report of the special committee against apartheid ... - jstor

Report of the Special Committee AgainstApartheid, Supplement No. 22 (A/38/22)

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Report of the Special Committee Against Apartheid, Supplement No.22 (A/38/22)

Alternative title Report of the Special Committee Against ApartheidA/38/22

Author/Creator Special Committee against Apartheid

Publisher United Nations, General Assembly (New York)

Date 1983-09-12

Resource type Reports

Language English

Subject

Coverage (spatial) South Africa, Unknown

Description II.REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE SPECIALCOMMITTEE (SC): A. Action taken by the GeneralAssembly at its 37th session; B. International Year ofMobilization for Sanctions; C. Action against SA'saggression against independent African States; D. Actiontaken against military, nuclear and economic collaboration;E. Sports; F. Cultural field; G. Women and children; H.Action concerning assistance to the oppressed people of SAand their national liberation movement; I. Campaign againstrepression and for the release of all political prisoners in SA;J. Dissemination of information against repression and forthe release of all political prisoners in SA; J. Disseminationof information against apartheid; K. Missions of theChairman to Governments; L. Encouragement of publicaction against apartheid; M. Observance of the 20thanniversary of the 1st meeting of the SC; N. Internationaldays; O. Special meeting in memory of the Reverend CanonL. John Collins; P. Representation at conferences andmessages to conferences; Q. Co-operation with other UNbodies with other organizations. III. CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS: A. Introduction; B. Credibility of theUN at stake; C. Main collaborators with apartheid; D.Apartheid survives because of assistance to it; E. Path to apeaceful solution; F. Contribution of the SC; G. Strategy forinternational action; H. Programme of action against


apartheid; I. Commitment of the UN family of agencies; J.Consideration of the legal status of SA; K. Sanctions againstSA; L. Assistance to the oppressed people of SA and to theindependent African States in southern Africa; M. Publicinformation and promotion of public action againstapartheid; N. Concerted action by committed States andorganizations; O. Work of the SCAA and the Centre againstApartheid; P. Challenge to the international community.ANNEXES: I. Review of developments in SA from July 1982to August 1983; II. Statements issued by the SC; III.Documents of the SC.

Format extent(length/size)

112 pages




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GENERAL ASSEMBLYOFFICIAL RECORDS: THIRTY-EIGHTH SESSIONSUPPLEMENT No. 22 (A/38/22)UNITED NATIONSNew York, 1983REPORTOF THESPECIAL COMMITTEE AGAINST APARTHEID

NOTESymbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combinedwith figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nationsdocument.

(Original: English](38 October 1983]CONTENTSParagraphs PageLETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ......... .......................................... viiI. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 - 9 1II. REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ........... 10 -226 3A. Action taken by the General Assembly at its thirtyseventh session ................................ 10 - 12 3B. International Year of Mobilization for Sanctionsagainst South Africa ................. ......... 13 - 15 3C. Action against South Africa's aggression againstindependent African States . o....................... 16 - 3241. General ...................................... 16 - 21 42 Mission of the Special Committee to front-lineStates .......... ........................... 22 - 32 5D. Action taken against military, nuclear and economiccollaboration with South Africa ..... ..... ....... 33 - 83 71. Conference of West European Parliamentarians onSanctions against South Africa ........... .... 34 - 50 72. International Conference of Trade Unions onSanctions and Other Actions against the Apartheid

Ragime ..... . ................ 51 - 62 93. International Conference on the Alliance betweenSouth Africa and Israel ........................ 63 - 73 114 Hearing of United States State legislators ondivestment activities ................. .......... 74 - 75 135. Implementation of an oil embargo .............. 76 - 79 136. Action against the IMF loan to South Africa ...... 80 - 83 14-iii-

CONTENTS (continued)ParagraphsE. Action against apartheid in sports ..................1. International Conference on sanctions againstApartheid in Sports ........................2. Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa,1 July-31 December 1982 ........................3. Other activities ...... * ......... ...... . .........F. Action against apartheid in the cultural field .......1. Hearings on the cultural boycott againstSouth Africa ..........................2. International art exhibit against apartheid bythe Committee of Artists of the World againstApartheid . ......o....0..........0.................G. Action concerning women and children under apartheid .1. Mission to France, the Netherlands, Belgium,Italy and Tunisia . ....... . ...... . ........2. Mission to the Federal Republic of Germany,Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden ..............3. other action .. ..................................H. Action concerning assistance to the oppressed peopleof South Africa and their national liberationmovement . .. . . . ... ............... .....--.-----.I. Campaign against repression and for the release of allpolitical prisoners in South Africa ......... J. Dissemination of information againstapartheid K. Missions of the Chairman to Governments ..............lo mission to Egypt .................................2. Mission to the German Democratic Republic o3. Mission to the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics ... ...... .....0...0.....0.0... .... 0- iV-Page84 - 98 84 - 9199 - 100101 105104 113106 - 110 111 - 112

113114 - 116117134 136 136141133 135 156140 150151 - 156

CONTENTS (continued)L. Encouragement of public action against apartheid .....1. International Non-Governmental OrganizationsConference on Action against Apartheid andRacism ................... o.. ............ .2. Second World Conmference to Combat Racism andRacial Discrimination .........................3. Meeting of the Special Committee withrepresentatives of mass media ........4. Other activities . ........ .. ....................M. Observance of the twentieth anniversary of the firstmeeting of the Special Committee and special session to discuss the role ofinternational solidarity and action in support of the struggle for liberation inSouth Africa .......................................N. Observance of international days ...............1. Day of Solidarity with South African PoliticalPrisoners (11 October 1982) ................2. International Day for the Elimination of RacialDiscrimination (21 March 1983) ..........3. International Day of Solidarity with theStruggling People of South Africa (16 June 1983)4. International Day of Solidarity with theStruggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia(9 August 1983) .................................0. Special meeting in memory of the ReverendCanon L. John Collins ............ .... . ..........P. Representation at conferences and messages toconferences .°. ........ ...o.. * ..... ... o.....o.........1. Representation at conferences and meetings2. Messages of the Special Committee tointernational and national conferences ...........Q. Co-operation with other United Nations bodies and withother organizations ...................................Paragraphs157 - 180 158 - 167 168 - 175176177 - 180

181 - 189 190 - 214 190 - 198 199 - 205 206 - 211 212 - 214 215 -220 221 - 222221 222223 - 226 38Page

CONTENTS (continued)III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................A. Introduction .......... ... ......... ...... . .....B. Credibility of the United Nations at stake ..........C. Main collaborators with apartheid ...................D. Apartheid survives because of assistance to it .......E. Path to a peaceful solution ......................F. Contribution of the Special Committee ..............G. Strategy for international action ................H. Programme of action against apartheid .............I. Commitment by the United Nations family of agencies J. Consideration of thelegal status of South Africa ..K. Sanctions against South Africa .....................L. Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa andtheir national liberation movement and to theindependent African States in southern Africa ......M. Public information and promotion of public actionagainst apartheid ..................................N. Concerted action by committed States and organizations0. Work of the Special Committee against Apartheid andthe Centre against Apartheid ....................P. A challenge to the international community ........ANNEXESParagrahS227 - 371 227 - 242 243 - 255 256 - 267 268 - 283 284 - 293 294 - 303 304 - 315316 - 321 322 - 327 328 - 330 331 - 337338 - 343344 348347- 353354 - 364 365 - 371I Review of developments in South Africa from July 1982 to August 1983 .. II.List of statements issued by the Special Committee ...................III. List of documents of the Special Committee .......................-vi-40ge40 40 42 44 45 47 49 5052 53 53545555 56

57 58

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL12 September 1983Sir,I have the honour to send you herewith the annual report of the SpecialCommittee against Apartheid, which was adopted unanimously by the SpecialCommittee on 12 September 1983.This report is submitted to the General Assembly and the SecurityCouncil inaccordance with the relevant provisions of General Assembly resolutions 2671(XXV) of 8 December 1970 and 37/69 A to J of 9 December 1982.Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration.(Signed) Uddhav Deo BHATT Acting Chairman of theSpecial Committee against ApartheidHis Excellency Mr. Javier P4rez de Cuellar Secretary-General ofthe UnitedNations New York-vii-

I. INTRODUCTION1. The Special Committee against Apartheid, established by the GeneralAssembly by resolution 1761 (XVII) of 6 November 1962, is now composed ofthe following 18 Member States:Algeria India PhilippinesGerman Democratic Republic Indonesia SomaliaGhana Malaysia SudanGuinea Nepal Syrian Arab RepublicHaiti Nigeria Trinidad and TobagoHungary Peru Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic2. At its 514th meeting, on 17 March 1983, the Special Committee unanimouslyre-elected Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria) as its Chairman, Mr. UddhavDeo Bhatt (Nepal) and Mr. Vladimir Kravets (Ukrainian Soviet SocialistRepublic) as its Vice-Chairmen and Mr. Gervais Charles (Haiti) as Rapporteur.3. The Special Committee also re-elected Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) asChairman of its Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United NationsResolutions and Collaboration with South Africa and elected Mr. MadjidBouguerra (Algeria) as Chairman of the Sub-Committee on PetitionsandInformation.4. The Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutionsand Collaboration with South Africa is composed of Ghana (Chairman), Hungary,India, Peru and the Sudan, and the Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information iscomposed of Algeria (Chairman), the German Democratic Republic, Nepal,Somalia and Trinidad and Tobago.5. In order to assist in promoting action on specific aspects of the campaignsagainst apartheid, the Special Committee established two task forces: (a) the TaskForce on Women and Children under Apartheid, composed of India,the

Philippines, the Sudan and Trinidad and Tobago, with Mrs. Maria LourdesRamiro-Lopez (Philippines) as Chairman! and (b) the Task Force on PoliticalPrisoners, composed of the German Democratic Republic, India,Peru andSomalia, with Mr. Rajendra Singh Rathore (India) as Chairman.6. In pursuance of General Assembly resolution 37/69 F of 9 December 1982,the Special Committee submitted on 14 September 1983, for the attention of theGeneral Assembly and the Security Council, a special report on recentdevelopments concerning relations between Israel and South Africa.7. At its 527th meeting, held on 12 September 1983, the Special Committeedecided unanimously to submit the present report to the General Assembly andthe Security Council. It consists of:(a) A review of the work of the Special Committees(b) Conclusions and recommendations of the Special Committees(c) A review of developments in South Africa during the period underconsiderations(d) A list of documents of the Special Committee.

8. The Special Committee wishes to place on record its gratitude to theSecretary-General for his abiding interest in its work. The Special Committee alsowishes to express its deep appreciation to the States members of the Organizationof African Unity, the non-aligned States, the socialist States, the specializedagencies of the United Nations, the two South African liberation movements,namely, the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan-AfricanistCongress of Azania, and numerous non-governmental organizations for theircontinued support of the work of the Committee.9. The Special Committee also wishes to express its deep appreciation to theAssistant Secretary-General for Centre against Apartheid, Mr.E. S. Reddy, to thesecretariat of the Special Committee and to all other members of the Centreagainst Apartheid for their efficient and devoted service.-2-

II. REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEEA. Action taken by the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session10. During its thirty-seventh session, the General Assembly considered the item"Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa" in 19 plenary meetingsbetween 1 October and 14 December 1982. It adopted with overwhelmingmajorities the following 13 resolutions relating to various aspects of apartheid,based mainly on the recommendations of the Special Committee: "Situation inSouth Africa" (37/69 A); "Concerted international action for the elimination ofapartheid" (37/69 B)y "Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against SouthAfrica" (37/69 C); "Military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa" (37/69D); "Programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid" (37/69 E)l"Relations between Israel and South Africa" (37/69 F); "Apartheid in sports"(37/69 G)y "Investments in South Africa" (37/69 H)l "United Nations Trust Fundfor South Africa" (37/69 I)$ and "Oil embargo against South Africa" (37/69 J). Italso adopted resolution 37/1 "Appeal for clemency in favour of SouthAfrican

freedom fighters"; resolution 37/2 "South Africa's application for credit from theInternational Monetary Fund", resolution 37/68 "Further appeal for clemency infavour of South African freedom fighters" and resolution 37/101"Invasion ofLesotho by South Africa".11. In accordance with these resolutions the Special Committee redoubled itsefforts during the past year in promoting both sanctions against theapartheidregime and assistance to the national liberation movement of South Africa$ inmobilizing world public opinion in support of the struggle for the liberation ofSouth Africal and in campaigns for the release of Nelson Mandela and otherpolitical prisoners in South Africa.12. In view of the escalation by the Pretoria regime of acts of aggression,destabilization and terrorism against neighbouring States, the Special Committeegave special attention to supporting independent African States.B. International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against SouthAfrica13. Resolution 37/69 C of 9 December 1982 requested all Governments andorganizations to continue activities in implementation of the programme for theInternational Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa 1/ beyond1982. It requested and authorized the Special Committee to intensify its activitiesfor the total isolation of the racist r6gime of South Africa and for promotingcomprehensive and mandatory sanctions against South Africa.14. The Special Committee organized or cosponsored several conferences infurther implementation of the programme of the International Year ofMobilization for Sanctions against South Africa and in preparationfor the SecondWorld Conference of Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination.15. It intensified consultations and co-operation with Governments andorganizations in order to promote concerted action against apartheid.-3-

C. Action against South Africa's aggression against independent African States1. General16. The Special Committee has been seriously concerned over the ominousescalation of acts of aggression, destabilization and terrorism waged by the SouthAfrican r6gime against independent African States since 1975.Clear evidence ofthe aggressive nature of the apartheid regime is the sharp rise in thenumber ofmilitary operations carried out openly by South African forces, especially inAngola, Mozambique and Lesotho, as well as covert activities involving the useof mercenaries and subversive groups, assassination and abduction of individuals,and the destruction of bridges, road and rail lines, oil pipelines, fuel depots andpower lines in several neighbouring States.17. The Special Committee repeatedly drew the attention of the internationalcommunity to the serious situation in southern Africa resulting fromtheaggressive policy of the South African r6gime. It stressed that theworldconfronted in southern Africa not only a threat to international peace but repeatedbreaches of the peace and acts of aggression against independent African States.18. The Special Committee has repeatedly and strongly condemnedthe criminaland massive aggressive acts by the apartheid regime against neighbouring States.

It urged the Security Council to take effective measures, under Chapter VII of theCharter of the United Nations, to force South Africa to end its criminal acts ofaggression and terminate its illegal occupation of Namibia. It noted that theapartheid r6gime had been encouraged to undertake those criminal acts by theprotection afforded by major Western Powers against international sanctions.19. On 9 December 1982, the racist r6gime of South Africa launched araid intoLesotho, ostensibly against members of the African National Congress of SouthAfrica, killing 30 persons, including five women and two children, and woundingmany others. In a statement on the same day the Acting Chairman of the SpecialCommittee saids"This cowardly and criminal act of aggression against Lesotho and themassacre of civilians are reminiscent of the crimes of nazism. It follows a seriesof similar acts against the People's Republic of Angola and the raidagainst Matola in Mozambique in January 1981."These acts confirm the conclusion of the Special Committee that theapartheid r6gime is an incorrigible, aggressive and terrorist r6gime, and thatthere can be no peace or stability in southern Africa unless that r6gime isdestroyed and the South African people are enabled to establish a democraticsociety. It has been encouraged in its crimes by the protection andcollaboration of certain major Powers in defiance of United Nationsresolutions." 2/20. He called on all Governments and organizations to take urgent action tocondemn this criminal act of aggression by the racist regime of South Africa, toassist Lesotho and other independent African States for the defence of theirsovereignty, and to provide all necessary assistance to the national liberationmovement of South Africa.

21. Having learned with shock that the South African regime had bombed Maputoon 23 May 1983, the Chairman of the Special Committee issued a statementcondemning the attack as an act of brigandage reminiscent of nazism. He said:*How long will the Western Powers condone such crimes with little morethan verbal condemnations? By their continued protection of the Pretoriarigime and opposition to sanctions against it, they undermine the fabric ofinternational law and morality, as well as the authority of the United Nations."The attacks by South Africa against front-line States are acts ofaggression against Africa and indeed the international community. They mustbe prevented by decisive international action.OThe desperate moves by the racists to widen conflict in southern Africawill not succeed in containing the growing resistance of the South Africanpeople against racist domination and terror. They will only persuade theinternational community to redouble assistance to the oppressed people, sincethe triumph of freedom is the only reliable means to secure peace andstability in southern Africa." 3_/2. Mission of the Special Committee to front-line States22. In view of the escalating aggression by the Pretoria r6gime, theSpecialCommittee considered it essential to step up activities in order to inform world

public opinion of the situation and to encourage Governments and publicorganizations to redouble support to the front-line States. It agreedthatconsultations at a high level with the Governments of front-line States and thenational liberation movements of southern Africa were essential for the purpose.23. It decided to send a delegation to the front-line States to obtain fullinformation on the acts of aggression, terrorism and destabilizationby the racistrigime of South Africa against independent African States, to consult with theGovernments on possible action by the Special Committee and to publicize thesituation and promote political and material assistance to front-lineStates.24. The first mission of the Special Committee took place from 7 to 21 April1983. Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun, Permanent Representative of Algeria to the UnitedNations, led the delegation which included Mr. J. S. Teja, Additional Secretary,Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, India, Mr. Hernan Couturier, AlternatePermanent Representative of Peru to the United Nations, and Mr. Willi Schlegel,Counsellor of the Permanent Mission of the German Democratic Republic to theUnited Nations. The delegation visited Zimbabwe, Zambia, the United Republicof Tanzania, Botswana and Angola. Y25. The programme of the mission includedhigh-level consultations with government officials in the countriesconcerned aswell as meetings with the presidents and chairmen of the liberation movements ofsouthern Africa. In all the front-line States visited the mission held consultationswith the Ministers for Foreign Affairs. The delegation was received by the Headof State in both Zambia and Botswana.26. The mission's wide-ranging discussions with the leaders and senior officials,as well as the evidence gathered on the spot, clearly point to the dangerous course-5-

on which the South African rigime has embarked through aggression,destabilization and terrorism against independent African States and the liberationmovements. The African leaders were unanimous in their assessment of the threatposed by South Africa to the peace and stability of the region and itsconsequences if immediate and effective measures were not takenby theinternational community. They were convinced that South Africa'sprincipal aimswere to consolidate and perpetuate its system of apartheid within the country andto extend its domination over the neighbouring independent AfricanStates. SouthAfrica was hostile to co-operation among independent African countries and wasdoing everything possible to sabotage such co-operation, especially in the field oftransport and communications.27. While its aims remain unchanged, in the last two years the Pretoria r~giMeevolved a system of calibrated policies towards different countries ofthe region.It occupied substantial areas of Angola and engaged in open war against thatcountry. In Mozambique, South Africa supported dissident elementsand otherhostile groups by supplying them with money, weapons and organizationalassistance. Against Zimbabwe, South Africa engaged in destabilization at theeconomic, political and propaganda levels. Its acts of destabilization, aggressionand terrorism against Zambia included support and training of dissident groups,violations of Zambia's air and land frontiers, laying of mines and abduction of

innocent men and women, as well as raids against the refugee camps. Botswana,which has a long common border with South Africa, was obliged to be host to alarge number of refugees. Its air space had been violated and therehad been casesof kidnapping of people from its territory Even countries like the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania, which have no common borders with South Africa, werenot immune to Pretoria's destabilization activities in the political, economic andpropaganda spheres. Leaders and members of the national liberation movementswere victims of threats and assassinations.28. The front-line States were gravely concerned at the military build-up of thePretoria r4gime and the threat it posed to their security and independence. SouthAfrica's nuclear programme had further aggravated the situation and created asense of insecurity in the neighbouring African countries.29. Some of the African leaders expressed profound concern over thecollaboration by certain Western countries with the apartheid regime, enabling thelatter to carry out the policies of aggression, destabilization and economic warfareagainst the front-line States and Lesotho. The continuing political, economic andmilitary collaboration of certain Western States and their transnationalcorporations with the racist r4gime of South Africa encouraged its defiance of theinternational community and constituted a major obstacle to the elimination of theinhuman and criminal system of apartheid in South Africa and to the attainmentof selfdetermination, freedom and national independence by the people ofNamibia. The Reagan Administration's policy of "constructive engagement", inparticular, encouraged the South African r6gime's policies.30. The African leaders categorically rejected any linkage between Namibianindependence and the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. Theycalled formandatory and comprehensive economic sanctions against the Pretoria r6gime.They were convinced that the Security Council should assume its directresponsibility for the implementation of its resolution 435 (1978) on theindependence of Namibia. The system of apartheid in South Africa must beterminated and majority rule instituted. The African leaders also called for greatlyincreased material assistance to the front-line States and liberation movements.-6-

31. The economic consequences of South Africa's aggression, destabilization andterrorism against independent African States were most glaring inthe case ofAngola, Mozambique and other front-line States. South Africa was also activelyengaged in opposing and undermining regional co-operation amongindependentAfrican States. The countries visited by the mission had also to bear theenormousburden of caring for tens of thousands of refugees rendered homeless by the directand indirect aggression committed by the Pretoria r6gime. The front-line Stateswere also victims of South Africa's powerful and systematic propaganda andpsychological warfare.32. The Special Committee considered at its 523rd meeting, held on19 May1983, the report of its mission to the front-line States. It decided to publicize thereport of the mission and to send a second mission to Mozambique andLesotho.

It also decided to encourage and assist campaigns by anti-apartheid groups inWestern countries in support of front-line States.D. Action taken against military, nuclear and economic collaborationwith SouthAfrica33. The Special Committee continued to follow developments concerningmilitary, nuclear, economic and other collaboration with South Africa. Itrepeatedly condemned the continued collaboration of certain Western States andIsrael, as well as transnational corporations, with South Africa as an essentialcause for the escalation of South Africa's aggression against independent AfricanStates, and the continuation of its policies of oppression against the people ofSouth Africa and its national liberation movement as well as its illegal occupationof Namibia. The attitude of those States that have continued and increased theircollaboration with South Africa was deplored in meetings of the SpecialCommittee, during missions of the Special Committee, and at internationalconferences and seminars in which representatives of the Special Committeeparticipated and in other appropriate ways.1. Conference of West European Parliamentarians on Sanctions against SouthAfrica34. The Conference of West European Parliamentarians on Sanctions againstSouth Africa was held in The Hague, Netherlands, on 26 and 27 November 1982.It was organized by Parliamentarians members of the NetherlandsFoundation forthe international Year of mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa in co-operation with the Special Committee against Apartheid.35. The Conference was intended to provide an opportunity for members ofnational parliaments in Western Europe and of the European Parliament toexchange information on action taken by their countries to end collaboration withthe racist r6gime of South Africa and support the oppressed people in theirlegitimate struggle for freedom and human rights, to consult on further action,especially by parliaments and their members, and to promote co-ordination ofaction.36. Members of national parliaments and of the European Parliament participatedin the Conference. The Special Committee against Apartheid was represented byits Chairman, Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule.-7-

37. The Conference was opened on 26 November 1982 by Mr. Jan Nico Scholten,Chairman of the Preparatory Committee. Addresses at the opening session weredelivered by Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman of the SpecialCommittee against Apartheidl Mr. Joaquim Alberto Chissano, MinisterforForeign Affairs of Mozambiquey and Mr. Jan Nico Scholten.38. The Conference elected Mr. Hadar Cars, former Minister for Commerce ofSweden, as Chairman and Mr. Relus ter Beek of the Netherlands, asRapporteur.39. After the opening session, the Conference held two closed meetings at whichit heard the experts and discussed the situation in southern Africa andinternational action for peace, security and independence in the region, withspecial reference to sanctions against the South African regime and the role of

Parliamentarians in Western Europe. It then considered a draftdeclarationprepared by the Rapporteur and adopted it unanimously.40. The attention of the Conference was drawn to a draft agreement signed by theCommission of the European Communities with South Africa in October 1981and submitted to the Council of Ministers for approval. The Conference expressedits profound concern over the agreement and adopted a special resolution on thematter sponsored by Mr. Stanley Clinton Davis.41. The Conference unanimously adopted a decision demanding the release ofNelson Mandela.42. The Conference expressed great anxiety over the report thatthe appeal againstthe death sentences imposed on three freedom fighters of the African NationalCongress of South Africa - Mr. Anthony Tsotsobe, Mr. Johannes Shabangu andMr. David Noise - had been rejected. On behalf of the Conference, theChairmansent a telegram to the South African Government urging the commutation of thedeath sentences.43. The participants in the Conference expressed grave concern over the situationin southern Africa and the danger of a wider conflict resulting fromthe policiesand actions of the racist r6gime of South Africa, and emphasized theresponsibility of Governments and peoples of Western European countries to takeeffective action to help to secure peace, freedom and democracy in southernAfrica.44. They recognized the need for maximum international pressure against thePretoria r6gime and for support in the legitimate struggle of the people ofsouthern Africa for the elimination of apartheid, the genuine independence ofNamibia and the establishment of a democratic State in South Africa.45. They declared their full support for the struggle of the people ofNamibia forgenuine independence and the struggle of the people of South Africa for theelimination of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic society. Theyexpressed great appreciation to the front-line States for the sacrifices they hadmade in support of freedom in South Africa and Namibia and declared that thoseStates deserved all necessary assistance from the international community.46. The Conference called on the United Nations Security Council toimposemandatory sanctions against the South African r6gime. It emphasized in particularthe need for mandatory action to prohibit all military and nuclear collaborationwith South Africay to end all supplies of oil and oil products to South Africal to

stop all new investments in, and financial loans to, South Africal and toendimports of coal and other commodities from South Africa.47. Furthermore, the Declaration stateds"The Conference expresses appreciation to all Governments whichhaveunilaterally imposed sanctions against South Africa and calls for extendingunilateral sanctions. It also commends trade unions, religious bodies andother non-governmental organizations which have unequivocallyopposed theminority r~gime in South Africa and have taken action to sever all political,religious, cultural and other contacts with that rigime. In this connectionit welcomes the decisions of the recent assembly of the World Alliance of

Reformed Churches."The Conference expresses its great anxiety that the Government of theUnited States of America has encouraged the racist regime by its ill-conceivedpolicy of 'constructive engagement' with that r~gimej its relaxation of thearms embargo against South Africal and its support of efforts bythe SouthAfrican r6gime to frustrate the negotiations for the independence of Namibiathrough the so-called 'linkage' with non-related matters.*It calls on all West European countries to stop all co-operation withthe apartheid r6gime and to support the struggle for freedom in southern Africa. Iturges them to co-operate with independent African States in persuading theGovernment of the United States of America to abandon itspresent policies in southern Africa."48. The Declaration included a number of concrete steps as a guide for concertedaction by Parliamentarians.49. On 1 December 1982, the Chairman of the Special Committee transmitted, forthe attention of the General Assembly and the Security Council, thetext of theDeclaration adopted by the Conference. §/50. The report of the Conference was issued in document A/AC.115/L.587.2. International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctionsand Other Actions against the Apartheid Rfqime51. The International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctions and OtherActions against the Apartheid R~gime in South Africa was held at thePalais desNations, Geneva, Switzerland, on 10 and 11 June 1983. It was organized by theWorkers* Group of the Governing Body of the International Labour Organisationand the Special Committee in co-operation with the United Nations Council forNamibia, the Organization of African Unity and the Organization of AfricanTrade Union Unity.52. The Conference had the following objectives:(a) To promote sanctions against the racist regime of South Africal(b) To promote world-wide solidarity with, and assistance to, the black trade-union movement of South Africal and-9-

(c) To promote effective international action to eliminate apartheid and enable theSouth African people to establish a democratic society.53. The Conference was attended by more than 375 persons from more than 150international, regional and national trade-union organizations representinghundreds of millions of organized workers throughout the world. The participantsalso included representatives of United Nations bodies concerned with southernAfrica, the liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia recognized byOAU, and other guests.54. The Special Committee was represented by its Chairman, Mr. Alhaji YusuffMaitama-Sule (Nigeria) who headed the delegation. The delegation included&Mr. Luis Sandiga (Peru), Mr. Nageib E. Abdelwahab (Sudan) and Mr. AbdulHamid (Indonesia).

55. The International Conference elected Mr. Gerd Muhr, Chairmanof theWorkers' Group of the ILO Governing Body, as its Chairman.56. In his opening address, the Chairman of the Special Committee said,inter aliawToday, I salute the world trade union movement for its longstandingsolidarity with the people of South Africa, for its support of sanctionsagainst the racist r4gime of South Africa, and for its co-operation with theSpecial Committee in the International Campaign against Apartheid."The trade-union movement can do much by individual and collective actionto impose its own sanctions through boycotts whenever possible.'It can make a great contribution in mobilizing the people in allcountries for sanctions against South Africa, and in persuading allGovernments - especially the main trading partners of South Africa - toco-operate in sanctions."It can provide and promote all forms of assistance to the oppressedpeople in their just struggle and demonstrate solidarity with them in alltheir struggles."I would beseech you to keep in mind that the working people of SouthAfrica and Namibia are today struggling not only for their own sacred rights but,because of destiny, for the emancipation of the African continent as awhole and for the principles cherished by the United Nations and the tradeunion movement."57. At the Conference, statements were made by the Director-General of ILO, theGeneral Secretary of the Organization of African Trade Union Unity, theChairman of the Workers' Group in the Committee on Apartheid of theInternational Labour Conference, as well as by 67 representatives of trade unions.A number of other participants submitted their written speeches for the record.The Conference received a message from the Secretary-Generalof the UnitedNations.58. On 11 June 1983, the Conference unanimously adopted a Declaration. 6-10-

59. In the Declaration, the Conference condemned the South African minorityapartheid regime for totally ignoring world opinion and consistently refusing toabide by international standards as enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Itdeplored South Africa's raids on and incursions into sovereign neighbouringcountries and the apartheid r6gime's efforts to destabilize the front-line States,which constituted a breach of peace. The Conference also condemned employersand investors in South Africa who directly or indirectly helped to maintaintheapartheid system and who were collaborating with the apartheid r6gime inmilitary and nuclear fields and with its security forces.60. The participants in the Conference called on Governments throughout theworld to make every effort to promote the adoption of mandatory economicsanctions against South Africa and, pending a decision by the SecurityCouncil, totake unilateral and regional action. They called on employers' organizations totake measures to penalize their members who maintained relations withSouth

Africa and on economic and financial groups not to extend loans toSouth Africaand collaborate with the apartheid r6gime in any way.61. The Declaration also urged all workers and their trade-union organizationsthroughout the world to bring pressure to bear on Governments whichhad not yetdone so to stop all kinds of aid to and investment in South Africa.62. The report of the mission to the Conference was adopted by theSpecialCommittee at its 524th meeting on 27 July 1983.3. International Conference on the Alliance between South Africa and Israel63. The International Conference on the Alliance between South Africa and Israelwas held at the Vienna International Centre from 11 to 13 July 1983. It wasorganized by the Special Committee against Apartheid in co-operation with theAfro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization (AAPSO), the Organization ofAfrican Trade Union Unity (OATUU) and the World Peace Council (WPC).64. It addressed itself to an analysis of the relations between SouthAfrica andIsrael and their implications and ramifications, as well as to proposals for actionby Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.65. At the invitation of the Special Committee, the Conference was attended bymore than 120 representatives of Governments, relevant United Nations organsand intergovernmental organizations, national liberation movements recognizedby the United Nations, international and national non-governmental organizationsand a number of individual experts.66. The Special Committee was represented by Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora(Nigeria), Mr.Sayed A. Fadzillah (Malaysia), Mr. Gerhard Schr6ter (German DemocraticRepublic) and Mr. Bassy Camara (Guinea).67. The International Conference elected Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora, leader of thedelegation of the Special Committee, as its Chairman.-11-

68. In his opening statement, the Chairman said, inter alias"This Conference has been convened by the Special Committee - inaccordance with its mandate to promote the international campaign for theelimination of apartheid - to analyse the ever-increasing collaboration by Israelwith the racist regime of South Africa and to consider measures foraction by Governments and organizations to secure an end to such collaboration."Despite bland denials by the Government of Israel, there is extensiveevidence of collaboration in the nuclear field and in the military field ..."The Conference will ... consider the problem of Israel's collaborationwith South Africa in the context of its effect on the efforts to eliminateapartheidin South Africa and the menace that such collaboration poses tosouthern Africa ..."69. Statements were made by the leaders of the delegations of the threeco-sponsors, namely, Mr. Dennis Akumu, Secretary-General of OATUUI MrRomesh Chandra, President of WPCI and Mr. F. Bangoura, DeputySecretaryGeneral of AAPSO.70. A large number of participants took part in the discussion. Participants wereunanimous in strongly condemning the increasing collaboration of Israel with

South Africa in flagrant violation of world opinion as well as the relevant GeneralAssembly and Security Council resolutions. They noted with particular concernthe collaboration in military and nuclear fields, which had encouraged the SouthAfrican r6gime in its criminal policies of apartheid and had exacerbated theaggressive activities of South Africa against neighbouring countries. Participantscondemned those Western Governments, in particular the United States ofAmerica, which had continued to maintain overt and covert collaboration with theracist regimes of South Africa and Israel, and the assistance givento bothcountries in their nuclear and military collaboration by the United StatesofAmerica, the United Kingdom, France, the Federal Republic of Germany andcertain other Western Powers.71. In the Declaration, the participants expressed grave concern over increasingcollaboration of Israel with South Africa, especially in the military and nuclearfields, which constituted a grave menace to peace and stability in Africaand theworld and a serious challenge to the United Nations. The Declaration states, interalias"The Conference urges the Secretary-General of the United Nations and theDirector-General of IAEA to consult and take action, within the letter andspirit of the Charter of the United Nations and IAEA Statute, to end allcollaboration with the South African r6gime, except with regard to inspectionof nuclear facilities, by taking necessary measures ensuring thatthedecisionmaking organs of both organizations focus on these questions."... the Conference considers that the so-called policies of 'strategicco-operation' with Israel and 'constructive engagement' with the South Africanracist r6gime, adopted by the United States of America, represent support forthe alliance of Israel and South Africa against the aspirations of AfricanStates to keep their continent free from nuclear weapons, to completetheprocess of decolonization and to maintain regional peace and security.-12-

"The Conference expresses the hope that no State will resume relationswith Israel so long as it continues collaboration with South Africa,especially in the military and nuclear fields, and so long as it does notimplement United Nations resolutions in this regard."72. The Declaration also emphasizes the importance of dissemination of allrelevant information, especially in the Western countries, in view of the deceitfulpropaganda by Israel and South Africa on their collaboration and of the attitude ofthe United States and several other Western countries. It further appeals to worlduniversities, research institutions and similar academic bodies topublishsubstantive, detailed and scholarly works on the subject.73. The report on the mission to the Conference was adopted by the SpecialCommittee at its 524th meeting on 27 July 1983 (A/AC.115/L.595).4. Hearing of United States State legislators on divestment activities74. On 15 April 1983, the Special Committee held a hearing of United StatesState legislators who played an important role in the campaign against apartheid,in particular in legislative action against investments in South Africa.

75. The Special Committee heard statements by the following legislatorst SenatorJack Backman, Massachusetts; City Councilwoman Joan Specter,PhiladelphialRepresentative Virgil Smith, Michigan; Representative Perry Bullard, Michigan;City Councilman John Ray, Washington, D.C.; Representative Norman Justice,Kansas; Representative Marcia Coggs, Wisconsin; Senator Ernie Chambers,Nebraskal Representative Randy Staten, Minnesota; Senator ThomasMann, IowalSenator Joe Neal, Nevada; Representative Larry Evans, Texas; Senator WilliamBowen, Ohio; Representative Sylvania Woods, Marylandy Representative TyroneBrooks, Georgia, and Representative Ed Leek, Oregon. 2/5. Implementation of an oil embargo76. The Special Committee has devoted special attention during the past year toconsultations on promoting an effective oil embargo against South Africa. On theproposal of the Special Committee, the General Assembly, in resolution 37/69 Jof9 December 1982, provided for the organization of an InternationalConferenceon an Oil Embargo against South Africa "for the purpose of considering nationaland international arrangements to ensure the implementation of embargoesimposed or policies declared by oil-producing and oil-exporting countries withregard to the supply of oil and oil products to South Africa".77. In resolution 37/69 J, on the oil embargo against South Africa, the GeneralAssembly authorized the Special Committee against Apartheid "to appoint aGroup of Experts, nominated by Governments, to prepare a thorough study andreport as soon as possible on all aspects of the question of the supplyof oil and oilproducts as a basis for the consideration of national and international measures toensure the effective implementation of the embargoes imposed or policiesdeclared by oil-producing and oil-exporting countries with regard to the supply ofoil and oil products to South Africa".-13-

78. After consultations with the Permanent Representatives of oil-producing andoil-exporting countries, the Chairman of the Special Committee invited thefollowing 10 countries to appoint experts% Algeria, Indonesia, Kuwait, theLibyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Romania, Saudi Arabia andVenezuela.79. The Group of Experts held its first session from 15 to 24 February. It electedMr. Suheil Mahmoud Nasser (Kuwait) as Chairman and Mr. 0. 0. Ogunsola(Nigeria) as Vice-Chairman.6. Action against the IMF loan to South Africa80. On 12 October 1982, the Chairman of the Special Committee againstApartheid, the President of the Council for Namibia and the Chairmanof theSpecial Committee on Decolonization issued a joint statement urging theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) to reject South Africa's request for 1 billionspecial drawing rights. P/81. On 25 October 1982, the Special Committee held a hearing on the applicationby South Africa for a credit from IMF. At the invitation of the Acting Chairman,Mr. Jim Morrell of the Center for International Policy and Mr. Isaac H. Bivens of

the United Methodist Church made statements. 2/ The Special Committee decidedto send a delegation for consultations with representatives of IMF.1/82. On 29 October 1982, the delegation of the Special Committee met with Mr. J.de Larosi~re, Managing Director of IMF. The delegation conveyedthe concern ofthe Special Committee over the proposed loan to South Africa, its effects on theoppressed people of South Africa and its ramifications for independent AfricanStates. It appealed to IMF not to grant the proposed loan.83. On 3 November 1982, the Special Committee learned with regret that IMFhad decided to grant the loan. In a statement issued the next day, the Chairmanstated, inter alia:"The decision of the International Monetary Fund yesterday to grant ahuge credit to the racist regime of South Africa in defiance of an urgent appeal bythe United Nations General Assembly was ill-conceived and mostregrettable."Some Western Governments and their financial institutions haveconsistently provided loans to save the Pretoria r6gime whenever itencountered economic difficulties because of its crimes and the resistance ofthe oppressed people. That was true after the Sharpeville massacreof 1960and after the Soweto massacre of 1976."The Special Committee has stressed that this is the time to chooseunequivocally between apartheid and freedom, between a racist rhgime and therest of the world. Verbal expressions of abhorrence of apartheidaremeaningless when combined with massive assistance to the apartheidr6gime."I appeal to all Governments and organizations not only to denouncethepresent credit by IMF and the recent upsurge of loans by Western financialinstitutions, but to increase their moral, political and material support tothe national liberation movement of South Africa." L/-14-

E. Action against apartheid in sports1. International Conference on Sanctions against Apartheid in Sports84. The International Conference on Sanctions against Apartheid inSports wasorganized by the Special Committee against Apartheid, in co-operation with theSouth African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SAN-ROC), in implementationof the programme for the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions againstSouth Africa. It was held in the Grosvenor Hotel, London, from 27 to29 June1983.85. The agenda of the Conference included a review of the implementation of theInternational Declaration against Apartheid in Sportsl the continued collaborationwith apartheid sport, the progress in the campaign for the sports boycott of SouthAfrical and consultations on further measures for the total boycott of apartheidsport, and an examination of other problems confronted in effectingthe totalisolation of apartheid sport at the national and international levels.86. At the invitation of the Special Committee and SAN-ROC, the Conferencewas attended by representatives of relevant United Nations bodiesand otherintergovernmental organizationsp Governmentsp sports organizations and

administratorsl sportsmen and sportswomeng national liberation movementspanti-apartheid movements, and other organizations active in the campaigns for theboycott of apartheid sport.87. The Conference elected Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) as Chairman of theConferencep Mr. Denis Howell, Chief Abraham Ordia, Mr. AlexanderSereda andMr. Francois Moncla as Vice-Chairmen# and Mr. Sam Ramsamy, Chairman ofSAN-ROC, as Rapporteur.88. The Conference was opened by the Chairman and, at his invitation, Mr.Shridath S. Ramphal, Commonwealth Secretary-General, deliveredan address.Mr. Enuga S. Reddy, Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, read outthe message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Statements werealso made by Mr. Tsegaw Ayele, Minister of Sport of Ethiopial Mr. SolomonGomez, Chief of the Sanctions Section, Organization of African Unityl ChiefAbraham Ordia, President of the Supreme Council for Sport in Africal Mr. BashirAttarabulsi, member of the International Olympic Committee and President of theLibyan National Olympic Committeel Mr. Ydnekatchew Tessema, member of theInternational Olympic Committee and President of the African FootballConfederation$ and Mr. E. Besley Maycock, Chairman of the United Nations AdHoc Committee on the Drafting of an International Convention against Apartheidin Sport.89. The Conference then proceeded to a discussion of the agendaitems.90. The Conference unanimously adopted a Declaration. L/ The Declarationexpresses support to sportsmen and sportswomen who refused to collaborate withapartheid sportsp recommends that the reality of apartheid and apartheid sports begiven the widest possible publicity, and asks that the South African Non-RacialOlympic Committee be given the maximum possible assistance to expanditsefforts in the campaign against apartheid in sports. It also recommends, amongother things, that the concept of the third-party principle that provides forsanctions against those who collaborate with South Africa should be supported byall countries, that States and sports bodies should strictly adhere tothe Olympicprinciple of non-discrimination in sports, and that States should deny visas and/orentry to-15-

representatives of sports bodies, members of teams or individual sportsmen fromSouth Africa. In particular, it recommends that the campaign to expel apartheidsports bodies from international sports federations should be pursued with greatvigour.91. The report of the mission to the Conference was adopted by theSpecialCommittee at its 524th meeting, on 27 July 1983 (A/AC.115/L.594).2. Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa, (1 July-31 December 1982)92. During the period under review, many Governments and organizationsreaffirmed their commitment to boycott apartheid sport and several have takenfurther action towards that end. Some sports bodies and administrators, however,continued to provide support for apartheid under the pretext of separation ofsports and politics.

93. The names of 269 sportsmen and sportswomen were included inthe Registerof Sports Contacts with South Africa.94. Pursuant to a decision in 1980, the Special Committee continuedpublicationof periodic registers of sports contacts with South Africa. On 2 November 1982and 26 April 1983, it published registers covering the periods from1 January to30 June 1982 and 1 July to 31 December 1982.95. On 20 May 1983, the Chairman of the Special Committee sent theconsolidated list of sportsmen and sportswomen who had participated in sportsevents in South Africa from 1 September 1980 to 31 December 1982 toPermanent Representatives of Member States requesting them to communicate itto their Governments and authorities concerned for their attention and action.3. Other activities96. On 28 October 1982, the Chairman of the Sub-Committee on theImplementation of United Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with SouthAfrica issued a statement expressing satisfaction at the fact that the Board ofControl for Cricket in Sri Lanka had taken firm action against 14 cricketers whohad gone on a tour of South Africa in defiance of United Nations resolutions, theGleneagles Agreement of the Commonwealth and the policy of the Governmentof Sri Lanka. L/97. In another statement, issued on 16 November 1982, he expressed shock thatthe International Tennis Council had fined the organizers of the Swedish GrandPrix Tennis Tournament for excluding South African tennis players. He said$"While most international sports bodies have excluded South Africanrepresentation, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and a few othersports bodies which are dominated by Western countries continue to encourageapartheid sport under the system of weighted voting.-16-

"The decisions to impose the fine is a deliberate act of those who aredetermined to undermine the international consensus on non-discrimination andthe struggle against apartheid. The Special Committee against Apartheidtherefore urges the sports organizations in Sweden and elsewhere not to beintimidated by such fines and to continue to pursue the just cause untilapartheid is eliminated entirely." 1/98. On 25 April 1983, the Chairman issued a statement expressing satisfaction ata decision by the Government of France to cancel the French rugbytour of SouthAfrica, which had been scheduled for June 1983.F. Action against apartheid in the cultural field1. Hearings on the cultural boycott against South Africa99. On 9 February 1983, the Chairman of the Sub-Committee on theImplementation of the United Nations Resolutions and Collaborationwith SouthAfrica, Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana), met with members of theUnited States-based Coalition to End Cultural Collaboration with South Africa (CECCSA) toconsult on ways and means of promoting the cultural boycott of South Africa.100. During the discussions it was agreed that a hearing on a cultural boycottorganized by the Special Committee would be desirable in order to maximize

publicity, bring together major activist organizations and boycott organizers, andlaunch the cultural boycott of South Africa in the United States.2. International art exhibit against apartheid by the Committee of Artists of theWorld against Apartheid101. It may be recalled that the Special Committee promoted in 1982 theestablishment of a Committee of Artists of the World against Apartheid andprovided financial assistance for its projects (A/37/22).102. As the main project, an international art exhibit against apartheidwasintended to be exhibited in Paris and other cities and, following the exhibitions, tobe housed in a museum in trust for a free South Africa. Many prominentcontemporary artists have contributed to the exhibit and more are expected. Thefirst complete exhibit was scheduled to take place at the Fondation Nationale desArts Graphigues et Plastiques, a prestigious gallery, in Paris from 22 November to30 December 1983.103. The Committee of Artists also received graphic works from 15 prominentartists and exhibited them in a prestigious Paris gallery on 21 March 19831 theexhibition was given extensive coverage in the French media.104. The Committee of Artists invited the Chairman of the Special Committeeand the Head of the Centre against Apartheid to the opening ceremony.-17-

G. Action concerning women and children under apartheid105. The Special Committee and its Task Force on Women and Children underApartheid continued to devote special attention to the plight of womenandchildren under apartheid.1. Mission to France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Tunisia106. Following the recommendation of the International Conferenceon Womenand Apartheid, L/ a delegation of women leaders visited France, the Netherlands,Belgium, Italy and Tunisia in January and February 1983 to meet with leaders ofGovernments and intergovernmental and other organizations. The purposes of theconsultations were (a) to promote broader awareness of the plight of women andchildren under apartheid in South Africa and Namibial and (b) to promoteassistance to the projects of assistance for women and children of South Africaand Namibia.107. The delegation was headed by Mrs. Jeanne Martin-Cisse, Minister for SocialAffairs of Guinea and President of the International Committee of Solidarity withthe Struggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia. The other members of thedelegation were Mrs. N. K. Asinobi, Minister of State for Internal Affairs ofNigerial Mrs. Cecile Goldet, Senator (France); Mrs. Maria Lourdes Ramiro-Lopez(Philippines), Chairman of the Task Force on Women and Children of the SpecialCommittee; Mrs. Edith Ballantyne, Secretary-General of the Women'sInternational League for Peace and Freedom and Secretary of the InternationalCommittee of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women of South Africa andNamibial and Mrs. Caroline Garoes, representative of the South West AfricaPeople's Organization (SWAPO).

108. In Paris, The Hague, Brussels, Rome and Tunis, the delegation held usefuldiscussions with government leaders on the need to provide political support inthe struggle against apartheid and concrete assistance to the projects conceived bythe women's councils of the national liberation movements. The delegation wasreceived, inter alia, by Mr. Mohamed M'Zali, Prime Minister of Tunisia, and byMr. Hans van den Broek and Mr Beji Kaid Essebsi, Ministers for Foreign Affairsof the Netherlands and Tunisia, respectively. In Paris, the delegationwas receivedby Mrs. Daniele Mitterand, First Lady of France. L/109. The delegation also held fruitful discussions with representatives of manynon-governmental organizations and other anti-apartheid organizations whichreiterated their support for the national liberation movements and their interest inproviding assistance to the women's projects.110. During the mission the International Committee of Solidarity with theStruggle of Women of South Africa and Namibia held a meeting in Parisat whichit adopted its programme of work for 1983. It also adopted a communiqu6condemning the apartheid's rigime carnage in the Kingdom of Lesotho".-18-

2. Mission to the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark,Norway, Finland and Swedenil. Another delegation of women leaders, also headed by Mrs. Jeanne Martin-Cisse, Minister for Social Affairs of Guinea, visited Bonn, Copenhagen, Oslo,Helsinki and Stockholm from 13 to 24 June 1983 to meet with leaders ofGovernments and organizations. The other members of the delegation were Mrs.N. K. Asinobi, Minister of State for Internal Affairs of Nigerial Mrs. LiseOstergaard, Member of the Danish Parliament and President of the WorldConference of the United Nations Decade for Women (1980)1 Mrs. HortensiaBussi de Allende of Chile, member of the International Committee and Co-Chairman of the Latin American Anti-Apartheid Committeel Mrs. Maria LourdesRamiro-Lopez of the Philippines, Chairman of the Task Force on Women andChildren of the Special Committee against Apartheid; and Ms. Ilva Mackay,representative of the African National Congress of South Africa.112. As in the previous mission, the delegation held consultations with leadersand high-ranking officials in all these countries as well as representatives of non-governmental organizations on the need to provide concrete assistance to theprojects prepared by the liberation movements. The delegation was assured by theleaders and officials whom it met in those countries that the utmost attentionwould be given to the projects presented by the delegation.3. Other action113. On 8 March, International women's Day, the Chairman of theSpecialCommittee issued a statement drawing the urgent attention of Governments andorganizations to the plight of women oppressed by the inhuman system ofapartheid in South Africa. L/H. Action concerning assistance to the oppressed people ofSouth Africa and their national liberation movement

114. In view of the intensified repression in South Africa, as well as thegreatadvance in resistance by the people, the Special Committee repeatedlyemphasized the need for increased humanitarian, educational, political and otherassistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberationmovement. It expressed its appreciation to the many Governments, organizationsand individuals who had contributed to such assistance, either directly to theliberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity (OAU),namely, the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan-AfricanistCongress of Azania, or through United Nations and other funds.115. At the conclusion of the observance by the African National Congress of the"Year of Unity in Action" (8 January 1982-7 January 1983), whichcoincided withthe seventieth anniversary of the organization, the Chairman sent to the Presidentof the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) a message ofsupportand solidarity. L/ He said that the freedom fighters of ANC had demonstrated bytheir courage and skill, that the final stage of the struggle for the elimination ofapartheid had begun, that it would triumph and that they had gainedrespect bytheir care to avoid loss of innocent lives. He added that the Special Committee,especially in observance of the International Year of Mobilization for Sanctionsagainst South Africa in 1982, had redoubled its efforts to persuade Governmentsand-19-

public opinion to act against apartheid. He pointed out that the apartheid regime,however, had responded at new levels of inhumanity such as the killing of NeilAggett in prison, the assassination of Ruth First in Mozambique and,above all,the cowardly massacre of South African refugees and Lesotho nationals,including women and children, in Maseru on the even of Human RightsDay. Heassured the President of ANC that the Special Committee against Apartheidwould redouble its efforts in this crucial period in promoting the internationalcampaign against apartheid.116. On 23 May 1983, a joint statement was issued by the Acting Chairman of theSpecial Committee, the Chairman of the Special Committee on Decolonizationand the President of the Council for Namibia on the occasion of the Week ofSolidarity with the Peoples of Namibia and all other Colonial Territories as wellas those in South Africa, Fighting for Freedom, Independence andHuman Rights(23 to 30 May). 19I. Campaign against repression and for the release of allpolicial prisoners in South Africa117. During the past year the Special Committee intensified its efforts to pr&motethe campaign for the release of all political prisoners in South Africa, and for anend to all repression against the opponents of apartheid.118. On 11 October 1982, the Day of Solidarity with South African PoliticalPrisoners, the Special Committee launched a renewed and wider world-widecampaign for the release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners.119. On that occasion, the Chairman of the Special Committee said:"Nelson Mandela, the outstanding leader of the people, has been in prison

for over 20 years. But he remains the symbol of the struggle of the peopleagainst apartheid and all forms of racism, and for a democratic society. TheSpecial Committee is convinced that the release of Nelson Mandela and allother leaders in prison, irrespective of political affiliation, is anindispensable prerequisite for a just and peaceful solution in South Africa."120. Subsequently, the Special Committee cosponsored a declaration initiated byArchbishop Trevor Huddleston, President of the British Anti-ApartheidMovement, for the release of Nelson Mandela, to be signed by members ofParliament, leaders of political parties, trade unions and religiousorganizationsand other prominent personalities. The text of the Declaration readas follows:"Nelson Mandela has dedicated his life to the cause of freedom for hispeople. He has been at the heart of numerous struggles against the injusticesof apartheid and racial tyranny in South Africa for almost 40 years."On 12 June 1964, together with Walter Sisulu and other African NationalCongress leaders, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In one of the mostmoving statements delivered from the dock, Mandela declared during the trial:'I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in whichall personslive together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is anideal which I hope to live for and I hope to achieve. But if needs be,it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.'-20-

"We, therefore, declare our determination actively to strive for therelease of Nelson Mandela and all South African political prisonersand urge theUnited Nations and their Governments and peoples of the world to join usin this endeavour."121. The Declaration was signed by over 4,000 leaders of political parties, tradeunions and religious bodies, members of Parliament and other leaders of publicopinion in all countries. It was made public on 21 March 1983. 2/122. The Chairman sent a number of communications to non-governmentalorganizations commending them for their support in the campaignfor the releaseof all political prisoners.123. In a letter dated 16 September 1982 the Chairman drew the attention of theSecretary-General to the fact that on 6 August 1982 three freedomfighters,namely, Thelle Simon Mogoerane, aged 23, Jerry Semano Mosololi, aged 25, andMarcus Tdabo Motaung, aged 27, members of the African NationalCongress,were sentenced to death in South Africa on the charge of high treason. On behalfof the Special Committee against Apartheid, he requested the Secretary-Generalto bring the matter to the attention of the Security Council and the GeneralAssembly so that they could take urgent action, in accordance with their relevantresolutions, to save the lives of the three young men.124. Subsequently, the General Assembly discussed the matter and adoptedresolutions 37/1 and 37/68 containing appeals for clemency in favour of the SouthAfrican freedom fighters. On behalf of the members of the Security Council, itsPresident, too, issued a statement on 4 October 1982 asking for clemency. 2/

125. On 2 December 1982, the Chairman issued a statement appealing forrenewed efforts to spare the lives of the three freedom fighters ofthe AfricanNational Congress. He stated:"The three men now sentenced to death are among the many youths who weremoved - after the indiscriminate killing of hundreds of African schoolchildrensince the Soweto massacre of 1976 and other crimes of the apartheid rfgimeto decide to risk their lives in armed resistance in order to eliminateapartheid. They have taken care to avoid loss of innocent lives and the ANChas adhered to the Geneva Conventions."The execution of such patriots cannot but further aggravate thesituation in South Africa and have serious repercussions.wOn behalf of the Special Committee, therefore, I appeal to allGovernments and organizations to take all appropriate action, separately andcollectively, to save the lives of these three young men. I appealforrenewed efforts to save the lives of Thelle Simon Mogoerane,Jerry Semano Mosololi and Marcus Thabo Motaung, as the Pretoria regime hasnotyet commuted the death sentences imposed on them, despite the resolution ofthe General Assembly and the appeal by the Security Council." 22/126. On 21 October 1982, the Acting Chairman condemned the savage sentenceof 10 years' imprisonment imposed on Miss Barbara Ann Hogan by a racist courtin South Africa. He called on all Governments and organizations to denounce thetorture and-21-

trials of all persons who were being persecuted for supporting the struggle forliberation in South Africa. 3/127. In a statement issued on 23 December 1982, the Chairman expressed regretthat the United States authorities were proceeding with efforts to deport Mr.Dennis Brutus despite representations by many organizations in the United Statesand by the Special Committee against Apartheid. 24/128. In another statement, issued on the same day, the Chairman expressed shockat the decision by the inquest magistrate in South Africa exonerating thesecuritypolice officers involved in the death in detention of Neil Aggett, describing thedecision as an outrage. 2/129. On 30 December 1982, the Chairman received Senator Q. CharlesBean,leader of the Opposition in the Senate of Bermuda, who represented a declarationby Parliamentarians in Bermuda for the release of Nelson Mandela and all otherpolitical prisoners in South Africa. 26/130. At the proposal of the Chairman of the Task Force on Political Prisoners, theSpecial Committee discussed at its 512th meeting a report on torture and ill-treatment of detainees by the racist regime of South Africa in 1982.The reportwas published in document A/AC.115/L.586.131. In statements dated 13 January 1983 and 9 February 1983, the Chairmandrew the attention of the international community to trials under the notorious

security laws against members of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC).2_J132. On 31 May 1983, the Chairman of the Special Committee addressed a cableto the President of the International Red Cross expressing grave concern overreports on the conditions under which Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and theircolleagues were being kept in the Pollsmoor prison of South Africa.133. Upon the execution of three ANC freedom fighters on 9 June 1983 in SouthAfrica, the Chairman of the Special Committee issued a statement expressing thedeepest anguish and indignation and describing the execution of the three men as*an international crime". L§/J. Dissemination of information against apartheid134. During the period under review, the Special Committee continued toencourage and promote dissemination of information against apartheid by theCentre against Apartheid and the Department of Public Information,as well as anumber of non-governmental organizations, through publications in severallanguages and audio-visual material.135. The Special Committee has continued during the year to promote voluntarycontributions to the Trust Fund for Publicity against Apartheid established inpursuance of General Assembly resolution 3151 C (XXVIII) of 14December1973. Contributions received between 1 January and 31 May 1983 were asfollows:-22-

(in United States dollars)Argentina ... ....... o ............ .... ......... 4,000Austria ............................. ... .. ... ... . 4,500Cyprus .......... ..... .. ......... ..... . ... 203Finland ... ....... 0............. ............. 11,142Greece .s . . .................... ... 2,000Ireland ................................................ 1,372Japan ................................ ..... .......... 10,000Kuwait ................................................. 5,000Norway ............... ........ .................... . 20,000Turkey .... ......... . ........... .......... .. ... .. 0 - 1,500Venezuela o..........o.... 0....... .. ... . . 0...... 1,00060,717K. Missions of the Chairman to Governments1. Mission to Egypt136. The Chairman of the Special Committee visited Egypt from 1 to 4 May1983at the invitation of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization(AAPSO).137. On 2 May, Mr. Abdel Rahman El-Sharkawy, President of AAPSO, presentedthe Chairman with the gold medal of AAPSO "as a tribute to [the Chairman's]decisive contribution to the campaign launched with a view to fighting racism,racial discrimination and apartheid for the freedom and dignity ofall people".138. On the same day, the Chairman delivered an address to the African Society.

In his address he denounced the propaganda about the so-called reforms in SouthAfrica and said#"The Western Powers and vested interests welcome these so-called reforms as anexcuse to increase their involvement in South Africa. The cosmetic reforms of theracist r~gime are matched by the cosmetic gestures of the West. TheSouthAfrican people, however, have paid with their blood and tears as a result ofthe manoeuvres to give time to the racist r6gime to consolidate racismbehinda smoke-screen of reforms."139. He denounced the increasing collusion between some Western Powers andthe Pretoria r6gime and stated:"They seek to make the whole of southern Africa sake for the racists. It seemssouthern African must come under the sway of the Pretoria r6gimeor beconstantly destablized.-23-

"In the face of this, we have no choice but to redouble our effortsinsupport of the struggle for liberation. The committed Governmentsandorganizations must work together to convince the Western countries that theprice of collaboration with the Pretoria r4gime is greater than the profitthey derive."140. On 3 May, the Chairman was received by Mr. Kamal Hassan Ali, DeputyPrime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Egypt. He called on the GrandSheikh of Al-Azhar in order to congratulate him on the millennium of Al-AzharUniversity as well as to consult with him on means to promote action by religiousleaders of all faiths for the elimination of apartheid.2. Mission to the German Democratic Republic141. At the invitation of Mr. Oskar Fischer, Minister for Foreign Affairs of theGerman Democratic Republic, the Chairman of the Special Committee visited theGerman Democratic Republic from 23 to 28 May 1983 to participate in theobservance of Africa Liberation Day and the Week of Solidarity withthdC6 l c hlPgopies of Southern Africa and to consult with the Government and organizationson the international campaign against apartheid.142. The programme of the Chairman included meetings with Mr. HorstSindermann, President of the People's Chamberl consultations with Mr. OskarFischer, Minister for Foreign Affairs; and consultations with Mr. Kurt Seibt,President of the Solidarity Committee, Mr. Werner Kirchhoff, Vice-Chairman ofthe Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and RacialDiscrimination, and other officials of the two organizations. The Chairman alsomet with the Rector and staff of the University of Leipzig. He attended solidaritymeetings in the University of Leipzig as well as in the Otto-Nelte SecondarySchool in Berlin. He laid a wreath at the Memorial to the Victims of Fascism andMilitarism and visited the Weimar and Buchenwald National Remembrance Site.He also visited the representatives of the Women's International DemocraticFederation for consultations with Mrs. Mirjan Vire-Tuominen, its Secretary-General. He attended two press conferences.

143. Mr. Sindermann assured the Chairman, on behalf of the Council of State andCouncil of Ministers, as well as the Political Bureau of the Central Committee,that they had a high regard for the contributions of the Special Committee and theCentre against Apartheid and would always support them. He condemned mostvehemently the recent attack on Maputo.144. The Chairman said that African and socialist States were both acutelyconcerned over racism and yearned for peace. He expressed concern that, whilethe South African r4gime was becoming more aggressive, some of its Westerncollaborators were trying to introduce cold war into the area. South Africa soughtnot only to commit atrocities against the people, but to become a super-Power inAfrica with the support of its friends. That must be stopped. The collaboratorswith apartheid, he said, ignored the resolutions of the General Assembly and eventhe Security Council. As a result, the Special Committee had to appealtotraditional friends to provide greater assistance to liberation movements and stepup efforts to mobilize public opinion, especially in Western countries.-24-

145. At the luncheon hosted in honour of the Chairman, the Minister for ForeignAffairs highly praised the work of the Special Committee and the Centre againstApartheid towards the total eradication of racism in South Africa. He assuredthem of the continued co-operation of the German Democratic Republic. TheChairman congratulated the German Democratic Republic on the centenary ofKarl Marx, whom he described as essentially a humanitarian who had a vision ofa just society in which all people would live in peace and harmony. He expressedgratitude to the socialist States for their support to liberation struggles.146. The Chairman expressed concern over grave internationaltension, theuncontrollable arms race and the amassing of nuclear armaments in Europe andsaid that that situation concerned the entire world. Global tension hadunfortunately persuaded some influential people in the major Western Powers todraw close to the inhuman racist r6gime in South Africa.147. The discussions with the President of the Solidarity Committee and the Vice-Chairman of the Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racism andRacial Discrimination were devoted particularly to assistance to the liberationmovements and front-line States and to co-operation in publicityagainst apartheidand against acts of aggression and destabilization by the Pretoria regime.148. In meeting with representatives of the Karl Marx University and the city ofLeipzig, the Chairman expressed appreciation to the people of theGermanDemocratic Republic for their consistent, unconditional and generous support tothe African liberation struggle and for their unfailing and effectiveco-operationwith the Special Committee. The Chairman also expressed appreciation to themfor providing educational facilities to refugees from South Africa and Namibia.149. Speaking to the press on the results of his consultations, the Chairman saidthat he was moved by evidence of the commitment of all the people of theGerman Democratic Republic to solidarity with the freedom fighters of SouthAfrica. He expressed great satisfaction at the co-operation of the Government ofthe German Democratic Republic and organizations in that country with the

Special Committee. He emphasized the importance of co-operation between non-aligned and socialist States, not only to increase assistance to the Africanliberation movements and front-line States but also to mobilize world publicopinion to press for mandatory sanctions against the Pretoria r6gime.150. Extracts from statements made during the mission are reproduced in apamphlet published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the SolidarityCommittee of the German Democratic Republic in co-operation with theUnitedNations Centre against Apartheid. The pamphlet was distributed to a number ofcountries, including the front-line States, as well as to the Special Committeeagainst Apartheid.3. Mission to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics151. The Chairman visited the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 28 to 31May 1983, at the invitation of the Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, forconsultations on further co-operation in the international campaign againstapartheid.-25-

152. During his mission to the Soviet Union, the Chairman held consultationswith the leaders of the Solidarity Committee as well as with Mr. LeonidE.IlyicheV, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Anatoly Gromyko, Director ofthe Africa Institute of the Academy of the USSR, and others. He was received byMr. Alexei F. Vatchenko, Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the SupremeSoviet of the USSR.153. The Chairman, accompanied by the Assistant Secretary-General to theUnited Nations, Mr. E. S. Reddy, visited the Patrice Lumumba University ofFriendship in Moscow where both were presented with memorial medals inconnection with the twentieth anniversity of the Special Committee.154. In his address at the Patrice Lumumba University, the Chairman expressedhis "utmost gratitude to the Government and the people of the SovietUnion forestablishing this university in [Patrice Lumumba's] memory" and paida tribute tothe Soviet Union for its consistent support of OAU.155. The Chairman said, inter alia:"The issue today is not only support for the liberation struggle in SouthAfrica and Namibia, but defence of the front-line States and of Africa as awhole and of world peace.*The situation demands even greater efforts to develop the movementofsolidarity, since the only lasting solution is the total destruction of theapartheid system."We must unite all the decent people of the world, irrespective of anyother differences, in determined and militant campaigns against allcollaborators with the racist r6gime."I am confident that we can depend on the continued and increasingsupport of this university, and of the Soviet Union, in this historictask."156. He also delivered an address at the African Institute on "Solidarity, peaceand the struggle against apartheid". He said, inter alias"The socialist States, led by the Soviet Union, have been our true and

tested friends in this struggle ever since India complained to the UnitedNationsagainst racism in South Africa long before our countries in Africawere independent."Our friendship has become firm and unshakable since the SpecialCommittee was established 20 years ago ... We will fight any maneouvres bythe enemies of liberation to sow discord in our ranks."L. Encouragement of public action against apartheid157. The Special Committee continued to encourage the widest possibleinternational action against apartheid in pursuance of the resolutions of theGeneral Assembly.-26-

1. International Non-Governmental Organizations Conference onAction against Apartheid and Racism158. The International Non-Governmental Organizations Conference on Actionagainst Apartheid and Racism was held in Geneva from 5 to 8 July 1983. It wasorganized by the NGO Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination,Apartheid and Decolonization, in co-operation with the Special Committeeagainst Apartheid.159. The Conference was attended by 31 international and 52 national non-governmental organizations from 30 countries, representativesof United Nationsbodies, the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU) and several Governments as well as by the liberation movements ofSouth Africa and Namibia. It elected Romesh Chandra, Chairman of the NGOSub-Committee and President of the World Peace Council, as its Chairman.160. At the opening meeting addresses were delivered by Mr. M. D. Taylor,Deputy Director-General of the International Labour Officel Mr. E. S. Reddy,Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations Centre against Apartheidl Mr.Muchkund Dubey (India), on behalf of the non-aligned countriesi Mr. Omar M.Muntasser, representative of OAU1 Mr. Lekhoana Jonathan Stewart (Lesotho);Mr. Luis Echeverria, former President of Mexicol and Mr. Yadab Kant Silwal(Nepal), representing the Special Committee against Apartheid.161. The Conference devoted special attention to the implementation of UnitedNations resolutions for action against the racist regime in Pretoria and in supportof the liberation struggles in South Africa and Namibia. It also reviewed thesituation at the end of the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and RacialDiscrimination with respect to the struggle against apartheid and racism and thecauses of racism and the obstacles to its elimination.162. On 8 July 1983, the Conference adopted a Declaration.29/ in which itcondemned racism as a hindrance to genuine international co-operation, as aweapon which is used to divide and exploit people and as one of the major causesof conflict and war. It denounced apartheid as a crime against humanity and athreat to the maintenance of international peace and security. It supported UnitedNations and OAU condemnation of certain Western and other countriesas well astransnational corporations which continued to collaborate with the racist rigime ofSouth Africa. In particular, it deplored the policies of the United States

Administration which, under the guise of "constructive engagement", hadprovided support and encouragement to the apartheid r6gime.163. The Declaration demanded comprehensive and mandatory sanctions againstthe racist r6gime of South Africa under Chapter VII of the United NationsCharter. It also called upon the Second World Conference to revitalizeinternational action.164. The Declaration opposed all manoeuvres, including the so-called linkage, todelay the independence of Namibia. Further, it denounced South Africa's attackson the front-line States and asked that support to them be intensifiedby theinternational community. Seeking world-wide, stepped-up and concertedmobilization to put an end to racism, racial discrimination and apartheid, theDeclaration asked the United Nations, specialized agencies, otherintergovernmental organizations as well as individual Governments to give allpossible support to the national liberation movements recognized byOAU. Itstressed the need for full co-operation between United Nations and the non-governmental community, including peace-27-

movements, anti-apartheid and solidarity movements, religious bodies, tradeunions, and women's and youth organizations.165. The Conference also adopted a resolution commending the SpecialCommittee for its activities, with the assistance of the Centre against Apartheid, inpromoting the widest possible support for the struggle of the oppressed people ofSouth Africa and their national liberation movement, for the total elimination ofthe apartheid rigime and for the exercise of the right of self-determination by thepeople of South Africa.166. In his closing statement, the representative of the Special Committeeexpressed great appreciation to the NGO Sub-Committee and all other non-governmental organizations for their long-standing co-operation with the SpecialCommittee. This co-operation, he said, was a strong weapon in the struggle toeliminate apartheid.167. The report of the mission to the Conference was adopted by the SpecialCommittee at its 524th meeting, on 27 July 1983 (A/AC.115/L.596).2. Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination168. The Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discriminationwas held in Geneva from 1 to 12 August 1983. It was convened in accordancewith resolution 35/33 of 1980 in which the General Assembly decided that theConference, "while reviewing and assessing the activities undertaken during theDecade, would have as its main purpose the formulation of ways and means andof specific measures aimed at ensuring the full and universal implementation ofUnited Nations resolutions and decisions on racism, racial discrimination andapartheido169. The Conference was attended by representatives of Governments of 126States, as well as by representatives of United Nations bodies, national liberationmovements and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. It elected

Mr. Hector Charry Samper, Permanent Representative of Colombia to the UnitedNations Office at Geneva, as its President.170. The Conference concentrated its deliberation on the substantive agenda itemsas followss1. Political, historical, economic, social and cultural factors leading toracism, racial discrimination and segregation and apartheidl2. Review and evaluation of activities undertaken to achieve the goals andobjectives of the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and RacialDiscrimination at the national, regional and international levels andimplementation of the Programme of Action adopted at the first WorldConferencel and3. Determination of further action-oriented national, regional andinternational measures to combat all forms of racism, racialdiscrimination and apartheid.-28-

171. Mr. Ahmed Mohamed Adan (Somalia), in his statement on behalfof thedelegation of the Special Committee, presented a draft programme of action forthe coming decade for the consideration of the Conference. Althoughconsensuswas not achieved, the Conference adopted the Declaration and the Programme ofAction for a new decade by an overwhelming majority.172. The Declaration stresses the urgent need for national, regional andinternational action to eliminate apartheid, racism and racial discrimination, whilerecommended that the General Assembly should declare a Second Decade forAction to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, extending until 1993. Itstates that "apartheid as an institutionalized form of racism is a deliberate andtotally abhorrent affront to the conscience and dignity of mankind, a crime againsthumanity and a threat to international peace and security." It also states that thosewho contribute to the maintenance of "the system of apartheid are accomplices inthe perpetuation of this crime".173. The Programme of Action provides a set of concrete proposals forinternational and national action against apartheid in 10 different fields. It is asolid and effective basis upon which the international communitycan fortify andmobilize all its forces in concerted action towards total elimination of apartheid.174. The Conference also adopted a resolution calling for the "immediate andunconditional release of Nelson Mandela and all other South Africanand Namibiapolitical prisoners" and "expressing its solidarity with Nelson Mandela and thenational liberation movements of South Africa and Namiba".175. The report of the mission to the Conference was adopted by the SpecialCommittee at its 526th meeting, on 25 August 1983.3. Meeting of the Special Committee with representatives of mass media176. On 7 April 1983, the Special Committee held informal consultations withrepresentatives of the mass media to discuss recent developments inSouth Africa.4. Other activities177. On 4 November 1982, Mr. Natarajan Krishnan, Permanent Representative ofIndia, presented to the Chairman of the Special Committee a book entitled India

Condemns Apartheid, published by the Ministry of External Affairs of theGovernment of India. It contains extracts from statements and messages by theIndian Government since 1946, and information on sanctions imposed by Indiaagainst South Africa. It also contains the text of the Anti-Apartheid (UnitedNations) Act, 1981.178. Upon receiving the publication, Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule,theChairman, said that the concern shown by the people of India throughout thepresent century for freedom and equality in South Africa was a shining exampleof solidarity of peoples oppressed by colonial and racist domination.179. In January-February 1983, the Chairman visited six Nigerian universities toinaugurate "Youth Solidarity with South Africa (YUSSA)" and to launchthecampaign for the release of Nelson Mandela. He visited the Ahmadu BelloUniversity, Lagos University, the University of Ife, the University of Benin, theUniversity of Jos and Bayero University.-29-

180. The Special Committee supported and participated in the InternationalConference in Solidarity with the Front-line States, which was held in Lisbon,Portugal, from 25 to 27 March 1983. In a statement on 17 March 1983 welcomingthe Conference, the Chairman of the Special Committee stated that there was anundeclared war in the whole of southern Africa and a grave threat of awiderconflict. He saidt"The actions of the Pretoria r4gime, including the continued occupationand brutal torture of the people in Namibia, the occupation of Angola,thesavage raid into Lesotho and escalating subversion against Mozambique,Zimbabwe and other States, demand decisive action by the United Nations andthe international community."The acts of aggression against the front-line States for dischargingtheir international duty in support of United Nations resolutions are acts ofaggression against the international community which must provide allnecessary assistance to the front-line States and destroy the source ofaggression."The Lisbon Conference is, therefore, most timely."I hope that it will help promote concerted action by Governments,organizations and public opinion to assist the front-line States aswell as thenational liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia, and therebypromote freedom and peace." j/M. Observance of the twentieth anniversary of the first meetingof the Special Committee and special session to discuss therole of international solidarity and action in support of thestruggle for liberation in South Africa181. The Special Committee held four meetings on 30 and 31 March 1983 inobservance of the twentieth anniversary of its first meeting.182. At the first meeting on 30 March, Mr. Romesh Chandra, President of theWorld Peace Council, presented the Frederic Joliot-Curie medal, the highestaward of the World Peace Council, to the Chairman of the Special Committee and

Mr. Enuga S. Reddy, Assistant Secretary-General for Centre against Apartheid, inrecognition of their outstanding contributions to international efforts for the causeof freedom in South Africa.183. Statements were made by Mr Gus Newport, Mayor of Berkeley! ProfessorTair Tairov, Secretary of the World Peace Council; Mr. Edward Sloan,QuebecPeace Councill Mrs. Karen Talbot, head of the United Nations Department of theWorld Peace Councill and by the representatives of Ghana, the GermanDemocratic Republic, the Syrian Arab Republic and Peru, respectively, on behalfof the African, Eastern European, Asian and Latin American States members ofthe Special Committee. The Chairman of the Special Committee andthe AssistantSecretaryGeneral made statements. 3184. Continuing its observance at subsequentmeetings, the Special Committee heard statements by the representative of Mali,on behalf of the Special Committee of 24y the representative of Algeria, on behalfof the Council for Namibial the Chairman-30-

of the Security Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977)concerning the question of South Africa, the representative of India, on behalf ofthe Chairman of the Conference of the Non-aligned Countriesl the representativeof Kenya, on behalf of the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity; theDeputy Secretary-General of the Commonwealth; and the representatives of theAfrican National Congress of South Africa (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congressof Azania (PAC) and the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO).185. The following special guests participated in the discussions Mr. EdwinOgbu, former Chairman of the Special Committee; Mr. Vladimir Stanis, Rector ofPatrice Lumumba University, representing the Soviet Afro-Asian SolidarityCommittee; Mr. Nicasio G. Valderrama, Consul-General of the Philippines inSydney and former Rapporteur of the Special Committee; Mr. Abdul SamadMinty, Honorary Secretary of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement and Directorof the World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with SouthAfrica; Mr. Kurt Seibt, President of the Solidarity Committee of theGermanDemocratic Republic; Mr. Antonio Saura, Chairman of the Committee of Artistsof the World against Apartheid; Ms. Jennifer Davis, Executive Directorof theAmerican Committee on Africa; Father Austin Flannery, President ofthe IrishAnti-Apartheid Movement; Mr. Sean MacBride, former United NationsCommissioner for Namibia; Mr. Glenn Fubler of the Anti-Apartheid Group,Bermuda; Ms. Phyllis Altman, Director of the International Defence and AidFund for Southern Africa; Mr. V. Lyssarides, Secretary-Generalof theInternational Committee against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism inSouthernAfrica, Ms. Carol Somplatsky-Jarman, Director of the International JusticeProgram, Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility; Mr. P. N. Haksar,representing the All India Peace and Solidarity Committee; Mr. Jim Gale, Co-ordinator of CARE, Australia; Mr. John Minto, National Chairperson of HARTsthe New Zealand Anti-Apartheid Movement; Mr. Asim Omer Elrayah of theAfro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization; and Ms. Jeanne Woods member of

the Executive Committee of the National Anti-Imperialist Movementin Solidaritywith African Liberation. L/186. The Special Committee received a number of messages from heads of Stateand Government, foreign ministers and intergovernmental and non-governmentalorganizations as well as from individuals. 23187. In the discussion, all speakers reaffirmed the evil nature of apartheid andexpressed their determination to do everything within their power to eradicate it.Some of the most urgent concerns included implementation of the arms embargoand cessation of the military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa.Particular reference was made to Security Council resolution 418(1977) and tothe need to encourage the Security Council to see to it that its resolutions wereimplemented. At the same time general concern was voiced at the r4gime'sincreasing ferocity, not only in its pursuit of the policy of aartheid in Namibia andSouth Africa but also in its attacks on the front-line and other States, and it wasagreed that as much international assistance must be secured as possible. Therewas also a general belief that the Secretary-General should be called on to use thefull weight of the United Nations system and his own good offices to see to it thatall United Nations resolutions were observed. In that connectionattention wasdrawn to the remarks made by the Secretary-General at the conclusion of his tourof Africa concerning the need for the international community to intensify itsefforts to bring about full respect for the right of peoples to self-determination andfreedom from alien domination and to root out the abhorrent practices of racismand racial discrimination.-31-

188. Another common theme was the importance of mobilizing public opinion,particularly in those countries which were collaborating with the apartheidr4gime, and the recognition that the international community must give moresupport to the liberation movements in Namibia and South Africa. Manyspeakersdrew attention to the fact that, although the struggle was now entering its finalstage, the road ahead would be difficult. the enormous economic andmilitarypower in the hands of the South African apartheid r4gime, the immoralcollusionof the Reagan Administration with the South African r4gime as wellas thecollaboration of other States and multi-national corporations werebasic reasonsfor the escalation of the racist policy of force in southern Africa.189. All participants agreed that efforts to secure mandatory economic sanctionsmust be stepped up since such sanctions were the only real alternative to armedconflict.N. Observance of international days1. Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners(11 October 1982)190. On 11 October 1982, the Special Committee held two meetings inobservance of the Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners. 14191. On the proposal of the Chairman, the participants observed aminute ofsilence in tribute to the memory of all those who had laid down their lives in thestruggle for freedom in South Africa.

192. At the invitation of the Chairman, the President of the General Assembly, theSecretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the Security Councilmade statements. Statements were also made by Mr. Frank Owen Abdulah(Trinidad and Tobago), Chairman of the Special Committee of 24y Mr. PaulLusaka (Zambia), President of the United Nations Council for Namibial and Mr.Anders Thur,0org (Sweden), Chairman of the Committee of Trustees of theUnited Nations Trust Fund for South Africa. The Minister for Foreign Affairs ofthe Philippines made a statement.193. Statements were also made by the representatives of Antigua and Barbuda,as Chairman of the Latin American Groupp Guinea, as Chairman of the AfricanGroupp Portugal, on behalf of the Group of Western European andOther Stateslthe Ukrainian SSR, on behalf of the Eastern European Groupi Denmark, on behalfof the European Communities, Finland, on behalf of the Nordic countries; Cuba,as Chairman of the non-aligned movementy and Kenya, as Chairman of theOrganization of African Unity.194. The observer of the Palestine Liberation Organization made a statement.195. Statements were made by the representatives of the following non-governmental organizationst International Confederation of Free Trade Unions;World Federation of Trade Unions; Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights UnderLaw (Southern Africa Project); Continuation Committee of the Conference inSolidarity with the Struggle for Liberation of the People of Southern Africa;World Assembly of Youth; and International Defence and Aid Fund for SouthernAfrica.-32-

196. At the invitation of the Chairman, the observers of the AfricanNationalCongress of South Africa, the Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania and the SouthWest Africa People's Organization also made statements.197. The Chairman made a statement on behalf of the Special Committee.198. Messages received on that occasion from Heads of State or Government arepublished in document A/AC.115/L.585.2. International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination(21 March 1983)199. The Special Committee held two meetings in observance of the InternationalDay for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on 21 March 1983. Upon theopening of the special meeting, the participants, on the proposal ofthe Chairman,observed a minute of silence in memory of those whose lives had beensacrificedin the struggle against apartheid and racial discrimination.200. The Chairman read out a message received from the President of the GeneralAssembly. At the invitation of the Chairman, the Secretary-Generalmade astatement.201. At the invitation of the Chairman, statements were also made bytherepresentative of Ethiopia, on behalf of the Special Committee of 241 therepresentative of Bulgaria, on behalf of the Council for Namibiaj therepresentative of Pakistan, on behalf of the Committee of Trustees of the UnitedNations Trust Fund for South Africa; and the representative of Senegal as

Chairman of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of thePalestinian People.202. The representative of India read out a message from the Chairman of theConference of the Non-Aligned Countries, and the representativeof Kenya madea statement on behalf of the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity.203. Statements were also made by the representatives of Ghana, on behalf of theAfrican Groupi the German Democratic Republic, on behalf of the EasternEuropean Groupy Japan, on behalf of the Asian Groupi Brazil, on behalf of theLatin American Group; and Australia, on behalf of the Western European andother States Group.204. The Chairman of the Preparatory Sub-Committee for the SecondWorldConference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination made a statement. Atthe invitation of the Chairman, the observers of the African NationalCongress ofSouth Africa, the Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania and the South West AfricaPeople's Organization made statements.205. Representatives of several countries read out messages from their Heads ofState or Government. j/ The texts of all messages received on that occasion werepublished in document A/AC.115/L.591.-33-

3. International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling Peopleof South Africa (16 June 1983)206. On 16 June 1983, the Special Committee held a solemn meeting inobservance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People ofSouth Africa. At the beginning of the meeting, it observed a minute of silence inmemory of the victims of Soweto and all other victims of apartheid.207. The Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Questions and Co-ordinator of the Special Economic Assistance Programmes, read out a statementfrom the Secretary-General.208. Statements were made by the Acting Chairman of the Committee of 24andthe Acting President of the Council for Namibia. The Vice-Chairman of theCommittee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian Peopleread out a message from the Chairman of the Committee. The representative ofEthiopia made a statement on behalf of the Chairman of the Organization ofAfrican Unity and read out a message from the Head of State of Ethiopia. Therepresentative of India made a statement on behalf of the Chairman of theConference of Non-Aligned Countries.209. Statements were also made by the representatives of Morocco, on behalf ofthe African Groupi Pakistan, on behalf of the Asian Group, who also read out themessage from the President of Pakistani Romania, on behalf of the EasternEuropean Groupp Costa Rica, on behalf of the Latin American Groupp andCanada, on behalf of the Western European and Other States.210. At the invitation of the Chairman, the observers of the AfricanNationalCongress of South Africa, the Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania and the SouthWest Africa People's Organization made statements. At the conclusion, theActing Chairman made a statement.

211. Messages received on that occasion from heads of State or Government andfrom organizations are reproduced in document A/AC.115/L.597.4 International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Womenof South Africa and Namibia (9 August 1983)212. On 9 August 1983, the Special Committee held a solemn meeting inobservance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggle of Women ofSouth Africa and Namibia and heard 11 speakers.213. Statements were made by Jeanne Martin-Cisse, Minister for Social Affairs ofGuineal Luvsandanzangyn Ider of Mongolial Kate Kamba (United Republic ofTanzania) Lise Ostergaard (Denmark)l Maria Kalenska (Czechoslovakia);Gervais Charles (Haiti)l Cecilia Rebong (Philippines); Florence Maleka, AfricanNational Congress of South Africa, Elizabeth Sibeko, Pan Africanist Congress ofAzania; Kakena Nangula, South West Africa People's Organizationy and UddhavDeo Bhatt (Nepal), both in his personal capacity and as Acting Chairman of theSpecial Committee.214. Messages on the occasion of the International Day were received from ShehuAliyu Shagari, President of Nigerial the Central Committee of the VietnameseWomen's Union; the African Women Diplomats Association; the Food andAgriculture Organization and the International Labour Organisation.-34-

0. Special meeting in memory of the Reverend Canon L. John Collins215. On 18 February 1983, the Special Committee held a meeting in memory ofthe late Reverend Canon L. John Collins, founder and President oftheInternational Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa. 2/216. At the meeting, the Under-Secretary-General for Political and SecurityCouncil Affairs read out a message from the Secretary-General.217. Statements were made by the Acting Chairman of the Special Committee;the representative of Trinidad and tobago, on behalf of the Special Committee onDecolonization; the President of the United Nations Council for Namibiaj therepresentative of Pakistan, on behalf of the Committee of Trustees of the UnitedNations Trust Fund for South Africa; the representative of Denmark, on behalf ofthe Nordic countriesi and the representatives of Algeria, the USSRand the UnitedKingdom.218. Statements were also made by the observers for the African NationalCongress of South Africa, the Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania and the SouthWest Africa People's Organization, and the representatives of the InternationalDefence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, the American Committeeon Africa,the United Methodist Office for the United Nations and the World Conference onReligion and Peace.219. The participants observed a minute of silence in honour of the lateCanonCollins.220. The Chairman issued a statement paying tribute to the late Reverend Collinsas a dedicated man of religion and peace. L/P. Representation at conferences and messages to conferences1. Representation at conferences and meetings

221. The Special Committee was represented at the following conferences:(i) Meeting of the Presidium of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization,Tashkent, USSR, 11-14 October 1982.Mr Kennedy Apoe (Nigeria)(ii) United Nations Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations in SouthAfrica and Namibia, Sheffield, United Kingdom, 1-2 November 1982.Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana)(iii) Meeting of the Presidium of the World Peace Council, Lisbon, Portugal,31 October-2 November 1982.Mr. G. C. N. Jituboh (Nigeria)(iv) United Nations Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations in SouthAfrica and Namibia, Geneva, Switzerland, 8-9 November 1982.Mr. Gerhard Schr~ter (German Democratic Republic)Mrs. Maria Lourdes Ramiro-Logez (Philippines)-35-

(v) Conference of West European Parliamentarians on Sanctions against SouthAfrica, The Hague, Netherlands, 26-27 November 1982.Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria)(vi) United Nations Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations inNamibia, Washington, D.C., United States of America,29 November-2 December 1982.Mr. Abdul Hamid (Indonesia)(vii) Sanctions Workshop, organized by the Nigerian National Committee againstApartheid, Jos, Nigeria, 9 December 1982.Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria)(viii) United Nations Seminar on the Role of Transnational Corporations in SouthAfrica and Namibia, Montreal, Canada, 10-12 December 1982.Mr. Abdelkader Messahel (Algeria)(ix) Meeting in observance of the International Year of Mobilization forSanctions against South Africa, London, United Kingdom, 11 December 1982.Mr. Ahmed Mohamed Adan (Somalia)(x) Seminar on Asian Youth and Student Action against Apartheid inSouthAfrica, Hong Kong, 28-30 December 1982.Mr. Salifu Yamusah (Ghana)(xi) Commission on Human Rights, thirty-ninth session, Geneva, Switzerland,31 January-11 March 1983.Mr. Rajendra S. Rathore (India)(xii) Seminar on Cultural Boycott, New York, United States of America, 29January 1983.Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana)(xiii) Meeting at six Nigerian universities to inaugurate Youth Solidarity onSouth Africa and to launch the Free Nelson Mandela campaign,January-February 1983.Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria)

(xiv) Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-AlignedCountries, New Delhi, India, 7-11 March 1983.Mr. Uddhav Deo Bhatt (Nepal) Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria)Mr. Ahmed Mohamed Adan (Somalia) Mr. Abdel-Rahman Abdalla (Sudan)(xv) Conference of Local Authorities in the United Kingdom for Action againstApartheid, Sheffield, United Kingdom, 25 March 1983.Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana)(xvi) Scottish Anti-Apartheid Conference, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 26 March1983.Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana)-36-

(xvii) International Conference in Soldarity with Front-line States and forNational Liberation and Peace in Southern Africa, Lisbon, Portugal,25-27 March 1983.Mr. Vladimir A. Kravets (Ukrainian SSR)Mr. Abdi Artan Adan (Somalia)(xviii) International Conference in Support of the Struggle of the NamibianPeople for Independence, Paris, France, 25-29 April 1983.Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria)Mr. Willi Schlegel (German Democratic Republic)Mr. J. S. Teja (India)Mr. Hernn Couturier (Peru)(xix) Tenth anniversary session of the Organization of African Trade UnionUnity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-30 April 1983.Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria)(xx) Meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Africa,London, United Kingdom, 23-27 May 1983.Mr. Rajendra S. Rathore (India)(xxi) International Conference on Trade Unions for Sanctions and other Actionsagainst the Apartheid Regime in South Africa, Geneva, Switzerland,10-11 June 1983.Mr. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule (Nigeria)Mr. Abdul Hamid (Indonesia)Mr. Luis Sandiga (Peru)Mr. Nageib E. Abdelwahab (Sudan)(xxii) World Assembly for Peace and Life against Nuclear War, Prague,Czechoslovakia, 21-26 June 1983.Mr James Victor Gbeho (Ghana)Mr. Gerhard Schr8ter (German Democratic Republic)Mr. Kennedy F. Apoe (Nigeria)(xxiii) Unveiling of a statue dedicated to Nelson Mandela, Dublin, Ireland,27 June 1983.Mr. Kennedy F. Apoe (Nigeria)(xxiv) International Conference for Sanctions against Apartheid Sport, London,United Kingdom, 27-29 June 1983.

Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) Mr. Madjib Bouguerra (Algeria)Mr. Gerhard Schr~ter (German Democratic Republic)(xxv) International Non-Governmental Organizations Conference on Actionagainst Apartheid and Racism, Geneva, Switzerland, 5-8 July 1983.Mr. Yadab K. Silwal (Nepal)Mr. Gerhard Schr~ter (German Democratic Republic)Mr. Bassy Camara (Guinea)(xxvi) Economic and Social Council, second regular session, Geneva,,Switzerland,6-29 July 1983.Mr. Yadab K. Silwal (Nepal)-37-

(xxvii) International Conference on the Alliance between South Africa and Israel,Vienna, Austria, 11-13 July 1983.Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora (Nigeria)Mr. Gerhard Schr8ter (German Democratic Republic)Mr. Bassy Camara (Guinea)Mr. Syed A. Fadzillah (Malaysia)2. Messages of the Special Committee to international and nationalconferences2,22. The Chairman of the Special Committee sent messages to the followingconferences and events:(a) Memorial meeting for Mrs. Ruth First, organized by the BritishAnti-Apartheid Movement, London, United Kingdom, 2 September 1982.(b) National Conference for Sanctions against Apartheid and Solidarity withthe Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa, organized by the SwedishUnited Nations Association, Stockholm, Sweden, 12-13 November 1982.(c) Conference on Cultural Voice of Resistance - Dutch and South AfricaArtists against Apartheid, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 13-18 December 1982.(d) Fifth Biennial General Meeting of the South African Council on Sports,Durban, South Africa, 19-20 March 1983.(e) General Conference of the International Students Movementfor the UnitedNations, Bucharest, Romania, 28 March-4 April 1983.(f) Meeting of the Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amiti4 entre lespeuples (MRAP), in observance of the International Day for theElimination of Racial Discrimination, Paris, France, 21 March 1983.(g) African Regional Preparatory Meeting of the International Conference onthe Question of Palestine, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania,29 March-2 April 1983.(h) Conference of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Oslo,Norway, 23-30 June 1983.(i) Meeting of African National Congress in observance of South AfricaFreedom Day, London, United Kingdom, 26 June 1983.Q. Co-operation with other United Nations bodies and with otherorganizations

223. The Special Committee maintained close co-operation with otherUnitedNations bodies concerned with southern Africa, especially the Special Committeeon the situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration ontheGranting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the United NationsCouncil for Namibia and the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations TrustFund for South Africa. It invited them to several special meetings and conferencesof the Special Committee and sent representatives to attend and address theirspecial meetings.-38-

224. The Special Committee continued to co-operate with the Commission onHuman Rights and its Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Africa.225. The Organization of African Unity was invited to meetings of theSpecialCommittee as an observer and, in particular, addressed several special meetingsand conferences of the Special Committee.226. The Special Committee continued to maintain close co-operationwith themovement of non-aligned countries.-39-

III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSA. Introduction227. The apartheid r4gime, in an effort to counter the irresistible advance of thestruggle for liberation in South Africa and encouraged by the protection, andindeed collusion, of some Western interests, has in the past yearescalated itsaggressive activities all over southern Africa, thereby creating asituation ofenormous danger to international peace and security.228. The menace presented to southern Africa by the apartheid r6gime in itsdesperate plans to counter the resistance of the people by widening conflict hasassumed ever more serious proportions.229. The liberation of Angola and Mozambique in 1975, and of Zimbabwe in1980, after heroic struggles of the African people supported bythe internationalcommunity, failed to persuade that r6gime, despite all the resolutions of theSecurity Council, the General Assembly, the non-aligned movement and OAU, aswell as other appeals and demands, to seek a negotiated and just settlement forfacilitating the attainment of freedom in South Africa and Namibia, the twoAfrican territories under colonialist and racist domination. Instead, it relied on theuse of force and racist alliances to arrest and reverse the processofdecolonization, to restore "buffer zones" against the advance of freedom, toentrench racist domination in South Africa and perpetuate illegal occupation inNamibia, and indeed to establish its hegemony in the region. It has accordinglyresorted to aggression, destabilization, terrorism and intimidationagainst allneighbouring independent African States committed to freedom. Ithas becomethe base for subversive forces and for mercenaries.230. Its aggressive acts have become more brazen and barbarous, as evidenced bythe raid on Maseru, Lesotho, on 9 December 1982 and the attack on Maputo,Mozambique, on 23 May 1983.

231. The situation can no more be described as a mere threat to internationalpeace and security. It is one of constant and unprovoked aggression and breachesof the peace, of an "undeclared war" by a criminal racist r6gime against thepeoples of southern Africa and an outrage against the internationalcommunity.232. Within South Africa itself, since 1976, the racist r4gime has proceeded,despite unanimous international condemnation, to proclaim the so-called"independence" of bantustans - scattered reserves into which African people areforcibly confined on a so-called tribal basis - in an effort to dispossess the Africanmajority and indeed deprive it of citizenship. Already four such "independent"States have been created, purportedly depriving over eight millionAfricans ofcitizenship in South Africa. The r~gime has announced its intentionto createanother such structure in KwaNdebele in 1984.233. As the Director-General of the International Labour Officepointed out in hisannual report on apartheid this year, the objective of the racist r~gime is to createa South Africa with no black citizens. 29/ This diabolic plot of the racist whiteminority r6gime against indigenous Africans surpasses the enormity of similarNazi crimes.-40-

234. It has introduced a new constitutional amendment to create a raciallysegregated tricameral legislature for the white, Coloured and Indian minorities,excluding the African majority from any participation in Parliament.This plan,designed to co-opt the Coloured people and people of Asian origin as accomplicesin the system of racist oppression and thereby divide the oppressed people, hasbeen opposed not only by the African majority as a whole but by theoverwhelming majority of the Coloured people and people of Asian origin whohave increasingly identified themselves with the struggle for liberation. Theirstrong opposition was clearly expressed at the National Forum Conference atHammanskraal on 11 and 12 June, at the launching of the United DemocraticFront in Cape Town on 21 August and on many other occasions.235. Meanwhile, racist oppression and exploitation, and the repression of allopponents of apartheid, continue unabated behind a smoke-screenof so-calledreforms that are in fact insidious manoeuvres designed to bolster thesystem, andof adjustments in some visible symbols of racism which have becomesuperfluous. Well-known figures in the black community, such asPhillipDlamini, founder and secretary of the Black Municipal Workers' Union, Mr.Joseph Thloloe, founder-member and leader of the banned Union of BlackJournalists, Mr. Oscar Mpetha, trade-union and community leader, and Mrs.Albertina Sisulu co-founder of the United Democratic Front, have beenimprisoned under arbitrary laws.236i Arrests of Africans under the humiliating "pass laws" have increased. Theforcible uprooting of African communities and "squatter camps" continues withever greater brutality. Mr. Saul Mkhize and Mr. Harrison Dube, leaders of theAfrican communities of Driefontein and Lamontville, respectively, were killed bypolice and their hired agents in April 1983 for leading non-violent protests againstthe eviction of African communities and other racist repressive measures.

237. Several persons have died in detention during the past year.238. Three ANC freedom fighters, Mr. Simon Mogoerane, Mr. Jerry Mosololi andMr. Thabo Motaung, were executed on 9 June 1983 in defiance of appeals by theUnited Nations General Assembly and the Security Council, as wellas numerousGovernments, organizations and leaders, including leaders of WesternGovernments which continue to maintain cordial relations with the criminalr6gime in Pretoria.239. As the Ad Hoc Group of Experts of the Commission on Human Rightsconcluded, the "criminal effects of apartheid amount to a policy bordering ongenocide" (E/CN.4/1983/38, para. 83).240. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government of OAU declared, at itsnineteenth ordinary session in June 1983, that the sole obstacle to peace, securityand stability in southern Africa is the apartheid r6gime and its policies of internalrepression, terrorism and political assassinations, as well as destabilization andaggression against the front-line States and Lesotho.241. The Special Committee wishes to emphasize that, in the face of thegravesituation in southern Africa, all Governments, organizations andindividuals havean inescapable duty to take all necessary action in their power to help secure theeradication of apartheid tyranny and to enable the South African people, throughthe exercise of genuine self-determination, to establish a democratic societywhich will contribute to peace, stability and progress in the region.-41-

242. At stake are peace in southern Africa, the lives of the peoplein the regionand their legitimate aspirations for political, economic and social development.Equally at stake is the commitment of the United Nations to promote internationalpeace and security, international co-operation and human rights,and to eliminatecolonialism and racism.B. Credibility of the United Nations at stake243. The Special Committee wishes to emphasize that the efforts of theUnitedNations and the international campaign against apartheid have been underminedby the actions of three Western permanent members of the Security Councilwhich have prevented effective Council action against apartheid, aswell as by theactions of certain Western Powers and Israel which have continuedcollaborationwith the racist r6gime and paid little heed to repeated resolutions of the GeneralAssembly.244. It may be recalled that the problem of apartheid in South Africa- a greatmoral challenge of our time and a serious menace to internationalpeace andsecurity - has been before the General Assembly for over threedecades andbefore the Security Council for over two decades, and has been the subject ofnumerous resolutions.245. The General Assembly first condemned apartheid in 1949, andin severalsubsequent resolutions denounced it as a "crime against humanity". Ten yearsago, in 1973, it proclaimed, in resolution 2723 E (XXVII), its strongconvictionthat the United Nations has a "vital interest" in securing "the speedy elimination"of apartheid. It declared, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversaryof the United

Nations, in resolution 3411 (XXX) of 28 November 1975, that "the UnitedNations and the international community have a special responsibility towards theoppressed people of South Africa and their liberation movements,and towardsthose imprisoned, restricted or exiled for their struggle against apartheid."246. Twenty years ago, in 1963, the Security Council expressed its strongconviction that the situation in South Africa was "seriously disturbinginternational peace and security". On 4 November 1977, it adopteda historic andunprecedented resolution, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,instituting a mandatory arms embargo against the racist r6gime of South Africa.247. But the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa has failedbecause itis being flouted in the letter and the spirit by some Governments and vestedinterests. The racist r6gime has, with the assistance and collaboration of certainWestern States and Israel, expanded its military establishment. It has been able toobtain an enormous amount of military equipment and technology,to build up itsdomestic arms industry and to acquire nuclear capability because of the collusionof certain Western Governments and Israel, as well as a number of transnationalcorporations.248. As a result of the military might it has acquired, and assuredof protection bycertain Western States from effective international action, it has become adangerous international outlaw. It has arrogantly claimed theright to invade orsubvert any African State committed to support liberation in accordance with the-42-

resolutions of the United Nations. It has even dared to demand that theneighbouring States deny asylum and humanitarian assistance to refugees from itsracist crimes on the threat, or with the use, of military, economic and otheractions.249. As a result of the position taken by its Western permanent members, theSecurity Council has proved powerless to implement its own resolutions callingfor an end to apartheid and repression, the release of South African politicalprisoners, the independence of Namibia and the cessation of acts of aggression bythe racist r6gime. The people of South Africa and Namibia, therefore, continue tobe subject to the savagery of the apartheid r6gime and the independentStates insouthern Africa to constant breaches of the peace, repeated threats to theirsovereignty and acts of aggression. Thus, the system of collective security,enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, has been seriouslyundermined inrelation to southern Africa.250. This situation has arisen because certain Western States, while professingabhorrence of apartheid, have constantly protected the apartheid r6gime fromeffective international action. They have opposed and preventedthe enforcementof even the peaceful measures provided in Chapter VII of the Charter, namely,economic and other sanctions.251. The Western permanent members of the Security Council, in particular, havefailed, during the consideration of apartheid, to be guided by the responsibilitiesassumed by them under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance ofinternational peace and security For example, the so-called policyof

"constructive engagement", adopted by the present Administration ofthe UnitedStates, represents a negation of even the limited measures undertaken by thatcountry in the past to dissociate itself from apartheid. It has, moreover, facilitatedevery obstructive manoeuvre by the apartheid r6gime as regards implementationof Security Council resolution 435 (1978).252. The Special Committee recalls that, in resolution 387 (1976) of 31 March1976, the Security Council condemned South Africa's aggression against Angola,demanded that South Africa scrupulously respect the independence, sovereigntyand territorial integrity of Angola, and called upon the South African r6gime tomeet the just claims of Angola for full compensation. The apartheid r6gime notonly failed to abide by that resolution and pay compensation for thedamage anddestruction inflicted by it in 1975-1976, but launched further acts of aggressioncausing enormous loss of lives and property. Yet, certain Western Powers,especially the United States, are subjecting Angola to pressure to abandon itsdefensive arrangements, even while South African troops are in occupation of alarge part of its territory, in order to accommodate the desires of thecriminalapartheid regime. The persistent attempts by the United States and South Africa toestablish so-called "linkage" or parallelism between the independence of Namibiaand extraneous issues, in particular the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola,represent little respect for the resolutions of the Security Council.The so-called"linkage" or parallelism was resolutely rejected by OAU, the non-alignedmovement and various United Nations organs, including the GeneralAssemblyitself, and was qualified as an attempt to retard the decolonization process inNamibia and as interference in the internal affairs of Angola.-43-

253. The Special Committee further recalls that, in resolution 527 (1982) of 15December 1982, the Security Council condemned racist South Africa'sunprovoked acts of aggression against Lesotho and demanded payment by theapartheid r4gime of full and adequate compensation to Lesotho for damage to lifeand property resulting from that act of aggression. The racist regime not onlyfailed to pay compensation for the damage, but repeated acts of destabilizationand economic sabotage against Lesotho.254 The Special Committee draws urgent attention to the question of apartheid asa prime example of the problem confronting the Organization. In this case, theUnited Nations has been made ineffective because of the obstructiveattitude ofcertain Western Powers, even though the General Assembly and the SecurityCouncil have been seized of the problem for decades. The territorial integrity andindependence of African States are under increasing threat by the racist regime ofSouth Africa despite a number of resolutions of the Security Council, and there isa grave danger of a wider conflict with enormous international repercussions.255. The Special Committee considers it essential that the United Nations shouldreview the implementation of all its resolutions on the problem of apartheid andon acts of aggression by the South African r4gime against Angola andotherindependent African States. It should identify the causes of non-implementation,particularly the policies and actions of States which failed to co-operate in, or

even blocked, international action, and consider measures to secure universalrespect for the decisions of the Organization.C. Main collaborators with apartheid256. The Special Committee considers that the effectiveness of internationalaction for the eradication of apartheid has been hampered, despite thecommitment and sacrifices of the great majority of States, because of thediplomatic, political, economic and military collaboration of some Westerncountries and Israel with the racist r4gime of South Africa, the anxiety oftransnational corporations and vested interests to profit from that inhuman system,the support derived by apartheid from racist elements abroad, and the cold warattitudes of powerful forces in the West which view the apartheid r4gime as anally, especially in times of international tension.257. It therefore attaches importance to efforts to end all collaboration byGovernments and foreign economic and financial interests with the racist r4gimeof South Africal to effective national and international action to combat anderadicate racism and racial discriminations to measures for securing concertedaction by all States against apartheid, irrespective of their ideological and otherdifferencesp and to collective action against any moves for an alliance withapartheid.258 The Special Committee has repeatedly drawn attention to the responsibility ofthe main trading partners of South Africa, namely, the United Kingdom, theUnited States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Italy and France. It haspointed to the involvement in South Africa of thousands of transnationalcorporations and financial institutions, mainly from those countries.-44-

259. The Special Comuittee feels it essential again to draw particular attention tothe attitudes and actions of the United States and Israel, as well as thelocalauthorities in Taiwan.260. The Government of the United States, which bears a great responsibility as apermanent member of the Security Council and professes total abhorrence ofapartheid, is regrettably pursuing a policy diametrically opposed to the essentiallines of United Nations action against apartheid, namely, isolation of the racistr~gime of South Africal assistance in the legitimate struggle of the oppressedpeople and their national liberation movement for freedom; and mobilization ofworld opinion in support of effective international action for the total eradicationof apartheid.261. It has favoured greater economic and other involvement in South Africaunder the false pretext that increased collaboration enables it toobtain greaterleverage to encourage peaceful change.262. Under the guise of supporting forces for peaceful change in South Africa, ithas developed closer links with the militarist and aggressive leaders of theapartheid r6gime whose so-called reforms it welcomes as moves towards peacefulchange, while showing hostility to the national liberation movementof SouthAfrica.

263. Its so-called policy of "constructive engagement" has been seen by theapartheid r6gime to be an encouragement of brazen aggression,beginning withthe criminal raid on Matola, Mozambique, in January 1981.264. The Special Committee notes that the Assembly of Heads of State andGovernment of OAU, at its session in June 1983, stated that the ReaganAdministration's policy of "constructive engagement" with the Pretoriar6gimehas encouraged its intransigence and emboldened it to engage in more brutal actsof internal repression and brazen acts of external aggression against theindependent southern African States.265. The Government of Israel has continued most blatantly, in utter contempt ofthe United Nations, to collaborate with the apartheid r4gime, especially in themilitary and nuclear fields.266. The collaboration between Israel and South Africa, with their unparalleledrecords of defiance of United Nations resolutions, has become a serious challengeto the international community. The Special Committee is submitting aspecialreport on this matter.267. The local authorities in Taiwan have developed extensive militaryand otherrelations with South Africa. General Hau Pei-Tsun, "Chief of the General Staff ofthe Armed Forces" of Taiwan, visited South Africa and Namibia in April1983and pledged co-operation with the apartheid r6gime.D. Apartheid survives because of assistance to it268. In its consideration of the problem of apartheid for over three decades, theUnited Nations has consistently upheld the objective of totally eradicatingapartheid and of assistance to enable the South African people to establish ademocratic State which can play its rightful role in Africa and the world.-45-

269. Regrettably, certain powerful Western States, especially in recent years, havetried to help the apartheid r6gime to overcome its isolation and exercise dominantinfluence in southern Africa. They have tried to resolve the serious situations insouthern Africa through settlements which secure the apartheid regime, whileencouraging certain adjustments in its racial policies calculated to offset growingnational and international opposition. They have thereby enabled the apartheidr6gime to gain time to entrench apartheid through bantustanizationand otherpolicies.270. They have not only encouraged the apartheid regime to persist in its inhumanpolicy, but have reinforced its intentions to become the dominant Power in thewhole of southern Africa through aggression and blackmail against independentAfrican States.271. The Special Committee rejects the contention of these few Western Powersthat the apartheid r6gime is militarily and economically so powerful that peacecan only be secured by accommodation with it despite its record of constantaggression. It also categorically rejects the Reagan Administration'sposition infavour of so-called "co-operation and peaceful co-existence" between southernAfrican States and the apartheid regime, purportedly in the interestof racist SouthAfrica's "legitimate security concerns".

272. It recalls that the apartheid regime, resisted by the great majority of thepeople of South Africa and detested by the international community, has beenfaced with ever-growing opposition since its inception in 1948. Itcould not havesurvived but for the fact that certain Western and other Powers and vestedinterests have blocked effective international action and assisted it inall seriouscrises, especially since the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacreof 1960.273. The much vaunted military might of the apartheid r6gime has beenessentially due to the supplies of equipment and technology, includingnuclearequipment and technology, as well as capital, from certain Western and otherPowers. It remains dependent on their continued co-operation despite its boasts ofself-sufficiency.274. Despite the amassing of an enormous military arsenal, the apartheid regimehas itself admitted in recent years that it is confronted by powerful forcesdetermined to destroy apartheid.275. The advance of liberation to the borders of South Africa, the collapse of itsallies in Southern Rhodesia and Portugal and the intensified actions by committedStates and organizations against apartheid, as well as the tremendous advance ofresistance inside South Africa since the Soweto massacre, have caused theapartheid r6gime to become more desperate, aggressive and barbaric.276. In its gruesome raid on Maseru in December 1982, the apartheidr6gimekilled and wounded unarmed refugees from South Africa and Lesothonationals,including women and children.277. In its attack on Maputo in May 1983, it again killed and woundedinnocentcivilians. Among those killed were three workers at a jam factory, including twowomen, while a number of men, women and children were injured.-46-

278. These cowardly acts are a reflection of the weakness and desperation of adoomed r6gime.279. The Special Committee has followed with admiration the great advance ofnational mobilization for unity and freedom in South Africa, encompassing tradeunions, students and youth, religious bodies, community organizations and allother segments of the population, despite the indiscriminate killings and savagerepression by the apartheid r6gime.280. The Special Committee also notes the advance of the armed struggle by thenational liberation movement, ANC and PAC, especially under the leadership ofANC. The armed struggle has enjoyed the support of the masses of people despitethe vicious propaganda of the racist r4gime and has shattered the mythof theinvincibility of the racist r6gime. The Committee pays tribute to theheroism offreedom fighters engaged in the legitimate struggle against a r6gime which hasproved impervious to representations by the people and to all internationalappeals. The Special Committee takes note of the resolution, adopted at thenineteenth ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State andGovernment ofOAU on *South Africa", which commended "the African National Congress, thevanguard of the national liberation movement of South Africa for thecontinuedintensification of the armed struggle" and saluted "the combatants of Umkhonto

We Sizwe (MK) who continue to register victories". The Special Committeecondemns the attempts by the racist r6gime of South Africa and its supporters tolabel the freedom fighters of the national liberation movement as Oterrorists".281. The Special Committee emphasizes that the actions of the national liberationmovement are in sharp contrast with the barbarity of the apartheid r6gime. Whenit was obliged to resort to armed struggle, the national liberation movement tookgreat care to avoid loss of innocent lives. 4/ The Special Committeefelt itessential to warn the white community of the consequences if the oppressedpeople were to retaliate in kind, and urge it to stop the criminal activities of theracist authorities.282. Simultaneously with the advance of the liberation struggle, there have beenfissures in the white community and growing resistance against conscription. Theexpansion of military and repressive forces has also aggravatedthe manpowerproblem of the apartheid r6gime.283. The Special Committee is, therefore, convinced that the UnitedNations andthe international community have the power, by concerted action in co-operationwith the great majority of the people of South Africa, to ensure a speedy end toapartheid. The main obstacle has been the attitude of certain WesternPowers andIsrael which have failed to implement United Nations resolutions andhaveprovided protection and assistance to the apartheid r6gime.E. Path to a peaceful solution284. The Special Committee rejects the contention of certain Western Powers thattheir policy of collaboration with the apartheid r6gime and hostility tothe nationalliberation movement is justified by their concern for a peaceful solution.-47-

285. It reiterates that the decisions of the United Nations constitute the mostappropriate course toward a just, lasting and peaceful settlement inSouth Africain the true interests of all the people of the country.286. It recalls that 30 years ago, a United Nations commission calledfor aroundtable conference in South Africa, guided by the principles of the UnitedNations Charter, to make proposals to facilitate a peaceful solution.287. In 1964, the Group of Experts on South Africa, appointed inpursuance of adecision of the Security Council, called for a national convention fullyrepresentative of all the people of the country to decide on a new course for SouthAfrica. It stressed the need for an unconditional amnesty for all opponents ofapartheid as an essential prerequisite for such a convention, and recommendedUnited Nations assistance towards such a just and peaceful solution.288. The Security Council, in resolution 473 (1980) adopted unanimously on 13June 1980, called on the South African r6gime to take measures immediately toeliminate the policy of apartheid and grant to all South African citizens equalrights, including equal political rights and a full and free voice in thedetermination of their destiny. It laid down certain essential measures in thatrespect and urgently called upon the South African r4gime "to release all politicalprisoners, including Nelson Mandela and all other black leaders with whom itmust deal in any meaningful discussion of the future of the country".

289. As the apartheid r6gime has spurned all appeals for a peaceful solution andresorted to ever-increasing repression and brutality, the General Assembly has, byoverwhelming majorities, urged effective and peaceful international measures,namely, sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.290. Meanwhile, the national liberation movement, which has a commendablerecord of attachment to peace, felt obliged to undertake an armed struggle as a lastresort. The General Assembly has recognized that the apartheid regime isresponsible for the ensuing violence and conflict in South Africa.291. The few Western Powers referred to above have failed to support andimplement the only effective peaceful measure under the Charter, namely,economic and other sanctions. Instead of dissociating themselves from the evilsystem of apartheid, they have shown themselves to be anxious to conferrespectability on the apartheid regime and enable it to overcome internationalisolation. They have even equated the barbarity of the apartheid r4gime with thelegitimate armed struggle of the national liberation movement, professingneutrality and in effect condoning the atrocities of the apartheid r~gime. Theirpolicies have prevented the peaceful solution espoused by the General Assemblyand the Security Council and contributed greatly to the grave situation in southernAfrica. Their present professions of concern for a peaceful solution are, in fact,moves to enable the survival of the apartheid r6gime rather than to contribute tothe eradication of the inhuman system of apartheid.292. The Special Committee considers it essential that the internationalcommunity should warn the South African regime of the serious consequences ofits policy and urge it to seek a peaceful solution in accordance with the UnitedNations resolutions, through genuine negotiations with the leaders ofthe nationalliberation movement for the elimination of all manifestations of apartheid andracism and the establishment of a democratic State in the interests of all the-48-

people of the country. It calls for the acceptance of a commitment to the principleof universal adult suffrage for all racial groups in an undivided South Africa andan unconditional amnesty for all political prisoners, detainees, restrictees, exilesand armed combatants, as well as the abrogation of bans on all politicalorganizations and parties, so as to facilitate such negotiations.293. At the same time, the international community must insist that the WesternPowers concerned respect the decisions of the United Nations, recognize thelegitimacy of the struggle for liberation from apartheid, and cease providingcomfort and encouragement to the apartheid r4gime.F. Contribution of the Special Committee294. The Special Committee observed its twentieth anniversary thisyear with anassessment of its work since its inception in 1963 and a consideration of the roleof international solidarity in the crucial period ahead. It was greatly encouragedby the many messages it received in commendation of its contributionand by theawards presented to it and to the Centre against Apartheid.295. The Special Committee notes with satisfaction the development in the pasttwo decades of international solidarity with the legitimate struggle of the national

liberation movement of South Africa and the contribution it has been able to makein that respect in the discharge of its mandate from the General Assembly.296. The overwhelming majority of States, including particularly the African,non-aligned and socialist States, as well as numerous religious bodies, tradeunions, peace movements and other organizations are now committed to sanctionsagainst the apartheid r~gime and to support for the national liberation movementof South Africa. The anti-apartheid and solidarity movements have made andcontinue to make crucial contributions in this respect.297. While the Special Committee is conscious of the powerful forces whichbuttress apartheid, it is convinced that the States and organizationsnowcommitted to the eradication of apartheid represent most of humanity and canprevail if energetic measures are taken by the United Nations to developconcerted action further.298. The Special Committee has always kept in view the objective of the totaleradication of apartheid and of assistance to the South African people inestablishing a democratic State in the interests of all the people of that countryirrespective of race, colour or creed.299. It has always emphasized the importance of concerted international action byall Governments and organizations, irrespective of any ideological or otherdifferences. It has tried to promote consensus for international action and wasencouraged by the fact that, on its proposal, many resolutions were unanimouslyadopted by the General Assembly and the Security Council. The WorldConference for Action against Apartheid, held in Lagos in August 1977, and theInternational Conference for Sanctions against South Africa, held in Paris in May1981, as well as numerous other conferences and seminars organized by theSpecial Committee with the participation of Governments, intergovernmental andnon-governmental organizations and individual experts, have adopted theirdeclarations by consensus.-49-

300. At the same time, the Special Committee could not support moves bycollaborators with the racist r4gime, in the name of consensus, aimedatpreventing meaningful action by the United Nations in the discharge of its sacredresponsibility.301. While drawing attention to the attitudes of those States which continue andincrease collaboration with South Africa, the Special Committee has tried topersuade them to desist and promoted efforts by the United Nations to informpublic opinion in the countries concerned. Its persistent efforts havecontributed tothe progress of solidarity, as evidenced by the fact that the greatmajority of Stateswhich failed to support the call by the General Assembly in resolution 1791(XVII) of 6 November 1962 for sanctions against South Africa nowsupport suchmeasures.302. The Special Committee has also promoted humanitarian, educational andother assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their nationalliberation movement and was encouraged by the wide response. It has made it

clear that humanitarian assistance, while most worthwhile, can be no substitutefor political action for the elimination of apartheid.303. The Special Committee is convinced that the course followed by the UnitedNations, and by itself under the mandate from the General Assembly, is theproper course under the Charter and, indeed, the only means by which the UnitedNations can make its contribution to freedom and peace in southern Africa.G. Strategy for international action304. The Special Committee considers that in view of the extremely gravesituation in southern Africa and the danger of a catastrophic conflict,theinternational community should give urgent consideration to a st:ategy fordecisive action to secure peace and freedom in the region. While recognizing theprogress in international action during the past three decades, it emphasizes theneed at the present time for a level of action which will soon achieve theobjectives sought by the United Nations, especially the eliminationof apartheid.The apartheid rdgime can be allowed no more time to entrench apartheid,dispossess the African majority and precipitate a wider conflict.305. The Special Committee considers that such action requires:(a) Recognition that apartheid cannot be reformed but must be totallydestroyed, that the apartheid r4gime is the sole enemy of peace and freedom insouthern Africa, and that the struggle for liberation from apartheid is not onlylegitimate but a contribution to the objectives of the United Nations;(b) Readiness by all committed States, organizations and individuals to take allnecessary measures to increase moral, political and material assistance to theliberation struggley(c) Concerted action by them to ensure that the collaborators withapartheld desistforthwith from such collaboration"(d) The full commitment of the United Nations family of agencies.-50-

306. The Special Committee reiterates the importance of the three main lines ofaction promoted by the United Nations, namely:(a) Total isolation of the apartheid regimel(b) All necessary support to the oppressed people of South Africa and theirnational liberation movementi(c) Mobilization of public opinion and encouragement of public action in supportof the efforts of the United Nations.307. As regards the isolation of the apartheid r4gime, the Special Committee hasstressed the vital importance of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions againstSouth Africa, to be instituted by the Security Council under Chapter VII of theCharter of the United Nations and universally applied.308. It has given utmost priority to a truly effective embargo onall military andnuclear co-operation with South Africa, an oil embargo against South Africa anda number of other economic measures.309. At the same time, it recognized the importance of sports, cultural, consumerand other boycotts of South Africa, campaigns against transnational corporationsoperating in South Africa and related actions which enable large segments of the

public to reinforce governmental action. It commends organizations andindividuals who have complied with the boycotts by rejecting lucrative invitationsto play or perform in South Africa.310. It has stressed that, since the Western permanent members of the SecurityCouncil continue to prevent mandatory sanctions, all countries which have not yetdone so should take separate and collective measures to end all collaboration withthe apartheid r4gime and exercise all their influence to persuade the Westernpermanent members to fulfil their responsibilities regarding the gravethreat tointernational peace and security resulting from the policy of apartheid andaggression pursued by the racist rigime of South Africa.311. As regards assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and theirnational liberation movement, the Special Committee has drawn attention to thevarious needs such as humanitarian and educational assistance, assistance toenable the national liberation movement to acquaint world opinion of its struggleand assistance to enable it to prosecute the struggle for liberation.312. It has also emphasized moral and political assistance, including recognitionof the national liberation movement as the authentic representative of the SouthAfrican people in their struggle for freedom, and support for thecampaign for therelease of South African political prisoners.313. To reinforce those activities, the Special Committee has attached greatimportance to the dissemination of information and to the encouragement ofpublic action by parliaments, local authorities, religious bodies, trade unions andother groups in campaigns to isolate the apartheid r4gime and support theliberation struggle.314. The Special Committee considers that the present situation demands that aneven more action-oriented approach should be adopted by the UnitedNationsalong-51-

the above lines with greater vigour and efficiency. It also considers that a greatereffort should be expended on actions to expose the collaboratorsof apartheid anddissuade them from further collaboration.315. In the light of the above, and while reaffirming the recommendations in itslast report which were endorsed by the General Assembly at its thirty-seventhsession, the Special Committee presents a number of additional recommendations,or proposals for reinforcing measures already approved, forthe consideration ofthe General Assembly and the Security Council.H. Programme of action against apartheid316. As indicated earlier, the Special Committee considers it essential that theGeneral Assembly and the Security Council review the implementationof theirresolutions on the problem of apartheid and the acts of aggression by theapartheid r4gime against independent African States; identify the causes of non-implementation, particularly the policies and actions of States whichfailed to co-operate in international actionp and insist that the Western Powers concernedrespect the resolutions, recognize the legitimacy of the struggle forliberation from

apartheid and cease providing comfort and encouragement to the apartheidregime.317. It suggests that the General Assembly and the Security Councilproclaimtheir firm determination to secure peace and freedom in southern Africap warn theracist regime of South Africa of the serious consequences of its policyl and urge itto seek a peaceful solution, in accordance with United Nations resolutions,through genuine negotiations with the leaders of the national liberation movementpreceded by an unconditional amnesty for all political prisoners, restrictees andexiles and by an abrogation of the bans on liberation movements andotherpeople's organizations.318. In view of the gravity of the situation in southern Africa and the need for thewidest action, the Special Committee recommends that the GeneralAssemblyadopt a new and more comprehensive programme of action againstapartheid as aguide to Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizationsand individuals.319. The delegation of the Special Committee to the Second World Conference toCombat Racism and Racial Discrimination formulated a draft for suchaprogramme, which was introduced at the Conference by the AfricanGroup ofStates and published as document A/CONF.119/C.2/WP.1.320. The Special Committee recommends that the draft, with revisionsin the lightof comments received, be endorsed by the General Assembly and disseminated aswidely as possible.321. The Special Committee further recommends that the General Assembly andthe Security Council endorse the declarations of the conferencesorganized, co-sponsored or promoted by it during 1983, namely:(a) The International Conference of Trade Unions on Sanctionsand OtherActions against the Apartheid R~gime in South Africa, Geneva, 10-11 June19831 41/(b) The International Conference for Sanctions against Apartheid Sports, London,27-29 June 1983j 42/-52-

(c) The International Non-Governmental Organizations Conference on Actionagainst Apartheid and Racism, Geneva, 5-8 July 19831 A/ and(d) The International Conference on the Alliance between South Africa and Israel,Vienna, 11-13 July 1983. A4I. Commitment by the United Nations family of agencies322. The Special Committee emphasizes that all the agencies in the UnitedNations family should make their maximum contribution, within their mandates,to the international campaign against apartheid.323. It expresses its particular appreciation for the co-operation of theInternational Labour Organisation, the Food and Agriculture Organization, theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the WorldHealth Organization.

324. It notes with serious concern the assistance provided by the InternationalMonetary Fund to the apartheid r4gime despite repeated requests bythe GeneralAssembly to end such assistance.325. It also expresses concern over continued participation of South Africa in theactivities of the International Atomic Energy Agency.326. It suggests that the General Assembly request the Secretary-Generals(a) To instruct all relevant units of the Secretariat and all United Nations offices topromote the international campaign against apartheid in co-operation with theSpecial Committeel(b) To take all necessary measures to deny any facilities to, and to refrain fromany investments in, corporations operating in South Africai(c) To enter into urgent consultations with the International Monetary Fund andthe International Atomic Energy Agency in order to secure their full co-operationin action against apartheid in accordance with the resolutions of the GeneralAssemblyl(d) To prepare, in consultation with the executive heads of the United Nationsagencies, proposals for concerted action by all agencies in the internationalcampaign against apartheid.327. The Special Committee further recommends that the plight of women andchildren under apartheid be given special importance in the agenda of the WorldConference of the Decade for Women to be held in Nairobi in 1985 andthataction against apartheid be given special attention in the programme ofInternational Youth Year.J. Consideration of the legal status of South Africa328. In view of the efforts of the racist r4gime of South Africa to deprive theAfrican majority of citizenship rights, despite unanimous condemnation by theinternational community, and its moves for a constitutional amendment excludingthe-53-

African majority from participation in the Parliament, the Special Committeeconsiders it essential that the Security Council and the General Assemblyreconsider the question of membership of South Africa in the UnitedNations andthe legal status of the illegitimate apartheid r4gime.329. It also draws attention to the fact that the apartheid r4gime continues to enjoyprivileges in the United Nations while refusing to pay contributions tothe budgetof the Organization, and calls for an immediate suspension of all such privileges.330. At the same time, the Special Committee suggests that the United Nationsreaffirm that the national liberation movement, which has struggledheroically forthe principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declarationof Human Rights, is the authentic representative of the aspirationsof the people ofSouth Africa and call on all Governments and organizations to extend it duerecognition.K. Sanctions against South Africa

331. The Special Committee attaches the utmost importance to the total cessationof all military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa, to an effective oilembargo against South Africa and to economic sanctions against South Africa.332. It welcomes the decision of the Assembly of Heads of State and Governmentof OAU, at its nineteenth ordinary session in June 1983, to seek theearlyconvening of the Security Council "for the purpose of strengthening the armsembargo and imposing comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against racistSouth Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations".333. It urges the Security Council to take action, without further delay, on theproposals submitted by its Committee on the Question of South Africa in198015/ on the strengthening of the arms embargo and to take datory action tostopall nuclear collaboration with South Africa. Such action has becomeimperative inview of the frequent violations of the letter and spirit of Security Councilresolution 418 (1977) and the inadequacy of the monitoring of the armsembargo.334. The Special Committee attaches great importance to the proposedInternational Conference on an Oil Embargo against South Africafor the purposeof considering national and international arrangements to ensuretheimplementation of embargoes imposed or policies declared by oil-producing oroil-exporting countries with regard to the supply of oil and oil products to SouthAfrica.335. It reiterates that the Security Council should urgantly consider a mandatoryembargo on the supply of petroleum and petroleum products to South Africaunder Chapter VII of the Charter.336. It also calls for action by individual Governments in accordance with therecommendations of the General Assembly, pending a mandatorydecision by theSecurity Council, and recommends encouragement of public action in support ofthe oil embargo, especially in countries whose corporations and tanker fleets havebeen active in facilitating supply of oil and oil products to SouthAfrica.-54-

337. The Special Committee also draws attention to the importance of thesports,cultural, academic and other boycotts against South Africa. It recommends thatthe General Assembly call on all Governments tot (a) implement United Nationsresolutions on boycotts of South Africap (b) terminate any culturalagreementswith South Africa; and (c) take appropriate action with respect to persons visitingSouth Africa for sports and cultural activities and named in lists prepared by theSpecial Committee.L. Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and theirnational liberation movement and to the independent AfricanStates in southern Africa338. The Special Committee wishes to emphasize the need for greatly increasedmoral, political and material assistance to the oppressed people of South Africaand their national liberation movement. It also emphasizes the needfor allnecessary assistance to independent African States in their defenceagainstaggression and threats of aggression by the apartheid r4gime.

339. It suggests that the General Assembly lend its full support to the efforts ofthe Special Committee to promote assistance to women and children oppressed byapartheid.340. The Special Committee emphasizes the great importance of the campaign forthe release of Nelson Mandela and all other South African political prisoners.While expressing satisfaction at the impressive response to the campaign, itrecommends that the General Assembly invite all Governments, organizations andinstitutions to lend it even greater support.341. It considers that the General Assembly and the Security Council shouldconsider urgent measures to prevent further executions of patriots in South Africaand to ensure that captured freedom fighters are accorded prisoner-of-war statusunder the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocol Iof 1977.342. The Special Committee considers it essential that the internationalcommunity give increasing attention to solidarity with the struggles of people inSouth Africa against all manifestations of apartheid and to the denunciation of thesavage repression unleashed by the apartheid r4gime. In this connection, it drawsparticular attention to the courage and determination demonstrated by the blackworkers in independent trade unions and to the repression against them.343. The Special Committee again recommends that the General Assemblycontinue the authorization of funds from the regular budget of theUnited Nationsto enable the South African liberation movements recognized by the Organizationof African Unity to maintain their offices in New York.M. Public information and promotion of public action against apartheid344. The Special Committee attaches great importance to the dissemination ofinformation against apartheid and to public action in support of United Nationsresolutions for the isolation of the apartheid r4gime and assistance to thenationalliberation movement of South Africa.-55-

345. It stresses the need for a wider mobilization of writers, artists, sportsmen andothers in the international campaign against apartheid.346. It recommends that the General Assembly:(a) Commend the anti-apartheid and solidarity movements, religious bodies, tradeunions, youth and student organizations, and other groups engaged in campaignsfor the isolation of the apartheid r4gime and assistance to the national liberationmovement of South Africap(b) Urge all Governments to\lend all appropriate assistance, includingfinancial assistance, to such groups, especially in countries which continue tocollaborate with the apartheid r4gimel(c) Commend cities, local authorities and institutions which have takenaction to boycott corporations involved in South Africa or to honourleaders of thenational liberation movement, and invite all others to consider such measuresl(d) Request the Secretary-General, in consultation with the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, to prepare proposals for aninformation service against apartheid.

347. It suggests that the Secretary-General of the United Nations and theDirectorGeneral of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization be invited to initiate action, in accordance with General Assemblyresolution 33/183 C of 24 January 1979, to honour the memory of "leaders of theoppressed peoples in their struggle against apartheid, racial discrimination andcolonialism and for peace and international co-operation" and invite the co-operation of all Governments and organizations.N. Concerted action by committed States and organizations348. The Special Committee stresses the great significance of the growth ofinternational solidarity, encompassing Governments, organizations andindividuals, with the just and heroic struggle of the South African peopleand theirnational liberation movement.349. Many States have made sacrifices out of their loyalty to the principlesenshrined in the Charter. Numerous individuals all over the world haveriskedtheir lives and made material sacrifices out of a sense of human solidarity.350. But the international community has been unable to secure the eradication ofapartheid because of the anxiety of a few Western Governments and Israel andmany transnational corporations which seek to profit from the inhuman system ofapartheid. They have even profited from the sacrifices of States which broke offrelations with South Africa and thereby undermined the effectiveness ofinternational action.351. The Special Committee considers that all committed States and organizationsshould, at this crucial stage, onsider further action, in concert, to secure an end tothis situation.-56-

352. It welcomes the actions taken by some States and organizations to deny co-operation to transnational corporations and financial institutions which collaboratewith apartheid. It recommends further concerted measures towards that end.353. The Special Committee supports moves by committed Governments to makeconcerted efforts to persuade the recalcitrant Governments to co-operate ininternational action against apartheid. It welcomes the intention of theOrganization of African Unity to strengthen its offices in the major Westerncountries for this purpose and invites all other committed States and organizationsto co-operate with those offices.0. Work of the Special Committee against Apartheid and the Centre againstApartheid354. In the light of the above, the Special Committee recognizes the imperativeneed for it to expand its activities with a view to securing greater andmoreconcerted action for the total elimination of apartheid.355. It intends to intensify consultations with Governments and intergovernmentalorganizations and further develop its co-operation with parliaments, localauthorities, anti-apartheid and solidarity movements, peace movements, tradeunions, religious bodies and other non-governmental organizations of students,women and others, as well as educational and other institutions.

356. It will give greater attention to mobilizing writers, artists, entertaines,sportsmen, religious leaders and others in support of the struggle for liberation inSouth Africa and for the total isolation of the apartheid r~gime.357. It welcomes and intends to support initiatives taken by some artists andathletes to organize benefit concerts and other events for humanitarian assistanceto the victims of apartheld.358. It recognizes the need to publicize even more widely the collaboration,especially by certain Western States and Israel and foreign economic interests,with South Africa.359. It will continue and expand the public campaigns in order to promote an endto all military and nuclear collaboration with South Africap a cessation of allloans to South Africa, comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against SouthAfrical sports, cultural and other boycotts of South Africal greater assistance tothe oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movementi theunconditional release of South African political prisoners and treatment ofcaptured freedom fighters as prisoners-of-warl and action against the propagandaby the apartheid r4gime and its collaborators. It will give special attention tocampaigns in support of front-line States and Lesotho which are subjected to actsof aggression, destabilization and terrorism by the apartheid regime.360. The Special Committee has under active consideration the organization orco-sponsorship oft-57-

(a) A North American regional conference for action against apartheid;(b) A seminar on the operation of the arms embargo against South Africa;(c) An international conference in support of front-line States and Lesothol(d) A seminar on the legal status of the apartheid r4gime and other legal aspectsof the problem of apartheid;(e) A conference on assistance to women and children oppressed byandstruggling against apartheid;(f) A meeting to review the progress of the boycott of apartheid sports;(g) A consultation with anti-apartheid movements.361. The Special Committee recognizes the need for greater emphasis onpromoting concrete and day-to-day action against apartheid by Governments,parliaments, local bodies and non-governmental organizations all over the world.Members of the Special Committee and the staff of the Centre against Apartheidshould participate more frequently in anti-apartheid events in different countriesand make special efforts to spread the campaign against apartheid to regions andsegments of public opinion which have not been active.362. The Special Committee stresses, in this respect, the need for adequatearrangements to secure information more promptly on developments in southernAfrica and on anti-apartheid activities around the world, and for disseminating iturgently to Governments and organizations concerned, as well as themedia. TheCentre against Apartheid should be equipped to provide increased services in thisrespect.

363. The Special Committee notes with appreciation the steps takenby theGeneral Assembly and the Secretary-General, at its request, to strengthen theCentre. It has learned with satisfaction that a survey by the AdministrativeManagement Service concerning the organization of the Centre has been initiatedand urges prompt action on the results of the survey.364. The Special Committee requests that the allocation of $400,000 for specialprojects of the Committee be continued in 1984 and that the Committee beauthorized to seek and receive voluntary contributions for such projects.P. A challenge to the international community365. The Special Committee has felt it essential to stress the need for greatlyexpanded international action in view of the extreme gravity of the situation insouthern Africa and the wider dangers if the apartheid regime is allowed tocontinue its acts as an international outlaw.366. If the situation has not already assumed graver proportions, this is essentiallybecause of the commendable restraint of the national liberation movement ofSouth Africa and the independent States in southern Africa and of theirconfidence in the United Nations and the international community.-58-

367. The international community cannot allow the South African people and thepeople of neighbouring States to be subjected to further brutalities by theapartheid r6gime. It must demand that the Governments and vestedinterestswhich collaborate with that rigime should forthwith end such collaboration andco-operate in international action to stop apartheid oppression and the apartheidwar.368. The Special Committee recalls that it has repeatedly stressed the widersignificance of the struggle for freedom of South Africa which has inspired theworld by its justice and vision. It is today the crucial battle for the totalemancipation of the African continent and for the eradication of racism on thisglobe.369. Humanity cannot allow the machinations of those Governments and vestedinterests collaborating with the apartheid r~gime, which are driven bygreed forprofit or so-called strategic calculations devoid of morality, to counter thisliberation struggle and enable the racist r4gime to proceed with its plans for aracist State dominating a constellation of client bantustans in southern Africa.370. The United Nations has recognized that the struggle in South Africa is ofuniversal concern. The Special Committee commends the Secretary-General foremphasizing recently:"Peace in southern Africa is a major priority for the United Nations. Iwilldo all in my power to further this objective." 46/371. All Governments and organizations and all individuals can and shouldcontribute to the effort to eradicate apartheid and enable the people ofSouthAfrica, and of southern Africa as a whole, to live in freedom and peace. TheSpecial Committee will do all in its power to encourage such universal action andinvites the co-operation of men and women all over the world.Notes

_ A/36/22/Add.2.2/ United Nations press release GA/AP/1393.3_/ United Nations press release GA/AP/1448.4/ The report of the mission was published in document A/AC.115/L.593./ A/37/691-S/15508.6/ A/38/272 and S/15832.j7/ A/AC.115/SR.521.8_/ United Nations press release GA/AP/1378.2_/ A/AC.115/L.583.-59-

Notes (continued)j10 The delegation was composed of Mr. James Victor Gbeho (Ghana),Chairman, Sub-Committee on the Implementation of United Nations Resolutionsand Collaboration with South Africa, Mr. 0. 0. Fafowora (Nigeria) and Mr.Keshav Raj Jha (Nepal).jJ/ United Nations press release GA/AP/1384.A/38/310-S/15882.United Nations press United Nations press A/AC.115/L.571.release releaseGA/AP/1383. GA/AP/1388.J For the reportL7/ L8/R9/W A/ L2/ L3/L4/WUnited United United United S/15444 United United United United UnitedUnitedNations Nations Nations NationsNations Nations Nations Nations Nations Nationsof the mission, see A/AC.115/SR.521. press release GA/AP/1416. press releaseGA/AP/1399. press release GA/AP/1446. press release GA/AP/1418.press press press press press press.?8/ United Nations pressrelease GA/AP/1392. release GA/AP/1379. release GA/AP/1396. releaseGA/AP/1395. release GA/AP/1397. releases GA/AP/1402 release GA/AP/1454.A/38/309-S/15881.United Nations press A/AC.l15/SR.517. A/AC.115/SR.518-520.release GA/AP/1422.j4/ A/AC.I15/L.592. 3L/ A/AC.115/PV°509 and A/AC.115/PV.510.-60-32/and GA/AP/1412.

Notes (continued)

35/ A/AC.115/PV.515 and PV.516.L/ A/AC.115/PV.523.L/ A/AC.11S/SR.513.28/ United Nations press release GA/AP/1398.319/ International Labour Office, Special Report of the Director-General on theApplication of the Declaration Concerning the Policy of Apartheid in SouthAfrica, 1983, P. 31.4/ Even after a series of assassinations and the gruesome raids against Hatolaand Maseru obliged it to expand its activities, it showed commendablerestraint sothat the only serious loss of life was a result of the attack on a militaryestablishment in Pretoria on 20 May 1983.4W A/38/272-S/15832.142/ A/38/310-S/15882.14/ A/38/309-S/15881.44/ A/38/311-S/15883.4/ S/14179.4/ United Nations press release SG/SM/3458, 26 August 1983, Statement by theSecretary-General to the press in Luanda.-61-

ANNEX IReview of developments in South Africa from July 1982 to August 1983CONTENTSParagraphs PageI. INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 -8 64II. REPRESSION AGAINST OPPONENTS OF APARTHEID o-............. 9 -70 65A. Execution of freedom fighters ...................... 9 - 11 65B. Deaths of political detainees in police custody .... 12 - 19 65C. Arrests, detentions and torture ................. 20 - 27 66D. Political trials .............................. 28 - 38 67E. Political prisoners ................. ... .... 39 - 49 68F. Bannings and passport refusals ................ ..50 - 54 69G. Censorship and press matters .................. 55 - 62 69H. Repressive legislation ............................. 63 - 70 70III. GROWING RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID ................ 71 -10472A. General ........ ............. 71 72B. Workers' resistance ............................ 72 - 79 72C. Opposition by South African churches .............. 80 - 8373D. Opposition by students ............................ ..84 - 90 74E. Community protests and other activities ........... 91 - 98 74F. Armed struggle .................................... 99 - 104 75IV. BANTUSTANS .................. . o........... . .. 105 -110 76V. INFLUX CONTROL AND POPULATION RE14OVALS ................ i1 -118 77

VI. CONSTITUTIONAL PROPOSALS ............................ 119 - 123 78VII. MILITARY BUILD-UP .................................... 124 - 142 79A. General ........................................ .124 - 125 79B. Defence budget .............. .... ........ 126 - 127 79-62-

CONTENTS (continued)Paragraphs PageC. Military forces .................................. 128- 130 79D. Acquisition of military equipment ................ 131 - 137 80E. Armaments industry ............................. 138 - 140 80F. Nuclear developments .............................. 141- 142 81VIII. INTENSIFICATION OF ACTS OF AGGRESSION AGAINSTNEIGHBOURING STATES ................................. 143 - 148 81IX. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ............................... 149 - 184 82A. General .......................................... 149 - 158 82B. Trade ........................................... 159 - 161 83C. Gold and other minerals ............................ 162 - 163 86D. Foreign investments and loans .................. 164 - 176 86E. Emigration and immigration ........................ 177- 179 89F. Airlines ............. .. . ***........ . 180 - 182 89G. Tourism ............................ ..... 183 - 184 89X. SPORTS ....... . ..................... 185 - 195 89XIo CULTURAL CONTACTS .. ..... .. .... .......... .. 196 - 202 91AppendicesI. List of political trials concluded during thepast year ............. ........................ 1 - 27 93II. Chronology of incidents relating to the armed strugglein South Africa during the past year ..... . ....... ...........97-63-

I. INTRODUCTION1. The situation in South Africa continued to deteriorate in the year underreview. The apartheid regime further intensified its repression of opponents ofapartheid. For their part, opponents of that evil system increasedtheir resistancein every possible way, including an escalation in the armed struggle against ther4gime.2. The execution of three freedom fighters, the death in detentionof severalpolitical detainees and the systematic and widespread torture inflicted uponpolitical detainees as well as continued detentions, political trials,bannings andharassment meted out to opponents of apartheid have only strengthened theresolve of the oppressed people of South Africa to unite and fight for theeradication of apartheid and the establishment of a non-racial and democraticsociety.3. While the racist r4gime expanded its arsenal of repressive laws,harshened theinflux controls on the movement of Africans in urban areas, announced its

intention to declare the KwaNdebele bantustan so-called "independent" in 1984and continued to entrench apartheid, blacks struggled against that odious systemwith greater vigour and unity than ever before. Workers resorted to a record levelof industrial action, students demonstrated and boycotted classes; churches andother religious bodies raised their voices against the evils of apartheid; andcommunity and civic organizations took every opportunity, such ascommemorative services and funerals, to express their abhorrence of apartheidand to struggle against it.4. In the growing armed struggle against apartheid, freedom fighters escalatedtheir military action and aimed at new targets. For the first time, they hit thepersonnel of the r4gime's military establishment.5. The constitutional changes proposed and propagated by the rdgime asreforms, but in fact devised to entrench apartheid and perpetuate whitedomination, were categorically rejected by Africans as well as bythe majority ofColoureds and Indians. The pseudo "reforms" were also rejected by theOpposition Progressive Federal Party. They were also rejected,although fordifferent reasons, by two far-right Afrikaner parties and caused a strong split inthe seemingly monolithic ranks of Afrikanerdom.6. South Africa continued to increase its military and nuclear capability and topurchase military equipment, with the collaboration of certain Western States,despite the mandatory arms embargo against it. In addition, it secured anincreased inflow of foreign capital and lured some international sports andentertainment personalities to South Africa by paying them huge amounts ofmoney.7. Faced with growing resistance in the country, the racist regime escalated actsof aggression and destabilization against neighbouring independent AfricanStates, thereby precipitating a grave threat to the peace.8. The seriousness of the situation in South Africa and its ramifications for themaintenance of international peace and security have become a matter of graveconcern to the international community.-64-

II. REPRESSION AGAINST OPPONENTS OF APARTHEIDA. Execution of freedom fighters9. Ignoring all international calls for clemency, including those of the GeneralAssembly and Security Council of the United Nations, in June 1983 theapartheidrigime hanged three freedom fighters of the African National Congress (ANC),namely Mr. Thelle S. Mogoerane, Mr. Jerry S. Mosololi and Mr. Marcus T.Motaung. ANC and others denounced the barbaric executions. In Soweto, churchbells tolled at the hour of executions.10. Among those who had called for clemency were many Heads of State andGovernment, the Directors-General of ILO and UNESCO, the Southern AfricanCatholic Bishops' Conference, Mr. James Callaghan (former British PrimeMinister) and six members of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom.11. Many Governments and organizations condemned the executions. At thesummit meeting of the Organization of African Unity, the African Headsof State

and Government observed a minute of silence in memory of the three martyrs.The President of the United Nations General Assembly, the Secretary-Generaland the President of the Security Council issued statements expressing shock anddismay at the executions.B. Deaths of political detainees in police custody12. The ill-treatment and torture of political detainees continued, resulting in thedeath of several persons.13. In August 1982, Mr. Ernest M. Dipale (21), a student, was allegedly "foundhanged" in his cell at the John Vorster Square police station in Johannesburg. TheDetainees' Parents' Support Committee, the South African Council ofChurches,the Association of Law Societies in South Africa, Opposition leadersand otherscondemned the ill-treatment of detainees and the lack of safeguards for detainees.14. Another political detainee died in September 1982 soon after she wasreleased. Miss Linda Dlotlo (18) of Soweto, who was held under section 29 of theInternal Security Act, was critically ill with asthma when she was released.Johannesburg's senior surgeon laid a charge of assault against themembers of thesecurity police concerned.15. Mr. Tembuyiswe S. Mndawe was said by the police to have committedsuicide while in detention in March 1983. He was alleged to have possessedweapons and ANC literature.16. In July 1983, Mr. Paris M. Molatji (23) was allegedly shot dead at the ProteaPolice Station while he was detained under the Criminal ProcedureAct. Hisfamily was unaware of their son's detention.17. These deaths in detention led to wide protests in South Africa and abroadagainst South Africa's security laws which provide for indefinite detentionwithout charge or trial.-65-

18. At the inquest into Mr. Dipale's death, the judge ruled in June 1983 that noone could be held responsible for his death, thus exonerating the security police ofany responsibility Earlier, in December 1982, the magistrate in the inquest intoDr. Neil Aggett's death in detention had ruled that no one could be held criminallyresponsible for his death. Dr. Aggett died in February 1982, and the lengthyinquest into his death brought out shocking revelations concerning torture inpolice custody in general and the torture of Dr. Aggett in particular.19. No member of the security police has ever been convicted in connection withthe death of a political detainee in police custody.C. Arrests, detentions and torture20. The rdgime continued relentlessly to detain and torture opponents ofapartheid. Under arbitrary security laws, political detainees were held indefinitelyand incommunicado. Evidence of gruesome torture continued to be revealed inpolitical trials and inquests into deaths in detention, causing world-widerevulsionand protest.21. Among those detained for opposition to apartheid were freedom fighters, tradeunionists, students, teachers, church leaders, Black Consciousness leaders, andleaders of community organizations.

22. On many occasions, opponents of apartheid were detained, released andredetained for purposes of intimidation. When the long-standing court caseagainst 19 trade unionists was finally concluded in November 1982, none wassentenced because of the failure of the police to substantiate the charges. By then,of the 58 trade unionists, students and community workers who were arrested inlate 1981, 48 persons had been released after lengthy terms of detention withoutany charge at all. Charges against three detainees had been withdrawn. Onedetainee, Mr. Alan Fine, was acquitted. Two of the detainees, namely, Dr. N.Aggett and Mr. E. Dipale, had died in detention. Only four of the detainees hadbeen convicted.23. In 1982, a total of 193 Africans were detained under security legislation. Ofthese, 21 were females and 33 were under the age of 20. From 1 January to9 May 1983, a total of 46 Africans were detained, of whom 10 were females andtwo under the age of 20.24. In political trials many of the accused claimed that they had beentortured bythe security police during interrogation. Some of them gave the identities of theirtorturers, but to no avail.25. A report released by the Detainees' Parents' Support Committee at the end ofSeptember 1982 revealed systematic and widespread torture of political detaineesin South Africa. Electric shocks, beating, suffocation, forced standing, sleepdeprivation and long solitary confinement were among the methods of tortureused. In January 1983, the Special Committee against Apartheid released a reporton the torture of political detainees in South Africa (A/AC.115/L.586).26. On 12 March 1983, thousands of people attended meetings organized by theDetainees' Parents' Support Committee to observe Detainee Day throughout SouthAfrica.-66-

27. As of 11 February 1983, a total of 26 persons were in detention forinterrogation under section 29 (1) of the Internal Security Act of1982.D. Political trials28. Political trials, as an instrument of persecution and repression, involved alarge number of opponents of apartheid from different walks of life. a/29. Many political detainees were tried on such charges as attacking public placesand installations, attempting to leave the country for military trainingor havingreceived military training abroad, recruiting people to join the national liberationmovement, furthering the aims of banned organizations, possessingbannedliterature, singing revolutionary songs, creating public violence, and refusing togive evidence in "treason" trials.30. Students, youths, trade unionists, journalists and churchmpn constituted themajority of those who were subjected to political trials.31. Many trials of opponents of apartheid ended with convictions based mainly onconfessions made under torture, followed by heavy sentences. Even membershipin ANC was regarded as treason in some cases, such as in the case ofMs. BarbaraAnn Hogan who was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment although she was not

charged with any act of violence. She is the first white woman to be convicted oftreason in South Africa and is in solitary confinement.32. The apartheid r4gime continued to ignore United Nations resolutions and callsfrom the international community demanding that it accord prisoner-of-war statusto captured freedom fighters under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and therelevant Protocol of 1977.33. In one of the longest trials in South Africa, Mr. Oscar Mpetha (74), an ailingveteran trade unionist, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Hisnine co-defendants were given sentences ranging from seven to 20 years. The trial lastedfor nearly three years.34. By the end of March 1983, a total of 10 people were detained as potentialwitnesses under section 31 of the Internal Security Act, all of whomhad been indetention for longer than three months. In one case, the treason trial of Maqubelaand others, five of the six witnesses who refused to testify for the State weresentenced to prison terms ranging from three to five years.35. It is noteworthy that Mr. Joseph Charles (24) and Mr Rufus Radebe (19),musicians, were each sentenced to four years' imprisonment for singing"revolutionary" songs, while Mr. Eugene Terre Blanche, the leader of the extremeright-wing Afrikaner Resistance Movement, who believes in whitesupremacy,was given a suspended 18 months' imprisonment for illegal possession of armsand ammunition.36. The rigime disclosed in Parliament on 25 March 1983 that 117 persons werecharged with offences under the Internal Security Act in 1982. Of these, five werereleased without trial, nine were acquitted, three were convicted of lesser offencesand others were still on trial or awaiting trial on 25 March 1983. Many of themwere detained for periods ranging from 90 to 227 days before being charged orreleased.-67-

37. As every year, hundreds of thousands of Africans were tried and sentencedunder the "pass laws" during the past year. Even women and children who werearrested at squatter camps were tried on charges of "illegal presence" in thoseareas.38. Many other political trials continued.E. Political prisoners39. The South African press cannot report on the conditions of political prisoners.Since the Rand Daily Mail was prosecuted in the late 1960s for its investigationinto prison conditions no such press investigation has been held andvery littlecomes to light concerning the conditions of the political prisoners. But the plightof South Africa's political prisoners continued to be the concern ofworld publicopinion.40. Despite legislation prohibiting publication of prison conditions, the availableinformation on the plight of political prisoners has continued to cause graveconcern.41. Mr. Thami Mkhwanazi, a former journalist who is serving a seven-year prisonterm on Robben Island, appealed against the decision of the Commissoner of

Prisons prohibiting him from studying for a law degree, but his appeal wasrejected.42. As of 19 April 1983 there were 265 prisoners on Robben Island servingsentences for crimes against the security of the State and 244 others for othercrimes. Six of the latter category were under the age of 18 years.43. In May 1983, the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Southern Africa ofthe United Nations Commission on Human Rights received evidence that theprison conditions of Mr. Nelson Mandela, Mr. Walter Sisulu and their colleaguesin the Poolsmoor Prison had deteriorated. In April 1982 Mr Mandela andothershad been moved from Robben Island to the Poolsmoor Prison, Cape Town. Theyare isolated from other prisoners, and exercise is extremely restricted.44. The international campaign for the release of Nelson Mandelaand otherPolitical prisoners, promoted by the Special Committee, receivedsignificantsupport during the past year.45. On 11 October 1982, the Day of Solidarity with South African PoliticalPrisoners, the British Anti-Apartheid Movement launched a campaign for therelease of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. The head of the BritishTrade Union Congress, Mr. Len Murray, sent a letter to the Secretary-General ofthe United Nations supporting the campaign.46. At the end of December 1982, members of Parliament of Bermuda presentedthe Special Committee with a Declaration calling for the release of NelsonMandela and other political prisoners in South Africa.47. In April 1983, thousands of people held a candle-light vigil in New York Citydemanding the release of Nelson Mandela and the according of prisoner-of-warstatus to captured freedom fighters. At the same time, anti-apartheid groups in theUnited States began a letter campaign to the families of captured freedomfighters.-68-

48. The Government of the Netherlands appealed to the South African r6gime inJune 1983 for the release of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners.49. Several international honours were bestowed on Mr. NelsonMandela. Thecities of Rome, Italy, and Olympia, Greece, conferred honorary citizenship on Mr.Mandela. The City College of New York awarded him an honorary Doctorate ofLaw degree, and the borough of Camden in the United Kingdom decidedtochange the name of one of its streets to Nelson Mandela Street.F. Bannings and passport refusals50. Bannings and passport refusals continued to be used by the regime as meansof persecution and of silencing the opposition to apartheid. Such orders are issuedby a cabinet minister, without leave of appeal.51. As of 18 February 1983, over 60 persons were under banning orders in SouthAfrica. Because of widespread opposition to the practice of arbitrary banningorders, the apartheid regime renewed the banning orders on 12 persons in July andlet the remaining orders expire. Dr. Beyers Naude's banning order continued inforce because it had been imposed in October 1982 under the new InternalSecurity Act. Persons formerly banned continue to be subject to some restrictions.

52. Among the banned is Mrs. Winnie Mandela. Her banning order wasextendedfor five years, for the sixth time since 1962 when her husband, Mr.NelsonMandela, was arrested. Earlier, the regime had lifted the ban on Mrs. HelenJoseph (77) but continued to "list" her as a communist so that she could not bequoted.53. One banned Durban journalist, Mr. Marimuthu Subramoney, was refusedpermission in September 1982 to attend a communications conference in Nairobi,while Dr. Beyers Naud4, banned former director of the banned Christian Institute,was refused permission to accept an invitation to go to the Frankfurt Book Fair inOctober 1982.54. Among those who were refused passports were Bishop Desmond Tutu,General Secretary of the South African Council of Churches, Mr. Hassan Howa,Chairman of the Western Province Cricket Board and former President of theSouth African Council on Sport, and Dr. Neville Alexandre, a prominent scholar.Both Bishop Tutu and Mr. Howa have been refused passports repeatedly. As anexception, Bishop Tutu was given a travel document to travel to the United Statesin 1982 and a travel document to travel to Canada and New Zealand in 1983.Also, Mr. Sello Rasethaba, Secretary of the Mankweng branch of theAzanianPeople's Organization, was refused a passport to travel to the United States onscholarship.G. Censorship and press matters55. The racist rdgime continued to persecute journalists and further restrict thefreedom of the press. It banned a very large number of publications and filmscritical of apartheid. According to a study prepared by Stellenbosch University inMarch 1983, the number of publications submitted and the number bannedincreased threefold from 1967 to 1978.-69-

56. The r4gime even attempted to censor a speech made in Parliament on thesubject of the Salem oil scandal which received world-wide publicity in 1979.Similarly, it threatened the press with further restrictions because of the reportingof a speech in Parliament concerning certain police atrocities in Namibia.57. The security police searched the residences of some journalistsand tried someothers in a secret trial under the Officials Secrets Act (now replacedby theProtection of Information Act) and fined them for reporting on theabortive coupd'6tat in the Seychelles. Other journalists are now under trial for allegedly havingobstructed the ends of justice.58. The r4gime asked the major South African newspapers to providedetailedinformation on all "foreign" sub-editors and journalists employedby them. It alsodemanded that foreign journalists obtain permission each time they wish to enterSoweto during the month of June, when commemorative services are held for theSoweto uprising of 1976. On 16 June 1983, foreign and local journalists wereallowed to tour Soweto only in police buses.59. The editors of the Rand Daily Mail and the South African Press Associationwere warned by police that criminal charges against them for publishinginformation were being investigated under the Police Act. They had published

reports on atrocities committed by the police in Namibia, based on statementsmade by the chairman of the South African Catholic Bishops' Conference.60. In the last few years, 15 out of the 24 editors of major newspapers in thecountry have been either convicted or threatened with prosecution. The lawsaffecting the press are so numerous and so framed that it is extremely difficult foran editor to avoid contraventions. Over 100 laws require that official permissionbe obtained before publishing any news on subjects such as the police force, thearmed forces, the prison service, atomic energy, oil procurementand the activitiesof the security and intelligence services.61. The r6gime has increasingly threatened the press with stricter statutorycontrols. To ward off further controls, the Newspaper Press Union decided toreplace the Press Council by a Media Council for self-control of the press. Ther6gime, however, hurried to enact the Registration of Newspapers AmendmentAct of 19U2.-Itpostponed the implementation of the new legislation,however,and warned the press that the promulgation of the new act was keptin abeyance inorder to give the Media Council the opportunity to prove itself.62. In a resolution adopted in May 1983, the International Press Institutecondemned the continued harassment and persecution of the pressand journalistsin South Africa.H. Repressive legislation63. Since July 1982, South Africa's repressive legislation has been furthertightened and made harsher.64. The new security legislation, which consolidated security provisionscontained in about 12 laws, is embodied in the Internal Security Act (No. 74 of1982). It came into operation on 2 July 1982. Like the legislation that itsuperseded, it is not based on habeas corpus and leaves politicaldetainees at themercy of the-70-

security police. Detainees may be kept indefinitely in solitary confinement, withno contact with their families and lawyers. There are no regular independentmedical checks of detainees. Provisions for visits to detainees by magistrates haveproved no protection against ill-treatment and torture. The new securitylegislation was widely deplored both inside and outside South Africa.65. The new Act provides for so-called preventive detention (sect.28), fordetention for interrogation (sect. 29, which has replaced the notorioussect. 6 ofthe Terrorism Act) of persons who are thought by the rigime to be terrorists or tobe withholding information relating to terrorist activities, and forthe detention ofpeople as witnesses (sect. 31) in criminal proceedings. It also perpetuates ther4giue's power to ban anyone whom the Minister of Law and Order considers athreat to the public order.66. Section 46 of the Act empowers the Minister of Law and Order andmagistrates to prohibit gatherings. It was put into operation in August1982 andhas been used to impose restrictions on funerals of opponents of apartheid whohad.given support to the struggle for liberation. In the case of the funerals of Mr.Ernest Dipale who had died in detention and of Mrs. Nana Rebecca Mbuli who

had participated in the 1956 women's demonstration against the "pass laws", itwas ordered that specific routes should be followed, that only mechanicaltransport might be used and that there should be no political speeches, songs,prayers, posters, banners, pamphlets or flags.67. Under section 46 (3) of the said Act, and by announcement in the Gazette of25 March 1983, the Minister of Law and Order prohibited all gatherings in thecountry, with few exceptions, with effect from 1 April 1983 to 31 March 1984.68. Another law passed during the period under review is the Protection ofInformation Act which prohibits, among other things, obtaining or preparingdocuments or information relating to the defence of the Republic, any militarymatter, any security matter or the prevention or combating of terrorism for thepurpose of disclosure thereof to any foreign State or hostile organization. TheNuclear Energy Act (No. 92 of 1982) prohibits the disclosure of informationrelating to reserves of ores containing source material and to nuclear licences andinstallations.69. In March 1983, the Police Amendment Act (No. 24 of 1983) was enacted toempower the police to search vehicles on public roads anywherein the country,anytime and without warrant.70. In May 1983, the Parliament passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act (No.59 of 1983), increasing the penalty for trespassing (which is defined as enteringany building or property without the permission of the owner or a lawfuloccupier). This measure is intended to be used against squatters under the influxcontrol laws and against trade-union organizers who are often charged withtrespassing in connection with their activities to organize workers infactories.-71-

III. GROWING RESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDA. General71. Despite brutal repression, the resistance to apartheid continuedwith greatervigour and unity. Workers, students, journalists, teachers, Churches and blackcommunity organizations resisted and struggled against apartheid in all itsmanifestations, while the national liberation movement escalated theundergroundand armed struggle.B. Workers' resistance72. The emerging black trade-union movement continued to grow in force andinfluence. Black workers increasingly went on strike, work stoppages and "goslow" actions for decent wages, better working conditions and therecognition oftheir trade unions.73. While the r4gime used influx control and security laws to weaken blackunions, the emerging black trade-union movement increasingly provided thevoteless black population with a channel to express their indignation againstapartheid. Despite the economic recession, lay-offs and repression, these unionscontinued to grow and strengthen their struggle for their trade-unionand humanrights.74. The r4gime has been concerned with the growing power of black trade unions.To break workers' strikes, the police intervened at sites of dispute,using tear-gas

and police dogs, while the r6gime set up a fund to intervene in strikesandfinancially assist white workers who refused to join strike action.Influx controllaws were used to force African workers to return to "homelands". Police werecalled to the scene of 167 incidents of labour unrest in 1982.75. Black workers strongly opposed the Orderly Movement and Settlement ofBlack Persons Bill, the demolition of shacks and the r4gime's constitutionalproposals. Many unions expressed opposition to the official industrial councilsystem and emphasized the need to develop union strength at the shop-floor level.They called for the abolition of the migrant labour system, while black workershave increasingly linked their economic demands with their opposition toapartheid.76. In 1982, there were 394 strikes and work stoppages in South Africa, thehighest number in the country's history. More workers were involvedand manymore man-days lost in 1982 than in 1981. About 140,000 workers went on strikein 1982, as compared to 93,000 in 1981, and an average of 1,000 workers wereinvolved in strikes each day. Only black workers were involved in the strikes.Also, there was better co-ordination among the black unions in 1982. During thefirst quarter of 1983, there were 25 recorded strikes and work stoppages in SouthAfrica.77. The newly-formed National Union of Mineworkers, an affiliate of the Councilof Unions of South Africa, continued its rapid growth and has signed up over20,000 members from among African mineworkers. The IntimidationAct, whichwas passed in 1982, was used by the regime to thwart organizing efforts,particularly in the mines. Moreover, mine-owners made it difficultfor unionorganizers to have access to mineworkers by barring organizers from workers'hostels, denying them the use of meeting halls or refusing permission to distributeleaflets.-72-

78. The struggle of black trade unions and workers in South Africa generatedinternational support and solidarity, including that of the dockworkers in theUnited Kingdom, Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany and theNetherlands.79. In the United States, leading trade unions set up the "New York Area LaborCommittee Against Apartheid" in June 1983 to join the international movementagainst apartheid and to extend support and solidarity to black trade unions inSouth Africa. The Labor Committee opposed the proposed development of acasino in Atlantic City, United States, by the Southern Sun Hotel HoldingCompany, Ltd., of South Africa, which has promoted tours of foreign entertainersto South Africa. Also, the Headwear Joint Board of the Amalgamated Clothingand Textile Workers' Union undertook an informational campaignagainst the saleof children's headwear made in South Africa. The campaign received the supportof leading unions, churches and civic and community organizations.C. Opposition by South African churches80. During the past year, churches in South Africa expressed opposition toapartheid in stronger terms than ever before.

81. Mr. Allan Boesak, president of the World Alliance of ReformedChurches(WARC), spoke at a symposium on human rights in September 1982 and said thatChristians should not tolerate situations where families were separated in thename of "influx control". Dr. Boesak, a leading theologian of the (Coloured)Sendinkerk, was elected president of WARC in August 1982 when WARCadopted a resolution declaring apartheid a heresy and suspended the NederduitseGereformeerde Kerk and the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk, the two white SouthAfrican Reformed Churches. In January 1983, he joined with African and Indianleaders in setting up the "United Democratic Front" to oppose the constitutionalproposals which they consider a "devious scheme disguised to divide the people",and to work in unity for a non-racial and unitary State.82. In an interview in Kentucky, United States, Bishop Desmond Tutu, GeneralSecretary of the South African Council of Churches, said in September 1982 thatthe situation for Africans under apartheid had become worse and, as examples,cited the deaths of political detainees in police custody in 1982, the renewal ofbanning orders, the new repressive laws and the constitutional proposals. At apress conference at the United Church of Christ in New York, Bishop Tutuaccused the apartheid r4gime of having a "final solution" for Africans asexemplified by proposals such as the Orderly Movement and Settlement of BlackPersons Bill. Later, he openly advised people who wanted to marryacross thecolour bar to do so in defiance of the Mixed Marriages Act.83. Many churches in South Africa declared apartheid a heresy or not binding onChristians, rejected justifications for detention without trial, appealed toChristians not to serve on r4gime-created bodies and opposed theconstitutionalproposals both on theological and on political grounds. They also opposed theOrderly Movement and Settlement of Black Persons Bill, the r6gime'scontemplated land deal with Swaziland, the religious broadcasts of the SouthAfrican Broadcasting Corporation, the establishment of bantustans, the newlegislation imposing heavier penalties on conscientious objectors to militaryservice, the laws prohibiting inter-racial marriages and other apartheid policies.-73-

D. Opposition by students84. Black students boycotted classes in protest against repression anddemonstrated against segregationist and discriminatory educational policies,including the racial quota system proposed by the r~gime to replace the permitsystem for the admission of black students to white universities. They alsoprotested against the visits of overseas artists and sportspersons to South Africa indefiance of the international boycott.85. Students at the University of the North and the University of Natal's MedicalSchool in Durban pledged their solidarity with the 1,500 students who had beenexpelled by the University of Fort Hare after they had demonstrated againstinadequate living conditions in hostels.86. Black students also participated in commemorative and funeral services,protested against the lack of facilities at black universities and demanded a singleeducational system for all South African students.

87. In the latter part of 1982, thousands of students of the Universityof the Northboycotted classes demanding the release of two students, members of the AzanianStudents' Organization, who had been detained by the security police.88. About 50 students were injured and some admitted to hospital in thewhomelands of Lebowa in June when police raided student hostels followingcommemorative services held on the anniversary of the Soweto uprising (16June). At other locations, large-scale student demonstrations on 16 June were alsoviolently repressed by the police.89. In June, July and August 1983, particularly, there were frequentdemonstrations and protests in black schools and universities across the country.Students often boycotted classes in protest against the appointment of whiteteachers and principals to their schools and against the arrest or dismissal of otherstudents. In their resistance, students were motivated by their strong opposition tothe segregated and inferior black education system and other inhumanities ofapartheid. In several cases, police were called in, students arrested and schoolsclosed.90. Democratic white students, too, held large-scale demonstrations in protestagainst the Universities Amendment Bill which sought to establish racial quotasat white universities for the admission of blacks. The Bill was enacted into law(Universities Amendment Act) which was finally shelved under strongprotests bythe campuses of the English-speaking universities.E. Community protests and other activities91. Numerous black community organizations, civic associations andothers tookevery opportunity to resist aparthbid.92. Such organizations as the Azanian People's Organization, the Teachers'Action Committee, the Soweto Committee of Ten, the Soweto Civic Association,the Detainees' Aid Movement, the Workers' Support Committee, together withtrade-union, church and student organizations, called for boycotts of overseasartists and sportspersons visiting South Africa for performances and athleticcompetitions,-74-

held meetings throughout the country to commemorate the 1956 demonstration bywomen against the *pass laws", defied magistrates' orders specifying conditionsfor certain funerals, commemorated the anniversary of the SowetoDay and of thedeath in detention of the black consciousness leader Steve Biko, and demonstratedin protest against sharp increases in the price of bread, in rents, in bus fares and inelectricity and water fees. Singing freedom songs and giving the clenched-fistsalute, often amidst tear-gas used by the police, they turned these events intoplatforms against apartheid.93. Black people boycotted buses in protest against increases in fares, held amemorial service for those killed during the apartheid regime's raid into Lesothoin December 1982 and demanded a single educational system for all SouthAfricans. They also opposed forcible resettlement policies and shack demolitions,observed Human Rights Day (10 December) and expressed support for detained,banned and banished persons.

94. Detainee Day (12 March) was observed for the first time in 1983 throughoutthe country. Meetings were held in black townships to commemorate SharpevilleDay (21 March), with the participation of the Media Workers' Association ofSouth Africa, the Black Women United, the Black Lawyers' Association, theFederation of South African Women and other organizations.95. Many community and civic organizations, as well as trade unions, churchesand student and women's organizations, attended the funeral of Mr. Saul Mkhizewho was fatally shot by police in April because he opposed the regime's decisionto move forcibly the community of Driefontein to bantustans.96. The execution of the three ANC freedom fighters on 9 June 1983 wasfollowed by protests, demonstrations and school boycotts throughout the country.97. The Congress of South African Students, the Women's Federation, theDetainees' Aid Movement and other organizations established the Anti-Community Council Committee to boycott elections to the regime-created villageand township councils and to organize instead their own communityorganizations. Elections to the village and township councils, which are to replacethe present community councils, are planned to be held in autumn 1983 under theBlack Local Authorities Act of 1982.98. A series of meetings were held throughout South Africa in August 1983 tocommemorate the National Women's Day, the anniversary of women'sdemonstrations against the "pass laws" in 1956.F. Armed struggle99. The armed struggle, which has been growing constantly since 1976, rose tohigher levels during the past year. Freedom fighters blew up major military andeconomic installations and, for the first time, hit military personnel.h/100. Bombs exploded at the South African Air Force headquartersin Pretoria,killing 19 military and civilian personnel and injuring over 200 others, and at theKoeberg nuclear installation, causing extensive damage, as well asat railwaylines, court premises, administration boards, water pipes, electricity supplystations and other places.-75-

101. The attack on the Koeberg nuclear power station in December 1982 was thefifth successful attack on energy installations within six months of that date.102. On a number of occasions, freedom fighters engaged the police in gun battlesin which both policemen and freedom fighters were killed. Police claimed to havearrested several freedom fighters in possession of weapons andammunition andalso to have found large caches of arms and ammunition.103. A number of freedom fighters were tried for having received militarytraining abroad or having recruited or attempted to recruit people for suchtraining. The Institute of Strategic Studies reported that about 20 blacks leaveSouth Africa monthly for military training and that 22 incidents of armed struggleoccurred in the country in 1982. It further reported that in 1983,up to 25 March,there were some 10 sabotage incidents.

104. The national liberation movement increased its military operations and itscapacity to hit targets at will. In addition, the incidents of armed struggle werebetter organized and better synchronized with political actions than before.IV. BANTUSTANS105. The problems of unemployment, lack of land, poverty, malnutrition anddisease in bantustans worsened. Yet, in furtherance of the bankruptbantustanization policy, the r4gime announced its intention to grant so-called"independence" to KwaNdebele in 1984. Most of KwaNdebele's population livesoutside that "homeland", and most of its labour force works outsideas migrantlabour (employed on a contract basis in white South Africa, such as mineworkers)or commuter workers (residents of the "national states" who commute dailyacross borders to places of employment in white South Africa).106. In collusion with the leaders of the four so-called "independent homelands",the r4gime established in 1983 the Southern African Development Bank as adevice to lure the six remaining "homelands" into sham "independence" since theBank is to provide the only chanfiel through wiich they can receive developmentaid from the r~gime.107. The first general elections in Bophuthatswana since its so-called"independence", held in 1982, were boycotted by the Africans. Of about 300,000Tswanas in Soweto and Johannesburg, only 135 cast their votes.108. The situation in the bancustans assumed such tragic proportions that theSouth African Council of Churches launched the Hunger Relief Fund to help themost needy In KwaZulu about half a million people were suffering frommalnutrition, while 300,000 others were suffering similarly in Gazankulu,Transkei and Ciskei. In some areas, one child died of starvation each day.109. According to the South African National Tuberculosis Association, about 10persons died of tuberculosis bvery day in South Africa because of poverty,undernourishment, unemployment and miserable economic conditions whichaffect mainly Africans. The South African Institute of Race Relations pointed outthat the r4gime's population removal programme had helped to destroysubsistence agriculture and contributed to the staggeringly high African infantmortality rate.-76-

110. Although the court decided in one case, known as the Rikhoto case, thatAfrican workers who had worked in "white South Africa" for more than 10 yearshad the right to live with their families at the place of their work, yet the rgimerefuses to recognize that right to African workers from the four so-called"independent homelands" on the grounds that they belong to independent Statesand are therefore "foreigners". These "foreigners", however, are subject to the 72-hour (curfew) and other restrictions which do not apply to citizensof independentStates.V. INFLUX CONTROL AND POPULATION REMOVALS111. Influx controls were implemented with greater harshness thanever. Theregime arrested, tried and harassed "pass law" offenders, deported them to

"homelands", demolished "illegal" shelters and imposed higher penalties againstemployers who employ "illegal" African workers.112. Although the Orderly Movement and Settlement of Black Persons Bill hasnot been enacted, the regime has already begun implementing its majorprovisions. The Bill, if enacted, will prevent all Africans deemedto be "citizens"of the so-called "independent" bantustans from becoming permanentresidents inurban areas except for those who already have rights of residence under section10 of the Blacks (Urban Areas) Act. It will also increase penalties for employerswho employ so-called "illegal" Africans and will give greater powersto officialsto remove "squatters".113. During "pass" raids, police and officials of the administration boards haveoften been aided by police dogs. As reported by the Black Sash, the rate of arrestsunder the influx control laws has nearly doubled since 1980. Africans were forcedback to "homelands", compelling them to live away from home, wrecking theirfamily life and making it difficult for them to obtain employment and acquireskills. Raids related to "pass laws" were stepped up, while removals andresettlements continued.114. The rigime took repressive measures to reduce the numberof Africanworkers allowed at night in white residential areas in the major cities. Africandomestic servants were told to leave Durban and Johannesburg at night. Theiremployers were asked to produce medical certificates supporting their need forservants, and inspectors withdrew domestic workers' permits.115. Despite a recent court judgement (Rikhoto case) upholding theright of long-term migrant workers to live in white urban areas with their families,administration boards are using a variety of devices to obstruct the granting ofrights to those who qualify. The boards said that they would not recognize theworkers' city rights if they had taken leave during their contracts,if they were"citizens" of "independent homelands" and if they had no housingavailable tothem. They also began refusing permission to those workers to change their jobsand stipulating in contracts of employment that a contract worker would lose hisjob if members of his family from outside the area joined him.116. In implementing its plan to remove the population of Driefontein, a villageof African farmers, police fatally shot in cold blood Mr Saul Mkhize,one of theleaders of the community opposing the removal, and arrested severalothers. Ther6gime also announced its intention to remove thousands of Africans fromKwaNgema, Daggerkraal and KwaNgwane as well as the townships ofLanga,Nyanga and Guguletu.-77-

117. It was reported that in 1982 a total of 112,646 Africans were arrested byofficials of administration boards and 93,376 others by the police under the*pass laws". Many of them, including women, were found guilty and were finedor otherwise punished. Children were also among those held in raids.118. A study released in June 1983 showed that more than 3.5 millionpeople hadbeen relocated since 1960, that more than 2 million had been convicted under

influx control laws, and that at least 2 million more are under the threatofremoval. Over 75 per cent of all those removed were Africans.VI. CONSTITUTIONAL PROPOSALS119. The constitutional changes proposed by the apartheid regime, offering theColoureds and Indians limited representation in the Parliament, were introducedin Parliament in May 1983 for debate in an atmosphere of growing oppositionfrom all sectors of the population. The proposals envisage a three-chamberparliament formed by whites, Coloureds and Indians. The Africanmajority isexcluded from the proposed parliamentary system.120. The proposals have been denounced by the Africans and the great majorityof Coloureds and Indians because they are designed to divide the black people,stifle their political aspirations, conscript Coloureds and Indians into the army todefend the apartheid system, entrench apartheid and prolong white domination.They have also been rejected by the Opposition Progressive Federal Party on thegrounds that they would increase racial polarization, while the far-right HerstigteNasionale Party and the Conservative Party have both opposed the proposals onthe grounds that such changes would ultimately end up in racial integration. Theproposals have also caused a deep rift in the ranks of the Afrikaners, both in theruling National Party and in the Broederbond, the secretive group which hasprovided guidance to the National Party since 1948.121. The Prime Minister promised that a referendum would be held among thewhites on the constitutional proposals. He also said that the opinion of theColoureds and the Indians would be tested on the same subject. In August 1983,the Prime Minister announced that the referendum among the whites would beheld on2 November 1983.122. In January 1983, over 300 delegates representing a large number of trade-union, civic, student and other organizations established the United DemocraticFront to oppose the r4gime's constitutional proposals because, as they said, "underthe new constitutional system South African Coloureds and Indians are meant tobecome junior partners in the oppressive enterprise of apartheid" They expressedthe belief that the proposals are designed to divide Africans rigidlyinto rural andurban, relegating the rural Africans to the poverty of the so-called "homeland"while maintaining control over the urban Africans under the guise of reform.They adopted a declaration pledging to fight in unity against the proposals and towork for the establishment of a non-racial and democratic society in South Africa.The Front was launched nationally on 20 to 21 August 1983. Mr. NelsonMandela, Mrs. Helen Joseph, Mr. Hassan Howa, Dr. Allan Boesak, and Dr.Beyers Naude were named patrons of the Front which elected three presidents,namely, Mrs. Albertina Sisulu, Mr. Oscar Mpetha and Mr. Archie Gumede.-78-

123. In June 1983, the National Forum Committee, representing a wide spectrumof black leaders, adopted the Manifesto of the Azanian People that identifiesmracial capitalism" as South Africa's real enemy and pledges to workfor the

establishment of an "anti-racist, socialist republic". The National Forum, too,rejects the constitutional proposals out of hand.VII. MILITARY BUILD-UPA. General124. During the period under review, South Africa's military and nuclearcapability continued to increase with the tacit collaboration of certainWesterncountries and Israel, as well as multinational corporations based inthese States,becoming an ever-increasing threat to the peace and stability in southern Africa.125. In this context, the increasing military and nuclear collaborationby Israelwith the South African r4gime, the relaxation by the United States of thearmsembargo against South Africa and the lack of effective monitoring ofthemandatory embargo have caused grave concern.B. Defence budget126. The r4gime has continued to conceal total military expenditures withindifferent budgetary provisions while making it a criminal offence,within thecontext of several acts, to publish figures concerning defence expenditures unlesssanctioned by the r4gime. It has, therefore, become difficult to compare currentbudget estimates with past expenditures.127. The 1983/84 budget estimates for defence totalled R3,093 million, a 15.9 percent increase from R2,668 million in 1982/83.C. Military forces128. There was a decrease in the overall manpower of the South African DefenceForce (SADF) during the period under review as the result of a shift in emphasisfrom manpower to increased mechanization. Overall manpower decreased by 12.2per cent to 81,400 in 1982-1983 from 92,700 in 1981-1982. Total conscripts inthe armed forces decreased to 53,100 in 1982-1983 from 66,000 in1980-1981.During the same periods African and Coloured regulars increased by1,400 to5,400. The navy decreased its manpower from 6,400 to 5,000 and the air forcefrom 10,300 to 9,000.129. In 1982-1983, the South African army's active reserve still totalled 130,000.However, reserve service was increased from 30 days per year for 8 years to 60days per year for 12 years.130. The South African navy increased its capacity by adding to itsfleet theKobie Coetzee, another Minister-class strike craft and high-speedmissile carrierbuilt in South Africa by Sandor-Austral and Armscor.-79-

D. Acquisition of military equipment131. In 1982-1983, the rigime continued to find ways and means to circumventthe mandatory arms embargo imposed upon it by the Security Council throughresolution 418 (1977) under Chapter VII of the Charter. This was achieved withthe tacit approval of certain Western States and, in particular, by overtcollaboration by Israel and the local authorities in Taiwan. Extensiveevidencecontinued to appear in the Western media concerning Western and Israeli militarycollaboration with South Africa, especially Israel's role in the supply of defencetechnology, nuclear equipment and expertise.

132. An important development over the past year has been the current UnitedStates policy of "constructive engagement", inter alia, paving the way for manyUnited States exports to South Africa which had been blocked in previous years.The United States Commerce Department has been issuing licences for computersand other equipment which can be used for military purposes. Mr. MalcolmBaldridge, the Commerce Secretary of the United States, has called it "a moreflexible policy" on exports of dual-use items, including nuclear-related materials.133. South Africa imported from the United States, inter alia, "shock batons",described by their manufacturer as "humane, effective and non-lethal", and the"Taser", a 'igh-voltage dart gun, to be used by the South Africanpolice.134. In 1983, the United Kingdom Government authorized Marconi,a Britishtelecommunications company, to sell radar equipment worth R8.5 million toSouth Africa. The equipment could be used for military purposes.135. On the other hand, some Governments have taken further stepsto implementthe mandatory arms embargo against South Africa. It was reported that in January1983 the Swiss Government began an investigation of the allegation that aninternational transport company, the British subsidiary of the Swiss freightcompany, Keuhne and Nagel International, had shipped arms to South Africathrough Switzerland. The arms were 1,000 Belgian FN-meuser rifles from anarms dealer in London, shipped to South Africa via London in 1980.136. It was reported in April that the Spanish Government stopped aSouthAfrican military deal altogether totalling $300 million to repair and modernizethree French-designed Daphne-class submarines of the South African navy inSpain. Included in this agreement was the South African navy's interest inordering naval vessels including submarines from Spain.137. In June 1983, the Danish police confiscated a shipment of smallarms boundfor South Africa. The shipment, sent to Denmark from Austria, was discovered atKastrup Cargo Centre. Authorities were reported to have said that those involvedin the shipment would be prosecuted for having breached the United Nationsmandatory arms embargo against South Africa.E. Armaments industry138. South Africa's military industry has shown significant growthsince theimposition of the mandatory arms embargo in 1977. However, as a result of thecessation of war in what was then Southern Rhodesia, resulting in a decreaseddemand for arms, the Armaments Development Corporation (ARMSCOR) ofSouth Africa-80-

was reportedly producing at 50 per cent capacity. During the past year, the SouthAfrican rigime mounted a major effort to increase its armaments exports to makeupfor the reduced demand. Media reports indicated that ARMSCOR successfullyexported arms to various destinations through companies mostly in WesternEurope.139. ARMSCOR participated in the Defendory (Defence) Expo 182, aninternational armaments exposition held in Athens, Greece, in October 1982, in

which many North American and West European-based arms producersparticipated. After representations by the World Campaign against Military andNuclear Collaboration with South Africa, the Greek Government orderedARMSCOR to close down its pavilion and appointed an official to investigatehow ARMSCOR had obtained permission toparticipate.140. ARMSCOR announced in March 1983 plans for the establishmentof anadvanced experimental armaments testing facility of approximately 38,000hectares for the South African Defence Force (SADF) and the armamentsindustry.F. Nuclear developments141. During the period under review, extensive evidence of close co-operation innuclear matters between Israel and South Africa emerged, includingstatements byprominent officials and experts in Israel and the United States. Asa result of thiscollaboration, South Africa's nuclear weapons capability, including neutronbombs, a missile delivery system with a range of 1,500 miles and launchingequipment for nuclear warheads, has reportedly improved, posing a grave dangerto southern Africa and to the African continent as a whole. South Africa, it isreported, has now enough material and sufficient technology to produce a dozennuclear weapons. Furthermore, it has combat aircraft capable of delivering them.142. The successful ANC operation against the Koeberg Nuclear Power Stationon9 December 1982 resulted in the indefinite delay of one of its reactors which wasdue to become operational by the end of 1983.VIII. INTENSIFICATION OF ACTS OF AGGRESSION AGAINSTNEIGHBOURING STATES143. Alarmed at the development of resistance in South Africa, the apartheidrdgime has resorted to increased military aggression and destabilization againstindependent African States.144. South Africa not only continues to occupy parts of southern Angola, but isalso striving to expand its occupation further north. No country in the region hasbeen spared the rigime's brutality. On 9 December 1982, the racistforces of theSouth African Defence Force (SADF) mounted their biggest massacre ever inLesotho, leaving 42 South African refugees and Lesotho nationals dead. In May1983, the racist r4gime bombed civilian targets, including a jam factory inMaputo, causing a number of casualties. Reports from Western correspondentsand diplomats refuted the claims of the apartheid regime that the targets wereANC military bases.145. A report on the mission of the Special Committee to front-line States(A/AC.115/L.593) indicates an escalation of the r4gime's acts of aggression anddestabilization throughout the region. There is a growing feeling among front-line-81-

States that the apartheid r6gime is determined to secure its positions atall costs,including the possible occupation of some of the territory of front-line States toserve as buffer zones. According to South African press reports, the South African

military has been highly impressed and motivated by the Israeli occupation ofsouthern Lebanon.146. The chief of SADF, General Constand Viljoen, recently disclosed ther~gime's strategy aimed at curtailing the activities of national liberationmovements. The plan involves negotiating peace agreements with front-lineStates, whereby the parties would not allow their territories to be used byopposition groups to mount military attacks against each other's territory. GeneralViljoen said that, if no agreement was reached, his country might consider usingthe military option, meaning attacks on front-line States under the pretext ofeliminating liberation movements based in their territories.147. The racist r6gime has also declared its willingness to offer military bases toany insurgent groups from front-line States, should the latter continue supportingliberation movements. Already, two such groups have been receivingmilitarysupport from the apartheid r4gime, namely, UNITA (Unias Nacional para aIndependAncia Total de Angola) from Angola and the Mozambique NationalResistance (MNR) from Mozambique.148. Apart from direct military incursions into front-line States, the r6gime hasalso been engaged in acts of destabilization, such as economic sabotage,espionage and assassination. For instance, in December 1982, the apartheidr6gime, through its proxy MR, blew up the oil pipeline from Mozambique toZimbabwe, leaving Zimbabwe's industry operating at half its normal capacity forapproximately three months. In January/February 1983, the insurgent group fromLesotho launched a series of bomb attacks on several economic installationsduring the meeting of the Southern African Development Co-ordinationConference (SADCC) held in Maseru, Lesotho. The rdgime's agents have blownup bridges, power installations, railway lines, roads, etc., in several front-line andneighbouring States.IX. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSA. General149. South African economic growth rate was negative in 1982. Real grossnational product (GNP) declined by 2.5 per cent in 1982 as against1.5 per cent in1981.150. South Africa's economic downturn which started at the end of 1980,continued in 1982, resulting mainly from the stagnant economic activity of itsmain trading partners in North America and Western Europe, the continuingshortage of skilled African manpower and the effects of drought on theagricultural sector.151. Severe drought decreased agricultural production by 7.5per cent in 1982.The agricultural sector was estimated to yield approximately R800million ingross farmers' incomes in 1982-1983 as compared to R2 billion in 1981-1982. Asa result, South Africa will have to import maize to meet its domesticrequirements.152. In 1982, the consumer price index (CPI) declined slightly to 14.7 per centfrom 15.2 per cent the year before. However, during the last quarter of 1982, theprice of white bread increased by 25 per cent and brown bread by 17.8 per cent,-82-

resulting in severe financial and nutritional effects on the majorityof Africans,especially the unemployed numbering more than 1 million.153. In 1982, South Africa's current balance-of-payments account gave a deficitof R3,037 million - R664 million less than in 1981 - resulting from a decline inmerchandise imports, a substantial increase in the value of the net output of goldand a slight increase in merchandise exports.154. Although the fall in the volume of imports and the improvement in goldprices started as early as July 1982, reducing the deficit on the current balance-ofpayments account, the turnaround began almost immediately after the formalapproval of the application for a R1,200 million ($1.1 billion) loanfrom theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) in November 1982. The interest rates on theIMF loans are much lower than those on private loans. The IMF loan wasapproved, despite the protest of the overwhelming majority of the States Membersof the United Nations, as a result of the weighted voting system applied at IMF.155. The loan enabled the regime to repay some private short-term foreign creditsas well as to increase its foreign exchange reserves. According tosome reports,South Africa stopped collecting disbursement of its IMF loan because the rising'price of gold had wiped out its balance-of-payments deficit. In this connectionp itshould be noted that South Africa's foreign exchange reservesincreased fromR289 million in October 1982 to R1,002 million in November 1982.156. The ongoing revival in the economies of its main trading partners and thestabilization of the gold price around $400 per ounce were expected tohavepositive effects on the South African economy in 1983. As long as thestabilizedgold price continues at $420/450 per ounce, South Africa could expect a balance-of-payments surplus this year of approximately R3 billion.157. As a result of balance-of-payments deficits in 1981 and during the first threequarters of 1982, South Africa's short-term liabilities to the international financialmarkets totalled R3.5 billion as of the end of March 1983. It was expected thatSouth Africa would again use IMF stand-by financial facilities during the currentyear to decrease a portion of its short-term foreign financial liabilities.158. It was strongly suspected that South Africa had made substantial paymentsfor strategic imports in March 1983 when its foreign exchange reserves, excludinggold, decreased to R460 million from R1,067 million in February 1983.B. Trade159. In 1982, South Africa's exports totalled R18,759 million, an increase of4.6 per cent from R17,919 million in 1981. Imports totalled R18,099 million, adecrease of 0.1 per cent from R18,ll in the previous year. South Africa's tradedeficit totalled R7,967 million in 1982, a decrease of 6.7 per cent ascomparedwith 1981.-83-

Table 1. Current balance-of-payments account of South Africa(seasonally adjusted annual rates in millions of rand)Merchandise exports Net gold output Merchandise importsNet service and transfer payments Balance on current account

19819 579 8 340198210 132 8 6271983(1st quarter)10 210 10 800-18 111 -18 099 -15 210-3 509-3 701-3 697 -3 790-3 0372 010Sources The South African Reserve Bank, Quarterly Bulletin, June 1983. 160. Asof the end of April 1983, South Africa's trade deficit totalled R2,213 million (R5billion at a seasonally adjusted annual rate).Table 2. Balance of payments, January-April 1983 (unadjusted inmillions ofrand)ExportsJanuary FebruaryMarchApril1 639 1 6601 917 1 7436 959Imports1 303 1 060 1 272 1 Ill4 746Deficit336 600645 6322 213Sources Rand Daily Mail, Johannesburg, 30 May 1983.161. In 1982, South Africa's exports to the Federal Republic of Germany, France,Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States totalled $7,325 million,adecrease of approximately 10 per cent from 1981's total of $8,118 million, andimports totalled $9,331 million, a decrease of approximately 23 per cent from thetotal of $11,463 in 1981. The decrease in exports could be attributed to its majortrading partners' stagnant economies which continued throughout 1982.-84-

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C. Gold and other minerals162. In 1982, the value of South Africa's mineral sales increased by 4.5 per centto R14,340 million from R13,724 million in the previous year.163. Estimates of South African coal reserves have been increased from 110,000million to 113,329 million tons. The total tonnage of coal exported in 1982declined to 28 million tons, 63 per cent from 1981. This was a result of weak coaldemand from its main trading partners, particularly in Western Europe. It wasexpected that South African coal exports would rise by 14.3 per cent in 1983 withfurther increases expected in the coming years.D. Foreign investments and loans164. In 1982, the inflow of foreign capital totalled R2,614 million as compared toR866 million in the previous year.165. The net capital outflow during the first quarter of 1983 totalled R645 million,R274 million representing long-term capital and R371 million short-term capital.Table 4. Net capital movements (not related to reserves)(in millions of rand)1981 1982 1983(1st quarter)Long-term capitalCentral government and banking sector 167 1 125 -52Public corporations and local authorities 666 335 181Private sector -291 453 -403Total 542 1 913 -274Short-term capital, not related to reserves,including unrecorded transactions 324 701 -371Total net capital movements 866 2 614 -645Sources The South African Reserve Bank, Quarterly Bulletin, June 1983.

166. Approximately 59 per cent of the long-term capital inflow consisted of loansraised in the international financial markets by the Treasury, the South AfricanTransport Services (SATS) and the Department of Posts andTelecommunications. The rest consisted of long-term capital, mostly as loans topublic corporations and the private sector.-86-

167. South African banks borrowed approximately R6 billion from theinternational financial markets as of the end of March 1983, an increase of R2,371million from March 1982, mainly short-term trade finance and working capitalloans from foreign banks and Euromarket institutions. Most of the recipients weredomestic companies and South African subsidiaries of transnational companiesfinancing their imports or exports or utilizing foreign credit linesinstead ofdomestic overdrafts for general cash as a result of low interest rates in thefinancial markets of South Africa's major trading partners.Table 5. Foreign exposure of South African banks*(in millions of rand)March 1983 March 1982Off- On- Off- Onbalance- balance- Capital balance-balance- Capitalsheet sheet surplus sheet sheet surplusBarclays 1 886.2 430.2 72.6 1 544.8 955.2 37.2French 80.5 25.3 7.4 38.5 12.3 8.2Hill Samuel 77.4 9.5 12.7 67.6 10.2 14.0Nedbank 1 021.4 626.4 50.7 162.0 595.4 95Santam 244.2 9.8 0.1 155.9 0.2 5.5Senbank 108.6 11.9 8.4 63.7 58.6 12.2Standard 1 037.9 252.3 79.4 572.9 667.5 40.4Trust 375.6 75.4 29.7 166.3 140.7 19.8Volkskas 913.5 63.5 24.5 630.4 197.7 16.2Volks Merchant 219.5 7.0 8.8 166.1 6.3 8.8Other 5.1 87.4 - 81.7 84.5Total 6 019.9 1 586.8 3 649.9 2 728.6Sources Financial Mail, Johannesburg, 15 July 1983.*Notes Off-balance-sheet figures cover only bills discountedand guarantees,which form the bulk. On-balance-sheet figures cover only selected deposits andloans from foreign sources outside southern Africa. Including banks listedseparately, the totals cover 19 banks, mainly commercial and merchant.168. South African banks or South African subsidiaries of foreign banks act asagents for short-term trade finance and working capital loans between therecipients and the financial institution abroad. Although the borrower could,technically, approach the foreign financial institution directly, according to aSouth African banker "it's easier for [foreign financial institutions] to approach us.We know the local companies," qnce again proving the close co-operationbetween the South African and foreign financial institutions.-87-

169. In 1982, according to the financial media reports, Electricity SupplyCommission of South Africa (ESCOM) received a $300 million suppliers' creditfrom the Hermes export credit guarantee organization of the Federal Republic ofGermany to buy power station turbines from Kraftwerk Union of the FederalRepublic. Furthermore, in the same year, ESCOM was reported tohave raised aDM250 syndicated loan, organized by Bayerische Vereinsbank of the FederalRepublic as a lead manager. In the same year, Iron and Steel Corporation of SouthAfrica (ISCOR) raised SwF 50 million in the Swiss capital market through theUnion Bank of Switzerland as the lead manager.170. It was reported in May 1983 that during the current year ESCOM hadborrowed $75 million and SATS DM 100 million from the international financialmarkets. Furthermore, reports in June indicated that Standard Merchant Bank(SMB) of South Africa was raising another loan for SATS in the internationalfinancial markets, totalling £30 million, approximately RS1 million.171. Furthermore, the United Kingdom-based Standard MerchantBank of SouthAfrica was reportedly raising a $25 million loan in the international financialmarkets. Soditic SA, a subsidiary of Banca Commerciale Italiana Spa.in Italy,was reported to be negotiating another loan from the international financialmarkets for an undisclosed amount and borrower.172. During the first eight months of 1982, direct investment from the FederalRepublic of Germany totalled R13.9 million and was expected to exceed R28.8million by the end of the year. These were the official figures, showing only a partof the total annual investments, as they do not include reinvestmentof profits.173. It may be noted, as an example, that during the first eight months of 1982,the turnover of Bayerische Motorwerke (BMW) of South Africa totalledR251million as compared to R179 million during the same period in 1981. The parentcompany in the Federal Republic of Germany was reported to be planning toinvest R150 million in South Africa by 1984, excluding substantial loan-financing.174. In March 1983, Volkswagen of South Africa, based in the Federal Republicof Germany, announced plans for a R280 million expansion to its assembly plantin South Africa over the next five years.175. In 1983, United States-based companies operating in South Africa werepermitted to use the facilities of the United States Export and Import Bank(Eximbank). The Bank, backed by the United States Government, provides creditto exporters and importers of United States goods. It was effectivelypreventedfrom doing business in South Africa in 1978 by the Evans Amendment,stipulating that the United States Secretary of State must certify that the labourpractices of the United States-based companies operating in South Africa are inline with the Sullivan principles before they can use the Bank's facilities.176. The financial media indicated that the United States-based WestinghouseCorporation was planning to invest R40 million in a new coal gasifierat SASOLII and that construction would begin in mid-1983 and end a year later.-88-

E. Emigration and immigration177. During the first five months of 1982, a total of 16,861 immigrants came toSouth Africa, 93.8 per cent from the United Kingdom. Among them, 785 wereengineers, 95 medical doctors and dentists, 126 accountants, 162educationalists,602 administrative and managerial workers and 1,435 clerical and relatedworkers.178. In the same period, 3,317 South Africans emigrated from South Africa.Among them, 106 were engineers, 20 doctors and dentists, 54 accountants, 63educationalists, 124 managerial and administrative workers and 246 clerical andrelated workers.179. In November 1982, Mr. F. W. de Klerk, Minister of Internal Affairs of SouthAfrica, said that immigration to South Africa from Europe will continue in thefuture to augment 'home-grown' manpower.F. Airlines180. In Septembet 1982, South African Airways (SAA) announcedthat it wouldstart direct weekly flights between Johannesburg and Houston, Texas, UnitedStates. Despite opposition from congressional and civil rights groups, the CivilAviation Board (CAB) of the United States granted the necessary landingpermission to SAA which started the flights in December 1982. Approximately100 policemen and security workers were on hand at Houston InternationalAirport because of demonstrations organized at the airport by the South AfricanTask Force, an anti-apartheid group.181. In March 1983, Lufthansa, the national carrier of the Federal Republic ofGermany, increased its flights between Frankfurt and Johannesburg from four tofive. The manager of Lufthansa in South Africa was quoted as sayingthat"exports from West Germany to South Africa have grown steadily overthe pastyears and this accentuates our need to provide an extra flighto.182. In 1983, SAA received the latest model of the Boeing 747-300.The aircraftwas.financed with loans from the United States Export-Import Bank.G. Tourism183. The South African tourist industry earned R630 million in the 12-monthperiod from June 1981 to June 1982. In the same year, over 700,000 touristsvisited South Africa.184. In 1982, the then Secretary of State for Foreign Trade of Portugal, Mr.Fernando Faria de Oliveiria, visited South Africa to discuss with the SouthAfrican authorities, inter alia, how to increase tourism between Portugal andSouth Africa.X. SPORTS185. As the international community intensified its campaign against sportscontacts with South Africa, the apartheid regime and its sports organizationsbecame increasingly aggressive in luring international sports personalities to-89-

South Africa. During the past year, the r6gime and its sports bodiesorganizedsports events at an estimated cost of more than $5 million. However,owing tointernational and local pressure, some of the events never took place.

186. In October 1982, the South African Cricket Union (SACU) organized acricket tour by a group of 14 Sri Lankan cricket players. Each wasofferedR65,000 to tour South Africa. The players were immediately banned by the SriLankan sports authorities for accepting this offer. The owner of the Sun Citypleasure resort in the so-called "independent* State of Bophuthatswana, Mr. SolKerzner, staged at his resort a series of international golf tournaments at a cost of$2 million, the biggest money tournaments in the history of golf. Later, inDecember 1982, the South African Professional Golf Association organized a $1million golf tournament featuring 10 international golf players, namely SeverianoBallesteros, Ray Floyd, Johnny Miller, Jack Nicklaus, Greg Norman, Jerry Pate,Gary Player, Craig Stradler, Lee Trevino and Larry Wadkins.187. In January 1983, SACU was able to lure 15 cricketers from the West Indiesto tour South Africa. The cricketers were each offered R90,000 and there wereplans for them to return to South Africa later this year. Their tour raisedwidespread international outcries and they were immediately banned by theirrespective sports bodies and the International Cricket Council (ICC). In anotherdevelopment, announcements were made for a million-dollar-plus boxingchampionship at Sun City, featuring Kenny Bogner, Roberto Duran, Ray Manciniand Davey Moore.188. Apart from these widely publicized big-money events, several other events,particularly in boxing, golf, gymnastics, motor racing, swimming and tennis, took,place in South Africa. Meanwhile, South African sports personalities, particularlygolf and tennis players, continue to be able to participate in international eventsabroad, mainly in the United Kingdom and the United States. For instance, in Julythis year, four South African tennis players participated in the Wimbledon TennisChampionships at Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom.189. Certain international sports bodies have been particularly active in support ofapartheid sports. In August 1982, the World Boxing Association (WBA)appointed Mr. Justice H. W. 0. Klopper, President of the South AfricanBoxingBoard Control, as Acting President of WBA for a period of thrrk months. TheInternational Tennis Federation (ITF) charged the organizers ofthe StockholmOpen in Sweden with a penalty fee of $25,000 because the Swedish Governmentdenied visas to four South African tennis players.190. In another attempt to frustrate the efforts of the United Nations toisolateSouth Africa, Mr. John Carlisle, a member of the British Conservative Party,unsuccessfully lobbied the Maryleborne Cricket Club (MCC), of which he is amember, to send a cricket team to South Africa. On 14 July 1983, the MCCoverwhelmingly voted against Mr. Carlisle's proposal.191. Meanwhile, in South Africa, in May 1983, the South African AmateurAthletics Union (SAAAU) launched an unsuccessful legal battle against theInternational Amateur Athletics Federation for expelling South Africa from theworld body and for banning it from taking part in the Olympic gamesand otherinternational events. Earlier in March 1983, the South African RugbyBoard(SARB) appointed Mr. Tommie Campbell, the former Irish international golfplayer and current Chairman of the United Kingdom-based Freedom inSportsMovement, as their overseas representative.

-90-

192. Although the apartheid r4gime is looking for a convenient way of handlinginternational isolation, pressure against it has been mounting. In South Africa inMarch 1983, the South African Council on Sport (SACOS) started its ownblacklist of sports personalities who contravene the SACOS resolutions, banningthem from contact with multinational sports: people who appear in the SACOSlist would not be able to take part in SACOS sports. There were also reports that,owing to international and local pressure, some big business intereststhat havebeen financing "rebel* tours and other big-money sports events werereconsidering their role as apartheid financiers.193. On the international level, apartheid sport was dealt a heavy blow in October1982, in Brisbane, Australia, when the Commonwealth countries unanimouslyadopted a new code of conduct designed to force South Africa into totalisolation.The new code provides for the expulsion from the Commonwealth GamesFederation of any member country whose teams or individuals competein oragainst South Africa.194. In April 1983, the French Government ordered all French sportsorganizations to end all contacts with South Africa because of its apartheidpolicies. Earlier, the Australian Government, which had banned wrebel" WestIndian cricketers, extended its ban to all cricketers who participated in unofficialtours to South Africa. The Australian Government made it clear that itsbanincluded United Kingdom and Sri Lankan cricket players who wentto SouthAfrica in 1982 and joined any future rebel tours. The ban would apply as long asthe players were banned by relevant national cricket bodies.195. Most Governments, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom andthe United States, continued denying visas to South African sports personalitiesand banning their sportsmen from participating in any internationalsports inwhich South Africa was represented. Because of international pressure and itsimpact on South Africa's participation in international sports, a number of SouthAfrican sports personalities have been leaving South Africa to settlein foreigncountries where they could have easy access to international sports events.XI. CULTURAL CONTACTS196. While significant progress has been made in isolating the aartheid regime insports, the campaign for the cultural boycott of South Africa, especially in thearea of entertainment, is yet to make an effective impact. Most of the entertainerswho continue to defy the United Nations call for the cultural boycott of theapartheid r~gime come from Western States, in particular, the United Kingdomand the United States. As in the case of sports, money is the driving force for mostentertainers who tour South Africa. Many of these artistes have been performingin the so-called State of Bophuthatswana, on the pretext that it was an"independent* black State.197. Among the prominent artistes who toured South Africa in July 1982 wereFederico Cerva, a dancer from Spain, and Liza Minnelli and OliviaNewton-Johnfrom the United States. Other tours were made by George Benson, a jazz singerfrom the United States, in August 19821 Clarence Carter and Jimmy Smith, also

from the United States, in October 19821 and Dolly Parton in December 1982. InJanuary 1983, Julio Iglesias from Spain toured South Africa, followed in February1983 by Shirley Bassey and David Essex from the United Kingdom. In April andMay 1983, respectively, Barry Manilow and Linda Ronstadt, both from theUnited-91-

States, toured South Africa. In July 1983 Rod Stewart, the Britishrock star basedin the United States, toured South Africa. These are just a few of the many artistesknown to have toured South Africa in the past year.198. Meanwhile, South Africa itself was represented at several internationalshows and contests, such as the 1982 Miss Universe Contest in Peruin July 1982,the Royal Highland Flower Show in Edinburgh, Scotland, in July 1982,and theSeventh International Paloma O'Shea Piano Contest at Santander, Spain, inAugust 1982, where a South African pianist, Mr. Marc Raubenheimer, won firstprize. Recently, in July 1983, South Africa and for the first time, one of itsbantustans, the so-called windependentu State of Transkei, were represented inthe Miss Universe Contest, held at St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States.Alsoin July 1982, inan effort to boost its propaganda campaign in the United States, theracist rgimeemployed a new film-distributing company, the Audience Planners,Inc. ofHollywood, California, to handle the distribution of South African documentariesin the UnitedStates.199. The racist regime continues to enjoy academic, educational and scientificexchanges with certain Western States and Israel. For instance, in February 1983,the World Medical Association (WMA) elected to its Council the Secretary-General of the Medical Association of South Africa, Dr. C. E. M. Viljoen. Later,in March 1983, South Africa was represented at the first international meeting ondrug issues, held in Colombia, Maryland, in the United States. Duringthe samemonth, Professor Andr4 P. Brink of Cape Town was awarded France's highestcivilian honour, the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.200. There are encouraging signs, however, that the cultural boycott is picking upmomentum. Protests by anti-apartheid groups inside South Africa have disruptedseveral shows and concerts by certain entertainers, such as Paul Anka's concertsin Sun City.201. In July 1982, several South African artistes held a week-long symposium onOCulture and Resistance" at the University of Botswana in Gaborone. Thesymposium was attended by musicians, writers and actors. It resolved to work fora boycott of overseas artistes visiting South Africa. Meanwhile, in the UnitedStates, in June 1983, the O'Jays, who had toured South Africa in 1981, organizeda symposium on sCultural Boycott of Racist South African in Los Angeles,California. The purpose of the symposium was to educate the general public andfellow entertainers about the evils of apartheid, as well as to urge entertainers tohonour the boycott.

202. In addition, anti-apartheid movements, both in the United Statesand in otherWestern countries, have been picketing those artistes who refuse to honour theboycott. More and more artistes have come to realize that they cannot co-operatewith apartheid without provoking condemnation in their home countries.Notes!/ For a list of detainees who were tried and sentenced during the yearunderreview see appendix I to this annex.b/ Reported incidents of the armed struggle against the apartheid regime areenumerated in appendix II to this annex.-92-

APPENDIX IList of political trials concluded during the past year*1. Mr. Thelle Simon MOGOERANE (23)Mr. Jerry Semano MOSOLOLI (25) Mr. Marcus Thabo MOTAUNG (27)ANC members. Convicted on 4 AdgUst 1982 of attacks on police stations, powerplants and railways. Sentenced to death on 6 August 1982. Appeal for clemencyto the State President was rejected and they were executed on 9 June 1983,despite an international campaign to save their lives.2. Mr. S. I. BILA (28)Mr. B. MOKGONYANA (19)Sentenced in August 1982 on charges of furthering the aims of ANC andpossessing banned literature. Mr. Bila was given aitwo-year prisolf,pWtend Mr.Mokgonyana an effective prison term of 12 months.3. Mr. M. I. TAHOMr. L. JOLOBE (25) Mr. L. MPAHLWA (23)Mr. M. HONGOMr. B. NGCUKA (28)Convicted in August 1982 for refusing to testify for the State in the trial of Mr.Maqubela and his two co-defendants on charges of treason. Mr. Taho wassentenced to a five-year prison term, Mr. Jolobe and Mr. Mpahlwa each to a four-year term, and Mr. Hongo and Mr. Ngcuka each to three years. All of them hadbeen in detention since December 1981.4. Mr. Charlton NTULI (73)Sentenced to a five-year prison term in August 1982 for being a member of ANC.The sentence was later reduced to three years.5. Mr. S. GABAMr. M. MAQHUTYANAMr. P. MAQUBBLAANC members. Each sentenced by the Nata Supreme Court in September1982 toa 20-year prison term for allegedly having conspired with ANC to overthrow thergime.* Does not include the trials which ended in acquittals or withdrawal ofcharges.Many other political trials continued.-93-

6. Mr. A. S. BUTHELEZIMr. A. DLOMOMr. M. NYANDENIANC members. Each sentenced in September 1982 to a five-year prison term forallegedly having received military training abroad and to seven years forpossessing arms and ammunition, the sentences to run concurrently.7. Miss Barbara Anne HOGAN (30)AMC member and former researcher at the South African Institute of RaceRelations. Convicted of high treason in October 1982 for furthering the aims ofANC. Sentenced to a 10-year prison term. Appeal against conviction and sentencewas denied.8. Mr. Mzwandile MBETHEMr. Myeleli SALIWAEach sentenced to a five-year prison term in October 1982 under the TranskeiPublic Sea igty Act for participating in *terrorist* activities and recruitingindividuals to join ANC.9. Mr. James Z. KATI (53)Mr. Peter B. KING (57)Convicted under the Transkei Public Security Act in October 1982.Eachsentenced to an effective seven-year prison term for taking part in"terrorist"activities and endangering the maintenance of law and order in Transkei, the so-called "independento State.10. Mr. Suzman N. MOKOENA (22)Sentenced in October 1982 to a 20-year prison term for allegedly having takenpart in the attack on an electricity station and for being a member of ANC.11. Mr. Rogerio Hoffsani CHAMUSSO (32)Convicted on three counts under the Terrorism Act in December 1982. Sentencedto an effective 24 years in prison for sabotage and for allegedly receiving militarytraining abroad and possessing limpet mines.12. Mr. Pikinini MAPHUMULO (51)Sentenced to a five-year prison term in December 1982 for having encouragedfour persons to undergo military training abroad, which would furtherthe aims ofANC.13. Mr. Carl NIEHAUS (22)Student at the University of Witwatersrand and member of the Dutch ReformedChurch. Sentenced to 50 days' imprisonment in December 1982, suspended forfive years, for being in possession of banned literature.-94-

14. Mr. Phillip DLAMINI (31)General Secretary of the South African Black Municipal and Allied Workers'Union. Sentenced in January 1983 to 18 months in prison for refusing togiveState evidence in the "treason" trial of Miss Lillian Keagile.15. Mr. Lazarus MMOLEDI (26)Mr. Andrew MOKONE (19)Mr. Vulindlela MAPEKULA (22) Mr. Reginald NKOSI (21)

Convicted in March 1983 of furthering the aims of ANC. Mr. Mmoledi wassentenced to a four-year prison term for playing a cassette with arecording of aspeech by the President of ANC, Mr. Oliver Tambo, Mr. Mapekula and Mr. Nkosieach to three years, and Mr. Mokone to two years, for "participating" in ANCactivities.16. Miss Lillian KEAGILE (24)Sentenced in March 1983 to a six-year prison term for furthering the aims ofANC.17. Mr. Joe THLOLOE (banned journalist)Mr. Sipho Moffatt NGCOBOEach sentenced to two-and-a-half years' imprisonment in April 1983 forpossessing PAC literature.18. Mr. Steven Sipho MZOLOMr. Nhlanganiso SIBANDAEach sentenced to three years in prison in April 1983 for possessing PACliterature.19. Ms. Nomakephu Jane NTSATHA (25)Mr. Mncekeleli Lawrence PETER (21)Charged in the Zwelitsha Magistrates Court (Ciskei) with recruiting persons tojoin ANC, being office bearers of ANC, and being in possession of ANCpublications. Convicted and sentenced in April 1983 to five years and three yearsin prison, respectively.20. Mr. Rejoice MAKWELE (24)Sentenced to seven years in prison in April 1983 for undergoing military trainingabroad.21. Mr. Khaya SKWEYIYA (21)ANC member. Sentenced in May 1983 to 15 years in prison for allegedhightreason and assault and having undergone military training abroad.22. Mr. N. J. LUBISI (30)Mr. P. T. MASHIGO (22) Mr. N. MANANA (26)ANC members, who were already serving life sentences, were eachsentenced to afurther 15 years in May 1983 for alleged "murder and robbery attempt".-95-

23. Mr. Oscar MPETHA (74)and nine othersAiling veteran trade unionist. Was charged with "inciting" disturbances at theCrossroads squatter camp in 1980 which resulted in the deaths of two whites.Sentenced in June 1983 to five years in prison after a trial which lasted nearlythree years. Nine other co-defendants were given sentences varying from 7 to 20years.24. Mr. Joseph CHARLES (24)Mr. Rufus RADEBE (19)Musicians. Each sentenced to four years in prison in June 1983 for singing"revolutionary* songs and "participating" in ANC activities. 25. Mr. HeadleyMoses KING

Convicted on 2 August 1983 of participating in ANC activities and sentenced toan effective 12-month prison term. 26. Mr. Jacob MASHEGO (25)Mr. Peter Thabo MOLOI (29)Sentenced on 10 August 1983 to five-year and one-year prison terms,respectively,for playing and/or possessing ANC cassette tapes. Two years of the five-yearprison term were suspended for five years.27. Mr. Peter R. MOKABA (24)Mr. Joseph MOAKE (20)Sentenced on 12 August 1983 to six-year and 13-year prison terms,respectively,under the Terrorism Act.-96-

APPENDIX IIChronology of incidents relating to the armed struggle in South Africa during thepast year28 July 19821 August 1982t Early October 1982t2 November 1982:8 November 1982:14 November 1982: 20 November 1982: 15 December 1982: 16 December 1982tA bomb exploded outside the New Law Courts in Port Elizabeth. Three persons,including two policemen, were injured.A series of explosions and fire caused an estimated R00,000 damage at an armyheadquarters in Durban.A gun battle erupted in the KwaZulu area of northern Natal. One policeman and afreedom fighter were killed. A magistrate imposed restrictions on the funeral ofthe freedom fighter, including a prohibition on political speeches,songs andprocessions.A series of explosions blew up petrol tanks at the Mobil fuel depot in Mkuze innorthern Natal, which is the site of an operational military airstrip.This was thefourth known sabotage of an oil depot in 1982. It was also the ninth timethatspecifically oil targets had been hit by units of Umkhonto we sizwe.Warrant-Officer Phillipus Selepe, who had given State evidence at severalpolitical trials, was shot at close range with an automatic weapon. He gaveevidence for the State at the trial of the three ANC freedom fighters who werelater executed by the regime, namely Mr. Thelle Simon Mogoerane,Mr. JerrySemano Mosololi and Mr. Marcus Thabo Motaung.An armed confrontation took place between three freedom fighters and the policenear Retief in the eastern Transvaal. The previous day two policemenhad beenshot.Two groups of men armed with rockets and machine-guns attacked a policestation and a Defence Force outpost in Tongo in KwaNgwane. Two servicemenwere injured.An explosion damaged two transformers at the Annandale substationof theElectricity Supply Commission, causing damage estimated at between R80,000and 100,000. Power was cut in some areas but no one was hurt.

Mr. Bartholomew Hlapane, who had given State evidence in a number ofpoliticaltrials, was killed along with his wife. In March 1982 Mr. Hlapane alsotestifiedbefore the United States Senate Sub-Committee on Terrorism.-97-

18 and 19 December 1982:26 January 19831 27 January 1983: 30 January 1983: 8 February1983: 11February 1983: 21 March 1983: March 1983: Late March 1983:6 April 1983:21 April 1983:Four bombs exploded in a staggered series over a 12-hour period atSouth Africa'snuclear power station in Koeberg, north of Cape Town. Electricity supply tonearby towns was temporarily disrupted. ANC claimed responsibility for theattack which was described as a nsalute to our fallen heroes". The reference wasto 30 ANC members who were among the 42 persons killed by South Africanforces in a raid on Maseru, Lesotho. The Koeberg nuclear station is protected bysome of the most intense security precautions of any installation inSouth Africa.The Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs said in Parliament that thebombingwould "seriously delay" the opening of the nuclear power plant.An explosion in the offices of the Eastern Cape Administration Board inNewBrighton, Port Elizabeth, killed one man and injured seven others.A bridge in Bloemfontein was partially destroyed by a bomb.An explosion damaged the provincial Supreme Court building inPietermaritzburg. Police suspected sabotage.An armed confrontation took place between freedom fighters and thepolice.The offices of the Drakensberg Administration Board in the Sobantu residentialarea near Pietermaritzburg were severely damaged by a bomb. There were noinjuries.A bomb exploded at the Supreme Court building in Pietermaritzburg.This wasthe second explosion in the Court in 1983.A bomb explosion on the railway line near Bloemfontein damaged a coach.Police seized a cach4 of arms and ammunition in KwaZulu. The cach4 includedhand grenades, explosives and detonators.A bomb exploded on the railway line between Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage nearthe village of Swartkops causing extensive damage. No one was injured. Theexplosion coincided with the anniversary of the execution of ANC freedomfighter Mr. Solomon Mahlangu. This was the fourth bomb attack in thearea in thepast 20 months.A bomb explosion partially destroyed the old Supreme Court building inPietermaritzburg. One man was injured. This was the third bomb attackonSupreme Court buildings in the city since the beginning of 1983.-98-

20 May 1983: 28 June 1983:An explosion at the headquarters of the South African Air Force in Pretoria killed18 persons and wounded 217, many of them military personnel. In astatement

issued in Dar es Salaam, ANC claimed responsibility for the attack. The leader ofANC, Mr. Oliver Tambo, declared that the bomb attack signaled "an escalation' inANC's struggle against white minority rule.Two explosions caused extensive damage to the office of the InternalAffairsDepartment in Roodeport, near central Johannesburg. The building also housesthe headquarters of the Roodeport police. ANC claimed responsibility for thebombing.20 August 1983tA bomb hit an electricity pylon and caused in several suburbs of Pretoria.Officials ANC of planting the bomb.a black-out accused the26 August 1983:A bomb exploded at a Johannesburg building which houses the "Consulate" ofCiskei. One person was injured and the building was damaged extensively. ANCclaimed responsibility for the attack and accused the Ciskei of pursuing "a policyof repression at the bidding of its Pretoria masters".-99-

ANNEX IIList of statements issued by the Special CommitteeThe Special Committee issued the following statements during the period underreviewt29 September 19828 October 198212 October 198221 October 1982 28 October 19824 November 1982 16 November 19822 December 1982 9 December 1982 23 December 1982Statement by the Chairman regarding the Day of Solidarity with SouthAfricanPolitical Prisoners (GA/AP/1371)Statement by the Chairman regarding awards to seven persons for theiroutstanding contribution to the international movement for sanctions againstSouth Africa in solidarity with the national liberation movement of South Africa(GA/AP/1373)Joint statement by the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid, thePresident of the Council for Namibia and the Chairman of the Special Committeeon Decolonization urging IMF to reject South Africa's request forone billionspecial drawing rights (GA/AP/1378)Statement by the Acting Chairman calling for condemnation of sentences imposedby South Africa on a supporter of the liberation struggle (GA/AP/1379)Statement by the Chairman of the Sub-Committee on the ImplementationofUnited Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa applaudingaction by Sri Lanka Cricket Board against 14 cricketers who touredSouth Africa(GA/AP/1383)Statement by the Chairman denouncing IMF credit to South Africa (GA/AP/1384)

Statement by the Chairman of the Sub-Committee on the ImplementationofUnited Nations Resolutions and Collaboration with South Africa condemning theInternational Tennis Council's decision to fine the Swedish tennis association forexcluding South African tennis players (GA/AP/1388)Statements by the Chairman appealing for renewed efforts to save the lives offreedom fighters facing execution in South Africa (GA/AP/1392)Statement by the Acting Chairman condemning the South African raid intoLesotho (GA/AP/1393)Statement by the Chairman expressing satisfaction at legislative actions inMichigan and Massachusetts (GA/AP/139 4)-100-

23 December 1982 23 December 19824 January 1983 7 January 1983 13 January 198317 January 9 February1983 19838 March 1983 10 March 1983 17 March 19836 April 1983 25 April 1983 20 May 1983 24 May 1983 13 June 1983 26 August1983Statement by the Chairman on the death of Dr. Neil Aggett (GA/AP/1394)Statement by the Chairman expressing regret at efforts in the United States todeport Mr. Dennis Brutus (GA/AP/1396)Statement by the Chairman paying tribute to the late Reverend Canon Collins(GA/AP/1398)Message by the Chairman to the President of ANC (GA/AP/1399)Statement by the Chairman denouncing move to try nine South Africansforparticipation in PAC activities (GA/AP/14 02)Statement by the Chairman on plans for "constitutional reform" in South Africa(GA/AP/1403)Statement by the Chairman appealing to the world community to demand releaseof six political prisoners in South Africa (GA/AP/1412)Statement by the Chairman on steps taken to publicize the plight of women underapartheid in South Africa (GA/AP/1416)Statement by the Chairman appealing for the widest observance of InternationalDay for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (GA/AP/1417)Statement by the Chairman welcoming the Lisbon Conferece in support of front-line States (GA/AP/1422)Statement by the Chairman on a reported plan by South African company to builda casino in Atlantic City (GA/AP/1434)Statement by the Chairman expressing satisfaction at the decision of France tocancel a rugby tour of South Africa (GA/AP/1442)Statement by the Acting Chairman regarding the holding of an InternationalConference on the Alliance between South Africa and Israel in Vienna, 11-13July 1983 (GA/AP/1445)Statement by the Chairman condemning the South African bombing of Maputo(GA/AP/1448)

Statement by the Chairman concerning the execution of three ANC members(GA/AP/1454)Statement on South Africa's proposed Constitutional Amendment Bill(GA/AP/1476)-101-

ANNEX IIIList of documents of the Special CommitteeA/AC.115/L.583 A/AC.115/L.584 A/AC.115/L.585 A/AC.115/L.586A/AC.115/L.587 A/AC.115/L.588 A/AC.115/L.589A/AC.115/L.590 A/AC.115/L.591 A/AC.115/L.592 A/AC.115/L.593A/AC.115/L.594 A/AC.115/L.595Statements made at the 511th meeting under agenda item "Hearing on theapplication by South Africa for credit from the IMF"Communications relating to South Africa's participation in Working Groups ofthe International Atomic Energy AgencyMessages for the Day of Solidarity with South African Political PrisonersPaper on Torture and Ill-treatment of Detainees by the Racist R6gime of SouthAfrica in 1982Report of the Conference of West European Parliamentarians on Sanctionsagainst South AfricaDeclaration of the Sanctions Workshop organized by the Nigerian NationalCommittee against Apartheid (NACAP), Jos, Nigeria, 10-11 December 1982Letter dated 2 March 1983 from the Permanent Representative of the GermanDemocratic Republic concerning the observance of the International Year ofMobilization for Sanctions against South AfricaLetters from Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and Guyana on the crickettour by West Indian cricketers to South AfricaMessages for the International Day for the Elimination of Racial DiscriminationMessages on the twentieth anniversary of the Special Committee againstApartheidInterim Report of the Mission of the Special Committee to Front-line StatesReport of the International Conference on Sanctions against Apartheid in Sports(London, 27-29 June 1983)Report of the International Conference on the Alliance between South Africa andIsrael (Vienna, 11-13 July 1983)-102-

%/AC. 1S/L. 596 A/AC. 115/L.597Report of the International NGO Conference on Action against Apartheid andRacism (Geneva, 5-8 July 1983)Messages for the International Day of Solidarity with the Struggling People ofSouth Africa (5 August 1983)83-26403 1004-5d (E)-103-

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