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Subject Index Italized numbers refer to figures, T to tables

accretionary wedge (also s. deep­sea trenches) chaotic layers and melange 588 decollement zones 584-587, 12.19b-f, 12.20,12.21

internal structures 587 mud diapirs, volcanoes 588 sediment budget 584, 12.21 sediment successions 12. 1geeg, 12.24e

specific sedimentary structures 587

tectonic deformation etc. 588, 592, 12.22e

accommodation potential s. sequence stratigraphy

accumulation rates (also s. sedi­mentation rates) 455-456

conversion into sedimentation rates 10.1

actualistic, nonact. systems 283 adjacent sea basins s. also water

circulation, Black Sea, Gulf of Califomia, Red Sea etc.) 166-181

"arid" basins 168, 4.2b "humid" basin 167, 4.2a stratification 167

advection s. compaction flow advective heat transfer 697 Aegean Sea 628, 12.40e Afar, rift zone 551 aggregation of clay and mud (also

s. clay pellets) 190 albedo 239 Aleutian trench 587 allodapic limestones s. carbonate

turbidites allogenetic, allocyclic sequences

294-295, 348-350 allomemeber, allostratigraphy

7.3d, T7.2 alluvial fans 35-37,2.7, 2.11a

current directions 37 vertical sequences 37, 2.12 stream gradients 36

Alps, uplift 451 denudation 439 lateral extrusion 12.40be

Altiplano, Bolivia 601 amalgamation 103,218 Amazon

dissolved river load 430,

9.9a-e shelf 127 deep-sea fan 231,327, 5.22

anastomosed rivers 46, 2.18 anchimetamorph zone 697 Andaman Sea 604,12.23 Andes (s. also S. America)

sub-Andean retro-foreland basins 600-60 I intramontane basins 622, 12,3gee

Anoxie events 246 antidunes 32, 2.9 anti-estuarine water circulation

168,4.2b Apennines, foredeeps, flysch

basins 223,610, 12.33 Appalachians, uplift 450 ArabianlPersian Gulf(also s.

Persian Gult) 169, 180, 4.7 hydrocarbon province 716, 14.12

"aragonite" ocean 355 Aral Sea 494, 11. 7b arc-trench systems s. deep-sea

trenches Argentina, Permian eolian dunces

58 astronomical time scale 359-361,

7.37 Atlantic (also s. North Atlantic)

clay minerals 424 conjugate margins 12. ged decreasing clastic sed. rate 506-508,11.15

margin, North America, subsi­dence 407, 8.14, 8.16, 8.17 ab

northwestem, sediment accumu­lation 531, 11.32cd

river-supplied calcium and silica 507 shelf, incised valleys 338 shelf, N. America 127 water circulation 187, 5.1 e

atrnosphere, evolution 284, 6.18 atrnospheric CO2 244, 5.24, 5.25 atmospheric-oceanic feedback

system 289 aulaeogen 5, 1. 1 c Australia

Cretaeeous seaway 127 denudation 446 dune fields 54, 58

Perrnian coal 723 rivers 47 carbonates, southern shelf 136 .

subsidence, shelf 409, 8.17e authigenic minerals 205 autogenetic, autocyclic sequences

294-295, 348-350 autotrophie organisms 467

Bab el Mandeb, Red Sea 177, 180 backarc basins (s. also retroarc

basins) 6,599-604, 1.2a, 12.18

basin evolution 602, 12.29 examples 602-604 lifetime 599 marginal basins (W. Pacific) 12.28

modem examples 602-604, 12.30 preservation and identification 605 sediment successions 600-602 plate-tectonic setting 599, 12.18,12.29

backstripping s. subsidence history badlands, denudation 440 Bahama archipelago 563, 12.12 Bahama bank, platform 145 BaikaIlake, rift 79,405 Baja Calicornia margin 567 Baltic Sea 167,4.2a Baltimore Canyon trough, thermal

history 697, J3.29b banded chert, quartzite s. Pre­

cambrian sediments banded ironstones 288-289, 6.18 Barbados accretionary wedge 587,

472, 12.22e Barents shelf 28, 136 barrier-island complexes 119-123,

3.l0b-d,3.18 ebb- and flood tidal sands 121,3.18

preservation in geologie record 123 response to sea level change 123,3.17,3.18

sedimentary structures 121, 3.18

subenvironments 121, 3.18 transgressive, regressive systems 123,3.17,3.18

782

base level of erosion 10, 298, 1.6, 7.3a

Basin and Range Province, USA 545 basin filling models (s. also denu­

dation-accumulation systems) 13-14

"balanced" basins 536 ciosed lakes 490-494, 11.6, 11.7

ciosing basins 508-510, 11.16 dynamic models 484,494-514 extensional basins 497-504, I UO-Il.i5

general concept 484-486 modeling 483-484 open lake systems 487-488, 11.4 over-supplied basins 535, II.2a

pull-apart basins 507-508 rift basins, growing 501-508, 11.12-11.14 sediment-starved basins 536 steady-state systems 483-484

basin inversion 639-640, 12.46 basin plains, abyssal plains 229,

5.18 basin sediments between submarine

ridges 210, 5. lOb basin types 3-9, 1.1-1.4

pre-, syn-, postdepositional basins 10, 1.5 morphological, depositional environments 10-13, 1.7, 1.8 tectonicallydefined 3-9, 1.1-1.4, T 1.1

basin type transitions (polyphase basins) 637

examples 641-642 Bass Strait, rifting 12.2b beach ridges 99, 3.2e beach rock 13.23a beach-shoreface zone 97-99,3.1-

3.3 bed forms, sedimentary structures 97-99, 3.1, 3.3

offshore sand bars 97, 3.3 sand budget, sand belt 99, 3.3a vertical sequences 99, 3.3b

bedded nodular limestones 687, 13.2

bedding couplets, bedsets, bundles, interbeds 972, 7.1

Bengal Fan 227, 233, sediment budget 528, 11.31

benthic boundary layer, degradation loss 472, 10.6

basin-filling models (s. also sediment budget) 497-504, 1.11-11.14,11.20

bioerosion 137 bio-events s. event stratigraphy biologic response to sedimentolo-

gical events 296 biosiliceous sediments s. siliceous

sediments bitumen s. kerogen types Black Sea 168, 173,446-447, 4.4

Holocene development 173, 4.4 hydrocarbon potential 173, 175 Miocene-Pliocene development 173

organic matter, sapropel 173, 4.4d

sediment budget 489, 11.5 tectonic setting 604 water circulation 168, 4.2a

black shales 194-195, 5.4ag definition 478 in redox cycies 363-364 in various environments 478, 10.11

related to sea level changes 363,7.42be

black smokers 251 Blake Plateau 208, 563 bluegreen algae, cyanobacteria 287 Boso peninsula, Japan 595 Bosphorus 168 bottom life on the sea floor 472 Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh 40 braided rivers, braidplains (s.

fluvial systems) Brazil, barrier-lagoon system 524,

11.28 breakup of supercontinents 355 breakup unconformity (also s. con-

tinentaI margin) 403, 555 bryomoI facies 136 bulk density 456, 10.1 bundle s. beds Buntsandstein, Europe 35 bypassing ofsediment 107, 3.8b

calcite compensation depth (also s. carbonates, deep-sea) 192-193, 5.3b,5.4

"calcite" ocean 355 calcrete, caliche 418, 9.1 a, 9.2 Califomia

continental borderland 208 pull-apart basins 508, 11.19

Canary Basin, slide 224 carbon flux in the oceans (s. also

preservation of organic matter) 468,471, 10.5, 10.6, TlO.2

carbonate buildups, platforms (also s. carbonate sediments, reefs) 134-141

backreefzone,lagoons 141-143, 3. 25a, 3.26a

drowning 143-146,731-732 economic significance 152 emergence, karstification 147, 3.30c

evolution, vertical growth rates 327,3.29

pelagic carbonate platforms 143

pro- and retrograding 147, 3.28

ramps 138, 3.24 response to sea level changes 143-146

carbonate diagenesis (s. also diage­nesis) 147-152,687, 3.30, 13.24

cement sequences 149,3.30a dolomitization 150-152,690-691, 3.30,13.25

carbonate-evaporite transitions 6.7

carbonate sediments, shallow water (also s. carbonate buildups)

back-barrier zone 141-143 carbonate-producing organisms 134, 136-137, 3.23

cool-water carbonates 136 depositional environments 134-136 hardgrounds 138, 144 non-skeletal particies 137 oolitic sands 138 reeflimestone types 143,3.26b-d whitings 127

carbonate turbidites s. turbidites carbonates, deep-sea (s. also deep-sea

sediments) 192-193, 5.3b, 5.4 biogenic carbonate production 192 calcite compensation depth, CCD 193, 5.3b, 5.4ae

lysociine 193,5.3b recycling of carbonate 193

Caribbean Sea 170, 172 tectonic evolution 12.40d

Cascadia subduction zone 584-587, 704,12.22,13.32

Caspian Sea 87,260 denudation area 447 mud volcanoes 718 oil and gas 718 sediment budget 494, 11. 7b tectonic setting 604

catagenesis s. hydrocarbon generation Cayman trough, Caribbean 626,

630, 632, 12.40d CCD s. calcite compensation depth celadonite, celadonitic minerals

250,6.1 cement mineral sequences, cement

sources 695, 13.27 cementation s. pore cements Chad basin, Africa 88, 446, 11. 7 a chalk in deep and shallow seas

192 chaotic structures in subduction

zones 588 chemical diagenesis s. diagenesis

closed systems (isochemical diagenesis) 668, 13.16, 13.20 open systems (allochemical dia­genesis) 668, 13.16, 13.20

chemocline 184 chert s. siliceous sediments,

evaporites, concretions China

river loads 440 Ok

Tarim basin 641 Xigaze forearc basin 597

chlorozoan association 136 clay dunes 60-61 clay minerals 416, 9.1 c

derived from parent rocks 421 in marine sediments 423-424 in suspended river loads 420 indicators of climate, provenance 423 lateral fractionation 156, 3.22 neo-minerals 416 types 422

clay pellets (also s. aggregation) 60-61, 190

climate, early Earth 286 climbing ripples

eolian 55, 2.21a, 2.22b glacifluvial 23, 2.3, 2.4c

coal cycles s. coal deposits, cyclothems

coal evolution, composition 723-724,14.4 coal macerals, ranks 724 coalification 724, 14.4

coal deposits in various depositional environments 339-344, 724

cyclothems with coa1342, 7.28 in delta sediments 163-165, 3.35b,3.36 in fluvial environm. 49,2.19c lagoonal sediments 123, 3.18 peat growth controlled by base level 723

coastal dunes 57, 2.23 coastal processes 94-97,3.1-3.3 coastal sabkhas 265-267, 6.8 coastal upwelling (also s. upwelling

or oceans) 195 coastline evolution 96, 3.2ab collapse breccias (s. also mega­

breccias) 274, 6.11e collision-related basins 7-8,

622-629, 1.3 Colombian basin, caribbean 172 Colorado Plateau, uplift and

cooling 699, 13.29c compaction 653

differential compaction, com­paction ratio 653,657, 13.6-13.8

compaction flow 657, 13.9, 13.10 relation to sedimentation rate 662, 13.1 Oa-c

concretions (s. also diagenesis) carbonate 297,685 siderite 84, 685 silica, chert 198,588,5.6

condensed sections, hardgrounds 207,210,321,5.10,7.17

conductive heat flow 697, 13.29 consolidation of sediments 648-650 continental borderland 208 continental escape, extrusion

624-626, 12.40

continental margin, subsidence Atlantic, North America, 407-409,8.15,8.16 southem Australia 409, 8.17 c

continental margin basins and sediments

Atlantic-type margins 563, 12.11

breakup unconformity 561 coastal basins 566 conjugate margins 565, 12.9cd salt structures 563 shelfmorphology 561 syn- and post-rift stage 12.11 types, structural 561, 12.10 volcanic passive margins 561, 12. JOb

sediment-starved 567, 12.13, 12.14

young and mature margins 563, 567

continental rise, slope 12-13, 1.8 sediments 232

continental shelves (s. also se­quence stratigraphy 125-133 facies models 3.20,3.21 large-scal sand bodies 131, 3.22 sediment-starved 131

continental slopes, sediments 569, 12.17c

carbonate slopes s. slope deposits, sequence stratigrphy mass wasting 569, 12.15 out- and upbuilding 570, 12.14c shelf edge deltas 570 slope anticline 570

contour currents (also s. ocean) 187-188

contourites 235-238, 5.23 convective fluid flow s. subsurface

flow regimes Coorong model, Australia (primary

dolomite) 152,3.30d Corioli's forces 99-100, 3.4a Cretaceous

chalk 192 oceans 246 sea level 7.48

cross-bedding, longitudinal, trans verse 114

crustal extension (s. also extension, rift basins)

pure, simple shear 544-545, 12.1ab

crustal rebound s. isostatic r. cyclic and rhythrnic bedding (s. also

cyclic sequences) 361, 7.38 limestone-marl altemations 361-362

redox (black shale) rhythms 363-364

cycle correlation (carbonates), platform-basin 368-372, 7.42-7.44

cycle hierarchy s. sequence strat. cyclic sequences (s. also sequence

stratigraphy) allogenetic, autogenetic cycles 294-295, 348-350

783

coal cycles, cyclothems 338-342, 344, 7.28b-d

continental flooding cycles (mega­cycles) 365, 7.35, 7.36

cycle symmetry 320,396, 7,lj, 7.15d

general characteristics 292-297, 7.1,7.2

in alluvial fans 27,2.12 in delta sediments 3. 36ce in fluvial sed. 348-352, 7.32, 7.33 in lake sed. 84,87,90-91, 345-348, 7.30, 7.31

in siliceous sed. 298, 364, 5.5, 5.6 Loferites 365-366, 7.40 orders, periodicities 294,359-361, 7.2, 7.37

peritidal, lagoonal, subtidal carbonate cycles 365-366, 7.40, 7.41

scales of cycles 294 cyclostratigraphy 359-368 cyclothems 294, 339-342

Danube delta 155 Dead Sea 88-89, 346, 630, 632, 11.18 debris flows s. gravity mass flows decompaction s. subsidence history deep-sea charmeis 233 deep-sea erosion 235-238 deep-sea fans 225-234, 5.18-5.22

channel deposits 227, 5.18 charme1-levee complexes 229, 5.18,5.21 overbank deposits 229, 5.18 paleo-current directions 229 proximal-distal trends 227-229, 5.18

response to sea level changes 231,5.20-5.22

switching of fan lobes 225, 5.18 types of 225-227, 5.17 vertical sequences 231, 5.20

deep-sea sediments (also s. carbonates,

deep sea, upwelling sediments) biogenic 190 classification 189 contourites 235-236 deep plateaus and seamounts 207, 5.10

manganese nodules 194 overview 188-192,5.23 phosphorites (also s. phosphorites) 201-205, 5.7,5.8

red deep-sea clay 194, 5.4de sediment drifts 235-236, 5.23 sediment sources 188-190 siliceous (also s. siliceous sed.)

784

197-200,5.5,5.6 transport mechanism 189

deep-sea trenches (s. also accretio­nary wedges) 5,579-583, 1.2ab,12.18be

examples 590-592, 12.23, 12.24 identification in ancient record 605

relation to sediment supply 581, 12. 19b-j

sediment sources and distribution 580-581, 12.19a

tectonic erosion 581, 12. 19f9, 12.20b

trench fill and accretionary wedge 583,12.20-12.22

deflation 52,2.21 Delaware basin 264, 347 delta foresets 22-23, 2.4 deltas, lacustrine s. lake sed. deltas, marine (also s. delta

sediments) 153-165 beachridgebarrier 3.3lc, 3.33a constructional, destructional

phases 158-153,3.34,3.35 distributory channels 155, 3.32 fluvial-dominated (birdfoot delta) 155-157,3.32.3-35

lobate deltas 155, 3.31, 3.32 morphological features, sub­environments 155-156 shallow- and deep-water deltas 163, 3.36b, 7.20

shifting of delta lobes 163, 3.35b swamps, marshland 155 tide-dominated 158, 3.33b types (overview) 153-155, 3.31 wave-dominated 158-162, 3.33a

delta sediments (also s. deltas, marine) delta front sands 156, 3.32, 3.33b facies associations 155-163, 3.33, 3.35 growth faults, depobelts 155-158, 3.36,13.8 prodelta sediments 156 response to sea-level changes 155, 3.36

river mouth bars 156, 3.31e, 3.32 sedimentary structures 156, 3.32 vertical sequences 160, 3.34, 3.36

densities of crust, mantle, sediments 387,8.1a

denudation definition, general aspectc 424 processes, methods 424, 9.5

denudation rates chemical 424-432 chemical, in morpho-climatic zones 432, 9.10 chemical, in various rock types 425-427, 9.6 chemical versus mechanical 442, 9.14 geomorphologicalconsequences 432-434, 9.11

very low rates 446 global chemical rate 432 mechanical (s. also solid river load) 434-447

from basin fills, sediment budget s. denudation-accumulation syst.

mechanical, generallaws 441-442 mechanical, glaciated areas 439 mechanical, global mean 441 long-term (from landform recon­struction) 443-447,9.15, T9.1

mechanical, major river catch­ments 9.12 mechanical, mean values 9.14 mechanical, modem rates 435 mechanical, modem vs. long-term 446-447,9.16 mechanical, in various rock types 440

denudation-accumulation systems (also

s. sediment budget) 484-514 general concept 484-486, 11.1

depositional environments "balanced" basins, long-persisting 536

overview 12, 1. 7, 1.8 depositional events, discyclic bedding

(s. also event stratigraphy) 374 deserts 54 detachment zone 545, 12.1bc dewatering of sediments s. expulsion

of pore water diagenesis (also s. carbonate d.,

concretions, diffusion, dolomi­tization, pore cements, pressure solution, silica d., solute transport)

authigenic carbonate minerals 685 biogenic carbonates 687 cement minerals 695, 13.27 cementsources 695 chemical-mineralogical 668-681 clay mineral transformation 697, 13.28

definition 647-648 diagenetic regimes, overview 679,681, 13.20

early (shallow-burial) diagenesis 679, 685, 13.20, 13.23

examples of long-distance subsur­face solute transport 691-695

marine muds 685, 13.23 mechanical (s. also compaction) 648-653

methanogenesis 685 microbial fermentation 685 nitrate, sulfate reduction 685, 13.23

mineral reactions 679,13.19 late (deep-burial) diagenesis 681,689, 13.20 ooze-chalk-limestone transition 651, 13.3ef

sandstones 688, 693, 13.26

siliceous sediments (s. silica diagenesis) 198,687, 5.6 specific methods and processes 700

diagenesis of evaporites 274-276, 6.11-6.13

cementation 276, 6.11 collapse breccias 276, 6.11 e dolomitization 276 exhumation 277 in various depth zones 274 phase changes of salt minerals 274

diagenetic overprint of primary bedding 297

diffusion, molecular 673-674, 13.17, 13.18

mean diffusion path length 674 influence of sea water, evapo­rites 674, 13.17, 13.18

discyclic bedding (s. also event stratigraphy 738, 7.38b

dissolved river load 428-430 groundwater component 425-427, 9.7

in major rivers 428-430, 9.8 specific transport rates 432, 9.5

Dolomites (Alps), Triassic 563 dolomitization (also s. diagenesis)

150-152, 276,3.30b-d late dolomitization 690-691, 13.25e

Drake passage 145 draped lamination 23, 2.4e dropstones 22, 25, 2.5 drowning of carbonate buildups

143-146,731-732 dune sequence 58,352, 2.23, 7.34 duricrusts (also s. calcrete,

silcrete, soils) 418, 9.2

early life 286-287 East African rift 549, 12.3ab

lakes 346,498-499 subsidence 405

Ebro foreland basin 615,618,620 12.37

Ebro delta, Spain 325, 520 Ediacaran fauna 287 elastic rigidity, lithosphere 390 eolian dust, loess 61-63

clay dunes 60-61 composition 61 sources, transport 61. 2.21 b in the ocean 62, 190

eolian sand 52-60 bed forms, sed. structures 55-58, 2.22, 2.23

color, composition 54 distinctive features 60 provenance 54,60 texture, sorting 55-57, 63 transport 52-55, 2.21

eolian sediments 50-63

dune types 55-58, 2.22, 2.23 facies associations 58, 2.23a interaction with marine sedi­ments 58-60, 2.23 interdune area 58

epeiric seas s. shallow seas epicontinental seas s. shallow

seas equilibrium, summit elevation

453,481-483, 9.19 erosional base level (s. also

sequence stratigraphy) 10, 1.6

erosional unconformities (also s. sequence stratigraphy) 205

estuarine water circulation 166, 4.1

estuaries 166-167, 4.1 densitiy stratification 167, 4.1cd sediments 167 tidal influence 111

Europe, Mesozoic 571-574 paleogeography, rift systems and sediments 12.16ab

Germanic facies province 573, 12.16c

Triassic carbonate platforms 571, 12.16a

eustatic sea-Ievel change (also s. sea level) 25

evaporites, marine (also s. salt deposits etc.) 258-274

brine reflux 260 bull's eye pattern 259, 6.4a evaporitic carbonates 258 chicken-wire pattern 267, 6.8d complex evaporite model 267-268, 6.9

cyclic evaporite sequences 264-265, 6.7, 6.8 diagenesis of evaporites 274-276, 6.12,6.13

euxinic stage in evaporite basin 263,272, 6.5bc evaporative drawdown of water level 259, 6.4a

evaporative pumping 265 giant salt deposits 268-271 models for evaporite deposition 259-268,6.4-6.9 salt lagoon, barred basin 260, 6.4c secondary and tertiary evaporites 274-277

sedimentary structures in evapo­rites 272-274, 6.11 sedimentation rates 271-272 seepage basin 260, 6.4d tear drop pattern 6.4c trace elements, isotopes in evapo­rites 277 varves inhalite, anhydrite 271, 6.11

vertical sequences with evaporites 272, 6.4ef, 6.5c, 6.7, 6.8

event beds s. discyclic bedding event stratigraphy 374-377

recurrence intervals 374, 7.45 biological, ecological 377

excess pore pressure s. pore water pressure

expulsion of pore water 702-705, 13.31 bc, 13.32

extension, stretching model (also s. subsidence) 400,8.2,8.8

Exmouth plateau, Australia, depo­sitional his tory 567

Eyre basin, Australia 575

facies, definition 536-537 facies architecture 15 facies associations 535-539

general trends 14-15 lateral successions 537-538 vertical successions 537 proximal-distal trends 539

failed rift 5, 1.1 c fan deltas 37,39,153, 2.lIb,

2.13,3.31a vertical sequences 37,2.13 fluctuating water level 39, 2.14

fecal pellets 190 feedback system s. atmospheric­

oceanic first-cycle

fluvial sands tones 49 sedimentary rocks 422 weathering 422

fission tracks s. uplift and denudation

flat pebble conglomerate 102, 3.7 c flexure ofthe lithosphere, down­

warping 390-393, 402, 8.3, 8.11,8.17

Florida shelf 138 flow regimes 31-35, 2.9, T2.1 fluid inclusions 700 fluvial channels 30-31,2.8,2.15

avulsion 43 chute channels, bars 44, 2.10, 2.17 lateral accretion 35, 2.10 sinuosity 40, 44, 2.8, 2.15

fluvial sediments bed forms 31-32, 2.9, T 2.1 climatic control 49-51 compositional, mineralogical maturity 49 current directions 37 facies, architectural elements 35, 43, 2.10, 2.16, T 2.2

facies associations, large­scale 47-48,2.19,2.20 lag deposits 2.9 lateral accretion deposits 2.10 overbank deposits 35, 2.7, 2.10,2.17

reservoir properties 49 sedimentary structures 31-32, 2.9,2.10

fluvial systems 29-31,2.7 anastomosedrivers 47,2.18 bed-Ioad systems 30, 2. 7 braided rivers, braidplains 40-43,2.15,2.16, T 2.2 channel types 2.8 evolution 49, 2.20 flow regimes 2.9 levees, crevasse splays 44, 2.17 meandering systems 30, 44-47, 2.7,2.17

mixed-load systems 30, 2.7 point bars 34, 2.17 suspended load systems 30

flysch 606-610 definition 606 migrating flysch troughs 12.31,12.32ab

sequences 223, 5.16, 12.33 food chain 467

785

Foramol association 136 neu forearc basins 592-598, 1.2, 12.25

ancient examples 597, 12.26, 12.27

basin evolution 593 identification in ancient record 595 intraoceanic, modern 595 sediment sources 593-594 sediment successions 594 types 592-593, 12.25

foreland bulge, forebulge 610, 613, 12.34cd

foreland basins 610-621, 1.3 evolution 610-612, 12.34 flysch, molasse, definition 606

geohistory analysis 12.36a megacycles 618 modem examples 612-613 paleo-valleys 618 satellite, piggy back basins 612, 12.36de sediment composition 615 sediment distribution and facies change 618-620, 12.35

sediment successions 12.35, 12.37

segementation 620,12.38 subsidence history and basin filling 613-615

tectono-sedimentary units 620, 12.37

thrusting episodes, rates 612 types ofbasins 12.34,12.37 unconformities 620, 6.37c

formation waters 676,13.18 forward modeling, subsidence

400-403, 8,1 7a Franciscan subduction complex 597,

12.26

786

Fraser River delta 523, 11.26

gabbro-eclogite transition 393, 575 Ganges-Brahmaputra delta 155 gas hydrates (clathrates) 221, 721 Georges Bank basin, thermal his-

tory 697, 13.29a geostrophie eurrents 100 geothermal gradients 700, 13.30

during rifting 390, 8.2 Gennanie facies provinee, Triassie

(also s. Europe) 573, 12.16e Germany, southern, denudation

444 Gibraltar 170 Gilbert-type delta 155 glaeial environment and sediments

(also s. glaeifluvial ete.) 19-28, 2.1-2.4

diamiet, diamieton 19-21 kame terraees 21, 2.1 preservation potential 19 till, tillite, types of 19-21, 2.1 till, tillite, orthotill, para­till 19

glaeiation, major periods 356, 7.36 Glaeier Bay, Alaska, denudation 437 glaeiers

eold-based, wet-based 19 glaeifluvial sediments 20

outwash fans, rivers, plains 20, 41,43,2.1a

jökulhlaups 20 glaeial-interglaeial sequenee 19-20,

28,2.1 glaeiolaeustrine sediments 22-24,

2.3,2.4 graded beds, turbidites 23, 2.4e varves, rhythmites 23-24, 2.4f-g

glaeiomarine sediments 25-28, 2.5, 2.6 biogenie produetivity 28 eyclie sequenees 25, 28, 2.6b-e facies assoeiations 25, 2.6a

iee-eontaet fans 25, 2.3a, 2.5a glaueonitie minerals, glaueony faeies

205, 250, 6.1 glendonites (ikaite) 25, 2.5d Goban Spur, Biseay 409,567, 12. 13ab grain-to-grain stress 672, 13.11 e Grand Banks, mass movements 214,

223 Grand Sillon Houiller, Franee 624 gravel, fluvial

clast-supported 31, 35 fabrie, imbrieation 31,2.9 gravel bars 35,41, T2.1, 2.15, 2.16 matrix-supported 35

gravity rnass flows, movements 210-216,5.11-5.13 debris, mud flows 214-216,5.13

in deltaie environments 217, 5,12a,7.17b in the deep sea 214, 5.12 Iiquefaetion 213 meehanisms, types 210-214, 5.11 shelf-break erosion 214 transition to turbidity eurrents 216

transport distanees 223-225 volume of disloeated masses 223-225

Great Bahama Bank 13 7, 141 Great Barrier Reef 141 Great Salt Lake 88-89,493-494,

Jl.6b Great Sand Dunes, Colorado 35 Great Valley foreare basin, Cali­

fornia 557, 12.26 green marine clays 249-252, 6.1

green particles 250 in modern oeeans 250

greenhouse, ieehouse state 355-356

Greenland, Triassie lake sed. 346, 7.31

Greenland-Seotland Ridge 245 groundwater ehemistry 425, 9.7 growth faults 155-158,553,

3.36, 12.11e, 13.8, 13.12, 14.9

Guadalupe Mountains 147 Guatemala foreare basin 595 Guaymas basin model 635, 12.44 Gulfof Aden 177-180

Neogene sediments 179 teetonie setting 177

Gulf of Alaska 28 GulfofCalifornia 175,499,

635,4.5,11.19,12.44 mud turbidites 175 passive margin, young 567,

8.12a, 12.13ed plate teetonie evolution 635

rates of spreading and sedi­mentation 635-636, 12.44be

sediment budget 508, 11.19 sediments, varves 175 subsidenee 407, 8.12a water eireulation, upwelling 167,175

Gulf of Mexieo sediment budget 529-531, 12.32a-e

clay minerals 423 salt struetures 6.17a-e shelf, ineised valleys 338, 7.26

storm beds 102,3.6 Gulf of Suez, esearpment 444

halfgraben struetures, sediments (s. also rift basins) 545, 12.1e, 12.4

halokinesis s. salt struetures

hardgrounds (also s. diagenesis) 207-210,5.10

Hatteras abyssal plain 216 Heinrieh layers 25 herringbone stratifieation 114,

3.13 heterotrophie organisms 467 hiatus s. stratigraphie gaps High Atlas rift 553, 12.2e, 12.6 high-resolution stratigraphy

382,7.47 Himalayas

foreland basin 613, 12.36e upllift, denudation 442-443, 451, 11.31

Himalayas-Bengal Fan, basin ehain 539, 11.31

hinge line, zone 7. 10, 7.11, 8.17 Holoeene transgression 338,

7. 26bd hydroearbon generation (s. also

kerogen)709-711,14.3-14.5 generative basins, oil kitehen 721

genetie potential, souree potential index 711

oil window 14.4,14.5 hydroearbon habitats 713-720 hydroearbon migration 711-713

hydroearbon index 466, 10. 5e hydroearbon potential 706-708,

14.2, 14.6 hydroearbon souree roeks (also s.

blaek shales) 706, 14.1 hydroearbon storage 713, 14.7a-d hydrologieally c10sed basins

(also s. lakes) 490-494 hydrosphere, early evolution 286 hydrothermal systems 702, 13.31,

13.32 hypereoneentrated flows 20, 67 hyper-, hyposaline basins 166

iee-eontaet lakes 22, 2.3 ignimbrites 65, 2.24b Illinois basin 575, 12.17ed illite erystallinity 697 immature oeean basins 166 Imperial Valley, California 636 inland sabkhas 84-87, 2.33b Indus fan 232,233

river, denudation 446 intraeontinental (intraeratonie)

sagbasins 4,574-578, 1.la, 12.17

examples 575-577, 12.17a faeies, c1imate ehange 577 meehanism of subsidenee 459 mega-sequenees 12.17 e multi-phase evolution 575, 12.17b

subsidenee history 575 intramontane, intra-are basins,

troughs 622-624, 1.3b,

12.39 intratest porosity 550 Ionian abyssal plain 216 lrish Sea 127 iron ooides, oxyhydrates s.

oolitic ironstones island shelves 210 isostasy, isostatic compensation

(s. also subsidence) 387-388,8.1ab

isostatic rebound 448-449, 9.17 isotopes of carbon, oxygen 242,

542,5.26 itabirite s. banded ironstones

289

Japan trench 581,587, 12.20a denudation rates 440

Jökulhlaups 20 Jordan, phosphorites 205

Kara Bogas GoI 87,260 karstification 426 Karoo supergroup, Permo-Craboni­

ferous, S. Africa 558 Kellwasser crisis 356 kerogen types, bitumen 706-709,

14.1-14.3 Keuper (Upper Triassie, s. also

Europe) lake sediments 90

Kosi alluvial fan, India 37 Kupferschiefer, Permian (s. also

Zechstein) 268 lahar (volcanic debris flow) 65,

2.24b lag sediments 376-377, 7.16, 7.46 lagoonal sediments 121, 123, 3.18

climate control 123 sedimentation rates 123

Lake Baikai 79 Burdur, Turkey 39,2.14 Chad 88, 1l.7a Eyre basin, Australia 87,88 Messel, Germany 91 Qinghai, China 514, 11.22 Ries lake 89 Tanganyika 90,496-497, 545, 12.2a

Turkana, East Africa 496, 514, 11.22

Victoria 90 lake chemistry 81-87,2.31

cloride, soda, sulfate 1. 84 evolution, modeling 512-514, 11.22

hard-water lakes 79, 2.29 isotopes, fluid inclusions 91 rare elements 92 residual brines 92 saline lakes 81-83,2.31,2.33 soft-water lakes 79

lakes 75-93 closed systems 81-83,2.28b,

2.33 lifetime of lakes 91 open systems 78-81, 2. 28a, 2.29

perenniallakes 81, 2.33a physical processes 76-78, 2.28a playas 84,87, 2.33b, 2.34 organic production 79, 89 types oflakes 76-78, 2.28 water stratification 76-78, 2.28

lake sediments 78-93 black shale 79-90, 92 biogenie sediments 79 carbonates 79, 83-84, 2.32 chert, chert nodules 82 detrital clastics 78, 2.29 diagenesis of evaporites 92 dolomite 84 Gilbert-type delta 78, 2.29a

gyttja, sapropel 79, 81 post-glaciallakes 79, 2.30 salt precipitation 81-83, 2.31 sediment successions 90-91, 2.32,2.33 sedimentation rates 91 siderite 84 types (overview) 78-79,2.28 varves 79, 2.28c

landscape evolution 451-453 cuestas 432-434, 9.11 inverted relief 9.11 orogenie belts 453, 9.19

lateral extrusion, basins 624-626, 12.40

lava sheets, plateau basalts 71-72 life, early evolution 286-287 limestone-marl altemations (s. also

rhythmic bedding, cyclic sequ.) 361 diagenetic overprint 297,687, 13.24

periodicities 364 lithographie limestones 374 lithospheric flexure s. flexure lithostatic pressure s. pressure loess, loessite 22, 62, 2.1 a

accumulation rates 62 Loferites s. cyclic sequences 10ngshore sand transport 96, 3.2b Los Angeles basin 630 Louisian-Texas coast 127 lysocline (also s. deep-sea sed.,

carbonates) 193, 5.3b

Macleod basin, Austra1ia 260 Magda1ena basin, Colombia 641 Main River, disso1ved load 430,

9.9de Makran wedge, Pakistan 584 mangrove 116, 3, 14 mantle asthenosphere 387, 8.1a mantle upwelling 390, 8.2b marginal plateaus, submarine 207

5.10 Mariana are 597 marl-limestone rhythms s. cyclic sequences, rhythmic bedding mass extinction, mortality 195,

356 maturity of sediments

chernical-mineralogical 423 Mazagan Plateau, Morocco 208

carbonate buildup 563 meandering rivers (also s. fluvial

systems, sediments) 44-46 meander belt 2.17a oxbow lakes 2.17 point bars 2.17 swamps, backswamps 46, 2.18

Mediterranean Sea 170, 4.2b Miocene evaporites 170, 268, 271 sapropel1ayers 170 clay minerals 423 Tyrrhenian Sea, evolution 559, 12.15ab

megabreccias 216,332,7.24 mega-rifting, Europe 571-574,

12.16 mega-turbidites 216 melange 588 Messinian evaporites 268,271 metamorphism (also s. dia-

genesis) 697, 13.28 Meteora monasteries, Greece 39 methanogenesis (also s. hydro­

carbon generation) 685 methods in the study of sedi­

ments 11 Michigan basin 577, 12.17 Middle East oil province 716,

14.12 Milankovitch cycles (s. also

cyclostratigraphy) 657-661, 7.37

within third order sequences 377,7.14

mineral phase transitions, s. subsidence

Mississippi delta plain 155 deep-sea fan 231,5.21 river load 447

modes ofbasin fill 517-519, 11.24

coastal progradation 524-526, 11.28, 11.29

point sourees, deltas 579, 11.24-11.27

sediment transfer to deep­sea fans 526-528, 11.30

molasse, definition s. foreland basins

787

mud aggregates, transport, deposi­tion 189-190

mud diapirs 563, 588, 12.11 c mud flows s. debris flows,

gravity mass flows

788

mud turbidites 220-222, 5.17 types, composition 221

mud-dominated river systems 47 c1ayaggregates 47

mud vulcanoes 87 muddy shelves 528 Murzuk, Kufra basin 577

Nankai trench, Japan 581, 12.20a

nepheloid layer, plume 190 Newark supergroup 91

lacustrine cyc1es 346 Niger delta 155-157, 3.31e

c1ay minerals 423 hydrocarbons 715, 14.9

Nile delta 155 c1ay minerals 423

nodular limestones (s. also diagenesis) 297

North African sag basins 577 North Anatolian fault 352,

12.40e North Alpine foreland basin s.

Alpine North Atlantic rift basins

553-558, 12.2de, 12.7, 12.8

general trends 558 rifting phases and sedim. history 555-556, 12.8

North Carolina shelf 131 North Sea 114, 127

barrier-Iagoonal systems 525,11.29

mud flats 114 oil and gas 716, 14.11 subsidence 405, 8.13b storm sands 102 tides 111, 3.4a Viking graben, diagenesis 13.14

Norwegian fjords 446 Norwegian-Greenland Sea 172, 245,

4.3 c1imate change, cyclic sedi­ments 224

ocean, ocean water bottom, contour currents 187-188, 235-238

conveyer belt 242-244, 5.27a Corioli's forces 187,5.2be density, salinity of sea water 183-184, 5.labd, 5.2a

density stratification 184 Eckman spiral 184, 5.2b equatorial convergence, divergence 187, 5.1e, 5.2c

mass transport, nutrients 188 pycnoc1ine 184 sediment transport 188-189, 5.3a temperature 183, 5.1 ae, 5.2 a thermo-haline circulation 187, 5.1e

two-Iayer ocean 183 wind-driven circulation 187 upwelling, downwelling 187-188, 5.2ed

oceanic sag basins 6, 1.11 oceanic sediments s. deep-sea

sediments oceanography, physical, s. oceans,

water circulation oil and gas fields s. hydrocarbon

habitats oil, generation, expulsion and

migration s. hydrocarbon generation

oil shales s. hydrocarbon source rocks

Okinawa trough 604 olistostromes, olistoliths (also s.

gravity mass flows) 216 Olympic Mountains, Washington

587, 12.22d Ontong-Java plateau 567 oolitic ironstones 252-254, 6.2

chamosite 252 effects of sea-Ievel changes 253-254, 6.2e in the Earth's history 254 minette ores, Lorraine 253 ooid formation 252, 6.2b provenance of iron 252-253 reworking effects 253, 6.1

ore deposits, diagenetic 701-702 Mississippi Valley type 702 related to evaporites 287, 702

organic matter (also s. preservation, production)

adsorbed onto minerals, organo­mineral aggregates 468 decomposition, mineralization 469-470, 10.6 definition, types 463 dissolved in sea water 468 preservation (also s. preservation) 469-476

terrestrial, to the ocean 466, JO.5, TIO.I

Orinoco delta 155 overpressure s. pressure

fracturing of rocks 663 overthrust belts s. loreland basins

thrust sheet migration 612 oxygen in the earlyatmosphere

284,6.18

Pacific, southwestem, backarc basins 602, 12.28-12.30

Pakistan, denudation 440 paleoceanography 238-248

atrnospheric CO2 exchange 5.25 carbon, oxygen isotopes fractio­nation 242, 5.26

biological, solution pump 240-242,5.24ab Cretaceous ocean 246

feedback systems 239 greenhouse gases 239 low sea-Ievel effects 244 oceanic gateways 245, 5.27b post-Cretaceous cooling 247

paleosols 20, 416-420, 9.1-9.4 Panama strait 245 Pangea 355 Pannonian basin, Hungary 626,

12.41 Parmonian-type basins 8, 626-628,

1.3b examples 628

Paradox Basin, USA, evaporite cyc1es 264

Parami basin, S. America 575, 577 parasequences s. sequ. stratigr. Paris Basin,

hydrocarbons 716, 14.10 subsidence 405, 8.13b

passive margin basins (also s. continental margin) 6, 1.1 d

pebbly mudstone 216 perialpine lakes 488 periglacial features 22, 2.1 ag, 2.2 periodic and discyc1ic sequences s.

cyc1ic sequences, event strat. peripheral bulge 392, 8.3b peritidal carbonate cyc1es s.

cyc1ic sequences permeability 681, 13.21 Permian reefcomplex, Texas 147 Permian cold water carbonates 137 Persian (also s. Arabian/Persian)

Gulf 169,180,4.7 Peru-Chile trench 583, 12.20b petroleum generation s. hydro­

carbon generation phosphorites 201-205,210

phosphate precipitation 201-202, 5.7b,5.8

phosphorite formation through time, giant phosphorites 205

secondary enrichment 202, 5.8, 5.9b-d sources of phosphorus 201-202

Po delta, Italy 519, 11.25ab polyphase basins 637-642

basin-type transitions 637, 12.45,12.47

examples 641-642 at convergent margins 640, 12.47

porcellanite 198 pore cements (also s. diagenesis)

695-697,13.20,13-27 overgrowth, meniscus cement etc.13.27

pore water flow, refraction 663, 13. lOde

pore water pressure 663, 13.11 hydrostatic, lithostatic 633 overpressure, excess pressure, subnormal 663

porosity 456,681,10.1, 13.21

at sill-contact 702, 13.31 b secondary 152,633,13.22

porosity-depth curves (also s. com­paction) 13.3, 13.4

analytical equations 653, 13.5 calculation of burial depth 654

in various sediment types 650-653, 13.4

post-rift sediments s. rift basins, continental margins

Precambrian sediments 287-290 banded ironstones 289 carbonates, dolomites 287 chert, evaporites 288, 290 paleosols 287 stromatolites, phosphorites 288 placer deposits 284 red beds 289

preservation of organic matter 469-471, JO.8 benthic degradation loss 472, 10.6

clastic dilution 473,10.7, 10.8 in anoxic environments 10.7-10.JO

in model basins 474, JO.9 preservation factor 474,10.10

pressure solution 672-673, 13.11 c dissolution seams, stylolites 673

production of organic matter (s. also organic matter, preservation) 463-469, 10.5 carbon fluxes 468,471, JO.5ae, JO.6

export, new production 467, JO.5bde, TlO.2

high-fertility belts in the oceans 467,469, 10.11, TlO.2

paleofertility 476 plankton blooms 467 primary production 464,466-467, 10.5b, Tl 0.1

standing crop and annual produc­tivity 464

pull-apart basins (s. also Guaymas basin) 7, 630-633,1.4,12.42 asymmetric basin fill 12.43 slip rates, subsidence 630-632, 12. 42de

volcanism 632 pure shear (also s. rift basins)

12.1a pycnocline 184, 5.1 d Pyrenean foreland basins (s. also

Ebro basin) 620,621, 13.37 pyroclastic flows, surges 65,

2.24b, 2.25a

Qinghai lake, China, s. lake

radiolarites s. siliceous sediments rebound by unloading 496-497, 11.8 recycling ofsediments 11.33

regional s. foreland basins

global 422,538-540, 11.33 red beds 254-258, 6.3

depositional environments 257, 6.3 fluvial 47 primary red beds, lateritic soils 255

red carbonates, sandstones 257 red deep-sea clay 194, 257 red pigment 254 secondary red beds 257,679, 6.3

Red Sea 168, 177-180, 4.2b, 4.6 evaporites, Miocene 177, 271, 6.17

lithified layers 180 rifting 549 sediments 177-180,4.6 tectonic evolution 177

redox cycles, b1ack shale-carbonate 363,7.42bc

reefs (also s. carbonate buildups, carbonate sediments) 13 8-147 atolls 141,3.25e bioherms and biostromes 140, 3.25a growth, growth rates 143-147, 3.28,3.29 reeflimestones 142, 3. 26b-d reef-builders 136-137 types (banks, fringing reefs, knolls, mounds, etc.) 138-143,

3.25,3.26 relic basins 640, 12.45b rernnant basins 606-610, 1.3a

12,31ab,12.32 flysch 606-610,12.38

reservoir rocks 681-683, 13.21 retroarc, retro-fore land basins

(s. also foreland basins) 6,599-602,610-621, 1.2b

Rhine graben 551, 12.5 sediments 12.5e subsidence 404, 8.12b structure, rifting 551, 12.5b

rhythmic bedding (also s. cyclic sequences, event stratigraphy) 292,7.1

Ries impact crater, lake 89 rift basins 4-5, 1.1 b-e, 543

half graben basins, asymmetric 595,12.4 older examples 553 rift volcanism 547,549,551, 12.3b

sediments 547-549, 12. 3d, 12.4, 12.5c

transition to continental margin basins 553-560, 12.7-12.9de young examples 549-552

rift structures, zones (s. also crustal extension) graben shoulders 400-403, 8.8-8.11

inverted rift zone 553, 12.2e, 12.6

rift-drift stage 12.2f segmented rifts, transfer zones 545, 12.2ad

updoming 545 rifting time 401,8.9 Rio Grande rift 551, 12.13cd rip currents 96, 3.3a ripples, dunes 31-32, 2.9

ripple drift 23, 32 Rotliegend 354, 7.34d Ruhr district, Carboniferous

coal evolution 724-726, 14.13, 14.14

history of coalification and degassing 725

Saar-Nahe basin, Germany 624, 12.39ab

Sahara 54 Salin basin, Burma 641 saline giants (also s. evaporites )

268-271 salinity crisis 268, 271, 6. ge salt deposits in earth history

271 salt minerals s. evaporites salt structures, diapirism 278-

283, 6.14-6.17 buoyancy halokinesis 279 depotroughs atop salt massifs 280, 6. 16cd

salt flow mechanism 279, 6.15 salt pillows, anticlines, sheets 6.16, 6.17

San Andreas Fault system s. Great Valley forearc basin

sand bars (also s. fluvial, coastal and tidal sediments) 35,97, 2.10,3.3

sand dunes, inland types (s. also eolian sands) 55-58, 2.22, 2.23

truncation of dunes 57, 2.22d sand ridges, shelf 127, 3.20 sand seas 55 sand waves (s. also tidal sed.) 2.9 sandstone diagenesis s.diagenesis Sao Francisco delta 155 saprolite (also s. soil) 417 Sardinia passive margin 567,

12.14ab Sargasso Sea 467

789

sea-Ievel changes (s. also sequence stratigraphy, cyclic sequences)

amplitudes 382, 7.48 causes 355-359, 382 eustasy 300 frequencies 359-361, 7.37 inflection point 7.3b rates, relative change 301, 7.3c, T7.1

superposition of shorter and longer oscillations 309, 7.9

790

2nd and 3rd order 356, 7.35 Sea of Japan 604 sea water composition 258, 6.4b secondary porosity s. porosity sediment budget (s. also sediment

supply, distribution) closed basins (steady-state) 490-494 closing basins 505-506 dynamic denudation-accumulation systems 494-497 extensional basins 497-506 general concept 484-486, 11.1 lacustrine evaporites 512-517 open basins 487-489 pull-apart basins 507-512

sediment distribution in water­filled basins 517-533 general rules 517,519, 11.23 global, modem oceans 531 sed. transfer to marine deltas 519-523

to barrier-Iagoon systems 524-526

to deep-sea fans 526-528 sediment preservation potential

536,642 survival rate 536

sediment ridges, "drifts" 235, 5.23

sediment supply to basins balanced basins 534 general trends 14-15 oversupplied basins 533 undersupplied, sediment­starved basins 534

sedimentary basins, general aspects definition, size, shape 3 morphology, depositional envi­ronment 10-12,1.7,1.8 tectonic classification 3-10, Tl.l,I.I-I.5

sedimentary cycles s. cyclic sequences, sequ. stratigraphy

sedimentary structures, preser­vation in soft and lithified sediments 13

sedimentation rates 455-462, 10.3 actual and potential rates 457 conversion into accumulation rates 10.1 carbonates and siliceous sed. 461,10.4 compared to rates of denudation, sea-Ievel change, subsidence 462

definitions 455-456 in various depositional environ­ments 459-462, 10.3 peat, coal, other specific envi­ronments 462 short- and long-term 457, 10.2

separated intlow and outtlow, basins 170-172, 4.3

sequence stratigraphy (also s. sea­level changes, cyclic sequences)

accommodation space 303, 7.4 base level 258, T7.1 basic concepts, definitions, terms 297-313, 7.3, T7.l, T7.2 carbonate systems 328-332, 7.21. 7.22

carbonate slopes 332-333, 7.24 carbonate-evaporite systems 335-337,7.35 chronostratigraphic sequences (Wheeler plots) 301, 7.3gh, 7. JOb, 7.15b

coal sequences 339-342 coastal and shallow-marine silici­clastic systems 313-324

coastal plains, lagoons, playas 342-344, 7.29

condensed sections 306, 7.3gh, 7.17c, T7.2

deep-sea fans 327-328, 5.21, 5,22 drowing unconformities

(carbonates) 331, 7. 16e, 7.23d

eolian systems 352-354, 7.34 erosional unconformities, types 306, 7.9de, 7.16

tluvial systems 348-352, 7.32, 7.33

hierarchy of cycles 296, 354-359, 7.35

incised valleys 337-339, 7.26, 7.28c

lacustrine sequences and cycles 345-348, 7.30, 7.31

lags, reworked horizons 316, 320,7.15, 7.16

lowstand deltas 326, 7.20 marine deltas 324, 7.19, 7.20 parasequences 303, 7.9, 7.18 ramp rnargins, epicontinental seas 316-318,7.12-7.15 sequence boundaries 301,324, 7.3gh, 7.10b

shelf-slope margins, siliciclastics 318-324,7.17 shoreline migration 313-316, 7.12, 7.13

systems tracts, facies tracts 301,321, 7.17, T7.2

shallow seas, shelfseas (also s. carbonate sediments 125,3.19

bottom currents 130, 3.21 hi equilibrium conditions 126 general characteristics 125, 3.19 hydraulic regimes 127-130, 3.20, 3.21

shallow sea sediments, siliciclastics facies models 126-131,3.20,3.21 lag deposits, hardgrounds 130 sand bodies, large 131,3.22 marls, lime mud 130 mud-dominated 127 sandridges 127,3.19,11.2 sand sheets 131,3.32 sedimentary structures 130

sediment-starved 131 vertical sequences 3.20,3.21

Shark Bay, Australia 116 sheet tloods 36 shelf seas s. shallow seas shelf-break erosion 214 shelf ice, Antarctic 25 shell beds, skeletal concentra­

tions 376-377, 7.46 Shimanto belt, Japan 590, 12.24 Sibirian Basin, western 577

hydrocarbons 716 siderite s. concretions,

diagenesis sieve deposits 36, 2.11 a silcrete s. duricrusts, soils siliceous sediments, marine 197-20 I,

5.5,5.6 bedded cherts 201, 5.5 distribution in oceans 198 general aspects 197 radiolarites 197-198, 5.5 silica diagenesis (also s. dia­genesis) 198,5.6 siliceous turbidites 5.5

sill-sediment complexes 635, 12.44 simple shear 12.1 bed slope anticline 517, 12.15 slopeaprons 214, 5.12a slope collapse, carbonate platforms

214,216,5.12a slope sediments s. continental slope

carbonate slopes 332-333, 7.24 slumps, olistostromes s. gravity

mass movements soda ocean 286, 6.18 soil, soil profiles, paleosols

9.1-9.3 calcretes and duricrusts 418, 9.2 soil types 418, 9.2 effects of sedimentation and erosion 9.3

solid, suspended river load (s. also denudation rates) 435-442 artificial reservoirs 437 controlled by parent rocks, reliefand climate 437-441. 9.13

element partitioning 422 high-Iatitude rivers 439 measurement 434-435 mineralogical composition 421-422

specific transport rates or specific yield 9.12, 9.13

tropical rivers 439 Solomon Sea, foredeep 612 solubility of prograde and retro­

grade minerals 670, 672 solute transport in rivers s.

dissolved river load solute transport within sediments

(also s. diagenesis, subsur­face tlow regimes) 669-674

compaction flow 670 hydrodynamic dispersion 676 meteoric water, leaching 670 13.20, 13.23a

molecular diffusion (also s. diffusion) 673-674, 13.17, 13.18

phreatic, vadose zone 13.23a Songliao Basin, China, oil 715,

14.8 South America (also s. Andes)

backarc, retro-foreland basins 600

forearc basins 595 intra-arc, intramontane basins 622 South Atlantic, rifting 12.1 c

South Pyreneen foredeep (also s. Ebro basin) 621

Southeast basin, France 642 spilites 74 spreading troughs s. Guaymas basin stable isotopes

in evaporites 278 in carbonate diagenesis 700

storms and storm action 99, 3.4a combined flow 100, 3.4b geostrophic currents 100

storm deposits (tempestites) 103-108,3.4ed-3.8

amalgamation 102,3.5b bed forms, sedimentary structures 100, 102, 3.5

bypass model 107,3.8b faunal characteristics, ichnofacies 102-103, 3. 7

flat pebble conglomerates 102, 104,3.7c

hummocky cross-stratification 100-102, 3.4c

lag deposits 102 mud tempestites 102. 3.5d proximal-distal trends 107, 3.5e tempestite sequences 107, 3.8 tempestites in basin analysis 108,3.8

storm-dominated seas 127, 3.20d stratigraphic correlation s. cyclic

sequences stratigraphic gaps 10.2a

in deep-sea sediments 236-238 in depositional sequences s. sequence stratigraphy

stretching, crustal 389,400 stretching factor 8.8 strike-slip basins (also s.

pull-apart basins) 6, 1.4 stromatolites 116, 3.15 stylolites s. pressure solution subduction complexes (also s.

accretionary wedges, deep­sea trenches)

sediment loss, tectonic ero­sion 538-539, 11.35

subduction-related basins 6, 1.2

submarine canyons 214,218, 229-231

submarine ridges and plateaus 207,567,5.10b

bank top sediments 207-208 subsidence (s. stretching) 389-413

crustal flexure by loading 390-392,402,8.3,8.10

influence of rifting time and lateral heat transfer 401-403, 8.9-8.ll initial subsidence 389-390, 8.2, 8.8 isostasy (Airy model) 387-388, 8.1 mineral phase change 393 rift zones (McKenzie model) 400, 8.8 sediment-ftlled basins 389-390,

8.8, 8.ll

tectonic, thermo-tectonic subsi­dence 8.12, 8.13

thermal subsidence, uplift 390, 8.2eb

total, cumulative 8.8 subsidence history, curves 404-413

arch-trench systems 413 backstripping 393, 8.5 corrections for compaction, paleo­water depth, sea-Ievel change 395-399, 8.6 decompaction ofsed. 394,8.4 foreland basins 411-413, 8.18 foreward modeling 400-403,405-

409, 8.10, 8.ll, 8.15, 8.16

geohistory analysis 395-399,404 idealized curves 8.8 passive margins 405-411, 8.13-

8.17 pull-apart basins 413 rift zones 400-405, 8.8-8.11

subsurface flow regimes (s. also solute transport, compaction flow) 663-667,13.12,13.13 convection 666, 13.12cd example 667, 13.14 long-distance 690, 13.25, 13.26 meteoric flow 670, 688 thermobaric flow 665, 13.12a

sulfate reduction s. diagenesis Sunda arc-trench system 590,

12.23 changes along trench axix 590

superposition of cycles s. sequence stratigraphy

Surinam coast 127 suspended river load s. solid

river load suspension sedimentation s. turbi­

dites Swiss molasse basin 620, 12.35c syn-rift sediments s. rift basins,

rifting

Taiwan, uplift 450 foreland basin 612

Tarim basin, China 641 Tasmania 136 tectonics and basin filling

10,1.5 temperature field in sediments

697-700, 13.29, 13.30 tempestites s. storm deposits tephra deposits (also s. volcani­

clastic sediments) 64-74 ash cloud fallout 65, 2.24

791

ash turbidites 67, 2.24b, 2.27c diagenesis, metamorphism 73-74 facies associations 70, 2.26 in basins of various tectonic settings 70-73

pyroclastic surges, flows 65, 2.24b,2.25 submarine tephra 67, 70, 2.25d tonstein 65 transport distances 70, 75, 2.26a volume oftephra 70,73

terrane-related basins 7 terrestrial organic matter in the

sea 466, 1O.5a Tethys Ocean, Tethyan carbonate

platforms s. Europe siliceous sediments 198

Texas continental margin (also s. Gulf ofMexico)

coastal plain 47,2.19 coastal progradation 529, 11.32a-c

thermal history ofbasin fills 697-700 affected by meteoric water circulation 699, 13.30 examples 698-700

thermal uplift s. uplift thermocatalytic decarboxylation 689 thermocline (s. ocean) 184, 5.1e thrust sheet migration (also s.

foreland basins) 612 Tiber delta, Italy 519, 1J.25e Tibetan plateau, uplift 451 tidal processes 109-112,3.9-3.11

tidal currents 109-112, 3.11 b tidal ranges 109-112, T3.l tidal waves 109,3.10a tides and coastal morphology 112, 3.10b-d

tidal sediments 112-118 climate control 115-117, 3.12-3.15 distinctive features 118 faunal characteristics 115 neap-springtide cycles 114, 3.12

response to sea level change 117,3.17

sand ridges 127 sedimentary structures 114, 3.12-3.15

792

sedimentation rates 114 stromatolites 116, 3.15 vertical sequences 3.16

till, tillite 19 tilted block basins 8 time periods of cyclic phenomena

s. cyclic sequences) Timor-Tanimbar trough 612 Tonga, forearc zone 595 tonstein 65 trace elements

in evaporites 277 traction carpet deposits 218,

5. 14a, 5.15d transgression-regression cycles

s. sequence stratigraphy transpression, transtension 630 Triassic lakes 91, 346 Tsunami waves 100 tunnel valleys, glacial 20, 2.1 a turbidites, turbidity currents

216-223,5.14-5.16 amalgamation 223 carbonate turbidites, ca1ci­turbidites 219, 5.16b current directions 229 discrimination from tempes­tites 223 erosional features 218,223, 5.15 frequency, recurrence inter­vals 223-225 general characteristics 216-218 high- and low-density turbidity currents 218 internat structures 218, 5. 14ab, 5.15bd

mud turbidites 221, 5.17 proximal-distal trends 223 trace fossils in turbidites 221,5.151 vertical sequences with turbi­dites 5.16

Turkana Lake s. lake

Turonian carbonates, Tunisia 329 Tyrrhenian Sea, evolution (also s.

Mediterranean) 559,567, 12.15b

uplift crustal rebound due to unloading 447-449,9.17

tectonic, rates 449-450 thermal 390, 8.2b

uplift and denudation, interplay (s. also isostatic rebound) 449-454

rock and surface uplift 449, 9.17b

exhumation 439,451, 9.17b fission track method 444 uplift-denudation models 451-454 , 9.18,9.19

upwelling, sediments (s. also deep-sea sediments) 195, 5.4a

black shales 195 coastal, equatorial upwelling 5.2d faunal characteristics 195 oxygen minimum 195 trace metals 197

Utah, eolian dunes 60

varves s. lake sediments, evaporites verdine facies, verdinization 250,

6.1 Vienna basin 628,633, 12.41 bc vitrinite reflectance 14.4, 14.13 V 0ring Plateau 208, 12.9b void ratio 13.5ab, 13.6a volcanic eruptions 64 vo1caniclastic sediment components

(also s. tephra deposits) 64 volcanism, types of in different

basin settings 70-73 vo1canic margin, N.Atlantic 12.9ab

Walther's law 535 water circulation 166-168

adjacent basins, lagoons 167, 4.2

bottom, contour currents 187-188 anti-estuarine 168, 4.2b estuarine 166, 4.1 ocean basins 184-188, 5.1c, 5.2bd

water depth curves s. sequence stratigraphy

waves 94-96, 3.1 a deep-water waves 94 refraction 95, 3.2a shallow-water waves 94-96, 3.1a

wave base 94, 316, 3.1 a, 3.4b, 7.15

weathering, overview 414-416, 9.1 chemical-mineralogical 422 climate control 414-416, 9.1 a first cycle weathering 422 physical 421 silicate weathering 242, 5.25a

weathering products climate controlled 422, 9.1 c rock-type controlled 421

Western Interior seaway 131-133, 246,620,12.38

wildflysch (also s. melange) 588 Wilson cycle 637, Tl2.1 wind ripples 57, 2.21, 2.22 wind-blown dust, sand s. eolian

dust, sand wrench faults, basins 8, 1.4

Xigaze forearc basin, Tibet 597, 12.27

Yellow River 62, 440 Yellow Sea

sand ridges 127 sediment fill 486, ll.3b

Yucatan shelf 138

Zechstein basin 268,335, 6.10,7.25