relationship between human development index & happiness index

Institute of Business Administration (IBA)

University of Dhaka

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT INDEX & HAPPINESS INDEX

Course Title: Statistics and Decision Analysis

Course No.: K502

Submitted to

Md. Ershadul Huq

Assistant Professor, SBI

Submitted by

Sanjana Islam (48D, Roll: 14)

Sayed Ashraf Mamun (48D, Roll: 21)

Saidur Rahman Khan (48D, Roll: 38)

Iqbal Mahmud Chowdhury (48D, Roll: 42)

Md. Imrul Kayes (48D, Roll: 43)

Md. Zahidul Islam (48D, Roll: 55)

MBA (Evening Program)

Submission Date: December 31, 2013

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pg No.

Table of Contents ii

Chapters

1. Introduction 1

2. Analysis of HDI 2013 and Happiness Index 2013 2-3

3. Regression Analysis of HDI and Happiness Index 2013 4-7

4. Conclusion 7

Appendix 8-15

LIST OF TABLES

Pg No.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics 2

Table 2: Estimated regional Happiness Index values 6

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Pg No.

Figure 1: Region wise variation in development level 2

Figure 2: Region wise variation in happiness due to social progress 3

Figure 3: Relationship between Human Development Index and Happiness Index 5

Figure 4: Region wise variation in Happiness Index and Human Development Index 6

1

1. Introduction:

Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of indicators along three

dimensions: life expectancy, educational attainment and command over the resources needed

for a decent living1. The three dimensions of HDI are calculated as separate index values -

• A long and healthy life is enumerated with ‘Life expectancy index’

• Educational attainment is calculated with ‘Education index’ which uses data like

‘Mean years of schooling’ and ‘Expected years of schooling’

• A decent standard of living calculated through ‘Income index’ which depends upon

Gross National Income per capita

Finally, the HDI is calculated as the geometric mean of the above stated three normalized

indices. HDI can be viewed as an index of “potential” human development. It helps in

tracking the changes in development levels over time and in comparing development levels in

different countries.

HDI or Development as a whole mostly focuses on the economic development, whereas,

Happiness index attempts to measure beyond the economic aspect of development and tries

to incorporate net environmental impacts, the spiritual and cultural growth of citizens, mental

and physical health and the strength of the corporate and political systems2. Happiness is an

aspiration of every human being, a desirable life, and can be a measure of social progress.

Happiness index is explained by aspects like GDP per capita, social support, healthy life

expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity and perceptions of corruption.

This study attempts to understand the relationship between ‘Development’ and ‘Social

progress’ and thus the objective of this study is to find out the relationship between HDI and

Happiness Index. After finding the relationship the study also attempts to estimate the region

wise score of happiness index from the average regional value of HDI. The data are collected

from ‘World Happiness Report 2013’1 and ‘Human Development Report 2013’

2. The data are

shown in the appendix. The statistical tools used in this study are frequency distribution,

mean, correlation and regression analysis etc.

Reference: 1. Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (Eds. 2013). World Happiness Report 2013. New York: UN Sustainable

Development Solutions Network.

2. UNDP. (2013). Human Development Report 2013. Retrieved from

http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/human-development-report-2013/

2. Analy

All the d

etc. for b

2012 H

Happin

2

Valid N

We can s

countries

is 0.17 o

value is

mean Ha

these ind

From fig

African c

ysis of HDI 2

data are prov

both HDI and

HDI Value

ness Index

2012

N (list wise)

see that valu

s is 0.675 wh

only. Wherea

dispersed be

appiness Inde

dex values w

F

gure 1 it is ev

countries ha

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

V

% of countries

2013 and Ha

vided in app

d Happiness

N R

188 .

152 4

152

ue of HDI ra

hich is categ

as, among th

etween 2.93

ex of the co

e use follow

FIGURE 1: R

vident that m

ave low life

ery High

appiness In

endix. The t

Index–

Table 1: Des

Range Minim

651 .30

4.757 2.9

anges betwe

gorized unde

he collected

6 to 7.693 a

untries is 5.4

wing frequenc

Region wise v

most of the A

expectancy

High

Developme

dex 2013:

table below

scriptive Stati

mum Maxim

04 .955

936 7.693

een 0.304 to

er medium d

Happiness

and standard

418. Now to

cy distributi

variation in d

African coun

rates and r

Medium

ent Level

shows the M

istics

mum Mean

5 .67525

3 5.41822

0.955 and t

development

Index value

d deviation

o understand

on analysis.

development

ntries have l

emain backw

Low

Mean, Stand

Std. Deviati

.170360

1.113167

the mean HD

level. Stand

e of the 152

of the data

d the regiona

t level

ow level of

wards in edu

World

Africa

Asia

Europ

North

Ocean

South

dard deviatio

ion Variance

.029

7 1.239

DI of 188 UN

dard deviatio

countries th

is 1.113. Th

al variation o

developmen

ucation leve

d

a

pe

h America

nia

h America

2

on

N

on

he

he

of

nt.

el.

Hence m

maximum

education

not have

countries

medium

But if we

countries

medium

rank of h

So, altho

social pr

develope

countries

In the ne

regressio

most of the

m share of h

n, health iss

any country

s have high l

level of deve

e look at the

s of Oceani

level of dev

happiness an

ough Europe

rogress and

ed region, a

s in lower tie

FIGURE

ext part we w

on analysis.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% of countries

African co

highly deve

ues and has

y with low

level of deve

elopment.

e level of ha

ia have high

velopment. A

nd Europe an

e had maxim

d security th

also lags be

er of happine

E 2: Region

will build up

High

Level of h

ountries are

eloped count

s maintained

developmen

elopment an

appiness in

h happiness

A large port

nd America a

mum share

han Oceani

hind in soc

ess index.

wise variatio

p a relations

Medium

happiness due

least devel

tries. Europe

d a high stan

nt level. Mo

d most of th

each region

s indices, w

tion of South

are relatively

of highly d

a and Sout

cial progress

on in happine

ship betwee

m

to social prog

loped. Euro

e has alway

ndard of livi

ost of the No

he countries o

n in figure 2

whereas its

h American

y lagged beh

eveloped co

th America.

s and thus

ess due to so

n HDI and

Low

ress

pean countr

ys been the

ing and thus

orth and Sou

of Asia and

, we can fin

maximum c

countries a

hind in happ

ountries it la

. Africa be

has a large

cial progress

Happiness I

World

Africa

Asia

Europe

North A

Oceani

South A

ries have th

forerunner i

s Europe doe

uth America

Oceania hav

nd that all th

countries ha

lso have hig

piness indice

ags behind i

ing the lea

e share of i

s

Index throug

e

America

a

America

3

he

in

es

an

ve

he

ad

gh

es.

in

ast

its

gh

4

3. Regression Analysis of HDI and Happiness Index 2013:

Now we have, Mean of HDI(x) and Happiness Index(y), = 0.679 and = 5.418

So, the coefficient of correlation, ∑ ∑ ∑

r = 0.766 [detail calculation is shown in appendix]

So it is likely that there remains a strong positive correlation between HDI and Happiness

Index.

Now, the general form of the regression equation is as follows

Where slope ‘b’ of the regression equation, ∑ ∑

So, b = 4.818

and the intercept ‘a’ of the regression equation,

So, a = 2.149

Therefore, regression equation, y = 2.149 + 4.818x. The regression line is shown in figure 3.

Now, Happiness Index was available for only 152 countries, so, to test the significance of

regression line for all the countries worldwide, we can formulate the following hypothesis, : . :

Where,

Level of significance, .

Degree of freedom, df = n-2= 188-2 =186, hence df = α and therefore, critical value = ± 1.96

Test statistic, √

So, t = 16.251

Decision rule: If t>critical value, reject null hypothesis

As t = 16.251> critical value = ± 1.96, so is rejected.

Therefore, at 5% level of significance, we can conclude that there is definitely a strong

positive correlation between Human Development Index and Happiness Index of the year

2013.

5

Linear Regression

Model Summary and Parameter Estimates

Dependent Variable: Happiness Index 2012

Equation

Model Summary Parameter Estimates

R R Square F df1 df2 Sig. Constant b1

Linear 0.766 .587 213.627 1 150 .000 2.149 4.818

The independent variable is HDI 2012.

FIGURE 3: Relationship between Human Development Index and Happiness Index

(calculated with SPSS)

Now, coefficient of determination, r 2 = (0.766)

2 = 0.587 > 0.5

Therefore, 58.7% of total variation of the values of Happiness Index of different countries

can be expalined by the values of Human Development Index. So, level of happiness i.e. life

satisfaction of the citizens of a country is related with the level of development but it depends

on other factors too. Now, using the regression line we can estimate the happiness index for

different regions.

6

The table below shows the estimated happiness indices for different regions -

Table 2: Estimated regional Happiness Index values

Region Mean HDI Happiness Index (found from

regression equation)

World 0.675 5.401

Africa 0.486 4.491

Asia 0.691 5.478

Europe 0.835 6.172

North America 0.735 5.690

Oceania 0.696 5.502

South America 0.729 5.661

The data are represented in figure 4. The estimated value shows that, on an average, Europe

has the highest happiness index among the regions. Other continents do not fall in the high

level of happiness rank. Africa has low happiness index and the rest of the continents fall in

the medium range.

FIGURE 4: Region wise variation in Happiness Index and Human Development Index

On an average, European countries provide more social support for its citizens and they also

have more or less stable political system and less income inequality. North and South

American countries have comparatively lower level social support for its citizens than

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

Mean HDI

Happiness Index

South America Oceania North America Europe Asia Africa World

7

Europe. South American countries have high crime rate and hence lag behind in social

security and results in lower happiness of citizens. Most African countries cannot provide

education and other social support to its citizens to maintain a healthy life and they do not

have strong and stable corporate or political systems. The crime level is also high in Africa

and hence African countries have the lowest happiness index. High level of corruption and

income inequality is evident in some Asian countries, specifically the low developed ones

and they also lag behind in GDP, access to education and provision of other social support

towards its citizens. Hence Asian countries do not have higher index of happiness. Overall,

from the relationship between HDI and Happiness Index we can state that desirable life

standards are more evident in European countries and African countries cannot fulfill the

citizen needs and aspirations properly.

4. Conclusion:

Human development and life satisfaction is not the same thing but both are quite similar

conceptually. Most of the key factors that explain happiness index are similar to the human

development variables. From the findings of this study it can be stated that there is a strong

correlation between human development and overall life satisfaction. It can be said that an

unhappy society is not making desirable progress in all aspects of development and similarly

a society with lower development cannot provide desirable life to people. Economic well

being does not always incorporate social well being but a developed nation can provide more

access towards desirable life for its citizens. Due to high correlation between the indices,

analysis of social and economic progress of a society should incorporate both HDI and

Happiness Index.

8

APPENDIX

Collected Data: ( Happiness Index is available for only 152 countries)

ID Name 2012 HDI Value

Region Human Development Level

Happiness Index 2012

Rank of Happiness

1 Algeria 0.713 Africa High 5.422 Medium

2 Angola 0.508 Africa Low 5.589 Medium

3 Benin 0.436 Africa Low 3.528 Low

4 Botswana 0.634 Africa Medium 3.97 Low

5 Burkina Faso 0.343 Africa Low 4.259 Low

6 Burundi 0.355 Africa Low 3.706 Low

7 Cameroon 0.495 Africa Low 4.42 Low

8 Cape Verde 0.586 Africa Medium

9 Central African

Republic

0.352 Africa Low 3.623 Low

10 Chad 0.34 Africa Low 4.056 Low

11 Comoros 0.429 Africa Low 3.851 Low

12 Congo 0.534 Africa Low 4.297 Low

13 Congo (Democratic

Republic of the)


14 Côte d'Ivoire 0.432 Africa Low

15 Djibouti 0.445 Africa Low 4.69 Low

16 Egypt 0.662 Africa Medium 4.273 Low

17 Equatorial Guinea 0.554 Africa Medium

18 Eritrea 0.351 Africa Low

19 Ethiopia 0.396 Africa Low 4.561 Low

20 Gabon 0.683 Africa Medium 4.114 Low

21 Gambia 0.439 Africa Low Low

22 Ghana 0.558 Africa Medium 5.091 Medium

23 Guinea 0.355 Africa Low 3.847 Low

24 Guinea-Bissau 0.364 Africa Low

25 Kenya 0.519 Africa Low 4.403 Low

26 Lesotho 0.461 Africa Low 4.898 Medium

27 Liberia 0.388 Africa Low 4.196 Low

28 Libya 0.769 Africa High 5.34 Medium

29 Madagascar 0.483 Africa Low 3.966 Low

30 Malawi 0.418 Africa Low 4.113 Low

31 Mali 0.344 Africa Low 4.247 Low

32 Mauritania 0.467 Africa Low 4.758 Low

33 Mauritius 0.737 Africa High 5.477 Medium

34 Morocco 0.591 Africa Medium 4.885 Medium

35 Mozambique 0.327 Africa Low 4.971 Medium

36 Namibia 0.608 Africa Medium

37 Niger 0.304 Africa Low 4.152 Low

38 Nigeria 0.471 Africa Low 5.248 Medium

39 Rwanda 0.434 Africa Low 3.715 Low

40 Sao Tome and

Principe

0.525 Africa Low

41 Senegal 0.47 Africa Low 3.959 Low

42 Seychelles 0.806 Africa Very High

43 Sierra Leone 0.359 Africa Low 4.318 Low

44 South Africa 0.629 Africa Medium 4.963 Medium

45 Sudan 0.414 Africa Low 4.401 Low

46 Swaziland 0.536 Africa Medium 4.867 Medium

9

47 Tanzania (United

Republic of)


48 Togo 0.459 Africa Low 2.936 Low

49 Tunisia 0.712 Africa High 4.826 Medium

50 Uganda 0.456 Africa Low 4.443 Low

51 Zambia 0.448 Africa Low 5.006 Medium

52 Zimbabwe 0.397 Africa Low 4.827 Medium

53 Afghanistan 0.374 Asia Low 4.04 Low

54 Armenia 0.729 Asia High 4.316 Low

55 Azerbaijan 0.734 Asia High 4.604 Low

56 Bahrain 0.796 Asia High 5.312 Medium

57 Bangladesh 0.515 Asia Low 4.804 Low

58 Bhutan 0.538 Asia Medium

59 Brunei Darussalam 0.855 Asia Very High

60 Cambodia 0.543 Asia Medium 4.067 Low

61 China 0.699 Asia Medium 4.978 Medium

62 Cyprus 0.848 Asia Very High 6.466 High

63 Georgia 0.745 Asia High 4.187 Low

64 Hong Kong, China

(SAR)

0.906 Asia Very High 5.523 Medium

65 India 0.554 Asia Medium 4.772 Low

66 Indonesia 0.629 Asia Medium 5.348 Medium

67 Iran (Islamic

Republic of)

0.742 Asia High 4.643 Low

68 Iraq 0.59 Asia Medium 4.817 Low

69 Israel 0.9 Asia Very High 7.301 High

70 Japan 0.912 Asia Very High 6.064 High

71 Jordan 0.7 Asia Medium 5.414 Medium

72 Kazakhstan 0.754 Asia High 5.671 Medium

73 Korea (Republic of) 0.909 Asia Very High 6.267 High

74 Kuwait 0.79 Asia High 6.515 High

75 Kyrgyzstan 0.622 Asia Medium 5.042 Medium

76 Lao People's

Democratic

Republic

0.543 Asia Medium 4.787 Low

77 Lebanon 0.745 Asia High 4.931 Medium

78 Malaysia 0.769 Asia High 5.76 Medium

79 Maldives 0.688 Asia Medium

80 Mongolia 0.675 Asia Medium 4.834 Medium

81 Myanmar 0.498 Asia Low 4.439 Low

82 Nepal 0.463 Asia Low 4.156 Low

83 Occupied

Palestinian Territory


84 Oman 0.731 Asia High 6.853 High

85 Pakistan 0.515 Asia Low 5.292 Medium

86 Philippines 0.654 Asia Medium 4.985 Medium

87 Qatar 0.834 Asia Very High 6.666 High

88 Saudi Arabia 0.782 Asia High 6.48 High

89 Singapore 0.895 Asia Very High 6.546 High

90 Sri Lanka 0.715 Asia High 4.151 Low

91 Syrian Arab

Republic


92 Tajikistan 0.622 Asia Medium 4.38 Low

93 Thailand 0.69 Asia Medium 6.371 High

94 Turkey 0.722 Asia High 5.345 Medium

95 Turkmenistan 0.698 Asia Medium 5.628 Medium

96 United Arab

Emirates

0.818 Asia Very High 7.144 High

10

97 Uzbekistan 0.654 Asia Medium 5.623 Medium

98 Viet Nam 0.617 Asia Medium 5.533 Medium

99 Yemen 0.458 Asia Low 4.054 Low

100 Albania 0.749 Europe High 5.55 Medium

101 Andorra 0.846 Europe Very High

102 Austria 0.895 Europe Very High 7.369 High

103 Belarus 0.793 Europe High 5.504 Medium

104 Belgium 0.897 Europe Very High 6.967 High

105 Bosnia and

Herzegovina

0.735 Europe High 4.813 Low

106 Bulgaria 0.782 Europe High 3.981 Low

107 Croatia 0.805 Europe Very High 5.661 Medium

108 Czech Republic 0.873 Europe Very High 6.29 High

109 Denmark 0.901 Europe Very High 7.693 High

110 Estonia 0.846 Europe Very High 5.426 Medium

111 Finland 0.892 Europe Very High 7.389 High

112 France 0.893 Europe Very High 6.764 High

113 Germany 0.92 Europe Very High 6.672 High

114 Greece 0.86 Europe Very High 5.435 Medium

115 Hungary 0.831 Europe Very High 4.775 Low

116 Iceland 0.906 Europe Very High 7.355 High

117 Ireland 0.916 Europe Very High 7.076 High

118 Italy 0.881 Europe Very High 6.021 High

119 Latvia 0.814 Europe Very High 5.046 Medium

120 Liechtenstein 0.883 Europe Very High

121 Lithuania 0.818 Europe Very High 5.426 Medium

122 Luxembourg 0.875 Europe Very High 7.054 High

Macedonia 0.74 Europe High 4.574 Low

123 Malta 0.847 Europe Very High 5.964 High

124 Moldova (Republic

of)

0.66 Europe Medium 5.791 Medium

125 Montenegro 0.791 Europe High 5.299 Medium

126 Netherlands 0.921 Europe Very High 7.512 High

127 Norway 0.955 Europe Very High 7.655 High

128 Poland 0.821 Europe Very High 5.822 High

129 Portugal 0.816 Europe Very High 5.101 Medium

130 Romania 0.786 Europe High 5.033 Medium

131 Russian Federation 0.788 Europe High 5.464 Medium

132 Serbia 0.769 Europe High 4.813 Low

133 Slovakia 0.84 Europe Very High 5.969 High

134 Slovenia 0.892 Europe Very High 6.06 High

135 Spain 0.885 Europe Very High 6.322 High

136 Sweden 0.916 Europe Very High 7.48 High

137 Switzerland 0.913 Europe Very High 7.65 High

138 The former

Yugoslav Republic

of Macedonia

0.74 Europe High

139 Timor-Leste 0.576 Europe Medium

140 Ukraine 0.74 Europe High 5.057 Medium

141 United Kingdom 0.875 Europe Very High 6.883 High

142 Antigua and

Barbuda

0.76 North America High

143 Bahamas 0.794 North America High

144 Barbados 0.825 North America Very High

145 Belize 0.702 North America Medium

146 Canada 0.911 North America Very High 7.477 High

147 Costa Rica 0.773 North America High 7.257 High

148 Cuba 0.78 North America High

11

149 Dominica 0.745 North America High

150 Dominican Republic 0.702 North America Medium 4.963 Medium

151 El Salvador 0.68 North America Medium 5.809 High

152 Grenada 0.77 North America High

153 Guatemala 0.581 North America Medium 5.965 High

154 Haiti 0.456 North America Low 4.341 Low

155 Honduras 0.632 North America Medium 5.142 Medium

156 Jamaica 0.73 North America High 5.374 Medium

157 Mexico 0.775 North America High 7.088 High

158 Nicaragua 0.599 North America Medium 5.507 Medium

159 Panama 0.78 North America High 7.143 High

160 Saint Kitts and

Nevis


161 Saint Lucia 0.725 North America High

162 Saint Vincent and

the Grenadines


163 Trinidad and

Tobago

0.76 North America High 6.519 High

164 United States 0.937 North America Very High 7.082 High

165 Australia 0.938 Oceania Very High 7.35 High

166 Fiji 0.702 Oceania Medium

167 Kiribati 0.629 Oceania Medium

168 Micronesia

(Federated States of)

0.645 Oceania Medium

169 New Zealand 0.919 Oceania Very High 7.221 High

170 Palau 0.791 Oceania High

171 Papua New Guinea 0.466 Oceania Low

172 Samoa 0.702 Oceania Medium

173 Solomon Islands 0.53 Oceania Low

174 Tonga 0.71 Oceania Medium

175 Vanuatu 0.626 Oceania Medium

176 Argentina 0.811 South America Very High 6.562 High

177 Bolivia

(Plurinational State

of)

0.675 South America Medium 5.857 High

178 Brazil 0.73 South America High 6.849 High

179 Chile 0.819 South America Very High 6.587 High

180 Colombia 0.719 South America High 6.416 High

181 Ecuador 0.724 South America High 5.865 High

182 Guyana 0.636 South America Medium

183 Paraguay 0.669 South America Medium 5.779 Medium

184 Peru 0.741 South America High 5.776 Medium

185 Suriname 0.684 South America Medium 6.269 High

186 Uruguay 0.792 South America High 6.355 High

187 Venezuela

(Bolivarian

Republic of)

0.748 South America High 7.039 High

Manual Calculation of Regression Analysis:

ID Country Name

HDI 2012 (xi)

Happiness Index 2012 (yi)

1 Afghanistan 0.374 4.040 -0.305 -1.378 0.093 1.899 0.420

2 Albania 0.749 5.550 0.070 0.132 0.005 0.017 0.009

3 Algeria 0.713 5.422 0.034 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000

4 Angola 0.508 5.589 -0.171 0.171 0.029 0.029 -0.029

12

5 Argentina 0.811 6.562 0.679 0.132 1.144 0.018 1.308 0.151

6 Armenia 0.729 4.316 0.050 -1.102 0.003 1.215 -0.056

7 Australia 0.938 7.350 5.418 0.259 1.932 0.067 3.732 0.501

8 Austria 0.895 7.369 0.216 1.951 0.047 3.806 0.422

9 Azerbaijan 0.734 4.604 0.055 -0.814 0.003 0.663 -0.045

10 Bahrain 0.796 5.312 0.117 -0.106 0.014 0.011 -0.012

11 Bangladesh 0.515 4.804 -0.164 -0.614 0.027 0.377 0.100

12 Belarus 0.793 5.504 0.114 0.086 0.013 0.007 0.010

13 Belgium 0.897 6.967 0.218 1.549 0.048 2.399 0.338

14 Benin 0.436 3.528 -0.243 -1.890 0.059 3.573 0.458

15 Bolivia

(Plurinational

State of)

0.675

5.857

-0.004 0.439 0.000 0.193 -0.002

16 Bosnia and

Herzegovina 0.735

4.813

0.056 -0.605 0.003 0.366 -0.034

17 Botswana 0.634 3.970 -0.045 -1.448 0.002 2.097 0.065

18 Brazil 0.730 6.849 0.051 1.431 0.003 2.047 0.074

19 Bulgaria 0.782 3.981 0.103 -1.437 0.011 2.066 -0.149

20 Burkina Faso 0.343 4.259 -0.336 -1.159 0.113 1.344 0.389

21 Burundi 0.355 3.706 -0.324 -1.712 0.105 2.932 0.554

22 Cambodia 0.543 4.067 -0.136 -1.351 0.018 1.826 0.183

23 Cameroon 0.495 4.420 -0.184 -0.998 0.034 0.996 0.183

24 Canada 0.911 7.477 0.232 2.059 0.054 4.239 0.479

25 Central

African

Republic

0.352

3.623

-0.327 -1.795 0.107 3.223 0.586

26 Chad 0.340 4.056 -0.339 -1.362 0.115 1.856 0.461

27 Chile 0.819 6.587 0.140 1.169 0.020 1.366 0.164

28 China 0.699 4.978 0.020 -0.440 0.000 0.194 -0.009

29 Colombia 0.719 6.416 0.040 0.998 0.002 0.996 0.040

30 Comoros 0.429 3.851 -0.250 -1.567 0.062 2.456 0.391

31 Congo 0.534 4.297 -0.145 -1.121 0.021 1.257 0.162

32 Congo

(Democratic

Republic of

the)

0.304

4.578

-0.375 -0.840 0.140 0.706 0.315

33 Costa Rica 0.773 7.257 0.094 1.839 0.009 3.381 0.174

34 Croatia 0.805 5.661 0.126 0.243 0.016 0.059 0.031

35 Cyprus 0.848 6.466 0.169 1.048 0.029 1.098 0.178

36 Czech

Republic 0.873

6.290

0.194 0.872 0.038 0.760 0.170

37 Denmark 0.901 7.693 0.222 2.275 0.049 5.175 0.506

38 Djibouti 0.445 4.690 -0.234 -0.728 0.055 0.530 0.170

39 Dominican

Republic 0.702

4.963

0.023 -0.455 0.001 0.207 -0.011

40 Ecuador 0.724 5.865 0.045 0.447 0.002 0.200 0.020

41 Egypt 0.662 4.273 -0.017 -1.145 0.000 1.312 0.019

42 El Salvador 0.680 5.809 0.001 0.391 0.000 0.153 0.001

13

43 Estonia 0.846 5.426 0.167 0.008 0.028 0.000 0.001

44 Ethiopia 0.396 4.561 -0.283 -0.857 0.080 0.735 0.242

45 Finland 0.892 7.389 0.213 1.971 0.046 3.884 0.421

46 France 0.893 6.764 0.214 1.346 0.046 1.811 0.289

47 Gabon 0.683 4.114 0.004 -1.304 0.000 1.701 -0.006

48 Georgia 0.745 4.187 0.066 -1.231 0.004 1.516 -0.082

49 Germany 0.920 6.672 0.241 1.254 0.058 1.572 0.303

50 Ghana 0.558 5.091 -0.121 -0.327 0.015 0.107 0.039

51 Greece 0.860 5.435 0.181 0.017 0.033 0.000 0.003

52 Guatemala 0.581 5.965 -0.098 0.547 0.010 0.299 -0.053

53 Guinea 0.355 3.847 -0.324 -1.571 0.105 2.469 0.508

54 Haiti 0.456 4.341 -0.223 -1.077 0.050 1.160 0.240

55 Honduras 0.632 5.142 -0.047 -0.276 0.002 0.076 0.013

56 Hong Kong,

China (SAR) 0.906

5.523

0.227 0.105 0.052 0.011 0.024

57 Hungary 0.831 4.775 0.152 -0.643 0.023 0.414 -0.098

58 Iceland 0.906 7.355 0.227 1.937 0.052 3.751 0.441

59 India 0.554 4.772 -0.125 -0.646 0.016 0.418 0.080

60 Indonesia 0.629 5.348 -0.050 -0.070 0.002 0.005 0.003

61 Iran (Islamic

Republic of) 0.742

4.643

0.063 -0.775 0.004 0.601 -0.049

62 Iraq 0.590 4.817 -0.089 -0.601 0.008 0.361 0.053

63 Ireland 0.916 7.076 0.237 1.658 0.056 2.748 0.394

64 Israel 0.900 7.301 0.221 1.883 0.049 3.545 0.417

65 Italy 0.881 6.021 0.202 0.603 0.041 0.363 0.122

66 Jamaica 0.730 5.374 0.051 -0.044 0.003 0.002 -0.002

67 Japan 0.912 6.064 0.233 0.646 0.054 0.417 0.151

68 Jordan 0.700 5.414 0.021 -0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000

69 Kazakhstan 0.754 5.671 0.075 0.253 0.006 0.064 0.019

70 Kenya 0.519 4.403 -0.160 -1.015 0.025 1.031 0.162

71 Korea

(Republic of) 0.909

6.267

0.230 0.849 0.053 0.720 0.196

72 Kuwait 0.790 6.515 0.111 1.097 0.012 1.203 0.122

73 Kyrgyzstan 0.622 5.042 -0.057 -0.376 0.003 0.142 0.021

74 Lao People's

Democratic

Republic

0.543

4.787

-0.136 -0.631 0.018 0.398 0.086

75 Latvia 0.814 5.046 0.135 -0.372 0.018 0.139 -0.050

76 Lebanon 0.745 4.931 0.066 -0.487 0.004 0.237 -0.032

77 Lesotho 0.461 4.898 -0.218 -0.520 0.047 0.271 0.113

78 Liberia 0.388 4.196 -0.291 -1.222 0.084 1.494 0.355

79 Libya 0.769 5.340 0.090 -0.078 0.008 0.006 -0.007

80 Lithuania 0.818 5.426 0.139 0.008 0.019 0.000 0.001

81 Luxembourg 0.875 7.054 0.196 1.636 0.039 2.676 0.321

82 Macedonia 0.740 4.574 0.061 -0.844 0.004 0.713 -0.052

83 Madagascar 0.483 3.966 -0.196 -1.452 0.038 2.109 0.284

14

84 Malawi 0.418 4.113 -0.261 -1.305 0.068 1.704 0.340

85 Malaysia 0.769 5.760 0.090 0.342 0.008 0.117 0.031

86 Mali 0.344 4.247 -0.335 -1.171 0.112 1.372 0.392

87 Malta 0.847 5.964 0.168 0.546 0.028 0.298 0.092

88 Mauritania 0.467 4.758 -0.212 -0.660 0.045 0.436 0.140

89 Mauritius 0.737 5.477 0.058 0.059 0.003 0.003 0.003

90 Mexico 0.775 7.088 0.096 1.670 0.009 2.788 0.161

91 Moldova

(Republic of) 0.660

5.791

-0.019 0.373 0.000 0.139 -0.007

92 Mongolia 0.675 4.834 -0.004 -0.584 0.000 0.341 0.002

93 Montenegro 0.791 5.299 0.112 -0.119 0.013 0.014 -0.013

94 Morocco 0.591 4.885 -0.088 -0.533 0.008 0.284 0.047

95 Mozambique 0.327 4.971 -0.352 -0.447 0.124 0.200 0.157

96 Myanmar 0.498 4.439 -0.181 -0.979 0.033 0.959 0.177

97 Nepal 0.463 4.156 -0.216 -1.262 0.046 1.593 0.272

98 Netherlands 0.921 7.512 0.242 2.094 0.059 4.384 0.508

99 New Zealand 0.919 7.221 0.240 1.803 0.058 3.250 0.433

100 Nicaragua 0.599 5.507 -0.080 0.089 0.006 0.008 -0.007

101 Niger 0.304 4.152 -0.375 -1.266 0.140 1.603 0.474

102 Nigeria 0.471 5.248 -0.208 -0.170 0.043 0.029 0.035

103 Norway 0.955 7.655 0.276 2.237 0.076 5.003 0.618

104 Occupied

Palestinian

Territory

0.670

4.700

-0.009 -0.718 0.000 0.516 0.006

105 Oman 0.731 6.853 0.052 1.435 0.003 2.059 0.075

106 Pakistan 0.515 5.292 -0.164 -0.126 0.027 0.016 0.021

107 Panama 0.780 7.143 0.101 1.725 0.010 2.975 0.175

108 Paraguay 0.669 5.779 -0.010 0.361 0.000 0.130 -0.003

109 Peru 0.741 5.776 0.062 0.358 0.004 0.128 0.022

110 Philippines 0.654 4.985 -0.025 -0.433 0.001 0.188 0.011

111 Poland 0.821 5.822 0.142 0.404 0.020 0.163 0.058

112 Portugal 0.816 5.101 0.137 -0.317 0.019 0.101 -0.044

113 Qatar 0.834 6.666 0.155 1.248 0.024 1.557 0.194

114 Romania 0.786 5.033 0.107 -0.385 0.012 0.148 -0.041

115 Russian

Federation 0.788

5.464

0.109 0.046 0.012 0.002 0.005

116 Rwanda 0.434 3.715 -0.245 -1.703 0.060 2.901 0.417

117 Saudi Arabia 0.782 6.480 0.103 1.062 0.011 1.127 0.110

118 Senegal 0.470 3.959 -0.209 -1.459 0.043 2.129 0.304

119 Serbia 0.769 4.813 0.090 -0.605 0.008 0.366 -0.055

120 Sierra Leone 0.359 4.318 -0.320 -1.100 0.102 1.210 0.352

121 Singapore 0.895 6.546 0.216 1.128 0.047 1.272 0.244

122 Slovakia 0.840 5.969 0.161 0.551 0.026 0.303 0.089

123 Slovenia 0.892 6.060 0.213 0.642 0.046 0.412 0.137

124 South Africa 0.629 4.963 -0.050 -0.455 0.002 0.207 0.023

125 Spain 0.885 6.322 0.206 0.904 0.043 0.817 0.187

15

126 Sri Lanka 0.715 4.151 0.036 -1.267 0.001 1.606 -0.046

127 Sudan 0.414 4.401 -0.265 -1.017 0.070 1.035 0.269

128 Suriname 0.684 6.269 0.005 0.851 0.000 0.724 0.005

129 Swaziland 0.536 4.867 -0.143 -0.551 0.020 0.304 0.079

130 Sweden 0.916 7.480 0.237 2.062 0.056 4.251 0.490

131 Switzerland 0.913 7.650 0.234 2.232 0.055 4.981 0.523

132 Syrian Arab

Republic 0.648

3.892

-0.031 -1.526 0.001 2.329 0.047

133 Tajikistan 0.622 4.380 -0.057 -1.038 0.003 1.078 0.059

134 Tanzania

(United

Republic of)

0.476

3.770

-0.203 -1.648 0.041 2.717 0.334

135 Thailand 0.690 6.371 0.011 0.953 0.000 0.908 0.011

136 Togo 0.459 2.936 -0.220 -2.482 0.048 6.161 0.545

137 Trinidad and

Tobago 0.760

6.519

0.081 1.101 0.007 1.212 0.090

138 Tunisia 0.712 4.826 0.033 -0.592 0.001 0.351 -0.020

139 Turkey 0.722 5.345 0.043 -0.073 0.002 0.005 -0.003

140 Turkmenistan 0.698 5.628 0.019 0.210 0.000 0.044 0.004

141 Uganda 0.456 4.443 -0.223 -0.975 0.050 0.951 0.217

142 Ukraine 0.740 5.057 0.061 -0.361 0.004 0.130 -0.022

143 United Arab

Emirates 0.818

7.144

0.139 1.726 0.019 2.978 0.241

144 United

Kingdom 0.875

6.883

0.196 1.465 0.039 2.146 0.288

145 United States 0.937 7.082 0.258 1.664 0.067 2.768 0.430

146 Uruguay 0.792 6.355 0.113 0.937 0.013 0.878 0.106

147 Uzbekistan 0.654 5.623 -0.025 0.205 0.001 0.042 -0.005

148 Venezuela

(Bolivarian

Republic of)

0.748

7.039

0.069 1.621 0.005 2.627 0.113

149 Viet Nam 0.617 5.533 -0.062 0.115 0.004 0.013 -0.007

150 Yemen 0.458 4.054 -0.221 -1.364 0.049 1.861 0.301

151 Zambia 0.448 5.006 -0.231 -0.412 0.053 0.170 0.095

152 Zimbabwe 0.397 4.827 -0.282 -0.591 0.079 0.350 0.166

TOTAL (∑) n=152 102.743 818.742 0.282 0.591 4.657 186.761 22.651

So, coefficient of correlation, r = 0.768 (strong positive correlation)

Standard error, Se = 0.695

Regression Equation, y = a+bx, where, b = 4.864 and a = 2.118

Therefore, Regression equation, y = 2.118 + 4.864x

Coefficient of determination, r2 = 0.59

So 59% of total variation of the happiness index can be explained by the human development

index.

relationship between human development index & happiness index

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