rediscovery of the rare pilumnid crab, actumnus simplex rathbun, 1911 (decapoda, brachyura) and a...

REDISCOVERY OF THE RARE PILUMNID CRAB, ACTUMNUS SIMPLEXRATHBUN, 1911 (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA) AND A NEW RECORD FOR

THE PERSIAN GULF

BY

REZA NADERLOO1,3) and PETER K. L. NG2,4)1) Marine Zoologie, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt

am Main, Germany; and School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran[Teheran], Iran

2) Tropical Marine Science Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University ofSingapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore

ABSTRACT

Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911, described 100 years ago and never reported again since, isrecorded for the first time from the Persian Gulf. The species is characterized by a prominentlyconvex dorsal carapace surface, regions that are weakly defined, four serrated anterolateral teeth,and a gently serrated frontal margin with a distinct median notch. It is morphologically close toNeoactumnus convexus Sakai, 1965, and N. unispina Garth & Kim, 1983, both from the westernPacific, but is easily distinguishable by possessing a distinct median notch in the frontal margin.

RÉSUMÉ

Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911, décrit il y a 100 ans et jamais retrouvé depuis, est signalépour la première fois du Golfe Persique. L’espèce est caractérisée par la face dorsale de la carapaceprésentant une forte convexité, des régions faiblement délimitées, quatre dents antérolatéralesserrulées et un bord frontal légèrement dentelé avec une échancrure médiane distincte. L’espèceest morphologiquement proche de Neoactumnus convexus Sakai, 1965, et de N. unispina Garth &Kim, 1983, toutes deux de l’Ouest Pacifique, mais s’en distingue aisément par l’échancrure médianeprononcée du bord frontal.

INTRODUCTION

The brachyuran family Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819, is one of the betterrepresented families in the Persian Gulf, with 20 known species (Stephensen, 1946;

3) e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]) e-mail: [email protected]

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011 Crustaceana 84 (12-13): 1593-1604Also available online: www.brill.nl/cr DOI:10.1163/156854011X605800

1594 REZA NADERLOO & PETER K. L. NG

Apel, 2001; Naderloo & Sari, 2007). Of these, five species belong to the genusActumnus Dana, 1851 (cf. Titgen, 1998; Apel, 2001; Naderloo & Sari, 2007),which has 27 recognized species in the Indo-West Pacific (Ng et al., 2008).

Alcock (1898) was the first to record Actumnus from the Persian Gulf whenhe described a new species, A. tesselatus, and also recorded A. setifer (De Haan,1835). Later, A. tesselatus was recorded from waters in what is present-day UnitedArab Emirates (UAE) (Nobili, 1906) and Qeshm Island in Iran (Stephensen, 1946).Subsequently, Balss (1933: 37) noted that some of the A. setifer described byAlcock (1898) from the Persian Gulf should be re-identified as A. obesus Dana,1852, and we remain uncertain if the real A. setifer is present in the area. Itis pertinent to note that Rathbun (1911) described a subspecies of A. setifer,A. setifer amirantensis from the Amirante Islands in the western Indian Ocean,and noted it differed from the nominate subspecies in the structure of its frontand anterolateral teeth. The second author has examined material of this taxonfrom the western Indian Ocean, and the differences are valid (see also Takeda& Miyake, 1969) and it should be recognized as a distinct species (Ho et al.,2001). There is thus a good chance that the old western Indian Ocean recordsof A. setifer could be A. amirantensis instead. They will all need to be checked.Nobili (1905, 1906) described a new species, A. bonnieri, from the waters inwhat is today UAE, but that is now regarded as a junior synonym of A. asper(Rüppell, 1830), described from the Red Sea (see Odhner, 1925; Balss, 1933).This is the most frequently reported species from the Persian Gulf, with records byStephensen (1946) from Kharg Island (Iran) and Bahrain, Basson et al. (1977)from Saudi Arabia, Titgen (1982) from Dubai (UAE), and Apel (2001) fromSaudi Arabia. Actumnus margarodes was described from the Persian Gulf byMacGilchrist (1905) but has never been reported again.

In 2004, the Iranian Fisheries Organization collected numerous specimensfrom the Persian Gulf during the “Swept Area Project”. This material includedspecimens of Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911, from the Persian Gulf. Thespecies, described from Amirante Island in the western Indian Ocean, has neverbeen reported since its original description and is hitherto known from only oneovigerous holotype female. The number of Actumnus species in the Persian Gulfnow stands at six. The present note reports A. simplex Rathbun, 1911, from thePersian Gulf, and discusses the taxonomy of the species.

Abbreviations used in the text are: coll. = collected by; cl = carapacelength; cb = carapace breadth; G1 = male first pleopod; G2 = male secondpleopod; SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; USNM =U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,D.C.; ZRC = Zoological Reference Collection, Raffles Museum of BiodiversityResearch, National University of Singapore; and ZUTC = Zoological Museum,University of Tehran, Teheran, Iran.

REDISCOVERY OF ACTUMNUS SIMPLEX RATHBUN 1595

TAXONOMY

PILUMNIDAE Samouelle, 1819Actumnus Dana, 1851

Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911 (figs. 1-3)

Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911: 232-233, pl. 16 figs. 10, 11; Ng et al., 2008: 180.

Material examined. — Holotype: ovigerous � (cl 8.52 mm, cb 10.86 mm) (USNM 41315), stationE12, Amirante Island, western Indian Ocean, 32 fathoms, coll. S. Gardiner, H.M.S. “Sealark”,11.ii.1905; Persian Gulf, Iran: 1 � (cl 8.90 mm, cb 11.03 mm), 1 � (cl 8.91 mm, cb 11.00 mm)(ZUTC Brach 1284); 4 �� (cl 7.03-8.63 mm, cb 8.40-11.44 mm) (SMF 38942); 1 � (cl 9.65 mm, cb12.34 mm), 1 � (cl 9.31 mm, cb 11.94 mm) (ZRC 2011.0311), 40-45 m depth, trawl net, 09.ii.2004,coll. R. Naderloo.

Description. — Carapace (figs. 1a, d, 2a, 3a) broadly ovate, distinctly broaderthan long (cb/cl 1.2-1.3), dorsal surface strongly convex, glabrous, smooth, withfine tubercles on posterolateral region; transverse ridge lined with small tuberclesextending obliquely from fourth anterolateral tooth toward carapace centre. Re-gions poorly defined, faint grooves mark indicated gastro-cardiac region (figs. 1a,d, 2a, 3a), intestinal region slightly depressed; frontal region almost smooth, co-vered with microscopic granules; gently flexed downwards, with 2 smooth trans-verse ridges, set with long plumose setae that do not obscure margin. Front rela-tively wide (figs. 1, 2a, 3a), about 0.4 times as broad as carapace, bilobed, withsmall notch medially, lobes extend slightly beyond inner orbital angle, lobe com-pletely contiguous with supraorbital margin or separated by shallow smooth notchto form small lateral lobule. Supraorbital margin irregularly serrated, with smallmedian notch (fig. 3a) (sometimes indiscernible, fig. 2a), separated from first an-terolateral (exorbital) tooth by shallow notch or fissure (fig. 3a) (sometimes poorlymarked, fig. 2a); infraorbital margin gently serrated, continuing to triangular innerorbital tooth, without notch in between (fig. 1b, c). Anterolateral margin convex,with 4 distinct, gently serrated teeth (figs. 1a, d, 2a, 3a); first tooth (exorbital angle)confluent with upper orbital angle, obtusely triangular, not pointed, smaller thanothers; second tooth widest, anteriorly pointed, laterally nearly straight; third toothslightly shorter than second, anteriorly pointed, laterally nearly straight; fourthtooth with relatively larger anterior part, slightly elevated, clearly separating an-terolateral margin from posterolateral margin; posterolateral margin strongly con-verging posteriorly; posterior carapace margin smooth, slightly longer than frontalmargin. Eyestalks short, with short dense setae on posterior surface (figs. 1, 2a,3a). Basal antennal segment rectangular, small, mobile, reaching to inner infraor-bital angle; flagellum long, exceeding posterior end of second anterolateral tooth.Antennules relatively large, folding obliquely (fig. 1b, c). Sub-orbital and subhep-atic regions with scattered, very small granules, granules larger and denser near


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Fig. 2. Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911. � (cl 8.90 mm, cb 11.03 mm) (ZUTC Brach 1284), PersianGulf. a, dorsal view of carapace, setae not drawn; b, merus of left cheliped, outer surface; c, carpusof left cheliped, outer surface; d, right chela, outer surface; e, left chela, outer surface; f, left G1,

ventral face; g, telson and somites 2-6 of male abdomen.

suborbital margin and anterior part of buccal cavity; pterygostomial region almostsmooth (fig. 1b, c). Posterior margin of epistome with prominent, median triangu-lar lobe, which is incised medially, lateral margins concave; lateral lobes separatedfrom median lobe by deep fissures (fig. 1c). Endostomial ridges strong, complete.


Fig. 3. Actumnus simplex Rathbun, 1911. a-e, holotype � (cl 8.52 mm, cb 10.86 mm) (USNM 41315),Amirante; f, female (SMF 38942), Persian Gulf. a, dorsal view of carapace, setae denuded; b, leftthird maxilliped, setae denuded; c, carpus of right cheliped, setae denuded; d, right last walking leg,

setae denuded; e, dactylus and propodus of last walking leg, setae denuded; f, vulva.


Third maxilliped with ischium ca. 1.6 times as long as merus (figs. 1b, c, 3b),inner margin distinctly dentate, set with long setae, outer surface smooth, withscattered, relatively short setae, median oblique sulcus barely discernible to notvisible; merus nearly quadrate, distal margin finely dentate, distal outer anglerounded, not auriculiform, distal inner angle sharp, long setae along inner margin,outer surface smooth, with scattered, relatively short setae; exopod slightly moreslender than half of ischium width on proximal part, hardly reaching to distalmargin of merus, stout, triangular tooth on inner subdistal margin.

Male chelipeds relatively robust (figs. 1a, d, 2d, e), unequal. Ischium with smallgranules on inner margin. Merus smooth, with large granules along inner margin(fig. 2b), granules larger in middle, outer margin with teeth of various sizes, withlarge, low triangular tooth subdistally, lower margin with small granules, shortsetae scattered along margins. Carpus (fig. 2c) nearly as large as merus, upper innermargin minutely granular, inner angle with large, nearly triangular tooth (fig. 2b)(sometimes subtruncate, fig. 3c), short setae set densely along inner and distalmargins. Larger chela with manus swollen (fig. 2d), outer surface with scattered,small sharp granules, with sparse, short plumose setae that do not obscure surface,lower margin gently sinuous (fig. 2d); smaller cheliped with relatively more slendermanus (fig. 2e), outer surface with relatively larger sharp granules in longitudinalrows, lower margin strongly sinuous (fig. 2e); upper margin minutely denticulate.Fingers robust, relatively short, movable finger distinctly shorter that upper marginof manus, arched downward, smooth on upper surface, cutting edge with various-sized round teeth; immovable finger shorter than movable one, cutting edge withvarious-sized round teeth, larger one subdistally; smaller cheliped with movablefinger distinctly shorter than immovable finger, low teeth along cutting edge ofmovable finger, those of immovable finger large, nearly triangular, tips of fingerspointed.

Walking legs (figs. 1a, d, 3d) of moderate length, first, second pairs longest,about as long as carapace width, with numerous scattered short setae alongmargins of all segments but not obscuring margins, longer ones on propodus,dactylus; dactylo-propodal lock discernible but not prominent, notch on dactyluslow (fig. 3e); dactylus about as long as propodus, ending as sharp, tapering tip, 2rows of small spines (sometimes low, blunt) along posterior margin of dactylus.

Male thoracic sternum relatively narrow; sternites 1 and 2 completely fusedto form broadly triangular plate; separated from sternite 3 by almost straightsuture; sternites 3 and 4 almost completely fused except for lateral sutures; suturesbetween sternites 4-6 medially interrupted; sutures between sternites 6-8 complete.Press-buttons of male abdominal locking mechanism present as low knobs onanterior margin of sternite 5. Penis coxal, emerging from condyle of coxa of fourthwalking leg.


Male abdomen (fig. 2g) relatively narrow, nearly triangular, evenly taperingfrom somite 3; all somites and telson free; somite 1 extending across sternum,reaching base of coxa of fourth walking leg, no part of thoracic sternite 8 exposed;somites 3, 4 of similar length, somites 5, 6 of similar length; somite 6 with lateralmargins slightly convex distally; telson triangular, longest, with convex lateralmargins, longer than broad at base, sharply converging from distal half, apicallyround. Female abdomen ovate, all somites and telson free, laterally lined with long,plumose setae, completely obscuring thoracic sternum. Vulva on anterior edge ofsternite 6, relatively large, with prominent sternal cover, which may completelycover gonopore (fig. 3f).

G1 (fig. 2f) long, slender, sinuous, evenly tapering distally, simple short setaealong lateral margin, relatively longer distally. G2 very short, sigmoid.

Coloration. — Carapace and legs have a uniform, creamy yellow colour, with noevidence of patterning, except for the dark distal half of the fingers of the chelae.

Remarks. — On the basis of the smooth and convex carapace, Actumnus simplexmost closely resembles Neoactumnus convexus Sakai, 1965, and N. unispina Garth& Kim, 1983, rather that its congeners. However, Neoactumnus was distinguishedfrom Actumnus Dana, 1851 (including A. simplex), mainly in having the frontalmargin entire without any trace of a median notch (versus: with a bilobatefrontal margin and a distinct median notch), and the complete absence of alateral lobule on the frontal margin. These two characters also easily distinguishNeoactumnus from Pilumnus Leach, 1816, and allied genera like Aniptumnus Ng,2002, Glabropilumnus Balss, 1932, and Latopilumnus Türkay & Schuhmacher,1985 (see Galil & Takeda, 1988; Ng, 2002; Ng & Clark, 2008; Takeda & Miyake,1968, 1969).

With regard to carapace proportions, the ratio of A. simplex is closer to that ofN. unispina (both with cb/cl ratios of between 1.2 and 1.3), while in N. convexus,the carapace is only as long as broad. The G1 of N. convexus as depicted bySakai (1965: 105, fig. 4c) is very similar to that of the present species (fig. 2f).Neoactumnus convexus has been recorded from Japan (Sakai, 1965) and SouthKorea (Lee et al., 2008); while N. unispina was described from a single female (cl10.5 mm, cb 13.5 mm) collected from the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines.

The present study calls into question one of the diagnostic generic charactersof Neoactumnus. The presence or absence of a lateral lobule on the frontal marginis here shown not to be a reliable character, as the condition varies in A. simplex.In some specimens of A. simplex (e.g., the cl 8.90 mm male, ZUTC Brach 1284),the lateral lobule is prominently separated from the rest of the frontal margin bya small concavity (fig. 2a). In the cl 8.52 mm holotype female (USNM 41315),however, there is no trace of a lateral lobule, with the frontal margin completely


contiguous with the rest of the supraorbital margin (fig. 3a). In a cl 9.31 mm female(ZRC 2011.0311b), the lateral lobule is just visible and slightly stronger than inthe holotype female. In the cl 9.65 mm male (ZRC 2011.0311a), the conditionof the lateral lobule is intermediate in strength between the cl 8.52 mm holotypefemale (USNM 41315) and the cl 8.90 mm male (ZUTC Brach 1284). Clearly,this character cannot be used as a generic feature. The structure of the frontalmargin, i.e., whether it is entire or is medially notched, remains the only diagnosticcharacter to separate the two genera.

Garth & Kim (1983: 701) distinguished N. unispina from N. convexus in thatit had only one rather than two teeth on the inner angle of the chelipedal carpusand the supraorbital margin possessing two rather than one fissure. As noted, thecarapace proportions of these two species are also very different, and barring thefact that the type of N. unispina is a large specimen (cl 10.5 mm) (N. convexus isonly about 4.0 mm in cl), the differences suggest we are dealing with two species.However, the value of the number of fissures on the supraorbital margin is probablya doubtful character. In the series of A. simplex specimens studied, the mediannotch can be shallow (fig. 3a) and in some cases, almost indiscernible (fig. 2a),while the lateral one (next to the first anterolateral tooth) is also small (fig. 3a) ornot always visible (fig. 2a).

As to whether N. unispina is a species distinct from A. simplex, is difficultto decide. The two taxa are certainly close; the former is only known from onespecimen from the Philippines, some distance from the western Indian Oceanwhere A. simplex occurs. Garth & Kim (1993: 699) commented that the two speciescan be separated by the form of the frontal margin (entire in N. unispina, mediallynotched in A. simplex) and the dorsal carapace surface of N. unispina is relativelymore areolate and punctate. These differences appear to be reliable and as such,it seems best to recognize them as separate species for the time being. If the twospecies are that close, and perhaps synonymous, it also challenges the taxonomicvalidity of Neoactumnus. Certainly, whether the frontal margin is entire or mediallynotched is not a good character. A revision with all the species directly comparedwith each other will be needed to resolve this.

Distribution. — Actumnus simplex has first described from Amirante in thewestern Indian Ocean, and is now recorded from the Persian Gulf in the northernIndian Ocean.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The captain and staff of the research vessel “Ferdous I” and the associatedresearch team from the “Fisheries Research Organization of Iran”, in particular Dr.


Turaj Valinassab, are greatly acknowledged for their support during the cruise. Thefirst author is indebted to Michael Türkay (SMF) for his support as supervisor ofhis Ph.D. project and DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) for financialsupport in the form of a Ph.D. Scholarship. Rafael Lemaitre and Karen Reed kindlyfacilitated the second author’s visit to the USNM, while J. C. Mendoza (ZRC)photographed the type.

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First received 4 July 2011.Final version accepted 8 July 2011.

rediscovery of the rare pilumnid crab, actumnus simplex rathbun, 1911 (decapoda, brachyura) and a...

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