been the most outspoken advocates of such an understanding Both of them however accept the inclusion of legal texts in the category

18 Vermes Millar and Goodman 1986 Vol 2 346ndash34819 Cf chapter ldquoBiblical Midrashrdquo in Vermes Millar and Goodman 1986 Vol 3 308ndash341 308

and Vermes 1989 18720 Vermes in this volume see page 6 above

22 Petersen


what at that time was designated Jewish pseudepigraphal literature By their use of the notion rewritten Bible George Nickelsburg Daniel Harrington and Philip Alexander in diffferent publications contributed signifĳicantly to the sub-sequent prevalence of the term as a scholarly concept in studies of Second Temple literature At the same time their diffferent focus on the concept as respectively a genre and a textual strategy came to exert important influence on subsequent scholarship which felt obliged to make a choice between the two options Their work had all been stimulated by their simultaneous coop-eration in the Charlesworth Pseudepigrapha project

In his essay ldquoRetelling the Old Testamentrdquo published in 1988 Philip Alexander adhered to Vermesrsquo original understanding of the notion by only including the Genesis Apocryphon the Book of Jubilees the fĳirst 11 books of Josephusrsquo Antiquities and the Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum thus excluding as most scholars have done since the Palestinian Targumic literature (not to speak of Sefer ha-Yashar) which Vermes had included in the category21 At the same time Alexander argued for an understanding of the concept in terms of a genre He provided nine extensive characteristics and claimed that any text to be included in this particular genre should possess all nine charac-teristics In fairness to Alexander he acknowledged that his genre defĳinition was of a rather loose nature since ldquothe characteristics do not diffferentiate the genre singly but only as a collectionrdquo22 Basically Alexanderrsquos understanding was an elabo ration of Vermesrsquo characteristics of the notion He emphasised how the term was meant to designate narrative texts It neither included theo-logical treatises nor legal texts Additionally and importantly for my purpose Alexander pointed out that the rewritten texts were never meant to replace their scriptural antecedents Finally he highlighted the close relationship that exists between rewritten texts and their scriptural predecessors by emphasis-ing how rewritten texts closely follow their scriptural base texts He concurred with Vermes that rewritten texts ldquoofffer lsquoa fuller smoother and doctrinally more advanced form of the sacred narrativersquordquo23

21 Alexander 1988 In his paper at the Budapest conference Vermes pointed out that he thinks that the exclusion of the Targumic material of subsequent scholarship from the discussion of rewritten Bible has been detrimental to the debate ldquoAnd this may be the bee in my bonnet the works gathered under the umbrella of the Palestinian Pentateuch Targum are ideal sources for the study of lsquoRewritten Biblersquo In fact the so-called Fragmentary Targum and the marginalia of Codex Neofĳiti represent in my view exegetical accretions detached from the full text of the Palestinian Aramaic paraphraserdquo (above on page 6)

22 Alexander 1988 11923 Alexander 1988 117 quoting Vermes Millar and Goodman 1986 vol 3 305



George Nickelsburg and Daniel Harrington in contrast moved in a con-spicuously diffferent direction Not only did they include a considerably greater number of texts under the rubric but they also spoke of rewritten Bible as a lsquotextual strategyrsquo rather than a genre24 Ever since this point it has been a continuous bone of contention whether the category should be thought of in generic terms or as a textual strategy Both views have as we have seen a basis in Vermesrsquo original and subsequent works Be that as it may it was the understanding of the notion as a textual strategy that allowed scholars like Nickelsburg and Harrington to classify an increasing number of texts under the rubric With a growing number of texts being included in the category the way was paved for the subsequent development which also with the publica-tion of the Charlesworth edition of Jewish Pseudepigrapha incited renewed interest in non-canonical forms of Judaism

The Third Phase from the Mid-Nineties to the Millennium

The third phase that took its beginning in the mid-nineties is marked by the growing prevalence of the term in scholarly publications Although an increase in use is not necessarily a token of a transition that legitimates the reifĳication of a new phase of research I think it is legitimate to place a caesura around 1995 With the complete publication of the Qumran texts and especially the texts of Cave Four in the beginning of the nineties the way was paved for a renewed consideration of the applicability of the term Along with an increas-ing number of texts that came to be included under the sobriquet in addition to the four originally ones characterised as rewritten Bible by Vermes this phase

24 In addition to the texts included in the category by Vermes and Alexander (with the notable exception of Josephusrsquo Antiquities which however is treated in a separate chapter by Harold Attridge) Nickelsburg accorded 1 En 6ndash11 12ndash16 65ndash67 83 106ndash7 the Book of Giants (4QEnGiantsandashfthinsp) the Apocalypse of Moses the Life of Adam and Eve Philo the Epic Poet Theodotus the Epic Poet Ezekiel the Tragedian 1 Esdras 1ndash4 additions to the Book of Esther the catalogue of Davidic compositions in 11QPsa Baruch the Epistle of

Jeremiah and the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the three Young Men to the genre see Nickelsburg 1984 89f Harrington added even more texts to the category by also including the Temple Scroll the Assumption of Moses the Paralipomena of Jeremiah and the Ascension of Isaiah Additionally Harrington proposes that ldquothe restriction to Palestinian writings taking the flow of the biblical narrative as their structural principle is admittedly artifĳicial since there is a good deal of possible biblical interpretation in 1Enoch the other Qumran writings 4 Ezra 2 Baruch etcrdquo see Harrington 1986 239 The inclusion of some of Philorsquos works in the category has also been suggested by Peder Borgen who proposed to include the Life of Moses and the Exposition of the Laws among rewritten Bible texts see Borgen 1984 234 and Borgen 1997 63ndash79

24 Petersen


of scholarship was also marked by a break with his understanding a break already anticipated by Harringtonrsquos inclusion of the Temple Scroll in the cate-gory Whereas Vermes in his original and subsequent publications had empha-sised that only texts of a narrative nature were suitable candidates for being included in the category an increasing number of scholars began to classify texts of a legal character such as for instance the Temple Scroll as representa-tives of rewritten Bible25 At the same time as this phase has been character-ised by the growing influence of the texts from Cave Four the texts which were discussed in relation to the rubric during the second phase of scholarship faded into the background This applies especially to the Liber Antiquitatum

Biblicarum of Pseudo-Philo and the Antiquities of Josephus Once in a while it is difffĳicult to avoid the impression that the discussion of rewritten Scripture from this time on became a primarily Qumran phenomenon

The Fourth Phase from the Millennium unto Today

The fĳinal and present phase was initiated approximately a decade ago and has been characterised by two very diffferent trajectories Whereas rewritten Bible in one dominant current is applied to an increasing number of texts including for instance texts of the nascent Christ-movement the other line of scholarship has been marked by diffferent forms of scepticismmdashverging on dismissalmdashtowards the term The fĳirst trajectory may be seen as an extension of the line of scholarship marking the third phase by its continuous inclusion of new texts into the category The second trajectory is likewise dependent on research characteristic of the third phase but it has moved in a remark-ably diffferent direction It bears on the implications of scriptural texts from Qumran especially texts found in Cave Four One of the greatest impacts of the texts from Cave Four has been the questioning of time-honoured catego-ries such as lsquobiblicalrsquo and lsquocanonicalrsquo Scholars like Shemaryahu Talmon James VanderKam Robert Kraft Eugene Ulrich and Florentino Garciacutea Martiacutenez to name just a few among others have made it palpably clear that there was nei-ther a closed nor even a fĳixed tripartite canon prior to the late fĳirst century and early second century CE at the earliest26 Secondly it has also become obvious that the scriptural texts were in a greater state of flux than had hitherto been

25 See among others Swanson 1995 227 Dimant 1999 50 Brooke 2000 779 The inclusion of legal material into the category has also been accepted by Vermes who in his paper at the Budapest conference acknowledged that ldquoI accept that future treatment of the ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo should include the whole fĳield of the Jewish Biblerdquo (see above page 6)

26 Talmon 2010 421f439 VanderKam 2002 52f Kraft 2007a and Kraft 2007 Ulrich 1999 173159f Garciacutea Martiacutenez 2010 20f



recognised by scholarship Thirdly this line of scholarship has made it clear that the continuum comprising texts exhibiting scriptural adjustments amplifĳications conflations embellishments harmonisations omissions rear-rangements and supplementations with respect to scriptural predecessors was considerably more complex than previously could have been acknowl-edged Fourthly it became clear that the rewriting of Scripture was not only a phenomenon pertaining to diffferences between allegedly canonical and non-canonical texts but also an intra-biblical matter as Deuteronomy and the Books of Chronicles vividly demonstrate

For these reasons some scholars while wanting to retain the idea included in the original concept replaced Bible with Scripture and therefore began to speak about rewritten Scripture27 If no Bible existed at the turn of the Common Era how could one possibly speak about rewriting it Replacing Bible with Scripture was a way of providing remedy for this problem Other schol-ars have favoured alternative terminology such as parabiblical or parascrip-tural literature28 and recently it has been suggested that the discussion can be advanced by introducing Geacuterard Genettersquos distinction between hypertext and hypotext In Genettersquos terminology the hypertext constitutes any text united in a textual relationship with an earlier text A (the hypotext) ldquoupon which it is grafted in a manner that is not a commentaryrdquo29 George Brooke for one has argued in favour of applying Genettersquos terminology to the subject30 From my view the alternative terminology sufffers from two problems regardless of whether we are talking about paratextual literature hypotexts or hypertexts

27 Among the fĳirst to do this was VanderKam 2002 42f Cf Flint 2003 272 Campbell 2005 49 Petersen 2007 286ndash288 White Crawford 2008 6

28 For arguments in favour of designating the texts para-something without the ending lsquobiblicalrsquo or lsquoscripturalrsquo see Zahn 2011 103ndash105 cf Campbell 2005 66 The term parabiblical was originally introduced by Ginsberg 1967 574 whereas parascriptural was brought forward by Robert Kraft in his presidential address at the SBL in 2006 see Kraft 2007 18 To avoid a too close relationship between the category and Jewish literature as well as religious connotations pertaining to Scripture Armin Lange in the wake of Geacuterard Gennete has proposed to replace the two terms with lsquoparatextrsquo and lsquoparatextualrsquo see Lange

2010 17 These terms however sufffer from the fact that in his later work Genette took paratext and paratextual to refer to textual elements such as titles subtitles prefaces postfaces etc whereas he used hypertext to designate what he originally termed paratext see Genette 1997 3 in contrast to his earlier work Genette 1992 82 In this manner a return to the older terminology of Genette may cause more confusion than contributing to create conceptual clarity

29 Genette 1997 530 Brooke 2010

26 Petersen


Firstly it does not make clear that not only are we dealing with a form of inter-textuality connecting diffferent texts with each other but also that the texts that are being rewritten are perceived to be authoritative Secondly and closely connected to the fĳirst point the alternative terms do not highlight that the rewritten texts are borrowing authority and in some cases usurping it from the texts which they are rewriting31 If we are leaving out the aspect of authority indicated by the term I do not see any point in retaining rewritten Scripture as a category since it may just as well be replaced by the more common notion of intertextuality

About the same time as some scholars began to question the appropriate-ness of retaining lsquoBiblersquo in the phrasing of rewritten Bible other voices nota-bly uttered by scholars such as Moshe Bernstein and Michael Segal argued in favour of adhering to a more rigid understanding of the concept in line with Geza Vermesrsquo original notion (once again excluding the Palestinian Targumic literature and the Sefer ha-Yashar)32 To Bernstein it was decisive to prevent the concept from becoming a signifĳiant flottant being accorded such a wide scope of meaning that almost any Jewish text of the era could be encapsulated in the category Bernstein acknowledged the fact that in the words of Carol Newsom ldquoechoes of the biblical text haunt virtually all of the new literary compositions of this periodrdquo by making a distinction between the rewriting of biblical texts and rewritten Bible but his aim was clearly of a reformist nature33 Only at one point did he want to diverge from Vermesrsquo understanding namely with respect to the inclusion of legal texts in the category

Although some diffferences may be found between the views of Bernstein and Segal they endorse a view that is very similar Parallel to Bernstein Michael Segal underlines the similarities found between earlier examples of rewrit-ing in lsquobiblicalrsquo texts and later texts of the Second Temple period while also acknowledging the element of authority as important ldquoRewriting as opposed to creative compo sition is characteristic of this corpus of religious literature in which later writers always looked to the past to suggest new ideas in the pres-ent and for the future Rewriting was thus the rule and not the exceptionrdquo34 In Segalrsquos understanding what distinguishes earlier examples of rewriting from

31 On this point I disagree with Armin Lange who claims that the use of Scripture in the nomenclature ties the discussion not only to Jewish but also to religious texts which he perceives as a problematical constraint see Lange 2010 16 If however we defĳine Scripture as any text which is being attributed cultural authority this problem disappears

32 Bernstein 2005 and Segal 200533 Bernstein 2005 195 The quote from Newsom stems from Newsom 2004 634 Segal 2005 28



the works of the late Second Temple period is the extent which the rewriting takes Whereas in the earlier period one may fĳind rewritings of individual laws prophecies or narrative passages the further one moves into the latter part of the Second Temple period the more extensive becomes the scale of rewriting since entire works such as Chronicles Book of Jubilees the Temple Scroll and 1 Esdras rewrote complete literary works35

In total the fourth phase which constitutes the present situation is charac-terised by considerable scholarly diversity in terms of the application of the rubric Some scholars are increasingly sceptical towards the use of the concept while others without further ado apply the notion to an increasing number of texts including some that are either marginal to or even lying outside the more specifĳic context of late Second Temple Jewish literature Finally some scholars in a reformist attempt to purify the use of the concept havemdashwith one or two changesmdashpleaded for a return to Vermesrsquo original use of the notion

Challenges to the Continued Use of the Notion

With this brief overview of the history of research in mind I shall now turn to a few points where I have developed my understanding since the 2007 arti-cle First I continue to think that Bible should be replaced with Scripture in the nomenclature since the arguments against using Bible have neither been reduced nor weakened over the past couple of years On the contrary the growing acknowledge ment of the lateness of the fĳinal formation of the Jewish Bible as well as the increasing appreciation of the fluidity of scriptural writ-ings as late as the fĳirst century bce and perhaps for some writings even later should make us reluctant to use Bible with respect to this period Secondly as we have already observed it is also problema tical with the term Bible since it can only be used with respect to a particular group of writings In this case the term risks becoming a reduplication of that which it was meant to explain Additionally to the extent that the phenomenon of rewritten Bible is a bibli-cal phenomenon as well it is misleading to use the term since it suggests a relationship existing between biblical and non-biblical writings but not one which is also found among biblical writings proper In this regard it is a wise decision to follow recent scholar ship by replacing the term but only to the extent that we are able with new terminology to retain the element of author-ity in the expression Otherwise we may simply replace it by using the more prevalent term of intertextuality Thirdly I have become increasingly hesitant

35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen


about using the term lsquorewrittenrsquo as the other element of the composite in the expression Sidnie White Crawford among others has forcefully argued that if the texts of the books traditionally designated biblical were not fĳixed in the period under discussion but rather were of a pluriform nature the term rewrit-ten may indeed be called into question36 If a fĳixed text did not exist how can one possibly speak about it as being rewritten Fourthly and perhaps more challenging to the element of lsquorewrittenrsquo in the expression is the fact that hardly any text is not in some sense of a rewritten nature Like other signs texts do not evolve ab ovo but are in fact always presupposing an existing tradition to which they may relate in diffferent ways covering a spectrum that consists of a polemical stance at the one end of the axis and a loyal and embracing one at the other end In this sense every textmdashdespite the emphasis it may place on its own novelty and originalitymdashis partaking in a perpetual riverrun of tradi-tion since texts by the act of rewriting respond to existing textual and hence cultural tradition This may be a semiotic triviality but as most banalities nev-ertheless a fact37 In light of such a view it becomes redundantmdashverging on the superfluousmdashto claim for a text that it is of a rewritten nature However that is only one side of the problem If all texts whether deliberately or not are rewriting previous texts it is obviously misleading to single out a special category as being of a rewritten nature

With these critical comments in mind can there one may justifĳiably ask be any sustainability in retaining the notion if we have dismissed both elements of the composite Yes indeed I shall argue but in order to retain the concept it is crucial that we not only specify its meaning but also the level of analysis to which it may be applied As long as we know what we are doing analytically and can see both theoretical and empirical gains from the undertaking I do not see any problems in staying with the term The more so since the poten-tial objection that we have created an artifĳicial category with no 11ndashrelation-ship with the texts under examination is of no bearing Analytical constructs never constitute an unmediated reflection of reality They are representative of an active modeling on blurred reality that enables us to make diffferentiations and hence to advance understanding If rewritten Scripture underpinned by a clear theoretical perspective enables us to conceive of a particular segment of reality that is the spectrum captured by the theoretical outlook then we are defĳinitely in a better situation than proceeding without the concept

36 White Crawford 2008 537 For an extensive discussion of this argument of sign production as a continuous semiotic

riverrun see Petersen 2011



I concur with the line of scholarship that conceives of rewritten Scripture as a ldquotextual strategyrdquo rather than a generic designation although I am still pre-pared to acknowledge that from an etic perspective one could possibly conceive of the notion as a genre classifĳication although I no longer think that such an understanding moves the discussion forward38 Scholars however who favour a perception of the concept in terms of a generic designation take it to be located at the emic level of analysis which I believe is a mistake Surely the six examples of literature (including the Targums and Sepher ha-Yashar) to which Vermes originally assigned the classifĳication are already too diverse in terms of genre to be attributed the same generic rubric at the emic level of analysismdashif genres are understood to share a number of properties with respect to content form and function Contrary to my own previous work I think it is more prom-ising to acknowledge that we are dealing with the more comprehensive phe-nomenon of intertextuality although of an excessive nature and with a special focus on the aspect of authority

Moshe Bernstein has rightly objected that such an understanding risks turn-ing our concept into ldquoan excessively vague all-encom pas sing termrdquo39 That may well be but in light of my previous considerations I do not think it really con-stitutes a problem On the contrary the use of the notion risks becoming nar-rowmdashverging on scholarly insularitymdashin terms of theoretical scope if it can solely be applied to one particular body of literature and even within this body of texts to a relatively few writings only Again I shall insist on the point that it is the theoretical perspective underlying the use of the term that prevents it from becoming a floating signifĳier That the category may be applied to a great number of texts is not a valid objection as long as the theoretical stance safeguards the concept from becoming excessively vague In addition to retain the concept we also need to repudiate the criticism raised against the term that ultimately the concern with authority conceals theological interests which although legitimate by themselves prevent the term from being used outside the guild of people exhibiting these concerns If it cannot be shown that we are dealing with a more comprehensive textual phenomenon which involves both of the aspects that have loomed largely in the previous discussion of rewritten Scripture it is difffĳicult to see how these two objections can be rejected I think that the challenges that have been raised against the generic under standing

38 This was essentially the argument I put forward in Petersen 2007 At that time it was crucial for me to emphasise how the acknowledgement of rewritten Scripture concerned modern interests in intertextuality rather than a genre appreciation among Jews of the late Second Temple period

39 Bernstein 2005 187

30 Petersen


carry so much weight that one has to let go of this notion If however we con-cede that we are examining just another form of intertextuality what is the point of retaining the notion rather than abandoning it by replacing it with the concept of intertextuality

I think there is good reason to hold on to the category as a scholarly term since it may analytically advantageously be taken to designate one particu-lar and excessive type of intertextuality namely the one that exists between an authoritative scriptural ante ce dent and its subsequent reuse in any type of rewriting This move simultaneously allows us to elevate the concept to a cat-egory of comparative and cross-cultural value At a conference on Contextua-

lising Rewritten Scripture held at the University of Aarhus in 2010 I asked colleagues from art history classics history literature and musicology to use the concept in order to explore the theoretical and empirical gains they would achieve by the application of it to their particular fĳields of expertise At the same time the idea was to examine how their work could facilitate progress in the fĳield in which the notion originally had been developed Thus in a forth-coming conference volume there are essays on for instance Vergilrsquos Aeneid as a piece of rewritten Scripture of the Homeric Songs on medieval church music as rewritten pieces of scriptural antecedents on Shakespearersquos rewriting his authoritative scriptural predecessors etc40 Does such a sweeping use of the concept make the category superfluous by rendering it excessively vague I do not think so since the underlying theoretical perspective informing the use of the category makes it clear that we are engaged with the more comprehen-sive phenomenon of intertextuality but with a special focus on the aspect of authority

As indicated by the previous discussion the element of authority will not sufffĳice as sole criterion for defĳining rewritten Scripture We have already noted how every text is in a sense a piece of rewritten Scripture in so far as it is engaged in the rewriting of antecedent texts To the extent that it rewrites par-ticular traditions as against others one could argue that every piece of writing in this broad sense exhibits the category of rewritten Scripture since only tra-ditions attached cultural signifĳicance by the writer would qualify as candidates for being rewritten Such an understanding however would render the con-cept superfluous Therefore it makes good sense to keep that element which has been a constituent feature in the previous scholarly discussion namely that texts representative of rewritten Scripture are characterised by rewriting scriptural predecessors in a manner that exhibits a continuum of harmoni-sations insertions omissions and variations with respect to their antecedents

40 See Petersen 2013



but without explicit commenting on the intertextual relationship between base text and the rewriting such as is found in commentary literature In this manner we should acknowledge that on the one hand the act of rewriting authoritative texts is in its most comprehensive sense characteristic of all text production while on the other hand it may for analytical reasons be sensible to draw a distinction between diffferent types of rewriting where rewritten Scripture would qualify as one particular case of the broader phenomenon Thus we may take the notion to designate a textual strategy by which any text rewrites one or more authoritative textual predecessors by closely following the structure of its base text(s) but without making explicit comments on the intertextual relationship that exists between them

Such an understanding however calls for at least two typological specifĳi-cations First it is vital to clarify the implications of what it means to closely follow the base text since such a characterisation is in need of further diffferen-tiation The diffferentiation called for is ultimately a matter of placing heuristi-cally useful caesura on a continuum that will enable us to distinguish between diffferent degrees of textual proximity with respect to the relationship between rewritten texts and their scriptural predecessors41 Second it is important to stipulate the relationship that exists in terms of authority between text and base text It is to the latter question that I shall now turn my attention

Scriptural Rewritings and the Question of Authority

In scholarship on rewritten Scripture it constitutes as I have already noted an almost truism that the texts rewriting scriptural antecedents do neither strive to challenge nor to replace their textual prede cessors Philip Alexander for instance in his important study of rewritten Bible contends that ldquoDespite the superfĳicial independence of form these texts are not intended to replace or to supersede the Biblerdquo42 Although scriptural rewritings may accord author-ity to their own textual creations by borrowing the attributed authority from the authoritative texts which they are engaged in rewriting the subsequent texts are in the time-honoured scholarly understanding providing either sup-plementary or complementary interpretation According to this view rewrit-ten Scripture does not challenge the authority of the texts which are being rewritten

41 See my forthcoming essay ldquoThe Gospel of Judasrdquo 2012 in which I provide a provisional diffferentiation between texts which to diffferent degrees share the element of closely following the base text

42 Alexander 1988 116

32 Petersen


George Brooke who has devoted much perceptive work to this question of replacement or supplementation has propagated the view that there is a reciprocal relationship in terms of authority between the scriptural prede-cessors and their subsequent rewritings He highlights this insight by arguing that on the one hand the rewritings bask themselves in the authority of the texts they are rewriting while on the other hand they also contribute to the enhancement of authority on the part of the scriptural antecedents by virtue of rewriting them43 In this manner he contends that not only do rewritten texts borrow authority from their scriptural antecedents but they also contrib-ute to the bestowal of authority on them44 Brooke supports his argument by promulgating the obvious view that the very fact that a text is engaged in the rewriting of an authoritative textual antecedent excludes the possibility that the same text would undermine the authority from which it obtains its own derivative authority It would indeed be a self-destructive strategy in terms of gaining authority for what one is writing if at the same time one undercuts that very authority one is striving to attain As self-evident as this argument may appear I have recently become increasingly reluctant towards this more ire-nic fashion of concept tualising the relationship between rewritten Scripture and scriptural antecedents Brooke of course is right in his general assertion that it would not make sense for a text to borrow authority from a scriptural predecessor while at the same time undermining that authority it attempts to assert for itself Yet I am not sure whether this assessment necessarily leads to Brookersquos conclusion that rewritten scriptural texts

do not seem to have been composed to replace the authoritative sources which they rework all operate some kind of interpretative strategy (how-ever veiled that might be) they can only offfer one interpretation at a time in their re-presentations of the scriptural text and they tend themselves not to be cited explicitly elsewhere as authoritative (though Jubilees is an obvious exception heremdashperhaps it may have been known as a rewritten text by some people and thought not to be such by others)45

I think Brookersquos view holds true for some texts such as for instance those parts of Josephusrsquo Antiquities which qualify as rewritten Scripture (strictly speak-ing Ant 11ndash11296) the Genesis Apocry phon and the Biblical Antiquities of

43 Brooke 2005 9644 Brooke 2010 51f45 Brooke 2002 33 Cf Najman 2003 45f



Pseudo-Philo (LAB) The understanding however becomes problematical when it is turned into a general and constitutive element of the category of rewritten Scripture as Brooke also seems to acknowledge by pointing to the special nature of Jubilees I think that this understanding under estimates the variety of possibilities available in the relationship between rewritten texts and scriptural antecedents with regard to the element of authority To a great extent this discussion depends on what exactly is meant by replacement

It may well be that rewritten texts do not aim to replace their scriptural pre-decessors in any straightforward manner as Brooke and others have empha-sised but I do not see how at the outset it can be excluded that some rewritten scriptural texts at the cost of their authoritative predecessors in fact do strive to appropriate for themselves the authority of the antecedents Additionally if one is prepared to grant this possibility it opens for a spectrum of options within which works belonging to rewritten Scripture by their degree and mode of rewriting the base text may exhibit greater or lesser extents of criticism over against their authoritative predecessors If by replacement one can also under-stand the act of surpassing or exceeding onersquos scriptural predecessors with respect to claims to authority it cannot be excluded that some rewritten texts did attempt to supersede their authoritative base texts Such super session does not imply the abrogation of the base text in a straight-forward manner but it does move the understanding in the direction of acknowledging that some rewritten texts could render their scriptural antecedents superfluous and of less value in terms of authority

Textual Fidelity Elaboration Supersession or Encroachment

Perhaps this argument becomes more understandable if we allow ourselves to include other texts in the reflections than the quartet of writings which tra-ditionally constituted the primary empirical evidence for the discussion Yet even the Book of Jubilees demonstrates how a too bombastic negation of the aspect of replacement faces interpretational problems In fact the text bears witness to how some rewritten works with respect to the question of authorita-tive relationship between textual predecessor and rewriting both aim to have their cake and eat it When for instance it is stated in Jubilees that ldquoThis is because I (the angel of presence) have written it (the celebration of the feast of Shebuot) in the book of the fĳirst Law which I wrote for you so that you might observe it in each of its appointed times one day per yearrdquo (622 cf 224 301221) the text obviously afffĳirms the status of the laws of the Genesis-Exodus

34 Petersen


account which it narrates (Gen 1ndashEx 19)46 At the same time however the fĳirst Law did not sufffĳice since the revelations provided not only by God but also dictated from heavenly tablets by the angel of presence to Moses are needed The fĳirst Law is not considered defĳicient in the sense that it was wrong and therefore in need of replacement but since it has given rise to false calendrical practices the corrections of these provided by Jubilees are decisive The book vehemently protests against any calendar which is not exclusively built on the 364 daysrsquo solar calendar (cf 635ndash38)

From the perspective of Jubilees the corrections it provides are not of a new date since the text does not introduce novel traditions over against contempo-raneous interpretations of the base text Orchestrated as revelatory discourse Jubilees reveals what has been written on the heavenly tablets from primordial time thereby assigning them a superior status over the laws found in its scrip-tural antecedents47 By its afffĳirmation of the fĳirst Law Jubilees emphasises that no discrepancy exists between the fĳirst Law and the revelations provided by God and the angel of presence At the same time however the book virtually replaces the fĳirst Law by adding a new interpretative lens through which it claims the fĳirst Law has to be grasped In this manner Jubilees does not replace its legislative antecedents in a straightforward fashion Yet it does claim that the calendrical laws understood to be included in the Genesis-Exodus narra-tive cannot be properly perceived unless they are unlocked by the interpreta-tive key provided by Jubilees In this fashion the book is representative of the broader phenomenon of scriptural deuterōsis whereby secondary texts claim to constitute the right interpretation to the primary texts Obviously the same observation applies to those traditions which Jubilees adds to its scriptural predecessors When for instance the text remedies for the lack of an account of Abrahamrsquos birth and youth in the Genesis narrative by fĳilling out this narra-tive lacuna (Jub 1114ndash128) it supersedes its antecedents by providing a more complete story Although the kind of rewriting to which Jubilees belongs may superfĳicially be considered to take up secondary position in practice it is the authoritative text which is subordinated the secondary writing It becomes the authoritative fĳilter through which the former writings have to be interpreted This does not only pertain to the pragmatic function of the text but is also evi-dent at the level of content

The primordial nature accorded to the laws of Jubilees over against those revealed in the fĳirst Law highlights the textrsquos superior status over the scriptural

46 Translations from Jubilees are taken from Wintermutersquos translation in the Charlesworth 1983ndash1985

47 Cf Najman 2010 52 which is a reprinted version of an article from 1999



predecessors which it rewrites Penta teuchal laws are often said to derive from the heavenly tablets transmitted by Jubilees (see for instance 1628ndash30 286 308ndash10 3210ndash15) This is no replacement in the sense of an abrogation of the claims of the base text but certainly it is a way by which Jubilees appropri-ates for itself a higher degree of authority over against that of the scriptural predecessors This changes the order of the autho ritative relationship between base text and subsequent rewriting By virtue of reproducing from heavenly tablets and transmitting to Moses ldquoboth what (was) in the beginning and what will occur (in the future) the account of the division of all of the days of the Law and testimonyrdquo (14 cf 126ndash29 21) Jubilees becomes primary Scripture whereas the Genesis-Exodus narrative is attributed the role of interpreta-tive supplement48 The same applies to those instances in which the Book of Jubilees rewrites the Genesis-Exodus narrative By its asserted temporal prece-dence over against the scriptural antecedents Jubilees becomes an improved version of the Genesis-Exodus account Given its self-acclaimed divine priority over the Genesis-Exodus narrative it is difffĳicult to see how its intended audi-ence should only conceive of it in terms of an interpretative supplement The scholars who argue against the idea of replacement are right to emphasise the continued authority ascribed by the Book of Jubilees to its scriptural predeces-sors Yet they underestimate the superior nature which Jubilees claims over against its base text The book epitomises a text which by virtue of rewriting an authoritative predecessor strives to supersede it in terms of authority both with respect to content and to pragmatic function

Such an understanding becomes as already indicated even more apparent if we take other texts into account which have not traditionally been considered from the perspective of rewritten Scripture I think it is obvious to discuss the New Testament gospels in this context since they also exemplify texts which not only closely follow their base text in terms of structure but also share the constitutive element of the category namely the rewriting of authoritative pre-decessors without any explicit commenting on the intertextual relationship

48 Najman 2010 54 is among the scholars who strongly opposes the replacement thesis but in fact I think she comes close to the understanding of the textual relationship between Jubilees and its base text that I am endorsing when she argues that ldquothinspthinspthinspJubilees belongs to a family of texts that claims an equivalent or perhaps even a higher authority than that accorded Mosaic revelation insofar as the heavenly tablets were revealed prior to Sinaitic revelationrdquo See also Najman 2003 44ndash47 which is more outspoken in its critique against the replacement thesis

36 Petersen


between the two49 Irrespective of the question of Q it is incontestable that the Gospel of Matthew rewrites its Marcan base text by exhibiting a number of fea-tures such as adjustments amplifĳications conflations embellishments omis-sions rearrangements and supplementations which at the level of content are understood to be prime characteristics of rewritten Scripture It is certainly reasonable to think of Matthew as an extended version of Markrsquos Gospel since Matthew reiterates Mark by recounting more or less the same macro-narrative but in diffferent and important respects develops elaborates and changes the story of its scriptural antecedent This is evident already in the beginning of the gospel where Matthew amplifĳies the Marcan narrative by telling what went before Jesus came to John the Baptist to undergo a baptism for the remis-sion of sins50

It is well-known how Matthew in the narrative of the birth of Jesus and the subsequent escape to Egypt establishes a close connection between Jesus and the story of Moses51 a relationship that plays an important role throughout the Gospel of Matthew Although a number of changes may be found in Matthew over against the Marcan base text Matthew is by and large loyal to its Vorlage Rather than changing its scriptural antecedent as such Matthew generally amplifĳies it by telling a gospel that constitutes an elaborated version of Mark For instance the story of the temptation in Matthew is located at the same place in the narrative as in Mark since it immediately follows the anointment of Jesus (41 cf Mark 112) However there is an important diffference between the two accounts in terms of their narrative function In Mark Jesus becomes an actualised Christ through his lsquoheavenly baptismrsquo in which he is not only bequeathed with the spirit but is also assigned by a heavenly voice to be the beloved son of God (111)52 Since this is conceived as the drawing up of a con-tract between God and Jesus the scene is only accessible to Jesus and to no

49 In my view the emphasis placed on the element that rewritten Scripture exemplify texts that do not explicitly comment on their scriptural predecessors exclude the inclusion of for instance Philonic texts under the nomenclature However the exclusion of such texts from the category is a matter of degree since they do share a number of important elements with rewritten Scripture proper Additionally the decision to exclude such texts from the category proper is located at the etic level of analysis for heuristic reasons in order to enhance analytical refĳinement In principle there is nothing that prevents such texts from being included It would only entail the use of a more comprehensive category at the cost of typological sophistication

50 For an extended version of this argument see Petersen 2013a51 For an extensive discussion of this see Brown 1993 52ndash54107f112ndash116162f52 For the precise semiotic diffference between actualisation and realisation see the relevant

entries in Greimas and Courteacutes 1979 as well as Greimas 1983 27ndash29



other persons in the narrated world of the text ie the narrate53 At the level of the enunciation however this knowledge is obviously also conveyed by the narrator to the narratee54

Matthew in contrast places the establishment of the contract between God and Jesus already at the time of the birth of Jesus (118) Joseph is told by an angel of God that not only has Mary become pregnant by the holy spirit but also that Joseph shall give the future son the name Jesus since he shall save his people from their sins (120f) Thereby the narrative function of not only the lsquobaptism with the spiritrsquo but also of Johnrsquos preceding water baptism of Jesus is changed In Matthew the anointment with the spirit serves as the point in the narrated world of the text where Jesus at least to John the Baptist and possibly to the bystanders as well is proclaimed to be the beloved son of God (317) In this manner the anointment serves as a public proclamation of Jesus in the Gospelrsquos narrate

A similar change in understanding pertains to Johnrsquos baptism of Jesus Since Jesus in Matthew has already become an actualised Christ from his birth Johnrsquos baptism for repentance does not really make sense with respect to Jesus Why should he be baptised for the remission of sins if already from birth he has become an actualised Christ In principle the author of Matthew as later the Gospel of John will do could have deleted the scene from his gospel but he retains it However it is obvious from the narrative point of view that he does not know what to do with it ldquoAnd John tried to prevent him saying ldquoI need to be baptized by you and are you coming to merdquo But Jesus answered and said to him ldquoPermit it to be so now for thus it is fĳitting for us to fulfĳil all righteousnessrdquo Then he allowed himrdquo (314f)55

Despite this signifĳicant diffference between Mark and Matthew in terms of the narrative instantiation of Jesus as an actualised Christ the scene of the temptation in both gospels serves as a testing of Jesus In so far as he is con-ceived to have entered into a contractual relationship with Godmdashwhether at birth (Matthew) or at the lsquoheavenly baptismrsquo (Mark)mdashthe narrative of the temptation highlights the implications of Jesusrsquo new status by testing his abil-ity to comply with the contractual demands The only real diffference between the two narrative scenes with respect to content is the fact that Matthew has

53 For the anointment of Jesus as the establishment of a contractual relationship between Jesus and God see Davidsen 1993 266ndash271

54 See Davidsen 1993 25ndash28 for the crucial diffference between the levels of the enunciation and the enunciate that is the narrate

55 Translations from the Bible are if not otherwise indicated taken from the New King James Bible

38 Petersen


amplifĳied the Marcan version by depicting the temptation as a tripartite and escalating event culminating with the devil taking Jesus to a high mountain (39ndash11)

The same parallelism in terms of both narrative function and content is found in the scene of trial in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mark 1432ndash42 Matt 2636ndash46) It constitutes the other end of that narrative arch which takes its beginning in the scene of the lsquoheavenly baptismrsquo and the subsequent tempta-tion and stretches across the narrative all the way to the scene of trial and the subsequent climax of the crucifĳixion Prior to the crucifĳixion Jesus is once again tested on his ability to comply with the contractual demands Unlike the scene of temptation he is no longer tried by his ability to avoid transgress-ing divine prohibition (a conflict between willing to do and not being allowed to do) Instead he is tried on his ability to fulfĳil divine command (a conflict between ought to do and not wanting to do) ldquoO my father if this cup cannot pass away from me unless I drink it your will be done nevertheless not as I will but as you willrdquo (Matt 2339bndashc) In this manner the scene of trial paves the way for Jesusrsquo ultimate test to prove that indeed he was the son of God that is his sacrifĳicial death on the cross

This will take us to our fĳinal example demonstrating the narrative closeness between Mark and Matthew In contrast to the later Gospels of Luke and John Jesusrsquo giving up his spirit on the cross in Mark and Matthew is narrated in a conspicuously similar fashion Unlike Luke and John where Jesus utters three divergently diffferent sayings in Mark and Matthew he is represented as only expressing one word on the cross In both texts Jesus utters in a quotation from Ps 222 as his last word ldquoMy God my God why have you forsaken merdquo (Mark 1534 Matt 2746) As indicated by these examples Matthew is on the central points of the narrative structure loyal to Mark as its scriptural predecessor which to a great extent is embraced However we are still confronted with the ques-tion of how we should conceive of the relationship between the two in terms of authority Is Matthew loyally endorsing Mark or should it rather be thought of as an excessive form of engulfmentmdashverging on textual cannibalismmdashthrough which Matthew comes close to absorbing the Marcan text by incor-porating it into its own rewritten text and where exactly does that leave its predecessor

Unlike the Book of Jubilees Matthew does not explicitly refer to Mark as the ldquofĳirst Lawrdquo but by positively incorporating the Marcan text into its own narra-tive it afffĳirms it as authoritative Scripture At the same time however by virtue of being a rewritten and narrative amplifĳication of Mark Matthew implicitly claims to be a more complete and therefore superior version compared to the Marcan base text Had Mark sufffĳiced as a gospel so the underlying raison



drsquoecirctre of Matthew there would have been no need to for Matthew to create a new and improved gospel in which vast amounts of material not contained in Mark were added Although Matthew implicitly by virtue of being an enhanced reconfĳiguration of Mark arrogates to itself a superior status at the expense of Mark (a fact also to be seen from the subsequent Wirkungsgeschichte of the New Testament gospels where Matthew came to have precedence over Mark) it does not explicitly aspire to replace its decisive scriptural antecedent On the contrary it epitomises a seemingly irenic incorporation of Mark into a larger narrative framework but thereby Matthew de facto became involved in the act of textual cannibalism since it came to replace Mark as a more complete version of the gospel This applies to the levels of both function and content

Before coming to a conclusion I shall take a brief look at the Gospel of John Due to constraints of space I shall leave out Luke although it would be interesting to include it as representative of an intermediary position between Matthewrsquos overwhelmingly loyal textual engulfment of Mark and Johnrsquos vir-tual deconstruction of the Synoptic tradition56 The more so since Luke meta-phorically speaking with respect to its scriptural predecessor may epitomise a position comparable to the one held by Jubilees in terms of authority with regard to its scriptural antecedents Be that as it may unlike Matthew which does not engage in direct polemic with Mark the situation is diffferent when we proceed to John It is difffĳicult to ignore the polemical stance involved in the authorrsquos recasting of the Synoptic tradition regardless of the question which particular texts the author had at his disposal a question I shall not venture to take up in this context57 The very fact that Jesus already in the prologue of Johnrsquos Gospel is portrayed as a realised Christ (11ndash31418) exerts decisive influ-ence on the subsequent narrative which essentially deconstructs the account found in the Synoptic gospels John not only defĳies pivotal elements in the nar-rative of the Synoptic gospels by omitting them but he also writes over other narrative sequences by attributing them a new and diffferent function Johnrsquos omission of the baptism of Jesus is a conspicuous example

At the narrative point where the Synoptic gospels narrate Johnrsquos baptism of Jesus and the subsequent anointment of Jesus with the spirit (Mark 19ndash11 Matt 31ndash17 Luke 321f) John noticeably posits a counter-narrative Rather than having John the Baptist baptising Jesus with a baptism for the remission of sins the gospel author has John designate Jesus as the ldquolamb of God who takes

56 For the diffferences between Mark and Matthew on the one hand and Luke on the other with respect to the portrayal of Jesus in terms of ancient notions of gender and sexuality see Petersen 2011a 59ndash61

57 See Barrett 1978 42ndash54

40 Petersen


away the sin of the worldrdquo (129 cf 136) This of course is compliant with the basic argument of Johnrsquos Gospel namely that Jesus is already a realised Christ from before the creation of the world wherefore it does not make sense to have him undergo a baptism for the remission of his sins In fact it would be narratively self-contradictory to have the realised Christ forgiven for his past sins Therefore the gospel author also changes the subsequent story of Jesusrsquo ldquobaptism with the spiritrdquo Rather than having a heavenly voice acknowledge Jesus as the beloved son of God the Gospel already in the prologue emphasises Jesus as the only begotten son (11418) John however does not omit the motif of the spirit descending upon Jesus but he transposes the action in terms of the subject of doing to John the Baptist who recognises Jesus as the one upon whom the spirit from heaven has descended ldquoI saw the spirit descending from heaven like a dove and it remained upon himrdquo (132) In fact the heavenly voice also appears in John but it is directed to John the Baptist rather than to Jesus ldquoBut he who sent me to baptize with water said to me ldquoUpon whom you see the spirit descending and remaining on him this is he who baptizes with the Holy Spiritrdquo (133bndashe) Unlike the Synoptic gospels where the heav-enly voice either instantiates (Mark) or designates (Matthew and Luke) Jesus as the beloved son in Johnrsquos Gospel it is John the Baptist who points out Jesus as the son of God by claiming that this is what he has seen and testifĳied (134) In sum this rewritten version of the scene of baptism of the Synoptic gospels serves to downplay the importance of not only John the Baptist but also and more importantly of the baptism of Jesus John is reduced to the narrative role of testifĳier He is neither Christ nor Elijah or the prophet (121ndash25) Since Jesus already from before creation is conceived to be a realised Christ baptism has lost its meaning as intrinsic to Jesusrsquo narrative development At the level of the enunciation the prologue has already made it clear to the narratee that Jesus is the realised begotten son of God wherefore neither an initiation nor a designation is needed The same applies to the level of the enunciate or the narrate where the idea of a realised Christ who would undergo baptism for the remission of sins is meaningless

The implications of this understanding have important ramifĳi ca tions for the subsequent narrative In contrast to the Synoptic gospels John does not conceive of the relationship between Jesus and God in contractual terms understood in the sense that Jesus through a particular tripartite sequence of actions (calling performance and sanction) successfully obtains the sta-tus of the contractual goal that is Jesus becoming a realised Christ Although John also formulates the relationship between Jesus and God in the light of a contractual structure his way of phrasing the contract presupposes that Jesus already from before creation inhabits the status of being Christ and secondly



that the contract consists in Jesus being sent to the world to deliver a particular message Whereas the Synoptic gospels have Jesus qualify himself as contrac-tual servant before God as contractual lord in terms of a progressive develop-ment of his being John omits crucial narrative elements pertaining to such a contractual understanding For instance it is noticeable that John leaves out the scene of temptation found in all three Synoptic gospels but the omission is understandable in light of Johnrsquos overall Christology The same applies to the scene of trial which John does not delete but rather deconstructs At the narrative point where the Synoptic gospels have Jesus enter the Garden of Gethsemane John conspicuously leaves out any mention of it However he does add his own version of the lsquoscene of trialrsquo but in the context of Jesusrsquo entry into Jerusalem Subsequent to his entry Jesus teaches Philip and Andrew about the grain of wheat that falls into the ground and dies As part of this teaching Jesus proclaims that his soul is troubled and that he does not know what to say (1227) However rather than as in the Synoptic gospels where Jesus prays to God that He shall take away the cup of his impending death (Mark 1435f Matt 26394244 Luke 2242) Jesus in John defĳiantly refutes this possibility (thematised in 1227b) by emphatically proclaiming that ldquoBut for this purpose I came for this hourrdquo (1227c) Additionally at this point John introduces the heavenly voice which sanctions Jesusrsquo action by predicting that he shall be glo-rifĳied ldquoThen a voice came from heaven saying ldquoI have both glorifĳied it and will glorify it againrdquo (1228c) The glorifĳication designates not only Jesusrsquo status of being as Christ before his incarnation and subsequent to his resurrection but also Godrsquos recognition of Jesus as a realised Christ (cf 174f)

My fĳinal example from this patently brief list characteristic of Johnrsquos decon-struction of the synoptic tradition is the last of the three words that John puts in the mouth of Jesus In dire contrast to the Jesus of Mark and Matthew John does not have Jesus exclaim in despair why God has forsaken him On the contrary Johnrsquos Jesus triumphantly proclaims that ldquoIt is fĳinished (τετέλεσται)rdquo (1930b) Since John has Jesus conceive of his mission as a proclamation which he has been called to deliver to the world the cross in Johnrsquos Gospel constitutes the point that brings Jesusrsquo testimony to an end However it does not as in the Synoptic gospels mark the decisive test whereby Jesus qualifĳies himself as Christ Therefore John may also designate Jesusrsquo death on the cross by the verb ὑψοοῦν (cf 314 828 1232) which emphasises the cross as the turning point for the return of Christ to his heavenly home

This cursory pinpointing of central elements in Johnrsquos Gospel highlights a conspicuous diffference to the synoptic tradition In comparison with our pre-vious examination of Matthew it vividly demonstrates another type of rela-tionship between rewritten Scripture and authoritative antecedent Similar to

42 Petersen


other texts belonging to the category John borrows authority from the scrip-tural predecessors which he ventures to rewrite Unlike our previous examples however John does not attempt to enhance the authority of this tradition It may well be that the author of this gospel by virtue of rewriting an authori-tative tradition contributes to its continuous authority in the sense that this particular tradition ultimately bestows his own text with authority Yet Johnrsquos Gospel lives from its deliberate attempt not only to detach itself from this tra-dition by its markedly diffferent narrative but also to encroach itself upon this tradition Whereas Matthew may be seen as a form of textual cannibalism over against its predecessor John may be interpreted as a virtual infringement on its antecedents It not only strives to replace the previous tradition but also to deconstruct it by a complete recasting of it which annihilates the structural logic of the previous authoritative tradition

A Brief Conclusion

By way of three main sections I have examined the history of scholarship on rewritten Bible the major obstacles and theoretical horns for retaining the concept and fĳinally the provisional basis for typological distinctions between diffferent forms of authority existing between rewritten Scripture and their scriptural antecedents In conclusion I think that the analytical gains from retaining rewritten Scripture as a scholarly term are greater than abandon-ing the concept that is if one by virtue of replacing Bible with Scripture is prepared to acknowledge that there was no fĳixed Bible at the time when the texts that traditionally have been subsumed under the sobriquet came into existence Second one needs also to make this terminological change in order to limit the dangers of scholarly emic categories which eventually come to support disciplinary parochialism If rewritten Scripture can only be used as a scholarly term in the context of late Second Temple Jewish texts I think the notion should be dismissed since it comes close to interpretative redundancy

Similar to the problems pertaining to the use of Bible in the conceptual coinage there are problems related to the other part of the category that is the notion of rewritten If all texts are to a greater or lesser degree rewriting already existing tradition what is the point of retaining a notion that appears not to recognise this crucial insight as if the element of rewriting were the property of some text over against others Also at this point I think it is crucial that scholars who continue to employ the term acknowledge that all texts whether deliberately or not are engaged in some kind of rewriting since cultural tra-ditions do never emerge ex nihilo but are presupposing existing tradition to



which they in a wide array of diffferent fashions are reacting On the basis of such recognition it is important to acknowledge that we are facing an etic con-cept which for heuristic reasons may be applied to one particular segment of a spectrum which principally covers all texts Hence we are not talking about a genre situated at the emic level of analysis nor are we are talking about a textual strategy although this may be the case for some of the texts belonging to the category

There have been recent attempts to invent new nomenclature at the expense of the time-honoured concept Yet I do not see how they can contrib-ute to solving the problems pertaining to the traditional use of the category In fact one may see this quest for new terminology as ultimately resulting from a flawed philosophical efffort in the context of theory of science which con-flates diffferent levels of analysis with each other New terminology may trans-pose problems but it does not solve them since the problems rise from the empiricism to which the category is being applied and the theorising in which it is embedded rather than from the concept itself The magic to paraphrase Jonathan Z Smith lies in the conceptual use of the category and is not intrin-sic to its name

For these reasons I have come to a diffferent heuristic under standing of the concept which also slightly difffers from my own previous use Rather than pur-suing the quest for new vocabulary I think it is advantageous to retain Vermesrsquo coinage with the slight modifĳication that Bible should be replaced with Scripturemdasha proposition currently endorsed by the majority of scholars who want to maintain the thrust of Vermesrsquo original category However we should also emphasise that it is useful to uphold the category only on the premise that we are capable of resolving the problems which have been put forward against it

In light of these considerations I endorse the view that rewritten Scripture designates a particularly excessive type of intertextuality which is found not only with respect to texts of Second Temple Judaism but in a variety of other contexts as well For this reason I have argued that the term advantageously may be taken to other contexts and be applied to texts of other areas other times and other material such as music painting sculpture etc Rewritten Scripture highlights the phenomenon of texts that borrow authority from scriptural predecessors by rewriting them but this phenomenon covers a wider class of texts in which we may refĳine our classifĳication by further heu-ristically distinguishing between texts that do not explicitly comment on their relationship with respect to the authoritative antecedents (rewritten Scripture proper) and texts that explicitly relate to their scriptural predecessors Needless to say we may fĳind texts that belong to both categories such as for instance

44 Petersen


the Gospel of Matthew With respect to Mark Matthew epitomises the class of rewritten Scripture whereas it with regard to lsquoJewish Scripturersquo is representa-tive of the second class of texts In terms of authority existing between ante-cedent and rewritten Scripture I have underlined that this question ultimately legitimising the use of the notion may be situated at diffferent levels such as content form andor function

For future work on this topic I think it is urgent that we invest more time in focusing on the examination of the diffferent types of authority that may exist I have promulgated the view that some kind of aspectualism may be jus-tifĳied What from one perspective may be seen to constitute a form of textual poaching or even engulfment may from another perspective just as justifĳiably be understood to embody a loyal appropriation or endorsement Finally I have by way of a few examples attempted to provide a rudimentary typology for thinking about authoritative relationships that may exist between rewritten Scripture and their authoritative predecessors but far more work needs to be done on this intriguing subject

Contrary to the majority of scholars who have argued against the idea of a lsquoreplacement thesisrsquo whereby rewritten Scripture is understood to ironically embrace the authority of its antecedent I have by way of a few illustrative examples emphasised how rewritten Scripture may exhibit a variety of difffer-ent possibilities At the level of content and function I have over against preva-lent strands of scholarship underlined a spectrum of options that stretches from loyal embracement (LAB Antiquities and the Genesis Apocryphon) over textual cannibalism (Book of Jubilees and Matthew) to encroachment (Gospel of John) Far from covering the entire spectrum of possibilities these three positions designate particularly potent possibilities opening space for a num-ber of intermediary positions (for instance the Gospel of Luke) However these are only initial ruminations Far more work needs to be done with respect to both thick interpretation at the level of textual analysis and thorough theoris-ing at the level of explanation

Bibliography

Alexander Philip S 1987 Retelling the Old Testament Pages 99ndash121 in It is Written

Scripture Citing Scripture Essays in Honour of Barnabas Lindars SSF Edited by D Carson and HGM Williamson Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Barrett C Kingsley 1978 The Gospel according to St John An Introduction with

Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text 2 ed Philadelphia Penn Westminster John Knox Press



Bernstein Moshe J 2005 lsquoRewritten Biblersquo A Generic Category which has Outlived Its Usefulness Textus 22 169ndash96

Borgen Peder 1984 Philo of Alexandria Pages 233ndash282 in Jewish Writings of the Second

Temple Period Edited by ME Stone CRINT 22 Assen Van Gorcummdashmdashmdash 1995 Philo of Alexandria An Exegete for His Time NTSup 86 Leiden BrillBrooke George J 2000 Rewritten Bible Pages 777ndash781 in Encyclopedia of the Dead

Sea Scrolls Vol 2 Edited by LH Schifffman and JC VanderKam New York Oxford University Press

mdashmdashmdash 2002 The Rewritten Law Prophets and Psalms Issues for Understanding the Text of the Bible Pages 31ndash40 in The Bible as Book The Hebrew Bible and the Judaean

Desert Discoveries Edited by ED Herbert and E Tov London British Librarymdashmdashmdash 2005 Between Authority and Canon The Signifĳicance of Reworking the Bible

for Understanding the Canonical Process Pages 85ndash104 in Reworking the Bible

Apocryphal and Related Texts at Qumran Proceedings of a Joint Symposium by the

Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature and the

Hebrew University Institute for Advanced Studies Research Group on Qumran 15ndash17

January 2002 Edited by EG Chazon D Dimant and RA Clemens STDJ 58 Leiden Brill

mdashmdashmdash 2010 Hypertextuality and the ldquoParabiblicalrdquo Dead Sea Scrolls Pages 43ndash64 in In the Second Degree Paratextual Literature in Ancient Near Eastern and Ancient

Mediterranean Culture and Its Reflections in Medieval Literature Edited by PS Alexander A Lange and RJ Pillinger Leiden Brill

Brown Raymond E 1993 The Birth of the Messiah A Commentary on the Infancy

Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke ABRL New York DoubledayCampbell Jonathan G 2005 rsquoRewritten Biblersquo and lsquoParabiblical Textsrsquo A Terminological

and Ideological Critique Pages 43ndash68 in New Directions in Qumran Studies

Proceedings of the Bristol Colloquium on the Dead Sea Scrolls 8ndash10 September 2003 Edited by JG Campbell WJ Lyons and LK Pietersen LSTS 52 London T amp T Clark

Chalmers Alan 1999 What Is This Thing Called Science St Lucia Queensland University of Queensland Press

Charlesworth James H 1983ndash1985 The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 2 vols New York Doubleday

Davidsen Ole 1993 The Narrative Jesus A Semiotic Reading of Markrsquos Gospel Aarhus Aarhus University Press

Dimant Devora 1999 The Scrolls and the Study of Early Judaism Pages 43ndash59 in The

Dead Sea Scrolls at Fifty Proceedings of the 1997 Society of Biblical Literature Qumran

Section Meetings Edited by RA Kugler and EM Schuller SBLEJL 15 Atlanta Scholars Press

Eco Umberto 1979 A Theory of Semiotics Advances in Semiotics Blooming ton and Indianapolis Indiana University Press

46 Petersen


mdashmdashmdash 1990 The Limits of Interpretation Advances in Semiotics Bloomington and Indianapolis Indiana University Press

mdashmdashmdash 1992 Overinterpreting Texts Pages 45ndash66 in Interpretation and Over-

interpretation With Richard Rorty Jonathan Culler and Christine Brooke-Rose Edited by S Collini Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Flint Peter W 2003 Scriptures in the Dead Sea Scrolls The Evidence from Qumran Pages 269ndash304 in Emmanuel Studies in Hebrew Bible Septuagint and Dead

Sea Scrolls in Honor of Emmanuel Tov Edited by SM Paul Robert A Kraft LH Schifffman and WW Fields VTSup 94 Leiden Brill

Genette Geacuterard 1992 The Architext An Introduction Translated by JW Lewin Berkeley University of California Press

mdashmdashmdash 1997 Palimpsests Literature in the Second Degree Translated by C Newman and C Doubinsky Stages 8 Lincoln Nebr University of Nebraska Press

Greimas Algirdas Julien 1983 Du sens II Essais seacutemiotiques Paris Eacuteditions du SeuilGreimas Algirdas Julien and Courteacutes Joseph 1979 Semiotique Dictionnaire raisonneacute

de la theacuteorie du langage Paris HachetteHarrington Daniel J 1986 The Bible Rewritten (Narratives) Pages 239ndash247 in Early

Judaism and Its Modern Interpreters Edited by RA Kraft and GWE Nickelsburg Atlanta Scholars Press

Himmelfarb Martha 2006 A Kingdom of Priests Ancestry and Merit in Ancient Judaism

JCC Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania PressKraft Robert A 2007 Pursuing the Para-Scriptural by Means of the Pre-Scriptural

(Paper delivered at University of Toronto 11 April 2007 Available at the internet on the following address httpccatsasupenn edu raktemptoronto1jpgstoronto-1ndash2007htmlmdashseen 10012012)

mdashmdashmdash 2007a Para-mania Beside Before and Beyond Bible Studies JBL 126 5ndash27Lange Armin 2010 lsquoIn the Second Degreersquo Ancient Jewish Paratextual Literature in

the Context of Graeco-Roman and Ancient Near Eastern Literature Pages 3ndash42 in In the Second Degree Paratextual Literature in Ancient Near Eastern and Ancient


Martiacutenez Florentino Garciacutea 2010 Rethinking the BiblendashSixty Years of Dead Sea Scrolls Pages 19ndash36 in Authoritative Scriptures in Ancient Judaism Edited by M Popović JSJSup 141 Leiden Brill

Najman Hindy 2003 Seconding Sinai The Development of Mosaic Discourse in Second

Temple Judaism JSJSup 77 Leiden Brillmdashmdashmdash 2010 Past Renewals Interpretative Authority Renewed Revelation and the Quest

for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity JSJSup 53 Leiden BrillNewsom Carol A 2004 The Self as Symbolic Space Constructing Identity and

Community at Qumran STDJ 52 Leiden Brill



Nickelsburg George WE 1984 The Bible Rewritten and Expanded Pages 89ndash156 in Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period Edited by ME Stone CRINT 22 Assen Van Gorcum

Petersen Anders Klostergaard 2007 Rewritten Bible as a Borderline PhenomenonndashGenre Textual Strategy or Canonical Anachronism Pages 285ndash306 in Flores

Florentino Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in Honour of Florentino

Garciacutea Martiacutenez Edited by A Hilhorst Eacute Puech and E Tigchelaar JSJSup 122 Leiden Brill

mdashmdashmdash 2010 Review of Rewriting Scripture in Second Temple Period By Sidnie White Crawford Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature Grand Rapids Mich Eerdmans 2008 DSD 17 115ndash119

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoInventionrdquo and ldquoMaintenancerdquo of Religious Traditions Theoretical and Historical Perspectives Pages 129ndash160 in Invention Rewriting Usurpation Discursive

Fights over Religious Traditions in Antiquity Edited by J Ulrich A-C Jacobsen and D Brakke ECCA 11 Frankfurt aM Peter Lang

mdashmdashmdash 2011a Auf der Suche nach einem Rahmen zum Verstaumlndnis der Konzeption von Geschlecht und Sexualitaumlt im fruumlhen Christentum Pages 33ndash66 in Maumlnnlich

und weiblich schuf Er sie Studien zur Genderkonstruktion und zum Eherecht in

den Mittelmeerregionen Edited by M Morgenstern Ch Boudignon Ch Tietz Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht

mdashmdashmdash 2012 The Gospel of Judas A Scriptural Amplifĳication or a Canonical Encroachment Pages 245ndash282 in Judasevangelium und Codex Tchacos Studien zur

religionsgeschichtlichen Verortung einer gnostischen Schrift sammlung Edited by EE Popkes and G Wurst WUNT 279 Tuumlbingen Mohr-Siebeck

mdashmdashmdash 2013 Preface The Prevalence of Rewritten Scripture in Cultural Production and From Moses to Matthew Rewritten Scripture as an Epitome of Semiotic Riverrun in Contextualising Rewritten Scripture Diffferent Approaches to the Rewriting of

Scripture and the Attribution of Authority to Rewritings in Art Literature and Music

Edited by AK Petersen Leiden Brill (forthcoming)mdashmdashmdash 2013a From Moses to Matthew The Prevalence of Rewritten Scripture

In Contextualising Rewritten Scripture Diffferent Approaches to the Rewriting of


Edited by AK Petersen Leiden Brill (forthcoming)Segal Michael Between Bible and Rewritten Bible Pages 10ndash29 in Biblical Interpretation

at Qumran Edited by M Henze SDSS Grand Rapids EerdmansSwanson Dwight D 1995 The Temple Scroll and the Bible The Methodology of 11QT STDJ

14 Leiden BrillTalmon Shemaryahu 2010 The Crystallization of the ldquoCanon of Hebrew Scripturesrdquo in

the Light of Biblical Scrolls from Qumran Pages 419ndash442 in idem Text and Canon of

the Hebrew Bible Collected Studies Winona Lake Eisenbrauns

48 Petersen


Ulrich Eugene 1999 The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible SDSSRL Grand Rapids Mich Eerdmans and Leiden Brill

VanderKam James C 2002 The Wording of Biblical Citations in some Rewritten Scriptural Works Pages 41ndash56 in The Bible as Book The Hebrew Bible and the Judaean

Desert Discoveries Edited by ED Herbert and E Tov London British LibraryVermes Geza 1961 Scripture and Tradition in Judaism Haggadic Studies SPB 4 Leiden

Brillmdashmdashmdash 1989 Biblical Interpretation at Qumran Eretz Israel 20 185ndash188Vermes Geza Millar Fergus and Goodman Martin 1986 The History of the Jewish

People in the Age of Jesus Christ 3 vols Edinburgh T amp T ClarkWacholder Ben Zion 1985 The Relationship between 11QTorah (The Temple Scroll) and

the Book of Jubilees One Single or Two Independent Compositions SBL Seminar

Papers 1985 24 205ndash216mdashmdashmdash 1997 Jubilees as the Super Canon Torah-Admonition versus Torah-

Commandment Pages 195ndash211 in Legal Texts and Legal Issues Proceedings of the

Second Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies Cambridge

1985 Edited by M Bernstein FG Martiacutenez and J Kampen STDJ 23 Leiden BrillWhite Crawford Sydnie 2008 Rewriting Scripture in Second Temple Times SDSSRL

Grand Rapids Mich EerdmansWittgenstein Ludwig 2001 Philosophical Investigations The German Text with a

Revised English Translation Translated by GEM Anscombe Oxford BlackwellZahn Molly M 2011 Rethinking Rewritten Scripture Composition and Exegesis in

4QReworked Pentateuch Manuscripts STDJ 95 Leiden Brillmdashmdashmdash 2011 Talking about Rewritten Texts Some Reflections on Terminology Pages

93ndash119 in Changes in Scripture Rewriting and Interpreting Authoritative Traditions in

the Second Temple Period Edited by H von Weissenberg J Pakkala and M Marttila BZAW 419 Berlin DeGruyter

mdashmdashmdash 2010 Rewritten Scripture Pages 323ndash336 in The Oxford Handbook of the Dead

Sea Scrolls Edited by TH Lim and JJ Collins Oxford Oxford University Press

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false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier (CGATS TR 001) PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped False Description ltlt ARA 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e5c4f5e55663e793a3001901a8fc775355b5090ae4ef653d190014ee553ca901a8fc756e072797f5153d15e03300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc87a25e55986f793a3001901a904e96fb5b5090f54ef650b390014ee553ca57287db2969b7db28def4e0a767c5e03300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA ltFEFF005500740069006c006900730065007a00200063006500730020006f007000740069006f006e00730020006100660069006e00200064006500200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000640065007300740069006e00e90073002000e000200049006e007400650072006e00650074002c002000e0002000ea007400720065002000610066006600690063006800e90073002000e00020006c002700e9006300720061006e002000650074002000e0002000ea00740072006500200065006e0076006f007900e9007300200070006100720020006d006500730073006100670065007200690065002e0020004c0065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200063007200e900e90073002000700065007500760065006e0074002000ea0074007200650020006f007500760065007200740073002000640061006e00730020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000610069006e00730069002000710075002700410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650074002000760065007200730069006f006e007300200075006c007400e90072006900650075007200650073002egt GRE ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003b103c103bf03c503c303af03b103c303b7002003c303c403b703bd002003bf03b803cc03bd03b7002c002003b303b903b100200065002d006d00610069006c002c002003ba03b103b9002003b303b903b1002003c403bf0020039403b903b1002d03b403af03ba03c403c503bf002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB 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 HRV ltFEFF005a00610020007300740076006100720061006e006a0065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0061007400610020006e0061006a0070006f0067006f0064006e0069006a006900680020007a00610020007000720069006b0061007a0020006e00610020007a00610073006c006f006e0075002c00200065002d0070006f0161007400690020006900200049006e007400650072006e0065007400750020006b006f00720069007300740069007400650020006f0076006500200070006f0073007400610076006b0065002e00200020005300740076006f00720065006e0069002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400690020006d006f006700750020007300650020006f00740076006f00720069007400690020004100630072006f00620061007400200069002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000690020006b00610073006e0069006a0069006d0020007600650072007a0069006a0061006d0061002egt HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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Contents

List of Abbreviations emspemspviiPreface emspemspxi

PART 1Defĳining of Rewritten Bible emspemsp1

The Genesis of the Concept of ldquoRewritten Biblerdquo emspemsp3Geza Vermes

PART 2Redefĳining of Rewritten Bible emspemsp11

Textual Fidelity Elaboration Supersession or Encroachment Typological Reflections on the Phenomenon of Rewritten Scripture emspemsp13


Rewritten Bible A Terminological Reassessment emspemsp49Jonathan G Campbell

Crossing the Borders from ldquoPre-Scripturerdquo to Scripture (Rewritten) to ldquoRewritten Scripturerdquo emspemsp83

Eugene Ulrich

Rewritten Scriptures as a Clue to Scribal Traditions in the Second Temple Period emspemsp105

Sidnie White Crawford

Memory Cultural Memory and Rewriting Scripture emspemsp119George J Brooke

Rewritten Bible and the Vocalization of the Biblical Text emspemsp137Stefan Schorch

PART 3Case Studies emspemsp153

Inner Biblical Rewritings emspemsp155

Reuse of Prophecy in the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets Rewriting and Canonization emspemsp157

Istvaacuten Karasszon


vi contents








Steven D Fraade















Introduction





14 Petersen














16 Petersen











11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen



















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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP ltFEFF005500740069006c0069006300650020006500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000640065002000410064006f0062006500200061006400650063007500610064006f007300200070006100720061002000760069007300750061006c0069007a00610063006900f3006e00200065006e002000700061006e00740061006c006c0061002c00200063006f007200720065006f00200065006c006500630074007200f3006e00690063006f0020006500200049006e007400650072006e00650074002e002000530065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000630072006500610064006f007300200063006f006e0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002egt ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE ltFEFF03a703c103b703c303b903bc03bf03c003bf03b903ae03c303c403b5002003b103c503c403ad03c2002003c403b903c2002003c103c503b803bc03af03c303b503b903c2002003b303b903b1002003bd03b1002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503c403b5002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002003c003bf03c5002003b503af03bd03b103b9002003ba03b103c42019002003b503be03bf03c703ae03bd002003ba03b103c403ac03bb03bb03b703bb03b1002003b303b903b1002003c003b103c103bf03c503c303af03b103c303b7002003c303c403b703bd002003bf03b803cc03bd03b7002c002003b303b903b100200065002d006d00610069006c002c002003ba03b103b9002003b303b903b1002003c403bf0020039403b903b1002d03b403af03ba03c403c503bf002e0020002003a403b10020005000440046002003ad03b303b303c103b103c603b1002003c003bf03c5002003ad03c703b503c403b5002003b403b703bc03b903bf03c503c103b303ae03c303b503b9002003bc03c003bf03c103bf03cd03bd002003bd03b1002003b103bd03bf03b903c703c403bf03cd03bd002003bc03b5002003c403bf0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002003c403bf002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002003ba03b103b9002003bc03b503c403b103b303b503bd03ad03c303c403b503c103b503c2002003b503ba03b403cc03c303b503b903c2002egt HEB 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 HRV 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 HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN 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 KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020d654ba740020d45cc2dc002c0020c804c7900020ba54c77c002c0020c778d130b137c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor weergave op een beeldscherm e-mail en internet De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Brill Webready 2v1) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false BleedOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] ConvertColors NoConversion DestinationProfileName (None) DestinationProfileSelector WorkingCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks true IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles true MarksOffset 6 MarksWeight 0250000 MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector WorkingCMYK PageMarksFile RomanDefault PreserveEditing false UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ltlt AllowImageBreaks true AllowTableBreaks true ExpandPage false HonorBaseURL true HonorRolloverEffect false IgnoreHTMLPageBreaks false IncludeHeaderFooter false MarginOffset [ 0 0 0 0 ] MetadataAuthor () MetadataKeywords () MetadataSubject () MetadataTitle () MetricPageSize [ 0 0 ] MetricUnit inch MobileCompatible 0 Namespace [ (Adobe) (GoLive) (80) ] OpenZoomToHTMLFontSize false PageOrientation Portrait RemoveBackground false ShrinkContent true TreatColorsAs MainMonitorColors UseEmbeddedProfiles false UseHTMLTitleAsMetadata true gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [600 600] PageSize [453543 680315]gtgt setpagedevice

vi contents








Steven D Fraade















Introduction





14 Petersen














16 Petersen











11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen























Introduction





14 Petersen














16 Petersen











11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen




















14 Petersen














16 Petersen











11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen



























16 Petersen











11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen


























11 Zahn 2010 331

18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen




















18 Petersen






13 Brooke 2010 50








20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen



























20 Petersen




















22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen































22 Petersen













24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen



























24 Petersen
















26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen




























26 Petersen













35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen


























35 Segal 2005 28

28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen




















28 Petersen












30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen


























30 Petersen















32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen




























32 Petersen












34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen


























34 Petersen












36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen

























36 Petersen
















38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen





























38 Petersen













40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen



























40 Petersen









42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen

























42 Petersen



A Brief Conclusion









44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen


























44 Petersen





Bibliography































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen














































46 Petersen















































48 Petersen












































48 Petersen




















textual fidelity, elaboration, supersession, or encroachment? typological reflections on the...

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