Organic-walled microfossils of doubtful origin in Permia~ andTriassic sequences on peninsular India

R.S. Tiwari, Archana Tripathi & Vijaya

Tiwari RS, Tripathi Archana & Vijaya 1995. Organic-walled microfossils of doubtful origin in Permian and Triassic

sequences on peninsular India. Palaeoholanisl 43(1): 1-38

The Permian and Triassic succession of the Indian Gondwana Sequence, with the exception of Lower Permian Talchir

Formation, has been considered (() be deposited in fluviatile-lacustrine environment-Palynological investigations of these deposits

h:we revealed the presence of rich assemblages of spores, pollen and other organic-walled microfossils of doubtful origin

(OMIDO) belonging (() the group Acritarcha in its broader sense. !(ecent discoveries of marine signatures from these deposits

depicted by sedimentological, biotic and chemical fealUres strongly prompt for a detailed investigation of OMIOOs for their

authentic application in determining the palaeoenvironment. Sporadic or consistent occurrence of OMIDOs has been recordedfrom Talchir to Panchet formations at various lime intervals. The increase in the brackish water regime on to the Indian Peninsula

near the deltaic sea-shore regions could have proVided suitable environment from time to time for the growth of OMIDOs. This

could have occurred due to the well known glohal transgressions during Permian and Triassic times. Jt is, therefore, importantthat the non-marine nature of Indian Gondwana should be skeptically viewed in order to find possible marine signatures in thiS

sequence. The present slUdy reveals that there had been three major diversit)' acme phases of OMIDOs during PelTI1ian, viz., (i)

Talchir/Karharbari, (ii) Upper Barakar, and (iii) Upper Raniganj fOlTI1atiom. They broadly coincide with the onset of regression.Although the data is meagre, a similar trend in occurrences of OMIDOs has been observed in the Triassic.

Key-words - Palynology, Organic-walled microfossils, Permian, Triassic (India).

R.S. Tiwari, Archana Tripathi & Vijaya, Bi"hal Sahl1llnstitute ofPalaeohotany. 53 Uniuersity Road, LucJ..mow 226 007, India.

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OMIDOs-the acronym for the "organic-walledmicrofossils of doubtful origin", include organicbodies commonly termed as alete spores andacritarchs As opined by Traverse 0988, p. 5) a group

of a large range of presumed algal bodies, and in­dicating marine to fresh water environment, is in­cluded in acritarchs which means of'doubtful origin'.The OMIDOs are recorded in palynological prepara-

2 THE I'ALAE0130TANIST

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Text-figure I-Map .,howing major Gondwana basins on peninsular India and the areas in Himalaya to illustrate Permian and Triassic sequencesconsidered in the present study.

tions ofrhe Gondwana Sequence from almost all thebasins on the Indian Peninsula. The palaeoenviron­mental significance of these OMIDOs has been amatter. of discussion for the last three decades. Arethese microfossils indicators of marine environments?Most of these forms do not possess prominent or­namentation or processes. They are recorded from

several levels in the Permian and Triassic successionswhich are conventionally considered as non-marine.These forms are, however, also found to be richlyassociated with the sediments containing marine in­vertebrate fauna, i.e, eurydesmid and productid, andbrachiopod in the Talchir Formation. The presenceof this fauna is an unequivocal evidence for marine

TIWARI el at. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSILS IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 3

environment, and the rich association of OMIDOswith this fauna initiated a thinking that the OMIDOscould be the indicators of increased salinity(Venkatachala & Tiwari, 1988).

The repoI1 of Quadrisporites Henn. emend.Potonie & Lele 1961 from Talchir sediments was thefirst record as alete spores from Indian Gondwana,which is now proved to be similar in its morpho­graphy to the spore tetrad of extant Riccia personiiKhan (Pant & Singh, 1991). Thereafter, Tiwari (965)and Maheshwari (967) observed smooth-walled andlow-ornamented forms in the Barakar Formation ofKorba, West Bokaro and Bansloi Valley coalfields.During the last two decades, a number of publica­tions have appeared as a result of extensivepalynostratigraphical studies, reporting the presenceof OMIDOs assemblages from different horizons invarious basins (Banerjee & D'Rozario, 1988;Venkatachala & Tiwari, 1988; Tiwari & Ram-Awatar,1990; Srivastava &]ha, 1992a, 1992b).

MATERIAL

The material for the present study has beenselected from the already published data encompass­ing Permian and Triassic sequences (Table 1) in allmajor basins of India (Text-figure 1). Severalpalynological preparations (Table 2) have been ex­amined in order to assess the qualitative as well asquantitative distribution of different forms of theGroup - Acritarcha. Data from Himalaya in the

Table 2 - Details of material considered for the present study

Table 1 -Showing stratigraphy and biohorizons through Per­

mian and Triassic sequences on Indian Peninsula

(adaptcd aftcr Vijaya & Tiwari, 1992)

my Period Age Formation Bio-

horizon

Tl Early Scythian Panchet VIIILOWEI(

250 TRIASSIC

»2 End Permian 1(:lIlig,mj VIIUPPEI(

PERMIAN

270 Kuhi VI

Early Barakar V

Permian

1'1 Karharbari IV

LOWEIt

PE]tMlAN

L. Sakmarian II]

E. Sakmarian Talchir II

290 L. Asselian I

extra-peninsular region has also been incorporatedfor comparison.

OMIDOs ASSEMBlAGE

The forms described so far by various workersfrom the Indian Gondwana Sequence as Acritarcha,Aletes and [ncert.ae sedisa re en listed below under theGroupAcritarcha sensu Tappan (980). In view of thepolyphyletic nature of assemblages of this grouprepresenting a variety of Iife stages, the concept of theterm Acritarcha adapted by Tappan (980) is mostexpressive.

Basin

It,ljmahal

D'lmodar

Area/Coalfield

N.E. Pan, B.H. I(jNE-32

BH.l(jlt-2

Bansloi

Chuperbhita

Hur'l

]haria

We.,t Bokaro

Lithology

Clay, Shale

Clay, Siltstone

Carbonaceous shale

Carbonaceous shale

Khaki green shale, Siltstone

Coal, Shale, Sandstone

Siltstone, Mudstone, Khaki green

shale

Siltsrone

Siltstone, Carbonaceous sh~1e

Carbonaceous shale

Carbon'lCeou~shale

Formation/Horizon

Upper Permian

Dubrajpur

llarakar

Barakar

Talchir

Ibrakar

Talchir

Talchir

Talchir, Karharb~ri

Bar'lk,lr

Karharbari

Iteferences

Present study

Tripathi, Tiwari I'< Kumar, 1990

Maheshwari,1967

Banerjee I'< D'itozario, 1990

D'ltozario I'< Banerjee, 19H7

Banerjee & D'ltozario, 1990

Tiwari, Srivastava, Tripathi & Singh,

19H1

Lele, 1975

Anand-Prakash, Srivastava & Tiwari,

1979

Tiw ari,1965

Banerjee, 19HH

COl1ld

4

Basin Area/Coalfield Lithology

THE PALAE0130TANIST

formation/Horizon References

Green-grey needle shale, yellow- Talchirgreen sandstone

Carbonaceous shale l1araKar

Oeogarh

Koel

Son

Satpura

Smllh Karanpura

I{aniganj

Jayanti

Giridih

Hutar

Auranga

Singrauli

Korba

Umaria and

Manendragarh

Umaria

Chirimiri

Korar

johilla

Pali

Bisrampur

Oodhara

Pendl-Kanhan

l1elLll

Kamptee

Mohpani

Coal, Shale, Carbonaceous shale

Coal, Shale

Khaki green shale

Silty shale

Khaki green shale, Silty shale

Needle shale, Siltstone

Needle shale, Siltstone.

Carbonaceous shale

Mudstone

Coal

Sandstone, Siltstone

Carbonaceous shale

Coal

Carbonaceous shale, Coal

Shale, Coal

Coaly shale, Coal

Coal

Green-grey needle shale. yellow­

green sandstone

Carbonaceous shale

Green and red sandy shale. black

shale

Coal, Carbonaceous shale

Siltstone, khaki green shale

Coal

Shale, Sandstone

Carbonaceous shale, Coal

Carbonaceous shale

Coal

Buff, red, khaki green, grey shale

Siltstone, Shale

Khaki-green shale

Sandstone

Needle sh:de

Karharbari

Barakar

l1arakar

Barakar

Panchet

Su pra -I'a nchet

Panchet, Supra­

Panchet

Talchir

Talchir, Karharhari

Talchir

Barak3r

Talchir, Karharhari

Karharbari

Barakar, Kulti,

Ranigan;

l1arakar

l1arakar

l1arakar, Haniganj

Barakar

Talchir, Karharbari

Barakar

Talchir

Karharbari

Talchir

l1arakar

Upper Permian

Karharbari

I'ali

Barakar

Talchir

Talchir

Talchir

Karharbari

Talchir

Bharadwaj & Anand-Prakash, 1972

I1haradwaj & Owivedi, 191\1

Lele & Kulkarni, 1969

Tiwari,1973

Bharadwaj, Tiwari & Anand-Prakash,1979

Tiwari & Hana. 1980

Tiwari & Hana, 191\1

Lele & Karim, 1971

Lele&Makada, 1972, 1974

Srivastava, 1973a

Lele & Shukla, 191\0; Shukla, 1983

Lele & Srivastava, 1980;

Present study

Srivastava & Anand-Prakash, 1973

Tiwari,I%9

Sinha, 1969; I3haradwaj& Sinha, 1969;Tiwari & Srivastava, 1984

Tiwari,I%5

llharadwaj & Srivastava, 1973

Sriv:lstava, 1973b

Hawat, 191\4

Lele & Chandra, 1972Bharadwaj, Srivastava & Anand­

Prakash, 1979

Srivastava & Anand-Prakash, 191\4

Chandra & Lele, 1979

Chandra & Srivastava, 191\6

Tiwari & Ram-Awatar, 1987

Anand-Prabsh & Srivastava, 1984;Chandra & Lele. 1979

Tiwari & l{am-Awatar, 1986

Bharadwaj & Srivastava, 1970:Chandra & Srivastava. 1986

llharadwaj, Tiwari & Anand­

Prakash,1978

llharadwaj, Navale & Anand-Prakash,1974

Srivastava, Anand-Prakash & Sarate,1989

Sarate, 1985

llharadwaj. Navale & Anand-Prakash.1974

Comc/.

TIWARI et at. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSIL'; IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 5

llasin Area/Coalfield Lithology Formati()n/Horizon References

&

Lele,1984

Nautiyal,1975

Srivastava & Duua, 1977

Singh,1987

Duua, :irivastava & Gogoi, 1988

Srivastava, Anand- Prakash &

Singh, 1988

Balme, 1970

Sarjeant, 1970

Srivastava, 1987

Srivastava & ]ha, 1992b

Srivastava & Jha, 1993

Srivastava &]ha, 1987

Tiwari & Moiz, 1971

Hawat&Jain, 1985

Venkatachala & Rawat, 1973

Venkatachala & Rawat, 1984

Lukose & Misra. 1980

Karharbari

Karharbari

Karharhari

Talchir

Karharhari

Barakar

Upper Permian

Lower Triassic

Talchir, Karharbari

Talchir

Srivastava & ]ha, 1992a

Barakar

Karharhari to Kamthi

Karharbari 10 Kamthi

Kamlhi

Barakar

Talchir

Talchir

Talchir

Pre-Lathi,Upper Permian

Lower Triassic

Anand-Prakash, 1972 •

Bharadwaj & Anand-Prakash, 1974

:iarate, 1986

Karharbari, Barakar Sriv:<stava & Sarate, 1989

Talchir Tiwari, Tripathi, DuuMukhopadhyay, 1987

Karharbari, Barakar Srivastava, 1984; Tripathi, 1993

Black shale

Coal

Claystone

Khaki green shale

Silty greyish cia ystone

Claystone, Carbonaceous shale

Shale, Coal

Coal, Shale, Sandstone

Khaki green shale

Grey shale with siltstone band

Khaki green shale, Black shale,

Calcareous and greenish-grey

micaceous sandstone

Carbonaceous shale

Siltstone,

Carbonaceous Shale.

Coal, :ihale

Shale

Shale

Grey shale, Carbonaceous Shale,

Coal

:iiltstone with dispersed clasts

Talchir to K3mthi

Kashmir

Arunachal

Talcher

West Pakistan

I'athakhera

Irai

Kh:lJnmam,

Koth:'gudem, KI13mmam

YelJendu, Manuguru

Chintalpudi

Chelpur

Godavari

Chandrawelli area

Chingleput

Near Nawagaon

Jaisalmer

Athgarh

Himalaya

Pabr

Rajasth;1n

Penganga

Godavari

lvlahanadi

Group - Acritarcha

Subgroup - Sphaeromorphitae

L. minuta (Staplin) Downie & Sarjeant 1965

L. cf. L. wenlokia in Nautiyal 1977

Genus--leiosplJaeridia (Eisenack) Downie & Sarjeant 1965Genus---Pilasporites BaLme & Hennelly emend, Tiwari &

Navale 1967

L. crescentica Sinha 1969

L. simplex Sinha 1969

L. talchirensis Lele & Karim 1971

P. calculus Balme & Hennelly 1956

P. brevis Sinha 1969

P. ovatus Lele & Makada 1974

L. indica Lele & Chandra 1972

L. umariensis Lele & Chandra 1972Genus--KildinelU:l Timofeev 1966

L. bokaroensis Lele 1975 K ghoshii Lele 1984

6 THE PALAE0130TANIST

Genus--Lopbospbaeridium Timofeev ex. Downie 1963 Genus--Dictyo[ofusa Eisenack 1938

Lophosphaeridium sp. in Lele 1984

Genus-Origmatospl}{leridium Timofeev 1966

Origmatosphaeridiumsp. in Lele 1984

Genus---Tracbyminuscu[a Naumova 1937

Trachyminusculasp. in Lele & Chandra 1972

Genus--Margomassulina Naumova 1937

Margomassulinasp. in LeJe & Chandra 1972

Genus--Protomassulina Naumova 1937

Protomassulina sp. in Lele & Chandra 1972

Genus-SingraulipoUeniles Sinha 1969

S. indicus Sinha 1969

S·finitimus Sinha 1969

Genus---Hindispods Bharadwa; & Sinha 1969

H. senii Bharadwaj & Sinha 1969

Subgroup---Netromorphitae

Genus--Foveofusa Lcle & Chandra 1972

F. peljorata Lele & Chandra 1972

F. obsesa Lele & Chandra 1972

F. cylindrica Lele & Chandra 1972

F. mutabilis Lele & Chandra 1972

F. pumila Lele & Chandra 1972

F. attenuata Lele & Chandra 1972

Gcnus--Leioj'usa Eisenack 1938

Leiofusa sp. in Venkatachala & Rawat 1984

DicZyolofusasp. in Venkatachala & Rawat 1984

Subgroup---Herkomorphitae

Gcnus-Dictyolidillm Eisenack 1938

Dictyotidiumsp. in Lele & Chandra 1972

Genus--Maculatasporites Tiwari 1965

M. gondwanensisTiwari 1965

M. karanpuraensis Lele & Kulkarni 1969

Genus----GreinerviUites Bose & Kar 1967

G. undulatus Bose & Kar 1967

G. irregularis Sinha 1969

Greinervillites sp. in Sinha 1969

Subgroup-Schizomorphitae

Genus---Hemispbaerium Hemmer & Nygreen 1967

H. Signum Hemmer & Nygreen 1967

H. singrauliensis Sinha 1969

H. punctatus Anand-Prakash 1972

Genu!'r-Circulisporites de Jersey emend. Norris 1962

C. parvus de Jersey emend. Norris 1962

Genus--PeUacystia Balme & segroves 1967

P. venosa Balme & Segraves 1967

Genus-Brazilea Tiwari & Navale 1967

B. punctata Tiwari & Navale 1967

B. crassaTiwari & Navale 1967

TIWARI el at. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSIL,> IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 7

Genus---Gondispbaeridium Tiwari & Moiz 1971

G. levis Tiwari & Moiz 1971

Genus--Globulaespbaeridium Tiwari & Moiz 1971

G. densus Tiwari & Moiz 1971

Globulaesphaeridiumsp. in Tiwari & Moiz 1971

Genus-BalmeeUa Pant & Mehra 1963

B. gigantea Bose & Maheshwari 1968

B. densicorpaTiwari & Navale 1967

B. punctata Tiwari & Navale 1967

B. tetragona Pant & Mehra 1963

Subgroup-Disphaeromorphitae

Genus-Spongtocysla segroves 1967

Spongiocystasp. in Srivastava 1973

Subgroup-Polygonomorphitae

Genus-Veryhacbium Deunff emend. Downie & Sacjeant 1963

V. irregulareJekhowsky 1961

V. valensii (Valensi) Downie & Sarjeant 1964

Veryhachium sp. (present study)

Subgroup-Tasmanititae

Genus-Tasmaniles Newton emend. Schopf 1944

T. talchirensis Lele 1984

Tasmanites sp. (=Type A, in Tripathi et at. 1990)

Subgroup-Porata

Genus-Telraporina Naumova ex. Naumova emend. Kar &

Bose 1976

Tetraporinasp. in Banerjee& D'Rozario 1988

Genus-Scbtzosporis Cookson & Dettmann 1959

S. scissus (Balme & Hennelly) Hart 1965

Subgroup-Acanthomorphitae

Genus-Deun.ffia Downie 1960

D. unispinosa (Schonfeld) Sarjeant 1970

Genus-Mtcrbyslridium Deflandre 1937

M. alteratoides Deflandre emend. Sarjeant 1967

M. circulum Schonfeld 1967

M. inconspicum (Deflandre) Deflandre 1987

Genus-Wi/sonaslrum Jansonlus 1962

W. colonicumJansonius 1962

Genus---Polyedryxium Deunff 1954

Polyedryxium sp. in Sarjeant 1970

Type A in Tripathi 1993

The palaeoenvironmental significance of eachtaxon in the above list cannot necessarily be derived.However, based on the available data, such deriva­tions, at least on the basis of subgroups, are possibleas given in Tables 3 and 4.

DIVERSIlY OF FORMS

The OMIDOs associated with the spore-pollenassemblages are of varied kinds in their morpho­graphy (PI. 1, figs 1-10; PI. 2, figs 1-13; PI. 3, figs 1-9).In order to understand their diversity, the overallshape, exine pattern and exterior-communicating

8 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Table 3---Palaeoenvf!"pnmental interpretation based on occurrences and varied composition of the Group Acritarcha as interpreted

by various workers

Group Generic Diversity Occurrence Hemarks Heference

Acanthomorphitae F~voursan inshore partly W~lI, 1965

enclosed environment

Prasinophytes Tasmcmites, Leiosphaeridia Ahundance

Lophosphaeridiu m

Leiosphaerids" Low diversity Dominance

13allisphaerid, V,eryhachi<h,

Polygonium,

Netromorphitae

Nelromorphitae Elongate 10 fusiform taxa Dominance

Spinysphaers Dominance

Near-shore environment

Near-shore and shallow

water environment

Open se<l <lrea

Closesl 10 land, includes

brackish deposils

In-shore hasinal

environment

Prauss & Hiegel, 1989

Wicander & Playford, 1985

Tappan, 1980; Jacohson,

1979; Doming, 1982

Tappan, 1980;]acohson,

1979; Wright & Meyers,

1981; Wall, 1965

Tappan, 1980

Near-shore perhaps shallow Doming, 1981;

water environment Davey, 1970

Gray & Boucot, 1972

Wall,1965In-shore environment

Near-shore environment

Off-shore environment

In fine-grained silty shale Tappan, 1980

and siltstone and rocks of

considerahle carhonate

Dominance

Low to moderate

ahundance

Diverse assemblages

Diversified

Low processes

Low diversity

Micrhystridium

Micrhystridium, Laevigate

types Veryhachium

Micrhystridium

Baltisphaen'dium

Sphaeromorphitae

Acanthomorphitae

Acritarch

Complex taxa

Simple taxa

content

Off-shore environment

Near-shore environment

Tappan, 1980; Downie,

1979; Traverse, 1988

Leiosphaerids,

Veryhachids

Acritarchs

For<lminifera

Dominance

Ahundance

Meagre

Near-shore shallow water

environmenl

[n phosphorite containing

rocks

Low salinity

Wright & Meyers, 1981

Jacohson, Wardlaw &

Saxlon, 1982

Harris & Mc Gowrn, 1971

in Foster, 1974

ways are rhe main fearures ro be considered, Fordererminaqon of rheir disrriburion rhrough 1ime, rhebiohorizons demarcared by Vijaya and Tiwari (992)in rhe Permian and Triassic successions on rhe penin­sular India have been used as key levels (Table 1).

len, These assemblages are associared wirh OMIDOswhich are spherical having unornamenred exine, andwirhour any splining mode on body-surface (Tables5, 6; Texr-figure 2).

Early Permian (Late Asselian-Early Sakmarian)

Earliest Permian (? Early Asselian)

The palynoassemblages recovered fromBiohorizon-I level, (Talchir Formarion) in Arhgarhand Damodar basins conrain a non-diversifiedpalynoflora consisring mainly of monosaccare pol-

Wirh rhe increased morphological compleXitycharacrerizing rhe palynological assemblages fromBiohorizons - II and III wirhin Talchir Formarion, rheOMIDOs also show diversity, although rheir frequen­cy flucruares in various basins (Tables 5, 6; Texr-

TIWARI el at. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSIL') IN PERMlAN ANO TRlASSIC SEQUENCES 9

l\

~\

3

9

6

:21"

•

iII:j!Il

""\

!IIi

•u-

, _J.:"f:~.. ~fi~-// .... 4 , ••It:~ ~

...:/.'~' ·\·i::)"'~t\h';'" <."t~~-,10' ' ... .-."t'· !~" ~; :1 {f#i\ h "{;?/~";,...'~~=-';';~":'. '.' -: .•::.1t;~J.:~~~' '

~I;;;'

~

~

~. ~t'... . , "'" - . __ .

. ·7.~,~·~.:'. ,.~i!1""" .~t ...., . .~ ,.",

t ~'::t"i" f,-ii,", , .... .. t' '

.J..'_' "'j.f.';...~"!";...' ~.. "-:-.... . X J""

.... ~":

,"

,l~)'~;~\ ,', "~; ,",' ~/ ..~..\t ,-, ~

".

..

,.~~

7PlATE 1

l.

2

34,5

LeiosphaeridiaPi/usporites!-'oveo!usuKildil1el!u x 7505ingmuhpol!eniles

(All photomicrogrdphs are x 500, unless otherwise stated)

6. Prolomassulina7. Hind('P0risH. Murgomassulina x 7509. DiClyolidium10. }-(weofusa

10

Table 4---Palaeoenvironmental interpretation

Specific diversity in population

Single species population

Highly diverse heterogeneous assemhlage, moderate

ahundance

Species wilh reduced processes

Species with low delicate processes

Species diversity and varied generic morphology

THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Hemarks

In-shore condition

Off- shore

Tolerance turbulent conditions

Quite depOSition

Transgressive phases and open

sea environment

Heference

Tappan, 1980

Tappan, 1980; Doming, 1981

Tappan, 1980

Tappan, 1980

Tappan, 1980; Vidal & Knoll, 1983 in Traverse, 1988

Decreased diversity

Low diversity assembbges

Regressive phases, deposition of Tappan, 1980

coarser sediments

Towards near-shore in marine Tappan, 1980; Traverse, 1988

environment

High diversity hloom

Coastal environment

Shallow water with poor

Circulation

Vidal & Knoll. 1983 in Traverse, 198H

Doming, 1981

figures 3, 4). This kind of change is widespread at thislevel and it indicates that the OMIDOs are at thetransforming phase in their morphology. The overallvariations in shape observed are: spherical, spindle­like to squarish (Leiosphaeridia, Foveofusa, Balmeel­la); the excystment is either longitudinal

.....

(SehizospOris) or equatorial (Peltaeystia). Diversityhas also occurred in exine pattern from smooth toreticulate (Leiosphaeridia, Maeulataspon'tes, Die­tyotidium). An increase in percentage but lowspecies diversity are recorded in Koel, Deogarh,Damodar, Satpura and Mahanadi Basin coalfields(Tables 5, 6; Text-figures 3, 4, 11) .

,<;'"~ :

(:;.

~ :1)"1:> ".

••••••C)0 'ClIo:'"'" 0 0 '.._. 0:

-0. .:

(..... ···Q;·:~J2S:.: ...·9.a:.~}...~~•••• (J +~§..:

""'::"'0c:5'<.....%s~ .......~ ...

'0. 0...... ~ ...... .'. .° 0 :........

·.. ····0····.o .:~o~ ... ,............C:;; ...

~"

<:) :

BIOHORIZON - I

0/::,0., .E9.+. 81

Mid-Early Permian (Late Sakmarian-EarlyArtinskian)

The generic and species diversity of pollen andspores has prevailed from the older sequence duringthe CrueisaeeitesInterbiohorizon zone. Not much isadded to the group of OMIDOs during Upper Talchirand Lower Karharbari formations (Tables 5, 6; Text­figures 5, 11). Interestingly. a sudden decline in thekind and number of these forms in the subsequenthorizons, i.e., during Upper Karharbari and LowerBarakar (Tables 5, 6) is recorded.

Late Early Permian

Text-figure 2-Distrihution pallem of OMIDOs at the level ofBiohorizon-I,Lower Talchir Formation, Early Permian, in differentbasins on peninsular India. The Acritarcha Group is non-diversifiedand low in frequency. The symbols represent-circle = rare (1-4%),triangle = common (5-10%) and square = abundant (11-25%). Thequalitative diversity within lhe OMIDOs is depicted as hlank sym­hols which represent non-diversified stale, the ruled symhols are ofmediumly diversified state (2-4 Iypes), and plus mark wilhin eachsymbol indicates high form-diversity (more than 5 lypeS). Thesesymhols are followed as such in Text-figures 3-11.

Next phase in the course of diversification isidentified in the Mid-Upper Barakar Formation, theBarakaritesInterbiohorizon, as seen in the Rajmahal,Damodar, and Godavari basins (Tables 5, 6; Text­figures 6, 11). Diversity has prevailed in the mixedpopulation of the OMIDOs, represenled mainly bythe subgroups - Herkomorphitae anc.! Schizomor-

TIWARI el at. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSIL') IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 11

4

••11

1

PlATE 2

2.

34.

">.6.

Oril!matmphaeridium x 250PeltacystiaTasmcmiles x 250Micrhystn·diumCreinervillitesH,ml(,pbaerium

(All photomicrographs are x 500, unless otherwise staled)

7. BrazileaH. Veryhachium9. Balmeella10. Vase-shaped bodyII. Tetraporina12,13. Type A in Tripalhi, 1993

Tab

le5

-D

istr

ibu

tio

no

forg

anic

-wal

led

mic

rofo

ssil

so

fd

ou

btf

ulo

rig

inin

dif

fere

nt

coal

fiel

ds/

area

so

fv

ario

us

bas

ins

on

Ind

ian

Pen

insu

laat

dif

fere

nt

tim

ele

vels

.T

he

list

ing

of

tax

au

pto

spec

ies

leve

lan

do

ccu

rren

ceo

fO

MID

Os

Wit

hth

eir

freq

uen

cyh

asb

een

mad

ew

her

eav

aila

ble

.D

ata

fro

mH

imal

aya

and

Wes

tP

akis

tan

has

bee

nin

clu

ded

for

com

par

iso

n.

Th

ed

ata-

bas

eis

asg

iven

inT

able

2.T

he

circ

les

ind

icat

eth

era

ng

eo

fO

MID

Os

asse

mb

lag

e.

.P

EF

IlPA

LA

RI'E

NG

AN

GA

GO

IJA

VA

lUM

AH

AN

AD

IE

P0

J

R0

H0

IC

MH

AT

HG

AR

HT

AlC

HE

RIl

3·R

IVE

R

0H

A0

0T

RI

I

0Z

N0 N IX

T3

0-

U-

T213

r---

R-

TA

!{ IJ

AT

IP

SU

VII

I

S

~I C

A N C H E T

VII

{]ngmnli1"'lIm,,~,

Le

iosp

ha

eri

dia

R(2

5%

)

A~

NM

acu

lala

,po

rile

s

Ig

un

dw

an

en

sis,

Pi/a

spo

rite

ssr

-,

GL

eiu

sph

ae

rid

iala

lch

ire

nsi

s

A(u

pto

SUA)

)1'2

'--

N J

......

N

II

~""n,"

,ed

KV

l~crit~rch

UL

eius

phae

nc!l

a

L(u

pto

2°;i,

)

TP

I

E~

13T

etra

pon·

lla.

Bra

zile

a,R

Bal

mee

//a.

AG

lobu

h\ph

aeri

diu

m.P

elta

cyst

ia,

MR

Hem

(,ph

aeri

um

,-

AM

acul

alas

pori

les,

Pil

aspo

n'te

s,T

yp

eA

.F

Ol!e

o/us

a,K

VL

eiu.

,pha

en"d

iaI

Lei

usph

aeri

dia

A'-

-(r~re)

AR

-

NI---

IV~~

w,,,

a""'

ri'~

'P;{a

"",ri'

~.IP<"'Pori

'~H

emis

phae

riu

m,

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

plur

igen

us.

K(u

pto

32%

)L

eios

phae

ridi

aA

(up

to2%

)R H

1'1A R B A R I

,-

1II

ILeia",b"ri

di.

(30%

)

c-- Tas

man

iles

tale

hire

nsis

.-

Lop

hosp

haer

idiu

m,

IID

iety

lo/u

sa,

Lei

o/us

a,O

rigm

atos

phae

n'di

um,

TL

eios

phae

ridi

asp

.K

ildi

nell

agh

oshi

i.(8

0%)

A-

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

boka

roen

sis

L(8

0%)

C[

-o

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

H(r

are)

I R.

:j ~ >­ :::J

~ ~ I o :::J

() >­ Z (} ~ >­ r­ r­ tTl v 3: o :::J o .,., o './>

'./> r;; Z tTl ~ :; Z >­ Z v -l :::J :; './>

'./> n './>

tTl

,Q C tTl

Z n tTl

'./> - \.>J

l'E

FII

EP

0I

RA

JAST

HA

NSA

TPU

RA

RO

.R

0

IC

MH

0H

A0

0T

RBA

PJA

ISA

LM

ER

OO

-OH

AR

AM

OH

I'A

NI

PE

NC

H-

UM

HEH

PATHAKHEI~

[[

KA

NH

AN

0Z

N0 N

0IX

~aperturoP()lIenites

indi

cus,

Tj

UM

icrh

ystr

idiu

mf-

-----

13-

T2R

f------

Ar-

TJ

RP

IT

IU

A

~5 S

PI

A

CN

VII

I

C H E T

- WiL

mna

stru

m.M

icrh

yitn

·diu

mR

alte

ra/o

ides

,M

.ci

rcul

um.

M.

AV

lIin

cons

picu

m,

M.

dens

ispi

l1os

um,

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eryh

ach

ium

irre

gu/a

re.

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lens

ii,

ILe

iQ[u

sasp

.G

-P2

A N J

KI

pU L T

VI

EI

R

IlM

AO

Ale

les

ItC3

to6%

)I

A KV

AA It

N-

)IV

KO

Ale

tes

0-5

%)

1'1A J(

Pil

wpo

rite

sP

Pi/

aspo

n'te

sH

OO

O;h

)0

0%

)A It 13 A R

Pi/

aspo

rite

sI

00

%)

-:>

JlI

)-

oL

eios

phae

ridi

aT

yp

eA

,T

yp

e13

,F

o(}e

o!us

a,0

6.5

%1)

Pi/

aspo

rite

s,L

eios

phae

ridi

a

T(8

0%)

-A L

II

C H I R[

.

...., ~ > ::<l

~ ~ I o ::<l

C,) > Z n ~ > t""'

t""' rr1 v $: n ::<l o ." o Vl~ ~ Z r.1 ~ ;; Z > Z v ...., ::<

l ;; Vl

Vl n Vl

rr1 rO c rr1 Z n rr1 Vl -\J\

PE

F0

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ALL

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KO

EL-

VA

LLE

Y

EP

0I

R0

oR0

IC

MH

0H

A0

DT

RK

OR

OA

CH

IRIM

IRI

JOH

ILL

AU

MA

RIA

MA

NE

ND

RA

GA

RH

SIN

GR

AU

LIA

UR

AN

GA

HU

TA

RI

I0

ZN

0 N

DIX

T3U

-B

-

TzR

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-T

JR

P

IT

IU

AR

SI{

S IA

CN C H

IoT

ype

A,

Typ

e[l

E«

1"10

,)

TV

III

-,-

-T

ype

A.

Spon

gioc

ysta

,V

IIP

elta

cyst

ia,

Bal

mee

lla,

RLf

?ios

phae

rldi

aP

elta

cyst

ia,

A(5

-10%

)C

ircu

lisp

orlt

es,

N-

Gre

iner

uill

ites

Iir

regu

larl

s,G

Gun

dula

tus,

AM

acul

atas

porl

tes

Ng

on

dw

ane

nsis

,

JSi

ngra

ulip

olle

nite

sin

dicu

s,S.

jlni

tim

uS,

Hem

isph

aerl

um

,H

indi

spor

ls,

Pila

spor

ites,

Lf?i

osph

aeri

dla

(0.5

-2.5

%)

-Pz

rI

!I

pK U

'""V

eryh

achi

um,

EL

Spon

giuL

ysla

,T

VI

)C

luhu

lat's

phae

-R

Iri

dium

,f--'--

Bal

mee

lla,

MB

razi

lea,

[B

Bal

mee

lla,

Pel

tacy

stia

,

AB

razi

lea,

Hem

isph

aeri

um

,

AR

oM

acu

lata

spo

-P

elta

cyst

ia,

Cre

il1el

villi

les,

Ari

tes

(1,5

0 10,)

Cir

culi

spor

iles

,M

acul

atas

puri

les,

NK

)H

indi

spor

is,

Pil

a,po

rite

s,

AP

ilasp

orite

s,L

eios

phae

ridi

a

RV

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

(5-6

%)

(1-2

%)

-

f---

Tel

rapo

rina

,IV

Hem

ispb

aeri

um

,K

Sing

raul

tpol

leni

les

AH

indi

spor

is,

..-

-1'

\F

oveo

/usa

-B

alm

eell

aR

Pi/a

.,por

iles,

per/

orat

a,B

alm

eell

a,te

trag

ona,

HL

eio.

,pha

erid

iaF

mut

abi/

is,

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

B,g

(gan

tea,

A(u

pto

10%

)F

all

enu

ata

,«

1%

)F

oveo

/usa

RF

obse

sa,

-ob

sesa

,B

Fp

um

illa

,F

mu

tabi

lis,

AF

cyli

ndri

ca,

Fcy

lind

rica

,R

Mac

ulal

aspo

n'le

s,P

roto

mas

suli

na,

Fpe

r/ar

ata,

IB

alm

eell

a,M

arg

omas

suli

na,

Bra

zile

af--

Pila

spor

ites,

Tra

chym

inu-

..-

pu

nct

ata

,L

eios

phae

ridi

asc

ula,

Sp

ino

seac

rita

rch

,C

rein

ervi

llil

e.'

III

(up

10

10%

)L

eios

phae

n'di

aSc

hizo

spon

's,

undu

latu

s,in

dica

,L.

Bal

mee

lla,

Pil

aspo

n'te

sII

Mac

ulal

aspo

rile

s,um

arie

nsis

Hem

Gph

aeri

um

,ca

lcul

usP

ilas

pori

tes

(do

min

ant)

Dic

lyol

idiu

m,

(pre

sen

l)(u

p1

01

%)

-F

oveo

/usa

,-

TP

ilasp

orite

s,A

Lei

osph

aen'

dia

L(5

-10%

)

C)

'--

HI

I R

.

-l ~ ;l- e: ~ ~ I o ::<:l C'l

;I­ z () ~ ;I­

r­ r­ tTl v s: () ::<:l o o Vl

VJ ~ Z -c tTl ~ s: z ;I­ z v -l ::<:l s: Vl

Vl () VJ

tTl

,0 C tTl

Z n tTl

VJ -......

PE

F13

DA

MO

DA

RD

EO

GA

RH

RA

]MA

HA

LH

IMA

LA

YA

WE

ST

PA

KIS

TA

N

EP

0I

R0

R0

IC

tv!H

KA

RA

NP

UR

AW

ES

T1

30

KA

HO

]HA

RIA

I~NIGAN]

GlI

liD

IH]A

YA

NT

IS

AL

TR

AN

GE

0H

A0

0T

R

II

0Z

N0 N

r--

DIX

Fov

eofu

saTJ

Uub

sesa

,f--

Bf--

FL

J'/in

dric

a,r-

-T2

R-

Tas

r,um

iles

sp.

Tas

mar

zile

ssp.

I,

f--

Af--

lna

pen

uro

-(u

pto

2°/,,

)T

asm

inil

essr

.2,

]po

llen

ites

-L

eius

phae

ridi

aT

pne

bulo

sus,

min

ula

,R

UM

acul

alas

-L

eios

phae

ridi

aI

TI

Rpo

rile

sin

dicu

s,er.

,L.

Il'e

nloc

Na,

A/

Mac

ulal

as-

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

sr.

- Schi

zosp

oris

Sp

pori

les

sr.,

(Lir

eo

ccu

rren

ce)

.'cis

sus

SA

Pil

a,po

n'le

s'-

-(2

0-8

0%

)I

Np

luri

gen

us

CC

«1%

)'-

-)

H EV

III

T

- Inap

erlU

ro-

Pol

yed

rixi

um,

RV

IIpo

llen

ites

Wi!

sona

slru

m,

Ane

bulu

sus,

Inap

er1U

m-

NT

elra

pori

na,

pol/<

->ni

les

P2I

Bal

mee

lla,

nebu

losu

s,G

Bra

zile

a,Sc

hizo

spon

sA

erei

nero

illi

les,

scis

sus,

Pel

la-

NH

emis

phae

-cy

slia

veno

sa,

]n'

um,

Ver

yhac

hium

,L

eios

phae

-M

icrh

yslr

idiu

mri

dia(

25%

)L

eiuf

usa,

-D

eunf

fia,

(ur

(0

(,Q

%)

'-

I

K U LM

acul

alaS

p('r

iles

,r:

5chi

Z()S

P')/1

'S~

TV

IH

emis

phae

n'ul

11T

elra

puri

na,

sdss

us,

Pel

ta-

Is

ign

un

l,P

ella

cySl

ia,

C)'

Sli

ave

nC)"

Qp

H.

sing

raul

iens

is,

Gre

iner

oill

iles

,-

I

EH

indi

spor

isse

nii,

Mac

ulal

as-

Pila

sjJo

rile

sbr

evis

,p

ori

les,

Ppl

urig

enus

,~

Kag

uluh

iles

R13 A

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

(1-4

%)

lalc

hire

nsis

'-

MR

«1°

10,)

A-

oPil

aspo

rile

sI

K(1

-2%

)

A

AR

V

N)

-IV

Pila

spc)

/1'le

s,B

alm

ee

lla

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

gig

an

tea

~

K(1

-5%

)G

rein

erv

illit

es

Spin

ose

ASp

ongi

ocys

la,

un

du

latu

s,ac

n'la

rch,

RH

emis

phae

rium

,F

ove

ofu

saSp

ongi

ocys

la,

Hfo

ver-

!fus

a,P

ilasp

ori

tes-

Sch

izos

pori

s,P

IA

)P

ilas

pon'

les,

ova

tus,

p,B

alm

eell

a,R

Lei

osph

aeri

dia

calc

ulu

s,L

eio

-H

emis

phae

rium

,13

(up

to1

%)

sph

ae

rid

iaM

acul

alas

pori

les

Ata

lch

ire

nsi

sp

un

cta

lus,

R0

-3,5

%)

Fov

eofu

sa,

IP

ila"p

orile

s,L

eio,

phae

ridi

ain

dic

a(r

are

)I,e

ip$p

"/:I.a

J.?rld

ia'-

-

boka

roen

sis,

L.la

lchi

rens

is

f--

0-2

%)

III

I(Sp

ongi

ocys

la,

Bal

mee

lla,

Pel

lacy

slia

,T

Mac

ulal

a-A

spor

iles,

LF

oveo

fusa

CII

-I(

(do

min

an

t)H

'Pll

aspo

rile

s,

IL

eios

phae

ridi

asp

ino

se

",

.".

Rbo

karo

emls

,a

crit

arc

h,

'.-

\"

.."

,

IL

.Jal

chir

ensi

sL

eios

phae

ridi

c.'.

"'

'

,,'

(pre

sen

t)~re)"

",,

'-

-1 ~ :> ::z:J

~ ~ I o ;:=:J

() :> z () ~ :> r r ["l'1 V :s: n ::z:J o 'TI o V>

~ f;; Z "'C ["l'1 ~ ;; z :> z V -1 :::0 ;; 'J)

~ () :.n ["l'1 to c ["l'1 z ()

["l'1

'J) .... '-0

Tab

le6

-Dis

trib

uti

on

of

OM

IDO

sas

sem

bla

ges

Inva

riou

sb

asi

ns

thro

ugh

Per

mIa

nan

dT

rias

sic

seq

uen

ces

on

Ind

ian

Pen

insu

la.T

he

dat

afr

omH

imal

aya

and

Wes

t

Pak

ista

nh

ave

bee

nin

corp

orat

edfo

rco

mp

ari

son

.T

he

dat

a-b

ase

isas

give

nin

Tab

le2.

Th

eci

rcle

sIn

dic

ate

the

ran

geo

fO

MlD

Os

asse

mb

lage

.

PE

F13

EP

0I

R0

R1

CM

0M

AH

AN

AD

IPA

LA

RP

EN

GA

NG

AG

OD

AV

AR

l0

HA

H

DT

0

IR

0I

NZ 0 N

DIX

T3U

-13

'--

R

Tz

AT

J-

I--

RP

IU

A

l{S S

TI

[ CA N C

VlI

IH E T

-V

lIS

ing

rau

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) n C.f) m to C m Z (') m C

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N V\

2(j THE PALAEO BOTANIST

• ······.Qo~~'·.

HYDERABAD ·.... 0:

BAYOF

BENGAL

~"~{,,

JI. ... -',\0"'\ ..... ,

'~..;'

[~,

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( .....,J, SHILLONG ;'

.~~' :~' /~ ; r-'~- .-

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DELHI•

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ARABIANSEA

BIOHORIZON -II

Text-figure 3 - Occurrence ofOMIDOs in Early Permian Talchir Form;llion "Ilhe Ilio!lorizon II. For symbol:i, see {he legend in Text-figure 2

phitae. The smooth-walled forms, although rare, con­tinue to occur. The taxa beset with high ornament arefound in Godavari and Mahanadi basins.

Kamthi (=Raniganj) palynoassembage (Tables 5, 6;Text-figures 8, 11).

Late PermianEarly Triassic (Scythian)

Only a single record of Group Acritarcha isknown in Verticzpollenites Interbiohorizon whichrepresents early Late Permian Kulti Formation(Tables 5, 6; Text-figures 7, 11). At the level ofBiohorizon VII - Late Permian Raniganj Formation,a varied composition of OMIDOs is exhibited. How­ever, the data is known only from few areas. InRajmahal Basin~ the form-diversity is medium butsignificantly high frequency is recorded. In Son Val­ley much diversified assemblage is reported. Insouthern part of Godavari Graben; dominance ofsmooth-walled OMIDOs is observed in a distinct

Scanty records of OMIDOs are known from thePanchet Formation and that too only in the DamodarBasin. The group is represented by two genera withlow species diversity (Tables 5, 6; Text-figures 9,11).

Late Triassic (Carnian)

Only one record of OMIDOs is from the Dubraj­pur Formation on Indian Peninsula. The repre­sentative group consists of three genera of mor­phographically primitive state with Jow species diver­siry (Tables 5, 6; Text-figures 10, 11).

TIWARI et (II. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSIL'> IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 27

8

'.

,'.~.&.-.

PlATE 3

(All pho(omicrogrdphs are x 500, unless otherwise slated)

1. Bmzilea2. Varyhm;hium3. BOlryococcus4. LeimphaeridiaS. Tasmanile"

6 Lopho.Whaen·dium

7. Fovea/usa

H Telraporina

9 Brazilea

PAlAEOENVIRONMENT

The present Gondwana basins are the remanant, of much larger spatial dimension of depositional

areas, where the mega-drainage system had a vitalrole to play in the making of depositional environ­ment and evolution of the biota, The drainage systemwas aligned SE-NW (Cas~hyap & Tewari, 1984;

2H THE PALAEOBOTANIST

HID - UPPER BARAKAR

:....

.... ~ :"~ .

. · · ::~.. ·· ..~(: :.· .. ·o~.\ ..'r-?~' ~"<.'-.ci": U t...r;.: ~~-.,;;t>:... II ·.0··· .. ·· .. <.g~.

0- .,

.'

Q •

",'" :() :

\l :~ '.

. IJI::> ".. ! ".

'.. "

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....°0 0 ....0'.

"'~""

~"

..' ...~ -;;. "':.: ~O e:tP .'. ~ .

11 SALT RANGE

BIOHORIZON - III

'.

ARUNACHAL

(~··~c::j;:~~~~.L........~::.! ~.~§.::

('''o~.::

.. ~............. 0······ ..

. ~ .. .·0. :. .

'.•••• Q 0"\.

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00.: 0°

:: ...~ .... O.

<:> '.

,,:>" :() :

I:l :

~ :..1.)1::> '.

". "0 0

......... '4;..::.'fJ~ ...:..................

Text-figure 4 - Occurrence of OMIOOs in E~r1y Permian Talchir For­mation at the Iliohorizon-III. Diversity in kind and numher that

begins at Iliohorizon II, attains its maxima al Iliohorizon-III. For

symhols, see the legend in Text-figure 2.

Text·figure 6---In the Middle-Upper Barakar horizons, locally few taxaattain maximum diversity, whereas the general occurrence is less

diversified. For symbols. see the legend in Text-figure 2,

Niyogi, 1987) during Permian and so also in theTriassic with a slight shift towards west CCasshyap &Tewari, 1988). Evidently the outlet was in the north­ern and western part of the peninsula.

The Gondwana Sequence represented by dif­ferent depositional settings are conventionally

thought to be of non-marine ongm CSastI)' et aI.,1977) due to the non-availability of faunal evidences,in most of the horizons considered here, except forTalchir Formation. However, recent evidences of sig­natures for marine environment, such as records ofboron, organic sulphur, phosphatic nodules, algal

ARUNACHAL I.

'0

~o

()<::>

~ .'. <::>1::>'."'~ .

......°0

'R...... ettI ..... 0"'"

.... ..;: KULTI

o"i,'"

()~

". ~". I.)~ ".

o ~••. () ".'. 00 '.

c:::> 0••

......

(········G;::~~···:·::~~~·'. q:~.. [J :~....... .•......... ::...~~ .. :.:~

......~ .• ••• Q ".. '.

-0. 0 ••: ....~...~

~ ~;O .. 'D>. ?.~ ....:

........

LOWER-HID KARHARBARI

......~: : r~': r/t() <;---.••~"'~'~...": .....

.•..•.~ ~o~.~~!~ ~;. .'...~......... .....

'" Q '.·0. ....

....... ~.\.....~...6 ..

.............'i. ....:. '\jo ettA .,:.....~........

Text-figure S--OMIOOs wJln estahlished qualitative and quantitativediversity in Lower-Middle Karharbari sediments on Indian Peninsula

and Arunachal Pradesh. For symbols, see the legend in Text-figure 2.

Text-figure 7-Showing scanty occurrence of acritarchs in the sedi­ments ofKulti Formation. For symhols, see the legend in Text-llgure

2.

TIWARI el ul- ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSILS IN PEIUvlIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 29

Table 7-Record of independent evidences other than OMIDOs from peninsular India to support brackish/marine environment

during Permian and Triassic time

Basin Formation Area/Coalfield BiOla Geochemical Sedimenlological HeferenceS

Koel- Talchir Deogarh Coalfield, Ichnofossils Guha, Mukhoradhyay

Damodar Raniganj Coalfield InveI1ehrate, & Das, 1994

Deogarh Foraminifers

]haria Coalfield Vase-shared bodies Duna & De, 1994;

Tiwari, Srivastava,

Trirathi & Singh, 1981

Daltonganj Sronge sricules Banerjee & Das, 1983

Bokaro Coalfield Sronge sricules Lele & Srivastava, 1974

Barakar Hazaribagh Myalinids, Ichnofossils DUll & De, 1994; De,

1993

Saharjuri Microforum, Banerjee, 1994

Ostracods

West Bokaro Miuouysta I Banerjee & Das, 1983

Coalfield

Kulti Foraminifers Pal, Sen, Ghosh & Das,

1994

Bryozoans Ahmed & Gyan Chand,

1994

llaniganj Raniganj, South Myalinids, Foraminifers Wave rirrles DUll & De, 1994;

Karanrura, West Chaudhuri &

Bokaro, Auranga Mukhoradhyay, 1994

Hutar Coccolith, Foraminifers Wave rirrles Chaudhuri,1988

Daltonganj Bioturbidites Deltaic facies Niyogi,1987

Mahanadi Talchir Athgarh Vase-shared bodies Tiwari, Trirathi, Dun &

Mukhoradhyay, 1987

Lithofacies association Casshyar & Tewari, 1988

raucity of large scale

trough, cross

stratification, occasional

flat bedding, wave rirrle,

wave rirrle hedding,

calcareous nodules and

shale rreronderance of

green colour

Barakar Myalinids Dun & De, 1994

Kulti Bioturbidites I'hosrhatic Anon, 1986

nodule

Raniganj H)-River Coalfield Myalinids Dun& De, 1994

Wave rirrles Chaudhuri &

Mukhoradhyay, 1994

Son Talchir Bivalves, Brachiorods. Casshyar & Arora, 1994

Trace fossils

Conta.

30

B:lsin Form~lion Area/Coalfield Biola

THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Geochemical Sedimenlological 'Heferences

Korba

M~nendragarh

Ilardkar

H~niganj

Upper Pali

Myalinid,

Myalinids

Conchoslrdchus

Lilhofacies ~ssociation, Casshyap & Tewari. 19HH

paucity of large scale

(rough, cro.'.'

slralificHion, occasional

flal bedding, w~ve ripple

bedding, flaser bedding,

calGlreous nodules and

shale preponderance of

green colour

DUH & De, 1994

Dun & De, 1994

DUH & De, 1994

Salpura T~lchir

Kulli

Bivalves, Brachiopod"

Trace fossils

Invenebr,Hes,

Ichnofossils

Foraminifers,

Microplankton

Boron, organic

,ulphur,

pho'phalic

nodl11e

Casshyap & Arora, 1994

Dun & De, 1994;

Casshyap & Arora, 1994

Dun & De, 1994

Darjeeling Talchir

W~rdh~

Pench-Kanhan

lIardkar

Invenebrales

Boron

Boron.

Pht"phalic

nodule, Org~nic

,ulphur

Organic sulphur

Limes((me Anon, 19H6

Anon, 19H6

Dun & De, 1994

Rao, Menon,Joshi,

Khanwalkar &

Meshrdm, 1993

Acharyya, Ghosh,

Ghosb & Shab, 1975

Arun~chal K~rh<Jrhari

B'lr~kar

Invenebrdles Sriva.'lava. Anand­

I'rdk<Jsh & Singh, 19HH

limestones, bivalves, ichnofossils, ?bryozoans and?foraminifers at various levels indicate that therecould have been marine influence in certain regionsof the peninsula (Table 7). In view of these facts theOMIDOs may also be considered, along with otherevidences, to determine the reflection of increasedsalinity.

Early Permian

The data synthesized here indicates three succes­sive modes in the course of evolution of morpho-

characters of OMIDOs during Talchir Formation(Text-figures 11,12). At the oldest level Biohorizon-I,the OMIDOs assembI-age is pooras well as non-diver­sified in compOSition. It has been recorded from theareas of Athgarh, Damodar and Son Valley (Tiwari etal., 1981, 1987; Bharadwa; & Srivastava, 1973). AtBiohorizon-II, the generic diversity has increased andthese forms are abundant in Palar, Penganga andSatpura basins (Venkatachala & Rawat, 1973; Bharad­waj et aI., 1978; Lele, 1984). In addition, an as­semblage with low diversity but high frequency isobserved in Bap Boulder bed, Rajasthan

TIWARI el at. - OHGANIC-\XfALLED MICROFOSSILS IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 31

BAYOF

BEN GAL

DELHI•

,"/

! -,""., f~-;"~ r" "

--~-, [': ,~j; " .:-,

""-_,_ \ '.,'" /,J"A_...J( __ ,,_ ..... ""_.. II ~:., V'-·r, SHILLONG ,'"- 'g' -~, .

;;'j; (i~;;:'fii)\ 'J-> ,)';::;:, NAGP:;;~" .CALCUTT/ '. ;;,{:"") A --

"/'1;) ".... ill' .....HYDE~ABAD\··~··

,-".

MADRAS ('

,. r.A,1 ,, ,- \',~ '-\ ;J.v,-,,)

,rSRINAGAR ~'

• rJ

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~, ........,I,.,.

,.}

/' ,o

, ..... _-'",­,

,~- ;

ARABIANSEA

RANIGANJ

Text-figure 8--ln the Mid-Upper Haniganj Formation, lhl: occurrence IS sparse ~lnd the colkCli\'l: group diversity is Liir hut reSlnCled [ocally. Forsymhols. see the legend in Text-figure 2.

(Venkatachala & Rawat, 1984). At I3iohorizon-III, theassemblages of OMIDOs are fairly diversified andwith high frequency, as in Son Valley CI3haradwaj &Srivastava, 1973) and Godavari Basin (Srivastava &Jha, 1992a, b) In other areas studied here, they aremoderately diversified and rare to common in occur­rence (Text-figure 11).

These three successive phases of increasingprominence during the Talchir Formation could berelated with the global sea level fluctuation as shownin Text-figure 12 (after Hallam, ]989, p. 400). Thegroup Sphaeromorphitae represented by Leios­phaeridia makes its appearance at the lowest leveland gradually attains the diversity and dominates inthe subsequent two biohorizons. This occurrencereflects a near-shore, shallow water condition (Tap­pan, 1980; Dorning, 1982) which is supported by the

local sea incursions during Talchir (Anon, 1986),However, the incoming of Fovea/usa as a commonelement of the assemblages at I3iohorizons-II and IIIis Significant. It probably indicates an open epicon­tinental marine environment (Traverse, 1988) in Dod­hara, Satpura CBharadwaj eL aI, 1978) and Umaria,Son Valley(Lele& Chandra, 1972); Hutar, Koel Valley(Lele & Shukla, 1980), In other areas the assemblageis dominated by Leiosphaerids which are indicativeof land proximity towards brackish water. In theLower Karharbari Formation the diversity of theSphaeromorphitae attains its maxima. The availabledata on global sea incursion (Hallam, 1989) in EarlyPermian suggests that the beginning of regressioncoincides with the maximum diversity phase of theLeiosphaerids at this leveL

The occurrence of eUlydesmids-Productids and

32 THE I'ALAE0J30TANIST

fBI SALT RANGE

Text-figure 9 - Iliustr'lles scattered and a less diver'ified nature ofOI'vIlDO., ,,,semblage in l';mchet Formation. For symbols, see thelegend in Text-figure 2.

Text-figure 10 - Illustrates scattered and a less diversified nature ofOMIDOs assemhlage in Duhrajpur Formation. For symbols, see thelegend in Text-figure 2.

raic facies wirh biorurbarion is preserved in Oalron­

ganj Coalfield which evidences for a Pre-Karharbari

(Asselian) marine rransgression in rhis region (Niyogi,

1987). Similarly, Chaudhuri (988) has argued for a

marine influence in Hurar Coalfield on rhe basis of

sedimenraly fearures, such as wave ripple, bedding­

laminarion and a probable (I) evidence of coccolirh

and foraminiferal fauna. Moreover, rhe oldesr Talchir

sedimenraries marked by olive green colour reflecr

mixed facies of glacio-fluvial and shallow marine ro

ridal flar environmenr (Niyogi, 1987).

In rhe assemblages from Early Talchir deposirs,

rhe 'vase-shaped' chirinous bodies (could be Tym­panicysta) have been recorded from rhe Talchir For­

marion (Tiwari et al., 1981, 1987), bur rheir occur­

rence has been doubred ro be as reworked from older

horizons. However, as rhere is no sign of reworking

in rhe roral palynoflora, such bodies can be accepred

as rhe in-situcomponenrs. Likewise, sponge spicules

are also on record from Oalronganj (Lele & Srivasrava,

1974) and Bokaro coalfields (Banerjee & Oas, 1983).

A sudden decline in rhe occurrence of OMIOOs

is observed in rhe Upper Karharbari and rhe Lower

Barakar formarions (Texr-figures 11, 1.2). The re-oc­

currence of older forms in rhe Mid-Upper Barakar

sequence is recorded in mosr of rhe basins (Texr-fig­

ure 11). In rhe Barakar Formarion, record of

Tetrapon'na (Banerjee & O'Rozario, 1988) and

Veryhachium (presenr observarions) is significant.

Addirionally, Leiosphaerids are rhe mosr common

consriruenrs of rhe OMIOOs assemblage ar rhis level

(Tables 5, 6), Presence of rhe former rwo forms in

rypical marine assemblages (Lukose & Misra, 1980;

Sarjeanr, 1970; Tappan, 1980) reinforces rheir sig­

nificance as indicaror of marine environment. Baner­

jee and Oas(983) have discussed rhe palaeoenviron­

menr of Barakar Sequence in rhe Wesr Bokaro Coal­

field on rhe basis of sponge-spicule-like microcrys­

rals. Thus varying degree of saliniry could have been

experienced ar rhis level. The geochemical signarures

of high organic sulphur in Wardha Valley Coalfield

(Rao et al., 1993) and high boron in coal further

provides evidences for rhe near-shore environmenr

(Anon, 1986). De (993) has proposed minor marine

evenrs in rhe Barakar Formarion in Hazaribagh Ois­

rricr on rhe basis of skolirhos ichnofacies.

PANCHET

CARNIAN I NORIAN

'. '0- ..... '-J :

'0 0°

: ....

:~<~~.~(::: ..: ~ :~.J: r? [?: ;-'L ~......•. Uo 0 ':-S ~~.~.:

•·· ... :.' ...o~..••::

····6~····.......~ ............. ....

.....

... ·· ..~.. ·· .. ··· .... ·· ..·::0~:::· ..·~·~)J,~. ~ ~.:g :0:§§>

'0 00 0 ,

.... ,~$'~ ......... '0- ".

. L...J .° 0 ,0

"0 0 ~"'.

".000 ....

•.... c::::J:'.'.

' ~~:~~.~:

cS'"0-...

C) :

<:i,'"<0 :

\) '.'. '\> .". \)1:> '.

'.

...~...~.

o :~<> •

. () :'. (:>:

'. ~.... ()~ '.

········D····:o :~o~............

............ D".

:. I!:JO ~ .,:'. 0 ......

.&1 JAISALMER

Penestella fa una (Sasrry et al., 1977) from differenr

levels of Talchir Formarion in associarion wirh

OMIOOs is on record. The invertebrare fossils incli­

care definire marine environment. Sedimenrological

evidences also favour for a wide-spread marine in­

cursion during Talchir (Casshyap & Tewari, 1988). In

Koel-Oamoder Valley, shore-ward, rhe disral or del-

TIWARI el a/. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSrLS IN I'ERMLAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 33

TALCHIR IKARHARBARI I BARAKAR KULTI I RANIGANJ I PANCHET ISUPRAPANCHET FORMATION~ ::::: :« ~

<: <: 810H.oRIZON- ::::=~

AREA

• PALAR

• tJ •• .~ •• GODAVARI

• PENGANGA

tJ ~ ~ RAJASTHAN

•.e> S3 .e> SATPURA

p .~ • MAHANADI

•• ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ SON- Y

b ~ • KOEL - Y

•~ ~ .0 • [> • • 0 DAMODAR

b P .~ ~ ~ DEOGARH

~ EE • RAJMAHAL

~ • B: > HIMALAYA

~ • rn [>[> SALTRANGE

Text-figure 11 - Show., reblive diversil \' wilhin the OMI nos 'ls".:mhlage in differenl ;Ire;l, on peninsular Inub :lnul iJm;d:l}'an sedimenl' through

l'ermi;ln 'IJ1U Tri:lssic sequences. The okksl hiohorizon exhihits:l non-diversifieu n;lIure. which gcls progressively v;lrI<:d in suhsequent hOflzon.'.

Late Permian

The records of OMIDOs in Kulti Formation arenot many (Text-figure In The presence of lime­stones and report of foraminifera in Pench-Kanhan inMotuI' Formation, equivalent to Kulti Formation,could be taken as probable signatures of increasedsalinity; so also the phosphatic bed and bioturbiditesin JI)-River Coalfield For the phosphatic nodule for­ma tion, however, an eu xigen ic environment cou ld as

well be suggested_

In the Upper Raniganj Formation the OMIDOsassemblages having fairly high generic diversity withcOl11mon to abundant occurrences in some basins,have been recorded (Text-figure 11). Subgroups ­Schizornorphitae and Herkomorphitae are the mainconstituents of the assemblage. The findings of fishsGlIes and bivalves (Chandra &. I3etekhina, 1990;Chandra, 1994) at this level prompt for further searchof such fossils in other areas.

j4 THE PALAEOHOTANIST

~-.=-JX

(p ~1/UJ ,

T3 ::cuz<{Q.

~ I(<{ ,0:: , eT2 Q.::> ,

I--~,,

>- ,

~I

UJ , I I

T1::c , III

~ ~uZ

~ Will A / III ~ /III~ / 1 1 -'- \VIl

~I ( 1111111 ) I~ IIIIIIIII~ V ~II •• II.I.IIIIY

~ BIVALVE?Z " 11111111111 1111111111111 FISH 7

<{ Il;l ; ;- ,

IZ I

'2 <{ , : I I0:: , ; I I

I-- ,I, PHOSPHATIC NO I

I I I;:: A ~

ALGAL lHI I

-' BIOTUR8IQIT(S::> I

I IFORAMINIFERA 1~

I II--I-- Vl

0::

~ ~:~ ~'~ ~ .~""'"" Ir ~ e<{

" " 11111111111 11111111111 lOR. SULPHUR~

<{ ,,, 111111111 11111111111 I0:: I I<( V[RYHACHIUI'1 ?

I IlD 'l ) l ) ( : \ II-- Ic: IV

A ~0":~ /"~'b ' \I I<

'"' III11 1IIIII :I ).

P1

ex<

IFIII~~F"·"~::<:

~ II" 111111111 111111111 'l .... ,..... .. r............. 1.\ fORAMINifERA?IIIIII )~ 111:( ~IIIIII~! PRODUCTuS fA. )

~III.~ ~IIIIII.I.I.II~0::

::cI.. 'II... I....... I..~ EURYDESMA fA,

Y l'u I I-'.~ II

\) \ ../ ~ .. / \../ \I--l- I

z z '<..,'V GENERIC SPECIES ~::g MARINE T R GENERIC SPECIES0 0 ~ ~~

>= N '<..,'- ~ DIVERSITY ~ e:; SIGNATURES<:)

<{ 0:: '-;'<..,v"'~ ACRITARCHS & ALETES ~... SEA LEVEL DIVERSITYQ ~

0::c0:: 0:: QUJ 0 INDIAN PENINSULA HIMALAYQ. "- CD

Text-figure 12 - Composite figure 10 evaluate the present stille of knowledge in the variation of acritarch..,c;lltered l1l;orine signatures :md sea level

dlClnges. Selected taX:1 are figured separ:llely to hring out a compact configuration. For comp:lrison the data from Him,,1:Iyan ,sediments also

compiled (Sea level changes adapted after Hallam, 19H9), The solid IKHS represent the number of l:lxa present ell different levels indicatingqu:llit:llive diversity. Selected taxa comprise tho.se given in conclusion,

The morrhological characteristic of estheriidsalso indicates an <ldaptmion for the increased salinity

during the Late Permian (Ghosh, 1993), althoughestheriids primarily thrive in terrestrial environment.

The reports of brackish water myalinid fauna withinthe Raniganj Formation evidences for the highpalaeo-salinity during their deposition (Anon, 1986).

Triassic

In the Early Triassic Panchet Formation theOMIDOs arc rare. No other independent record of

marine signature is known. In the Dubrajpur Forma­

tion, Rajmahal Basin the OMIDOs assemblage is lessdiversified and poorly rerresented. At this level, too.presently there is no record of other ma rine Signature.

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded thar through [he Permian andTriassic sequences, the OMIDOs reveal a set patternof their distribution From amongst the enlisted taxaunder the Group Acritarcha, some of the charac­teristic forms at each level of their abundance (Text-

TIWARI el ((/. - ORGANIC-WALLED MICROFOSSILS IN PERMIAN AND TRIASSIC SEQUENCES 35

12) are: CD Talchir and Karharbari formations ­

Epibole I having Leiosphaeridia, roveoJusa,Dictyotidium, Tasmanites, (ii) Barakar Formation ­Epibole II includes }-Jemisphaerium, Singrauhpollen­ites, Hindispon's, Peltacystia, Brazilea, Balmeella,Veryhachium, Tetrapon'na and Type A; and in (iii)Raniganj Formation-Epibole III, the same group ofOMIDOs continued with species diversity.

The qualitative distribution of the OMlDOs alongthe ternporal scale suggests a non-diversified state ofmorphology at the E;uly Permian Talchir Formation

- the oldest level. Subsequently, three rnajor diver­sity acme zones have been observed, i.e., theTalchir/Karharbari, Mid-Upper Barakar and theRaniganj formations. These epiboles broadly coin­

cide with the beginning of regressive phases in thesea level (Text-figure 12).

Scattered marine signatures, though feeble at thepresent state of knowledge, corroborate a possibility

of acritarchs being good indicators of brackish water,deltoid region and closed water bodies with in­creased salinity (Table 7).

The salinity in certain area of the mega-drainage

system during Lower Gondwana time could haveincreased during transgressive phases, particularly atdistal region of the channels. The theory of closedhuge-lakes formed from time to time during Lower

Gondwana (Niyogi, 1987), could explain the rise insalinity in some areas on Indian Peninsula. The pres­ent study contributes to the idea that the peninsular

India during Lower Gondwana period had experi­

enced marine environment of various degrees, fromtime to time through its span. The OMIDOs are goodindicators for marine signature, if evaluated in con­junction with other components of the environmental

system.

ACKNO~DGEMENTS

This paper was presented at Birbal Sahni Cente­

nalY National Symposium on Gondwana of India,held at Nagpur on January 16-17,1993, India. The

authors are thankful to the authorities of the BSI P fordeputing the authors to this symposium.

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