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PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY: THEORETICAL APPROACHES & CURRENT PRACTICE IN TURKEY

WORKSHOP I ISTANBUL, OCTOBER 30-31 2014

WORKSHOP VENUE: RESEARCH CENTER FOR ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS,

RCAC, ISTIKLAL CADDESI NO:181, ISTANBUL

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WORKSHOP COMMITTEE: IŞILAY GÜRSU & LUTGARDE VANDEPUT & BUKET ÇOŞKUNER

ADMINISTRATIVE COORDINATOR

IŞILAY GÜRSU ----------

ORGANIZED BY THE BRITISH INSTITUE AT ANKARA (BIAA)

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH RESEARCH CENTER FOR ANATOLIAN

CIVILIZATIONS, KOÇ UNIVERSITY (RCAC)

SPONSORED BY THE HEADLEY TRUST

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INTRODUCTION – SUMMARY

This workshop is triggered by questions about the relationship of archaeology and the contemporary society and is part of the BIAA’s broader project on cultural heritage management in southern Turkey. The workshop will deal with current issues of Public Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Management in two perspectives: the changing people-based perception and understanding of the archaeological heritage, and the new context created by the rapid growth of tourism industry. While the main theme of the workshop is public archaeology, it also aims to analyze the theoretical evolution of the subject and how it is being practiced by referring to different examples from Turkey and elsewhere.

The concept of public archaeology will be discussed around the following four themes with the participation of distinguished scholars from Turkey, the UK, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Malta and the USA:

! Theoretical Approaches and General Framework for Public Archaeology !

! Investigation of Public Perception in Public Archaeology: Methods and Cases !

! Communicating Archaeology: Site Management and Tourism Aspect !

! Turkey Case: Community Archaeology Projects and Local Perception of Archaeology

Thank you very much for your participation and attendance,

BIAA & RCAC

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WORKSHOP PROGRAMME

DAY!1!|!Thursday!30!October!2014!!

9:30!!Registration – Tea, coffee and breakfast | 10:00 Opening remarks

Welcome speeches by:

Leigh Turner, British Consul-General Lutgarde Vandeput, BIAA Director Alessandra Ricci, Koç University!!10:30! | Session 1 |!Theoretical Approaches & General Framework for Public Archaeology!

10:30 – 11:00 Keynote & Chair: Akira Matsuda, University of East Anglia A Consideration of Public Archaeology Theories 11:00 -11:30 Reuben Grima, University of Malta!Past, Place and People: Archaeology and Public Relevance ! !

11:30! Coffee Break!

11:50! | Session 1 |!Theoretical Approaches & General Framework for Public Archaeology 11:50 – 12:20 Veysel Apaydın, University College London Public Archaeology in the Context of Turkey: Issues, Cases, Practices and Public Perception 12:10-12:50 Questions and Discussion for the First Session !

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12:50!! Lunch Break - Lunch will be served @ RCAC for Presenters!

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| Session 2 |!Investigation of Public Perception in Public Archaeology: Methods & Cases!

14:10 – 14:40 Keynote & Chair: Tim Schadla-Hall, University College London

Let a hundred flowers bloom 14:40- 15:10 Paul Burtenshaw, Director, Projects at the Sustainable Preservation Initiative !The Economic in Public Archaeology: Measurement and Motivations 15:10- 15:40 Erminia Sciacchitano, Italian Ministry of Culture –National Expert at European Commission DG Education and Culture

Promoting Innovative Forms of Cultural Participation ! !

15:40! Coffee Break

16:00! | Session 2 |!Investigation of Public Perception in Public Archaeology: Methods & Cases! 16:00-16:30 Anastasia Sakelliardi, University College London (The paper will be delivered by Tim Schadla-Hall) “Ask No Questions, Hear No Lies": Investigating Public Perceptions of the Past, Heritage and Archaeology in Greece 16:30-17:00 Questions and Discussion for the Second Session ! !

17:00! !!!!End of Day 1 ! !

!19:30! !Dinner @ Divan Restaurant for Presenters, (hosted by RCAC)

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DAY!2!|!Friday!31!October!2014!!

9:30!!Registration – Tea, coffee and breakfast | !

10:00! | Session 3 |!Communicating Archaeology: Site Management and Tourism Aspect!10:00 – 10:30 Keynote & Chair: Aylin Orbaşlı, Oxford Brookes University Tourism at Archaeological Sites: Exchanges, Encounters and Selfies 10:30 -11:00 Sarah Court & Jane Thompson, Herculaneum Conservation Project/ICCROM consultants

(The joint paper will be presented by Sarah Court)!Sharing values, managing Italian heritage 11:00 -11:30 Evangelos Kyriakidis, University of Kent !Initiative for Heritage Conservancy Project at Gonies Crete ! !

11:30! Coffee Break!

11:50! | Session 3 |!Communicating Archaeology: Site Management and Tourism Aspect 11:50 – 12:20 Gülay Sert, Çatalhöyük Excavation Team (the talk will be delivered in Turkish)

7’den 70’e Arkeoloji Atölyesi 12:20-12:50 Tijana Ravic, Edinburgh Napier University (documentary screening)

Visiting the Athenian Acropolis 12:50-13:20 Questions and Discussion for the Third Session !

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13:20!! Lunch Break - Lunch will be served @ RCAC for Presenters!

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14:30! | Session 4 |!Turkey Case: Community Archaeology Projects & Local Perception of Archaeology!

14:30 – 15:00 Keynote & Chair: Gül Pulhan, Gre Amer Excavation Director Public and Archaeology: Some Examples from Current Practices in Turkey 15:00- 15:30 Ebru Torun & Jeroen Poblome, Sagalassos Excavation Team – University of Leuven !

Sagalassos - Ağlasun: A case of Transforming and Transformative Heritage 15:30- 16:00 Sevil Baltalı Tırpan, Istanbul Technical University Multiple Meanings of an Archaeological Site: Local Repossession of a Place and Its Past

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16:00! Coffee Break

16:20! | Session 4 |!Turkey Case: Community Archaeology Projects & Local Perception of Archaeology!

16:20-16:50 Işılay Gürsu, The British Institute at Ankara From Site Management to Public Archaeology in Turkey: Issues arising from BIAA’s Projects in Aspendos and Pisidia 16:50-17:30 Questions and Discussion for the Fourth Session, Closing Remarks ! !

17:30! !!!!End of Day 2 ! !

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ABSTRACTS IN SESSIONS

! Session 1 |!Theoretical Approaches & General Framework for Public Archaeology!

Aspendos

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Paper 1: A Consideration of Public Archaeology Theories Akira Matsuda, University of East Anglia

One can identify four approaches to public archaeology: 1) educational, 2) public relation, 3) multiple perspective, and 4) critical approach. The heated but productive debates in public archaeology since 2000 have largely reflected the divide between the more practice-driven first two approaches and the more theory-driven last two. I, however, envisage that the divide in public archaeology will soon shift and be placed between the educational, public relation, and multiple perspective approaches on the one side, and the critical approach on the other. The reason for this is the ever increasing pressure to make archaeology financially viable amidst the neo-liberalist market economy. The educational, public relation, and multiple perspective approaches could merge well, albeit with some adjustment between themselves, for the purpose of strengthening the financial viability of archaeology. The critical approach would, however, challenge the very idea of making archaeology subject to the market economy. Whilst all the four approaches need to be present for the healthy development of public archaeology, there is a risk that the critical approach alone would be regarded as a detriment to the sustainability of archaeology in pragmatic terms. Public archaeology based on any approach should in principle be welcomed, but what seems to be crucially needed today is to design a project in which all the four approaches can converge.

Akira Matsuda is a Lecturer at the School of Art, Media and American Studies, the University of East Anglia. He was previously a project-based consultant in UNESCO’s Division of Cultural Heritage in 2004 and 2005, and was a Handa Japanese Archaeology Fellow at the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures from 2009 to 2011. His research focuses on the meaning, (re)presentation, and use of the past in contemporary society. He co-edited the book New Perspectives in Global Public Archaeology (Springer, 2011) and is the Secretary of the World Archaeological Congress. ! !

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Paper 2: Past, Place and People: Archaeology and Public Relevance Reuben Grima, University of Malta

The role played by archaeology and the past in the lives of people around the globe varies dramatically from one context to another, depending on a wide range of cultural, political, social and economic factors. It may even be claimed that whether archaeology and the past are relevant at all to a given group depends on culture-specific factors. Here it will be argued that the bewildering variety in the ways different cultures respond to and articulate the past, while seemingly limitless, is rooted in some fundamental, perhaps universal, concerns. These include awareness of self and of one’s group; relationship to place and landscape; and the very structure and order of knowledge itself. Citing some of the principles enshrined in the Council of Europe’s conventions on Landscape (Florence 2000) and on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro 2005), it will be argued that the public’s right to meaningful and relevant archaeologies and narrations of the past is a universal one, transcending any narrow, Eurocentric view. Reuben Grima studied archaeology at the Universities of Malta and Reading, and read for his PhD at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. He joined the curatorial team of Malta’s National Museum of Archaeology in 1992, serving in various curatorial roles over the following two decades. From 2003 to 2011, he served with Heritage Malta as Senior Curator responsible for prehistoric sites, which include two of Malta’s three World Heritage Sites. He is now based in the Department of the Built Heritage at the University of Malta, where he lectures in cultural heritage management. His current research interests include the archaeology of landscapes, the history of archaeology, and the engagement of the public with the past. !!!!!

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Paper 3: Public Archaeology in the Context of Turkey: Issues, Cases, Practices and Public Perception Veysel Apaydın, University College London

The increasing importance of encouraging a widespread understanding of the past has received a great deal of attention with public archaeology projects in recent decades in the west. However, cultural heritage and the discipline of archaeology in Turkey have just entered into a new era and there are many issues and problems that need to be solved in order to increase involvement of the public at every stage of the management, protection and preservation of the heritage sites. Increasingly, public archaeology projects in the west have tended to follow a more participatory approach to ensuring the protection of heritage sites in recent years. In contrast in Turkey, most of the public archaeology projects that have been run by museums, archaeology projects and NGO’s have a more top-down approach that imposes selected knowledge on communities through education programs. These projects rarely consider the ethnic, socio-political and economic backgrounds, and priorities of the communities. However, engaging with indigenous and local communities and paying attention to their varied perspectives will allow better involvement and thus protection and preservation of the sites. This paper argues that the protection of heritage sites can be more effectively achieved through an approach that is not only participatory but also more ‘people centered bottom-up’. This is especially important in countries such as Turkey where communities have a range of different socio-political, ethnic and economic backgrounds. Specifically, this paper will discuss the issues and problems of the public archaeology in Turkey by looking at the education system, general structure of museums and examines the perception of the communities through case studies of Çatalhöyük, Ani and Hattuşa.! Veysel Apaydın is a PhD Researcher in Public Archaeology at Institute of Archaeology, University College London. He used to work as an archaeologist at Museum of London and other archaeological units in London for several years. In addition, he worked as a field and community archaeologist part of the Çatalhöyük Research Team for many years. Veysel also researched in community education for Global Heritage Fund in the past. ! !!

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!Session 2 |!Investigation of Public Perception in Public Archaeology: Methods & Cases

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!Cremna in Pisidia !!

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!Paper 4: Let A Hundred Flowers Bloom!Tim Schadla-Hall, University College London

The growth in the study of Public Archaeology in the last 20 years has resulted in a variety of definitions- and also initiatives- from television to the internet , from crowd-funding to community projects, from senior citizens to young people. At the same time the increasing need to demonstrate public engagement, and a wider value for what is still perceived in many quarters as an essentially academic subject has resulted in an increasing need to demonstrate just how useful and important archaeology and its products are in a wider context of society in economic, social, and political terms. One of the consequences of these pressures has been the need to provide “hard” data which can be used to offer evidence both of the benefits and the values that archaeology has for contemporary society. This presentation will overview the developments in these areas and consider in a worldwide context the potential for further understanding and development. Tim Schadla-Hall is Reader in Public Archaeology at UCL. His research interests are public involvement in archaeology, politics and archaeology and archaeology and education. He is the degree programme coordinator of the MA in Public Archaeology and the editor of one of the most important journals in this field, Public Archaeology.! !!!!!!!!!!!!

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!!Paper 5: The Economic in Public Archaeology: Measurement and Motivations Paul Burtenshaw, Director, Projects at the Sustainable Preservation Initiative

'Economic' considerations are attracting increasing attention within Public Archaeology, responding to pressure to produce tangible benefits for contemporary communities and contribute to sustainable development agendas. It is also a significant part of the public's relationship with archaeology. However the term 'economics' covers a range of meanings and must be thought about carefully if appropriate concepts and tools are to mutually benefit the public and archaeology. An important consideration is how data is collected and utilized to demonstrate impacts and benefits. The paper will consider how economics in used in archaeology, how we can measure impacts and utilize data, and how such data and economic benefits are used to motivate the preservation of cultural heritage. Paul Burtenshaw received his PhD from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. His research advances conceptual and practical approaches to the economic value of archaeology, examines the role of economic impacts in mobilizing support for heritage conservation, and develops practical tools to measure and manage economic value as part of sustainable archaeological management. He has carried out economic impact and value assessments in Scotland and Jordan, and was a Research Fellow at the Council of British Research in the Levant, Amman, Jordan. He is now Director, Projects at the Sustainable Preservation Initiative.! !!!!!!!!!

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!Paper 6 : Promoting Innovative Forms of Cultural Participation Erminia Sciacchitano , Italian Ministry of Culture –National Expert at European Commission DG Education and Culture

Italy is well known for the huge wealth and extension of its heritage, characterized by the close interconnection between sites, artworks and landscape, overlap and intermixture of cultural expressions of different civilizations, multiplicity of centres for artistic production. Until 2004 preservation was the number one priority in Italy in the legal and administrative framework for culture policy and emphasis was placed on heritage conservation rather than on public access and participation. This had a positive effect in so far as it resulted in the creation of high quality heritage preservation institutions and regulations, in high results in terms of preservation of our historic towns and monuments and in a number of high qualified experts and excellence centres for research and training. But scarce attention policies on access and participation of people was given until 2004, when the National Code for Heritage and Landscape introduced the concept of Valorisation, resulting in low rate of attendance and participation to heritage sites and museums. The intervention narrates the setting-up of a new strategy for the development of an evidence-based audience development strategy, focusing on the adoption of a participatory approach in the design of information and communication tools to raise awareness and strengthen the relationship between Italians and their cultural heritage. Erminia SCIACCHITANO is currently Policy officer for Culture, Heritage and Economy of Culture at the European Commission - DG Education and Culture - Culture policy and intercultural dialogue Unit, as Seconded National Expert. Architect, trained in heritage conservation, she has been active in a broad spectrum of national and international activities: artists mobility, contemporary creation, sustainable architecture, digitization, creative economy and promotion of a wider access and participation to museums and heritage sites. The fil rouge is to nurture deeper awareness on heritage societal and economic values for an alternative model of development where culture, heritage and landscape are fundamental resources for the quality of life in Europe. She joined the Italian Ministry for Heritage, Culture and Tourism in 2000, being project manager of EU funded research projects on research applied to cultural heritage, Regional Management Support Unit for the Euromed Heritage II programme, Head of International Relations Unit of the DG for Contemporary Art and Architecture and Head of Research Unit of the DG for the Valorisation of Cultural Heritage.

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She has been member of national and European committees and working groups, among which the Ministerial commission for the Italian White Paper on Creativity, EU OMC Working groups in the framework of the European agenda for culture (artist’s mobility; access to culture; creative partnerships), the Reflection Group “EU and Cultural Heritage” and the Governing Board of Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe; Delegate for the follow up of cooperation with the Council of Europe since 2008, she Chaired the Steering Committee for Culture, Heritage and Landscape in 2013 and managed the dossier for the signature of the Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro 2005) by Italy in 2013. Erminia Sciacchitano graduated from the Faculty of Architecture at the University in Roma, holds a PhD in Architectural drawing and surveys and a Master’s degree in European Studies and International Negotiations from the High School for Public Administration.

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Paper 7 : ‘“Ask No Questions, Hear No Lies": Investigating Public Perceptions of the Past, Heritage and Archaeology in Greece’ Anastasia Sakelliardi, University College London This presentation will focus on the investigation of public perceptions of the past, heritage and archaeology in local communities in Greece today. Research conducted in three local communities adjacent to the archaeological sites of Philippi (Kavala) and Dispilio (Kastoria) in northern Greece and Delphi in central Greece will be presented. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were combined in order to investigate public perceptions of archaeology and its relevance today, locals’ relation to the neighbouring sites and the level of engagement with them, stakeholders’ interaction with local archaeology and the central state’s and archaeologists’ role in the above. Research demonstrated the significant role of archaeology in national identity building, participants’ high interest in archaeology in contrast to perceptions of archaeology’s relevance as low and contrasting valuations of archaeology as a historical and scientific resource but appreciated for its potential economic advantage through tourism, even if this is rarely materialised. Anastasia Sakellariadi is an adjunct lecturer at the Open University of Cyprus and an Honorary Research Associate at UCL’s Institute of Archaeology. She has studied Archaeology and Byzantine Art and Archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) and Public Archaeology at UCL (United Kingdom). In her doctoral dissertation, she investigated the socio-political and economic role of archaeology in local communities in Greece today. She further analysed the conclusions of her doctoral research on the grounds of Modern Greek studies research during her postdoctoral appointment at the Seeger Centre for Hellenic Studies at Princeton University. She has worked as a heritage management consultant for the nomination of the archaeological site of Philippi to UNESCO’s World Heritage List and she is the editor of the Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies.

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Session 3 |!Communicating Archaeology: Site Management and Tourism Aspect

Aspendos

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Paper 8 : Tourism at Archaeological Sites: Exchanges, Encounters and ‘Selfies’

Aylin Orbaşlı, Oxford Brookes University

Tourism can be described as a series of encounters and exchanges at various levels. In paying for a holiday are in effect purchasing an experience. The nature, quality and satisfaction with the experience is dependent on a series of planned and incidental encounters at the destination and how they are perceived (and relayed) by the visitors. The role of the heritage manager is to engender a positive experience that results in the appreciation of the site as well as cultural heritage in general, while at the same time ensuring that the cultural significance of the site is not endangered. This presentation will explore the rapidly shifting ways in which places are experienced and the ways in which these experiences are shared, and the demands this places on heritage management and interpretation at sites.

Dr. Aylin Orbasli is a Reader in the School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes Univeristy and BIAA council member. She has over fifteen years UK and international experience of working with and advising on historic buildings and areas in the UK and internationally. She trained as an architect and has specialised in conservation and heritage management, including acting as consultant to the Turkish Ministry of Culture.!

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Paper 9 : Sharing Values, Managing Italian Heritage

Sarah Court & Jane Thompson, Herculaneum Conservation Project/ICCROM consultants

Increasing the number of people involved in identifying and managing cultural values related to a heritage place can lead to recognition of a broader range of values. This in turn has potential for influencing the management and conservation of heritage management in many ways. It can lead to a greater understanding of actions required to enhance those values and protect the attributes that express them while, at the same time, securing public access and meeting the needs of visitors and other stakeholders. Above all, it can help ensure these goals are achieved in a way that is compatible with the social, economic and environmental needs of the heritage place and its setting. However, very often values-based heritage management still places the ‘expert’ at the centre of the process of values identification with power to prejudice or even isolate the process, and compromise the achievement of these goals. Instead, a shift is required towards a people-centred approach to management, where a range of stakeholders are given a more significant role and heritage practitioners are just one voice among many. Our continually expanding definition of cultural heritage and the increasing pressures and expectations society place on it make this shift more pressing, particularly for heritage places that may still be in use or under significant tourism pressure, or with multiple ownership and conflicting values – all factors that increase the number of stakeholders and management complexity. This paper looks at some Italian case studies to explore how the heritage sector might evolve to meet the needs of modern society through thinking in terms of capacity development for three groups where heritage capacities reside: heritage practitioners, institutional frameworks and communities/networks. Work on a) audience development and values at Herculaneum (Ercolano), together with b) stakeholders influencing development plans at Villa Adriana (Tivoli), and c) community-led visitor management in Rione Sanità (Naples) suggest the validity of this premise. The case studies indicate it is only by encouraging people-centred change in all three areas where heritage capacities reside that management approaches can secure those reciprocal benefits for cultural heritage and society that emerge when heritage is repositioned at the centre of the broader sustainable development debate.

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Sarah Court has over a decade of experience at the World Heritage property of Herculaneum, where she coordinates initiatives that promote inclusive approaches to cultural heritage and involve the local and international communities on behalf of the Herculaneum Conservation Project. This includes encouraging links to the wider historic urban landscape and the natural heritage beyond, often in partnership with the Herculaneum Centre. Most recently she has launched an audience development programme to identify and understand the site’s visitors, local residents and other interest groups so as to gain their support for long-term site sustainability. Sarah also provides consultancy to ICCROM, in particular with research on community engagement within their programme for a people-centred approach to conservation, and has recently co-authored Italy’s first heritage impact assessment for the World Heritage site of Villa Adriana. Sarah is an Expert Member of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites, reflecting the site-based experience she has gained in communication of heritage and her role in defining interpretation’s contribution to capacity building. Most recently she has been involved as an interpretation planner for the World Heritage property of Erbil (Iraq). Jane Thompson is an architect and a qualified project manager working to improve the management and conservation of cultural heritage. She is a member of the most senior advisory body within the Italian Ministry of Culture and Tourism. She is one of the co-authors of the 2013 UNESCO resource manual ‘Managing Cultural World Heritage’ and she researched and helped draft the 2011 ‘World Heritage Capacity Building Strategy’ within her role as consultant to ICCROM. She has been Project Manager for the Herculaneum Conservation Project since this public-private partnership for the conservation and enhancement of the Roman archaeological site was launched in 2001 and she continues to manage what has become Italy’s most ambitious project for archaeological heritage. Jane is also involved in other developments at Herculaneum, including a regeneration project for neighbourhoods bordering the archaeological site and plans for a new museum complex. She played a central role in the creation of the Herculaneum Centre which aims to promote a participatory approach to heritage management. She is Course Director for Heritage Management within the MSc in “Economics and management in arts, culture, media and entertainment” at Milan's Bocconi University.

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Paper 10 : Initiative for Heritage Conservancy Project at Gonies Crete Evangelos Kyriakidis, University of Kent

Engaging with local communities is not an easy task. Especially if, as is often the case, local communities are the top threat to your heritage sites. The public engagement programme of the Initiative for Heritage Conservancy (IHC.Public) has been using a combination of usual and unusual techniques in engaging with local communities that have proven to be highly successful. In this presentation we will go through the strategy and its implementation for the engagement of a village community in upland Crete, a place where the state does not exercise its full control, and therefore the engagement with the locals is of utmost importance.! Evangelos is Senior Lecturer in Aegean Prehistory in the University of Kent, founding director of the Initiative for Heritage Conservancy and Leventis Senior Fellow in Heritage Management. He is fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and of the Archaeological Society of Athens. Educated at University College London and Cambridge, Evangelos came to Kent from UCLA, where he was a Cotsen Visiting Scholar at the Institute of Archaeology. He is working on Linear B, Minoan Religion and Iconography, Ritual Theory, the History of Archaeology and Heritage Management.!

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Paper 11 : 7’den 70’e Arkeoloji Atölyesi (Archaeology Workshop at Çatalhöyük) Gülay Sert, Çatalhöyük Excavation Team Türkiye kültür varlıkları açısından zengin birikime sahip bir ülkedir. Ancak Türkiye’de yaşayan insanların çoğu bu birikimin önemi ve değeri konularında yeterli bilgiye sahip değildir. Dolayısıyla kültür varlıklarının önemli bir bölümü bilgisizlik nedeniyle yok olma tehdidi altındadır. İnsan bilmediği bir şeyi sevmez, değerini bilmez, sahiplenmez ve onu korumaz. Kültür varlıkları ancak bireylerin sahiplenmesi sayesinde korunabilir. Korumanın uzun vadeli ve kalıcı olmasını sağlamanın tek yolu ise erken yaşta başlayan eğitimdir. Kültür varlıklarının önem ve değerini bilmek sahiplenme duygusunun yanı sıra onlara karşı sorumlu olmak yükümlülüğünü de beraberinde getirir. Bu sorumluluk duygusu ile yaklaşık 20 yıldır, Türkiye’de yaşayan insanlara kendi coğrafyalarında bulunan kültür varlıklarını tanıtmak, koruma ve sahiplenme duyguları kazandırmak amacıyla arkeoloji eğitimi alanında çalışıyorum. Eğitim alanında özellikle de çocukları hedef alan projeler ile toplumun benimsediği genel kanıların zaman içinde değiştirilebileceği kabul edilen bir gerçektir. Geçmiş yıllarda halk tarafından “toprak yığını” olarak değerlendirilen Çatalhöyük, doğru yürütülen alan yönetimi sayesinde Dünya Mirası Listesi’ne girmeyi başarmış, 12 yıldır gerçekleştirilen eğitim projesinin de desteği ile bir cazibe merkezi haline gelmiştir. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Prehistorya Ana Bilim Dalı’ndan mezun oldu. Aynı Bölümde Temel Eğitimde Arkeolojinin Önemi konusunda yüksek lisans yaptı. Aşıklı Höyük (Aksaray), Akarçay Tepe (Urfa) kazılarında ve TAY Projesi’nde (Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri Projesi) çalıştı. Kültür varlıklarının tanıtımı alanında çeşitli projeler hazırladı ve uyguladı. İlkokullarda Arkeoloji Kulübü öğretmenliği yaptı. Park ve ören yerlerinde Arkeoloji!Atölyeleri koordine etti. Halen Çatalhöyük Arkeoloji Atölyesi’ni (Konya yürütüyor. Kültür varlıkları ile ilgili projeler ve temel eğitim alanında yararlanılmak üzere kaynak kitaplar hazırlıyor. Yayınlanmış Kitapları: Tarihöncesinde İnsan, Evvel Zaman İçinde İnsan,!Bala ile Çatalhöyük Gezisi, Bala Çatalhöyük’te, Taş Çağı Öyküleri, Çatalhöyük Güncesi, Leoparın Yurdu Çatalhöyük, Tılsımlı Köy Çatalhöyük, Gizemli Kent Hattuşa, Taş Çağlarında Anadolu, Anadolu’nun Uygarlıkları. Keşfedin Anadolu Uygarlıkları (Yayın aşamasında).

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Paper 12 : Visiting the Athenian Acropolis (documentary) Tijana Rakic, Edinburgh Napier University The Athenian Acropolis, the cradle of Western civilisation, a popular visitor attraction and the key symbol of Greekness is a world renowned heritage site. Among the myriad symbolic resonances it carries, the Acropolis is also said to symbolise the World Heritage idea (UNESCO, 2006) and to embody the Greek nation (Yalouri, 2001). Produced as a part of a wider interdisciplinary doctoral research which explored the relationships between!World Heritage, tourism and national identity at the Acropolis, Visiting the Athenian Acropolis is a contemporary visual ethnographic film which explores the mode by which both local and international visitors to the site relate to, construct, and consume its symbolic resonances, experience its monuments, its [open] space, the presence of other visitors, as well as the views of the city of Athens. What the extensive editing of this film aims to achieve is to (re)construct, (re)create and (re)present multiple realities of visitor perceptions, embodied experiences, activities and ‘choreographies’ of movements at the site. The significance of the wider research project and the film lie in their contribution to understanding the role World Heritage and tourism play in the construction and the consumption of Greekness. What the thesis, the film and the publications based on the various aspects of this project demonstrate is that, in its own distinct way, visitation to the Athenian Acropolis had (and still has) a role to play in the Greek nation building project, while despite its World Heritage status, both producers of tourism materials as well as visitors to the site seemed to still perceive the Acropolis as being more about Greekness than ‘universality’ and as belonging to and representing Greece rather than the World (e.g. see Rakić, 2008; Rakić and Chambers, 2008; Rakić, 2012; Rakić and Chambers, 2012; Rakić and Travlou, forthcoming). These raise important questions about the ‘universal validity’ of UNESCO’s World Heritage idea. Indeed, these findings have made it possible to perceive World Heritage as a project which has essentially failed to create a ‘universal’ or ‘world’ category of heritage, and where, especially for the Athenian Acropolis, the symbol of the World Heritage idea (UNESCO, 2006a), World Heritage can perhaps more appropriately be understood as a synonym for contested heritage.

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Dr Tijana Rakić is a Lecturer and Deputy Postgraduate Tourism Suite of Programmes Leader at Edinburgh Napier University, UK. Her research interests and publications mainly lie in visual research methods, relationships between heritage, tourism and national identity, and, tourism and the arts. She has also co-edited three books to date: An Introduction of Visual Research Methods in Tourism (Routledge, 2012, with D. Chambers), Narratives of Travel and Tourism (Ashgate, 2012, with J. Tivers), and Travel, Tourism and Art (Ashgate, 2013 with J. Lester).

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Session 4 |!Turkey Case: Community Archaeology Projects & Local Perception of Archaeology

Selge in Pisidia

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Paper 13 : The Public and Archaeology: Some Examples from Current Practices in Turkey Gül Pulhan, Gre Amer Excavation Director For the public in Turkey, the first and foremost meaning of archaeology is the golden treasures buried under the ground waiting to be discovered. People of Anatolia, regardless of their region, education or age, believe that with a little bit of luck and with a little bit of help from a scruffy map, or an illegible sign, or from an expensive metal detector, they can find the gold and get rich. The Garzan valley in Batman province of southeastern Turkey, where our current archaeological work takes place, is the home of a centuries-long treasure hunting practice that is described in 19th century accounts, is still fresh in the memory of living individuals, and has been recently witnessed by us. At the other end of the spectrum, constructive, educational efforts also happen. On site, short archaeological seminars conducted at the Gre Amer excavations for the local Kurdish workmen by one of our Kurdish team members cover concepts such as archaeology, mound formation, stratigraphy, salvage excavation and cultural heritage, and are enthusiastically received. On a more institutional level, the regional archaeology museums of Mardin and Batman carry out exhibitions, displays and educational programs under their museum-park and archaeo-park projects that target children and adults alike to enrich their lives and raise awareness. Gül Pulhan received her BA in History from Bosphorus University, MA in Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology from Istanbul University and M.Phil and PhD in Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology from Yale University. Her dissertation titled “On the Eve of the Dark Age: Qarni-Lim’s Palace in Tell Leilan, Syria” was a functional and historical analysis of an Old Babylonian palace. She lectured and published extensively on the destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq, participated to the Iraq World Tribunal, and organized an international conference on the same subject, “A Future for Our Past”. She was among the founders of the Archaeology and the History of Art Department at Koç University and taught courses on Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and Museum Studies. Since 2009, she has been conducting the Gre Amer Excavations on behalf of the Batman Museum as part of the Ilısu Dam Salvage Projects.

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Paper 14 : Sagalassos - Ağlasun: A case of Transforming and Transformative Heritage Ebru Torun & Jeroen Poblome,!Sagalassos Excavation Team – University of Leuven ! The Sagalassos Archaeological Research Project conducts interdisciplinary excavations and surveys in Southwest Turkey, near Ağlasun, Burdur, studying the ancient city of Sagalassos and its territory over the last 24 years. This paper presents the response of this established archaeological research project to the contemporary call for a fundamental transformation in scientific targets and practice of the discipline, embracing the public interest and bringing on board social, ecological, economic as well as regulatory aspects of local development dynamics. The transformation that took place within the project in the last decade stemmed from the realities the team faced within the changing socio-political context it operates. The Sagalassos Project started off as an ambitious and purely academic interdisciplinary structure where archaeology was the leading discipline setting the research agenda and providing a wide range of data through excavations and surveys to other disciplines such as geology, geomorphology, zoology and ecology. These disciplines had a supporting role for archaeology in its quest to shed light on a variety of aspects of the past, such as the social structure, economy, ecology, trade, religion, daily life, diet etc… At the same time the Belgian excavation team had managed almost intuitively to establish good relations with the local community from the start, providing training, jobs, and cash flow into this rural micro-economy. The excavation and especially restoration projects conducted on the site transformed the nature of the relationship the locals had with the archaeological site, while the bonds with the locals as well as the problems and potentials of the contemporary society started to affect the way the project was conducted. The project saw important economic, demographic and political change in the contexts it operated during the past two decades, so that by 2008 the scientific team had reasons to reassess its position and role within the local community as well as in the micro-region and the bureaucratic and political structure it belonged to. The initial systematic efforts of community outreach and the sub-projects conducted since 2008 constituted the first steps towards a holistic cultural and natural resource management approach that the team aspired to internalize. Finally, an entirely new interdisciplinary project structure was formed in 2013 where the site is considered as a product of a larger cultural and natural landscape or a multi-scalar social-ecological system in strong need of appropriate (self-)governance and social innovation processes and collective management practices. The ‘newest

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archaeology’ that the Sagalassos Project suggests involves the public benefits for sustainable development and operates by overlapping the methodologies of archaeology with social geography, ecology and spatial planning.!!!!Ebru Torun is an architect, graduate of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara. In 1995, she obtained her master degree in conservation from the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation (RLICC) at the University of Leuven. She joined the Sagalassos Archaeological Research Project in 1998 where she currently is the Assistant Director and the Site Manager. She completed the anastylosis of two monuments at Sagalassos, namely the Northwest Heroon (2000-2009) and the Arch of Claudius (2011-2013). Since 2005, she is also responsible for the architectural conservation and documentation on the site. As the site manager since 2008, she works to transform the conservation practice at Sagalassos into an archaeological heritage management process, in collaboration with the authorities and a wide range of stakeholders. First community archaeology project she developed for the site received the Development Market Place Award of the World Bank, Turkey. She is currently managing a local development project funded mainly by the West Mediterranean Development Agency of Turkey.

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Paper 15 : Multiple Meanings of an Archaeological Site: Local Repossession of a place and its past Sevil Baltalı Tırpan,!Istanbul Technical University ! Archaeological ‘sites’ are often integral elements of everyday performance, imagination, personal and collective memory and identity of local people living near them. Their perception and appropriation of the material remains develop as the most recent dwellers of the places render ‘sites’ as part of long processes of meaning and place production. This paper discusses multiple local meanings and narratives of an archaeological ‘site’. The findings of this paper are based on traditional and digital ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Sahmuratlı village situated on the upland plateau of central Turkey, adjacent to the well-known archaeological site of Kerkenes. I particularly look at the local people’s changing perceptions of the past as expressed in their ideas about the place, and the impact of archaeological practice and its knowledge production on people’s perceptions and representations of the past and place. The place is simultaneously religious, ancestral and historical, evoking magical, medicinal and therapeutic qualities. The presence of an archaeological project, the knowledge it produces and the findings from non-Muslim periods have triggered the reflexive re-evaluation of the significance of the place’s past together with renewed engagement with the activities of counter-narrative and history production, place marketing. !!Sevil Baltalı Tırpan received her M.A in Near Eastern Archaeology from the University of Chicago and PhD in Anthropology from the University of Virginia. She is now an assistant professor in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at Istanbul Technical University. Trained both in archaeology and anthropology her areas of recent research explores the topics of politics of the past, heritage and culture, local perceptions of the past, impact of archaeological praxis on local people, ethnography of archaeology, space/place, memory, materiality and time. Along those interests she organized an international conference entitled, “Materiality, Memory and Cultural Heritage” in 2011 sponsored by Tübitak, Istanbul Technical and Yeditepe Universities. She has been conducting traditional and digital ethnographic field work on the local perceptions and representations of the past and place (orally and through digital social media) in Sahmuratlı village in Yozgat, Turkey.

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Paper 16: From Site Management to Public Archaeology in Turkey: Issues arising from BIAA’s Projects in Aspendos and Pisidia Işılay Gürsu,!The British Institute at Ankara ! Since the beginning of the 2000s, there has been an increased interest in matters related to the management of cultural heritage in Turkey. This interest, which can be traced in the changing legislations, the managerial restructurings and the efforts to have more sites inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List, can also be investigated with reference to the potential changes in public perception regarding cultural heritage in Turkey. Projects, which have been created under these circumstances, tend to place emphasis on increasing visitor numbers, entrance revenues or decreasing the costs of preserving cultural heritage. Very often these attempts have been presented as important steps to create a bond between cultural heritage and Turkish citizens who have not shown enough interest in visiting heritage sites. On the one hand, they make a perfect case for management studies due to their commitment to efficiency and effectiveness. On the other hand, they are important for public archaeology due to the emphasis placed on the public perception, which has become an important element of this field.

This paper first highlights the historical background of public archaeology in Turkey and arrives at the contemporary context dominated by the above-mentioned mentality. It will in turn take on the challenging task of relating this discussion to two concrete projects that the BIAA is currently undertaking the Aspendos and Pisidia Projects, thus offering a shift from “site management” to “public archaeology”. !Işılay Gürsu is currently the cultural heritage management fellow at the British Institute at Ankara, coordinating Aspendos and Pisidia Projects (since January 2013). She received her PHD from the IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy on the Management and Development of Cultural Heritage. She studied Tourism Administration at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul and received her M.A in Anatolian Civilizations and Cultural Heritage Management from the Koç University. She worked as the outreach coordinator at Istanbul Archaeological Museums Development Project from 2009 to 2010.