OverseasDevelopmentInstitute

AnnualReport

1979

Overseas Development Institute

ARCHIVE

The Overseas Development Institute (ODI) is an independent, non­ government body aiming to promote wise action in the field of overseas development. It was set up in 1960 and is financed by official grants and private donations from British and international sources. Its policies are determined by its Council.

The functions of the Institute are:

1 to provide a centre for research in development issues and problems, and to conduct studies of its own;

2 to be a forum for the exchange of views and information among those, in Britain and abroad, who are directly concerned with overseas development in business, in government, and in other organisations;

3 to keep the gravity of development issues and problems before the public and the responsible authorities.

Annual Report 1979

Overseas Development Institute10-11 Percy Street, London W1P OJB, England

Telephone: 01-580 7683

Cables: Picodi, London W1

Contents

page

ODI Council 4

ODI Staff 5

Chairman's Statement 6

Annual Accounts 8

Report of the Council 14

Review of the Year

Studies, conferences, and publications 17

Meetings 24

Co-operation with other organisations 26

Outside publications, talks and broadcasts 27

Library and information 27

Sources of Finance 29

ODI Fellowships 31

Appendix: ODI Fellows 33

GDI Council

as at March 1980

t*Chairman: Sir George Bishop

E. C. Anyaoku

*Ronald W. Archer

Richard Bailey

Martin Bax

Jack Beevor

Rev Alan Booth

Professor A. H. Bunting

tProfessor Walter Elkan

A. D. Hazlewood

*Professor P. D. Henderson

*Dr Paul Howell

Stephen Hugh-Jones

Lady Jackson (Dame Barbara Ward)

Dr Richard Jolly

Jack Jones

Richard Kershaw

Sir John Llewellyn

M. D. McWilliam

tK. A. V. Mackrell

W. A. C. Mathieson

tPeter Meinertzhagen

Sir Arthur Norman

Professor Edith Penrose

John Finder

Lord Plant

Sir Ronald Prain

Professor Sir Austin Robinson

Lord Roll

Lord Seebohm

Alastair Thomson

R. N. Tottenham-Smith

Donald Tyerman

*J. P. G. Wathen

tDouglas Williams

*Sir Geoffrey Wilson

*denotes member of Finance and General Purposes Committee tdenotes member of Terms of Service Committee

GDI Staff

as at March 1980

Director

Administrative Director

Research Adviser

Research Staff

Overseas Research Fellow

Library

Publications

Meetings

Accountant

Administrative Assistant

Secretarial Staff

ODI Review: Editor Associate Editor

Robert Wood

Joan Tyrrell

Guy Hunter

Anthony Bottrall Vincent Cable Jeremy Clarke Adrian Hewitt John Howell Tony Killick

Frank Ellis

Catherine Mortier Jane Button

Christine Palmer

Margaret Cornell

Ronald Taylor

Patricia Joughin

Margaret Beringer Jennifer Blake Valeric Cons

Vincent Cable Margaret Cornell

Clare Oxby Stephen Sandford Christopher Stevens* Mary Sutton Ann Weston

Patsy de Souza Catharine Perry Angela Street

*Joint appointment with IDS, Sussex.

Research AssociatesBarbara Harriss; working on study of marketing systems of foodcrops.P. D. Henderson and Deepak Lal (University College, London);

working on study of interna­ tional economic reform.

Peter Tasker; working on a study of trade adjustment and the knitwearindustry.

Chairman's Statement

The volume of world trade in 1979 increased by about 6% over that in the previous year, a slightly higher rate of increase than that recorded in 1978 in spite of a decline in the rate of growth of developed countries' economies. While the price index for commodity exports (excluding oil) from developing countries rose more or less in line with that of their non-oil imports, overall, as a consequence of the huge increase in the price of oil during 1979, there was a deterioration of about 6% in their terms of trade. It is becoming increasingly difficult for them to offset this by expanding the volume of their manufactured exports. In spite of the conclusion during 1979 of the prima facie liberalising negotiations of the Tokyo Round of GATT and the Second Lome Convention, the trend to protectionism in rich countries against manufactured imports from developing countries has continued. Regrettably Britain has not in all cases resisted domestic pressures for protection. Primarily as a consequence of the increased oil prices those developing countries which do not export oil are estimated to have suffered an aggregate 60% increase in their current account balance of payments deficit. Most of this increased deficit has been financed by commercial bank lending, mostly for short or medium terms. While this commercial lending has met a pressing need it cannot be safely sustained in the case of the poorer countries; alternative measures are urgently required.

Early in 1980 we saw the publication of the report of the Independent ('Brandt') Commission on International Development Issues which concluded its two years of work. The report takes an admirably broad view of the development process. There is nothing in its recommendations which is entirely new and certainly nothing which provides a costless remedy to the evils of poverty. However, the report is remarkable in having obtained the unanimous support of all members of the Commission from both North and South. It shows that there can be a wide measure of agreement among informed politicians on both sides about how mutually beneficial progress can be made. The task now is to convince public opinion, especially in the North, to translate the broad objectives into practical and effective action, and to provide measures to enable those sectional interests who will be injured by increased trade on fairer terms with the South to share in the consequent general increase in prosperity.

After two years of deficit on GDI's income and expenditure account, we recorded a modest financial surplus this year. The change from deficit to surplus arises from a significant increase in short term project finance. Welcome though this is, even more welcome would be an increase in contributions committed for a longer term and not earmarked for specific purposes. A decade ago such unearmarked and uncommitted income from the British private sector covered 20% of the Institute's total expenditure. Since then it has fallen in value in both monetary and real terms and now only covers

5% of our expenditure which has itself not grown significantly in real terms. While our investment income has risen this has not made up the shortfall; consequently our dependence on earmarked grants, largely from government and international organisations and often of limited duration, has correspon­ dingly increased. This poses dangers both to our institutional stability in these times of economic stress and cutbacks and to our ability to undertake important but sensitive work. We must make further efforts to persuade those who recognise the value of GDI's independent voice on development affairs to sustain that independence by making an adequate financial contribution to it.

The past year has seen fewer changes than usual among members of the Council but we are especially sad that Sir Ronald Prain who has been associated with ODI since its inception and Mr Jack Beevor who first joined the Council in 1965 will be retiring at the Annual General Meeting. We owe a debt of gratitude to both for their contributions over the years. The only new member to join since the last Annual General Meeting is Mr E. C. Anyaoku, Deputy Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Secretariat, whom we are delighted to have with us.

Among the staff of ODI, on the other hand, the year has been one of considerable movement. The departure of a number of research staff at the end of 1978 left gaps which were not filled until towards the end of 1979. Tony Killick, formerly Visiting Professor at the University of Nairobi, took up his appointment on 1 September and was followed shortly after by Jeremy Clarke, Clare Oxby and Mary Sutton. On the administrative side Ronald Taylor joined the staff in June as Accountant on secondment from Barclays Bank. This is a new post, replacing the position of administrative assistant vacated by Joan Good, and we are fortunate to have had Barclays' help in filling it. We were particularly sorry to lose Anne Bliss and Elizabeth Boys, both of whom had been at ODI since 1970. Their places were taken initially by Maire Monahan and Patricia Joughin, joined later by Catharine Perry when the former left. The Assistant Librarian, Majorie Ellam, also left around mid-year to be replaced by Jane Button, and Christine Palmer joined a little later to take over responsibility for publications from Jane Sweetman. Margaret Beringer and Jennifer Blake are recent recruits to the secretarial staff and Rosemary Helm, Valeric Joslyn and Sylvia Whitehouse have left over the past few months. We are glad to welcome all members of staff who have joined ODI during the past year.

Once again the Council wishes to express its deep appreciation to staff for all their work during the year. The reputation of the Institute, thanks to their efforts, is outstanding.

March 1980 G. S. Bishop

Overseas Development Institute BALANCE SHEET at 31st December 1979

7978Accumulated fund:

£75,531 Balance at 1st January,d979........................................... £134,85068,375 Transferfrom Reserve for Rent Equalisation ................. (9,056) Excess (Deficiency) of income over expenditure ........... 9,301

£734,850

142,322 Ford Foundation Capital Grant Fund .28,730 Sundry creditors.................................27,807 Grants in advance...............................

/Votes:1 The Overseas Development Institute is a company

limited by guarantee.2 Fixed assets are depreciated as follows:

Fixtures and fittings on a straight line basis at10% per annum.

Office partitions on a reducing balance basis to write off the balance over the remaining life of the lease.

Equipment on a reducing balance basis at12.5% per annum.

Library additions are written off in the year of acquisition.

3 Certain expenditure is charged directly to specific grants as shown in the attached Schedule.

4 The directors received no emoluments in the year to 31st December, 1979 (1978:£nil).

5 The write back of the reserve for rent, rates and services arises from the final agreement for charges relating to 1976 and 1977.

1979

£144,151

142,32226,88829,607

G. S. Bishop P. Meinertzhagen Directors

£327,709 £342,968

1978 1979Fixed assets:

Office fixtures, fittings and equipment at cost, 1st January, 1979........................................................... £27,226

Net additions during 1979............................................ 1,430

£28,656

Less:Depreciation provided to 31st December 1979

£11,914 (Note 2)...................................................................... 17,407 £11,249

Library at cost, 1st January, 1979.................................... £16,828Additions during 1979..................................................... 1,903

£18,731 Less:

Amountswrittenoffto31stDecember, 1979.............. 18,731

Current assets: 7,625 Incometaxrecoverable.................................................... £6,582

Ford Foundation Capital Grant Fund: 142,322 Quoted investments at cost......................................... 142,322

(market value at 31st December, 1979 £140,122 (1978: £141,885))

General funds: 50,000 Quoted investmentsatcost.......................................... 50,297

(market value at 31st December, 1979 £46,250 (1978: £49.483))

Stock of publications (at lower of cost and net 3,653 realisable value)........................................................... 5,275

74,800 Debtorsand prepayments............................................... 13,1999,730 Grants in arrear................................................................ 32,480

87,644 Balance at bank................................................................ 80,00221 Cash in hand..................................................................... 1,562

331,719

£327,709 £342,968

Report of the Auditors to The Members of Overseas Development InstituteWe have examined the accounts set out on pages 8 to 13 which have been prepared under the historical cost convention. In our opinion they give, under that convention, a true and fair view of the state of the company's affairs at 31st December, 1979 and of the excess of income over expenditure for the year to that date and comply with the Companies Acts, 1948 and 1967.

1 Puddle Dock,Blackf riars, London EC4V 3PD28th May 1980

Peat, Warwick, Mitchell & CoChartered Accountants

Overseas Development InstituteINCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT for the yearended 31st December 1979

7978 1979£137,217 Salaries......................................................... £162,910

3,088 Fees and other research expenditure .......... 2,38437,755 Rent, rates and services................................ 30,079

7,772 Expenses of Overseas Research Fellows..... 3,591695 Lightandpower............................................ 709

9,947 Travel............................................................ 8,3125,597 Printing and stationery................................. 4,5168,577 Postage and telephone................................. 6,8697,252 Entertainment and meeting expenses......... 1,2417,053 Insurance...................................................... 1,1727,454 Repairs and renewals................................... 9096,788 Generalofficeexpenses............................... 5,016 Staffrecruitment........................................... 2,970

2,706 Conferenceexpenses................................... 1,3992,930 Professional fees .......................................... 1,614

600 Auditfees...................................................... 600£274,777 ———— ————— £234,291

Depreciation (Note 2): £2,347 Office fixtures, fittings and equipment..... £2,340

7,757 Library....................................................... 1,9034,704 ————— —————- 4,243

£72,530 Publication expenses ................................... £12,204Less;

6,072 Publication revenue.................................. 7,0866,578 ————— ———— 5,118

£225,393

Reduction in provision for accrued man­ agement and service charges (Note 5)

Excess of income over expenditure trans­ ferred to accumulated fund

(1,630)

9,301

£251,323

10

7978 £169,212 Grants and Project Finance per Schedule....

1979 £204,333

£8,243 Single donations........................................... £5,7077,730 Promised annual donations......................... 7,4333,852 Deeds of Covenant receivable...................... 3,846

79,825 ————— ————— 16,986

Incomefrom Ford Foundation Capital GrantFund:

76,395 Quoted Investments (gross)..................... 16,395

Income from general funds: £5,463 Interest receivable..................................... £8,065

Income from quoted investments 5,248 (gross).................................................... 4,181

— Gainfrom investments............................. 1,16570,777 ————— ———— 13,411

794 Librarysubscriptions.................................... 198

Excess expenditure over income 9,056 for the year................................................. —

£225,393 £251,323

11

Overseas Development InstituteINCOME AND EXPENDITURE ON GRANTS AND PROJECTSfor the year ended 31st December 1979 Grants in

advance 1st January 1979

Grants inarrear 1st

January 1979

Programme GrantsWorld Bank.....................................................................................Overseas Development Administration.......................................

Project GrantsODI Fellowship Scheme:

Overseas Development Administration...................................

Overseas Research Fellowship Scheme: Overseas Development Administration...................................

Agricultural Administration Unit: Overseas Development Administration...................................World Bank.................................................................................LeverhulmeTrust.......................................................................FAO .............................................................................................

A Study of the Marketed Surplus of Rain-Fed Food Crops of Small Farmers: Overseas Development Administration...................................

International Workshop on Rural FinancialMarkets and Institutions:Barclays Bank International Development Fund......................Standard Chartered Bank..........................................................Commonwealth Foundation.....................................................USAID.........................................................................................Agricultural Development Council............................................Ohio State University.................................................................

A Study of Aid from the European DevelopmentFund A Country Level Evaluation:Social Science Research Council...............................................

A Study of Poor Countries and the Reform of the International Economic System: Nuffield Foundation...................................................................

A Study of the EEC's System of Generalised Preferences and its Future: Commission of the European Communities.............................

A Review of European Community Policies Towards Developing Countries: Institute of Development Studies, Sussex................................Noel Buxton Trust.................... ..................................................Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd.......................................

A Study of the Penetration of European Markets by Manufactured Imports: Universite Libra deBruxelles.....................................................

A Study of the International Division of Labour and its Effect on Employment in the European Community: Commission of the European Communities.............................

A Study of Industrial Restructuring Programmes in the United Kingdom: ILO.....................................................................................:.........

A Study of Imports and Protection of the British Knitwear Industry: UNIDO ........................................................................................

A Study of the Commercial Relations of Four South Asian Countries with the EEC: Commonwealth Secretariat......................................................

£3,222

6,996

53

78

£4,022

4,000

1,108

4,420

7,038

£21,807 £9,130

12

Receipts

£12,853 40,000

Direct reimburse­

ments

Grantscredited to

income andexpenditure

£12,883 40,000

Grants inadvance 31st

December1979

£3,192

ScheduleGrants in

arrear 31stDecember

1979

94,758

20,879

53,299

13,300

£81,853 12,985

15,572

52,096959

4,2404,500

6,916

1,285

1,256

9,060£4,959

4,500

9,501 9,301 278

2,0001,5001,317

89323416

800580478

700236

323416

314220603

2,358 1,250

4,420

8,400 26,638 11,200

3,7502,0002,000

2,7471,4701,470

1,003530530

1,649

1,602

500

£272,494 £83,711

4,693

5,340

3,739

1,300

500

£204,333 £29,607

3,044

3.738

3.739

1,300

£32,480

13

Report of the Council

To be presented at the Twentieth Annual General Meeting

The Council has pleasure in presenting the Accounts of the Institute for the year ended 31 December 1979. As in previous years, expenditure on the allowances and passages of ODI Fellows, which amounted to £81,853, has not been brought into the main Income and Expenditure Account, nor has the cost of international travel for overseas participants in the Workshop on Rural Financial Institutions held in May 1979. All this expenditure is, however, included in the Schedule of Income and Expenditure on Grants and Projects and shown as directly reimbursable expenditure.

Contrary to expectations at the beginning of the year, 1979 saw a recovery in the Institute's financial position, with an excess of income over expenditure for the year as a whole of £9,301 compared with a deficit of £9,056 in 1978. Expenditure rose by £16,629 to £242,022 while income was up by £34,986 to £251,323. Several factors which will not necessarily recur made minor contributions to this turn-round; for example, the write-back of overprovision for the services component of 'rent, rates and services', a gain on investment transactions, and the rise of interest rates to record levels which more than maintained investment income, but the principal element in this out-come was the Institute's eventual success in securing more project income to match research needs.

On the expenditure side the all-important salaries item, which constituted two-thirds of total expenditure, was up by £25,693 to £162,910. This steep rise reflects in part the continuing rise in the level of university salaries to which ODI salaries are related, and in part the inclusion of the salaries of an Overseas Research Fellow and a Research Associate for the whole year. Apart from these two, the average number of staff in post during 1979 was rather less than the average number during the previous year, since the research staff replacing those who had left at the end of 1978 took up their appointments only in the latter months of 1979.

There are still unavoidable delays in establishing the Institute's precise liability for service charges on its premises, but some clarification has been obtained resulting in a figure for rent, rates and services for 1979 lower than thought necessary last year. Expenditure on office running costs and on travel has been contained on the whole, but staff recruitment expenses, previously combined with general office expenses, have grown significantly. These are now given, therefore, as a separate item. The main reason for the reduction in professional fees is that the 1978 figure was unusually high and included charges accumulated from earlier years. Net expenditure on the publications

14

account was down by £1,400 which is within the normal variation from year to year.

The increase of £34,986 in total revenue was concentrated on income from grants which rose by £35,121 to £204,333, and thus provided four-fifths of total income. The programme grants received from the World Bank and Overseas Development Administration together amounted to £52,883 compared with £49,116 in 1978, an increase of £3,767, while project grants rose in total to £151,450, an increase of £31,354. Of this latter figure rather less than one-third was attributable to the Overseas Research Fellowship Scheme grant at £15,572 against £5,363 the previous year. The grant for the cost of administering the long-established ODI Fellowship Scheme was little different from 1978. Both schemes are fully funded by the Overseas Development Administration. Apart from grants totalling £2,650 to cover the expenses in this country arising from the Workshop on Rural Financial Institutions, the remaining grants were for specific research projects (including the Agricultural Administration Unit) and amounted to £120,243 compared with £96,830 in 1978, and thus accounted for most of the increase in total receipts. The Commission of the European Communities figured prominently for the first time as a significant source of research funds. As mentioned already, income from investments was higher and this, in conjunction with the gain on investments, compensated for a dip in donations.

With the transfer to the Accumulated Fund of £9,301 from the Income and Expenditure Account, the balance sheet shows a satisfactory position. At year-end the Accumulated Fund stood at £144,151, equivalent to some six months' expenditure at the current rate, and the Ford Foundation Capital Grant Fund remained at £142,322. There were no major changes during the year in the form in which the reserves were held; both funds are invested wholly or mainly in short-dated, high-yielding stocks.

The prospects for 1980 now give grounds for cautious optimism. Although a steep rise in the salary bill is expected, both because of continuing increases in salary levels and because the full staff complement will be in post for the whole year, a number of new research grants have been secured in the opening months of 1980. The gap remaining between estimated expenditure and assured income is still considerable and vigorous efforts to attract further grants must and will continue, but there is now a fair chance that any deficit which is necessarily incurred in the current year, can be kept within reasonable limits.

CouncilMr Jack Beevor and Sir Ronald Prain are retiring and not seeking re-election. Mr Richard Bailey, Rev Alan Booth, Dr Paul Howell, Dr Richard Jolly, Professor Edith Penrose, Lord Plant, Professor Sir Austin Robinson, Lord Seebohm, Mr Alastair Thomson and Mr J. P. G. Wathen retire in rotation and, all being eligible, offer themselves for re-election.

Mr E. C. Anyaoku, having been appointed during the year, automatically ceases to hold office and offers himself for election.

15

AuditorsA resolution for the re-appointment of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co, as auditors of the company is to be proposed at the forthcoming AGM.

Statutory Information1 Principal Activities of the Institute to provide a centre for research in

development issues and problems and to conduct studies of its own; to be a forum for the exchange of views and information among those who are directly concerned with overseas development; and to keep the gravity of the problems before the public and responsible authorities.

2 The Institute is a Company Limited by Guarantee, not having a share capital. It is a non-profit-making registered charity. Members' liability is limited to £1 per head. It is not a Trading Company.

3 Council Members serve in an honorary capacity and receive no emoluments. They do not have contracts of service nor do they have a financial interest in the Institute.

4 In addition to the Council Members above, the following served on the Council for all, or part, of the year to which the Accounts refer: Mr Ronald Archer, Mr Martin Bax, Sir George Bishop, Professor A. H. Bunting, Professor Walter Elkan, Mr A. D. Hazlewood, Professor P. D. Henderson, Mr Stephen Hugh-Jones, Lady Jackson, Mr Jack Jones, Mr Richard Kershaw, Sir John Llewellyn, Mr K. A. V. Mackrell, Mr M. D. McWilliam, Mr W. A. C. Mathieson, Mr Peter Meinertzhagen, Sir Arthur Norman, Mr John Finder, Lord Roll, Mr R. N. Tottenham-Smith, Mr Donald Tyerman, Mr Douglas Williams and Sir Geoffrey Wilson.

5 No donations were made to other charities or for political purposes.

On behalf of the Council March 1980 G.S. Bishop, Chairman

16

Review of the Year

Studies, conferences, and publications

AgricultureThe work of the Agricultural Administration Unit (AAU) on administration, organisation and management in agricultural development continued. In two topics, irrigation and pastoralism, the boundaries of the subject matter are determined by the physical environment; in other topics, eg grain marketing and area-planning, by the function being studied; and in yet further topics (eg in work being carried out on farmer service centres and farmers' groups) by the level in the administrative hierarchy on which attention in the study is being focused.

Anthony Bottrall completed his final report for the World Bank on the evaluation of the organisation and management of irrigation schemes, on which he has been working for three years. The report was reviewed by a panel of advisers and is now in the hands of the Bank who, it is hoped, will arrange for its publication. In mid-year he spent two months in Egypt advising on plans for the organisation and management of proposed pilot projects in an area to be irrigated east of the Nile Delta. He contributed two chapters to the draft of an FAO publication on the organisation and management of irrigation; and presented papers on this and related subjects to the Indian Society of Agricultural Economists, to a symposium on the evaluation of the Kosi Project in India in January, to a workshop on the water resources of the Lower Bhavani Basin in India, in April, and to a one-day AAU workshop on management and institutions in agricultural development in December. He collaborated with John Howell in writing a paper on credit delivery and institutional choice in small farmer development programmes for the ODI/Ohio State University Workshop on Rural Financial Markets and Institutions held in June. In October he attended a conference in Bonn on agricultural strategies in the 1980s. He also wrote an ODI Briefing Paper which was a preview of the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development held under the auspices of FAO.

John Howell continued his work on government organisations in agricul­ tural development, paying particular attention to area planning and farmer service centres. At the end of May he attended a workshop, sponsored by the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Government of Sri Lanka, on agricultural project management training, and presented two papers there. He also wrote joint papers with Anthony Bottrall on agricultural credit (already mentioned) and with Martin Adams on developing the traditional sector in the Sudan. The latter was published in Economic Development and Cultural Change. He presented a paper on 'Assessing organisations: purpose, method and cost effectiveness' to an IDS Sussex Conference on Rapid Rural Appraisal in December and wrote an ODI Briefing Paper on Integrated Rural Develop-

17

ment. Towards the end of the year he undertook, on behalf of FAO, work on a document on decentralisation and participation in agricultural development, which is a follow-up to the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development.

Guy Hunter spent the early part of the year providing advice on the organisation of departments and agencies in the field of agricultural and rural development in Bangladesh, and on dry land and other agricultural research in India. He attended a seminar organised by the Royal Netherlands Tropical Institute and the World Bank on the experience gained from Bank projects in reaching the poor. He also spent time writing about development in England and the perspective that this provides on the world development process. He published an article on 'Help to small farmers' in the Crown Agents Quarterly Review, and wrote a background paper for FAO for the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development.

Clare Oxby joined the AAU towards the end of the year and has been doing preliminary reading on farmers' groups and poverty-oriented development. Since joining she has written a paper on 'Farmers' groups as a vehicle for agricultural development: rural Hausaland in Niger and Nigeria'.

Stephen Sandford continued his research on pastoral development for which he was awarded a grant during the year by the Leverhulme Trust, and spent much of the year writing up a book on his work. In March he went to Nigeria to attend a conference on the intensification of livestock production in the sub-humid zone of West Africa, which was organised by the International Livestock Centre for Africa and the Nigerian Animal Production Institute. From mid-August he spent a month in Botswana providing advice on the tribal grazing lands policy, and in particular on research and monitoring thereof. At the end of September he attended a workshop in the USA, organised by the Institute of Development Anthropology, on pastoralism and livestock projects in Africa. He also wrote an ODI Briefing Paper on Basic Needs.

Barbara Harriss, an associate of the Unit, submitted in August a draft report entitled 'Coarse grains, coarse interventions', on completion of the first phase of her research project. Since September she has been in India engaged in a period of detailed fieldwork. During the year she had an article, 'Going against the grain', published in Development and Change, and the manuscript of a book, Transitional Trade, accepted for publication by Vikas Publishing Company of Delhi. She also contributed a paper on 'Money and commodities, monopoly and competition' to the June Workshop on Rural Financial Markets and Institutions.

Members of the AAU undertook a number of teaching and training assignments. In the early part of the year Anthony Bottrall spent two months as Visiting Professor at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, lecturing on the organisation and management of agricultural development. John Howell, for the second year in succession, spent several weeks in July and August helping in the organisation and teaching of a senior managers' course at Mananga Agricultural Management Centre in Swaziland. Individual lectures were undertaken at the National College of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, the

18

University of East Anglia, King's College, London, Reading University, North London Polytechnic, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and at the Public Administration Academy at Mussourie, India.

The AAU continued to circulate papers to its three networks in agricultural administration, irrigation and pastoralism, whose combined membership now exceeds 1,200. Three sets of papers were issued in the Pastoral Network series, and one each in the Irrigation and Agricultural Administration series. An increasing proportion of network papers are now being written by members of the networks rather than by the AAU itself. The Unit also produced its Occasional Paper No. 3, entitled 'Institutions, management and agricultural development', to which several members of the AAU as well as others contributed.

In- conjunction with Ohio State University, the AAU organised a major four-day workshop on Rural Financial Markets and Institutions. This was held at Wye College in Kent in mid-June. Over forty participants attended from all over the world and eighteen papers were presented. The papers are now being edited for publication during 1980. Funds for the workshop came from the Commonwealth Foundation, Barclays Bank International Development Fund and Standard Chartered Bank. USAID and the Agricultural Development Council, Washington, provided financial support to individual participants who attended. The AAU also organised two one-day meetings, one on 'Administration and organisation for women in agricultural development' at which papers were presented by Nici Nelson, Paul Stirling and Vicki Barres; and another on 'Management and institutions in agricultural development' at which papers were presented by Donald Curtis, John Watson, Majid Slama, Henri Sousbie and Anthony Bottrall. Lunchtime or half-day meetings were also organised with the following speakers: Alan Kingshotte (A planning and management system for extension and farmer assistance in Botswana); Richard Heaver (Planning and management problems in a major scheme: the case of Mahaweli); I. M. Lewis (The use of anthropologists in pastoral development); Christopher Wardle (A cattle fattening project in Niger); David and Beryl Gowty (A rural service centre in pastoral north-east Kenya); Michael Mortimore (Pastoralists, cultivators and change in northern Nigeria); W. J. A. Payne (Effects of the Jonglei Canal on the Nilotic subsistence economy); Brendan Halpin (Vets, barefoot and otherwise); Endre Nyerges (The ecology of domesticated animals in Iran); James Nickum (The Chinese approach to water resource development and management); R. K. Siranap- pan (Problems of water management in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India).

International Economic Relations

The work currently being undertaken by ODI in international economic relations falls into three main groups, although inevitably the categories overlap to some extent. Firstly, there is the work on global development issues and aspects of the North-South dialogue; secondly, work on relations between

19

the EEC and the Third World; and thirdly, work on aid issues which are treated in a separate section.

The work on global issues centred on two major projects started in 1978. The first of these, the project on 'Rich country interests in Third World development' made considerable progress during the year culminating in a conference at IDS, Sussex in November, attended by some 50 people from Europe, North America, South Asia, Japan and Australia and at which nine country papers and an overview were critically reviewed. Vincent Cable, Robert Wood and Christopher Stevens attended from ODI, the first of them contributing a paper on British interests. The revised papers, with overview, are expected to be published during 1980. The project, a tripartite one involving the Overseas Development Council, Washington, IDS Sussex and ODI, is financed by the German Marshall Fund of the United States.

The second major global project is the study on the international economic system and its reform, with particular reference to the interests of the poor, which is being undertaken by Professor P. D. Henderson and Mr Deepak Lal of University College London, Research Associates of ODI. The work is being partially financed by the Nuffield Foundation and a book arising from the study is now expected to be ready for publication in mid-1980.

In addition to these major projects, ODI staff were involved in global issues in a number of other ways. The Brandt Commission (the Independent Commission on International Development Issues) continued its work throughout the year and completed its deliberations in December. ODI staff were consulted informally about various issues relating to the Commission's work. In ODI Review 2 of 1979 Ann Weston wrote the 'Review of the Development Scene'; and Christopher Stevens edited a joint issue (with IDS) of the IDS Bulletin on 'UNCTAD V: lessons for the 1980s', to which both Vincent Cable and Ann Weston contributed articles.

Work was carried out on a number of aspects of the EEC's relations with the Third World. One important aspect is the flow of exports from developing countries into the EEC and the factors which constrain this. Vincent Cable and Ann Weston completed work on South Asia's exports to the EEC by publishing a book with that title in June. They both attended a symposium on South Asian exports to the EEC held at the Centre for Third World Studies, University of Antwerp. Vincent Cable presented a paper at this symposium; and Ann Weston gave a seminar paper at the Project Planning Centre, University of Bradford, on barriers to exports of developing countries. They also wrote an article on 'Market access and trade discrimination: South Asian exports to the EEC' in ODI Review.

Vincent Cable, Adrian Hewitt and Ann Weston carried out an evaluation of the European Community's Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) on behalf of the European Commission. The object of this evaluation was to present recommendations as to how the GSP should be modified when it is renewed in 1981. The study involved extensive fieldwork (interviews with importers and officials in trade ministries as well as developing countries' commercial attaches and trade missions) in the EEC member states as well as

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desk work in London. An interim report was delivered to the European Commission in May and the final report in December. The study will be published in 1980.

Another important aspect of the relations between the EEC and the Third World is the way in which domestic industries react to imports from the Third World. Vincent Cable and Christopher Stevens continued their work on issues of adjustment and trade protection that arose from the project financed by the Leverhulme Trust, a study which is now expected to be ready for publication in 1980. Vincent Cable undertook work for the World Bank on import penetration by developing countries of developed country markets. He produced one report on a reclassification of UK production data in order to permit an international comparison of trends on manufacturing trade with developing countries; and another (in conjunction with Dr I. Rebelo of Birkbeck College) on an econometric analysis of UK trade with developing countries and of industries attracting protective action. Vincent Cable presented the second of these papers at a conference on import penetration at Kiel University at which Christopher Stevens also presented a paper. Both of them participated in a working group advising the European Commission on the international division of labour and its impact on employment in the EEC. As part of this work Christopher Stevens wrote a report on UK trade in services with the Third World. Vincent Cable contributed to the report of the EEC ('Paul-Marc Henri') Committee of Experts entitled The EEC and the International Division of Labour'. Christopher Stevens talked at the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies in Birmingham on the political and economic impact on the UK of imports from developing countries.

Vincent Cable, Jeremy Clarke and Mary Sutton worked on a project, commissioned by the ILO, which sought to identify instances of industrial restructuring in the UK in response to competition from developing countries. The study comprised an overview of recent industrial and trade policy in the UK with particular reference to four industrial sectors passenger cars, machine tools, leather and leather goods, and textiles and clothing. A report was submitted to the ILO in November, and the material, together with similar case studies from West Germany, France and the Netherlands, will be discussed at an ILO Conference in May 1980. It will be published in book form thereafter. Vincent Cable, in cooperation with Peter Tasker, an ODI Research Associate, is working on a report for UNIDO on the UK textile industry with special reference to knitwear.

Finally, a major new initiative was taken during the year when ODI and IDS Sussex undertook to produce an annual survey of EEC policies that have an impact on the Third World. An editor, Christopher Stevens, has been appointed and the survey will draw on research being undertaken at ODI, IDS and elsewhere. An editorial board is being formed, with members from all the main EEC countries, as well as some from the Third World. The cost of the survey will be shared between ODI and IDS initially although it is expected that other institutes in EEC countries will also contribute to the finances in due course. Towards its portion of the costs in the first two years, ODI has

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obtained promises of financial support from the Noel Buxton Trust, the Shell International Petroleum Company Ltd and the Ford Foundation. The first issue of Survey of the EEC and the Third World will appear in 1980.

AidAdrian Hewitt concluded his research (which was financed by the SSRC) on the EEC aid programme to Cameroon. A second visit was made to Cameroon in early 1979 during which a draft of the evaluation report was discussed with government officials. The EEC Commission has itself used the results of the evaluation, together with evaluations on two other ACP countries, which it financed itself, to compile an official document setting out the findings and methodological conclusions of country-level aid evaluations. Adrian Hewitt spoke about the results of his research at one of the meetings in the ODI regular lunchtime series and wrote an article, 'The European Development Fund as a development agent: some results of EDF aid to Cameroon', in ODI Review. He is preparing a book on this study for publication in 1980. Christopher Stevens' book on Food Aid and the Developing World was published in April. The text has since been translated into French for publication by ODI in 1980. He presented a paper on 'Food Aid and the New International Order' to a seminar at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London and lectured on the same subject at Queen Elizabeth College, London.

Economic Management in Developing CountriesTony Killick joined ODI in late 1979 to work on a study of macroeconomic stabilisation in developing countries, with special reference to the role of the IMF. The work previously undertaken by ODI on small-scale industry in India did not progress in 1979; but it is now expected to be completed in 1980.

Overseas Research Fellowship SchemeThe first Overseas Research Fellow, Frank Ellis, took up his appointment at the Economic Research Bureau, University of Dar es Salaam, in January 1979 to work on Tanzanian commodity exports. During the first of his two years there, he carried out research on the economy of the cashew nut industry, examining it both for its particular problems and as an example of more general issues. In the second year he will turn his attention to some general questions in the marketing of Tanzanian export crops.

During the year another round of recruitment was undertaken with a view to making appointments tenable at the Institute of Development Studies, Nairobi and the Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies in Jamaica, and a second appointment in Dar es Salaam. Prospective Research Fellows were selected and it is hoped that three will take up their appointments during 1980 at dates to be decided.

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PublicationsFor ease of reference, full details of all GDI's publications during 1979 are given below.

JOINT ODI/CROOM HELM PUBLICATIONSFood Aid and the Developing World: Four African Case Studies by

Christopher Stevens. 224 pages, April 1979, hardback £9.95, paperback£4.95.

JOINT ODI/ALLEN & UNWIN PUBLICATIONSDevelopment Guide, third edition. 228 pages, February 1979, hardback £5.95.

ODI PUBLICATIONSSouth Asia's Exports to the EEC Obstacles and Opportunities by Vincent

Cable and Ann Weston. 179 pages, May 1979, paperback £5.00.Institutions, Management and Agricultural Development, (AAU Occasional

Paper 3). 61 pages, September 1979, paperback £2.00.

ODI Review 1 1979'Europe and the Developing World' Roy Jenkins 'The European Community Agricultural Policies and the Interest of Developing Countries' Tim Josling 'Zimbabwe: Problems for the Economy' Roger Riddell The Process of Agricultural Planning' N. S. Carey Jones 'Market Access and Trade Discrimination; South Asian Exports to the EEC' Vincent Cable and Ann Weston

ODI Review 2 1979'The Impact of the United Kingdom's Bilateral Aid Programme on British Industry' R. S. May and N. C. Dobson 'Poverty, Income, Distribution and Development Strategies for India' Mary Gregory, Peter Pearson and Radha Sinha 'The European Development Fund as a Development Agent: Some Results of EDF Aid to Cameroon' Adrian Hewitt 'IMF Quotas, Conditionality and the DevelopingCountries' Graham Bird 'Issues in the North-South Negotiations onCommodities' Arjun Sengupta 'Review of the Development Scene' Ann Weston

Single copies of ODI Review £3.20. Annual subscription rate £6.00 ($12.00) including surf ace mail postage, or £7.50 ($15.00) including airmail postage.

BRIEFING PAPERSBriefing Papers are designed to provide, within the compass of 3,000-6,000 words, background information and concise analysis on events and issues of topical interest. Four were issued during 1979:

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Compensatory Finance to Stabilise Export EarningsUNCTAD V: A Preview of the IssuesAgrarian Reform: A Preview of the FAO ConferenceIntegrated Rural Development

A further Briefing Paper on Lome II was prepared in 1979 but did not appear until early 1980.

Copies of Briefing Papers are supplied without charge and the mailing list is open to any organisation or individual who asks to be included. Applications should be made to the Publications Officer, ODI. Orders for all other publications should be pre-paid and sent to ODI Sales, Montagu House, High Street, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE18 6EP.

MeetingsAs reported last year, the ODI Lecture series was inaugurated in March 1979 by the Rt Hon Roy Jenkins, President of the Commission of the European Communities, who spoke to an invited audience on 'Europe and the Developing World'. The Great Hall of Barclays Bank was kindly made available for the occasion and the Institute is most grateful to Barclays for their generous assistance. It is hoped to make the ODI Lecture an annual event and plans for the 1980 Lecture have been put in hand.

The Institute's regular lunchtime series of meetings continued to be well attended during 1979. Listed chronologically, the twelve subjects and speakers in the 1979 programme were:

'Towards a productive use of labour in Botswana', Michael Lipton, Professorial Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex;'Trade policy implications of the newly industrialising countries', Louis Turner, Research Fellow at Chatham House;'Implications for overseas development aid policy of the Indo-Chinese refugee problem in South East Asia', The Lord Elton, then Opposition spokesman on overseas development in the House of Lords; 'Multinationals, world trade, and the future of the GATT, Gerald K. Helleiner, Professor of Economics, University of Toronto, then Visiting Fellow at Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford;'World Bank lending for the poor', Warren C. Baum, Vice-President, Projects Staff of the World Bank;'Managing development aid: some fallacies and challenges', A. P. Paul, Director General, All India Management Association and Chairman, Business Resources, Business Consultants, New Delhi; 'Does the European Development Fund develop?', Adrian Hewitt, Research Officer at ODI;'Women and agricultural development projects', Barbara Rogers, resear­ ching at the University of East Anglia;'Preparations for the third development decade and the implications for Britain', Richard Jolly, Director of the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex;

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'The North-South dialogue: where do we go from here?', Maria Elena Hurtado, Information Officer, World Development Movement, and Arjun Sengupta, Minister (Economic) at the Indian High Commission, currently on sabbatical leave attached to Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford; 'British trade policy, the developing countries, and the Multilateral Trade Negotiations', Vincent Cable, Research Officer at ODI and Special Adviser to the former Secretary of State for Trade;'Access to specialised information in a changing international economic order', Dr Rita Cruise O'Brien, Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. (This meeting had to be postponed because of the speaker's illness.)In addition, a number of special meetings for development journalists were

arranged during the year. In January the Institute collaborated with the World Bank in holding a residential seminar at St. Catharine's Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Great Park. Twenty-nine journalists, mainly representing the media of Northern Europe plus one or two from North America and the Third World, met with senior members of the Bank and ODI staff from 14 to 16 January to discuss the theme, 'Perspectives of Poverty: Economic Growth, Equity and Basic Human Needs'. Speakers included William Clark, World Bank Vice-President, External Relations, Shalid Husain, World Bank Vice- President for East Asia and the Pacific, and Dragoslav Avramovic, Director of the Secretariat of the Brandt Commission. Shridath S. Ramphal, Common­ wealth Secretary General, was the special guest speaker on the final day. This was the first such residential seminar to be held under World Bank auspices outside the United States.

On 11 June, members of the press and other media were invited to lunch with members of the research staff to discuss ODI's current and prospective work in the field of EEC-Third World relations. Sixteen journalists attended the meeting and discussion ranged over ODI's recent publications in the field, notably South Asia's Exports to the EEC Obstacles and Opportunites and ODI Review 1-1979, which included the text of the first ODI Lecture given in March 1979 by the Rt Hon Roy Jenkins, President of the Commission of the European Communities, as well as other articles on EEC topics. In discussing research in progress, particular interest was expressed in ODI's joint venture with IDS, Sussex, mentioned above, in undertaking an annual survey of European Community policies towards developing countries.

ODI was again the venue for the launching of the World Bank's World Development Report 1979 on 13 August. Sixty development journalists attended a lunchtime session to meet William Clark, Vice-President External Relations of the World Bank and Lyn Squire, a Senior Economist in the Bank's East Asia and Pacific Department.

On 4 April a half-day seminar was held at the Institute, organised jointly by ODI and the International Political Economy Group, to consider the issues coming up at the UNCTAD V meeting in Manila, and concentrating particularly on Britain's interest in these issues. Participants, thirty-eight in all, included members of Departments of Development Studies and Economics in

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the Universities of Oxford, London, Sussex, Reading, Keele, Dundee and the North Staffordshire Polytechnic, senior officials of the relevant government departments and representatives from the business world, non-governmental organisations, and the media. Short presentations on the main issues were made by W. M. Rnighton, Deputy Secretary at the Department of Trade, Reginald Green, Professorial Fellow at IDS, Sussex and Arjun Sengupta, Minister (Economic) at the Indian High Commission in London and this was followed by a full and free discussion off the record, chaired by Professor Hans Singer of IDS.

Co-operation with other organisationsODI collectively and members of staff individually maintain active links with many organisations concerned with world development. Such links take various forms but the examples which follow will serve as illustrations.

ODI was pleased to respond to a request from the British Council to provide study facilities for Dr Aziz Anwar, a lecturer in the Faculty of Management Studies, University of Delhi, during his three-month visit to this country under the Council's Young Scientists Exchange Scheme with India. During his stay Dr Anwar carried out an evaluation of the performance of Indian engineering exports to Britain and the results were summarised in a paper published in the Eastern Economist.

In 1979 ODI staff continued to serve on anumber of boards and committees of allied organisations including:

Secretary of State's Advisory Group on UN Affairs;Board of Studies, IDS, Sussex;Council of the Royal African Society;Fabian Society International Committee;Labour Party NEC Sub-committee on Overseas Development;NUS Ethiopian Awards Committee;Christian Aid's Africa and Asia and Pacific Regional Committees.

ODI has joined with other NGOs to form the Fourth Channel Development Education Group which is working to secure improved coverage of development issues when the second ITV channel is in operation. Adrian Hewitt is to be a member of the 1980 delegation of British NGOs in liaison with the EEC.

Early in the year Vincent Cable was appointed a Special Advisor to the Rt Hon John Smith, then Secretary of State for Trade. He also submitted evidence on the Multilateral Trade Negotiations and developing countries to a House of Lords Select Committee. A number of consultancies which are closely allied to the research which staff are currently undertaking have been mentioned earlier. In addition the Director is a member of a group set up by D ANIDA to evaluate the Danish Aid Loan Programme with particular reference to Egypt. John Howell completed a report for the Commonwealth Secretariat on the CFTC and the evaluation of technical co-operation projects.

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Outside publications, talks and broadcastsMembers of staff produced numerous papers and articles for publication in other books and journals, some connected with their work at ODI, some not. During 1979 Vincent Cable contributed chapters to four books. Two were on trade topics: one, on the management of North-South trade which originated in a conference organised by the National Institute for Social and Economic Research, was included in Britain's Trade and Exchange Rate Policy (Heinemann); and the other in Europe published by Edinburgh University Student Publishing Bureau. The other two chapters originated as papers delivered to Fabian Society conferences: one on Labour and Inequality (published in a book of that title); and the other on Trade, Aid and Human Rights. Other members have contributed to The Financial Times, The Economist and publications of the Economist Intelligence Unit as well as to several works of reference, including The Statesman's Year Book, Africa South of the Sahara, The Encyclopedia of Africa, Africa Guide 1979 and the Asia and Pacific Yearbook. Articles were also written for Third World Media and New Internationalist. Tony Killick completed a book of readings on the Kenyan economy on which he was working before joining ODI. This will be published by Heinemann Educational Books in 1980 as also will a textbook by him of applied economics for developing countries.

In addition to the conferences and seminars mentioned above, ODI staff have addressed an IDS Study Seminar on Negotiated International Economic Change: Assessing Progress after UNCTAD V. Others have participated in Chatham House Study Groups. Lectures have been given once more at the Civil Service College (on British foreign policy interests and developing countries; on trade policy; and on EEC trade policy) and at the Royal College of Defence Studies (on economic developments in Latin America). Further conferences held during 1979 at which ODI staff were invited to speak ranged from a conference for commodity brokers on commodity price stabilisation and an International Business Opportunities Conference to one organised by Task Force for a New Economic Order on Europe and the NIEO. Less formal talks were given at the Africa Centre, the Centre for International B riefing (Farnham Castle) and to an audience of sixth-formers at the Commonwealth Institute. Several staff have taken part in broadcasts, principally but not exclusively in the BBC World Service.

Library and informationAlthough the Library is chiefly designed to serve the requirements of the staff and therefore reflects the research undertaken by the Institute, its collection deals with all aspects of development. It now contains over 11,000 books and pamphlets.

The subject section covers general economics of development, aid, finance, foreign trade, agriculture, population, and the institutional and sociological aspects of development, while the regional section contains material on specific countries and areas. Another section is concerned with the aid programmes of individual countries and organisations. The reference section contains

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directories and reports of organisations active in the development field, conference papers, international statistics, and bibliographies. The books and other documents are supplemented by files of newspaper cuttings, press releases, references to articles, and similar material.

About 200 periodicals are received regularly. From these is compiled every other month, a Periodicals Reference Bulletin which lists articles appearing on aid and development, classified according to subject and/or country. The Periodicals Reference Bulletin is distributed by exchange or subscription (£5.00 per annum) to individuals and organisations in over thirty countries. Recipients include universities and research institutes, international organisations, commercial concerns, and voluntary agencies.

Although books cannot be borrrowed, the Library is open for reference daily from 10am to 6pm (Mondays to Fridays) and is used regularly by students and other visitors. Requests for information on development matters are dealt with as fully as possible within the limits of staff resources.

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Sources of Finance

To all our subscribers we record our sincere thanks, and we list below the organisations and individuals from whom contributions have been received during 1979 and early 1980.

Programme and Project finance received from: Agricultural Development Council, Washington Barclays Bank International Development Fund Commission of the European Communities Commonwealth Foundation Commonwealth Secretariat FAO ILOInstitute of Development Studies, Sussex Leverhulme Trust Fund Noel Buxton Trust Nuffield Foundation Ohio State University Overseas Development Administration Shell International Petroleum Company Limited Social Science Research Council Standard Chartered Bank Limited UNIDOUniversitd Libre de Bruxelles USAID World Bank

General finance received from: Baker Perkins Holdings Limited Bank of EnglandBanque Nationale de Paris Limited Barclays Group of Banks The Baring Foundation Blue Circle Industries Limited Booker McConnell Limited British-American Tobacco Company Limited The British Petroleum Company Limited British Steel Corporation Brooke Bond Liebig Limited Carreras Rothmans Limited The Charterhouse Group Limited Christian Aid S. Clements

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Commercial Union Assurance Company LimitedCommonwealth Development Finance Company LimitedCoopers & LybrandCourtaulds LimitedThe De La Rue Jubilee TrustC. H. Dobbie and PartnersP. DurlacherFriends' Provident Life OfficeGrindlays Bank LimitedA. HeffermanImperial Group LimitedInchcape Charitable Trust FundLloyds Bank LimitedMarks & Spencer LimitedMidland Bank LimitedMitchell Cotts Group LimitedMorgan Grenfell InternationalNational Westminster Bank LimitedNorwich Union Insurance GroupOcean Transport & Trading Limited (P. H. Holt Trust)The Oppenheimer Charitable TrustOxfamThe Rio Tinto-Zinc Corporation LimitedRockware Group LimitedJ. Henry Schroder Wagg & Company LimitedThe Shell International Petroleum Company LimitedStandard Chartered Bank LimitedJohn Swire & Sons LimitedUnilever LimitedUnited City Merchants LimitedD. WilliamsWilliams & Glyn's Bank Limited

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ODI Fellowships

In 1979 fourteen candidates, twelve men and two women, received awards under the ODI Fellowship Scheme, bringing the total number of Fellows appointed since the Scheme was started in 1963 to 174. As shown by the table below, four of the fourteen new Fellows were posted to Malawi, four to Botswana, three to Swaziland, and one each to St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Belize. Four had completed second degrees before taking up their appointments.

1963-1976 1977 1978 1979Sierra Leone 1 - - -Kenya 12Uganda 8 - - -Tanzania 12 1 2 East African Community 4 - - -Zambia 18Malawi 13 4 4 4Botswana 30 4 3 4Lesotho 923-Swaziland 18 2 - 3Mauritius 1 - - -Dominica - 1 - -St. Lucia 21 - 1St. Vincent 1-11Belize 1-21

Totals 130 15 15 14

A brief note on the history of the Scheme since it was started by ODI over seventeen years ago has been included in the last two Annual Reports, noting the changes over the years in its sources of finance, in the geographical spread of its operation and in the characteristics of candidates for Fellowships; for example, the expanded range of institutions from which they are drawn, the increasing number with postgraduate qualifications, and the inclusion since 1972 of women Fellows. It will not be repeated here beyond mentioning that the costs of the Scheme to ODI are now fully covered by a grant from the Overseas Development Administration.

Despite the changes, the principles of the Scheme remain the same, the essence being that particularly able young graduates in economics and related subjects are placed for two years in regular operational posts in the public services of developing countries. This serves a dual purpose in that it provides the host country with high calibre staff at the junior professional level, where gaps in local manpower often occur, and at the same time provides individual

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Fellows with practical development experience when opportunities to acquire such experience are diminishing. The host government is the Fellow's employer and bears local employment costs while ODI meets other expenses. An important ingredient in the success and continuation of the Scheme is the care with which ODI carries out recruitment and placement, equal weight in selection being given to applicants' intellectual attainments and personal qualities, and ODI representatives visiting host countries each year to discuss postings individually.

Most of the posts filled by ODI Fellows are in government ministries and call in varying degrees for administrative as well as economic abilities. Recent assignments have been very varied: some Fellows are engaged in macro- economic work in central planning offices; others work in sectoral ministries, for example agriculture, industry, transport and communications, trade, education or health, where they may assist in sector planning, examine investment proposals, prepare aid applications, appraise and evaluate projects, or may be called upon to make recommendations on import policy or price control. Other Fellows have been engaged on fiscal questions, monetary policy and international economic relations while one or two have worked as economic statisticians. In most years a few Fellows are assigned to parastatal organisations such as credit institutions, development corporations and marketing boards, where commercial as well as economic considerationsapply-

When their Fellowships end it is not unusual for Fellows to remain in their original host countries for varying periods under other auspices. In later employment Fellows enter a variety of fields, public and private, at home and overseas. On the information available it is estimated that of those now in employment over 20 per cent of former Fellows are working in the public sector in this country and a similar percentage in private enterprises, in universities and research institutions and in international bodies, while around 15 per cent are employed in the public sectors of developing countries. On the most recent count, nearly one-half of all former Fellows whose occupation was known could be identified as working wholly or mainly on world development affairs, a higher proportion than shown by an analysis made three years ago.

The Appendix contains a list of currently serving Fellows arranged by country, followed by a second list of former Fellows arranged alphabetically. As well as giving details of their postings as Fellows, the latter shows their last known employment.

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APPENDIX: GDI FELLOWS

Currently Serving Fellows

BotswanaAppiah I. T. (Sussex University) Ministry of Finance and Development

Planning, 1978-80. Clement-Jones R. A. (Cambridge University and School of Oriental and

African Studies, London) Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning, 1978-80.

Duncan T. (Bristol University) Ministry of Works and Communications,1979-81.

Elder D. J. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning, 1979-81.

Gasper D. R. (Universities of Cambridge and East Anglia) Ministry ofWorks and Communications, 1979-81.

MacDonald J. A. (Bristol University) Ministry of Local Government andLands, 1978-80.

Turner R. J. (Universities of Bradford and Reading) Ministry of Financeand Development Planning, 1979-81.

LesothoBrown K. D. (Universities of Sussex and Bristol) Ministry of Education,

1978-80.Innes J. A. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance, 1978-80. Pratt R. (Universities of Birmingham and Aberdeen) Lesotho National

Development Corporation, 1978-80.

MalawiBell K. L. (Edinburgh University) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural

Resources, 1979-81.Fridge N. R. (Oxford University) Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism,

1978-80.Hallas P. A. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Transport and Com­

munications, 1979-81.McClintock J. (Universities of Reading and Oxford) Ministry of Agriculture

and Natural Resources, 1979-81.Mackey E. C. (Aberdeen University) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural

Resources, 1978-80.Metcalfe J. R. (Bristol University) Ministry of Health, 1978-80.Milne A. K. L. (Cambridge University) National Statistical Office, 1979-81.Penn R. W. (Oxford University) Economic Planning Division, 1978-80.

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SwazilandJefferis K. R. (Bristol University) National Industrial Development

Corporation, 1979-81. Mercey C. J. (Cambridge University and School of Oriental and African

Studies, London) Swaziland Development and Savings Bank, 1979-81 Walford V. M. A. (Cambridge University) Department of Economic

Planning and Statistics, 1979-81.

TanzaniaBurgess P. J. (Nottingham University and University College, London)

Ministry of Works, 1978-80. Wilton J. (Sussex University) National Price Commission, 1978-80.

BelizeAndrews D. J. (Oxford University) The Monetary Authority of Belize,

1978-80.Patel J. D. (Sussex University) Central Planning Unit, 1978-80. Warren R. M. (Reading University) Ministry of Agriculture and Lands,

1979-81.

St. LuciaZadek S. C. (Bristol University) Central Planning Unit, 1979-81.

St. VincentDigby J. (Oxford University) Ministry of Agriculture/Marketing Board,

1978-80. Gingold P. R. (Oxford University) The Development Corporation,

1979-81.

Former FellowsAbbie L. (Oxford University) Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi, 1975-77.

Now with the World Bank, Washington. Abelson P. W. (University of Oxford and London School of Economics and

Political Science) Office of National Development and Planning,Zambia, 1966-68.

Ackroyd P. J. (Cambridge University) Department of Economic Planningand Statistics, Swaziland, 1971-73. Now an Economic Adviser in theOverseas Development Administration.

Balls A. G. (St. Andrews University) The Treasury, Tanzania, 1966-68.Now with The Housing Corporation.

BatchelorP. A. (Cambridge University) Department of Economic Planningand Statistics, Swaziland, 1969-71. Now with Coopers and Lybrand,London.

Bates Miss V. A. (London School of Economics and Political Science)Development, Planning and Statistics Division, Office of the Premier, St.Lucia, 1975-77. Now with the World Bank, Washington.

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Bell M. W. (University of East Anglia) Ministry of Finance, Zambia,1975-77. Now a Lecturer at the University of Aston, Birmingham.

Bennett N. W. (Oxford University) Central Planning Bureau, Uganda,1964-66. Now a UNESCO Adviser in Thailand.

Beresford M. E. (University of York) Ministry of Finance and Develop­ ment Planning, Botswana, 1969-71. Now a Research Officer in theHousing Department of Camden Borough Council, London.

Bevan D. L. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Economic Planning andDevelopment, Kenya, 1968-70. Now a Fellow of St. John's College,Oxford.

Bird A. (University of Reading) Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning, Botswana, 1974-76. Now on a two year assignment in Tanzaniaunder the Overseas Development Administration.

Bowden A. R. (London and Oxford Universities) Ministry of Commerceand Industries, Tanzania, 1967-68. Now with Fielding Newson-Smith &Co., Stockbrokers, London.

Brewis F. R. M. (Edinburgh University) Ministry of Health, Lesotho,1972-74. Now with the Ministry of Health and Social Security, London.

Brushett S. J. (Cambridge University) Central Planning and DevelopmentOffice, Lesotho, 1976-78. Now with Lesotho National DevelopmentCorporation, Maseru.

Bryant M. W. (Oxford University) Ministry of Works, Power andCommunication, Swaziland, 1975-77. Now a Transport Economist withSir Alexander Gibb & Partners.

Bryson Mrs J. E. (University College of North Wales, Bangor) Ministry ofAgriculture, Malawi, 1972-74. Now a consultant in farm management inNorthumbria.

Burley J. M. (Cambridge University) Ministry Of Planning and EconomicDevelopment, Uganda, 1967-69. Now with the UN DevelopmentProgramme, New York.

Cable J. V. (Cambridge University) The Treasury, Kenya, 1966-68.Subsequently with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Now a seniorResearch Officer at ODI.

Carter M. F. (Universities of Cambridge and Manchester) Ministry ofPlanning and Economic Development, Uganda, 1967-69. Now with theWorld Bank, Washington.

Chalmers M. G. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance andDevelopment Planning, Botswana, 1977-79.

Charlton W. M. (Edinburgh University) Ministry of Lands and NaturalResources, Zambia, 1971-73. Now with Michael Barne and Partners,Land Agents, Scotland.

Cheney G. W. (Oxford University) East African Statistical Department ofthe EAC Common Market and Economic Affairs Secretariat, Nairobi,1970-72. Now an Economic Consultant in the U.S.A.

Cockcroft F. L. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Agriculture, Zambia,1966-68. Now with Bookers Agricultural and Technical Services Ltd.

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Cole A. P. (Oxford University) Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, 1965-67.Now with the World Bank, Washington.

Cook B. V. (Universities of London and St. Andrews) Ministry of Financeand Development Planning, Botswana, 1971-73. Now working in theSudan.

Cook M. A. L. (City University, London and Bristol University) Ministry ofMines and Industry, Zambia, 1972-74. Now Senior Economist with theWelsh Development Agency, Cardiff.

Corkindale J. T. (Universities of Durham and Cambridge) Ministry ofAgriculture, Kenya, 1969-71. Now an Economic Adviser in the Treasury.

Coulson A. C. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Agriculture Food andCo-operatives, Tanzania, 1967-69. Now Lecturer at the Project PlanningCentre for Developing Countries, University of Bradford.

Curwen M. (Cambridge University, Bologna Centre, and London School ofEconomics and Political Science) Botswana Development Corporation,Gaborone, 1970-72. Now with the European Investment Bank, Luxem­ bourg.

Daniel P. J. (Universities of Oxford and East Anglia) EAC CommonMarket and Economic Affairs Secretariat, Arusha, Tanzania, 1970-72.Now Assistant Director, Central Planning Office, Papua New Guinea.

Davies P. A. (University of Warwick) Ministry of Finance, Swaziland,1972-74. Now with Chase Manhattan Bank, London.

Devas C. N. (Universities of Warwick and Liverpool) Central Planning andDevelopment Office, Lesotho, 1975-77. Now a Lecturer in DevelopmentEconomics at the Combined Centre for Urban, Regional and LocalGovernment Studies, University of Birmingham.

Dinwiddy B. H. (Oxford University) Ministries of Finance, and Commerce,Industry and Mines, Swaziland, 1967-69. Now with the Foreign andCommonwealth Office.

Dorward A. R. (Oxford University) Ministry of Agriculture and NaturalResources, Malawi, 1977-79. Now re-engaged in that Ministry.

Dyson M. A. (Lancaster University) Ministry of Transport and Com­ munications, subsequently Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism,Malawi, 1970-72. Now a consultant economist with Coopers andLybrand, London.

Erlichman L. (University of Toronto and London School of Economics andPolitical Science) Ministry of Planning and Economic Development,Uganda, 1971-72.

Farmer W. G. (Enfield College of Technology and Reading University)Ministry of Rural Development, Zambia, 1972-74. Now reading for anMSc in Business Studies, Cranfield College of Technology.

Fegan Miss S. A. (Trinity College, Dublin) Ministry of Health, Malawi,1975-77. Now with UNICEF in Liberia.

Flaye R. M. (Oxford University) Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning, Swaziland, 1976-78. Now reading for MBA at HarvardUniversity.

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Gammage M. A. (City of London Polytechnic and University of Leeds)Ministry of Transport and Communications, Malawi, 1977-79.

Geary K. R. (University of Kent, Canterbury) Ministry of Finance andEconomic Planning, Swaziland, 1974-76. Now a Consultant Economistwith Coopers & Lybrand, London.

Goldsbrough D. J. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance andEconomic Planning, Swaziland, 1973-75. Now with IMF, Washington.

Gray J. G. (Oxford University) Ministry of Finance, Lesotho, 1975-77. Nowat Oxford University.

Green A. T. (Oxford University) Ministry of Health, Swaziland, 1976-78.Now re-engaged in that Ministry.

Grindle R. J. (Trinity College, Dublin) Ministry of Economic Affairs andDevelopment Planning, Tanzania, 1969-71. Now with the Centre forTropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh.

Gudgeon P. S. (Manchester and Simon Fraser Universities) Ministry ofPlanning and Economic Development, Uganda, 1969-71. Now aConsultant Economist with Coopers and Lybrand, London,

ter Haar J. (Keele University) Ministry of Commerce, Industry and WaterAffairs, Botswana, 1970-72. Now with the EEC delegation in Sierra Leone.

Hakim J. R. (Oxford University) Windward Islands Banana Growers'Association, St. Lucia, West Indies, 1975-77. Now with InvestorsChronicle.

Hall M. S. (Oxford University and Polytechnic) Ministry of Works andCommunications, Botswana, 1977-79. Now a Research Associate,University of Newcastle.

Hall P. H. (Oxford University) Botswana Development Corporation,Botswana, 1974-76. Now a Lecturer in Economics, University of NewEngland, Armidale, Australia.

Hammond R. C. (University of York) East African Statistical Departmentof the EAC Common Market and Economic Affairs Secretariat, Nairobi,1971-73. Now a Research Officer in the Housing Department of CamdenBorough Council, London.

Harris G. G. (Universities of Cambridge and Sussex) EAC CommonMarket and Economic Affairs Secretariat, Arusha, Tanzania, 1970-72.Now an Economic Adviser in the Department of Health and SocialSecurity.

Henderson W. (Glasgow University) Ministry of Commerce, Industry andWater Affairs, Botswana, 1968-70. Now a Lecturer in Economics at theUniversity of Birmingham.

Hewitt A. P. (Oxford University and School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, London) Ministry of Labour, Malawi, 1974-76. Now ResearchOfficer at GDI.

Hillier A. P. (University of Sussex) Ministry of Education, Botswana,1974-76. Now reading for MBA at Manchester Business School.

Hills J. R. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance and Development

37

Planning, Botswana, 1976-78. Now a Senior Economic Assistant in theDepartment of the Environment.

Hope Miss C. M. (University of St. Andrews) Ministry of Trade, Industryand Tourism, Malawi, 1974-76.

Hope-Jones K. H. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Trade and Industry,Malawi, 1967-69. Now Project Investigation Manager with INDEBANK,Malawi.

Hornby J. M. (Cambridge University and Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology) Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Foreign Trade,Zambia, 1967-69. Now a Director of Sardanis Associates Limited,London.

Hotchkis R. D. N. (University of Stirling and London School of Economicsand Political Science) Ministry of Finance and Development Planning,Botswana, 1973-75. Now an Investment Oficer with the Co-operativeInsurance Co., Manchester.

Hunt H. J. (Oxford University) Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning, Botswana, 1971-73. Now an economist in the Budget Divisionof the City Treasurer's Department, Coventry.

Joubert C. J. P. (Cape Town and Cambridge Universities) Ministry ofFinance and Development Planning, Botswana, 1969-71. Now anEconomic Adviser in the Department of the Environment.

Joughin J. (Edinburgh University) St. Vincent Marketing Corporation,1976-78. Now with the Tropical Products Institute, Overseas Develop­ ment Administration.

Kilby F. M. (Oxford University and London School of Economics) TheMonetary Authority of Belize, 1976-78. Now with the World Bank,Washington.

Kingston J. G. (Cambridge University) Department of Economic Planningand Statistics, Swaziland, 1970-72. Now with the Industrial andCommercial Finance Corporation, London.

Knowles C. T. (Durham University) Lesotho National DevelopmentCorporation, 1976-78. Now with the EEC delegation, Malawi.

Landell-Mills P. M. (Sorbonne and Cambridge University) The Treasury,Tanzania, 1963-65. Now with the World Bank, Washington.

Lester J. P. (Universities of Cambridge and East Anglia) Ministry ofFinance, Lesotho, 1973-75. Now with the EEC delegation in Madagascar.

Libby T. A. (St. Andrews University) Ministry of Economic Planning andDevelopment, Kenya, 1965-67. Now Assistant Financial Controller ofCope Allman International Limited, London.

Liebenthal R. B. V. (Oxford University) Ministry of Rural Development,Zambia, 1968-70. Now with the World Bank, Washington.

Lister S. E. (Oxford University) Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning, Botswana, 1973-75. Now doing research at Queen ElizabethHouse, Oxford.

McCarthy S. J. (Oxford and Brunei Universities) Ministry of Finance and

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Development Planning, Botswana, 1971-73. Now with the EuropeanInvestment Bank, Luxembourg.

Mackerron G. S. (Universities of Cambridge and Sussex) Economic andPlanning Division, Office of the President and Cabinet, Malawi, 1969-71.Now with the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex.

Mandel S. R. B. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Works andCommunications, Botswana, 1972-74. Now with Coopers and Lybrand,London.

Matthews A. H. (Trinity College, Dublin) Ministry of Rural Development,Zambia, 1970-72. Now a Lecturer in Agricultural Economics, TrinityCollege, Dublin.

Mettrick H. (Cambridge University and London School of Economics andPolitical Science) Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, 1963-65. Now Lecturerin Agricultural Economics at the University of Reading.

Mills Miss A. J. (Oxford University) Ministry of Health, Malawi, 1973-75.Now a Lecturer in Health Economics at the London School of Hygieneand Tropical Medicine.

Mills M. H. (Universities of Cambridge and Sussex) Ministry of Health,Botswana, 1976-78. Now re-engaged in that Ministry.

Modiano P. H. (Oxford University) Central Planning and DevelopmentOffice, Lesotho, 1974-76. Now with the Co-operative DevelopmentAgency.

Morgan, R. G. (Universities of Oxford and East Anglia) Ministry ofFinance and Development Planning, Botswana, 1977-79. Returning toBotswana.

Mosley P. (Universities of Cambridge and Essex) Ministry of EconomicPlanning and Development, Kenya, 1969-71. Now on secondment asEconomic Adviser in the Overseas Development Administration.

Moss R. (Oxford University) Botswana Development Corporation,1972-74. Now Senior Economist with Bookers Agricultural and TechnicalServices Ltd.

Nevin M. J. (Universities of Oxford and Manchester) Central PlanningUnit, Premier's Office, St. Lucia, 1977-79. Now with the CommonwealthDevelopment Corporation.

Newbery D. M. G. (Cambridge University) The Treasury, Tanzania,1965-66. Now Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge.

Nisbet M. (Cambridge University) Lesotho National Development Cor­ poration, Lesotho, 1974-76. Now reading for MBA at HarvardUniversity, U.S.A.

Oakeshott M. A. (Oxford University) Ministry of Economic Planning andDevelopment, Kenya, 1968-70. Now Investments Manager with S. G.Warburg & Co.

Otten A. T. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Swaziland, seconded to Swaziland Kingdom Mission to EEC, Brussels,1973-75. Now with the GATT Secretariat, Geneva.

Page Miss E. A. (University of Exeter) Ministry of Finance and Economic

39

Planning, Swaziland, 1974-76. Now an economist with the Dunlop Group of Companies, London.

Pepper R. (Leeds University) Ministry of Finance and DevelopmentPlanning, Botswana, 1970-72. Now with the World Bank, Washington.

Perks, B. A. (Universities of Southampton and Sussex) National PriceCommission, Ministry of Trade, Tanzania, 1977-79. Now re-engaged inthat Ministry.

Poate C. D. (University College of North Wales, Bangor) Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi, 1976-78. Now with Agricultural Projects Monitor­ ing, Planning and Evaluation Unit, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Polatajko A. (Glasgow University) Ministry of Trade, Industry andTourism, Malawi, 1972-74. Now on a two-year assignment in Nepal,under the Overseas Development Administration.

Popper J. B. A. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning, Swaziland, 1975-77. Now on a two-year assignment in Tonga,under CFTC.

Porter I. C. (Oxford University) National Statistical Office and EconomicPlanning Division, Malawi, 1973-75. Now with the World Bank,Washington.

Potter J. G. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Development and Finance,Zambia, 1967-69. Now running his own company in Cambridge.

Reed I. D. D. (Oxford University) Ministry of Finance, Zambia, 1971-73.Now on secondment as Economic Adviser to North Islington HousingProject.

Reizenstein A. J. (Cambridge University) National Industrial DevelopmentCorporation, Swaziland, 1977-79. Now with S.G. Warburg & Co.

Richardson A. M. (Edinburgh University) Department of EconomicPlanning and Statistics, Swaziland, 1970-72. Now with J. HenrySchroder Wagg and Co.

Riordan M. A. (Queens University, Belfast and Oxford University)Tanzania Investment Bank, Dar es Salaam, 1973-74. Now managing afarming enterprise in Brazil.

Roberts D. H. (University College of North Wales and University of BritishColumbia) Swaziland Development and Savings Bank, Swaziland,1977-79. Now an Economic Assistant with the Scottish DevelopmentAgency.

Robertson Miss S. J. (Oxford University and Centre for West AfricanStudies, University of Birmingham) Ministry of Agriculture, Swazi­ land, 1972-73. Now a Senior Economic Assistant in the Scottish Office,Edinburgh.

Robertson, W. N. (University of Edinburgh) Ministry of Finance, Lesotho,1977-79. Now reading for Ph.D. at Darwin College, Cambridge.

Robinson P. (Lancaster University) Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning, Swaziland, 1976-78. Now reading for MA in RegionalPlanning at University of British Columbia.

Rochford D. I. (Universities of Hull and Manchester) Agricultural and

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Economic Statistics Unit, Dominica, 1977-79. Now financial analystwith Express Dairy Foods.

Ryman R. M. (Oxford University) Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana,1976-78. Now with Hunting Technical Services.

Sandersley G. P. (Oxford University) Ministry of Finance, Mauritius,1965-67. Now Economic Adviser in the Overseas DevelopmentAdministration S.E. Asia Development Division, Bangkok.

Scott A. W. (University of Edinburgh and London School of Economics andPolitical Science) Ministry of Finance and Development Planning,Botswana, 1977-79. Returned to Botswana as D.O. (Development).

SeidlerE. S. (London University) Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, 1970-72.Now with UN Development Programme, Swaziland.

Sellars Miss M. K. (now Mrs Saso) (Universities of Birmingham and Sussex)National Price Commission, Ministry of Commerce and Industries,Tanzania, 1974-76. Now in Japan on a research project for the Japanesegovernment.

Shackleton C. E. E. (Oxford University) Office of National Developmentand Planning, Zambia, 1965-67. Now in business on overseas projects.

Shipster M. D. (Oxford University) Botswana Development Corporation,1972-74. Now with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Sigrist K. E. (St. Andrews University) Ministries of Development Planningand Works and Communications, Botswana, 1968-70. Now with theWorld Bank, Washington.

Simkins C. E. W. (Universities of Witwatersrand and Oxford) Ministry ofMineral Resources annd Water Affairs, Botswana, 1973-75. Nowworking at the University of Pietermaritzburg.

Simkins T. J. (Universities of Birmingham and Sussex) Department ofEconomic Planning and Statistics, Swaziland, 1970-72. Now in theDepartment of Education, Manchester University.

Sinclair M. F. (Oxford University) National Development Corporation,Tanzania, 1965-67. Now Operations Administrator, IntermediateTechnology Development Group.

Slade R. H. (London School of Economics and Political Science) Ministry ofDevelopment Planning, Botswana, 1967-69. Now working on FAO/World Bank co-operative programme.

Smith Miss C. H. (now Mrs Allison) (University of Sussex) Ministry ofFinance and Development Planning Botswana, 1975-77. Now readingfor M.Phil/Ph.D. at Institute of Education, University of London.

Sparkhall K. L. (Universities of Cambridge and Sussex) Ministries ofHealth and Finance, Lesotho, 1971-73. Now Economic Adviser in theOverseas Development Administration.

Speed J. L. G. (Universities of Cambridge and Sussex) District Develop­ ment Officer, Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Botswana,1972-74. Now a Consultant with Deloitte & Co.

Stanton D. (Oxford University) Central Planning Bureau, Uganda,

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1965-67. Now Senior Economic Adviser in the Department of Employment.

Steeds D. R. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Agriculture, Zambia,1966-68. Now with the World Bank, Washington.

Stevens C. A. (University of Wales, Cardiff, School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, London, and London School of Economics and PoliticalScience) Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Botswana,1973-75. Now Research Officer at ODI and Research Fellow atInstitute of Development Studies, Sussex.

Stevens M. L. O. (Trinity College, Dublin) Economic Adviser's Office,Prime Minister's Office, Sierra Leone, 1966-68. Now with the StateEconomic Planning Unit, Kofa Bhani, Malaysia.

Sweetman L. T. (Oxford University, College of Europe at Bruges, LondonSchool of Economics and Political Science) Ministry of Agriculture,Kenya, 1967-69. Now with the Overseas Development Administration,working on a rural development project in India.

Teal F. J. (Durham University and London School of Economics andPolitical Science) Tanzania Investment Bank, Dar es Salaam, 1972-74.Now a Lecturer in Economics at the School of Oriental and AfricanStudies, London.

Thomas S. (Bristol University) Economic Planning Division, Office of thePresident and Cabinet, Malawi, 1971-73. Now a Research Officer in theTransport Studies Unit, University of Oxford.

Thomson B. P. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance and Develop­ ment Planning, Botswana, 1970-72. Now an Economic Adviser in theOverseas Development Administration.

Trapman C. (Reading University) Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, 1968-70.Now managing rural projects in Chad under the auspices of the WorldBank.

Tulloch P. J. (St. Andrews University) Ministry of Planning and EconomicDevelopment, Kenya, 1966-68. Now in the Trade and DevelopmentDivision of the GATT Secretariat in Geneva.

Turnbull A. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Commerce, Industry andForeign Trade, Zambia, 1968-70. Now Assistant Secretary in theTreasury.

Tyler G. P. (Universities of Cambridge and Oxford) Ministry of Agricultureand Natural Resources, Malawi, 1977-79. Now with Tate & LyleLimited.

Uhlig S. J. (Cambridge University) Department of Economic Planning andStatistics, Swaziland, 1972-74. Now a Senior Economic Assistant in theOverseas Development Administration.

Waller P. (University of Manchester) Botswana Development Corporation,Botswana, 1975-77. Now with Industrial and Commercial FinanceCorporation, London.

Walton M. J. P. (Oxford University) Central Planning and DevelopmentOffice, Lesotho, 1977-79. Now with the World Bank, Washington.

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Weale M. R. (Cambridge University) National Statistical Office, Malawi, 1977-79. Now with the Department of Applied Economics, Cam­ bridge.

Weedon R. A. (Witwatersrand and Oxford Universities) Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, Botswana, 1969-71. Now a Lecturer at the University of Botswana and Swaziland, Gaborone.

Wenban-Smith H. B. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance, Zambia, 1964-65. Now on secondment to Coopers and Lybrand.

White C. J. B. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, Botswana, 1968-70. Now an Economic Adviser in the Overseas Development Administration EADD, Nairobi.

Whitworth A. G. (Universities of Bristol and Glasgow) National Price Commission, Tanzania, 1976-78. Now Temporary Lecturer at Uni­ versity of Glasgow.

Whitworth C. H. (Universities of Cambridge and Manchester) Ministry of Trade and Industry, Zambia, 1972-74.

Wilkinson G. A. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Uganda, 1971-72. Now with the EEC Commission, Brussels.

Williams M. L. (Cambridge University) Ministry of Finance, Zambia, 1969-71. Now Principal in the Treasury.

Young C. E. (Oxford University) Ministry of Development and Finance, Zambia, 1964-66. Now a Senior Economic Adviser in the Overseas Development Administration.

Zammit Cutajar M. A. (London University) Uganda Development Corporation 1963-65. Now with the International Foundation for Development Alternatives, Geneva.

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