soil, nutrients and water conservation practices in oil palm plantations on sloping and steep lands...

International Agriculture Congress 2014

Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside, Putrajaya, Malaysia

25-27 November 2014

0

International Agriculture Congress

2014


25-27 November 2014

37

O6

SOIL, NUTRIENTS AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN OIL PALM

PLANTATIONS ON SLOPING AND STEEP LANDS IN MALAYSIA

Mohsen, B., T.B.S., Christopher, Husni, M.H.A. and A.R., Zaharah

Department of Land Resource Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Proper soil and water conservation practices are needed to maintain and improve soil physical and chemical properties linked

to soil fertility and productivity for oil palm growth on sloping lands. This article is a review in terracing, organic mulches

(EFB, Eco-mat and pruned oil palm frond) and silt pits as soil and water conservation practices on oil palm plantations, their

advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords: Oil Palm, Soil and Water Conservation, Terracing, EFB, Eco-mat, pruned oil palm frond, Silt Pit

Introduction

The lack of agricultural lands in Malaysia has caused oil palm plantations to inevitably expand into marginal lands such as

steep lands. The main problems of steep lands are soil erosion, loss of fertilizers and poor soil water storage. Agricultural

activities and cultivation on steep slopes can severely increase soil erosion. Soil erosion in association with heavy rains could

cause barren lands only after few years (Pratt and Gwynne, 1978; Pomeroy and Service, 1986; Kjekshus, 1997).

Hartemink (2006) reported that the erosion under natural forests is less than1 t ha-1

yr-1

while the Soil erosion under oil palm

plantations was shown to be between 13 to 78 t ha-1

y-1

for Oxisols and 1 to 28 t ha-1

y-1

for Ultisols, both of which are

dominant soil orders in Malaysia. Lim (1989) reported that soil erosion under mature oil palm trees planted on sloping lands

with slopes of 6 to 8 % was more than 25 t ha-1

y-1

. However, lower soil erosion values (7-21 t ha

-1 y

-1) from oil palm

plantations were reported by (Maene et al., 1979). Lower values of 1.5 to 7.1 t ha-1

y-1

soil erosion were also reported from

sloping oil palm plantations (Kee and Chew, 1996).

Removing the soil erosion, nutrients and water deficits of oil palm plantations through agricultural practices such as soil and

water conservation practices and mulches can increase the oil palm production immediately through increasing the bunch

weight and oil content of fruits (Goh et al., 1994; Donough et al., 2006). Application of soil and water conservation practices

(terracing and silt pits) and organic mulches (empty fruit bunches, pruned oil palm fronds and Eco-mat) are the most common

methods of oil palm yield intensification which have been practiced for several decades in Malaysia.

Terracing

Terraces are constructed with the purpose of reducing run-off and soil erosion across the hill slopes (Morgan, 2005; Troeh et

al., 2004). Despite significant effects of terracing to reduce run-off and erosion for slopes of 6-20o (Abo Hammad et al., 2006),

on gentler slopes, terracing loses its efficiency and should be replaced by other conservation practices (Corley and Thinker,

2003). Despite of advantages of terracing, soil compaction and removing of fertile layer of top soil during construction of

terraces reduce soil productivity (Hamdan et al., 2000). Compaction and removing of soil layers across terraces cause negative

effects on soil physical properties such as: reduction of hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and water retention capacity

(Ramos et al., 2007). Hill terracing is not recommended on sandy, shallow soil or soil with high fraction of stones (Troeh et al.,

2004). Negative effects of terracing on soil productivity have forced some oil palm plantations to employ organic mulches and

silt pits on non-terraced slopes.

Organic Mulches

Among the organic mulches, crop residues are the most commonly used in agriculture and favorable effects of these residues

on soil fertility have long been recognized. These materials contain C and other plant essential nutrients which are released

during the decomposition process (Wagner and Wolf, 1998). As one of the largest palm oil producer in the world, Malaysia

produces a huge amount of oil palm by-products such as pruned fronds, empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm oil mill effluent

(POME), shells and fibers. Some of these waste materials are produced in the field, viz pruned oil palm fronds during

harvesting to facilitate the harvest of fresh fruit bunches, and felled trunk and fronds are replanting. Others such as EFB, shells,

mesocarp fibers, POME and Eco-mat (a carpet-like fiber material made from compressed EFB) are by-products from milling

process in the palm oil mill.

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) have been applied as a mulch and fertilizer because of their high nutrient concentration and ability

to conserve high soil water content in top soil. One tonne of EFB has been estimated to supply an equivalent of 7.0, 2.8, 19.3

and 4.4 kg of urea, phosphate, rock, muriate of potash and kieserite, respectively (Singh et al., 1999). Application of different

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222579469_Effects_of_land_terracing_on_soil_properties_in_the_Priorat_region_in_Northeastern_Spain_A_multivariate_analysis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d9346bad-f30b-4af7-879d-2c2188b589f3&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2ODgwNjAxNjtBUzoxNjgwMjE3NTQ2NTQ3MjBAMTQxNzA3MDkxNjc5OA==

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40106781_Soil_erosion_Perennial_crop_plantations?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d9346bad-f30b-4af7-879d-2c2188b589f3&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2ODgwNjAxNjtBUzoxNjgwMjE3NTQ2NTQ3MjBAMTQxNzA3MDkxNjc5OA==


2014


25-27 November 2014

38

rates of EFB has been frequently studied. Zin and Tarmizi (1983) recommended 30-50 and 50-100 t ha-1

y-1

of EFB. 37, 35 and

40-60 t ha-1

yr-1

have been reported as suitable rates by Loong et al. (1987), Jantaraniyom et al. (2001) and Etta et al. (2007),

respectively. Along with the ability of EFB to increase soil nutrient and soil water content, it has a fast decomposition rate.

Zaharah and Lim (2000) found that EFB lost 50 and 70% of its dry matter due to decomposition in 3 and 8 months after

application, respectively. However, application of EFB could only be implemented on field that are near oil palm mills because

of difficulties of storage and high expenses of transportation and field application of the bulky EFB (Teh et al., 2011).

Difficulties of application of EFB motivated the development of Eco-mat. Eco-mat is a compressed EFB in the form of carpet-

like material (Yeo, 2007). Therefore, field application, transportation and storage of Eco-mat are easier and cheaper than EFB.

According to Wan Asma (2006) Eco-mat contains 33.85, 0.55, 0.39, 2.59 0.22 and 0.21 % of C, N, P, K Ca and Mg,

respectively. Moradi et al. (2012) reported that EFB and pruned palm fronds had higher nutrient concentration and water than

Eco-mat which is due to loss of nutrients and water during manufacturing process of EFB fibers into Eco-mat. However, there

were no significant differences in decomposition and nutrient release rates between EFB and Eco-mat and also between the

Eco-mat and oil palm fronds during their decomposition.

Pruned oil palm frond is another oil palm residue which is commonly used as mulch in oil palm plantations. Stacking the

pruned fronds on the soil surface will reduce soil erosion and run-off. The decomposed fronds is a source of nutrients release

into the soil. Husin et al. (1987) determined that one tonne of applied pruned frond on soil surface released 7.5, 1.0, 9.8 and 2.8

kg of N, P, K and Mg, respectively. Although pruned oil palm fronds provide high amount of nutrients (Chan et al., 1980), they

are less effective to reduce run-off and soil erosion and to increase soil water content compared with other soil and water

conservation practices in non-terraced oil palm plantations (Moradi et al., 2012).

Silt Pit

Silt pit is one of the recommended soil-water conservation methods in Malaysia (Teh et al., 2011). Silt pits function by

reducing soil erosion, controlling run-off and sedimentation, increasing oil palm yield through supplying more water specially

during dry weather, protecting and increasing soil fertility through reduction of nutrient loss and redistribution of eroded

nutrients back into the soil. Silt pit redistributes collected water and nutrients into the oil palm root zone rather than being lost

through deep percolation (Bohluli et al., 2012).

Murtilaksono et al (2007) examined the influences of contour ridge and silt pit on soil water content in oil palm plantations.

They collected the daily and monthly required data to run the water balance equation. Outcome of study showed that silt pit

was effectively able to delay the soil dryness by 3.5 months more than contour ridge (2.5 months) compared with the control

(no conservation practices). Atmaja and Hendra (2007) also surveyed the effectiveness of ridge terraces and silt pits on soil

moisture content on oil palm plantations. Results showed that the soil water content was highest in silt pit treatment, followed

by ridge terrace and control. The planted oil palms in control showed earlier water deficit compared with other treatments. Soil

moisture content indicated that silt pit was able to keep the soil water content for longer time compared with other treatments.

They concluded that silt pit makes higher and more stable soil water moisture content compared with ridge terrace and control,

so that, the oil palm‘s water demand would be fulfilled better and the production would increase significantly. In other research

Bohluli et al. (2014) simulated the silt pit efficiency on conserving soil water by HYDRUS 2D model. They simulated four silt

pits with different dimensions of depth and floor area. Their results showed that a narrow silt pit with a bigger tbotal wall to

floor area presents better performance to return collected water into oil palm root zone. They also found that the smaller the

floor area (or opening area) of silt pits, the longer it takes for pits to dry out their stored water.

Conclusion

Maximum oil palm yield production in Malaysia can be increased by yield intensification through land management practices.

Yield intensification through application the soil, nutrients and water conservation practices in oil palm plantations would be

cheaper, faster and more beneficial than developing new oil palm plantations. However, choosing specific or combination of

conservation practices needs proper knowledge about the practices, their abilities, advantages and limitations.

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EDITORIAL BOARD

Izham Ahmad

Editor-in-Chief

Nur Azura Adam

Editor

REVIEWERS

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hanafi Musa

Prof. Dr. Mohd Mansor Ismail

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Izham Ahmad

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Azura Adam

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wong Mui Yun

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Aishah Hassan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muta Harah Zakaria@Ya

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsida Man

Dr Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab

Dr Samsuri Abd Wahid

Dr Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman

Dr Nolila Mohd Nawi

Dr Anjas Asmara@Ab. Hadi Samsudin

Dr Khairulmazmi Ahmad

Disclaimer: The Editorial Board takes no responsibility for any content of the papers in this proceedings.

Opinions expressed and arguments employed in the papers do not necessarily reflect the views of the

organizers.



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TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

O1: Urban Agri-Food Challenges And Apportunities

Yahya, A.

19

O2: Allelophatic Effect Of Sunflower Parts Extract In Different Growth Stages On Germination

And Seed Production Of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

Yarnia Mehrdad and Khalilvan Behrouzyar Ebrahim

20

O3: Effects Of Legume Residue And Nitrogen Fertilizer On Striga Count And Some Characters

Associated With Damage In The Production Of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) In Bauchi

State, Nigeria

Shuaibu, Y.M., Garba, A.A., Voncir, N., Fagam, A.S. and Sabo, M.U.

25

O4: General And Specific Combining Ability Studies In Tropical Sweet Corn

Kashiani, P., Saleh, G., Jothi, M.P. and Abdullah, N.A.P.

29

O5: Efficiency Enhanced Fertilizer Urea For Crop Production And The Environment

Khanif, Y.M., Rosmarina, A.K., Mahfuzah, E., Muaz. H. and Nur Faizatulakma

34

O6: Soil, Nutrients And Water Conservation Practices In Oil Palm Plantations On Sloping And

Steep Lands In Malaysia

Mohsen, B., T.B.S., Christopher, Husni, M.H.A. and A.R., Zaharah

37

O7: Nutrients Loss By Surface Runoff In An Immature Oil Palm Field Under Controlled-Release

And Soluble Conventional Mixed Fertilization

Bah, A., Husni, M.H.A., Teh, C.B.S., Rafii, M.Y. and Syed Omar, S.R.

41

O8: Adoption Of Fragrant Rice Farming: Insights From Paddy Farmers In Malaysia

Jamal, K., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Abdullah, A.M., Ismail, M.M. and Hashim, M.

45

O9: Selection Of Red Pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) For Drought And Heat Tolerance

Icoz, M., Ceylan, F.O., Inci, N.E., Canci, H. and Toker, C.

50

O10: Physiological Response Of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) To Methanol Foliar Application

Under Water Deficit Stress

Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E.

55

O11: Glutathione Functions In Nitrogen-Induced Rice Yield

Jahan, M.S., Nozulaidi, M. and Khairi, M.

60

O12: Influence Of Water Stress On The Growth And Physiological Performance Of Hevea

brasiliensis, RRIM 3001 Grown On Three Soil Series

Noorsuhaila, A.B., Noordin, W.D., Ishak, C.F. and Syafiq, H.

64



25-27 November 2014

4

O13: Role Of Information Technology In Agricultural Product Marketing (Case Study OfCitrus

Farmers In Dezful Township, Iran)

Ahmad Reza Ommani and Azadeh N. Noorivandi

78

O14: Buyers Preference Analysis Of Cattle In Livestock Markets, Yobe State

Musa, S.A., Mohammed, A.B. and Lawal, A.T.

81

O15: Strategy For Agricultural Innovation For Food Security, Poverty Reduction And Sustainable

Forest Management: Case Study Of African Walnut In Tropical Lowland Rainforests Of Southwest

Nigeria

Amusa, T.O.

85

O16: The Comparison Between Total Stock Return And Capital Gain Predictability By Financial

Ratio Performance In Malaysian Agribusiness Firms

Ilmas Abdurofi and Mohd Mansor, I.

88

O17: Descriptive Thoughts On Sustainability Among Malaysian Dairy Farmers

Zainab, M.K., Nalini, A., Abdul Rashid, B., Nguang, S.I. and Boniface, B.

92

O18: Optimization Of BAP And NAA For Micropropagation Of Cyclanthus bipartitus

(Cyclanthaceae)

Nur Fauzana, M.K., Awang, Y.B. and Saleh, K.

96

O19: Effect Of Fructooligosaccharide Fortification On Quality Characteristic Of Some Fruit Juice

Beverages (Apple and Orange Juice)

Ahmadzadeh Ghavidel, R.

99

O20: Induction Of Resveratrol And Antioxidant Activity In Suspension Culture Of Vitis vinifera cv.

Pok Dum By Methyl Jasmonate

Rungruang, R., Sae-Lee, N., Kerdchoechuen, O. and Laohakuljit, N.

104

O21: Sand Paper Scarification And Storage Improved Seed Germination Of Andrographis

paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees Seed

Abdullah, T.L., Puteh, A., Hassan, S.A., and Wong, K.J.

111

O22: Physio-Chemical Changes Of Minimal Processed Three Jackfruit Varieties At Difference

Maturity Stages

Zuziyah, A., Zaharah, S.S. and Halim, R.A.

116

O23: Metagenomic Analysis Of Rumen Fluid Obtained From Cattle Grazed With Camels Or

Grazed Alone

Suyub, I.B.

123



25-27 November 2014

5

O24: Improvement Of MR219-Rice Variety For Blast Resistance Through Marker-Assisted

Backcross Breeding

Gous Miah, M.Y. Rafii, M.R. Ismail, A.B. Puteh, H.A. Rahim and M.A. Latif

128

O26: Screening Of Bacteria For Antagonistic Activity Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, The

Causal Agent Of Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease Of Paddy

Noor Aisyah, A., Kamaruzaman, S., Radziah, O. and Halimi, M.S.

131

O27: Expression Of Traits In Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) As Revealed By Cluster

Analysis

Ajayi, A.T., Osekita, O.S. and Adekola, M.O.

135

O28: Perception Towards Pineapple Variety MD2 Among Pineapple Farmers In Johor, Malaysia

Norsida M. and Khadijat J.

145

O29: Analyzing Knowledge Of Corn Farmers Regarding Organic Farming Practices

Azadeh N. Noorivandi and Ahmad Reza Ommani

150

O30: Resource Induced Conflicts: A Case Of Farmers – Pastoralists‘ Conflicts In Western Zone Of

Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme, Nigeria

Garba, M., Haruna, U., Salawu, J.A. and Murtala, N.

152

O31: Barriers To Implement Agility In The Malaysian Palm Oil Industry: A Pilot Study

Mukherjee, A., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Shamsudin, M.N., and Abd Latif, I.

155

O32: Competencies In Dairy Production Needed By Dairy Farmers Of Kuku Cooperative Dairy

Society In Khartoum State, Sudan

Ibnouf, M.H.

158

O33: Catch-Per-Unit-Effort Of Estuarine Fishes In Marudu Bay, Sabah

M.K. Mohd Azim, S.M.N. Amin and A. Arshad

163

O34: Feeding Habits Of Parapenaeopsis sculptilis In The Coastal Waters Of Perak, Peninsular

Malaysia

Amani, A.A., Arshad, A., Aminur Rahman, M.and S.M.N. Amin

168

O35: Composition And Abundance Of Larval Fishes In The Mangrove Estuarine Area Of Marudu

Bay, Sabah, Malaysia

S. Rezaghlinejad, A. Arshad, S.M.N., Amin and R. Ara

172

O36: Stomach Contents Of Plotosus canius Hamilton, 1822 From The Coastal Waters Of Kampung

Telok, Port Dickson, Peninsular Malaysia

Usman B.I., Amin, S.M.N., Arshad, A. and Kamarudin, M.S.

175

O37: Flocculation Of Marine Microalgae Using Moringa oleifera

Ninie Noor Diana, E.B., Nurul Shuhada, A., Wan Azlina, W.A.K.G. and Mohd Nazir, B.

178



25-27 November 2014

6

O38: Effect Of Rice Husk Biochar Soil Amendment On Rice Crop Growth Performance And Soil

Properties

Rosenani, A.B., Deniel S., Ahmad S.H. and Khairuddin A.R.

183

O39: Efficacy Of Vermin As Decomposers Of Plant Biomass And Animal Manure

Leovegildo B. Mante Jr., Anita D. Mante and Renan S. Luna

187

O40: Effect Of Combined Application Of Inorganic And Organic Fertilizer On Performance Of

Maize And Soybean Component Crops Under Maize- Soybean Intercropping

Almaz, M.G., R.A. Halim, H. Aminuddin, and M.Y. Martini

193

O41: Growth And Yield Attributes Of Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill) As Influenced By

Poultry Manure, Spacing and Pruning

Jibrin, A.D., Fagam, A.S. and Yunusa, M.S.

198

O42: Benchmarking Of Organic Farming In Malaysia

Suhaimee, S., Mat Amin, M.Z. and Serin, T.

205

O43: Impact Of Salicylic Acid As A Plant Growth Regulator On Yield And Pharmaceutical Quality

Of Malaysian Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ghasemzadeh, A. and Jaafar, H.Z.E

209

O44: Performance Of Traditional Rice Varieties As Affected By Nitrogen Level And Method Of

Crop Establishment In Rainfed Lowland Ecosystem

Raymund Julius G. Rosales and Epifania O. Agustin

215

O46: Efficacy Of Coated Urea Fertilizerson Nitrogen Gas Losses In Selected Rice Soils

Rosmarina A.K., Y.M. Khanif, Aminuddin, H. and M.M., Hanafi

218

O47: The Impact Of Temperature On Biological And Life Table Parameters Of Chrysoperla carnea

Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Fed On Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linneaus)

Saljoqi, A.U.R., Naila, A., Javed, K., Ehsan, H., Amjad, U. and Imtiaz, A.K.

222

O48: Weed Management In Saline Soil Through Integration Of Herbicides With Manual Weeding M.A., Hakim, Abdul Shukor, J., M.M., Hanafi, Mohd Razi, I. and Rafii, M.Y.

228

O49: Assessment Of Biocontrol Potential Of Oil Palm Inhabiting Basidiomycete Against

Ganoderma boninense, And Their Role In Biodegrading Of Infected Palm Debris

Naidu, Y., Idris, A.S.,S.A. Nusaibah and Siddiqui,Y.

232

O50: Effectiveness Of Saponin Crude Extracts To Control Apple Snail, Pomacea maculata, Pest Of

Rice

Mokhtar, A.S., Muhamad, R. and Omar, D.

242

O51: Estimation Of Actual Evapotranspiration By Using Satellite Imagery In Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Norazhar A.M.Y.

246



25-27 November 2014

7

O53: Determination Of Physiological Parameters In Relation To Different Severity Levels Of

Ganoderma As A Mechanism For Early Detection In Oil Palms

Ahmadi, P., Muharam, F.M., Mansor, S. and Idris, A.S.

251

O54: Smart Farming Technology For Oil Palm Plantation And Paddy Cultivation Industries

W.I., Wan Ishak and Muhamad Saufi, M.K.

256

O55: Effect of different level of energy to protein ratio on performance of village chicken fed on

dehydrated food waste, superworm and unfertilized egg

Nadia, N., Dahlan, I., Tee, T.P. and Lokman, H.I.

260

O56: Modeling Internal Quality Indices Of Shell Eggs Under Ambient And Refrigeration Storage

Uneze, C.U., Yahaya, M.A. and Aboki, P.

264

O57: The Meat Quality Marketed In The Province Of Jambi, Indonesia

Haris Lukman, Muhammad Afdal and Sambas Muljana

268

O58: Detection Of Viable Mycobacterium paratuberculosis In Bovine Feces And Bovid-Contacted

Soil Via The Mycobacteriophage Amplification Assay

Cheah, E.S.G., Ang, J.X.D. and Chan, C.C.

271

O59: Implementing IPM Systems For Controlling Multi Staged Pteroma pendula Joannis

(Lepidoptera: Psychidae) Outbreaks In Southern Perak

Siti Ramlah, A.A., Noorhazwani, K., Mohd Razak, M.Y., Mohd Najib, A. and Mohd Mazmira,

M.M., Syarifah Azura, S.I., and Norman, K.

274

O60: Nucleotide Sequence Analysis Of Gene Overdrive (OVD) In Drosophila melanogaster

Gamma Rays Irradiated

Sutrisno, C.L., Anggraeni, T., and Suhandono, S.

280

O61: Feeding Preference And Growth Of Pomacea maculata And Pomacea canaliculata On

Selected Foods

Arfan, A.G., Muhamad, R., Omar, D. and Nor Azwady A.A.

285

O62: Effect Of Artificial Diet On Survival, Development And Reproduction Of Chrysoperla sp.

(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

S.A., Memon, Omar, D.. Muhamad, R. and A.S., Sajap

289

O63: Comparing The Comparative Advantage And Profitability Of Poultry Subsector In Peninsular

Malaysia: An Application Of Policy Analysis Matrix

Zuliana, Z.A., Zainalabidin, M., AbdLatif, I., Golnaz, R. and Juwaidah, S.

292

O64: Estimating Total Factor Productivity Growth Of Aquaculture In Malaysia: An Application Of

Malmquist Productivity Index Approach

Abdullahi Iliyasu and Zainal Abidin, M.

295

O65: Factor Influencing Malaysian Consumer Beef Preference

Sitihawa, J., Golnaz, R., Zainalabidin, M., Juwaidah, S., and Rika, T.

297



25-27 November 2014

8

O66: Understanding The Political Economic Environment Governing GM Crop Policies In

Malaysia

Suntharalingam, C., Graff, G., Thilmany, D., Byrne, P., Davies, S.and Bakar, U.K.A.

300

O67: Effect Of Nonessential Amino Acids Fortification To A Low Protein Diet On Growth

Performance Of Broilers Under The Hot And Humid Tropical Condition

Awad, E.A., Zulkifli, I., Soleimani, A.F., and Loh, T.C.

303

O68: Amino Acids Digestibility In Broiler Chickens Fed Low Protein

Diet With And Without Commercial Protease Supplementation

F.L. Law, I., Zulkifli and A.F., Soleimani

307

O69: Utilization Of Grass And Legume Fibre And Vegetable Oil As Dietary Supplements On

Village Chicken Layer Production Under Free Range Production System

Varastegani, A. and Dahlan, I.

311

O70: Replacing Alfalfa With Bamboo Leaf Did Not Affect In Vitro Rumen Gas Production In The

Goat

Saeid, J., Goh, Y.M., Mohamed Ali, R., Yusuf, H., Mahdi, E. and Elaheh, M.

314

O71: Effect Of Precooling And Storage Duration On Phytochemicals Of Orthosiphon stamineus

Yap, E.S.P., Ahmad, S.H. and Rosenani, A.B.

320

O72: Effect Of Edible Coatings Enriched With Calcium Chloride On Physiological And

Biochemical Properties Of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruits During Cold Storage

Khaliq. G., Mahmud, T.M.M., Ali, A., Ding, P. and Ghazali, H.M.

321

O73: Ownership & Control Of Malaysia‘s Agro-Forest Sector: Corporate And Network Strategies

Norfaryanti, K., Roda, J.M. and Rafael, T.

326

O74: Seawater Greenhouses In Oman: Experimental Results

Al-Ismaili, Abdulrahim

333

O75: Preliminary Evaluation Of The Potential Of Treated Pome Sludge As Biofertilizer Used

Mohd Nizar, K., Isharudin, M.I., Wan Mohd Nazri, W.A.R., Neni, K. and Syahid, S.

337

O76: Effect Of Municipal Treated Sludge Compost On Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Plant

Growth And Yield

Muhammad Mumtaz Khan, Fahad Al-Kabi, Fahad Al-Said and Ahmed Al-Busaidi

345

O77: Utilization Of Vegetable Waste For Aquaculture Maggot (Hermetia illicens) As A Raw

Material For Fish Feed

Ilham Ekky, R., Ruwaidah, H. and Ester Sylvia, T.

353

O78: Increased Forage Protein Through Corn And Legume Intercropping

Baghdadi, A., R.A. Halim, Radziah, O. and Martini, M.Y.

357



25-27 November 2014

9

CP1: Performance Of MR 278 And MR 283 In Sungai Nibong, Selangor

Ahmad Arif, I., Mohamad Najib, M.Y., Ismail, C.H., Wan Zaki, W.M. and Muhammad Naim,

F.A.R.

360

CP2: Effect Of Irrigating Graywater On Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Batini Production In

Oman

Ahmed Al-Maskri, M. Mumtaz Khan, Omer Al-Manthri and Ali Al-Subhi

365

CP3: Uptake, Translocation And Distribution Of Al By Maize (Zea mays L.) From Soil Treated

With Elemental Sulphur

Karimizarchi, M., Aminuddin, H., Khanif, M.Y.and Radziah, O.

370

CP5: Planting Distance Towards Performance Of Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.

F.) Lindau)

Nur Mardhiati, A.A.S. and Izham, A.

374

CP6: Comparative Growth Performance Of Four Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) In Different

Containers Under Nursery Condition

Sarmin, N.S., Miah, M.M.U. and Mohd Hasmadi, I.

377

CP7: Development Of Gaba Functional Ingredient From MR 219 Rice Variety And Its Application

In Yogurt

Zuwariah, I., Mohamed Shafit, H., Hasri, H. and Siti Adira, M.Z.

381

CP9: Effect Of Some Micro And Macro Nutrients On Seed Yield And Oil Content Of Rapeseed

(Brassica napus L.)

Bahrani, A.

386

CP10: Role Of Cytokinins At Different Grain Type And Position Within A Spike Of Common

Wheat Var. Pishtaz

Eradatmand Asli, D.

390

CP11: Performance Of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) To Enhance Yield Of Rice

Varieties MR263 And MR283

Muhammad Naim, F.A.R., Amir Hamzah, A.G., Zainudin, P.M.D.H., Azmi, M., Mohamad Najib,

M.Y., Ahmad Arif, I.and Elixon Sunian, S.

394

CP12: Determination Of Factors On Hybridization Of Clearfied Rice With Local Weedy Rice

Engku, A.K., Norida, M., Shukor J., Rafii, M.Y., Siti Nor Akmar, A.

397

CP13: Improvement Of Seed Quality And Seedling Performance Of Delayed Harvest Soybean

Seeds Using Priming

Phyu Sin Thant, Puteh, A.B. and Sinniah, U.R.

400

CP14: Efficiency Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria On Phosphorus

Uptake And Chlorophyll Index In Potato Plantlets

Farshid H. and Enayat R.

404



25-27 November 2014

10

CP15: Early Growth Performance Of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean) Landraces In

Serdang, Malaysia

Belel, M.D., R.A. Halim, M.S. Halimi and M.Y. Rafii

411

CP16: Extraction And Physical Characteristics Of Dietary Fiber From Rice Hull

Tanarungrangsee, K., Laohakuljit, N. and Kerdchoechuen, O.

416

CP17: Effects Of Heat Stress On Growth Of Rice Cultivars

Mohammad Taghi, K.A., Khanif, Y.M., Fateh Chand Oad, Jaafar, H.Z.E., Amir Mahdi Khalatbari,

Sharifah, K., Hanafi, M.M.

421

CP18: Influence Of Lime Application On The Performance Of Two Bambara Groundnut (Vigna

subterranea L. Verdc.) Landraces On Tropical Acidic Soils

Musa, M., Singh, A., Massawe, F., Alshareef, I., Dakora, F.D. and Siddique, Y.

425

CP19: Water And Weeding Regimes Effect on Growth And Yield Of Different Rice Varieties

Masitah A.J., Shukor A.J. and Rafii M.Y.

430

CP20: Effects Of Urea Coated With Urease Inhibitors And Biochar On Ammonia Volatilization

And Nitrous Oxide Emission

Nur Mahfuzah, A. and Y.M. Khanif

435

CP21: Biochemical Process To Alleviate Soil Acidity And/Or Al Toxicity For Rice Cultivation By

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria

Panhwar, Q.A., Shamshuddin, J., Radziah, O., Naher, U.A. and Mohd Razi, I.

438

CP22: Straighthead: A Physiological Disorder Of Rice Due To Arsenic Contaminated Soil

Shahida, H., Ismail, C.H., Chong, T.V. and Shajarutulwardah, M.Y.

443

CP23: Comparative Performance Of Hybrid Rice For Yield And Its Components With Several

Commercialized Varieties

Mohd Solihen, J., Elixon, S. and Ahmad Arif, I.

447

CP25: Nitrogen Fertilization On Sabah Snake Grass In Relation To Its Growth Performance

Khaulah, A.G. and Izham, A.

450

CP26: Release Study Of Uncoated And Chitosan Coated Zn-Al-2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate

Nanocomposites

Adila, M.J., Lim, X.Y., Zulkarnain, Z., Mohd, Z.H. and Norhayati, H.

453

CP27: Effect Of Zinc And Copper Coated Urea On Rice Yield And N Uptake

Nur Faizatulakma, M.S. and Khanif Y.M.

457

PC1: Enhancing The Nutritive Value Of Palm Kernel Cake By Solid-State Fermentation With

Rhizopus oligosporus

Nazri, A.B., Abdullah, N. and Azilah, A.J.

460



25-27 November 2014

11

PC2: Dry Matter And Nutrient Content Of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Grown Under Different

Soil Types

Dayang Safinah, N. and Abdul Razak, H.

463

PC3: Evaluation On The Efficacy Of Budding For Field And Nursery Grafting Using

Biodegradable Tape On Cocoa

Helmi, S., Nuraziawati, M.Y. and Shaifullah, S.

468

PC4: Effect Of Incorporating Zeolite Into Kenaf Core Fibre Media On Development Of Marigold

Bilal, A.M., Yahya, A. and Roslan, I.

472

PC6: Potential Of Local Castor Plant As Plantation Crop In Sabah

Silip, J.J., Hilarion, C.C.C., Atong, M. and Gansau J.A.

474

HC1: The Effect Of Different Rate Of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) Use On Survival Rate And Shoot

Proliferation Of Papaya Seedling Cv. Eksotika II (Carica papaya L.)

Muhamad Hafiz, M.H., Nor Dalila, N.D., Ab Kahar, S., Zabedah, M. and IzwalAnuar, M.S.

477

HC2: Effects Of Irrigation Interval, Nitrogen Rates And Intra-Row Spacing On Growth, Yield And

Yield Components Of Carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Jakusko, B.B. and Babawuro, M.A.

480

HC3: Effects Of Methyl-Jasmonate On Betalain Production In Red Pitaya

Nor Fadzliana, A.F., Rogayah, S., Noor Azmi, S. and Janna Ong, A.

488

HC4: Thidiazuron Induced Multiple Shoot Formation In Impatiens balsamina L.

Normadiha, M., Rosna, M.T. and Ummi, N.A.A.R.

491

HC5: Growth And Yield Quality Of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) As Influenced By Application Of

Fermented Fruit Juice

Zaharah, S.S. Amirah, S .S and Nurul , A.M.A

495

HC6: Supplementary Calcium Alleviates Salt Stress And Enhances Quality Attributes On Lowland

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Pearl)

Fatin, N.A., P.E.M., Wahab, Siti Aishah, H. and Zaharah, S.S.

499

HC7: Potential Of Different Media Ratio For Yield Production Of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

Under Controlled Environment Structure

Farizatul, W.N., Wahab, P.E.M. and Jaafar, H.Z.E.

503

HC8: The Purslane (Portulaca oleraea L.): A Highly Salt Tolerant Vegetable Crop With High

Antioxidants

Md. Amirul Alam, A.S. Juraimi, Rafii, M.Y. and Azizah, A.H.

518

HC9: Establishment Of Sterilization Technique Prior To In Vitro Clonal Propagation Of Stevia

rebaudiana Bertoni

Urbi, Zannat and Zainuddin, Zarina

515



25-27 November 2014

12

HC10: Application Of A-Frame Vertical Farming For Production Of Leaf Vegetables And Herbs

Among City Dwellers

Ghazali M.S., Awang, Y.B., Wahab, P.E.M. and Athirah, S.

520

HC11: Phytochemical Composition And Biomass Of Andrographis paniculata As Influenced By

Fertilization Schedule

Siti Aishah, H., Rosenani, A.B., Thohirah, A., Siti Hajar, A., Wahab, P.E.M., Audrey, Y.,

Nurulhasanah, I. and Nur Faezah, O.

521

HC12: Performance Of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) In Polybags For Smallholders

Cultivation

Sinniah, U.R. and Jaafar, J.N.

525

HC13: Growth Performance And Nutrients Uptake Of Organically Grown Orthosiphon stamineus

And Soil Properties As Influenced By Biochar And Chicken Dung

Khairun Naim, M., Rosenani, A.B., Che Fauziah, I. and Mustaqim, M.A.

528

HC14: Anticancer Activity Of The Water Extracts Of The Roots From Three Varieties Of L. pumila

Benth

E., Karimi and Jaafar, H.Z.E.

532

HC15: Effect Of Cadmium On Morphological And Physiological Characteristics Of Lettuce

(Lactuca sativa L.) Varieties

Sani Ahmad, J., Siti Aishah, H., Che Fauziah, I., and Wahab, P.E.M.

536

LP1: Effects OfConjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) On The Reproductive Axis (Pituitary, Thyroid,

Testes) Of Ram In Non-Reproductive Season

Behnaz Mahdavi and Hamidreza Khodaei

539

LP2: A Survey Of Haemoparasites In Yankasa Sheep And West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats

Slaughtered At Jos South And Shendam Abattoirs Plateau State Nigeria

Abdullahi, U.S. and Dabak, V.J.

544

LP3: Genetic And Environmental Factors That Affect Gestation Length And Calving Interval In

Friesian x Bunaji Cows

Shehu, D.M., Oni, O.O., Adeyinka, I.A., and Omage, J.J.

551

LP4: Supplementation Of High Level Of Conjugated Linoleic Acid And Fish Oil On Performance,

And Small Intestinal Morphology Of Broiler Chickens

Navidshad, B., Liang, J.B., Faseleh Jahromi, M. and Nosrati, M.

556

LP5: Evaluation of different diets for organically reared kampong chicken

Radhi, M.Z.A., Malik, Z., Ibrahim, I.Z., Wan Othman, W.Y.F. and Tan, G.H.

559



25-27 November 2014

13

LP6: Effect Of Probiotic, Prebiotic And Synbiotic On Layer Performance, Caecal Microbial

Community And Caecal Fermentative End-Products

Tang, S.G.H., C.C. Sieo, R. Kalavathy, W.S., Zuhainis, H.K., Wong and Y.W., Ho

562

LP7: Screening Of Lactobacillus Isolated From Broiler Chickens For Probiotic Characteristics

Fadhilah, W.N.S., Loo, S.S., Sieo, C.C., Kalavathy, R., Lim, S.M., Wan, K.L. and Ho, Y.W.

564

LP8: Effects Of Condensed Tannin Fractions Of Different Molecular Weights From A Leucaena

Hybrid On Methane Reduction And Rumen Microbial Population

Saminathan, M., Sieo, C.C., Wong, C.M.L.V., Abdullah, N. and Ho, Y.W.

567

LP9: The Effects Of Feeding Low-Protein Diets With Constant Concentration Of Limiting Amino

Acids On Physiological Response To Heat Challenge In Broiler Chickens

Ainil, F.A., Zulkifli I. and Soleimani, A.F.

569

LP10: Rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial population in goat and sheep

Candyrine, S.C.L., Jahromi, M.F., Ebrahimi, M., Liang, J.B., Goh, Y.M., Abdullah, N.

573

LP11: Artificial Insemination Delivery Systems For Goat: Bringing Quality Genetics To The

Countryside Of Cagayan Valley, Philippines

Balbin, A.M. and Nayga, J.N.

577

LP12: Slaughter, Carcass Characterization And Sensory Qualities Of Native, Pure And Upgraded

Goats Popularly Grown In The Philippines

Nayga, J.N., Valdez, E.B., Andres, M.R., Balbin, A.M., Estrada, B.B., Lopez, E.A., Tamayo, R.B.

and Alzate, H.R.

581

LP13: Effects Of Moringa oliefera Leaves On The Onset Of First Postpartum Estrous In Bali Cattle

Toleng, A.L., Fattah, A.L, Yusuf, M. and Rahardja, D.P.

585

LP14: Inhibitory Activity Of Postbiotic Produced By Lab Using Reconstitute Media Supplemented

With Inulin

K.Y. Kareem, Loh, T.C., Foo, H.L., Asmara, A., Akit, H. and Abdulla, N.R.

588

LP15: Removal Of Vitamin And Mineral Supplements From Broiler Chickens Finisher Diet

Mochamat, N., Zulkifli, I. and Soleimani, A.F.

593



25-27 November 2014

14

LP16: Rumen Gas Production Of Swamp Buffalo Using In Vitro Gas Production Technique

Maisara, M.A. and Samsudin, A.A.

596

LP17: Effect Of Oligosaccharides Extract From Palm Kernel Cake On Growth Performance And

Immune Response In Broiler Chickens

Siamak, R., Mohammad, F.J., Liang, J.B., Zulkifli, I. and Abdoreza, S.F.

598

LP18: Effect Of N-3 Fatty Acid On Semen Characteristics In Moghani Rams

F. Mirzaei Aghjeh Qeshlagh, B. Navidshad and M. Fooladi

.

602

LP19: Influence Of Different Dietary Oil Sources On Fatty Acid Profile And Storage Stability In

Broiler Chicken Breast Muscle

Abdulla N.R., Loh T.C., Sazili A.Q., Akit H. and Kareem, K.Y.

607

SA2: Influence Of Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar And Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria On Sweet Corn

Diyar Kareem Abdulrahman

612

SA3: Mechanical Properties Of Composites Made From Polypropylene And Tree Types Of Agro-

Waste Materials

Kazemi Najafi, S., Bahrami, M. and Behrooz, R.

616

AF1: Preliminary Phylogenetic Study Of Gray Eel-Catfish (Genus: Plotosus) Inferred From DNA

Barcoding Analysis

Khalili Samani, N., Esa, Y., Ikhsan, N.F. and Amin, S.M.N.

621

AF2: Preliminary Report On The Effect Of Dietary N-3 To N-6 Fatty Acid Ratios On Spawning

Performance And Proximate Composition Of Malaysian Mahseer, Tor tambroides

Marilyn-Jaoi, E., Nazrien, K., Tan, C.K. and Ahmad Khusaini, M.K.S.

626

AF3: Feeding Habits Of Nemipterus peronii In The Coastal Area Of Bintulu, Sarawak In South

China Sea

Nettely, T., Abu Hena, M.K., Idris, M.H.and Rajaee, A.H.

630

AF4: Induced Spawning And Larval Rearing Of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra In Malaysia

Nurzafirah, M. and Ridzwan, B.H.

633

AF5: Rice Protein Concentrate Is A Good Candidate For Fish Meal Replacing In Fish Diets, A Case

Study About Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamensky, 1901)

Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari and Mojtaba Shirood Najafi

637



25-27 November 2014

15

AF6: Preliminary Hybridization Study Between Gift Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) And Red

Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Deen Mohd Azhar Mohd Yanun@Mohamed and Yuzine E.

642

AF7: Ultrastructural Study Of The Chorion Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides) Egg

Nazrien K., Marilyn-Jaoi E., Tan, C.K., Ahmad Khusaini, M.K.S. and Aziaton Afzan, I.

646

AF8: Changes Of Lipid Quality Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Flesh Treated With

Green Tea Extract During Ice Storage

Masoud R. and Behrooz M.

649

AB1: Genome-Wide Analysis Of Loci Leading To The Natural Variation Of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline

In The Fragrant Rice MRQ74

Golestan Hashemi, F.S., Rafii, M.Y., Ismail, M.R., Mahmud, T.M.M., Rahim, H.A. and Latif, M.A.

655

AB2: Characterization Of Tropical Forage Maize Inbred Lines Using SSR Markers And Agronomic

Traits

Maizura, A.S., Saleh, G., Halim, R.A., Abdullah, N.A.P. and Kashiani, P.

659

PB1: Interaction Between Phytophthora palmivora And Antagonistic Bacterial Strains On

Detached Durian Leaves

Nor Dalila, N.D., Rozeita, L., Muhamad Hafiz, M.H., Nurul Fahima, M.A. and Siti Fairus, Z.

664

PB2: Minimizing Pathogen Manifestation Through Lignification

Nur Adliza, B., Mohamad Roff, M.N., and Maizatul Ilyana, R.

667

PB3: Preliminary Lysis Study Of Phages On Pathogenic Bacteria

G.H. Tan and P.S.H. Tony

671

PB4: Preliminary Screening Of Antimicrobacterial Activity Of Natural Products Against

Mycobacterium abscessus And Mycobacterium fortuitum Using Microbroth Dilution Method

Saw, S.H., Khaw, A.W.W., Au Yong, S.W., Ong, M., Lee, C.K.

673

PB5: Effect Of Silicon Application On Sheath Brown Rot Disease Of Paddy

Nor Fatin M.I., Kamaruzaman S., Khairulmazmi, A. and Shamshuddin, J.

678

PB6: Screening Of Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Herbicide Against Resistancy Of Rice Field Weed

(Ludwigia hyssopifolia)

Azimah, A.K., Norhidayati, S. and Nur Munirah, S.

681

PB7: Proteomic Analysis Of Erwinia mallotivora Cultured In Of Hypersensitive Response And

Pathogenicity Inducing (HRP) Media

Norliza, A.B., Rohaiza A.R., Laziana A., Rafidah B., Mohd Firdaus, R.

684

688



25-27 November 2014

16

PB8: Effect Of Soil Sterilization On Growth Of Ganoderma In Oil Palm Seedling

Khunaw, A.R., Radziah, O., M.A., ZainalAbidin and Hanafi, M.M.

PB9: Transformation Of Anti-Pathogenic Gene Into Malaysian Papaya cv. Eksotika

Rogayah S., Nor‘aini A., Wee, C.Y., Nazrul Hisham, N. and Noriha, M.A.

691

PB10: Screening Potential Antagonistic Bacteria For The Control Of Phytophthora capsici In Black

Pepper

Khairulmazmi, A. and Siti Noor Farhana, M.D.

694

PB11: Toxicity Study Of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Products, Ecobac-1 (EC) And Bafog-1 (S) On

Non-Target Organisms

Najib, M.A., Mazmira, M.M.M. and Siti Ramlah, A.A.

699

PB12: Distribution And Abundance Of Synanthrophic Fly Associated With Animal Houses In

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Talib, S.M., Lau, W.H., Kadir, J. and Chia, S.L.

705

PB13: Insecticidal And Antifeedant Activity Of Azadirachta excelsa Aqueous Extract Against

Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Nur Atiqah, M.K., Chong, T.V. and Rozeita, L.

708

PB14: Identification And Characterization Of Exserohilum rostratum As A New Causal Agent Of

Rice Brown Spot Disease In Malaysia

Ainu Shahirah, M.T., M.A., Zainal Abidinand Mui Yun, W.

712

PB15: Assessment Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas In Western Australian No-Till Plots With Different

Crop Rotation And Residue Management

Jaafar, N.M., Abbott, L.K., Radziah, O. and Solaiman, M.Z.

717

PB16: Influence Of Insect Age In Mating Behaviour Of Brown Planthopper, Nillaparvata lugens

(Stall.)

Ahmed, A.M., Muhamad, R., Omar, D., I.V. Grozescu, Majid, D.L. and Manjeri, G.

720

EAP1: Domestic Resource Cost Of Feed Mill Industry In Malaysia

Zakiah Hanum A.G., Zainal Abidin, M., Ismail A.L. and Abu Hassan, M.I.

724

EAP2: Behavioural Perspective On New Local Feed Ingredient In Peninsular Malaysia: Poultry

Industry

Siti Fatimah M., Zainal Abidin M., Golnaz, R. and J., Shariffudin

728

EAP3: Critical Success Factors Of Beef Production Systems In Peninsular Malaysia

Rafidah, Y., Juwaidah, S. and Golnaz, R.

730

EAP4: Financial Performance Of A Boer Goat Breeder Farm Following Implementation Of Herd

Health Program

K. Azhar, M.S., Shahrom, A.B., Zuki and M., Zamri-Saad

733



25-27 November 2014

17

EAP5: Socio-Economic Profile Of Goat And Sheep Farming In Malaysia

Melissa A.Y., Norsida, M. and Nolila, M.N.

737

EAP6: An Economic Analysis Of The Development Of Marine Park On Local Community In

Pulau Tinggi And Pulau Sibu, Johor

Hamzah, N.A., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Latiff, I.A.and Yusoff, F.M.

741

EAP7: Sustainability Practices In The Malaysian Grocery Retail Industry

Vijayan, G., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Mohammad, Z.A., and Abdullah, A.M.

745

EAP8: Adoption Of Information And Communication Technologies (ICTS) In Malaysia Agrofood

Companies

Nawi, N.M. and Luen, T.P.

748

EAP9: Financial Assessment Of Government Incentives On Different Scales Of Broiler Production

In Penisular Malaysia

Mohd Mansor I., Amin Mahir A., Norsida M. and Tapsir S.

753

EAP10: Long Run Impact Of Public Agricultural R&D On Agricultural Labour Productivity In

West Africa

Olaide Rufai Akande

758

AEE1: Attitude And Perception Of Potato Farmers Towards Risk In Ardabil Province Of Iran

Asghar Bagheri

765

AEE2: Consumers‘ Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) For Organic Rice In Klang Valley, Malaysia

Ibitoye, O.O., Nawi, N.M., Kamarulzaman, N.H. and Norsida, M.

769

AEE3: Technology Benchmarking Of Paddy Production In Malaysia

Rosnani H., Syahrin S., Tapsir S., Mohd Zaffrie M.A., Nurul Huda S., and Noorhayati S.

774

AEE4: Agriculture Websites In Malaysia: Its Quality Attributes And Usage Among Agricultural

Community

Md Salleh, H., Sabila, N.R., Bahaman, A.S. and Norhani M.J.

778

AEE5: Farmers‘ Social Adaptation Towards Climate Change Impact

Mas, E.H., Norsida, M. and Hayrol, A.M.S.

781

AEE6: Manufacturers‘ Knowledge Towards Aflatoxins Contamination In Peanut Based products

Azaman, N.N.M., Kamarulzaman, N.H., Shamsudin, M.N. and Selamat, J.

786

AEE7: Community Perception And Acceptance On Educational Tourism In Universiti Putra

Malaysia

Norida M. and Wan Akma Hazami, M.N.

791



25-27 November 2014

18

AEE8: Career Interest And Career Awareness Among Female Agriculture Students At Public

Higher Institutions In Malaysia

Milah, Z. and Ramlah, H.

794

AT1: Selection Of Suitable Planting Pattern For Mechanized Farm Operations In Cocoa

(Theobroma cacao) Plantation

Rozita, O.

798

AT2: Fluorescence Sensing As A Tool To Estimate Palm Oil Quality And Yield

Norul Husna, A.K. and Balasundram, S.K.

802

AT3: Effect Of Solar Drying On Moisture Loss In Omani Dates

Omar Al-Manthry

805

AT4: Estimation Of Reference Evapotranspiration Using NOAA Satellite Images For Irrigation

Networks

Ali Rahimikhoob

808

soil, nutrients and water conservation practices in oil palm plantations on sloping and steep lands...

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