sundarbans oil pollution, bangladesh
TRANSCRIPT
Accidental Oil Pollution in the Accidental Oil Pollution in the Sundarbans: Sundarbans:
Preparedness for Response to Ecological Disaster
Dr. M. Shahidul IslamProfessor
Department of Geography and Environment
University of Dhaka
•• Bangladesh is well know to international Bangladesh is well know to international communities for frequent attack by a disaster, communities for frequent attack by a disaster, mostly natural such as flood and storm surgesmostly natural such as flood and storm surges
•• Asia Asia is the most disaster prone continent of the is the most disaster prone continent of the worldworld
•• SouthSouth--Asia is the most disaster prone region of Asia is the most disaster prone region of •• SouthSouth--Asia is the most disaster prone region of Asia is the most disaster prone region of AsiaAsia
•• Bangladesh is the most disaster prone country of Bangladesh is the most disaster prone country of South South AsiaAsia
•• Coastal area is vulnerable to a series of disasterCoastal area is vulnerable to a series of disaster
Natural Disaster Natural Disaster
FloodFloodCyclone and Storm SurgeCyclone and Storm Surge
River Bank ErosionRiver Bank ErosionSaline Water IntrusionSaline Water Intrusion
ManMan--made Disastermade Disaster
Hill CuttingHill CuttingShip BreakingShip Breaking
Soil and Water PollutionSoil and Water PollutionSolid waste disposalSolid waste disposal
Social CrimeSocial CrimeSaline Water IntrusionSaline Water Intrusion
Land SlideLand SlideDraughtDraught
Arsenic ContaminationArsenic ContaminationEarthquake and Earthquake and TsunamiTsunami
Social CrimeSocial CrimeFCD & Water LoggingFCD & Water Logging
Accidental DisasterAccidental Disaster
Accident in the Sundarbans
••9 December, 2014 at 5 am an oil tanker named Southern 9 December, 2014 at 5 am an oil tanker named Southern StarStar--7 was hit by a cargo vessel 7 was hit by a cargo vessel
••About 3,50,000 liters furnace oil was spilled in the About 3,50,000 liters furnace oil was spilled in the ShelaShelariverriver
. . . .
Why such an accident ?Why such an accident ?
andand
so what, if there is such an accident ? so what, if there is such an accident ?
MangroveMangrove
•• Mangrove is an intertidal forest in tropical and Mangrove is an intertidal forest in tropical and subsub--tropical regiontropical region
•• Global mangrove covers about 180,000 sq. km Global mangrove covers about 180,000 sq. km of which southof which south--east Asia covers 41%, Indonesia east Asia covers 41%, Indonesia of which southof which south--east Asia covers 41%, Indonesia east Asia covers 41%, Indonesia alone 23%, Brazil, Australia and Nigeria 20% alone 23%, Brazil, Australia and Nigeria 20% and Bangladesh 3.2 %.and Bangladesh 3.2 %.
•• Sundarbans is the single largest mangrove of the Sundarbans is the single largest mangrove of the world with full of Biodiversity. It is named world with full of Biodiversity. It is named because of its beautiful appearance. because of its beautiful appearance.
Country Area percentage
Indonesia 42,550 23.5
Brazil 13,400 7.3
Australia 11,500 6.3
Nigeria 10,520 5.8
Cuba 7,850 4.3
India 6,700 3.7
Malaysia 6,770 3.2Malaysia 6,770 3.2
Bangladesh 5,770 3.2
Other countries 76,700 42.3
SundarbansSundarbans
•• The total area of Sundarbans is about 10,000 sq. km The total area of Sundarbans is about 10,000 sq. km of which Bangladesh includes about 6000 sq.kmof which Bangladesh includes about 6000 sq.km
•• Within Bangladesh 68.3% is land coverage and Within Bangladesh 68.3% is land coverage and 31.7% is water body.31.7% is water body.31.7% is water body.31.7% is water body.
•• Sundarbans has been declared as reserved forest Sundarbans has been declared as reserved forest since 1875. It has 4 administrative ranges, 55 since 1875. It has 4 administrative ranges, 55 compartment and 9 blocks. compartment and 9 blocks.
•• There are 17 revenue station offices and 48 petrol There are 17 revenue station offices and 48 petrol stations within the foreststations within the forest
SundarbansSundarbans
•• Three sites covering about 140 sq. km area Three sites covering about 140 sq. km area have been declared (West, South and East) as have been declared (West, South and East) as Wildlife Sanctuaries in 1977 under Wildlife Act Wildlife Sanctuaries in 1977 under Wildlife Act 1974.1974.1974.1974.
•• Because of rich biodiversity these site have been Because of rich biodiversity these site have been declared as World Heritage (798declared as World Heritage (798thth) in 1997 by ) in 1997 by UNESCO.UNESCO.
•• It is one of the importance ECA in the coastal It is one of the importance ECA in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. areas of Bangladesh.
Sundarbans; BiodiversitySundarbans; Biodiversity
•• Sundarbans is rich in biodiversity in the context of Sundarbans is rich in biodiversity in the context of Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity and Genetic Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity and Genetic diversitydiversity
•• Out of 50 true mangroves, Sundarbans alone includes Out of 50 true mangroves, Sundarbans alone includes 35 species.35 species.35 species.35 species.
•• There are 334 species' of flora, 426 species of wildlife, There are 334 species' of flora, 426 species of wildlife, 49 species of mammals, 315 species of birds, 50 49 species of mammals, 315 species of birds, 50 species of reptiles and 8 species of amphibians. species of reptiles and 8 species of amphibians.
•• The forest provide livelihood and The forest provide livelihood and emplomentemploment of of 112,000 people. 112,000 people.
Forest types Area
Km2 %
Sundri 831.0 21.0
Sundri-Gewa 1165.0 29.45
Sundri-Passur 22.0 0.56
Sundri-Passur-Kankra 65.0 1.64
Gewa 196.0 4.95
Gewa-Sundri 585.0 14.79
Gewa-Goran 362.0 9.15
Goran-Gewa 572.0 14.46
Goran 93.0 2.35
Keora 33.0 0.84
Others 32.0 0.81
Hydrology of SundarbansHydrology of Sundarbans
•• Sundarbans has a complex network of rivers and Sundarbans has a complex network of rivers and tidal creeks. tidal creeks.
•• The length of rives in the forest is about 1700 The length of rives in the forest is about 1700 km.km.km.km.
•• The width of rives vary from a few meter to 10 The width of rives vary from a few meter to 10 km.km.
•• The rives are comparatively stable than GangesThe rives are comparatively stable than Ganges--Brahmaputra system, with a few evidences of Brahmaputra system, with a few evidences of localisedlocalised erosion and accretionerosion and accretion
Classification of RiversClassification of Rivers
•• Four categories of rives: Primary, Secondary and Four categories of rives: Primary, Secondary and TertiaryTertiary
Total Length of Main River Category:
River Channel River Length
•• The total calculated length of rivers is 14595 km of The total calculated length of rivers is 14595 km of which 90.5% are narrow tidal creeks (13218 km) which 90.5% are narrow tidal creeks (13218 km)
SL River Types Number Percent Length(km) Percent
1 Primary River 13 0.08 708.42 4.85
2 Secondary River 51 0.33 668.46 4.58
3 Tertiary River 15030 99.57 13218.13 90.56
Total 15094 100% 14595.03 100%
Tide in SundarbansTide in Sundarbans
•• In the Sundarbans the range between high and In the Sundarbans the range between high and low tide is 3low tide is 3--4 m.4 m.
•• Tidal range at Tidal range at MonglaMongla is higher than is higher than HironHiron poinpoin. .
•• Mean tidal level is 2.310m, 1.829m and 1.700m Mean tidal level is 2.310m, 1.829m and 1.700m •• Mean tidal level is 2.310m, 1.829m and 1.700m Mean tidal level is 2.310m, 1.829m and 1.700m MonglaMongla, , SundrikotaSundrikota and and HironpointHironpoint..
•• The tidal amplitude during spring tide is 2.5The tidal amplitude during spring tide is 2.5--3 3 times higher than neap tide. times higher than neap tide.
•• Salinity concentration is higher during spring Salinity concentration is higher during spring high tide than neap tide. high tide than neap tide.
•• . .
Tide in Sundarbans Tide in Sundarbans
•• Water flow and tide in small crossWater flow and tide in small cross--connected connected channels depends on timing and magnitude off channels depends on timing and magnitude off high water in main channels. And there is a time high water in main channels. And there is a time gap of water flow and tide from one estuary to gap of water flow and tide from one estuary to another..another..another..another..
•• The duration of ebb tide is longer than flood The duration of ebb tide is longer than flood tide, tide, ieie the water flow is higher during flood tide the water flow is higher during flood tide than ebb tide. than ebb tide.
•• The ebb tide generally fails to transport back full The ebb tide generally fails to transport back full the silt/oil that has been carried during flood the silt/oil that has been carried during flood tide and causes sedimentation. tide and causes sedimentation.
Salinity Zoning Salinity Zoning
Oligohaline zone (sodium chloride content less than 5 ppt.) that occurs in a small area of the north eastern part of the forest.Mesohaline zone (sodium chloride Mesohaline zone (sodium chloride content 5-10 ppt.) that covers the north central to south-eastern part of the forest.Polyhaline zone (sodium chloride content greater than 10 ppt.) that covers the western part
TSS in SundarbansTSS in Sundarbans
•• The estuary of Bangladesh can be classified as:The estuary of Bangladesh can be classified as:
–– Chittagong Estuaries Chittagong Estuaries
–– MeghnaMeghna Estuaries Estuaries
–– Sundarbans EstuariesSundarbans Estuaries–– Sundarbans EstuariesSundarbans Estuaries
•• Sundarbans Estuaries/rivers are laden with high Sundarbans Estuaries/rivers are laden with high concentration of suspended sediment. concentration of suspended sediment.
•• Suspended sediment varies not only spatially, Suspended sediment varies not only spatially, but also vertical water column. but also vertical water column.
•• The visibility is very poor and presence of high The visibility is very poor and presence of high turbulence in the estuary. turbulence in the estuary.
Oil Spread
9 Dec
9 Dec10 Dec
Some Relief:Some Relief:••The timing was neap tideThe timing was neap tide
••In the morning it was low tideIn the morning it was low tide
•• It was not the monsoon seasonIt was not the monsoon season
10 Dec
11 Dec
Spread : Spread : through through ShalaShala riverriver•• by 9 December by 9 December uptoupto 10 km10 km
•• by 10 December by 10 December uptoupto 30 km30 km
•• by 11 December by 11 December uptoupto 40 km 40 km
Immediate ResponseImmediate Response
•• Government responded but not in a coordinated Government responded but not in a coordinated manner, with any specific guidelines and plan of manner, with any specific guidelines and plan of action.action.
•• Concerned authority rather suggested that it was Concerned authority rather suggested that it was not a major incident and not much of ecological not a major incident and not much of ecological impact.impact.
•• Local people responded quickly, as in many other Local people responded quickly, as in many other cases, and started to clean the oil using local cases, and started to clean the oil using local knowledge and techniqueknowledge and technique. .
Oil Spread and Impact
Oil Spread and Impact
Global Overview of Oil SpillGlobal Overview of Oil Spill•• Since 1970 ITOPF maintains global database for all types Since 1970 ITOPF maintains global database for all types
of oil spill. Spill can be categories as <7 tons, 7of oil spill. Spill can be categories as <7 tons, 7--700 tons 700 tons and >700 tons. and >700 tons.
•• Till now there are records of 10,000 incident of which 81% Till now there are records of 10,000 incident of which 81% are <7 tons. Each year 1.3 mil tons of oil is discharged to are <7 tons. Each year 1.3 mil tons of oil is discharged to are <7 tons. Each year 1.3 mil tons of oil is discharged to are <7 tons. Each year 1.3 mil tons of oil is discharged to the sea worldwide from all source. the sea worldwide from all source.
•• In 2014 about 4000 tons was released due to accident In 2014 about 4000 tons was released due to accident (January, South China Sea).(January, South China Sea).
•• Data (1970Data (1970--2014) shows that 59% accident are closed to 2014) shows that 59% accident are closed to shoreline or restricted are and 12% are accidental (collision) shoreline or restricted are and 12% are accidental (collision) spill. spill.
Global Overview of Oil SpillGlobal Overview of Oil Spill•• The first major incident was TORREY CANYON (UK) in The first major incident was TORREY CANYON (UK) in
1967 discharged 119,000 tones of oil1967 discharged 119,000 tones of oil
•• The largest incident was ATLANTIC EMPRESS in 1974 The largest incident was ATLANTIC EMPRESS in 1974 (West Indies) spilled 287,000 tones. (West Indies) spilled 287,000 tones.
Spill SizePosition Shipname Year Location
Spill Size
(tonnes)
1 ATLANTIC EMPRESS 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287,000
2 ABT SUMMER 1991 700 nautical miles off Angola 260,000
3CASTILLO DE
BELLVER1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000
4 AMOCO CADIZ 1978 Off Brittany, France 223,000
5 HAVEN 1991 Genoa, Italy 144,000
6 ODYSSEY 1988 700 nautical miles off Nova Scotia, Canada 132,000
7 TORREY CANYON 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119,000
8 SEA STAR 1972 Gulf of Oman 115,000
9 IRENES SERENADE 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100,000
10 URQUIOLA 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100,000
Mangrove oil Pollution: GlobalMangrove oil Pollution: Global•• In1975: In1975: discharged 200,000 liters crude oil 20 km off discharged 200,000 liters crude oil 20 km off
Florida. Death of all Florida. Death of all RhizophoraRhizophora seedling. Half of seedling. Half of AvicenniaAvicennia tree tree pnumatophorepnumatophore were covered with oil. were covered with oil. The black coat absorbed sunThe black coat absorbed sun--ray and increase the ray and increase the temperature of plant and invertebrate.temperature of plant and invertebrate.
•• In 1997: In 1997: 3 mill liter oil spill at Puerto Rico the loss of 3 mill liter oil spill at Puerto Rico the loss of •• In 1997: In 1997: 3 mill liter oil spill at Puerto Rico the loss of 3 mill liter oil spill at Puerto Rico the loss of leaves of mangroves and their subsequent death was leaves of mangroves and their subsequent death was observed for next 3 years. observed for next 3 years.
•• In 1979: In 1979: at east coast of Australia 100 tons of crude oil at east coast of Australia 100 tons of crude oil was released which contaminated mangrove species was released which contaminated mangrove species uptoupto 1 m above mud surface. For next 2 years large 1 m above mud surface. For next 2 years large area of mature mangrove had died.area of mature mangrove had died.
•• ..
In BangladeshIn Bangladesh
•• In August 1994, 195 tons of oil was released from In August 1994, 195 tons of oil was released from a foreign vessel after a foreign vessel after submargedsubmarged at at BanisantaBanisanta, 20 , 20 km down of km down of MonglaMongla. .
•• Thick layer of oil was found up to 20 km Thick layer of oil was found up to 20 km •• Thick layer of oil was found up to 20 km Thick layer of oil was found up to 20 km downstream. It was found that mangrove, marshes, downstream. It was found that mangrove, marshes, fishes and shrimp, paddy fields, huts was very fishes and shrimp, paddy fields, huts was very badly affected.badly affected.
•• No systematic study was carried out. Could be No systematic study was carried out. Could be used as baseused as base--line survey. line survey.
Ecological Challenges of SundarbansEcological Challenges of Sundarbans
•• Sundarbans is one of the most vulnerable and Sundarbans is one of the most vulnerable and irreplaceable ecosystem of the earth. It is great irreplaceable ecosystem of the earth. It is great concern to protect the ecosystem permanently.concern to protect the ecosystem permanently.
–– Loss of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity
–– Erosion of River BankErosion of River Bank–– Erosion of River BankErosion of River Bank
–– Climate change induced SeaClimate change induced Sea--Level riseLevel rise
–– Saline water IntrusionSaline water Intrusion
–– Top dying of Top dying of SundarySundary treestrees
BUT, BUT, not such incident of oil pollutionnot such incident of oil pollution
Response TechniquesResponse Techniques
•• Manual Cleaning Manual Cleaning
•• Natural ClearingNatural Clearing
•• Use of BoomsUse of Booms
•• Use of Skimmers Use of Skimmers •• Use of Skimmers Use of Skimmers
•• Use of DispersantsUse of Dispersants
•• Use of SorbentUse of Sorbent
•• BiodegradationBiodegradation
POSSIBLE TECHNIQUES
NOT ADVISABLE
+ Booms and skimmers - Dispersants
+ Low-pressure flushing - High-pressure flushing
+ Natural cleansing In situ burning+ Natural cleansing In situ burning
+ Sorbents - Sinking agents
+ Vacuum pumping - Sediment / tree removal
(Source: IMO, 1997)
•• Substantial quantities of oil and oily waste are Substantial quantities of oil and oily waste are generated from oil spill. These are generated from oil spill. These are lequidlequid waste (oil waste (oil water) or solid waste (oily sand, pebble, clay, woods, water) or solid waste (oily sand, pebble, clay, woods, sea grass, debris etc).sea grass, debris etc).
•• The amount of waste depends on type of oil, The amount of waste depends on type of oil,
Waste ManagementWaste Management
•• The amount of waste depends on type of oil, The amount of waste depends on type of oil, amount of spill and condition of the site.amount of spill and condition of the site.
•• It is important to assess the quantity of waste It is important to assess the quantity of waste produced.produced.
•• Major challenges are : collection; storage; transport; Major challenges are : collection; storage; transport; treatment and disposal.treatment and disposal.
Type of material Separation methods Disposal options
LIQUID
Non-emulsified oils and waste water
treatment/filtration• Recovered water may require further • Settling/gravity separation of free water
• Return treated water to source feedstock• Use of recovered oil as fuel or refinery
Emulsified oils Emulsion broken to release water by:• Emulsion-breaking chemicals• Heat treatment
• Incineration• Stabilization and reuse feedstock• Use of recovered oil as fuel or refinery
Oil mixed with sand • Collection of liquid oil leaching from sieving• Removal of solid oils or tar balls by with water or solvent• Extraction of oil from sand by washing
• Incineration• Landfill composting• Degradation through land farming or • Stabilization and reuse• Return treated water to source refinery
SOLID
• Extraction of oil from sand by washing sand during temporary storage
• Return treated water to source refinery feedstock• Use of recovered liquid oil as fuel or
Oil mixed with cobbles, pebbles or shingle
washing with water or solvent• Extraction of oil from beach material by storage beach material during temporary • Collection of liquid oil leaching from
• Landfill• Stabilization and reuse• Return deaden stones to source
Oil mixed with wood, plastics, seaweed, shellfishand sorbentsOiled fishing Equipment and Stock- nets, floats and racks
• Compression• Removal of free water• Flushing of oil from debris with water temporary storage• Collection of liquid oil leaching during
• Incineration• Landfill shellfish or natural sorbents composting for oil mixed with seaweed, • Degradation through land-farming or removal of plastics and large debris• Stabilization and reuse following
Tar balls • Separation from sand by sieving • Stabilization and reuse• Landfill• Incineration
Year Incident Name Oil Spilled(Tonnes)
Liqued Waste (Tonnes)
Solid Waste(Tonnes)
Ratio
1980 TANIO 13500 - 28000 2.1
1988 AMAZZONE 2100 - 13000 6.2
1997 NAKHODKA 6200 - 50000 8.1
1997 NISSOS AMORGOS
3600 - 40000 11.1
1999 VOLGONEFT 1280 - 4500 3.51999 VOLGONEFT 248
1280 - 4500 3.5
1999 ERIKA 19800 1100 200000 10.2
2001 BALTIC CARRIER
2550 965 10750 4.6
2002 PRESTIGE 63000 50000 159300 3.3
2006 SOLAR 1 2080 - 5010 2.4
2007 VOLGONEFT 139
2000 200 79740 40.0
•• Treatment and disposal of waste is costly, but should Treatment and disposal of waste is costly, but should not be ignored.not be ignored.
•• Burning on shoreline is not recommended Burning on shoreline is not recommended
•• There should be some designated dumping stations There should be some designated dumping stations along the coastal belt, particularly in port areas. along the coastal belt, particularly in port areas.
TreatmentTreatment
along the coastal belt, particularly in port areas. along the coastal belt, particularly in port areas.
•• Pictures ?????Pictures ?????
CleanClean--up up
•• CleanClean--up is a lengthy and up is a lengthy and costly processcostly process
•• Effective removal and Effective removal and •• Effective removal and Effective removal and cleanclean--up depends on up depends on specialized equipment specialized equipment
•• ..
Leadership and CommandLeadership and Command
•• A number of organizations are involved. In case A number of organizations are involved. In case of small accident local authority should respond. of small accident local authority should respond. In larger incident national or global organizations In larger incident national or global organizations should respond.should respond.
•• Effective removal and cleanEffective removal and clean--up does not only up does not only •• Effective removal and cleanEffective removal and clean--up does not only up does not only depends on specialized equipment but mostly on depends on specialized equipment but mostly on effective leadership and commandeffective leadership and command..
•• In Bangladesh major authorities are: In Bangladesh major authorities are: DoSDoS, , DoEDoE, , Port Authority, BIWTA, Coast Guard and Port Authority, BIWTA, Coast Guard and DoFDoF..
•• Organizational structure is thus necessary and Organizational structure is thus necessary and responsibility should earlier be spelled out.responsibility should earlier be spelled out.
IncidentCommand/Management
Planning
Resources
Situation
Documentation
Information
Safety/Public health
Media/public relations
Logistics
Communications
Command support
Aerial support
Administration/Finance
Procurement
Contracting
Time/Costs
Operations
Aerial
Observation
Dispersant Spraying
Environmental
Documentation
Demobilization
Technical advice, including
Shoreline Support
Aerial support
Vessel Support
Food
Medical
Documentation
Time/Costs
Payroll
Legal
Claims/Compensation
On Shore
At Sea
Dispersant Spraying
Containment & Recovery
Area 1 Supervisor
Area 2 Supervisor
Waste
ShortShort--term Effectterm Effect
•• UN team reported that the shortUN team reported that the short--term effect is not term effect is not so severe, which does not in agreement with other so severe, which does not in agreement with other studies.studies.
•• Two studies from Khulna University Two studies from Khulna University : : •• Two studies from Khulna University Two studies from Khulna University : :
–– 10 member team of Dept of Environmental Science 10 member team of Dept of Environmental Science
–– 15 member team of Dept. of Fisheries and Marine 15 member team of Dept. of Fisheries and Marine Resources Resources
•• Sharp decline of phytoplankton, zooplankton and Sharp decline of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos in the affected area. benthos in the affected area.
Time after spill Impact
0-15 days Death of birds, turtles, fish and invertebrate
15-30 days Loss of leaves and death of small mangroves
30 days - 1 year Loss of leaves and death of medium sized mangrovesmangroves
1 -5 years Death of large mangroves, some re-growth of seedlings
1-10 years Reduction in survival of seedlings and problems of reproduction
10-50 years Possible recovery of mangrove site
(Source: ISME, 1995)
Table 16. Oil spill impact on plants and animalsGroup Comments
Mangroves They are very sensitive to oil, partly because oil films on the breathing roots inhibit the supply of oxygen to the underground root systems. Sundari species may be more vulnerable than Gewa in the SRF.
Marsh plants Perennials with robust underground stems and rootstocks tend to be more resistant than annuals and shallow rooted plants.
Larger algae Oil does not always stick to the larger algae because of their Mucilaginous coating. Inter-tidal areas denuded of algae are usually readily re-populated once the oil has been substantially removed.
Plankton Serious effects on plankton have not been observed in the open sea. This is probably because high reproductive rates and immigration from outside the affected area counteract because high reproductive rates and immigration from outside the affected area counteract short-term reductions in numbers caused by the oil.
Invertebrates Molluscs, crustaceans, worms, sea urchins and corals may suffer heavy casualties if coated with fresh oil. In contrast, it is quite common oil to see barnacles, winkles and implies living on rocks in the presence of residual weathered oil.
Fish Eggs and larvae in shallow waters may suffer heavy mortalities under slicks, particularly if dispersants are used. Adult fish tend to swim away from oil.
Birds Birds using the water-air interface are at risk, particularly auks and divers. Badly oiled birds usually die. Seabird populations with very local distributions could be at risk in exceptional circumstances.
Mammals It has been rare for deer, tigers, whales, dolphins, cows, goats and otters to be affected following a spill.
LongLong--term Effectterm Effect•• No assessment has been made on long term effect. But No assessment has been made on long term effect. But
global incident shows longglobal incident shows long--tern affects for many years.tern affects for many years.
•• LongLong--term damage in mangrove environment depends on term damage in mangrove environment depends on type of oil, amount of oil spilled, amount of oil remained in type of oil, amount of oil spilled, amount of oil remained in the soil and physiographical condition of speciesthe soil and physiographical condition of species. .
•• Sandy soil oil penetrate deep into the soil but again Sandy soil oil penetrate deep into the soil but again removed extensively by wave and current. But in muddy removed extensively by wave and current. But in muddy soil may not soak much soil, but once oil penetrate into soil may not soak much soil, but once oil penetrate into fine and soggy soil it persists there for longer time. The fine and soggy soil it persists there for longer time. The holes and burrows by crabs, and other insects are critical.holes and burrows by crabs, and other insects are critical.
•• Damage due to oily coating of aerial roots or pores of Damage due to oily coating of aerial roots or pores of roots and stem, that caused oxygen starvation in plant. roots and stem, that caused oxygen starvation in plant.
• Once oil trapped in borrows of crabs or dead root • Once oil trapped in borrows of crabs or dead root channel may remain longer time and causing chronic pollution Chronic devastative impacts are normally found in mad-flat or inner basin type mangrove forest.
• Unfortunately no data available on the behavior of mangrove species of Sundarbans after oil pollution. But global data shows mangrove may take several decades to come back to normal mature forest.
•• Periodic check of environmental factors and biota Periodic check of environmental factors and biota
–– pHpH --turbidityturbidity tidal surge and its tidal surge and its movemenmovemen
–– ECEC --salinitysalinity NutrantsNutrants like NPK like NPK
–– DODO --CODCOD Heavy Heavy matelsmatels
–– Oil and gas contentOil and gas content --Plankton Plankton --EdaphicEdaphic factorsfactors
Monitoring LongMonitoring Long--tern Effecttern Effect
–– Oil and gas contentOil and gas content --Plankton Plankton --EdaphicEdaphic factorsfactors
•• Monitoring chronic impact: It is important to monitor Monitoring chronic impact: It is important to monitor longlong--term damage and recovery pattern term damage and recovery pattern
•• Ecological monitoring station for inEcological monitoring station for in--situ ecosystem situ ecosystem research and survey need to be established. Existing research and survey need to be established. Existing stations and camps can be in the network stations and camps can be in the network
•• Mapping is very important to monitor the process.Mapping is very important to monitor the process.
Policies and GuidelinesPolicies and GuidelinesEnvironmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy--19921992
•• Section 3.10: Coastal and Marine EnvironmentSection 3.10: Coastal and Marine Environment
–– Develop, conserve and protect coastal and Develop, conserve and protect coastal and marine ecosystemmarine ecosystem
–– Stop all kinds of pollution activities in the Stop all kinds of pollution activities in the –– Stop all kinds of pollution activities in the Stop all kinds of pollution activities in the coast and seacoast and sea
–– Ensure that water communication will not Ensure that water communication will not contribute to environmental pollution and contribute to environmental pollution and resource degradation.resource degradation.
–– Ministry of Forest and Environment will Ministry of Forest and Environment will implement the policyimplement the policy
Policies and Guidelines:Policies and Guidelines:Forest PolicyForest Policy--19941994
•• Attempt will be made to protect forest bioAttempt will be made to protect forest bio--diversity by installing sound management plan diversity by installing sound management plan of forest resources and their conservationof forest resources and their conservation
•• Commitment to protect wildlife due to global Commitment to protect wildlife due to global warming and desertification. warming and desertification.
•• NOTHING about oil accidentNOTHING about oil accident
Policies and Guidelines:Policies and Guidelines:Water PolicyWater Policy--19991999
•• Water development project should not be taken Water development project should not be taken interrupting and disrupting navigation and when interrupting and disrupting navigation and when needed necessary steps will be take to mitigate.needed necessary steps will be take to mitigate.
•• Measurement will be taken to minimize Measurement will be taken to minimize disruption of natural aquatic environment of disruption of natural aquatic environment of stream and channels. stream and channels.
•• NOTHING about water pollution in this policy.NOTHING about water pollution in this policy.
Coastal Policy of Bangladesh: 2005Coastal Policy of Bangladesh: 2005
•• The only policy that singly deals with coastal The only policy that singly deals with coastal issuesissues
•• This is basically a proThis is basically a pro--development policy and development policy and •• This is basically a proThis is basically a pro--development policy and development policy and the goal is to reduce poverty and use of coastal the goal is to reduce poverty and use of coastal resourcesresources
•• It has been mentioned that measures will be It has been mentioned that measures will be taken to protect coastal environment during the taken to protect coastal environment during the disaster (natural disaster ?????)disaster (natural disaster ?????)
•• In Navigation section it has been mentioned In Navigation section it has been mentioned that “Assurance will be given to shipping that “Assurance will be given to shipping security for passengers and freights”security for passengers and freights”
•• About disaster it has been mentioned that About disaster it has been mentioned that
“ Attempt will be made to comprehensive Disaster “ Attempt will be made to comprehensive Disaster Management Plan” . Here disaster means Management Plan” . Here disaster means Management Plan” . Here disaster means Management Plan” . Here disaster means erosion. Cyclone and earthquakeerosion. Cyclone and earthquake. . Nothing about Nothing about accidental disasteraccidental disaster. .
•• About conservation of ecology “Special About conservation of ecology “Special measures will be taken to conserve and develop measures will be taken to conserve and develop natural environment of Sundarbans”natural environment of Sundarbans”
•• About Pollution control: “Steps will be taken to About Pollution control: “Steps will be taken to handle the issue of discharge of bilge water from handle the issue of discharge of bilge water from ship and oilship and oil--spill according to international spill according to international convention. convention.
•• This policy is missing on Accidental Oil This policy is missing on Accidental Oil PollutionPollution
Policies and Guidelines:Policies and Guidelines:Tourism PolicyTourism Policy--19921992
•• Sundarbans can promote ecotourism, which has Sundarbans can promote ecotourism, which has not adequately been addressed in the policynot adequately been addressed in the policy
•• BUT, “There should be a Master Plan to protect BUT, “There should be a Master Plan to protect •• BUT, “There should be a Master Plan to protect BUT, “There should be a Master Plan to protect forest wildlife and to attract foreign tourists”forest wildlife and to attract foreign tourists”
•• NOTHING about disaster, such as Forest fire NOTHING about disaster, such as Forest fire and Accidental Oil Pollution. this policy.and Accidental Oil Pollution. this policy.
Study on Oil Spill in SundarbansStudy on Oil Spill in Sundarbans
•• A study was conducted by Forest Department in A study was conducted by Forest Department in 2001 with Technical supports from Japan for one 2001 with Technical supports from Japan for one month period.month period.
•• Two models were ran, one at Two models were ran, one at MonglaMongla and another at and another at •• Two models were ran, one at Two models were ran, one at MonglaMongla and another at and another at MazerMazer point to project the behavior of the spill under point to project the behavior of the spill under physical condition like wind, current, weathering physical condition like wind, current, weathering process (evaporation, emulsification and dissolution). process (evaporation, emulsification and dissolution).
•• It was found that oil will drift up It was found that oil will drift up to , ??? ??? ??? km to , ??? ??? ??? km after 6, 24 and 72 hours and to the sea in a week.after 6, 24 and 72 hours and to the sea in a week.
Oil Pollution Report: 2002Oil Pollution Report: 2002
•• The pollution is topography based, time based The pollution is topography based, time based and season based.and season based.
•• The pollution will have long term effect.The pollution will have long term effect.•• The pollution will have long term effect.The pollution will have long term effect.
•• There are five responsible organizations (There are five responsible organizations (DoFDoF, , DoEDoE, BIWTA, , BIWTA, DoSDoS, BWDB) Institutional , BWDB) Institutional coordination is necessary. coordination is necessary.
How to PreventHow to Prevent
•• Prevention is better than cure. Since 1985 annual Prevention is better than cure. Since 1985 annual global spill to sea had reduced from 3.2 million tons global spill to sea had reduced from 3.2 million tons to 1.3 mill tons because of better preventionto 1.3 mill tons because of better prevention
•• Prevention largely depends on;Prevention largely depends on;
–– Ship designShip design --Competence crewCompetence crew–– Ship designShip design --Competence crewCompetence crew
–– Maintenance by ownerMaintenance by owner -- On board On board eqipmenteqipment
–– InspectionInspection --Consumers responsibilityConsumers responsibility
–– Responsibility of the Authorities concernedResponsibility of the Authorities concerned
•• Navigation through the forest must be avoidedNavigation through the forest must be avoided
MonglaMongla--GhasikhaliGhasikhali RouteRoute
Mongla•• MonglaMongla--GhasiakhaliGhasiakhaliroute is silted up, route is silted up, encroached and encroached and blocked.blocked.blocked.blocked.
•• 22 km long routes 22 km long routes should be reopened should be reopened
•• This also necessary This also necessary for feeding the for feeding the RampalRampal projectproject
•• . .
Contingency PlanContingency Plan
•• Need to develop a National Oil Spill Contingency Need to develop a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan. The plan should includePlan. The plan should include
–– Identification of authority and chain of commandIdentification of authority and chain of command
–– List of persons and organization involvedList of persons and organization involved
–– Inventory of all skilled manpower and equipmentInventory of all skilled manpower and equipment
–– List of jobs to be done (priority based)List of jobs to be done (priority based)
–– Communication network to coordinate responseCommunication network to coordinate response
–– Probable oil movement patter under different weatherProbable oil movement patter under different weather
–– Vulnerability maps and other technical dataVulnerability maps and other technical data
–– Involvement of local people in combating the oil spill Involvement of local people in combating the oil spill
Effective Management of Oil SpillEffective Management of Oil Spill
•• 1. 1. Notification of the accidentNotification of the accident
•• 2. Onboard response2. Onboard response
•• 3. Evaluation of severity3. Evaluation of severity
•• 4. Determination of appropriate strategy4. Determination of appropriate strategy
•• 5. Mobilization of resource5. Mobilization of resource
•• 6. Reassess and Adjustment of strategy6. Reassess and Adjustment of strategy•• 6. Reassess and Adjustment of strategy6. Reassess and Adjustment of strategy
•• 7. Monitoring operation and waste management7. Monitoring operation and waste management
•• 8. Cross8. Cross--boarder spillboarder spill
•• 9. Management of volunteers9. Management of volunteers
•• 10. Health and safety10. Health and safety
•• 11. Media and press11. Media and press
•• 12. Review of lesson learnt and Recovery cost12. Review of lesson learnt and Recovery cost
Role of Ship OwnersRole of Ship Owners
•• Recruit trained manpower Recruit trained manpower
•• Arrange firsthand salvage equipment. Arrange firsthand salvage equipment.
•• First hand respond on boardFirst hand respond on board
•• Paying the cost of cleanPaying the cost of clean--upup•• Paying the cost of cleanPaying the cost of clean--upup
•• Paying the compensation both for physical and Paying the compensation both for physical and ecological loss.ecological loss.
ConclusionConclusion
•• Rescue operation is nonRescue operation is non--professional but with professional but with our tradition emotion (our tradition emotion (RanaRana Plaza, Plaza, ZihadZihadIncident and Oil Accident)Incident and Oil Accident)
•• In natural disaster management, Bangladesh is a In natural disaster management, Bangladesh is a role model, but we do not have adequate role model, but we do not have adequate role model, but we do not have adequate role model, but we do not have adequate preparedness for accidental disaster, such as preparedness for accidental disaster, such as forest fire, massive marine pollution forest fire, massive marine pollution
•• UU team suggested for longUU team suggested for long--term effect of the term effect of the Forest ecology, which might be visible even Forest ecology, which might be visible even after one year. after one year.
•• National efforts should be taken to monitor the National efforts should be taken to monitor the after effect of the forest ecology and bioafter effect of the forest ecology and bio--after effect of the forest ecology and bioafter effect of the forest ecology and bio--diversitydiversity
•• Closure of all routes through the forest and reClosure of all routes through the forest and re--open the open the MonglaMongla--GhashiakhaliGhashiakhali channel soonchannel soon
•• We should not only plan for conventional We should not only plan for conventional disaster, but also think well ahead nondisaster, but also think well ahead non--conventional (not yet happened) disastersconventional (not yet happened) disasters
•• Local knowledge, expertise and must be Local knowledge, expertise and must be •• Local knowledge, expertise and must be Local knowledge, expertise and must be included in any policy guidelines. included in any policy guidelines.
•• The gap between policy and implementation The gap between policy and implementation must be minimized. must be minimized.
Thank YouThank You