research paper 01a

Special ScienceClass

Mina National High SchoolMina, Iloilo

1

Comparative Study between the Elasticity and Texture of

Handmade Paper from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple

(Ananas comosus Merr.) Leaves

By

Renly Ramos Libo-on

Doanie Kleirr Villamor Balasoto

Melanie Carag Owa

Heena Grace Leguip Presidente

Margie Quesada Subardiaga

Chapter 1

The Problem



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Chapter One presents the overview of the study. It is

composed of six parts namely: (1) Background of the Study,

(2) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Conceptual

and Theoretical Framework of Study, (4) Significance of the

Study, (5) Definition of Terms, and (6) Scope and

Delimitations.

Part One, Background of the Study, justifies the need

for the investigation and discusses the main focus of the

problem.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis,

consist of the descriptive and inferential questions that

the study aims to answer. It also describes the purpose in

conducting the study.

Part Three, Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of the

Study, presents the theories and assumptions underlying the

present study.



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Part Four, Significance of the Study, lists the

benefits that maybe derived from the findings of the

research.

Part Five, Definition of Terms, clarifies the meaning

of the important terms used in the study.

Part Six, Scope and Delimitation, states the scope and

coverage as well as the limits of the study.

Background of the Study

Paper is a thin sheet of compressed vegetable cellulose

fibers. Paper is used for writing and printing, for wrapping

and packaging, and for a variety of special purposes ranging

from the filtration of precipitates from solutions to the

manufacture of certain types of building materials. Paper is

a necessity in modern civilization, and the development of

machinery for its high-speed production has been largely

responsible for the increase in literacy and the raising of



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educational levels of people throughout the world (Encarta

Student, 2009).

Paper is mostly used in offices, business, and crafts

and most especially in schools. Paper is used as materials

for Teacher’s Visual Aids, Review Paper, test

questionnaires, answer sheets and suited for scrapbooking.

This research is based on some previous researches

about papermaking. Examples are papermaking from Carabao

grass, Gramineae, Lemon Grass etc. Hence, the researchers

developed a study of comparing the elasticity and texture of

handmade paper form Maguey (Agave Americana Linn.) and Pineapple

(Ananas comusus Merr.) leaves.

This research about papermaking can benefit mostly by

the students for their school projects. Handmade paper can

be used as scrapbook materials because of its uniqueness and

its texture and it is easy to make. Also, it can benefit the

environment. We can use Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and

Pineapple (Ananas comusus Merr.) as a source of fibers for



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papermaking instead of using trees such as paper tree, pine

tree and aspen tree. By this, we can minimize the usage of

trees that can highly help the prevention of global warming

in our country.

Worldwide, a total of approximately 300 million tons of

paper are produced each day, and approximately 90% of this

paper is produced from mature pulp wood. In addition, the

demand for paper is expected to increase. Today, the finest

papers are produced all over the world. But one dismaying

fact is that millions of trees are used to make paper.

Trees do so much more than add aesthetic beauty to our

landscape whole shielding us from intense sun rays. They

also filter airborne pollutants and sequester carbon dioxide

emissions, ultimately enabling us to breathe a lot easier,

that is why when millions of trees die because they are the

ones used in conventional paper making methods, it does not

only affect the aesthetic beauty but it also causes

destructive pollution problems which is a disastrous affect



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not only to our beautiful ecosystem but consequently to the

human population as well.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to compare the elasticity and texture

of handmade paper made from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following

questions:

1.) What is the elasticity of handmade paper from

Maguey (Agave americana L.) fibers?


Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers?

3.) What is the texture of handmade paper from Maguey

(Agave americana L.) fibers?

4.) What is the texture of handmade paper from




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5.) Is there a significant difference on the

elasticity of handmade papers from Maguey (Agave

americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers?

6.) Is there a significant difference on the texture

of handmade papers from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and


Hypotheses

1.) There is no elasticity found in the handmade paper

from Maguey (Agave americana L.) fibers,

2.) There is no elasticity found in the handmade paper

from Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers

3.) There is no texture found in the handmade paper

from Maguey (Agave americana L.) fibers.

4.) There is no texture found in the handmade paper

from Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers.



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5.) There is no significant difference between the

elasticity of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave

americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers.

6.) There is no significant difference between the

texture of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana

L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comusus M.) fibers.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework presents the relationship

between the specific concepts that was studied. Primarily,

it shows the relationship between the independent and the

dependent variable in the study.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT

VARIABLE Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers.

Elasticity andTexture



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Figure 1.1: The Research Paradigm



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Theoretical Framework

Sustainability of Local Hand-made Paper (Nepali Kagat)

Enterprises: A Case Study of Dolakha District Arun Sharma

Poudyal District Forest Office, Dolakha Email:

[email protected]

Abstract

Increasing demand of bark of Lokta (Daphne bholua and

D. papyracea) and Argeli (Edge worthiagardneri) for

subsistence as well as commercial use demands more careful

assessment of resource base and application of sustainable

harvesting techniques to ensure the sustainability of local

handmade paper enterprises. A systematic inventory of Lokta

and Argeli would determine the resource availability and

annual harvestable yields. Based on the case study of

central hills of Nepal, this paper demonstrates the need for

incorporating ecological integrity, economical viability,

and social acceptability to define the sustainable

mailto:[email protected]



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management of Lokta, which can in turn ensure the

sustainability of handmade paper enterprises.

The Female Consumers’ Feel of and Preference for

Handmade Paper’s Texture: Wen-tsung Huang, Jo-han Chang and

Yi- ting Chen; Department of Commercial Design, Chung Yuan

Christian University, Taiwan; Department of Industrial

Design, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan

Abstract

Female consumers, who can decide over 80 percent of

consumption, are considered a group with the most potential

purchasing power in the consumer market. Consequently,

understanding female consumers’ feel of and preference for

handmade paper’s texture can help designers with their

development and design work. This study has two purposes:

(1) examine female consumers’ feel of and preference for

handmade paper’s texture; (2) explore the relations between



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their feel of and preference for handmade paper’s texture.

In this study, content analysis, focus groups and

questionnaire are performed. 11 representative handmade

paper samples were selected by content analysis and focus

groups, 5 descriptive phrases for the feel of handmade

paper’s texture were come up with, and 32 subjects were

surveyed using Likert Scale by questionnaire to assess their

feel of and preference for the texture of handmade paper.

The results showed that texture can affect the above 5

descriptive phrases “naturally harmonious”, “cold-tone

modern”, “delicately elegant”, “briskly interesting” and

“retro-chic nostalgic”. In addition, correlation and

regression analyses were conducted to gain an understanding

of how the above 5 different imageries can influence

subjects’ preference. Below is the regression equation:

Y=0.345X1+0.087X2+0.344X3+0.159X4+0.147X5-0.078. In the

equation, Y indicates the dependent variable of “preference

level”, and X1 stands for the independent variable of



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“naturally harmonious”, X2 “cold-tone modern”, X3

“delicately elegant”, X4 “briskly interesting” and X5

“retro-chic nostalgic”.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study may be beneficial to the

following:

1.) To the environment, because we can conserve trees

by using Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fibers as an alternative source of paper

thereby we can preserve our forest since this plants

are easily grown and produced.

2.) To the producers of paper, for they can make paper

out of alternative and cheap plant source like Maguey

(Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) so they

can gain more profits by using this plants.

3.) To the community, for they can use the handmade

paper to generate income for the people of their



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community especially for those mothers who are staying

at home.

4.) To the future researchers, the result of this

study will serve as a spring board in conducting

studies related to papermaking out of indigenous

materials like grasses and fibrous plants that are

abundant in their community.

Definition of Terms

1. Maguey (Agave Americana L.) – the misnamed century plant

typically lives only 10 – 30 years. A monocarp

succulent, it has a spreading rosette (about 4m (13

ft.) wide) of gray-green leaves up to 2m (6.6 ft.)

long, each with a spiny margin and a heavy spike at the

tip that can pierce to the bone. (Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agave_americana on

November 4, 2013)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agave_americana%20on%20November%204

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agave_americana%20on%20November%204



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- an ornamental plant which is one source of

fiber in making the

paper.

2. Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.) – is a tropical plant with

edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries,

and the most economically significant plant in the

Bromeliaceae family. Pineapples maybe cultivated from a

crown cutting of the fruit, fruiting in the following

six months. Pineapples do not ripen significally post-

harvest. Retrieved November 4, 2013 from

http://dictionary.reference.com)

- a bromelian fruit which is also a source of

fiber in making the

paper.

3. Paper – materials manufactured in thin sheets from the

pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for

writing, drawing or printing and as wrapping materials.

http://dictionary.reference.com/



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(Retrieved November 4, 2013 from

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Paper)

- the one the researchers shall develop or to be

made.

4. Leaves or leaf – it is an organ of vascular plant, as

defined in botanical terms and in particular in plant

psychology. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to

leaves as a feature of plants. (Retrieved November 4,

2013 from

http://www.archieve.org/details/platmorphology)

- a part of the Pineapple and Maguey as the

source of fibers.

5. Elasticity – the condition or property of being

elastic; flexible. (retrieved November 4, 2013 from

http://www.investopedia.com)

- a test in determining the strength of the

handmade paper.

http://www.investopedia.com/

http://www.archieve.org/details/platmorphology

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Paper



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6. Fiber – is a rope or string used as a component of

composite materials or matted into sheets to make a

product such as paper. Fibers are often used in the

manufacture of other materials. (Retrieved November 4,

2013 from

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php.term=fiber)

- processed to be made as paper.

7. Texture – distinctive physical composition or structure

of something, especially with respect to the size,

shape and arrangement of its parts. (Retrieved November

4, 2013 from http://dictionary.reference.com)

- a test in determining the roughness and the

softness of the

handmade paper.

8. Papermaking – is the process of making paper substance

which is used universally today for writing and

packaging. In papermaking, a dilute suspension of

fibers in water is drained through a screen, so that a


http://www.etymonline.com/index.php.term=fiber



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mat on randomly interwoven fibers is laid down.

(Retrieved November 4, 2013 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmade_paper)

- the process of making paper.

Scope and Delimitation

This study was limited to determine the elasticity and

texture of Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fibers.

Likewise, it is limited to compare the quality in terms

of elasticity and texture of handmade paper from Maguey

(Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers.

Finally, the study will only focus on the use of Maguey

(Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers grown

at Barangay Abat, Mina, Iloilo.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmade_paper



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Chapter 2

Review of the Related Literature

This Chapter presents some studies and related

literature to the present investigation.

History of Papermaking

It all started way back in 105 A.D. when a Chinese

eunuch, T'saiLun, discovered a way to make paper out of old

rags. The Chinese closely guarded their new secret and it

wasn't until 500 years later that papermaking reached Korea

and Japan. It then spread westward to Europe. In the United

States, a German colonist set up the first American paper

mill near Philadelphia in 1690.Until 150 years ago there was

o paper other than that made by hand. (Retrieve from:



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http://www.papemelroti.com/handmadepaper.htm#top on October

15, 2013)

Handmade paper is an ancient art and is thought to have

come to India from the Northwestern parts. It was revived

during the Swadeshi movement by Mahatma Gandhi. Handmade

paper can be made using a bewildering variety of natural

materials and dyes as well as a number of finishing

techniques. This is what makes handmade papermaking more an

art than an industrial process. The paper maker lends to

each sheet and variety of paper his very own little

something: the technique of dyeing the pulp, adding the

mottling substance, drawing out the sheet, and lending it a

texture. Owing to its natural unprocessed fiber content,

handmade paper is stronger, has a longer life, artistic feel

and an elegant natural look. Handmade paper today is made by

recycling agricultural wastes like bagasse, cotton rags,

straw, jute, wool, etc., which makes it a bio-degradable and

therefore environment-friendly product. (Retrieve from



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http://www.knowledgecommission.org/india-handmade-paper.html

on oct.15, 1013)

For over 2000 years the manual craft of papermaking has

been practiced all over the world utilizing a variety of

techniques. This review describes the evolution of hand

papermaking and its cultural significance. Paper’s evolution

has been shaped by the structure and chemical composition of

the fibers. Almost every aspect of modern papermaking

technology has been foreshadowed by traditional practices.

Such practices were passed down for many generations within

families of papermakers. The main sources of cellulosic

fiber evolved as the ancient craft migrated from its

birthplace in China to Korea and Japan, the Islamic world,

and then to Europe and America. Though most paper made today

comes from automated, continuous production systems,

handmade paper has enjoyed resurgence, both as a traditional

craft and as an art-form. In addition, traditional

papermaking methods can provide insights to help in modern

http://www.knowledgecommission.org/india-handmade-paper.html%20on%20oct.15

http://www.knowledgecommission.org/india-handmade-paper.html%20on%20oct.15



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applications involving cellulosic fibers. (Retrieve from

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioREs

_04_4_1736_Hubbe_Bowden_Handmade_Paper_Review/0,on

oct.152013)

Humans have always had the need to communicate their

experiences and ideas. In ancient times, people worked hard

carving pictures and symbols into the walls of caves, and on

rock and bone. As human civilizations developed, surfaces

were found that were easier to write on, such as bees waxed

boards, palm leaves, bronze, silk, parchment made from

animal skins, and clay tablets. (Retrieved: October 16, 2013

from:

http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/solwaste/branch_recycling/pdfs/s

w_history_of_papermaking.pdf)

About 4,000 years ago, the Egyptians discovered how to

make a writing surface out of papyrus, a type of reed that

grows along waterways in southern Europe and North Africa.

The reed was cross-woven into a mat and then pounded into a

http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/solwaste/branch_recycling/pdfs/sw_history_of_papermaking.pdf


http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioREs_04_4_1736_Hubbe_Bowden_Handmade_Paper_Review/0

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioREs_04_4_1736_Hubbe_Bowden_Handmade_Paper_Review/0



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hard thin sheet. The word “papyrus” is the origin of the

word “paper.” (Retrieved: October 16, 2013 from:



In 1690, a group of Americans from Philadelphia formed

a partnership to build America’s first paper mill. William

Pennand Benjamin Franklin were among early Americans to

support the development of papermaking in America, and the

industry thrived as the 18th century progressed. During the

Revolutionary War, the demand for paper was so great that

soldiers had to tear up old books to make wadding for their

muzzle-loading guns. Messages to General George Washington

were sent on small scraps of paper. By the end of the

Revolutionary War, the new nation had nearly 100 paper mills

and by 1810 nearly 200. In this period people used the

ancient process of spreading and drying pulp in a sheet on a

screen with a wooden frame called a “paper mold.” The mold

was dipped into a vat, and the water drained away. The wet





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sheets of paper were turned off the mold and layered with

blankets of felt. Then they were pressed and separated for

drying. (Retrieved: October 16, 2013 from:



In 1798, paper went from being handmade to machine-

made. Nicholas Louis Robert, a clerk at a papermaking mill

in France, invented a large hand-cranked machine with an

endless wire screen that filtered the pulp – the mixture of

fibers ground up and suspended in water. Robert sold this

design the Fourdrinier brothers, two English papermakers,

who improved his design and produced the machines for sale.

Paper could now be made by rollers that squeezed out the

excess water from the pulp on the screens, and the damp

paper was rolled up at one end of the machine. However, the

raw material for pulp, cloth rags, was still in short

supply. (Retrieved: October 16, 2013 from:





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Today, raw logs, industrial wood and paper waste, and

recovered paper are the primary sources of paper pulp.

However, fibers from cotton, flax, sugar cane, and other

fibrous plants are used for special papers. The pulp can be

produced by either mechanical or chemical processes. In the

mechanical processes, wood logs or chips are reduced to

fiber by holding them against huge grindstones. In chemical

processes, wood chips are cooked in a giant pressure cooker

or digester where the wood is dissolved into fibers. The

chemical pulps are often bleached to produce bright paper

required for books, writing, and business. Unbleached pulps

are used in the manufacture of cardboard, grocery bags, and

other products. Today, recycled wastepaper is also being

used – it is repulped and used in the production of many

paper and paperboard products. (Retrieved: October 16, 2013

from:





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Uses of Paper

According to Swindon (2013), paper may be

impregnated, enameled, metalized, made to look like

parchment, creped, water proofed, waxed, glazed,

sensitized, bent, turned, folded, twisted, crumpled, cut,

torn, dissolved, macerated, molded and embossed. It may be

colored, coated, printed, or even written on it. It can be

laminated with fabric, plastic and metal. It can be

opaque, translucent or transparent. It is naturally

combustible, or can be fire-retardant. It may be a carrier

or a barrier or a filter. It may be tough enough to

withstand acid, or soft enough for baby’s skin. It can be

read or worn as a garment. It can be re-used and recycled

and it is made from a renewable, sustainable source. The

range of possible uses of paper seem almost limitless. New

ways of using it are being devised daily. This evolution

will continue because paper is an expression of daily



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living. (Retrieved: October 16, 2013 from

http://www.paper.org.uk)

Handmade Paper

Paper was made by hand for thousand years until, during

the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, machinery was

invented that could mass-produce paper. Over 5,000 years

ago, the Egyptians made a paper from an aquatic plant called

papyrus. The stems were split, woven, and then dampened and

beaten into flat sheets, which were polished smooth with

stones. The Chinese patented the true paper as we know it

today. Old fishing nets and ropes were beaten into a pulp

with water, before draining and pressing the pulp into

sheets, which were then dried in the sun before use. Later,

plant fibers and silk threads were used. The Japanese have a

long and continuing tradition of various plat materials used

as the raw material in papermaking, e.g., gampi and

mitsumata plants. The trees used for paper depend upon the

http://www.paper.org.uk/



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kind of paper that is going to be made.in general, the

species include the softwood jack pine, red pine, and white

pine tree species and the hardwood aspen tree species.

(Retrieved October 16, 2013 from

http://dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/ce/eek/teacher/pdf/16-

Handmade_paper.pdf)

Papermaking

Papermaking is the process of making paper, a substance

which is used universally today for writing and packaging.

In paper-making a dilute suspension of fibers in water is

drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly

interwoven fibers is laid down. Water is removed from this

mat of fibers by pressing and drying to make paper. Since

the invention of the Fourdrinier machine in the 19th

century, most paper has been made from wood pulp because of

cost. But other fiber sources such

as cotton and textiles are used for high-quality papers. One

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pulp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_machine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper



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common measure of a paper's quality is its non-wood-pulp

content, e.g., 25% cotton, 50% rag, etc. Previously, paper

was made up of rags and hemp as well as other materials.

Paper-making is known to have been traced back

to China about 105 CE, when Cai Lun, an official attached to

the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE),

created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast

fibers along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.

(Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking on

October 15,2013.)

In the 8th century, paper spread to the Islamic world,

where the rudimentary and laborious process of paper-making

was refined and machinery was designed for bulk

manufacturing of paper. Production began in Baghdad, where

under the supervision of the Grand Vizier Ja'far ibn Yahya,

they invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper.

This helped transform paper-making from an art into a major

industry. (Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja'far_ibn_Yahya

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast_fibre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast_fibre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Lun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking on October

15,2013.)

Modern paper-making began in the early 19th century

in Europe with the development of Fourdrinier machine, which

produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual

sheets. These machines are considerably large, up to 150

meters in length, produce up to 10 meters wide sheet, and

running around 100 km/h. In 1844, Canadian inventor Charles

Fenerty and German inventor F.G. Keller had invented the

machine and associated process to make use of wood pulp in

paper-making. (Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking on October 15,

2013.)

Screening the fiber involves using a mesh made from

non-corroding and inert material, such as aluminum, which is

stretched in a wooden frame similar to that of a window. The

size of the paper is governed by the size of the frame. This

tool is then completely submerged in the solution vertically


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fenerty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fenerty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourdrinier_machine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe




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and drawn out horizontally to ensure a uniform coating of

the wire mesh. Excess water is then removed and the wet mat

of fiber laid on top of a damp cloth. The process is

repeated for the required number of sheets. This stack of

wet mats is then pressed in a hydraulic press very gently to

ensure the fiber does not squeeze out. The fairly damp fiber

is then dried using a variety of methods, such as vacuum

drying or simply air drying. Sometimes, the individual sheet

is rolled to flatten, harden, and refine the surface.

Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape or the

standard shape and packed. (Retrieved from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking on October

15,2013.)

Papermaking felts have vital role in the papermaking

process. They are used for dewatering purpose from wet paper

conveyed from the forming section in paper machine,

smoothing the surface, and transferring the paper without

blemishes. (Retrieve from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking%20on%20October%2015,2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking%20on%20October%2015,2013



33

http://www.ik-felt.co.jp/eng/profile/field/paper_m.html on

October 15, 2013)

Papermaking felts largely influence the quality of

paper. Extremely strict standards are imposed upon them, and

the slightest flaw is unallowable. As papermaking technology

is making rapid progress and the designs of felts are made-

to-order, highly developed techniques are required for

producing papermaking felts. For the purpose of improving

our techniques, Ichikawa CO.,LTD. changed our company

structure to improve efficiency, customer service, and

manufacturing methods to meet the global standards, To be

accepted in the market worldwide, we must be able to supply

our papermaking felts at low cost while maintaining our high

quality. Ichikawa CO.,LTD. has been striving to improve the

felt quality that are indispensable for producing all kinds

of paper such as newsprint, writing and printing , wrapping

papers, tissues, and diapers etc. (Retrieve from

http://www.ik-felt.co.jp/eng/profile/field/paper_m.html



34

http://www.ik-felt.co.jp/eng/profile/field/paper_m.html on

October 15, 2013)

According to Katz (1998), ancient people used various

methods for writing and drawing. Drawings were made on stone

using dirt or colored minerals and animal fat, wooden boards

coated with wax were used for writing, and animal skins

(parchment and vellum) were dried and scraped for writing

purposes. The first writing surface made from plant

materials was papyrus.

Paper was first reported to be made in China, about 100

A.D., from tree bark, scraps of linen, hemp, and pieces of

fishing nets that was beat into pulp and then formed over

loosely woven cloth over a wood frame. Papermaking was

spread to the Middle East about 751 A.D. and eventually to

Europe about 1151. Those papers were generally made from

rags and linen, not wood fibers (Katz, 1998).

The use of wood fibers to make paper, similar to the

process used by wasps, was described by Rene de Reaumur in




35

1719, but a crude process was not developed until about

1839. The actual use of wood pulp did not come about until

1844. The first newspaper printed entirely on “paper made of

wood” was The Boston Weekly Journal on January 15, 1863

(Katz, 1998).

The use of paper to transmit the written word or

drawings and other artistic endeavors has been one of the

major forms of communication through the 20th century. Only

in recent years has the use of the media and multimedia

started to replace paper as one of our major forms of

communication. There are several types of papers commonly

encountered on a daily basis. Newsprint (or newspaper paper)

is mainly ground wood fibers with little or no additives.

Bond paper, used for writing, copying, and printing (such as

laser printers) will contain sizing to reduce ink bleeding

and mineral additives to increase opacity of the paper and

brightness. Coated papers, used for magazines, have a thin

coating of latex containing mineral additives to produce a



36

bright, shiny paper. Specialty papers are also made for

specific purposes such as drawing, painting, and craft

applications. The most common mineral additives are kaolin

clay and titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide has the highest

brightness (or whiteness) but is significantly more

expensive. Commercial papers are made in a continuous

process in which the pulp mixture is deposited on a moving

wire (what we call a screen). This causes an alignment of

the fibers that produce the tear characteristics observed in

papers such as newsprint. The paper transferred to a

continuous felt surface and is dried and calendared

(compressed between two rollers) before being cut into

sheets. Careful examination of a sheet of paper will show

that one side is smoother than the other. The smoother side,

known as the felt side, is the top of the paper that was

formed and the side that was in contact with the felt. The

rougher side is known as the wire side and is side that

formed in contact with the wire. Often, a label on a package



37

of paper indicates that the user should used a particular

side first, that is the felt side (Katz, 1998).

Maguey (Agave americana Linn.)

One of the most familiar species is Agave americana, a

native of tropical America. Common names include century

plant, maguey (in Mexico), or American aloe (it is not,

however, closely related to the genus Aloe). The name

"century plant" refers to the long time the plant takes to

flower. The number of years before flowering occurs depends

on the vigor of the individual plant, the richness of the

soil, and the climate; during these years the plant is

storing in its fleshy leaves the nourishment required for

the effort of flowering. Agave americana, century plant, was

introduced into Europe about the middle of the 16th century,

and is now widely cultivated as an ornamental; in the

variegated forms, the leaf has a white or yellow marginal or

central stripe. As the leaves unfold from the center of the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave_americana



38

rosette, the impression of the marginal spines is

conspicuous on the still erect younger leaves. The plants

require protection from frost. They mature very slowly and

die after flowering, but are easily propagated by the

offsets from the base of the stem. Blue A. americana occurs

in abundance in the Karoo, and arid highland regions of

South Africa. Introduced by the British settlers in 1820,

the plant was originally cultivated and used as emergency

feed for livestock. Today it is used mainly for the

production of syrup and sugar. (Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave on October 15, 2013.)

The maguey plant, also called a “century plant” in

English, is native to Mexico. It grows best in the cold, dry

climates of the rocky central highlands to the north and

east of Mexico City, especially

in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala states. Maguey has been cultivated

at least since 200 CE in Tula, Tulancingo and Teotihuacan,

and wild plants have been exploited for far longer. The

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulancingo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula,_Hidalgo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agave%20on%20October%2015

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo



39

plant historically has had a number of uses. Fibers can be

extracted from the thick leaves to make rope or fabric, its

thorns can be used as needles or punches and the membrane

covering the leaves can be used as paper or for cooking.

(Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulque on

October 15,2013.)

The name maguey was given by the Spanish, who picked it

up from the Taíno. This is still its common name in Spanish,

with Agave being its scientific generic or technical name.

The Nahuatl name of the plant is metl. (Retrieved from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulque on October 15,2013.)

According to Maestri (2013), agave americana grows in

the semi-arid highlands of Mexico and has been used for many

purposes both in pre-Hispanic as well as Colonial and modern

times. Despite its importance for ancient Mesoamerican

societies, very little is known about the process of

domestication of this species. (Retrieve from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulque%20on%20October%2015,2013

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people





40

http://archaeology.about.com/od/aethroughalterms/a/Agave.htm

on October 15, 2013)

In ancient Mesoamerica, maguey was first collected and

then cultivated and used for a variety of purposes. From its

leaves people obtained fibers to make ropes, textiles, as

well as construction materials, and fuel. Its thorns were an

important tool used as perforators in bloodletting rituals.

However, the most important product obtained from maguey was

a mildly alcoholic beverage called pulque, obtained by the

fermentation of aguamiel, ("honey water" in Spanish), the

sweet, milky juice extracted from the plant. (Retrieve from:


on October 15,2013)

Archaeological evidence indicates that agave was used

as early as 12,000 years ago by Archaic foragers groups, to

obtain fibres for clothing, bags and to make tools. There is

no direct evidence of domestication of agave, but it seems

that only an handful of species, of the hundreds existing in

http://archaeology.about.com/od/aethroughalterms/a/Agave.htm%20on%20October%2015,2013

http://archaeology.about.com/od/aethroughalterms/a/Agave.htm%20on%20October%2015,2013

http://archaeology.about.com/od/mayaarchaeology/a/Bloodletting-Rituals-Maya.htm

http://archaeology.about.com/od/mesoamerica/a/mesoamerican_guide.htm

http://archaeology.about.com/od/aethroughalterms/a/Agave.htm%20on%20October%2015

http://archaeology.about.com/od/aethroughalterms/a/Agave.htm%20on%20October%2015



41

nature, have been fully domesticated. Maestri (2013)

Retrieve from:


on October 15,2013)

According to Hamissa (2012), plant extracts contain

important micro-constituents, among which phenolics, that

have several benefits to human health. The extraction of

polyphenols from different sources was largely studied and

optimized as a result of the discovery of their antioxidant

power associated to their ability to donate hydrogen or

electrons. Antioxidant activity of plant extract proved to

have a protective effect, because it decreases the risk of

stroke and cancer. Agave is the biggest genus that

identifies a group of desert plants belonging to the

monocotyledonous family called Agaveceae. This genus is

characterized by spiny leaves yielding various types of

fibers and composed of wild plants that do not need tender

care and are traditionally used as source of fibers.




42

(Retrieved October 16, 2013 from

https://www.google.com.ph/url?

sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CDYQFjAC&u

rl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication

%2F231179552_Phenolics_extraction_from_Agave_americana_(L.)_

leaves_using_high-temperature_high pressure_reactor%2Ffile

%2Fd912f50641cc3b7b27.pdf&ei=QYV3UundCY20rAfZjYBQ&usg=AFQjCN

HeUbf9Mz61J6GxqPH3MHY7BjriQA&bvm=bv.55819444,d.bmk)

https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CDYQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231179552_Phenolics_extraction_from_Agave_americana_(L.)_leaves_using_high-temperature_high%20pressure_reactor%2Ffile%2Fd912f50641cc3b7b27.pdf&ei=QYV3UundCY20rAfZjYBQ&usg=AFQjCNHeUbf9Mz61J6GxqPH3MHY7BjriQA&bvm=bv.55819444,d.bmk





43

Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.)

The pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.) is a tropical plant

with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries,

and the most economically significant plant in the

Bromeliaceae family. (Retrieve from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple#cite_note-1 on

October 15,2013.)

The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial which grows to

1.0 to 1.5 meters (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall, although sometimes

it can be taller. In appearance, the plant itself has a

short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating

its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although

some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it

flowers, the individual fruit of the flowers join together

to create what is commonly referred to as a pineapple. After

the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers'

by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the

main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple#cite_note-1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromeliaceae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_fruit



44

produce additional fruits on the original plant. (Retrieve

from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple#cite_note-1 on

October 15, 2013.)

Both the root and fruit may be eaten or applied

topically as an anti-inflammatory or as a proteolytic agent.

In some practices, it may be used to induce abortion or

menstruation. (Retrieved from:


October 15, 2013.)

Bromelain from pineapple has some potential against

cancer mechanisms, as laboratory research showed that it

causes autophagy in mammary carcinoma cells, stimulating

turnover of MCF-7 cells through apoptosis. (Retrieve from:


October 15, 2013.)

Pineapple plant forage is highly fibrous (NDF 58-73 %

DM) with a low crude protein content (4 to 7 % DM). The

dried leaves at the bottom of the stems have a lower


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCF-7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolytic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topically




45

nutritive value than green leaves. Leaves are not used for

non-ruminants. (Retrieve from:

http://www.feedipedia.org/node/675 on October 15, 2013)

Piña is a fiber made from the leaves of a pineapple

plant and is commonly used in the Philippines. It is

sometimes combined with silk or polyester to create a

textile fabric. Piña's name comes from the Spanish word piña

which literally means pineapple. (Retrieve from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a on October 15, 2013)

Piña is from a leaf, the leaf has to be cut first from

the plant. Then the fiber is pulled or split away from the

leaf. Most leaf fibers are long and somewhat stiff. Each

strand of the piña fiber is hand scraped and is knotted one

by one to form a continuous filament to be handwoven and

then made into a piña cloth. A major use for piña fabric is

in the creation of the Barong Tagalog and other formal wear

in the Philippines. It is also used for other table linens,

bags, mats and other clothing items, or anytime that a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_Tagalog

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple

http://www.feedipedia.org/node/675%20on%20October%2015,%202013



46

lightweight, but stiff and sheer fabric is needed. (Retrieve

from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a on October 15,

2013.)

Pina fiber is the ingenious fabric derived from the

leaves of the Spanish Red Pineapple and is the finest of all

Philippine hand-woven fabrics. Pineapple fibers are an

ivory-white color and naturally glossy. This delicate and

dreamy cloth is translucent, soft and fine with a high

luster. (Retrieve from: http://www.cool-organic-

clothing.com/pina-fiber.html on October 15, 2013)

According to Morton (1987), the pineapple is the

leading edible member of the family Bromeliaceae which

embraces about 2,000 species, mostly epiphytic and many

strikingly ornamental. Now known botanically as Ananas

comosus Merr. (syns. A. sativus Schult. f., Ananassa

sativa Lindl., Bromeliaananas L., B. comosa L.), the fruit

has acquired few vernacular names. It is widely

called pina by Spanish-speaking people, abacaxi in the

http://www.cool-organic-clothing.com/pina-fiber.html





47

Portuguese tongue, ananas by the Dutch and French and the

people of former French and Dutch colonies; nanas in

southern Asia and the East Indes. In China, it is po-lo-

mah; sometimes in Jamaica, sweet pine; in Guatemala often

merely "pine”.

The pineapple plant is a terrestrial herb 2 1/2 to 5 ft

(.75-1.5 m) high with a spread of 3 to 4 ft (.9-1.2 m); a

very short, stout stem and a rosette of waxy, straplike

leaves, long-pointed, 20 to 72 in (50-180cm) 1ong; usually

needle tipped and generally bearing sharp, upcurved spines

on the margins. The leaves may be all green or variously

striped with red, yellow or ivory down the middle or near

the margins. At blooming time, the stem elongates and

enlarges near the apex and puts forth a head of small purple

or red flowers, each accompanied by a single red, yellowish

or green bract. The stem continues to grow and acquires at

its apex a compact tuft of stiff, short leaves called the

"crown" or "top". Occasionally a plant may bear 2 or 3



48

heads, or as many as 12 fused together, instead of the

normal one (Morton, 1987).

As individual fruits develop from the flowers they join

together forming a cone shaped, compound, juicy, fleshy

fruit to 12 in (30 cm) or more in height, with the stem

serving as the fibrous but fairly succulent core. The tough,

waxy rind, made up of hexagonal units, may be dark-green,

yellow, orange-yellow or reddish when the fruit is ripe. The

flesh ranges from nearly white to yellow. If the flowers are

pollinated, small, hard seeds may be present, but generally

one finds only traces of undeveloped seeds. Since

hummingbirds are the principal pollinators, these birds are

prohibited in Hawaii to avoid the development of undesired

seeds. Offshoots, called "slips", emerge from the stem

around the base of the fruit and shoots grow in the axils of

the leaves. Suckers (aerial suckers) are shoots arising from

the base of the plant at ground level; those proceeding



49

later from the stolons beneath the soil are called basal

suckers or "ratoons" (Morton, 1987).

Pineapple plant is widely cultivated for the fruit in

tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The leaves of

pineapple plant contain approximately 3% of strong white

silky fibers. These fibers can be extracted from the leaves

either by Retting or mechanical means, Leaf fibers are

obtained from the leaves of mono cotyleadnous plant. The

fiber occurs in bundles in aggregates of individual cells,

with the ends over lapping so as to produce continues

filament throughout the length of the leaf. The fibers are

concentrated in large quantity nearer to the lower surface

of the leaf. The leaves are generally thicker and fleshy

often with hard surface. The fibers are held in position by

the cellular tissues of the leaf by gummy and waxy

substance. (Retrieved October 15, 2013 from

http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/45/4417/extrac

tion-of-pineapple-leaf1.asp)

http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/45/4417/extraction-of-pineapple-leaf1.asp




50

The Philippines and Taiwan are the chief producer of

the pineapple leaf fiber followed by Brazil, Hawaii,

Indonesia, West Indies and India. Only in India, the yield

of fibers could be about 6 lacks tones a year if proper

extraction method is adopted. However the pineapple leaves

go mostly as agriculture waste at present. (Retrieved

October 15, 2013 from http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-

article/45/4417/extraction-of-pineapple-leaf1.asp)





51

Chapter 3

Methodology

This Chapter presents the materials and procedures

employed in the study. The study was conducted at Barangay

Bangac, Mina, Iloilo in one of the researchers’ backyard.

Materials

1 kg of Maguey (Agave

americana L.) Leaves

1 kg Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) Leaves

100 g Sodium hydroxide

(NaOH) pellets

Cheesecloth

(2) 100mL Zonrox

Cornstarch

Rolling pin

Silk screen



52

Equipment

Triple beam balance

Beaker

Spatula

Wooden Improvised

Mortar and Pestle

Stirring rod

Recycled tin can

Procedure

The procedures on the making of handmade paper were

based on the work of Alfaras, Cabalum, Devierte, Orrica, and

Vaflor (2007).

First, the researchers cut the leaves of both maguey

and pineapple for about five centimeters, and weighed it for

about 1 kilogram. Using a wooden improvised mortar and

pestle specifically designed for the study, the researchers

pounded the leaf samples to separate its fibers. Then, the

pounded fibers were washed and strained. The washing and

straining processes were repeated three times until the

squeezed materials were almost pure. The researchers used a



53

recycled tin can for cooking the fiber with sodium hydroxide

(NaOH). In the said process, 50% NaOH solution made from

dissolving 50 grams of NaOH pellets in 100 ml of water was

used as fiber softener. The solution containing the fiber

was then boiled for 2-3 hours until the fiber breaks off

easily when squeezed between the fingers. The cooked fibers

were washed with water saving all the washings in a pail for

proper disposal. In order for the NaOH residue to be removed

from the fibers, it was washed vigorously for three times

using water. After which, the fibers went into the process

of bleaching. In the bleaching process, 10% v/v Zonrox

solution made by mixing 10ml of Zonrox in 90 ml of tap water

was used. The fibers are then washed to remove the bleaching

solution saving the washings for soaking rags. The washed

fibers were then drained to remove excess water, weighed and

mixed with cooked starch (Alfaras, et. al., 2007).

Secondly, the researchers also prepared the cooked

starch solution for the purpose of making the fibers



54

compact. The researchers weighed 10.2 grams of starch (12%

of the weight of maguey and pineapple fiber) dissolved

viscosity was achieved after which it was poured on the

fiber stirring continuously until starch and fiber was

thoroughly mixed. The starch serves as the binder. The

mixture was then placed in a basin of tap water and stirred.

A silk screen was used to catch the fiber making sure that

the fiber was evenly distributed on the screen to form a

very thin sheet. Then the screen was lifted to drain off the

water (Alfaras, et. al., 2007).

Thirdly, a piece of cheesecloth “katsa” was placed on

top of the screen and was inverted on the table to transfer

the thin sheet of fiber on the cloth. Another piece of cloth

was placed on the top of the fiber to absorb more water

after that a piece of bamboo place of a rolling pin was

rolled over the cloth to squeeze out more water and flatten

the mixture. After the fiber mixture has been evenly pressed



55

to the desired thickness, the paper was removed from the

cloth and dried under the sun (Alfaras, et. al., 2007).

Lastly, the dried paper was now ready for testing as to

its texture and elasticity. To test for the elasticity, a

representative strip which measured from 10mm by 100 mm was

cut from the piece of paper from maguey and pineapple. Three

strips from maguey and another three strips from pineapple

were used for three trials. The average thickness of each

sheet was taken by measuring the two ends of the strips and

the middle of the sheet using a micrometer caliper. Each

strip of paper from maguey and pineapple was subjected to a

maximum force that it could hold until it breaks using metal

hanger and two set of weights. The stress applied to each

sheet was then computed dividing the maximum force held

divided by the area of the paper (Stress= Force / Area). The

tensile strength was the researchers’ basis for the

elasticity measure of the paper. The results were subjected



56

to T- test to determine the validity of the null hypotheses

(Alfaras, et. al., 2007).

To test for the texture of the handmade paper from

maguey and pineapple, a sample of thirty respondents from

the selected 3rd year and 4th year SSC students from Mina

National High School were given a set of questionnaire for

the determination of the texture of handmade paper from

maguey and pineapple. Each was asked to touch the surface of

each paper and write the response on the questionnaire

provided to each respondent. Since there were only two

variables to compare, the researchers used the T- test as

statistical tool. (Alfaras, et. al., 2007)



57

Study Variables

Maguey LeavesPineapple Leaves

Cutting

Weighing

Pounding

Cooking of thepounded plant

materials with NaOH

Washing and Bleaching

Dipping and catchingthe fiber using silk

Pressing

Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram of Research Methodology

Gathering of DataDrying

Experimental Design

TextureElasticity

Dried Paper



58

Research Design

This study involves the texture and elasticity of the

handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple

(Ananas comosus Merr.) leaf fibers. Experimental research design

is used in this research since it provides strong evidence

for causal interpretation. (Oswald, 2008).

The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was utilized in

the collection of Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple

(Ananas comosus Merr.) leaves, tested for its elasticity by

putting different set of weights on the both sides of the of

the paper and its texture by answering the questionnaire

provided to the 30 responders from fourth year students of

Mina National High School.

Statistical tool

The mean was used to describe the Texture of Handmade

Paper using the following scale:

4.01 – 5.00 – Very Smooth



59

3.01 – 4.00 – Smooth

2.01 – 3.00 – Fairly Smooth

1.01 – 2.00 – Rough

0.01 – 1.00 – Very Rough

The mean was also used in order to describe the

elasticity of the handmade paper based on the following

scale:

3057.076-3779.075 – Highly Elastic

2327.076-3057.075 – Elastic

1601.075-2327.075 – Slightly Elastic

The t-test was used to analyze the comparison between

the Elasticity and Texture of Handmade Paper from Maguey

(Agave Americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) leaf fibers

and to know the validity of the null hypotheses (Ho).



60

Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

This Chapter presents and analyzes the results and

findings of the study.

This study aimed to compare the elasticity and texture

of handmade paper made from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following

questions:


Maguey (Agave americana L.) fibers?





61

3.) What is the texture of handmade paper from Maguey

(Agave americana L.) fibers?

4.) What is the texture of handmade paper from


5.) Is there a significant difference on the

elasticity of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana

L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers?

6.) Is there a significant difference on the texture

of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and


In order to answer the first and second research

questions, the handmade papers were subjected to an

experiment to measure the stress in relation to its

elasticity. The descriptive analysis of the two handmade

papers was based on the following scale purposely done for

the study.

3057.076-3779.075 – Highly Elastic



62

2327.076-3057.075 – Elastic

1601.075-2327.075 – Slightly Elastic

The table below shows that the paper made from Maguey

(Agave americana L.) fiber (Mean = 2327.075) is described as

‘slightly elastic’ and the paper made from Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fiber (Mean=3053.0775) is described as

‘Elastic’. In terms of elasticity, paper from Pineapple

(Ananas comosus M.) fiber is more elastic than paper from

Maguey (Agave americana L.).

Table 4.1: Descriptive Analysis for the Elasticity of Handmade Paper from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus Merr.) - (Group Statistics)



63

In order to answer the third and fourth research

questions, the handmade papers were subjected to a survey to

know the Texture of handmade paper. In order to know the

Texture of handmade paper, the researchers provided

questionnaires to 30 fourth year students from Mina National

High School and served as the respondents. The descriptive

analysis of the two handmade papers was based on the

following scale purposely done for the study.

4.01 – 5.00 – Very Smooth

3.01 – 4.00 – Smooth

2.01 – 3.00 – Fairly Smooth

1.01 – 2.00 – Rough

0.01 – 1.00 – Very Rough

The table below shows that the paper made from Maguey

(Agave americana L.) fiber (Mean = 2.7667 is described as

‘Fairly Smooth’ and the paper made from Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fiber (Mean=2.3) is described as ‘Fairly

Smooth’.



64

Table 4.2: Descriptive Analysis for the Texture of Handmade Paper from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus Merr.) - (Group Statistics)

In order to address the inferential question if there

is a significant difference on the elasticity of handmade

paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fibers. The data were analyze using t-test. Alpha

was set to 0.05 level of significance.

p < 0.05 = Level of Significance



65

Table 4.3: Inferential Analysis for the Elasticity of Handmade Paper from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus Merr.) - Independent Samples Test (T-test for Equality of Means)

The table shows, there is a significant difference on

the elasticity of the handmade paper from Maguey (Agave

americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers with the p-

value of both 0.033. The null hypothesis was therefore

accepted. it means that the elasticity of paper from (Agave

americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) was not the same.


is a significant difference on the texture, based on the

survey for 30 students, of handmade papers from Maguey (Agave

americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers. The t-

test was utilized. Alpha was set to 0.05 level of

significance.



66

p > 0.05 = Level of Significance

Table 4.4: Inferential Analysis for the Texture of Handmade Paper from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus Merr.) - Independent Samples Test (t-test for Equality of Means)

As shown in the table above, t-test result yielded

p=0.146, 0.176 which is greater than 0.5; p>0.05 level of

significance. Therefore, there is no significant difference

on the texture. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected. That

is why, the texture is just the same.

Findings

1. The elasticity of handmade paper from Maguey

(Agave Americana



67

L.) is described as Slightly Elastic based on its

mean.

2. While, the elasticity of handmade paper from

Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.) is described as Elastic

based on its mean. Therefore, both handmade papers

have different elasticity.

3. The texture of paper from Maguey (Agave

americana L.) is

described as Fairly Smooth based on its mean.

4. The texture of handmade paper from Pineapple

(Ananas cumosus

M.) is also described as Fairly Smooth based on its

mean. Therefore, both handmade papers have the same

texture.

5. Based on the t-test results, there is a

significant difference on the elasticity of the

handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and



68

Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers therefore, the

null hypothesis was accepted.

6. Based on the t-test results, there is no

significant difference on the texture of the

handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers therefore, the

null hypothesis was rejected.



69

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

This experimental research attempted to investigate the

Texture and Elasticity of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave

americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.).

Summary

A comparative study on the elasticity and texture of

handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple

(Ananas comosus M.) fibers was conducted to compare the

elasticity and texture of handmade paper made from maguey

and pineapple fibers and to discover if this plant fibers

have the potential to be a substitute source of paper.



70

The materials were gathered, cleaned and wiped to dry.

It was then cut, weighed and pounded to loosen the fiber.

The fibers were then cooked with sodium hydroxide solution

(NaOH) for about 3 hours, removed from the solution and was

soaked in a bleaching solution overnight. Then the fibers

were washed and were mixed with a starch solution. It was

poured into a basin with water. Using a silk screen the

fibers were then caught rolled and pressed using an

improvised roller or spinner and finally dried.

The dried handmade paper was then tested as to its

texture and elasticity and the result was then interpreted.

The results showed that the handmade papers were

subjected to an experiment to measure the stress in relation

to its elasticity. The descriptive analysis of the two

handmade papers was based on the scale purposely done for

the study. The paper made from Maguey (Agave americana L.) fiber

(Mean = 2327.075) is described as ‘Slightly Elastic’ and



71

the paper made from Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fiber

(Mean=3053.0775) is described as ‘Elastic’.

The handmade papers were subjected to an experiment to

know the Texture of handmade paper. In order to know the

Texture of handmade paper, the researchers provided

questionnaires to 30 Fourth year student from Mina National

High School and served as the respondents. The descriptive

analysis of the two handmade papers was based on the scale

purposely done for the study. The paper made from Maguey

(Agave americana L.) fiber (Mean = 2.7667 is described as

‘Fairly Smooth’ and the paper made from Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fiber (Mean=2.3) is described as ‘Fairly Smooth’.

In order to address the inferential question if

there is a significant difference on the elasticity of

handmade papers from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple

(Ananas comosus M.) fibers. The data were analyzed using t-

test. Alpha was set to 0.05 level of significance. The

result shows, there is a significant difference on the



72

elasticity of the handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana

L.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) fibers with the p-value of

both 0.033. The null hypothesis was therefore accepted. It

means that the elasticity of paper from (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas comosus M.) was not the same.


is a significant difference on the texture of handmade

papers from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple (Ananas

comosus M.) fibers. The t- test was utilized. Alpha was set to

0.05 level of significance. The t-test result yielded

p=0.146, 0.176 which is greater than 0.5; p>0.05 level of

significance. Therefore, there is no significant difference

on the texture. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected. That

is why, the texture is just the same.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, several conclusions were

formulated.



73

1.) Paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.) have different elasticity.

2.) Paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple

(Ananas cumosus M.) have the same texture.

3.) There is a significant difference on the

elasticity of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana

L.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.).

4.) There is no significant difference on the texture

of handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.).

Recommendations

Based on the given findings and conclusion of the

study, the following are hereby recommended:

1. The use of Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple

(Ananas cumosus M.) leaves as a sufficient source of

fibers is applicable in papermaking.



74

2. Paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple

(Ananas cumosus M.) can be used as a source of

income for parents who are staying at home.

3. Handmade paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and

Pineapple (Ananas cumosus M.) is efficient to be

used as paper bags and egg trays because of its

elasticity that can carry heavy objects such as

eggs and school materials.

4. In case of lack of sunlight, air drying is

appropriate to be used as a drying process for the

handmade paper.

5. This experimental research about the handmade

paper from Maguey (Agave americana L.) and Pineapple

(Ananas cumosus M.) can be used as a springboard for

the future researchers because of the accuracy and

reliability of the data given in this research.



75

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79



80

Appendix 1

Sample Survey Forms

Name: Date:

Direction: Rate the texture of the handmade paper as Very

Smooth, Smooth, Fairly smooth, Rough and Very rough. Please

check the appropriate box where your judgment matches.



81

Appendix 2

Descriptive Analysis for the Texture of Handmade Paper

from Maguey (Agave americana Linn.) and Pineapple (Ananas cumosus

Merr.)

Group StatisticsN Mean Std.

DeviationStd. Error

MeanMaguey 30 2.766

7.81720 .14920

Pineapple

30 2.3000

.83666 .15275

Table a2.1: SPSS Descriptive Analysis for Paper Texture

Independent Samples Test

Levene'sTest for

Equality ofVariances

t-test for Equality of Means

95%ConfidenceInterval of

theDifference

F Sig. t Df Sig.(2-

tailed)

MeanDifference

Std.ErrorDifference

Lower Upper



Table a2.2: SPSS Inferential Analysis for Paper Texture

82

Equal variancesassumed

.061 .807 2.186

58 .033 .46667 .21353 .03925

.89409

Equal variancesnot assumed

2.186

57.968

.033 .46667 .21353 .03924

.89409

Inferential Analysis for the Texture of Handmade Paper


Merr.)



83

Appendix 3

Descriptive Analysis for the Texture of Handmade Paper


Merr.)

Group StatisticsN Mean Std.

DeviationStd. Error

MeanMaguey 4 2327.07

50827.36405 413.68202

Pineapple

4 3053.0775

268.29437 134.14719

Table a3.1: SPSS Descriptive Analysis for Paper Elasticity

Independent Samples Test

Levene'sTest for

Equality ofVariances

t-test for Equality of Means

95% ConfidenceInterval of

the DifferenceF Sig. t df Sig.

(2-tailed)

MeanDifference

Std.Error

Difference

Lower Upper

Equal variancesassumed

8.488

.027 -1.66

9

6 .146 -726.003

434.889 -1790.14

338.13

Equal - 3.62 .178 - 434.889 - 532.49



Table a3.2: SPSS Inferential Analysis for Paper Elasticity

84

variancesnot assumed

1.669

4 726.003 1984.49

Inferential Analysis for the Texture of Handmade Paper


Merr.)

research paper 01a

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