PERAN INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO) MELALUI

PROGRAM GREEN JOBS SEBAGAI UPAYA MENGATASI

PERUBAHAN IKLIM DI BANGLADESH

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

ZAUHAR LATIFAH

201410360311002

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMI POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

ii

iii

iv

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI

Nama : Zauhar Latifah

NIM : 201410360311002

Program Studi : Ilmu Hubungan International

Fakultas : Ilmu Sosal dan Ilmu Politik

Judul Skripsi : Peran International Labour Organization (ILO) Melalui

Program Green Jobs Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Perubahan

Iklim di Bangladesh.

Pembimbing : 1. Shannaz Mutiara Deniar, M.A,

2. Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub. Intl.

Kronologi Bimbingan:

Tanggal Paraf Pembimbing Keterangan

Pembimbing

I

Pembimbing

II

5 September 2017 ACC Judul Skripsi

03 Oktober 2017 Pengajuan BAB I

28 Desember 2017 ACC BAB I

08 Maret 2018 Seminar Proposal

10 April 2018 Pengajuan BAB II

27 April 2018 Revisi dan ACC BAB II

24 May 2018 Pengajuan BAB III

10 Juli 2018 Revisi dan ACC BAB III

10 Agustus 2018 Pengajuan BAB IV dan V

18 September 2018 ACC BAB IV dan V

25 September 2018 ACC Ujian Skripsi

Malang, 25 September 2018

Disetujui,

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Shannaz Mutiara Deniar M.A Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int

v

PERNYATAAN ORSINILITAS

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini:

Nama : Zauhar Latifah

Tempat, Tanggal Lahir : Samarinda, 09 Oktober 1997

NIM : 201410360311002

Jurusan : Ilmu Hubungan International

Fakultas : Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik

Menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah (Skripsi) dengan judul:

“Peran International Labour Organization (ILO) Melalui Program Green Jobs

Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Perubahan Iklim di Bangladesh” adalah bukan karya

tulis ilmiah (Skripsi) orang lalin, baik sebagian ataupun seluruhnya, kecuali dalam

bentuk kutipan yang telah saya sebutkan sumbernya dengan benar.

Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya dan apabila

pernyataan ini tidak benar, saya bersedia mendapatkan sanksi sesuai dengan

ketentuan yang berlaku.

Malang, 25 September 2018

Yang menyatakan,

(Zauhar Latifah)

NIM: 201410360311002

vi

ABSTRAK

Zauhar Latifah, 2018, 201410360311002, Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Program Studi Ilmu

Hubungan Internasional, “Peran International Labour Organization (ILO)

Melalui Program Green Jobs Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Perubahan Iklim di

Bangladesh,” Pembimbing I: Shannaz Mutiara Deniar, M.A, Pembimbing II:

Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub. Intl.

Bangladesh merupakan negara berkembang yang rentan terhadap

perubahan iklim karena ketidakmampuan secara finansial dan tekonologi untuk

beradaptasi dan mitigasi. ILO sebagai organisasi pemerintahan ketenagakerjaan

telah memperhatikan bagaimana upaya untuk mengatasi dampak perubahan iklim

yang mempengaruhi kehidupan manusia dan pekerjaan. Melalui program Green

Jobs ILO menciptakan pekerjaan dalam sektor ekonomi rendah karbon sebagai

upaya adaptasi dan mitigasi perubahan iklim di Bangladesh.

Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data studi

kepustakaan dan menggunakan konsep organisasi international dan Sustainable

Development untuk melihat peranan ILO melalui program Green Jobs dalam

mengatasi perubahan iklim di Bangaldesh. Hasil dari penelitian ini, peran ILO

sebagai aktor independen, arena, dan instrumen melalui program Green Jobs

menyediakan pekerjaan ramah lingkungan dan layak bagi laki-laki dan perempuan

dengan mengembangkan keterampilan pekerjaan hijau di sektor ekonomi rendah

karbon seperti Agrikultur & Kehutanan, Pengelolahan Limbah, Energi, dan

Konstruksi yang dapat mengarah ke pembangunan berkelanjutan di Bangladesh.

Kata Kunci: Perubahan Iklim, Bangladesh, Green Jobs, ILO.

Malang, 29 September 2018

Peneliti

Zauhar Latifah

Menyetujui

Pembimbing I Pembimbing II

Shannaz Mutiara Deniar M.A. Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int.

vii

ABSTRACT

Zauhar Latifah, 2018, 201410360311002, University of Muhammadiyah

Malang, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Department of

International Relations, The Role of the International Labor Organization

(ILO) through the Green Jobs Program as an Effort to Overcome Climate

Change in Bangladesh, Supervisor I: Shannaz Mutiara Deniar, M.A,

Supevisor II: Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub. Intl.

Bangladesh is developed country that vulnerable towards climate change

because of incapability financial and technology for Bangladesh to adapt and

mitigate. The International Labour Organization has looked on how to deal with

the impact of climate change that could risk human life and world of work. Through

this Green Jobs program, ILO creating jobs in low-carbon economic sector as an

option for adaptation and mitigation in Bangladesh.

This research is descriptive with data collection techniques of literature

study. This author use international organization and sustainable development

concepts to see the role of the ILO through the Green Jobs program to addressing

climate change in Bangladesh. The results of this study, ILO’s role through the

Green Jobs program are as actor, arena, and instrument by providing a green and

decent jobs for men and women with skills development in low-carbon economic

sectors such as Agriculture & Forestry, Waste Management, Energy and

Construction that can lead to sustainable development in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Climate Change, Bangladesh, Green Jobs, ILO.

Malang, September 29th 2018

Author,

Zauhar Latifah

Approved by,

Supervisor I Supervisor II

Shannaz Mutiara Deniar M.A. Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int.

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Segala puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena

berkat rahmat, hidayah dan karunia-Nya maka penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi

ini dengan judul “Peran International Labour Organization (ILO) Melalui

Program Green Jobs Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Perubahan Iklim Di

Bangladesh” yang dimaksudkan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat dalam

menempuh Sarjana Ilmu Politik. Terselesaikannya penulisan ini tidak terlepas dari

bantuan berbagai pihak. Pada kesempatan ini penulis ingin mengucapkan terima

kasih yang tak terhingga kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu baik dalam

proses penelitian maupun selama penulisan. Ucapan terima kasih ini disampaikan

kepada:

1. Ibu Shannaz Mutiara Deniar M.A, selaku dosen pembimbing 1 yang telah

meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan arahan selama bimbingan skripsi dan

saran dalam penulisan skripsi serta atas ilmu yang diberikan selama masa

studi pada program studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional.

2. Bapak Dedik F. Suhermanto, M.Hub.Intl, selaku dosen pembimbing II

meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan bimbingan dan arahan selama

penyusunan skripsi ini serta atas ilmu yang diberikan selama masa studi

pada program studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional.

3. Kedua orang tua saya dan keluarga di Balikpapan atas kepercayaan,

kesabaran, dukungan moril dan materi serta semangat yang tak pernah

berhenti selama menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

ix

4. Teman dekat yang saya sayangi dan hormati Rani, Retno, Ria dan Mayshi

serta teman-teman HI B atas dukungannya dan do’a selama menyelesaikan

skripsi.

Penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan skripsi ini masih banyak terdapat

kekurangan dan masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, hal ini dikarenakan keterbatasan

kemampuan yang penulis miliki. Atas segala kekurangan dan ketidaksempurnaan

skripsi ini, penulis sangat mengharapkan masukan, kritik dan saran yang bersifat

membangun kearah perbaikan dan penyempurnaan skripsi ini.

Akhir kata penulis berharap semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi

semua pihak dan semoga amal baik yang telah diberikan kepada penulis mendapat

balasan dari Allah SWT.

Malang, September 2018

Penulis

x

MOTTO PENULIS

“THERE ARE NO JOBS ON A DEAD PLANET #EndClimateSilence”

(ITUC)

“Hard Work Won’t Ever Betrays You”

(Zauhar Latifah)

xi

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR SAMPUL DEPAN…………………………………………………….i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI ................................................................ ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. iii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ....................................................... iv

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ vi

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ viii

DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................ xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................... xvii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1

1.1. Latar Belakang.......................................................................................... 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 5

1.3. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................. 5

1.3.1. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................. 5

1.3.2. Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................ 5

1.4. Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................. 6

1.5. Kerangka Teori dan Konsep ................................................................... 17

1.5.1. Konsep Organisasi Internasional ........................................................ 17

1.5.2. Sustainable Developments .................................................................. 22

xii

1.6. Metedologi Penelitian ............................................................................. 25

1.6.1. Metode Penelitian ............................................................................... 25

1.6.2. Teknik Analisa Data ........................................................................... 26

1.6.3. Teknik Pengempulan Data .................................................................. 26

1.6.4. Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................................. 26

1.7. Argumen Dasar ....................................................................................... 27

1.8. Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................. 28

BAB II KETERKAITAN AKTIVITAS EKONOMI DAN PEKERJAAN

TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN DI BANGLADESH ......................................... 31

2.1. Pertumbuhan Ekonomi ........................................................................... 31

2.1.1. Industri ................................................................................................ 32

2.1.2. Agrikultur............................................................................................ 38

2.1.3. Tingkat Kemiskinan ............................................................................ 41

2.2. Struktur Pekerjaan .................................................................................. 46

2.2.1 Pekerjaan Informal ................................................................................ 53

2.3. Pengaruh Perubahan Iklim di Bangladesh .............................................. 59

2.3.1. Bencana Alam ..................................................................................... 60

2.3.2. Agrikultur............................................................................................ 63

2.3.3. Pekerjaan ............................................................................................. 64

xiii

BAB III PROGRAM GREEN JOBS ILO DI BANGLADESH ...................... 67

3.1. Potensial Sektor Green Jobs Bangladesh ............................................... 69

3.1.1. Agrikultur Bekelanjutan ..................................................................... 74

3.1.2. Hutan Bekelanjutan............................................................................. 80

3.1.3. Pembaharuan Energi ........................................................................... 83

3.1.4. Pengelolahan Limbah ......................................................................... 87

3.1.5. Konstruksi Hijau ................................................................................. 91

3.2. Pengembangan Keterampilan Green Jobs Bangladesh .......................... 93

3.2.1. Pelatihan Ulang Untuk Keterampilan dan Pekerjaan Hijau................ 95

3.2.2. Penciptaan Pekerjaan Hijau Baru ....................................................... 97

3.2.3. Menghijaukan Pekerjaan..................................................................... 99

BAB IV ANALISA PERAN ILO DALAM PROGRAM GREEN JOBS DI

BANGLADESH ................................................................................................. 103

4.1. Green Jobs ILO Sebagai Bentuk Sustainable Developments............... 103

4.2. Upaya Green Jobs ILO Dalam Mengatasi Perubahan Iklim di Bangladesh

....................................................................................................................

4.2.1. Peran ILO Sebagai Aktor .................................................................. 115

4.2.2. Peran ILO Sebagai Arena ................................................................. 116

4.2.3. Peran ILO Sebagai Instrumen ........................................................... 118

xiv

BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................. 134

5.1. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................... 134

5.2. Saran ..................................................................................................... 138

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 139

xv

DAFTAR TABEL

BAB I

Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian……………………………………………………….16

BAB II

Grafik 2.1 Pertumbuhan PDB Bangladesh Dalam 12 Tahun…………………….32

Tabel 2.2 Tingkat Kemiskinan Bangladesh………………………………………44

Grafik 2.3 Kepadatan Penduduk Di Negara Besar Dengan Populasi < 100 juta….48

Tabel 2.4 Pekerjaan di Sektor Utama Bangladesh...................................................50

Tabel 2.5 Karakteristik Tenaga Kerja Di Bangadesh……………………………..50

Grafik 2.6 Karakteristik Tenaga Kerja Menurut Jenis Kelamin 2005-06…………51

Tabel 2.7 Tenaga Kerja Di Industri Besar Bangladesh 2005-06………………….53

Tabel 2.8 Tingkat Pendidikan Tenaga Kerja Bangladesh 2005-06 & 2010………54

Tabel 2.9 Tenaga Kerja Di Sektor Formal dan Informal Bangladesh………….….56

Grafik 2.10 Tenaga Kerja Di Sektor Informal Dari Jenis Kelamin Bangladesh....58

Tabel 2.11 Bencana Alam Banjir Selama 25 Tahun Terakhir di Bangladesh……..64

BAB III

Tabel 3.1 Potensial Sektor Green Jobs Bangladesh……………………………….72

Tabel 3.2 Pekerjaan Hijau Bangladesh………..………………………………….75

Tabel 3.3 Kegiatan Dalam Pekerjaan Hijau Sektor Agrikultur Berkelanjutan...….78

Tabel 3.4 Kegiatan Dalam Pekerjaan Hijau Sektor Hutan Berkelanjutan...............83

Tabel 3.5 Pekerjaan Hijau Sektor Pembaharuan Energi………………………….89

Tabel 3.6 Pekerjaan Hijau Sektor Pengelolahan Limbah………...……………….93

Tabel 3.7 Pengembangan Keterampilan Pada Green Jobs Bangladesh…..……….97

Tabel 3.8 Pengalihan Pekerjaan Untuk Green Jobs Bangladesh………………...104

xvi

BAB IV

Grafik 5.1 Skema Green Jobs ILO……………………………………………..123

xvii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

BAPEX : Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Production Company Limited

BBS : Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BEF : Bangladesh Employers Federation

BRAC : Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee

BADC : Bangladesh Agricultural Development Cooperation

BPDB : Bangladesh Power Development Board

BMET : Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training

BSCIC : Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation

CBD : Convention on Biological Diversity

CHT : Chittagong Hill Tracts

CFL : Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CNG : Compressed Natural Gas

DAE : Department of Agriculture Extension Bangladesh

DOF : Department of Forest Bangladesh

DSK : Dushtha Shasthya Kendra

DWCP : Decent Work Country Programme

ECR : Environment Conservation Rules

ECA : Environment Conservation Act

ESA : External Support Agencies Institutional Member

FSC : Forest Stewardship Council

GBM : Ganges-Padma, Brahmaputra-Jamina, Meghna

GHG : Greenhouse Gas

xviii

HBRI : Housing Building Research Institute

IC : Intercooperation

IDCOL : Infrastructure Development Company Ltd

ILO : International Labour Organization

IOE : International Organization of Employers

IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ITUC : International Trade Union Confederation

IUCN : International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources

LGED : Local Government Engineering Department

MDG : Millennium Development Goals

METI : Modern Education and Training Institute

NAPA : National Adaptation Programme of Action

NTFP : Non-Timber Forest Products

NCCWE : National Coordination Committee on Workers Education

NTVQF : National Training and Vocational Qualifications Framework

OSHE : Occupational Safety, Health and Environment

OECD : The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

PDB : Produk Domestik Bruto

PRT : Pembantu Rumah Tangga

PNB : Pendapatan Nasional Bruto

PPP : Private Public Partnership

REB : Rural Electrification Board

xix

RUSTIC : Rural Unfortunates Safety Talisman Illumination Cottage

RAJUK : Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha

RREL : Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd

SDC : Swiss Development Cooperation

SNV : Smart Development Netherlands

SRE : Sustainable Rural Energy

SHS : Solar Home System

SDG : Sustainable Development Goals

TVET : Technical Vocational Education and Training

UNFCCC : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNCCD : United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme

UKAEA : UK Atomic Energy Authority

UIA : Union of International Association

UNDP : United Nations Development Programme

UNPD : United Nations Population Devision

VCA : Value Chain Analysis

WCED : The World Comission on Environment and Development

139

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