‹øÓ¬˝√… - aitihya – the heritage

‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage Issue No. 2 Vol-I, 2011

CONTENTS

ENGLISH SECTION

l The Karma Principle of the Gîtâ and the Nature of Human ActionSukhamoy Ghosh 5-15

l An Unfinished Journey of Birsa MundaRakhee Bhattacharya 16-21

l Ballad Singing Tradition of Orissa : Text, Texture and RitualKailash Pattanaik 22-26

l A Brief Sketch of Economy in Ancient KamarupaBhagaban Goswami 27-40

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‹øÓ¬˝√√…The Heritage

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Dr. Ashok Kumar Goswami Formerly Professor & HoD, Sanskrit Deptt.Gauhati University.

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Dr. Usha Ranjan Bhattacharjee Formerly Professor & HoD, Bengali Deptt.Gauhati University.

Dr. Bharati Barua Secretary, Kamrup Anusandhan Samiti,Formerly Professor & HoD, History Deptt.Gauhati University.

Dr. Shila Purkayastha Professor, Deptt. of SanskritCentral University, Agartala, Tripura

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Dr. Partha Sarathi Mishra Director, English Language TeachingInstitute, Guwahati

Dr. Amalendu Chakraborty HoD, Bengali Deptt., Gauhati University

Dr. Sujata Purkayastha HoD, Sanskrit Deptt., Gauhati University

Dr. Suresh Chandra Bora HoD, Deptt. of Sanskrit,Cotton College, Guwahati

Dr. Mukta Biswas Professor, Deptt. of Sanskrit,Gauhati University

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A multi-lingual (Assamese-Bengali-English) research journal on Indology.The bi-annual publication of Aitihya Samstha.


Aitihya SamsthaKahilipara Colony, P.O. Binova Nagar

Guwahati- 781018, AssamIndia

Multi-lingual Research Journal

on

Indology

ISSN 2229-5399 THE HERITAGE

Issue No.2, Volume-I, 2011

‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage Issue No. 2. Vol-I, 2011

CONTENTS

ENGLISH SECTION





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‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage Issue No. 2. Vol-I, 2011

Dol Yatra Issue

Published by Dr. Pannalal Goswamion behalf of Aitihya Samstha, Kahilipara Colony, Guwahati-18

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ENGLISH SECTION


Issue No.2, Vol-I, 2011


© Aitihya Samstha Vol.I 2011pp.7-15

THE KARMA PRINCIPLE OF THE GITA

AND THE NATURE OF HUMAN ACTION

Sukhamoy GhoshDepartment of Philosophy, University of Tripura, Agartala, 799 002, Tripura.

Introduction :

In the Mahâbhârata, Arjuna in thebattlefield of Kurukshetra refused to raisehis bow (gândiba) against his revered kinstanding as opponents on the plea that, evenso achieving unchallenged supremacy onearth it was not to deliver freedom from all

earthly pangs.1 Then Lord Krishna, hismentor, convinced him to go ahead byuttering the truths related to man's life andhis action. This ran through 18 sections thusconstituting the text of the Gîtâ. Here,however, we shall primarily discuss only





ABSTRACT : Besides its chief message of the salvation of human beings , the Gîtâ alsohighlights the role of a common man to the effect that he by nature searches for a better andyet better form of life such that it overcomes the limitations of his immediate present. Againstthe usual belief that the attainment of the ultimate goal of life is possible only throughpursuing a purely spiritual or ritualistic path of action, the Gita unequivocally upholds thatthe said elevation of the human soul does not necessarily come through any special effortand that even by following one’s own ordinary day-to-day activities , in whatever state hemay be placed in the society, he is capable of going beyond his present.. And this being apower endowed by Nature , he cannot stop short of achieving the best , the ideal state of lifeor the siddhi.

Apparently it may appear from the world scenario that more often than not men workagainst any such process by indulging such actions that are positively against this pursuit.Moreover, it is ordinarily believed that man can be hardly interested for such accomplishmentat the cost of his immediate worldly goals demanding immediate attention.

But the Gîtâ, particularly its third section on Karmayoga , assures us that man is destinedto do it because even for bodily survival one cannot but continue to work for an improvedstate upon his present.

The present deliberation is an attempt to see how the Karmayoga of the Gîtâ can beinterpreted in respect of the elevation of a common man.

‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011

8 ‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011 ‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011 9

Sukhamoy Ghosh The Karma Principle of the Gîtâ and the nature of human action

those verses of karmayoga , with occasionalreference to a few others which may berelevant for the common man of today so fartheir life and actions are concerned. Theseare :

(a) that no one can refrain from actioneven for a moment.2

(b) that even the sustaining of thebiological existence (the úarîra) of a personcan not afford inaction for a moment.3

And (c) that only by maintaining therequired active role one attains siddhi or theideal state of life.4

In the coming sections of thisdeliberation we are going to examine twoprobable hypotheses based on the above.These are : (1) this principle of action ofconstantly evolving better and betterconditions for him as the Gîtâ envisages is anatural drive in the sense that man does not'adopt' it by way of a 'special' afterthoughtbut that he is naturally endowed with itright from his birth and that (2) it happensto all men irrespective of how he is placedin the society.

(I)Man constantly works for betterment of

his state

To begin with, let us consider theimplications of the verses mentioned abovetelling that man can not but be in a processof action and such action is naturally andcompulsorily directed towards achieving anideal state of life. The questions that need tobe answered are : firstly, is non-stop actiona reality and necessity in life? And, secondly,can such action be said to be for the'betterment' in the sense in which the Gîtâspeaks about it? In our day to dayexperiences we find that there are peoplewho work but do not enjoy the fruits therebyproduced so that it could deliver a 'better

state of life' for them. On the other hand,there are a people who do not work forthemselves but improve their state of livingby enjoying the fruits of the labour of theformer. None of these two can be said to gowith the spirit of the principle of action ofthe Gîtâ, for in the case of the former, thereis action but no real 'goal' for the doer, andin the latter, there is accomplishment ofsome goal but no action by them put behindit for a goal of the kind mentioned above.

Again, let us consider a few more caseswhere the individuals concerned work for thebetterment of their state of living but cannotbe said to work in the spirit of the Gîtâ. Amillionaire, for example, is always found toact in the way in which he can secure aberth in the fold of the billionaire. A starvingperson acts just to having one piece of breada day. Again, a God-fearing man's actionsmay be directed to achieving some sort ofheavenly charisma that would make life acasket of fulfillment, whereas for a poet theaim is to attain yaúa or glory in the literaryworld. In fact every human being act withsome goal from his point of view. But suchacts are not particularly directed towardsachieving any kind of siddhi or the idealstate of life.

Now, before we go on to examine howhuman action is aimed at achieving an idealstate, we shall firstly see whether theproposition that man has to constantly act asa 'demand of nature' is valid. For this, wemay have a look at the biological worldwhere the process of constant change in theform development, however subtle, means'life' for a living creature no matter whethera microbe or a plant.

A seed, for example, lives so long itmaintains its germinating (i.e. growth)process through the principles of synthesis,assimilation, egestion etc. (The principle ofankura kurvat rupatva of Indian Philosophy

was based on this characteristic of a seed).Assoon as the seed stops the process, it is nolonger a seed, but something belonging tothe non-living class like a piece of stone. Ahuman being is no exception, the onlydifference being,he can design hisdevelopment process by applying reason andthought over and above the biological partdoing for him which the former lack. Butwhat is significant here is that he can not butmaintain this process of change to keep hislife going. St. Thomas in his Treatise onMan of the Summa Theologica says that thehuman person tends innately to grow onevery level, physical, psychological, social...Indeed he refused to accept that humanperson could be static.5

We are thus led to seek answer to twoimportant questions that arise here, namely:(1) Does a man by nature really work toimprove upon his existing state outside thenaturally designed course of actioncontrolling everything on earth including allliving creatures? (2) Does the phenomenonof constant change mean a growth process tothe effect of achieving a better state of life?

Let us begin with the hypothesis of'working for a better life'. If we turn to theoverwhelmingly larger section of the peopleof the world, we find that they can hardly bemore concerned with any imaginary futurethan their immediate present. A hungry man,for example, cannot think of anything beyonda piece of bread just as a drowning mancannot think of anything, not even the faceof God he worships, beyond his immediateneed of 'a little air to breathe'. Thus thedemand of addressing the immediate needsfor a man is so natural so far his survival isconcerned that there can hardly be any other'demand of nature'. So how is it that manunder all circumstances is driven to pursuethe so called search for a better life ignoringthe present? That will be our prime concern

in the next.If we look at the basic nature of the said

'driving force' behind all human actions, weshall see that whatever be his state of life, heacts only because his 'survival' needs them togo on in order to create the right conditionfor it. Bergson, observes Russell, was of theopinion that– Life is one great force, onevast vital impulse, given once for all fromthe beginning of the world, meeting theresistance of matter, struggling to break away through matter, learning gradually to usematter by means of organization…seekingalways for greater liberty of movement amidthe opposing walls of matter.6 In other words,man's inherent life force always drives himtowards something new and it is quite naturalthat this 'new' is more than what he alreadyhas. The Gîtâ in Sec.II7 says : If one doesnot adhere to his natural endeavour for thebest ( the opening of the doors of Heaven),he falls from his nature (dharma). Here theHeaven symbolizes a higher state of life thatsatisfies all needs. That means man'sendeavour for the said elevation is a naturalphenomenon.

Now, what follows from thesepropositions is that, as everyone is in theprocess, it cannot for the sake of the sameprocess stop short of producing a realizationof some betterment beyond amassing somefortune of utterly temporary nature. Because,any happiness of perishable nature generatesgreater sorrow by way of a fear of losing itany moment. Thus a further advancement inthe process takes one to the yearning for astate of fear-free happiness that is ofpermanent nature. What constitutes the latter,we shall discuss in the coming sections. Butpresently we can say that, once he knows thedifference between the two, he naturally goesfor the permanent one as his final goal. Inthe beginning every one may not be verysure about the nature of this goal. But what

is important to note here is that, man'sstriving for the 'better' is only a naturalphenomenon. In the next we shall see howfar human psychology is conducive to suchbetterment process.

(II)How far human nature is conducive to

such work.

On the question of improvement, wehave to consider two things. Firstly: whencan a person be ready to go for the so-called 'perfect state of life' in place of theordinarily realizable immediate gains? And,secondly: can we say from our worldlyexperiences that a man shall be interested totake him to such 'perfect state'? I believe,before we answer these questions, we needto analyze the human mind and see underwhat conditions it is conducive to therequired growth process.

It has been observed by Psychologists,particularly the Psycho-analysts that so faractions are concerned man differs from otheranimals for the simple reason that humanactions are driven by rationally workingmotives as against the blind mechanical onesregulating actions of the latter. Basically,they observe, all actions are led by a'pleasure principle' which aims at satisfyingbasic biological needs like food, sex, rearingthe offspring, etc. But along with theseimmediate aims for pleasure, the motivebehind human actions also aims atavoidance of pain, averting possible threat tosecurity, etc. And it is this aspect of thedrive that works in human actions even tosublimate and undermine his immediatepleasure. Freud writes: “…the mentalprocess is automatically led by the 'pleasureprinciple..”. But, "Under the influence ofthe instinct of the ego for self-preservation,it is replaced by 'the reality principle' which

without giving up the intention of ultimatelyattaining pleasure yet demands and enforcesthe postponement of satisfaction…".8 We findthat these observations of the Psycho-analystsagree with the concept of karma or action ofa human being envisaged by the Gîtâ in theverses we mentioned above.

Psychologists further say, contrary tocommon belief, that a man of usual lusts andlongings does really work out this kind of'beyond the immediate' in his day to dayactivities, however subtle such working maybe. For example, Lindeswith and Strausshave shown that human motive is not limitedto addressing the immediate only. Accordingto them : "'Motive' has forward reference intime. It is concerned with purpose and withthe anticipated consequences of acts".9

Looking from this psychological point ofview, the proposition that 'man by nature cannot but constantly act towards improving hisstate' does no longer remain improbable.Rather this becomes his identity as a beingwho lives, no matter under what conditionshe does so.

Against this contention it may be saidthat in most verses than not the Gîtâclearly states that this process of attaining ahigher state of life ( the ultimate of which isthe siddhi) can be achieved only by veryspecial kind of act and by the people of suchcaste who are socially so stationed as tomake them capable and eligible to performthose special deeds. Therefore, in the life ofthose who do not belong to those classes,this principle of working for the better cannot occur as a motive.But if we take acomprehensive view of all the sections of it,we shall find that it speaks more ofconfidence than frustration for any person onearth irrespective of his social status. Forexample, in the verses 35 of Sec.III it says,"úreyân svadharmo vigu n . a h . ….etc." whichRadhakrishnan translates as : Better is one's

own law though imperfectly carried out thanthe law of another carried out perfectly…etc,and interprets as "We have not all the samegifts, but what is vital is not whether we areendowed with five talents or only one buthow faithfully we have employed the trustcommitted to us... Goodness denotesperfection of quality.10 This Verse coupledwith V 33 which says– even the man ofknowledge acts in accordance with his ownnature thus reiterating the truth that man'sconstant endeavour to rise above his worldlylimitations is in his nature itself and that heneed not fear that his acts may not be thesame as pursued by the gifted few.

Incidentally, the message of SriAurobindo11 comes very close to this whenhe says that the embodied state throughwhich the individual holds his creative roledoes whatever he can do to bring about thenext step of evolution no matter whatmaterial role he plays in the society. InSec.IV,12 the Gîtâ says : Man by whateverway he follows the path of karma or actionto ‘reach unto me' finally accomplishes hisgoal of siddhi (here reaching the elevationof the Lord's stands for a state of supremecompleteness) and the success of the humanfolk trying to achieve this siddhi through hisactions is faster than by any other means.

Now, about how and for whom this'process of improvement' is possible, theGîtâ says : he who is unperturbed in sorrowand unmoved by pleasure, who has leftbehind the impulses of anger, fear andattachment is the free-soul who achieveseternal calm and peace in life.13 It meanstotal renunciation of worldly impulses likethat of 'eat drink and be merry', of lust andgreed, of a thought of revenge in anger or oflosing nerves in fear. This is the only meansto the condition 'ideal' for the saidtransformation. But can we say humanmotive shall pursue such an unenviable path

practically against his present to achievesomething in future so unknown to hisworldly list of wants?

(III)The battle of the 'present' with the'future' in different sections of the

population

An exposition of the issue in questionmay begin with a piece of the author'sexperience in this regard. In the North-EastIndian city of Agartala (like many other inthe region) every year with the advent ofwinter several 24-hour long community kirtan(a form of singing the Glory of the LordKrishna) continuously for weeks together areheld in the different market places of thecity. Three groups of people are involved inthe whole affair. The motive behind all ofwhom is to secure something for their futurelife. The groups are: (1) the singers whocontinue to sing in a relay method bybatches at the top their voice; (2) thebusinessmen of the market who spend lot ofmoney to organize that; (3) the devotees whogather around the singing arena, normally inthe evening and through the whole wintrynight in the open. Incidentally the majority ofthe third group are widows, the housewivesof rather poor families and the toilers forlivelihood, who constantly encounter thepressing demands of the present with verylittle resources.

Now, judged by the required kind ofaction laid down by the Gîtâ for the purposeof securing an ideal state of life, we find thatall of them are doing some sort ofrenunciation in their respective role in theaffair. For example, individuals of the firstgroup sacrifice their physical comfort goingthrough enormous strain; those of the secondtheir worldly pleasure equivalent to theportion of the wealth thus sacrificed; and the



third, sacrificing their hours of retirement forthe day at home. But, when asked aboutwhat they particularly wanted to achieve bysuch acts, their reply differed from eachother and curiously enough none of themsaid anything that matched working thesiddhi programme of the Gîtâ. They repliedas follows : the singers-' This meets theirmuch sought financial security for thatperiod of the year; the businessmen - thiswould attract blessings of the Lord toenhance their business success; the devoteesof this helps mental peace amid all oddsfaced in daily life. Obviously there is nothought of a better state of life to the extentof siddhi of any sort in these actions. Thismay be an isolated observation but if weexamine human actions in general, we findthat, however such activities are aimed atsome kind of improvement over the existingstate, such improvement does not meanachieving a state of life which might becalled 'the ideal transformation of life'.

Let us consider a case where people maybe said to indulge the straightway act of'renunciation'. They do it with a view tohave a secured future in this life or even inthe life thereafter by way of such sacrificesin the name of the gods, the deities, thespirits and so on. Some of the commonitems that are sacrificed are : shedding hairfor life, giving up a most favourite food itemforever, sometimes total fasting for a fewhours every week or even for days together.Some may say that such activities are of thekind endorsed by the Gita itself as is statedin some verses of it. For example, the lastpart of verse 1214 says – taihrdattânapradayaibhyo yo bhu n . te stena eva sa h .which means: he who enjoys the gifts givenby the gods without returning them back isnothing but a thief. But it can be easily seenthat such activities are practically aimed ataverting the wrath of the gods and has

nothing to do with the stated movementtowards such betterment of the self as theGîtâ has set as the goal. In the same section15

the Gîtâ ranks these as a lower kind of actcompared to those that accomplishesparamagati or the ultimate elevation whereone rises above his worldly inclinationstowards securing well-being in his presentstate. The verses 19 and 20 say : One whoworks with no attachment to achieving anyfruit of such action achieves paramagati, andthat it was by sheer works (withoutattachment) that Janaka and others attained toperfection. [aúakto hi âcharan karmaparamâpnoti puru s .a h . ... karmenaiva hisa m

.siddhim âsthitâ h . janakâdaya h . ].16

Thus what all these cases suggest is that anormal men, if he at all works for thebetterment of his state, do so either strictly toimprove his present or to thwart insecuritypsychosis overcastting his present due to thefear of the of sufferings in future. Evidently,such activities are not the kind that canreally be called the one directed towards'betterment process' of the life of humanbeings. So the karma principle is generallynot acceptable.

(IV)The seed of 'Elevation' in Every Action

We shall now see, firstly, that even theactivities mentioned in the preceding sectionhave the seed of the same principle of'growth' or 'elevation' towards an ideal statehowever different it may look from outsideand, secondly, that people even without beingspecially gifted or advantageously placed toact in their day-to-day life to serve theaforesaid karma sanskriti or the principle ofwork.

J.Nehru in his The Discovery of Indiarefers to this work culture of the Indian

people by quoting Havell, who said ‘In Indiareligion is hardly a dogma, but a workinghypothesis of human conduct, adapted todifferent stages of spiritual development anddifferent conditions of life.… a workinghypothesis of human conduct must work andconform to life, or it obstructs life….'17 Inthe same book Nehru also wrote 'Behind it(the old Indian Social Culture) lay thephilosophical ideal of Indian culture-theintegration of man and stress of goodness,beauty and truth rather than acquisitiveness'.18

In other words, the truth of continuousstriving for raising the state of living higherand higher is a practicality for Indian way ofliving. They do work with the spirit of thekarma principle though may be withoutknowing that they are doing so. Tagorereferred to one of his experiences which hegathered while driving through some ruggedvillages of Bengal. His car needed waterevery now and then for the troubled engineand the villagers provided it from their paltrystock of drinking water that too refusing toaccept anything in exchange when the realitywas that those villages were passing throughdrought conditions.19 Tagore has cited this asan example of 'Man's Nature'. On manyoccasions a person, however un-advantageously stationed, rises to the state ofperforming an act which quite perceptiblyfollows the basic principle of the Gita of noimmediate profit. But, even in cases where itexhibits the motive to the contrary, a closerlook in it might reveal that it was observingthe same spirit, though might be in a very'different' way.

In fact, in the Indian subcontinent it doesnot require much effort to trace suchinstances where the common man whetherprivileged or unprivileged exhibit this kindof silently following the principle of karmain their everyday life in its real spirit. It canbe noticed in other regions too. Here we

would refer to another experience of Tagorewhen he was visiting Japan. In the midst ofenormous material growth, the people ofJapan was never divorced from the innersearch for an everlasting ideal of life. Hewrote : ...in her art of living, her pictures,her code of conduct, the various forms ofbeauty which her religious and social idealsassume Japan expresses her own personality,her dharma, which, in order to be of anyworth, must be unique and at the same timerepresent Man of the Everlasting Life.20. Andwe shall find that even the materialistic Westdoes not leg behind realizing the inner truthof life. Talking about the apparently all-fulfilled life the business community of histime, Nietzsche observed …these businessmen too are slaves, puppets of routine,victim of busy-ness; they have no time fornew ideas; thinking is taboo among them,and the joys of the intellect are beyond theirreach. Hence their restless and perpetualsearch for 'happiness' …their vulgar luxurywithout taste…, their sensual amusementsthat dull rather refresh or stimulate themind.21 This frustrating realization, we maysay following Nietzsche, works as a naturalreason to find the right drive for whatactually they might be trying to achieve.

Thus we may say that, generallyspeaking, the majority of human beings whileworking to improve their life, in fact, act fora 'betterment' which supersedes theirimmediate worldly goals where such thoughtof 'betterment' works as a seed to reachsiddhi envisaged by the Gîtâ. Incidentally,about possibility of siddhi of karmayoga inordinary life Swami Vivekananda said that :the ideal of ni s .kâma karma (action withoutdesire for fruit) is difficult, for, normallyevery action of ours initially have a selfishend to meet. But if we start thinking aboutthe worth of the goal with calm andperseverance, the extent of selfish motives



gradually decrease, finally producing a totaldispassionate state of action.22

Now, before we draw a conclusion aboutthe three hypotheses set at the beginning, letus refer to three exceptional cases where themotive behind the act is avowedly to thecontrary of the principle of 'elevation'. Thecases are :

(1) Of the terrorists who indulge mindlesskilling and destruction running after somesort of 'dream'.

(2) Of the dictators and political/capitalistoppressors who are found to indulge anykind of anti-human act to acquire morepower, wealth or supremacy over others. And

(3) Of the die-hard criminals eg. therapists, contract killers, etc.

Evidently activities of such people andthe like do not conform to the aforesaidbasic principle of human action. On thecontrary they are seen to clearly flout thesaid inner urge for any real elevation of theirstate. How then are we to go with our twohypotheses if they do not work in somecases?

(V)Validation of our Hypotheses and

Concluding Remarks

We have so far tried to see that the twohypotheses, namely, that man is bestowedwith a drive for betterment of his state rightfrom his birth and that this drive works inevery man irrespective of how he is placed inthe society, work in most cases of humanaction. We shall now see how it works in allcases including apparently exceptional casesas the two mentioned in the preceding section.

The 'dream' working as a drive behindthe first group of people may, viewed froma normal standpoint, be highly misconceivedand detrimental to all human values. Buttheir striving for the realization of the

dream renouncing all normal humandemands of the present (like a family,personal security, comfort, etc.) speaks ofthe fact that man's basic principle of karmaworks also here, namely, renunciation ofsome sort on the one hand and setting agoal beyond the present on the other, inspite of the fact that the goal so set is notthe right one. But it may be inferred ,as inmany other cases, that a correction of thegoal is bound to take place for the sake ofthe same urge, namely,' the urge for realbetterment'.

About the second case, a possibledefense of the hypotheses may be asfollows :

History tells us that dictators and otherpolitical/capitalist oppressors have in manycases come to 'sharing' their power/wealthwith the people for sheer survival throughchanging conditions of the world scenario.The white rulers of erstwhile Pretoriaregime, the colonial rulers of the BritishEmpire, scores of dictators of Europe andAsia, are some such examples oftransformation. About the capitalist society,for example, Russell writes: The relation ofbuyer and seller is one of negation betweentwo parties who are both free; it is mostprofitable when the buyer or seller is ableto understand the point of view of the otherparty.23 This obviously is an attempt toensure the best by 'sharing', a very initialform of renunciation.. It is true that thisprinciple of karma aimed at the best is notyet found to be universally working. (We donot know if the mind of the 'Great Dictator'Hitler changed in his last days in the bunkerbecause of the horror of being left with onlyhim to curse). But the transformation insome cases suggest that it is the mostundeniable principle for man to pursue inorder to exist and to flourish. Theemergence of the United Nations is in one

way a proof of this change towardssublimation of the attitude working againstit.

Similarly, about the third, who knows aValmiki is not the destiny of everyRatnaakara?

Thus, in respect of our two hypothesesthat (1) the principle of karma constantlyevolving better and better conditions forman's life is a natural drive from birth andthat (2) it happens to all men, the followingobservations may be made:

Firstly, they are not exactly improbable.Even before one knows the truth of themessages of the Gita or for that matter ofany other great Educator of the world, onecannot but contribute to the process ofcontinuous elevation of himself for his ownsurvival in a better world, for, that is thenatural law of all creatures, only their stagesmay be different.

Secondly even where cases fall outsidethe former may be considered as cases of'natural calamity' as some occur in atemporary defiance of natural law. But thatis also a natural phenomenon where thetruth is that Nature always restores its ownlaw after each calamity. Similarly, for the'erring' human beings, we have somehistorical ground to believe that they mightchange under the pressure of changingconditions, as if in a Hegelian Dialecticalmethod as McTaggart24 sees it, with thedistinction that it occurs in a mental-material way; the thesis being: I/we shall bethe all-achieving supreme; the anti-thesis :the material pressure of overwhelminglylarge population rising out of deprivation/oppression opposing it: and the synthesis :evolving a mid-way which to some extentserve both parties in averting the threat ofextinction. And there the law of karma issupposed to get its seed to work in itsnatural way.

REFERENCES :

1. Gîtâ, II/4-82. Ibid, III/53. Ibid, Verse 84. Ibid, Verse 205. Desmet, 1976. p.20-236. Bertrand Russell on H.Bergson's Creative

Evolution; The History of WesternPhilosophy; Simon & Schuter, N.Y. 1972,p.792

7. Verses 31, 338. S. Freud: Beyond the Pleasure Principle,

p.1859. Lindeswith & Strauss : Social Psychology,

p.30010. S.Radhakrishnan : The Bhagavadgita,

p.146-4711. Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library,

Sri Aurobindo Asram, Pondicherry, 1972.Vol.18, p. 255

12. Verses 10-1213. II/56-5814. Section III15. Verses 13 & 1616. Section III17. J. Nehru : The Discovery of India, 1988,

p.18218. Ibid, p.25619. R.N.Tagore : The Religion of Man, Rupa

& Co. 2008, p.13320. Ibid, p.13821. From Will Durant : The Story of

Philosophy, Pocket Book,1953. p. 434;and George Grant : Time as History(Nietzsche's Thought) CBC, Canada,1969. p.27

22. From Vivekananda Rachana Samgraha,Kolkata 1996. p.111; Eng Tr. by theauthor from the Collection in Bengali.

23. Bertrand Russell : Unpopular Essays,Blackie (India) , 1979, p. 20-21

24. McTaggart : Studies in HegelianDialectic. p.132.



vvv



AN UNFINISHED JOURNEY OF BIRSA MUNDA

Rakhee BhattacharyaMaulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, Kolkata,700 109, West-Bengal.

Way back in 1875, in Eastern India’ssmall town Ranchi a child was born in afamily, engulfed in poverty, suppression, andalienation. Poverty forced this child to beseparated from his family at the age of eightand to begin his own journey of life andearn his living. He is none but India’sspirited tribal leader, the great patriot BirsaMunda – about whom the passing generationis oblivious and the new generation isdisinterested. As Rashmi Priyanka Patilthoughtfully says,

When any second generation Indianyouth thinks of the IndianIndependence movement, the firstname that usually enters his or her

mind is Mahatma Gandhi. Eventhough we know that the efforts ofmany others like Nehru, Tilak, andAurobindo did not go withoutacknowledgement, there is still a veryskewed perception of the freedomfighters during this time. In theendeavor to overthrow the British Raj,many common people transformedinto leaders to undertake the challengeof regaining India’s independence.One such person was Birsa Munda, ahumble tribal leader who played amassive role in the movement. Hisinternal strength of fighting for hispeople was remarkable since initially

ABSTRACT : The advent of British in India had brought the concept of dualism betweenits age-old Indian tradition and the idea of colonial modernity, which had changed thelandscape of nation’s culture as well as the economy and identity of various groups ofpeople. The conflicts between the imposition of ideas and interests along with the existingnorms and patterns began to surface and this had manifested in various larger issues andmovements across India over time. Concept of class struggle due to exploitation andmarginalization of some indigenous and impoverished groups since then has seen acontinuum. This essay attempts to reach the voices of those groups of people who have beenpersistently denied of and subdued in the course of colonial modernity, which continued tilltoday. It makes an attempt to anchor this issue in a time frame of over a century to BirsaMunda’s struggle, linking it to India’s present day scenario.

he was the only one brave enough totake on the British. He stirred upawareness by questioning people’sbeliefs, mobilizing groups ofrebellions, and proving himself athreat to the British rulers, all beforethe age of 25.1

Birsa’s movement as rightly pointed outby Singh was a combination of religious andpolitical movement, it represented thestruggle and aspirations of his people, sowingthe first stirrings of nationalism among themand featuring an urge to recreate the oldworld which had disappeared under theonslaught of colonialism. Along his fights,Birsa Munda has emerged as the icon of thetribal people all over India. His movementUlgulan (the upheaval) has been appropriatedby all sorts of people, and by all politicalparties in Chhotanagpur to further their ownagenda. Birsa was transformed into a ’blackChrist’ against the background of theprocesses of transformation of the tribalsociety of Chhotanagpur. His politicalmovement and his religion are closely tied inthe context of their impact on the course ofhistory.2 He was a visionary and understoodthe British mind set for exploiting the landof India and torturing her people. Thus hisstory of protest, leadership and patriotismevolved with the story of prolongedoppression and exploitation of his people andhis land by the Colonial rulers.

The British came to India and introducedthe idea of modernity and modernization,which in a very cruel manner disturbed anddistorted the harmony and peaceful living ofthe Indian tribes with their land and forest.The tribes of India had the customary rightsover the land and forest, which was curtailedby the British in the year 1884. Theintroduction of new class system throughzamindars (landlords), traders, money-lenders,government officials by the same British

regime had further isolated the tribals fromthe mainstream activities and culture. Themarket and monetized economy wereintroduced, where tribals were notaccustomed. They were oppressedsystematically by the Dikus (outsiders), andwere treated as bonded labourers, their landswere appropriated, their lives, culture andeconomy were disintegrated and they finallypushed at the periphery of so-called Britishmodernization. To protest against such kindof exploitation, there evolved around seventytribal revolts across India over a period ofone hundred and seventy years (1778 to1948) and all of them were against colonialsystems and class system in varying degrees,where they identified their enemies amongthe ‘outsiders’. They revolted due toexploitation in the form of encroachment ontheir land, eviction from their land,annulment of the traditional legal and socialrights and customs, against enhancement ofrent, for transfer of land to the tiller,abolition of feudal and semi-feudal form ofland ownership. These movements as pointedout by Sen, have reconstructed the history ofadivasi movements in assertion of politicalidentity.3

Vora and others are also of the opinionthat, these movements had social andreligious overtone, having issues related totheir existence and identity. These movementswere launched under the leadership of theirrespective chiefs. Although the movementsinitially began on social and religious issuesand against the oppression of ‘outsiders’, incourse of time, they merged with theNational movement.4 Some of the mostpopular tribal movements along with BirsaMunda Movement of that period were theTamar Movement of 1789-1832, SanthalRevolts of 1855, Bokta Rising, Sardari LaraiMovement of 1858-95, Devi Movement ofMidnapur in 1918-1924, Tribal and National

‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011 ‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011 17

An Unfinished Journey of Birsa Munda

Movements in Orissa in 1921-36. Thesemovements gained momentum since the self-sustained lives of the indigenous peopleturned into hunger-driven days due to theexploitative colonial practices, which becameworst due to the great famine of 1895.Mahasweta Devi while calibrating the storyof Birsa in her celebrated novel, AranyerAdhikar, says once that, for Birsa and hiscommunity, eating rice was a distant dream;suffering was a part of life; so he oncepromised to his mother that he would teachhis fellow Mundas how to live life.5

Coming to Birsa’s movement, SatyanarayanMohapatra rightly points out that, he wasreckoned as a freedom fighter who led thetribals essentially to prevent land grabbingby non-tribals and in the process theirturning into hapless bonded labourers in theirown land. He had organised his first protestmarch on 1st October 1894 for remission offorest dues. Birsa’s leadership quality hadbrought the tribal masses in Chhoatnagpurregion under one umbrella.6 Birsa began hismovement against such injustice andexhorted the Mundas not to pay rent to thelandlords and was arrested and convicted in1895 on the charge of rioting. His arrest hadaccentuated the anti-government movement.Kr Suresh Singh remarked that ‘themovement of 1895 was an unfinished story.It was not a rising, but the beginning of awidespread movement’.7 The violence andkillings grew and their traditional way offighting with arrows had shaken thelandlords, contractors, police force and thegovernment officials, against whom it wasdirected. Eventually Birsa was arrested againon 3rd February 1900 and in theimprisonment he suffered, was deniedmedical help and ultimately died undermysterious circumstances on 9th June 1900.Birsa had a painful death, but his journeynever ended there and his movement had its

intended impact on the existing Britishgovernment who finally had to revise andsafeguard the tribal interests over time. Thischarismatic leader lived for only twenty fiveyears, but had stirred the mind-set of hisfellow- tribal and mobilized them for fightingfor their rights and identity. He according toMohapatra became a ‘terror’ for the BritishRulers and compelled them for thepromulgation of the Chhotanagpur TenancyAct of 1908. This legislation then prohibitedalienation of tribal land and at the same timehad the provision for restoration of thealienated land.8 Thus Birsa has become alegend through his spirited movement, whoinitiated a unique phase of our freedomstruggle which decisively influenced its courseand subsequently made us deeply conscious oftribal issues vis-à-vis nation building. Muchlater, after ninety-eight years of his demise, ina speech made by our former President Mr.K. R. Narayanan, mentioned,

Birsa Munda stood out as an earlyprotagonist of tribal rights, a pioneer inmobilising women for the cause offreedom and as an irrepressible fighterfor justice and human dignity. Hismovement launched in late 19thcentury has significance for our owntimes. To-day our tribals, in all parts ofour country, are fighting for theirinalienable rights to land, forestresources and cultural identity. In allsuch fights we find an echo of BirsaMunda’s strivings. Today our tribalbrothers and sisters are heroicallystanding against the forces of so-calledmodernisation which run antithetical totheir life-style, and understanding ofnature and culture. They resist thealarming deterioration of environmentas they are the protectors andpreservers of “Jal, Jungle and Jantu”and draw our attention to the need for

re-examining our concepts ofdevelopment and progress. Theyunderline the need for truly sustainabledevelopment projects.9

Birsa Munda as a metaphor tells the storyof his people’s struggle and symbolizes theunfinished journey of his people that hascontinued even today for sheer existence,identity; and demand for basic needs, whichare something like striving for an El Dorado.Though he died more than a century ago, hisjourney has never ended. In fact people’sstruggle for jal, jungle and jameen continuedin vigor even in the post colonial time.Leaders like Gangaram Kalundia (1882), LalSingh Munda (1984), Nirmal Mahto (1987),Machua Gagrai (1989), and Devendra Majhi(1994) were the other martyrs of recent pastin this movement of existence and identity.10

After independence, India never lookedback to prosper with its own agenda ofdevelopment and leadership. Today it is oneof the most powerful nations in the world interms of its economic achievements and thelargest democracy in the world to be proudof. It has brought unprecedented prosperity tomillions of Indians, especially in post 1990s.But beneath such glittering developmenttrajectory, there lies the other India, which ismarginalized, starved, alienated and deprived-off, the reality of which one needs tocomprehend. This ‘changing India’ thoughportrays a modern urban-centric, knowledge-based economy, but empowers only aminiscule of India’s population, creatingsimply a class of Indians who are nouveauriche; and utterly neglects the vast ‘stagnantIndia’, which is eternally awaiting aresurgence. This ‘Stagnant India’ is the hub ofour large rural masses and indigenous peopleof mainland India, who remains at theperiphery of modern India, reiterating the factthat deprivation of the marginalized has notchanged over century. For such people, Birsa’s

fight for justice to his people has remained asan ideology today.

Birsa is worshiped as a tribal hero andtoday the Ranchi airport bears his name. Butsadly, his statues are made only to servepolitical interests, and his dreams remainunrealized. His fellow-tribals across theheartland of India continue to be in thefringes, suffering the same fate of alienationand displacement from their land and forests,just as it was during the British times. Thetribals of heartland of India are woefullydeprived of their basic needs of food, health,education and identity, unlike the tribals ofborderlands like Northeast India. Though inthe aftermath of independence, government ofIndia has made several attempts to ‘uplift’ and‘assimilate’ various such tribes and indigenousgroups through various measures like tribalarea sub-plans, but in practice remainedlargely unfulfilled. The country has utterlyfailed even to ensure food security to thissection of people, not due to scarcity simplybut due to failure in public distributionsystem, lack of accountability and corruption.As rightly pointed out by Chakrabarty andKujur,

Because of colonialism and its obviousdevastating role for more than twocenturies, India’s growth was skewedand was naturally tuned to theconsolidation of British power in India.So the political authority was neitherresponsible for a uniform developmentof the country nor was accountable tothe governed. In independent India,political authority was transferred. Butthe euphoria over this shift was shortlived since the planned economicdevelopment programme that theindependent India pursued did notappear to fulfil the aspired goal of‘socialistic pattern of society’. Insteadby creating severe economic


Rakhee Bhattacharya An Unfinished Journey of Birsa Munda

imbalances across the country, theNehruvian development planningcompletely lost its viability especiallywhen the market-complaintdevelopment programme wasintroduced following the adoption ofthe 1991 New Economic Programmeby India’s political elite. The phasethat began by officially acceptingeconomic liberalization is differentfrom its past on a variety of counts.Besides projecting the obviousadversities of market-drawndevelopment plans, this phase alsowitnessed the mass mobilization overnumerous ‘new macro issues’,particularly environment anddisplacement of people due toindiscriminate industrialization. Theindigenous population seems to behard-hit and it is therefore notsurprising that Maoism has struck anemotional chord with the tribalpopulation in the areas where theforest land is being taken away at thecost of the habitat for industrialpurposes. By challenging the landgrabbing by industrial houses and alsoby the government, the Maoists inthese areas have become ‘the truesaviour’ of tribal population. In fact,this is a major factor explaining thegrowing consolidation of Maoism in alarge number of constituent Indianstates.11

The recent Dantewada massacre hasrudely jolted the Indian state and jarred itspoliticians out of the make believe world theylived in. It has made them realise gains of itseconomic reforms and growth needs to bespread more evenly so as to reach theremotest and the poorest areas of the country.People do not survive on growth but onbread, and India therefore needs an ever more

inclusive and egalitarian development togetherwith a much stronger internal security strategyin order to improve and protect the lives ofits citizens. Otherwise countless suchmassacres would be added in the daysahead.12

Maoism today survives and thrives on theresentment of the tribals and ‘it is a deep,deep anger over India’s failure to do what ithas always promised.’13 The story of thestruggle of Birsa Muda and his people isbeing replicated even in the modern India,where, paradoxically, with economicrestructuring, the notion of economicmodernization have ruthlessly hard-hit theindigenous population, who are repeatedlybeing displaced from their habitat in differentparts of India, losing the means of theirtraditional livelihood from the forest-land,which they feel are being taken away by the‘outsiders’ for commercial gains and trades.Therefore the same grievances continue eventoday and the same anger continues to beflashed that had started with Birsa and hispeople against the ‘outsiders’ of their times,who had brought enclaves of modernity andexcluded the indigenous people from thescope of that modernity. The voices of protestagainst such discrimination is showing up in amillion mutinies every day, with revolts andconflicts spreading ever farther into more andmore deadlier networks. The so-called ‘redcorridor’ has expanded from 55 districts innine states in 2003 to 170 districts in 15states in 2006 in India. This, according toChakrabarty and Kujur, is due to the ‘failureof governance’ over the years and gradualroll-back of the state from key social sectorsthat had adversely affected the poor Indians.This has resulted in creating ‘a powervacuum’ as well a space for the Maoists tostrike roots and gain legitimacy among ‘theimpoverished’. Their ideology has galvanized‘the poorest of the poor’ in large constituent

states of India.14 This type of operations andfights to a large extent can affect India’snation-building efforts, in contrast to Birsa’smovement in colonial India.

The Maoist ideology and movement whichare essentially ‘anti-state has found fertileground in India’s heartland’, 15 having suchsinister designs needs to be countered urgentlyas also realized by our government byrealigning the policies towards the tribals totheir aspirations through dialogues and sincereattempts to win their hearts and minds. It canonly be achieved through conscious andearnest efforts towards reaching out to thepeople who have been deprived andmarginalized historically. Only then willBirsa’s dreams be achieved in modern India.

REFERENCES :

1. Rashmi Priyanka Patil : ‘Birsa Munda,The Eternal Stregth’, Tattva, A Tribute toHindu Culture, Hindu SwayamsevakSangh’s Hindu Yuva, 2010, available at,http://www.hinduyuva.org/tattva-blog/2010/02/birsa-munda/

2. K.S.Singh: Birsa Munda and HisMovement (1872- 1901), A Study of aMillenarian Movement in Chotanagpur,Oxford University Press, Calcutta, 1983

3. Asoka Kr Sen: Resurrecting a TribalLeader from Oblivion: Gono Pingua andthe Revolts of 1857-59, cited in AshokMishra and C. K Paty (ed) : TribalMovements in Jharkhand: 1857-2007,Concept Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, 2010

4. Rajendra Vora, M. laxmanan et. al. :Colonialism, Cast Order and TribalSocieties, Indira Gandhi National OpenUniversity, eGyan Kosh, 2008

5. Mahasweta Devi : Aranyer Adhikar,Karuna Prakashani, Kolkata, 1977,p.133

6. Satyanarayan Mohapatra : Birsa Munda– The Great Hero of the Tribals, OrissaReview, August, 2004, p. 14

7. Rajendra Vora, M. laxmanan et. al. :Colonialism, Cast Order and TribalSocieties, Indira Gandhi National OpenUniversity, eGyan Kosh, 2008

8. Ibid.

9. Speech by Shri K.R.Narayanan, Presidentof India, on the Occasion of Unveiling ofthe Statue of Shri Birsa Munda, NewDelhi on August 28, 1998, available at,http://www.allindiaaseca.org/hero.html

10. Lalita Sundi : Assertion of Identity overJal, Jungal and Jameen in Singbhum1947-2007, cited in Ashok Mishra and C.K Paty (ed) : Tribal Movements inJharkhand:1857-2007, Concept PublishingHouse Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2010

11. Bidyut Chakrabarty and Rajat Kr Kujur:‘Maoism in India: Reincarnation ofUltra-left Wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century’, Routledge, Taylor &Francis Group, London, 2010, p. 1-2

12. Rakhee Bhattacharya : ‘CombatingNaxalism through Social Reforms’, LookEast, June, 2010

13. Sudeep Chakravari : Red Sun: Travels inNaxalite Country, cited in Times,Novemver 1, Volume 176, No. 18, 2010,pp. 32-37

14. Bidyut Chakrabarty and Rajat Kr Kujur:Maoism in India: Reincarnation ofUltra-left Wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century, Routledge, Taylor &Francis Group, London, 2010, p. 4

15. Ibid, p. 14


Rakhee Bhattacharya An Unfinished Journey of Birsa Munda

vvv



BALLAD SINGING TRADITION OF ORISSA:

TEXT, TEXTURE AND RITUAL

Kailash Pattanaik

Department of Oriya, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan -731 235, West Bengal.

Ballad singing is a rich and livingtradition of India. In a multi cultural countrylike India, ballads are sung in varied forms.Each culture has its indigenous form ofballad singing.

In Orissa, the eastern coastal state ofIndia, singing of ballad is an essential part ofsome of the rituals and is closely associatedwith the cultural life of the Oriya people.Though it is an important part of Oriyaculture, no major work has yet been done tostudy the tradition exclusively. However,

some primary works have been done bysome scholars. They have collected,classified and studied ballads along withother forms of Oral literature. Late Dr.Kunjabehari Das, the pioneer folklorist ofOrissa, has classified ballads in five groups:a) Religious ballads, b) Ballads of complaint(complaint of bride against her in-laws ismajor among other complaints), c) Elegiacballads, d) Ballads on marriages and e)Miscellaneous.1 His contemporary scholarLate Chakradhara Mahapatra has divided

ABSTRACT : The Oriya ballads are sung in two different ways: solo singing and groupsinging. Solo singing ballads are smaller in size, different in texture and intense in action incomparison to the group singing ballads. Sometimes the elderly persons, both men andwomen sing solo ballads. The ballads sung by single singers are not accompanied by anymusical instruments; only exception to this are the songs by Natha Yogis.

The second category is the group singing ballads. Ballads which are sung in groups havetheir own variety and attraction. ‘Dasakathi’’ and ‘Pala’ are two main forms of this category.Contrary to the first, this category is the most popular and wellknown. These songs areaccompanied by different musical instruments.

Usually these forms of ballad-singing are closely associated with post-natal rituals ofOriya society. On the 21st day of the birth of a child when the naming ceremony is observed,the head of the family invites a group of pala-singers and requests them to perform. Satyapiris worshipped on this occasion.

ballads into three groups: a) Balladsrendering the lament of a mother or daughteron later’s marriage, b) Ballads of suffering ofthe bride and c) Religious ballads.2 Theseclassifications are based on the thematicvariations. That these classifications are notbased on scientific reasoning as the emotionsexpressed in one group of ballad is so closeto another group that it becomes difficult todistinguish in which group they should beclassified. In some of the religious ballads,like Tapoi3 the suffering of the heroine,Tapoi brings the ballad to the category ofelegic ballad though at the same time thisballad is a religious one as well. Therefore, itis better to classify the ballads on the basisof the ‘form’ of the genre, that is the waythey are presented or observed or morereasonably the way they are sung.

The Oriya ballads are sung in twodifferent ways; solo singing and groupsinging. Solo singing ballads are smaller insize, different in texture and intense in actionin comparison with the group singing ballads.

Let us first discuss the solo singingcategory. The ballads related to Osa andBrata,4 the songs of Natha Yogi’s5 and songof lamentations are solo singing ballads. Thedevotees of Osa and Bratas and the yogis ofthe women folk of the songs usually are thesingers of these forms of ballads. In all thesecategories usually ethical and religiousthoughts are prominent. In the songs relatedto Osa and Bratas, the basic theme is toglorify a particular god or goddess bydescribing his or her power of punishmentand generosity. Natha Yogis usually singethical songs narrating some examples.Among the ballads sung by the Yogi’s,Baulagai (Baula, the Cow), Dui Bramhana(Two Bramhins), Duitipakshi (Two Birds) arcsome of the best known ballads. But themost popular among them is‘Govindachandra’ or ‘Gita Govindachandra’.

The plot goes like this: Queen Mukuta Deiwas barren. The king put her in the stablewithout sufficient food. Mukuta Dei was verypious, she used to share that food with eithera bramhin beggar or with her maid. Herparents, after knowing her ill fate, send hugeamount of gold out of which she built apalace, more beautiful than the king's. Whenthe king came to the palace, he doubted herchastity as he saw the palace and the wealth.The queen had to go under various tests toprove her chastity and the king ultimatelyaccepted her. The queen observed differentpenances and was blessed with a child namedGovindachandra. The queen knew that herson was destined to die on eighteen so shemotivated Govindachandra to be a Yogi toovercome his fate. At the beginningGovindachandra was not willing to accept hismother’s suggestions but at last became thedisciple of a famous Natha Yogi ‘Hadipa’.

Interestingly, there is a taboo among thefolks regarding the ballad of Govindachandra.The folks believe that, as the ballad is aboutthe sannyasa of Prince Govindachandra,singing the ballad in front of the house mayinfluence their sons to become Yogis.Therefore, when the Natha Yogis reach houseto beg, people offer alms as quickly aspossible not to give them a chance to singthe ballad in front of the house.

Some times the elderly persons, both menand women sing solo ballads on kingDivyasing Deba or Deu/atu/a (making of thetemple). The first one is based on a king ofOrissa who was banished to Andaman in the19th century. The charge against him wasmurder. The ballad is very muchsympathetical towards the king and depictedthe story as a conspiracy of the British ruleragainst the king. Ballad Deu/ato/a (making ofthe temple) is the legend about building ofSri Jaganath temple of Puri district in Orissa.

One of the best known ballad in solo

Ballad Singing Tradition of Orissa : Text, Texture and Ritual


singing category is Kandana sung during themarriage ceremony. In these ballads thebride, her mother and sisters and relationsand other kith and kins express thesufferings they experience at their in-lawshouses. The torture by the mother in-laws,the crooked role played by the sister in-laws,the loveless life in their married life aredepicted in these ballads. These ballads aresorrowful and heart breaking in nature.Suffering of child bride, deprivation from herchildhood, her loneliness and lamentationsdescribed in these ballads; bring tears to theeyes of the gathering. There may not prevaila story line in these ballads, but some strayincidents are narrated.

The ballads sung by single singers arenot accompanied by any musical,instruments; only exception is the songs byNatha Yogis. The yogis sung the songs withthe tune of one stringed instrument. calledKendara ...

The second category is group singingballads. Ballads which are sung in groups,have their own variety and attraction.Dasakathi and Pala are two main forms ofthis category.

Dasakathia is an indigenous form ofOrissan group singing ballads, in which twosingers take part: one is the primary singerand other is the secondary singer of thehelper. They sing episodes from religioustexts, mostly from Ramayana andMahabharata. They play a pair of woodenclappars called, Dasakathi. ‘Dasa’ in Oriyameans servant and Kathi means stick. So,Dasakathi means stick of the servant. Amyth is associated with the derivation of thename: that is, once Hanuman, the greatmighty monkey devotee of Lord SriRamchandra. wanted to sing the greatachievement of the lord. He did not like tosing without music. So, he brought twobranches from a tree and played them; and

thus the dasakathi originated. As Hanumanconsiders himself as the servant of LordRamachandra. The stick played by him hascome to be known as Dasakathi, the stick ofthe servant. Usually Dasakathi is performedfor general entertainment; but some times italso played during the naming ceremony of anew born.

In Pala singing, the Gahana or the mainsinger is accompanied by a band of fouraccompanists; one of them is the Palia orco-singer. The main singer narrates the story.He usually does not play any instrument, butholds a Chamara of fly whisker, which isused in worshiping. Mrudanga - an ovalshaped hollow clay instrument covered bythe skin of goat in its two narrow ends,Kansala– a pair of plate like brassinstrument, are used in Pala as maininstruments.

Usually these forms of ballad singing areclosely associated with Postnatal rituals ofOriya society. On the 21st day of the birth ofa child when the naming ceremony isobserved, the head of the family invites agroup of pala singers and requests them toperform. Satyapir is worshipped on thisoccasion. Satyapir worship started in Bengal,and Orissa in the 17th century, during Muslimreign. Satyapir is the God who is bothSatyanarayan and Allaha. He is as describedby Kavi Kama in his sixteen texts on

Satyapir’s achievements: is more powerfulthan the destiny itself, can bring life into adead, can be very cruel to them who doesnot obey him and extremly generous to hisdevotees and is the master of eightythousand tigers. So, during naming ceremonythe Satyapir is worshiped and the parentsseek his blessings for their new born. TheGod is offered Sirini (a kind of eatableoffering; prepaired out of wheat flour, riceflour, banana, sugar, coconut etc.) which ishis favourite. The offering or prasad isusually distributed among every one present.

Sometimes during the naming ceremonyof a new born on 21st day of the birth,another kind of Pala Sathipala is performedin northern part of Orissa. This pala is aboutthe folk goddess Sathi Devi or Sasthi Deviand her role in the life of a child. Themother of the new born keeps the penance:the pala goes on over night and a figure ofDevi Sasthi is drawn on the wall with oil,vermilion, termaric paste and Kaudi, a kindof conch shell.

Now a days, the performers of pala, singthe episodes from Ramayana andMahabharata and this trend became aspecial branch of pala singing.

These group singing ballads of Orissa arevery popular and all time favourite amongthe Oriya folk. First of all, the performanceis musical. The ballads are sung usingvarious Ragas and Raginis of the musicalnotes. These make the whole performancerhythmical and musical. Instruments also playsignificant role. The co-singer plays animportant role to make the performance morelively and attractive. He not only sings andplays the instrument but acts and deliversdialogues as different characters in differentsituations in between the progress of thestory. He also creates humors episodesparallel to the situation of the main story orthrough his body language. The dresses of

the singers create inquisitiveness and interestamong audience. The performers alwaysdressed like royals. Their glittering cloths,bright colored turbans make an illusion in

the eyes of common audience. This dress fitstheir narration of mythical or puranic texts.

The texture of group singing ballads iscompletely different from that of the solosinging. The structure of these texts isclosely influenced by the epic tradition ofIndia. Before going to the main story, theperformers sing in praise of different godsand goddesses which serves as themangalacharana of the Kavyas, and thenpoint out the subject of the perfomance thatis what called bastunirdesha in a Kavya.Towards the end the performers seek theblessings of the god for the welfare of thefamily and the audience in general and forthe new born in particular.

Usually, the group singing ballads arecomposed by the main singer on religiousepisodes. He even frequently adds instantcompositions to his singing according to thesituations. Some times the main singer, whilenarrating the story, sings a couplet or twofrom other texts of other writers fordepicting a similar situation or emotion. Itadds charms and colour to the text. But it iscustomary that the singer admits his

Kailash Pattanaik Ballad Singing Tradition of Orissa : Text, Texture and Ritual


indebtedness to that poet whose couplet heborrows. This is a common feature in theperformance of ballads in groups. Theseborrowed texts may be called ‘supportingtexts’. Supporting texts are chosen by thesinger from Sanskrit texts or from Oriyatexts, English texts. This not only shows theparallel narration of a similar situation ofaction but also shows the textual mastery ofthe singer. The skill of the performer ishighly appreciated by the audience.

Repetition is the salient feature of theballads of both the categories. A particularevent of dialogue is repeated in the texts.Ballads sung in group have another kind ofrepetition in connection with their expression.There are some formulaic lines of phraseslike anaphora or apostrophe, repeated in theprocess of the performance. Usually, theserepetitive lines are sung by the co-singer.Sometime, the last word of the line of themain singer is also taken by the co-singer forrepetition.These repetitions create verbal aswell as rhythmical atmosphere in theperformance.

Ballad singing is a living tradition in

Orissa. In some places, particularly inCuttack, because of its popularity, itcontinues for seven to fifteen days at astretch. The ballad singing has beentransformed in many ways now a day, and inevery transformed form it attracts the Oriyamind. One can easily trace Ballad, as a casestudy, of transformed folkloristic element.

REFERENCES :

1. Das. K.B. : Odia Lokagita O Kahani(Oriya folk songs and tales), 1958. p. 66.

2. Mohapatra, Chakradhara : UtkalaGaunligitee (Folksongs of Utka1). 1959.

3. A popular ballad based on brother sisterand sister in-laws relations,

4. Osa and Brata’s are two forms ofpenance in which the devotee worship aparticular god or goddess and glorifythem in course of singing the ballad andthe penance is observed for a particularperiod.

5. Nath is a religious sect flourished in thewhole of North India and particularly inOrissa in 11th and 12th century.



A BRIEF SKETCH OF ECONOMY

IN ANCIENT KAMARUPA

Bhagaban GoswamiDepartment of History, Cotton College, Guwahati - 781001, Assam.

AGRICULTURE :

The Austro-Asiatic people, the earliestinhabitants of Kamarupa,1 made thefoundation of the economic pattern of thekingdom before the coming of the Indo-Aryan people during Naraka-Bhagadatta.The jhum system of cultivation which isprevalent even now among the Ao-Nagas2

the Rengma Nagas,3 the Garos, the Khasisand among the tribes of North Cachar hills,the Karbis, the Mizos4 was originated fromthe Austric people of ancient Kamarupa.5

The word nangal which is chieflyassociated with rice cultivation originated

from the Austric words langula, lakula orlaguda6 meaning plough. So, there can notbe any doubt that cultivation in differentforms was an early development in ancientKamarupa. Some scholars observe thatthose people also discovered various typesof potteries for cultivation.7 Tibeto-Burmanpeople of ancient Kamarupa had the habitof group seeding and harvesting by bothmen and women. Though we do not get anyreference of the use of rice in Kamarupadirectly in ancient literature, the referenceof chungapitha, a kind of cake made of

ABSTRACT : Early Assam which was known as Kamarupa manifested her rich economyblessed by nature. Kamarupa stood in the north-eastern region of India which is full ofrivers, rainfall and valuable trees. With the products of agriculture and minor cottageindustries, the mostly non Aryan people of this region were self sufficient. In course of time,lands were donated to the Brahmanas who were the spokespersons of Aryanization andploughing economy. It was welcomed by the gradual growth of population. Kamarupa wasproud of her international trade contact of import and export by her convenient trade route.

All the basic needs for the healthy economic life of the people of a country viz. thefertility of the land , climate and the general habit of the people were possesed by ancientKamarupa by her large rivers like the Brahmaputra and the Surama , innumerable rivulets.Largest amount of rainfall and people of diverse ethnic origin also contributed to the same.

Kailash Pattanaik

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rice-powder boiled in a bamboo-tube, was akind of food of the Tibeto-Burman peopleof the region.8 However dhanya i.e. rice ismentioned in the Bargaon C.P.9 of the early11th c. A.D. of Ratnapala who ruled fromPragjyotishpur in the period under review.Thus for all the people of ancientKamarupa, whether of tribal habits orfollowing Aryanized, rice was the chiefcultivation as it is at present time.

Mahabharata10 associates Kiratas besidethe Lauhitya with candana i.e. sandal woodand agaru i.e. aloe wood. Arthasastra11

mentions taila parinikas which arecharacterised by Kautilya as ‘commoditiesof superior value’ resemble sandal andagallochum in their qualities and Assamesegathian which has a reddish-yellow root 12.Again jongaka, dongaka and japaka,different varities of agaru were products ofKamarupa13. On the authority of MahammadCazim in Arthasastra Researches, ii, p. 173,S. Chattopadhyaya14 says that mangoes,plantains, jacks, oranges, citrons, limes,pine-apple, punialeh, coconut trees, pepper-vines, areca trees and sadij malabathrumwere grown in ancient Kamarupa and thecane sugar of Kamarupa was sweet andsoft. The Periplus of the Erythraean Seacomposed between 60 and 80 A.D. byPtolemy stated that the best malabathrumwas produced in the country of kirradoi15

i.e. the Kiratas of ancient Kamarupa16, whichhad great demand.17 This malabathrum isAssamese tezpat18 i.e. the bay-leaf orcinnanomum tamala. The word kal i.e.banana, bengena i.e. brinjal, lao i.e. gourd,narikal i.e. coconut, kapah i.e. cotton etc.and the system of manufacture of sugarfrom cane are the Austric origin19 whichreveal that these types of items wereproduced by the people of ancientKamarupa. Hiuen Tsang, who came toPragjyotishpur during Bhaskarvarman’s

reign speaks of the cultivation of numerouspanasa fruit, cantaphala i.e. jack fruit andnarikala i.e. coconut in Kamarupa20. TheGauhati C.P.,21 of Indrapala who ruled fromPragjyotishpur also mentions kantaphalavrikshah. The word tamol i.e.betelnut is ofAustric origin22. Harscarita23 mentionsluscious milky betelnut fruits, hanging fromits sprays and green as young harita doveswhich was presented by Bhaskaravarman toHarshavardhana. When Mahasenagupta cameto Kamarupa he saw betelnut on the bank ofthe Lauhitya which is indicated by ApsadInscription of Adityasena of 672 A.D.24

Nagaon Grant of Balavarman of last quarterof 9th c. A.D.25 speaks about betelnut ofKamarupa. Betelnut is so popular at presentsocial life of the region that the Khasiswhich are Austro-Asiatic origin placebetelnut on the funeral pyre of the deceasedwith the last wish “go and eat betelnuts inthe house of gods”26. Betel is very muchpopular among the Aryan people also of thepresent day Assam and it is used withimportance both in social and religiousoccasions i.e. marriage, worship etc.Harsacarita27 again refers to Krsnaguru tailai.e. black aloe oil which was presented toHarsa by Bhaskara. Moreover, Harsacaritarefers to writing with leaves made from aloebark and of the hue of the ripe pinkcucumber presented by Bhaskara to Harsa.The Kiratas lived in Kamarupa on fruits androots ; they were busy with loads of sandaland agallochum wood, and blackpepper andmasses of skins and gold aromatic shrubs.28

IRRIGATION :The present Assamese words like gora29

i.e. putting under the mud and dong30 i.e.irrigation channel are of Tibeto-Burmanorigin which reveal that the system ofirrigation was prevalent in ancient Kamarupafrom a very early period. Hiuen Tsiang

remarked that the country was low andmoist and there was continuous streams andtanks to the towns31.The Nidhanpur C.P.32

mentions puskarini and bill and BargaonC.P.33 mentions ali and jala in the donatedlands by Bhaskarvarman and Ratnapalarespectively which clearly show theirrigation for the donated land. Moreover,all the land grants had the river-rinecharacter which reflect the clear picture ofthe irrigation system of ancient Kamarupa.

URBAN ECONOMY :Hiuen Tsang described the capital city of

Pragjyotishpur as full of valuable trees.Nowgong C.P.34 of Balavarman of the

last quarter of the 9th c. A.D. gives a clearpicture of the city of Pragjyotishpur, whichwas however not the capital city during thattime, that there arecanut trees were wrappedin leaves of creepers of betel-plants andkrisnagur or black aloe-wood weresurrounded with cardamom creepers andthere were upavana or parks, which mightbe a source of economy for the royaltreasury by the visitors. P. Bhattacharya,35 onthe authority of Raghuvamsa, vi, 64 pointsout that there were betel-vines etc. inPragjyotishpur. Some scholars maintain thatit was due to the abundance of gua orbetel-vines that Pragjyotishpur ultimatelybecame Gua-hati or Guwahati.36 Merchantsand wealthy people lived in the city ofDurjaya37 which was the capital of Ratnapalaand Indrapala. However, B.K. Barua38 P.C.Choudhury39 and S. Chattopadhyaya40 havegiven perhaps wrong interpretation of verse14 of Bargaon C.P. when they explain it ashaving shops of merchants where jewelleryobjects were sold. But the translation of thesaid verse by M.M. Sharma41 is that theking Ratnapala’s battlefield is comparedwith a market of jewelery where, the ‘plentyof padmaraga jewels’ i.e. gajamuktas which

is pearl supposed to be found from insidethe fore-head of the elephant of thebattlefield and there were actually thewarriors who are compared with themerchants having gajamuktas of theirelephants.

There are many references of temples inan around the towns which were also tosome extent business centres of Kamarupa.For instance, it may be noted that the namesof almost all the localities in an aroundpresent Guwahati surrounding Kamakhyatemple, which was the main centre ofworship of the people of the kingdom of theperiod under review, are associated withsome functions of the temple. The areawhere the malis-the persons engaged tosupply flowers to the Kamakhya templecame to be known as Maligaon ; the areaswhere the persons who supplied ada i.e.jinger and jaluk i.e. pepper to the Kamakhyatemple came to be known as Adabari andJalukbari respectively42. The places in andaround present Guwahati viz. Kumarpara (placewhere earthen-made images are produced),Garigaon (place of communication), Garal(place of medicine and cultivation), Gosala(place for milk), Kahikuchi (place forcopper and brass dishes), Palasbari (placefor palasha flower) etc. grew up only forthe Kamakhya temple. These names mightbe the later development by the places asthe places had their such occupationalmaterials from the time of increase of theinfluence of Goddess Kamakhya during theVarmanas. Business atmosphere was developedcentering round a temple which attractedpilgrims, ultimately resulting in theestablishment of shops, restaurants, hotelsand other amenities.

Hiuen Tsang43 recorded that there were anumber of people such as specialisedfunctionaries and occupational groups whocould sell their skill and wares and by these


Bhagaban Goswami A Brief Sketch of economy in ancient kamarupa

groups the urban settlement came fromother lands to Bhaskara’s capital. In thatsense the urban centres had developed asnodal points in the network of redistributiveeconomic integration and served as the fociof administration, craft especialization etc.The recent findings of Ambari in the heartof Guwahati, of kaolin pottery, icons ofBrahmanical deities, fragments of walls ofdressed and undressed stones, tentativelyassigned to a time beginning with 7th c.A.D. point to this development44.

DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN :It is not possible to determine the

population distribution of the period ofpresent study by the help of any literatureor even by any inscriptional source.However, we may make some speculationbasing on informations in some laterinscriptions. As the number of the villagesmentioned during the period from fifth c.A.D. to the end of the Varmanas arerelatively less than the later period, it maybe said that the density of the settlement ofpopulation was quite low. During the reignof Ratnapala and Indrapala the amount ofagricultural and settled land significantlyincreased in comparison with that of theVarmanas. During the Varmanas we get thenumber of villages or settlements only asfive, while during Ratnapala and Indrapalait is increased to twentyfour approximately.This definitely points to the spatial diffusionof settlements and consequently afavourable demographic trend in the laterperiod. The description of the boundaries ofthe settlement during the Varmanas45 was notspecific, rather simple. But during the timeof Ratnapala46 and Indrapala47 it becamespecific and complicated with eachboundary line including sub-boundarieswhich shows an increase of settlements insome areas. Again during the Varmanas, the

settled land show in its boundaries, treeslike fig and banyan48 which do not reflecthuman necessity from the trees. However,the settled land during Ratnapala andIndrapala show the boundaries havingvaluable trees and bushes like silk cotton,timber49 which are very useful for humanhabitation. Thus diversification of ruraleconomy had some implications on thepopulation trend during our period of study.

OWNERSHIP OF LAND :It is already mentioned that the Austric

people of Kamarupa were associated withjhum cultivation which reveals the systemof production by collective efforts. Theprivate ownership of land was not possiblein this system. There is no privateownership of land among the Garos, Khasis,Jayantias, Karbis and some Nagas for longpast.50 So, it seems that there was collectiveownership of land among the people whowere associated with the jhum cultivation inancient Kamarupa.51 But when the Aryanpeople settled and the non-Aryan peoplebecame Aryanized in ancient Kamarupa thenature of the ownership of land changed.The kings of Kamarupa following theNorthern Indian tradition claimed that allland belonged to the crown.52 The king hadthe right over cultivated or waste land, allwoods, forests, ferries, mines etc. However,when the lands were donated by the kingsunder review there were some interestingsystem of holding of the land. TheNidhanpur C.P.53 shows that while land wasgiven individually, pasture ground, wateretc. were to be enjoyed jointly. Thus thisgrant speaks partly of individual and partlyof joint ownership. The Bargaon C.P.,54

however, shows individual donees, receivingfrom the state land with houses, paddyfields, pasture ground etc. and everythingthat was situated within the donated plot.

The donated lands were demarcated, butthe way of demarcating seems in a verytemporary basis, because the mark was doneartificially i.e. by some tree, bamboo sticksetc, which could easily be removed by thebad neighbour if there was so. But it speaksof the honesty of the ancient people ofancient Kamarupa that even such a flexibleboundary like a bamboo fence served thepurpose of the grants.

INDUSTRY :Kiskindya Kanda of Ramayana states

that there is a country of silk-worm rarerstowards the eastern side of Pundravardhanai.e. Northern Bengal which meansPragjyotisha where sericulture was widelypractised in ancient times.55 Mahabharata56

associates the Kiratas of Kamarupa withskin, gems, gold, silver, blankets, bids andvaluable coral. Arthasastra57 refers the bestin quality silk of Suvarnakundya which isidentified with a village Sonkuriha 58 ofpresent Nalbari district, dukula-very finecloth made of the inner bark of a plant ofthe same name, of Vangas and Pundras,ksauma of Kosi and Pundra and patrona ofPundras which were within the territory ofKamarupa in different times. TheHarsacarita59 refers to the presents ofBhaskara to Harsha along with abhogaumbrella, wrapped in dukula cloth and avarity of silken objects woven out ofpattasutra, ksauma i.e. silk and towels. TheBargaon C.P.60 also refers to dukula. Thusancient Kamarupa produced three varities ofsilk i.e. dukula, ksauma and patrona.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Seaspeaks about gold coins called caltis nearthe Ganges Valley61 which was associatedwith a country of Kalitas of theBrahmaputra Valley who were then theSadagaras.62 Kalidasa of the Gupta period,contemporary to the Varmanas also refers in

Raghuvamsam63 that Kamarupa producedjewellery in large quantities. Harsacarita64

refers to gold chain and gold leafworkprsented to Harshavardhana by Bhaskara.Hasacarita65 refers to jewels. This referenceindicates that there were persons proficientin the art of making gold and silverornaments who also knew the method ofsetting jewels in them. Gold coins werefound at Samatata and Paglatek in theteritory of Kamarupa during the Varmanas.Though the early epigraphs do not mentionspecifically about gold, the later epigraphsand the medieval and modern writings onAssam support the above mentioned sourcesthat the availability of gold had beencontinued till the later period whichconfirms the above discussion. The TezpurGrant66 of Vanamala of the middle of the 9th

c. A.D. refers gold from Lauhitya i.e.Brahmaputra. The Silimpur Inscription oflater Pala king Jayapala of 12 th c. A.D.mentions that king Jayapala offered a gift ofgold equal to his own weight, to a learnedBrahmana, over and above nine hundredgold coins67. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri , work of1260-61 A.D. by Minhajuddin mentions thatnumerous idols both of gold and silver anda huge image of gold weighing two or threethousand mounds stood in the temple inKamakhya.68 The Periplus69 refers to goldwashing from the rivers near the Gangeswhich might be in places from Kamrupa. Inthe later times, during the Ahom rule goldwashing was done on an elaborate scale bya class of people known as Sonowal70 andthe State derived considerable income fromthe yearly tax levied on gold washing71.

Fathiya-i-Ibriyah, a work of 1663 A.D. ofSihabuddin Talish records that about tenthousand people were employed in thewashings, and each man made an average ofa tola of gold per annum and handed itover to the king.72 The gold was obtained



by washing in the Brahmaputra, Subansiriand other rivers73 and in almost all the riversof modern Lakhimpur, Sivsagar, Darang,Cachar,74 Manipur75 and other places.76

Gaullikam, a kind of metal77 probablysilver was produced in present Goalparadistrict in ancient Kamarupa78 which had thecolour of tagara79 flower, evidently resemblingthe white metal. Gold, silver and brass metalare referred by Kalikapurana80 when it givesan exhaustive list of ornaments. Robinson andHunter also mentioned later about silver ofAssam.81

The Copper Plates of the rulers ofKamarupa, made of Copper and the nameof Kalia as Copper smith for the NidhanpurC.P.82 reveal the proper use of copper andthe skilled smith for it during our period ofstudy. The Bargaon C.P.83 perhaps mentionsabout Copper, though not certain, by whichit may be surmised that the king Ratnapalawas eager for discovering copper mineswithin his kingdom.

The swords said to have been suppliedby Bhaskara to Wang-Hiuen-Tse to help himin his military adventures84 may allude to theexistence of a steel and weapon producingindustry. Though there are no more referencesof iron used during the period, there is a wordda i.e. knife in present Assamese, which is anAustric word,85 that is made of iron. TheKhasis use to smelt iron from ore, so ironwas plentyful among these people fromancient period. The Khasi and the Jayantiahills abound in coal ; the quantity of iron isgood and they are used in manufacturinghoes and knife.

MINOR INDUSTRIES :The Tibeto-Burman people of Kamarupa

constructed their houses and made basketswith bamboo. The present Assamese wordjampa i.e.a kind of suitcase made of bamboostrips, jengtopa, tokonbao etc. are of Austric

origin86 indicate that there were someindustrial works of bamboo in ancientKamarupa and as the word tatsal i.e. loomis Austric so there must be weaving industryin ancient Kamarupa.

Kalidasa, a contemporary of the earlyVarmanas of ancient Kamarupa, refers topaying elephants to Raghu by the Kamarupaking in his Raghuvamsa87 which indicatethe ivory industry flourishing during theperiod of the Varmanas. The reference ofjuice of the mango fruits, black agarusticks in sacks of woven threads of silk andagaru oil, seats of woven cane, caskets ofcane-made pleasing to eyes by variouscolours, cages of cane decorated withliquified gold, the pages of books made ofthe bark agaru trees, boxes and paintingboards, excellent ornaments including ivoryand sofisticated items of high quality like(1) umbrella adorned with pearl-festoons,fringed by a dangling raw of chawries andtopped by a figure of swan, (2) drinkingvessels produced with the help of pieces ofcrystal, oystershell, chank etc., (3) cagesmade of coral etc., wine called ullaka in thelist of presentation by Bhaskara toHarshavardhan88 clearly reveal that there mustbe some industrial works related to all theseitems during the time of Bhaskarvarman. Thereference of hyppopotamus ivory in TheHarsacarita89 as presentation of Bhaskara toHarsha, which was not unlikely of rhinoceros,made of cosmas appears to be interesting inthis connection.

The Nidhanpur C.P.90 speaks about theKumbhakaras i.e. the potters who made potsfrom soil which reveal about the soil industryof the period. Bhaskarvarman used 3000boats in one expedition.91 The SuwalkuchiC.P. of Ratnapala92 mentions boatmen. So,boats were made during the period underreview. The same Grant93 mentions the root ofthe sarkara tree on brick mounds which

points that bricks were made during thePala kings who ruled from Pragjyotispur.The archaeological remains of the periodactually show the use of stone and bricks.Sculpting in stone is suggested by stonesculptures of the period under review.

The Kalika Purana94 mentions differentvarities of ornaments and coloured woolencloths. This may presuppose production ofshellac for dying calicos and other stuffs.The Kalika Purana95 testifies to theavailabilities of different sorts of dailyneccessities including varities of cloth,utensils, oil etc. ornaments, items of luxeryand perfumes which needed obviouslyindustrial works in the period.

As there are mentions about all theseindustrial works, there must be a workingclass consisting of goldsmith, coppersmith,carpenter, potter, jeweller, tailor, sculptor,painter, weaver, juice-maker etc. during ourperiod of present study.

Lac was supplied by Kamarupa to theKauravas. From the availibility of colourfulsilk in Kamarupa, it is clear that theKamarupa people knew the art of dying bythe means of lac, indigo and other products.We are informed that Bhaskara presented toHarsha ‘smooth figured textures’ pointingindirectly to the colour produced from lacand other substances96. The art of dying fromlac and also the industry might come toancient Kamarupa during our period throughthe Yunan-Burma route. The PushpabhadraGrant97 of 12th c. A.D. refers a tree used forbreeding la-poka or lac - insect. Existence ofthe lac industry in the later period is alsoproved by Travernier’s writing, a 17th c. work,as he informs that Assam produces abundanceof shellac of red colour ; with it they dyeCalicos and other stuff.98

Bhaskara sent to Harsha the pillows ofsamurak leather and kardaranga bucklerswith charming borders99 which speaks about

leather industry by extracting leather fromdeer etc. in ancient Kamarupa during thetime of Bhaskarvarman. Bhaskara presentedto Hiuen Tsang a fur cape called ho-la-li,made of coarse skin lined with soft down,which was designated to protect from rainwhile on the road100 which again proves theavailability of leather industry during thetime of Bhaskarvarmana.

MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE :Though kara is mentioned in the

epigraphs, it is difficult to determine howrevenue was paid by the people to the king.It is certain that the barter system wasprevalent for the purpose of internal affairs.In the present time also the tribal people ofthe region who belonged to the chiefpopulation of ancient Kamarupa during ourperiod of study, have been continuing withthe barter system.101 But we do not haveany information about exchange in theforeign-trade. However, Kamarupa of ourpresent study, had the impact of the Guptaswho were aware of the use of coins. Aseries of gold specie was in circulation inSamatata, which was controlled by thekingdom Kamarupa. These gold coinsstruck by a few group of rulers, the first ofwhich might have some geneologicalrelations with the Varmana dynasty102. Themembers of the other groups were probablyfeudatories of the Kamarupa kingdom. Thegold coins found at Paglatek in Goalparadistrict indicates that the pieces struck inSamatata could have sometimes found theirway to this area of Kamarupa through trade.Bhaskarvarman presented Harsa with heapsof black and white chowries103 whichindicates that these chowries or paddy wereused for paying taxes for maintaininginterstate relation. Caltis referred above,probably was the coin.



STATE INCOME : TAXThe levy of land tax Kara is mentioned

in the Nidhanpur C.P.104 in connection withthe reissue of the Grant when the originalplates were lost. Bhaskarvarman was calledequal distributor of revenue105 which provesthat the people in general had to pay equalamount of taxes. Tax was so levied on landperiodically. Bargaon C.P.106 mentions aboutkamala koro. P.C. Choudhury107 said that itindicates that the state derived profit fromcopper mines. But the exact significance ofthe term is not clear. The Bargaon C.P.108

again mentions about tenant’s taxes andother duties which were generally paid tothe state, but due to the grant of the landsto the Brahmanas the same tax were to bepaid to the Brahmana donees. Thereferences to Kara are frequent in the landgrants of ancient Kamarupa in connectionwith the land grants in villages concerningthe nature of the production. In any casekara in ancient Kamarupa under reviewevidently denoted in periodical tax. But therate of the tax is not known to us.

EXPORT IMPORT : TRADE ROUTESThe Arthasastra109 refers chinapatta i.e.

chinese silk, four varities of silk, dukula,aloes-wood and tailaparanika-an extractfrom aloes-wood from Kamarupa, sandal-wood from Paralauhitya i.e. on the bank ofthe Brahmaputra. As the Arthasastra waswritten in the other side of Kamarupa, theauthor or the authors of theArthasastramight have used the objects or must haveheard of them from Kamarupa. So, theremight be the feasibility of transportation ofsuch items from Kamarupa to the localityof the authors. On the authority of J-Przyluski, S. Chattopadhyaya110 says thatfrom the Maurya time onwards Pataliputrawas connected with Nepal by Vaisali andSravasti. So, it is probable that from Vaisali

in North Bihar a route ran towards the eastof Kamarupa. Though the Bargaon C.P.111

gives a hint of copper mines during thetime of Ratnapala, it was not definitewhether the composer of the Grant actuallywanted to mean about Copper ore or not.But as Copper was extensively in use forthe making of the copper plates, the importof the copper might be from the mines ofSingbhum district in modern Bihar as thereis a clear evidence of working at the Rakhamines in Singbhum in the 3rd/4th c. A.D.112

Pearls might have been imported from southIndia as the Periplus of the Erythraean seareferes pearl-fisheries near the coast ofPandya country in south India and to anemporium dealing with pearls at a placewhich can be located in Tamilnadu.113 Theancient Indian literature mentioned theKiratas of Kamarupa and the process of theirAryanization by the Aryan people of centralIndia which indicate that there must be routesto ancient Kamarupa from North and centralIndia, through which the Aryan people camehere. External relations of the Varmana kingsand the Pala kings Ratnapala and Indrapalaclearly state that there must be some routesduring their period. There was a possiblecolony of Kamarupa in the Kalinga i.e. inmodern Orissa,114 for which there must be aroute in between Kamarupa and Orissa.

From the Report of Chang-Kien, welearn that when Chinese ambassador to theYuchchi country in 128-126 B.C., was inTa-hia, he found silk and bamboo therefrom Yunnan and Szechuan provinces ; helearnt that there was a powerful countrynamed India and there was a trade routefrom Kamarupa to South-West China,through which these products were carriedfrom southern China to Afghanistan.115

Probably silk worm domestication,system of preparing of silk, weaving of silkcloth and concept of vermillion came

through this route. The old Chinese wordduring five hundred A.D., Ta-cho might beAssamese tas-pat, a variety of silk. Thescholars have rightly observed that Indiamaintained her contact with China throughKamarupa which was connected by easternroutes with North Burma and South Chinaand the bamboos referred to by Chang-Kienevidently passed through Kamarupa whichcarried on independent trade relations withthese countries.116 The country of This ofPeriplus117 identified with China118 whichproduced malabathrum i.e. tezpat, as alreadymentioned was brought into Kamarupa,perhaps through Kamarupa-Burma route toChina, started from Pataliputra i.e. modernPatna passed by Champa i.e. modernBhagalpur, Kajangala i.e. modern Rajmahaland Pundravardhana i.e. North Bengal andproceeded up to Kamarupa.119 Raw silk, silkyarn and silk cloth were brought on foot fromthe land of This through Bactria to Barygazaand were also exported to Damirica by way ofthe river Ganges.120 Indentifying This withChina it may be observed that the weight ofevidence seems to be in favour of its importfrom China by way of the Brahmaputra Valleyof Kamarupa and Eastern Bengal, early in theChristian era. On the authority of J.A.R.S.,1910, pp. 1187-9 S. Chattopadhyaya says thatGerini, G.E. refers to Shung-shu that a king ofKapili Valley in kamarupa sent an ambassadorto China, the ambassador possibly wentthrough this eastern route which provesChina’s connection with Kamarupa as early asthe 4th c. A.D.121 During the later half of the6th c. A.D. three Indian monks went to Chinafrom eastern India which according to theChinese writers, meant Bengal andKamarupa122 and twenty Chinese monks hadcome to India in the middle of the 3rd c. bythe Yunnan-Burma overland route on apilgrimage.123 It is evidently through thisroute that cinapatta , the Chinese silk

referred to in the Arthasastra reached theinterior of India through Kamarupa. There isa probability of another land route to Chinathrough the Northern side of Kamarupa. Si-yu-ki (629-45 A.D.) informs “Kamarupa isbounded by lines of hills and the frontiers,so, are contiguous to the barbarians of theSouth-West of China ; the pilgrim (YuanChwang) learned from the people ofKamarupa that the South-west borders ofSzuchuan were distant about two months’journey, but the mountains and rivers werehard to pass.... in the south east of thecountry were wild elephants which ravagedin herds, and so there was a good supply ofelephants for war purposes”.124 That theroute was in use is proved from whatBhaskarvarman said to Hiuen Tsang whenhe heard a song that came from China butwas very popular in Kamarupa.125 There is astrong possibility that the informationreached Kamarupa through the easternpasses. Bhaskarvarman was a contemporaryof Srong-tsan Gampo, the king of Tibetwho had connection with China. There wasa Tibetan-Nepal channel to eastern Indiathrough which Chinese articles could reachKamarupa, as in modern time also there is anew avenue of Assam China trade throughTibetan-Nepal channel. Bhaskarvarman’spresents to Harsha included certain itemswhich were not produced in Kamarupa.Among such important items were gosirsha-chandana, fruit-bearing twigs of kakkola,flowers of clove and perhaps camphor andfruits of the nutmeg trees.126 Divyavadanamentions that a very costly variety of sandalwood called gosirsha was imported from aoverseas territory127 i.e. from Timor islandin Indonessia128 kakkola was imported fromKakhola129 which is identified as modernMalayasia130. Camphor was also importedfrom Malayasia131 and fruit of nutmeg treei.e. jatiphala was also an item of import132.



Musk deer, camara deer mentioned in theHarsacarita133 as presentation to Harsha byBhaskara were brought from Tibet andBhutan.134 Horses supplied by Harsha 135 toBhaskara were perhaps brought fromTibet136. The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, a mid 13th c.work mentions the existence of thirty-fivemountain passes between Kamarupa andTibet.137 Bhaskarvarman asked Hiuen Tsangon his return journey to China, whether hewould go by the water way, which showsthat there was a sea-route not only to SouthEast Asia but also up to China sea evidentlyvia Singapore.

The discovery of kaolin pottery (Chineseclay) in the Ambari excavation site atGuwahati of 7th to 13th c.138 which is usedfor making pottery vessels and terracotta artobjects in China and Chinese celadon warereveal that there must be trade betweenKamarupa and China during that period.

Thus it is certain that there was traderoute between Pragjyotishpur and China139

and Pragjyotishpur stood on the maritimeroute (on the Brahmputra).140 The territorialexpansion of Kamarupa under the Varmanasmay have fecilitated and promoted bothregional and long distance trade which wasalready been carried on mainly throughnumerous waterways of the BrahmaputraValley and the Gangetic delta as also alongoverland routes.141 The economic developmentof the Varmanas both by rural and urbaneconomy presupposed a merchantileorganization which had a close touch withthe administrative authority on which itdepended for production. The administrativeauthority, in turn, perhaps depended on thetraders for the procurement and productionof surplus of both agricultural and non-agricultural goods. It as evidently throughtrade that the Varmanas were able to obtainprestige goods such as cups of Sapphire,crest jewels and precious stones which were

listed among the presents given byBhaskarvarman to Harsha. However, thevolume of trade was not large enough towarrent the use of coined money andtransactions were apperantly based on thebarter system.

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15. Schoff, W.H., (tr): The Periplus of theErythraean sea, p. 216.

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20. Beal, S. : Buddhist Records of theWestern World, p. 196 ; Watters, T.,(tr), On Yuan Chwang’s Travels inIndia, ii, pp. 185-86.

21. Ibid, p. 50.22. Barua, B.K. : Asamiya Bhasa Aru

Sanskriti, ch. 2, p. 2.23. Cowell, E.B. & Thomas, F.W. : The

Harsacarita, p. 214.24. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, iii, p.

200.25. vs. 5-6.26. Gurdon, P.R.T. : The Khasis, p. 76.27. Cowell, E.B. & Thomas, F.W. : The

Harsacarita, p. 214.28. Chatterji, S.K. : Kirata Janakrti, p. 31.29. Kakati, B. : Assamese Its Formation

And Development, p. 43.30. Medhi, K.R. : Assamese Grammar And

Origin of Assamese Language, Intro,Lxvii, Lxiiif.

31. Watters, T., (tr) : On Yuan Chwang’sTravels in India, ii, p. 185.

32. Ibid, p. 132.33. Ibid, p. 68.34. vs. 5-6.35. Chattopadhyaya, S.: Economic Condition.

The Comprehensive History of Assam,vol-i, ed. H.K. Barpujari, p. 245.

36. Ibid.37. Bargaon Copper Plate, ls. 31-33.38. Barua, B.K. : Cultural History of

Assam, p. 82.

39. Choudhury, P.C.: The History ofCivilization of the People of Assam, p.347.

40. Economic Condition. The ComprehensiveHistory of Assam, vol-i, ed. H.K.Barpujari: p. 249.

41. Sharma, M.M.: Inscriptions of AncientAssam, p. 162.

42. Choudhury, A.: Temples and Shrines inand around Guwahati : SomeSociological Observations, Journal ofAssam Research Society, xxxv, 1996,Bharat Ratna Lokapriya GopinathBordoloi Commemoration Volume, p. 87.

43. Watters, T., (tr): On Yuan Chwang’sTravels in India, ii, p. 186.

44. Ansari, Z.D. & Dhavalikar, M.K.:Exavations at Ambari (Gauhati)-1970,Journal of the Poona University(Humanities Section), vol.35, pp.79-87 ;Sankhalia, H.D.: From History toPrehistory in Assam. Cultural Contoursof India, Dr. Satya Prakas FelicitationVolume, pt. ii, ed. Vijoya ShankarSrivastava, Abhinav Publications, 1931,pp. 1-5 ; Sarma, T.C. & Sengupta, G. :Ambari Excavations (A Note on RecentScuptural Finds), T.C.H.A., vol. i, ed.,H.K. Barpujari: p. 473.

45. Nidhanpur, Copper Plate, ls. 128-32.46. Bargaon Copper Plate, ls. 65-72.47. Guakuchi Copper Plate, ls. 49-61.48. Nidhanpur Copper Plate, ls. 128-32.49. Bargaon Copper Plate, ls. 65-72.50. Borgohain, J.K.: Asamar Samajik

Rupantar Aru Madhyasrenir Bikash, p. 20.51. Ibid.52. Barua, B.K. : Cultural History of

Assam, p. 84.53. ls. 126-129.54. v. 20.55. Barua, K.L. : Prehistoric Culture in

Assam, Journal of Assam ResearchSociety, viii, p.40.



56. “Bhimar Purvadik Vijay”,Sabhaparva, ch. 30, (tr) GauhatiUniversity.

57. Shamasastry, R., (tr) : pp. 102-13.58. Barua, K.L. : “Addemdum”, Journal

of Assam Research Society, vii, April,1939, no 2, p. 29 ; Dasgupta, N.N.,“Kamarupa and Kautilya”,Journal ofAssam Research Society, vii, April,1939, no 2, p. 25.

59. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W., TheHarsacarita, p. 214.

60. Ibid, p. 38.61. Schoff, W.H., (tr) : The Periplus of

the Erythraean Sea, p. 48.62. Barua, K.L.: Early History of Kamarupa,

p. 122.63. Nandargarikar, G.R., (tr) ch. 4, v. 81,

p. 120.64. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W., The

Harsacarita, p. 214 ; Goswami, M.,(tr) : Banabhatta’s Harasacarita, p.195.

65. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W. : TheHarsacarita, p. 214.

66. v. 1.67. Epigraphia Indica, xiii, pp. 283ff.68. Raverty, H.G., (tr) : Tabaqat -i-Nasiri,

p. 569.69. Schoff, W.H., (tr) : The Periplus of

the Erythraean Sea, p. 25.70. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal,

xxx, i, pp. 49ff.71. Barua, B.K. : Cultural History of

Assam, p. 105.72. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal,

xxx, pp. 49ff.73. Barua, K.L.: Early History of

Kamarupa, p. 122.74. Hunter, W.W. : A Statistical Account

of Assam, i, p. 231.75. Pemberton, R.B. : Report on the

Eastern Frontier of British India, pp.

27f; Hodson, T.C.: The Meitheis ofManipur, pp. 1f.

76. Robinson, W. : A Descriptive Accountof Assam, p. 35.

77. Commentary of A.S. by Bhattasvamin,p. 63.

78. Barua, K.L. : “Addemdum”, Journal ofAssam Research Society, vii, April,1939, no 2, p. 34.

79. Chattopadhyaya, S. : “EconomicCondition”, The ComprehensiveHistory of Assam, vol i, ed. H,K,Barpujari : p. 249.

80. B. Sastri, (tr) : ch. 69, vs. 17-22, pp.1059-60.

81. Robinson, W. : A Descriptive Accountof Assam, p. 35 ; Hunter, W.W., A Statistical Account of Assam, i, pp.380-2.

82. Ibid, p. 136.83. Ibid, p. 45.84. Levi, S., Le Nepal, i, p. 9.85. Barua,B.K., Asamiya Bhasa Aru

Sanskriti, ch. p. 4.86. Ibid, pp. 7, 14-5.87. Nandarkar, G.R., (tr) : Raghuvamsa,

ch. 4, v. 83, p. 121.88. Cowell, E.B. : & Thomas, F.W.:

Harsacarita, p. 214-5 ; ch. vii, Chaki,J., ed. Harsacarita, ch. vii, p. 308.

89. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W.: TheHarsacarita, p. 215.

90. Ibid, p. 13.91. Mukherji, B.N. : East Indian Art

Styles, pp. 19-20.92. Ibid, p. 61.93. Ibid, p. 59.94. Sastri, B., (tr) : ch. 69, v.1, p. 1046.95. Ibid, vs. 17-22, p. 1049.96. Chattopadhyaya, S. : “Economic

Condition”, The Comprehensive History

of Assam, vol i ed. H.K Barpujari : p. 255.97. Ibid, p. 56.98. Ball, V., (tr) : Travernier’s Travels in

India, ii, p. 221.99. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W.: The

Harsacarita, p. 214.100. Beal, S., (tr) : Life of Hiuen Tsiang, p.

189.101. Mills, J.P. : The Rengma Nagas, p. 72

; Hutton, J.H. : The Angami Nagas, p.71 and The Sema Nagas, p. 58.

102. Mukherji, B.N.: “Early BengalNumasmatics : The Scop of Study”,Mudra, special number, Calcutta,1989, pp. 10f.

103. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W.: TheHarsacarita, p. 214.

104. Ibid, p. 51.105. Nidhanpur Copper Plate, l. 47.106. Ibid, p. 45.107. Choudhury, P.C. : The History of

Civilization of the People of Assam, p. 274.108. Ibid, p. 57.109. Shamasastry, R., (tr): pp. 80-83.110. “Economic Condition”, The

Comprehensive History of Assam, vol.i, ed. H.K. Barpujari : p. 256.

111. Ibid, p. 45.112. Mukherji, B.N. & Lee P.K.D.:

Technology of Indian Coinage,p. 73.113. Schoff, W.H., (tr) : The Periplus of the

Erythraean sea, pp. 239-42.114. Chattopadhyaya, S. : Economic

Condition, The Comprehensive Historyof Assam, vol i ed. H.K Barpujari : p.258.

115. J.A.O.S., 1917, pp. 89-152 ; Chatterji, S.K.: Asom Aru Bharat, Asamiya Sanskriti, ed.H. Neog & L. Gogoi : p. 263.

116. Chattopadhyaya, S. : EconomicCondition, The Comprehensive History

of Assam, vol i ed. H.K. Barpujari : p.258; Choudhury, P.C. : History ofCivilization of the People of Assam, p.355.

117. Schoff, W.H., (tr) : The Periplus of theErythraean sea, pp. 48-9.

118. Chattopadhyaya, S. : EconomicCondition, The Comprehensive Historyof Assam, vol-i, ed. H.K. Barpujari :p. 258.

119. Bagchi, P.C. : India and China, p. 19.120. Schoff, W.H., (tr) : The Periplus of the

Erythraean sea, p. 48.121. Chattopadhyaya, S.: Economic

Condition, The Comprehensive Historyof Assam, vol i ed. H.KBarpujari, p. 259 note.

122. Bagchi, P.C. : India and China, p. 43.123. Ibid, p. 60.124. Watters, T., (tr), : On Yuan Chwang’s

Travels in India, ii, p. 186.125. Ibid, pp. 186-7.126. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W. : The

Harsacarita, p. 214.127. Cowell, E.B., & Neil, R.A. :

Divyavadana, pp. 31f.128. Agarwala, V.S. : The deeds of Harsa,

p. 204.129. Ibid.130. Journal of the Malayan Branch of

Royal Asiatic Society, xxx, 2, p. 105.131. Tibbets, G.R. : A Study of Arabic

Texts Containing Materials on SouthEast Asia, p. 33.

132. Agarwala, V.S. : The deeds of Harsa,p. 204.

133. Cowell, E.B., & Thomas, F.W. : TheHarsacarita, p. 214.

134. Ball, V., (tr) : Travernier’s Travels inIndia, ii, p. 113.

135. Beal, S., (tr) : Life of Hiuen Tsiang, p. 168.136. Mukherji, B.N. : External Trade of



¬ı±—˘± ø¬ıˆ¬±·


Early North-Eastern India, p. 58.137. Elliot, H.M. & Dowson, J., (tr) : The

History as Told by its Own Historians,i, pp. 311-2.

138. Sarma, T.C. : “Sources of the Historyof Assam, Ancient Period”, Sources ofthe History of India, vol. iii, ed. N.R.Ray, p. 38.

139. Beal, S., (tr) : Life of Hiuen Tsiang,Intro. xxvi.

140. Watters, T., (tr) : On YuanChwang’s Travels in India, ii, pp.185-6.

141. Beal, S., (tr) : Life of Hiuen Tsiang,pp. 86, 164, 188.

40 ‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011

Bhagaban Goswami

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˘`¬Ú ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛ Î¬0 õ∂À√…±»fl≈¡˜±¬ı ˜± ◊√√øÓ¬ ˜Ú¸±À√¬ıœ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¢∂Lö ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ıÀÂ√ÚºŒ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı ◊√√ ñ ëHistorical Studies in the Cult of theGoddess Manasa (A Socio Cultural Study)í-¬ı˛¤fl¡ Ê√± ˛·± ˛ ø¬ı √√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±-Œfl¡øffl¡ fl‘¡Ó¬… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±˜±Ú…Î¬◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√º ˚Ô± – ëManasa is worshipped in

Bihar, where her cult is most popular amongthe people of the north. In almost everynorthern village of this province throughoutthe month of 'Sr-ava.na, the people gathertogether in a place of their choice at nightand a few of them narrate the story of

ABSTRACT : The tradition of Manasa cult in the realm of literature is a muchencountered phenomenon in eastern India. In all the parts of Bengal – East, West, North andSouth– ‘Manasamangal’ has been developed as a powerful branch of popular or folkliterature for a considerable period. The tradition is interwoven with the neighbouringprovinces also. A fine specimen of this kind of work is the ‘Manasamangal Dhuwavali’ byGovindachandra Singha which saw itself in print in the year 1906. Some controversy hoverover the source of this work of extraordinary value along with the identity of its author. Thispaper while meeting these problems has made an effort to throw light on the ManasamangalDhuwavali from multiple dimensions like literary values, folk elements, linguistic ideas, statusof women in society, the impact of British rule during the period and others.



’ø‰¬ôL… ø¬ıù´±¸ 43-58

l ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈X ñ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±‡…±ÚŒÊ√…±øÓ¬ « ˛ Œ¸Ú&5 59-69

l ¬ıøÇ˜-ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛ ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S S˚˛œ¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« 70-78

l ˆ¬øMê√ . Î¬◊»¸ ¸g±ÀÚ˙±ôL¿ ˜ø~fl¡ 79-85

THE BENGALI MANASAMANGAL OF THE HINDI-SPEAKING POETGOBINDACHANDRA SINGHA ON THE BACKGROUND OF GREATERBENGALI CULTURE

’ø‰¬ôL… ø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ ¬ıe ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ... ˜Ú¸±˜e˘

Lakhinder and Behula with singing anddancing.í1

ø¬ı. ¤¸, ˆ¬±˜«±¬ı˛ ëSocio-Religious, Economicand Literary condition of Biharí ñ ¢∂ÀLö2 ¤-øÚÀ˚˛ ¸±˜±Ú… Î¬◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√º Î¬0 ˜±˝◊√√øÓ¬ ˜”˘Ó¬ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡’±qÀÓ¬± ∏ ˆ¬A±‰¬±À «¬ı˛ ë¬ı±—˘± ˜e˘ fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸í ŒÔÀfl¡Ó¬Ô… ’± √√¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’±qÀÓ¬± ∏¬ı±¬ı≈ ø¬ı √√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±-fl¡Ô±¬ı˛¸±˜±Ú… ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº

fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ [∑] ≈ø^Ó¬, ëø √√µœ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡ ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡±˘ ˛íø¬ıÓ¬ø¬ıÓ¬, ëŒ¬ıU˘± fl¡œ fl¡Ô±í ˙œ ∏«fl¡ ëŒ√¬ıÚ±·¬ıœ ’é¬À¬ı ø¬ı √√±¬ıœ¬ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛í fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœøÈ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Ú ’±qÀÓ¬±¯∏ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«º3 ’±¬ı˛¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı ◊√√ ¸y¬ıÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ Œ√À‡øÂ√À˘Ú ñ ë˜Ú¸± ¬Û”Ê√± Ó¬Ô±ø¬ı¯∏˝√√¬ı˛œ ‰¬ø¬ı˛Síº õ∂fl¡±˙¶ö˘ ¸±˘øfl¡˚˛±, ˝√√±›Î¬ˇ±º4 fl¡±ø˝√√Úœø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« ëÎ¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚí-¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚Ô± Â√

1. ¤øÈ¬ ¬ı±—˘± ˜Ú¸±˜e˘-fl¡Ô±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ë¤Ó¬ Ê√øÈ¬˘› ’Ú±¬ı˙…fl¡ Œ¬ÛÃ¬ı˛±øÌfl¡ fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛±Sê±ôLí Ú˚˛º5

2. ë˙Ç¬ı˛ ·±èÎ¬ˇœ › ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœí ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±fl¡±ø˝ø√√ÚÀÓ¬ ŒÚ˝◊√√ñ ëŒÚÓ≈¬˘± ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√ ˜±Sºí6

3. ë˝√√±¸±Ú-Œ˝√√±À¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±˘±í ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ŒÚ˝◊√√º7

fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± › √√±›Î¬ˇ± ˛ õ∂±5 ≈ø^Ó¬ ¬Û≈øô¶fl¡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±qÀÓ¬±¯∏¬ı±¬ı≈¬ı˛ ø¸X±ÀôL ¸±˜±Ú… ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò› ’±ÀÂ√ºŒ˚˜Ú, ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ñ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚøÈ¬ õ∂ÔÀ˜ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√, ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ë˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœøÈ¬ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ˝√√˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±—˘±À√À˙ ’±ø¸˚˛± ¤‡±Úfl¡±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±˙øMê√ ¸˜‘X fl¡ø¬ıø√À·¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛøÎ¬ˇ˚˛± ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬Û~ø¬ıÓ¬˝√√˝◊√√˚˛±ÀÂ√º8 ¤fl¡È≈¬¬ ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú – ë... ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœÒ˜«¬Û”Ê±√¬ı˛ Œ√˙ ¬ı˛±Ï¬ˇˆ¬”ø˜ ˝√√˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ õ∂À√À˙ ø·˚˛±ÀÂ√º9

’¬ı˙… Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«ôL Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬ø¸X±ôL, ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛-’=À˘˝◊√√ ˜Ú¸±fl¡Ô±¬ı˛ Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ’—˙øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬± ∏± – ëø¬ı √√±¬ı˛˝√ √˝◊ √ √ÀÓ¬˝◊ √ √ ˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ fl¡±ø˝√ √ÚœøÈ¬ ¬ı±—˘±À√À˙’±ø¸˚˛±ÀÂ√, ¬ı±—˘± Œ√˙ ˝√√˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛ ˚±˚˛ Ú±˝◊√√ºí10

¸•xøÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ √√±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’w±ôL õ∂˜±Ì ¤À¸ÀÂ√ñ˚± ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬0 ’±qÀÓ¬± ∏ ˆ¬A±‰¬±À «¬ı˛ ø¸X±ôLøÈ¬ ’¢∂± √√… fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛˜ÀÓ¬± ≈øMê√ ¬Û±›˚± ˚±À26√º Î¬◊¬Û¬ıc ’±˜±À√¬ı ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ø√Ú’±À·fl¡±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±Ò˜«œ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±› õ∂¸eSêÀ˜Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡ø¬ı˛º õ∂ÔÀ˜ øfl¡Â≈√ø√Ú ’±À·fl¡±¬ı˛fl¡±Ê√øÈ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Ê√±Ú± ◊√√º ¤-¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ Ú¬ı¬ıÀ ∏«¬ı˛ ø√Ú õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂ√’±˜±¬ı˛ ¸•Û±√Ú± ˛ ëÊ√·7¡¡¡œ¬ıÚ Œ‚± ∏±À˘¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ºí Œ¸ ◊√√¬ı˝◊√√À˚˛ fl¡ø¬ı¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ¸g±Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À26√, fl¡ø¬ı

’±Ê√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ õ∂À√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø¸µ± øÂ√À˘Úº ëfl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ Œ¬Û±¯∏fl¡ø√Ú±Ê¬Û≈À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ˜ √√±¬ı˛±Ê√ õ∂±ÌÚ±Ôº ¢∂±˜ fl≈¡ø‰¬ ˛±À˜±Î¬ˇ±º...fl≈¡ø‰¬ ˛±À˜±Î¬ˇ± ¢∂±˜ ¬Û”øÌ« ˛± ŒÊ√˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı±¬ı˛À¸± ◊√√ Ô±Ú±¬ı˛ ’ÒœÚ...º¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¬ı±¬ı˛À¸±˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ¬ı˛˘ Œ¶Ü˙Ú , øfl¡¯∏±Ì·? ŒÊ√˘±,ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ºí11 fl¡ø¬ıÀfl¡ Ó¬±˝◊√√ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛¬ıÀe¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı Ú±-¬ıÀ˘ ë¬ıÀeÓ¬¬ı˛’=˘ ¬ı± Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛-¬Û”¬ı« ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛í ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ºëÎ¬◊M√√¬ı˛¬ıÀe¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı Ê√·Ê√œ¬ıÚ Œ‚±¯∏±˘, fl¡Ô±È¬± Œ¯∏±~ ’±Ú±¸Ó¬… ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√... ø˘ø¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ˝√√ô¶±¬ıÀ˘À¬Ûº ÚÀ‰¬» Ê√ij¸”ÀSøÓ¬øÚ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛¬ıÀe¬ı˛ õ∂±ôLˆ¬”ø˜¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ıºí12 ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ø¸X±ôL øÂ√˘ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ¬”À·±À˘ ¸œ˜±¬ıX øÂ√ Ú±ºÊ√·Ê√œ¬ıÚ Œ‚±¯± ∏˘ ¬ıÀeÓ¬¬ı ˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò±¬ı ˛± ¬ı ˛ Œ|á¬fl¡ø¬ıºí13

Î¬◊Mê√ ø¸X±ôL ¸•Û”Ì« ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’¬ı¶ö±˝√ √˚ ˛øÚº ¬ıÀeÓ√¬ı ˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò±¬ı ˛±˚˛ ¡Z±ø¬ı ˛fl¡±√±¸ ’±¬ı ˛Ê√·7¡¡¡œ¬ıÚ Œ‚± ∏±À˘¬ı˛ ¬Û±À˙ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ˙øMê√˙±˘œ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·˘º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—˝√√º Ó“¬±Àfl¡’¬ı˙… ˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı ˛ fl¡±˘¬ÛÀ¬ı « ¬ı ˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º fl¡±¬ı…øÈ¬¬ı ˛¬ı ˛‰¬Ú±fl¡±˘ 1312 ¬ıe±s [1906 ø‡Ë.]º fl¡ø¬ı¬ı ˛ ¬ı ˛‰¬Ú±¸˜±ø5¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ –

¸Ú ŒÓ¬¬ı˛˙Ó¬ ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸±˘ fl¡±øM«√√Àfl¡ÀÓ¬º¸˜±5 ˝√√˝◊√√˘ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı—˙ Ó¬±ø¬ı˛À‡ÀÓ¬ºº14

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—√À √√¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ıQ˙øMê√ øÂ√ º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘Ò” ˛±¬ı˘œí ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ √√ ˛ Ú± ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô± ø¬ı √√±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡¬ı±—˘± ˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√º

ºº 2ºº

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ ¬ı±„√√±ø˘ ÚÚº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¢∂ÀLö Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øÈ¬¬Û”Ì«±e ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬ ˛ › ’±Ú≈ ∏øefl¡ ¸—¬ı±√ ø˜˘ÀÂ√º fl¡ø¬ı Ê√ÀijÀÂ√Ú1280 ¬ıe±Às¬ı˛ Ù¬±â≈Ú ¡Z±√˙œ Ó¬Ô± ëŒ·±ø¬ıµ ¡Z±√˙œí-¬ı˛ø√Ú, qSê¬ı±¬ı˛ [˜±‰«¬ 1874 ø‡Ë.], 1350 ¬ıe±Às¬ı˛ fl¡±øÓ«¬fl¡˜±À¸ ë¬ı˛±¸¬Û”øÌ«˜±í-¬ı˛ ø√Ú, qSê¬ı±¬ı˛ [ÚÀˆ¬•§¬ı˛ 1943 ø‡Ë.]Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛º15 fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı—˙¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øÈ¬ ø˜À˘ÀÂ√ºfl¡ø¬ı¬Û≈S ¿õ∂¸iß fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ø¸—˝√√ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ ’±‡…±¬ÛÀS’±ÀÂ√ñ Ó“¬± ¬ı ˛ ± ë’ø¢ü fl≈ ¡À˘±æ√¬ı õ∂˜±¬ı ˛ é¬S¬ı—˙œ˚˛íºŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸— √√ fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı ø ¬Ó¬¬ı ’±¬ı› øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı‰¬ ø√À˚ÀÂ√ÚºŒ˚˜Ú –

é¬S¬ ı—À˙ ˜±˚˛±¬ı˛±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ¬ı˛ºÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û≈S ·˚˛±¬ı˛±˜ ¸¬ı«fl¡À˜« ø¶ö¬ı˛ººÒ±ø˜«fl¡ øÊ√Ó¬Ú ø¸—˝√√ Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ÚµÚºÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û≈S Œ√¬ı≈ ø¸—˝√√ fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ˆ¬”¯∏ÌººÒÀ˜«ÀÓ¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘… ¸¬ı«&Ì Ò±˜º

Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ŒÊ√…á¬ ¬Û≈S ˚“±¬ı˛ øˆ¬fl≈¡ ø¸—˝√√ Ú±˜ººÓ“¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡øÚá¬ ¬Û≈S ’øÓ¬ ≈√¬ı˛±‰¬±¬ı˛º¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ˆ¬±ø¬ı ¬Û√ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ºº 16

¤-ÀÔÀfl¡ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı—˙˘Ó¬± ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±˚± ˛º

˜±˚˛±¬ı˛±˜ ø¸—˝√√º

·˚˛±¬ı˛±˜º

øÊ√Ó¬Úº

Œ√¬ı≈º

øˆ¬fl≈¡º

Œ·±ø¬ıµfl¡ø¬ı ø¬ıÚ˚˛œ øÂ√À˘Úº øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ ¬ı±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ≈√¬ı˛±‰¬±¬ı˛, ¬Û±¬Ûœ,

’Ò˜ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ÀÌ ˆ¬”ø ∏Ó¬ fl¡À¬ıÀÂ√Úº fl¡ø¬ı øÚá¬±¬ı±Ú ∆¬ı¯û¬ıøÂ√À˘Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¢∂ÀLöº

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˆ¬øÌÓ¬±˚˛ ¬ı±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó¬“±¬ı˛ é¬øS˚˛Q, ëõ∂˜±¬ı˛í[’Ô«±» ë¬Û±¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛í ¬Û√ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛œ] é¬øS˚˛Q, ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Û≈Ó¬ ¬ı—˙¸•ÛÀfl¡« Î¬◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√º fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√º1. Œ√ø‡˚˛± ¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¡ ˘±À· ‰¬˜»fl¡±¬ı˛º

¡ Z±√˙ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ˆ¬ÀÚ Œ·±ø¬ıµ√ õ∂˜±¬ı˛ºº17

2. ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·À¬ı˛ øÚµ± fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛± ’¬Û±¬ı˛ºøÚÊ‚À¬ı˛ Œ·˘ fl¡À˝√√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ õ∂˜±¬ı˛ºº18

3. ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô± ’Ó¬œ¬ı ’æ≈√Ó¬º¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ Ê√±øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Û≈Ó¬ºº19

4. ˜Ú¸±˜e˘-fl¡Ô± ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛ øõ∂˚˛º¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ Ê√±øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ é¬øS˚˛ºº20

5. ˜Ú¸±˜e˘-fl¡Ô± ’æ≈√Ó¬ qøÚÀÓ¬º¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Û≈ÀÓ¬ºº21

¬ı˛±Ê√˜˝√√˘ ˜˝√√fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ’±˙œ˘± ¢∂±À˜ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı±¸ øÂ√˘º¤-fl¡Ô±› ˆ¬øÌÓ¬±˚˛ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Ú øÓ¬øÚº Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Ú ’Ú…±Ú…õ∂±¸øefl¡ Ó¬Ô…›º Œ˚˜Ú –1. ’±˙œ˘± øÚ¬ı±¸œ øˆ¬fl≈¡ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛º

‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ˆ¬ÀÚ Œ·±ø¬ıµ õ∂˜±¬ı˛ºº22

2. ˜Ú¸± ˜e˘ ·œÓ¬ ¸7¡¡¡ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ÚœÓ¬|¬ıÀÌ ¬Û¬ı˛˜ ¸≈‡√±˚˛º

’±˙œ˘± ¢∂±À˜ÀÓ¬¬ ı±¸ ˜Ú¸±À√¬ıœ¬ı˛ √±¸

’Ò˜ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ ·±˚˛ºº23

fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ ’¢∂Ê√ √œÚ¬ıg≈ ø¸—˝√√ ’±˙œ˘± ¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘√À˘¬ı˛ ·± ˛fl¡ øÂ√À˘Úº Œ·±ø¬ıµ ‰¬f ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú, ëë’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¤’=À˘ ˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ ·±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ◊√√ ’±¢∂˝√√ ›ˆ¬øMê√º õ∂±˚˛ ¢∂±À˜˝◊ √ √ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ·±ÀÚ¬ı˛ √˘ ’±ÀÂ√ºíí24

¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ˜Ú¸±˜e˘-Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˚≈Mê√ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√ √ Œ˚Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ¬ı± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ √±√± √œÚ¬ıg≈ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡’±øé¬5 √√À˚øÂ√À˘Ú Ó¬± Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚º ¤-¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı Î¬0 ’±qÀÓ¬± ∏ˆ¬A±‰¬±À «¬ı ’Ú≈˜±Ú øÍ¬fl¡ Ú˚˛º

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ’¢∂Ê√ ¬·Àµ±¬ı˛œ ø¸— √√º ·Àµ±¬ı˛œø¸— √√ ◊√√ ŒÊ√…á¬ øÂ√À˘Úº Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı øÂ√ ºŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú – ëë’±˜±¬ı˛ ŒÊ√…á¬ w±Ó¬± ¿˚≈Mê√ ¬ı±¬ı≈·Àµ±¬ı˛œ ø¸—À √√¬ı˛ ’±À√ ±Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛ ˙±À¶a±ø~ø‡Ó¬ È¬œfl¡±¸ ” √√ ¤¬ı—ø˝√√µœ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ≈√˝◊√√øÈ¬ ·±Ú ø˘ø‡˚˛±øÂ√ºíí25 fl¡±¬ı… Œ˙À¯∏ Œ¸˝◊√√·±Ú ≈√øÈ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û„ƒ√√øMê√ ˚Ô±SêÀ˜ –1. Ê√ÚÚœ Ê√˚˛ Ê√˚˛ Ê√˚˛øÓ¬ ø¬ı¯∏˝√√¬ı˛œ ¸¬Û«ø¬ı¯∏ ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±ø˙Úœº

Ê√¬ı˛»fl¡±¬ı˛n∏ ˜≈øÚ Ê√±˚˛± ¬Ú±· ¸≈¬ı˛ Ú¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø¬ı˛Ìœºº26

2. ˆ¬Ê√ ˜Ú ¤, Œ¬ıœ ‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¸≈‡ ¬ı˛±ø˙ºø¬ı¯ ∏˝ √ √ ¬ı ˛ œ ¬Û ”ÀÊ√ Œ √ ¬ı Ú±¬ı ˛ ±˚ ˛Ì, Œ·±À˘±fl¡ ¬ÛøÓ¬’ø¬ıÚ±ø˙ºº27

¬ı±—˘± › ˜±Ó‘ ¬ˆ¬±¯ ∏± ø˝ √ √ øµÀÓ¬ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ¸˜±Úfl¡ø¬ıQ˙øMê√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡ÀÂ√Úº ·Àµ±¬ı˛œ ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ’Ú…S› øfl¡Â≈√ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Úº1. ¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ ’øfl¡=Úº

ŒÊ√…á¬ w±Ó¬± ¿·Àµ±¬ı˛œ ø¸—˝√√ ø¬ı‰¬é¬Ìº28

2. Ê√ÚøÚ ˚LaÌ± ˝√√¬ı˛ ’±˜± ¸ˆ¬±fl¡±¬ı˛ºŒÊ√…á¬ ¸À˝√√±√À¬ı˛ Œ√˝√√ &Ì: fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ºº29

ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛ÌøÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛˝√√¸… Œ˜±‰¬Ú ˝√√˚˛ Œ˙¯∏±—À˙¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¬Û˚˛±¬ı˛&ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¡º

¿·Àµ±¬ı˛œ ø¸—˝√√ ŒÊ√…á¬ Œ¸±√¬ı˛ ’±˜±¬ı˛ºfl‘¡¯û ‰¬f øÂ√˘ ŒÊ√…á¬ Ó¬Ú˚˛ Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ºº’fl¡±À˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡±À˘ ∆fl¡À˘ Œ¸ ‰¬f ˝√√¬ı˛Ìº’±g±¬ı˛ ˝˝◊√√˚˛±øÂ√˘ Œ˜±À√¬ı˛ ˆ¬¬ıÚººfl¡±øµ˚˛± ¬ÛøÎ¬ˇÚ≈ ¸À¬ı ‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛º√˚˛± fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À˘ Ó¬À¬ı õ∂√œ¬Û ¤¬ı±¬ı˛º30

fl‘¡¯û‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó¬≈…¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı—˙õ∂√œ¬Û ˘±ˆ¬ ˝√√˘ ’¢∂ÀÊ√¬ı˛º˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ fl‘¡¬Û±-fl¡È¬±Àé¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸ôL±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±fl¡À˘ ¬¬ı˘ÀÓ¬˝√√À¬ı ø¸—˝√√¬ı˛± ¸¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ ˆ¬Mê√ øÂ√À˘Úº Œ√¬ıœ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÂ√˘ Ó“¡±À√¬ı˛ ’·±Ò ø¬ıù´±¸º

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f fl¡±¬ı… ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±fl¡±À˘ ¤fl¡ fl¡Ú…± › ¤fl¡ ¬Û≈ÀS¬ı˛


fl¡Ô± Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº fl¡Ú…± õ∂˜œ˘±, øÓ¬øÚ˝◊√√ õ∂ÔÀ˜ Ê√ij±Úºfl¡ø˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ ¬ı˛ø‰¬˚˛± ¬Û˚˛±¬ı˛ºŒÊ√…á¬¸≈Ó¬± ¿˜Ó¬œ õ∂˜œ˘± Ú±˜ ˚±¬ı˛ºº31

’Ú… ¬Û≈ÀS¬ı˛ Ú±˜ øÂ√˘ õ∂≈√…•ßº õ∂˜±Ì –¸≈‡¬Û√ ¿˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ õ∂≈√…À•ß¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ºº32

õ∂¸ißfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ¸y¬ıÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ê√ÀijÀÂ√Úº

ºº 3ºº

õ∂¸iß fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛√√ ø¸—˝√√ fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±˚˛¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œí õ∂Ô˜ Â√±¬Û± ˝√√˚˛ 1339

¬ıe±Às [1932 ø‡Ë.]º ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø¬ı˛‡ 21 fl¡±øÓ«¬fl¡ 1312 ¬ıe±Às¬ı˛¸—·øÓ¬ ¸±ÒÚ fl¡¬ı˛± fl¡øÍ¬Úº ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, õ∂ÔÀ˜ Ò≈˚˛±¬ıø˘¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ ¬Û≈øÔ ¬ı± ‡±Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛ Œ˘‡± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú¤¬ı˛ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú ¤øÈ¬ Â√±¬Û±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö±fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬fº ë¬Û”À¬ı« ˝◊√√˝√√± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì fl¡±·ÀÊ√ ›ŒÂ√±È¬ ’é¬À¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√ √˝◊ √ √˚˛±øÂ√˘ºí ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛ÀÌõ∂¸iß¬ı±¬ı ≈ ¸±Ò…˜ÀÓ¬± ëˆ¬±˘ fl¡±·Ê√, ¬ıÎ¬ ˇ ’é¬¬ı ˛í ’±¬ı ˛ëõ∂ÀÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬ÀÈ¬±í ˚≈Mê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˝◊√ √À˚˛¬ı˛ &èQ › ˜±Ú ¬ı‘øXfl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº33

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À26√ ’¢∂Ê√√œÚ¬ıg≈¬ı˛ ·±ÀÚ¬ı˛ √À˘¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ øfl¡Â≈√ ø¬ıø26√iß ·±Úø˘À‡øÂ√À˘Úº ˚Ô± –

1. ·ÀÌ˙ ¬ıµÚ±, 2. ¬Û=À√¬ıÓ¬± ¬ıµÚ±, 3. ¸¬ı«Œ√¬ıÀ√¬ıœ ¬ıµÚ±, 4. Ê√·ƒ√·Ã¬ı˛œ ¬ıµÚ± › ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± 5.

˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ Ê√ij, 6. ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛±ø√¬ı˛ Ê√ijº¤&ø˘ øÂ√˘ ¸—øé¬5º õ∂ÔÀ˜ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√± øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜

¬Û±√¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ò≈˚˛±˝◊√√ ø˘‡À¬ıÚº ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’¢∂Ê√ ’±¬ı˛ë¬ı±˘…fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¸˝√√¬Û±Í¬œ øõ∂˚˛ ¬ıg≈ ¿˚≈Mê√ ’ÚôL˘±˘ ˜G˘¤¬ı— ’±¬ı˛› fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú ·±˚˛fl¡ › ø˝√√ÕÓ¬¯∏œ ¬¬ıg≈·Ìí Ó“¬±Àfl¡¬ıÎ¬ˇ fl¡À¬ı˛, ëŒ¬ıU˘±-˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œ¬ıÚ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬í ø˘‡ÀÓ¬’Ú≈À¬ı˛±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛Úº34

¤fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œí ø˜|Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı ˛‰¬Ú±º ¤ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø(˜±=˘, ’±Ê√Àfl¡¬ı˛Á¡±Î¬ˇ‡G ’±¬ı˛ ø¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ·œÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸—ø˜|Ì‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú, øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı… ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ·±˚˛Ú ¬ı˛œøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø˜|Ì › ¸˜i§À˚˛º ¤&ø˘˝√√˘ –

1º ë¤˝◊√√ ’=À˘¬ı˛ ·±˚˛fl¡ ˜À˝√√±√˚˛·ÀÌ¬ı˛í Ò±¬ı˛±

2º ë˜±Úˆ”¬˜ ¬ıœ¬ı˛ˆ”¬˜ › Œ˜ø√Úœ¬Û≈¬ı˛ ŒÊ√˘±¬ı˛ ·±˚˛fl¡·ÌŒ˚ ¸≈À¬ı ˛ ·±Ú fl¡À¬ı ˛Ú, Œ¸˝◊ √ ¸≈¬ı ˛ ’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡ø¬ı ˛˚ ˛± ›Ó“¬±˝√√±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬í

3º ëˆ¬±·˘¬Û ≈ ¬ı ˛ › ¬Û ” øÌ «˚ ˛ ± ŒÊ√˘±¬ı ˛ ø˝ √ √µ ≈¶ ö ±Úœ·± ˛fl¡·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ¸—¢∂˝√√ fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬– ˙±¶a ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì±ø√¬ı˛ ¸ø˝√√Ó¬ ‹fl¡…fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛±íº35

¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚ ø˜| ·±˚˛fl¡œ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œí¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«Sº ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡¬Û±Í¬ [Cultural text] ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ &èQ Ó¬±˝◊√√˚ÀÔ©Üº

õ∂¸ißfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ø¸—˝√√ ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œí Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Œ¬ı˙fl¡À ˛fl¡øÈ¬ ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤&ø˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¬ıøˆ¬iß¸˜À˚˛ ø˘À‡øÂ√À˘Úº ¤&ø˘ ˝√√˘ –

1º Ê√œÓ¬±©Ü˜œ ¬ıËÓ¬fl¡Ô±, 2º Œ·Ã¬ı˛œ¬ıËÓ¬ ¬ı± ¸≈fl¡˜«±¬ı˛fl¡Ô±, 3º ˙œÓ¬˘±©Ü˜œ ¬ıËÓ¬fl¡Ô±, 4º ø˙¬ı ·±√œ¬ı˛ ˜±˝√√±R…º

õ∂¸ißfl≈¡˜±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|n∏øÓ¬ øÂ√˘ ¤&ø˘ SêÀ˜ õ∂fl¡±˙¬Û±À¬ıº36 ¬Û±G≈ø˘ø¬Û øÚ(˚˛ øÂ√˘º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ √ õ∂øÓ¬|n∏øÓ¬¬Û±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ øfl¡Ú± Ê√±Ú± ŒÚ˝◊√√º

Ò≈˚˛±¬ıø˘¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏±—À˙ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ëõ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ˜±˝√√±R…í Ú±À˜¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬Û≈ô¶Àfl¡¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚Ô± –

1º ëˆ¬·¬ıÓ¬œ Œ√¬ıœ ˝◊ √ √˝√ √±ø√·Àfl¡ ¬ıÒ fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛±øÂ√À˘Úº[˜^ø‰¬Ó¬ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ˜±˝√√±R… ^©Ü¬ı…º]í 37

2º ë¸Ó¬œ¬ı˛ Œ√˝√√Ó¬…±À·¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±À√¬ı..... ¬ı˛øÓ¬ ∆√¬ı¬ı±Ìœ|¬ıÀÌ Œ˙±fl¡ ¸•§¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬– ˙•§¬ı˛± ≈À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·‘ √√ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ·˜Úfl¡ø¬ı˛À˘Úº [˜^ø‰¬Ó¬ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ˜±˝√√±R… ^©Ü¬ı…ºí 38

∆˙¬ıfl¡Ô± Ô±fl¡À˘› ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬˜”˘ õ∂¸e Œ√¬ıœ¬ı˛ ˜±˝√√±R…õ∂√ «Úº ≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ëø˙¬ı ·±√œ¬ı˛ ˜± √√±R…í-¤¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˛ ¤øÈ¬ øˆ¬iß¢∂Löº Ò±¬ı˛Ì± √√ ˛, õ∂¸ißfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú ¸g±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬‡Ú ¤ ◊√√¬Û≈øÔ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÂ√˘ Ú±º

Ó≈¬˘¸œ√±À¸¬ı˛ ë¬ı˛±˜‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˜±Ú¸í-¤¬ı˛ ˝√√Ú≈˜±Ú ‰¬ø~˙±¬ı˛¸Àe Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ øÂ√˘º õ∂¸eSêÀ˜ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘Ò≈˚˛±¬ıø˘ÀÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ ë˝√√Ú≈˜±Ú ’©Üfl¡í Ú±À˜ ¤fl¡±—˙ Ó≈¬˘¸œ√±¸ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú≈¬ı±√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˝√√±¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ø˝√√øµ fl¡ø¬ı ˜˝√√±R±Ó¬ ≈˘¸œ√±¸ Œ·“±¸±˝◊ √ √ fl‘¡Ó¬ ë˝√ √Ú ≈˜√©ÜÀfl¡¬ı ˛ ˜Ó¬±¬ı˘•§À¬Ú¬Û√…±Ú≈¬ı±√í-øÈ¬ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡È¬fl¡±À˘ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬º39 Ó¬“±¬ı˛˜À√√Ú √√À ˛ÀÂ√ –

˝√√Ú≈˜±Ú ˜˝√√±¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ıÚ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛º ¸—fl¡ÀÈ¬ ¬ÛøÎ¬ˇÀ˘ Œ˘±Àfl¡fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Î¬◊X±¬ı˛ºº

Œ¬ıU˘± ˜≈ø√˚˛± ‰¬é≈¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¤fl¡˜Úº ˆ¬øMê√ˆ¬±À¬ı ˝√√Ú≈˜±ÀÚfl¡À¬ı˛Ú ô¶¬ıÚºº40

’©Üfl¡-¬Û±Í¬±ÀôL¬ ˝√ √Ú ≈˜±Ú Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı ˛ ¸—fl¡È¬-Œ˜±‰¬ÀÚ˚Ô±¸y¬ı ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº fl¡±À¬ı… ’©Üfl¡ õ∂˙—¸±› ¬Û±ø26√√º˚Ô± –

˝√√Ú≈˜√©Üfl¡ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚˝◊√√ Ú¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú fl¡±À˘ Ú±ø˝√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ Î¬¬ı˛ºº

’ø¢üˆ¬˚˛ Œ‰¬Ã¬ı˛ˆ¬˚˛ ¬ı<ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±À˙º ÚœÀ¬ı˛±· ˙¬ı˛œÀ¬ı˛ ¸√±Ô±Àfl¡ ˜À˝√√±~±À¸ºº

¬ı˛ÀÌ ¬ı± fl¡±ÚÀÚ Ê√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ √¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛º ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√ ¬ÛøÎ¬ˇÀ˘¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±¬ıœÀ¬ı˛ºº41

’Ú…S›¬ ˜˝√ √±¬ıœ¬ı ˛ ˝√ √Ú ≈˜±ÀÚ¬ı ˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ˆ¬øMê√ˆ¬±¬ı Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇÀÂ√º ˚ø√ øÓ¬øÚ Ó≈¬˘¸œ√±¸ ’¬ı˘•§ÀÚ˜˝√√±¬ıœ¬ı˛Àfl¡ øÚÀ˚˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ŒÂ√±È¬ ¬Û≈øÔ ø˘À‡ Ô±Àfl¡Ú, ø¬ıø¶úÓ¬˝√√¬ı Ú±º

ºº 4ºº

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı… ’±¸¬ı˛-˜ÀÚ±¬ı˛?fl¡º Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı ˛·± ˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ò « ¬œè ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı øÂ√˘º Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ˆ¬øÌÓ¬± › ’±Ú≈¯∏øefl¡˜ôLÀ¬ı… ¤¬ı˛ õ∂˜±Ì Â√Î¬ˇ±ÀÚ± ’±ÀÂ√º øfl¡Â≈√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√º

1º ¿Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ√¬ıœ ¬Û√Ó¬À˘º fl¡ÀÌ«ÀÓ¬˘±ø·ÀÂ√ Ó¬±˘± ¬ı±√… Œfl¡±˘±˝√√À˘ºº42

2º Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—À˝√ √ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˚˛º ¸¬ı«ÀSfl¡˘…±Ì Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚ Ê√Ú ·±›˚˛±˚˛ºº43

3º Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—À˝√ √ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘ fl¡˜˘±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˚˛º ¸¬ı«Sfl¡˘…±Ì Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚ ÊÚ ·±›˚˛±˚˛ºº44

4º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘¬ ¬ˆ¬ÀÚ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ı˜«Ú–º ¸¬ı«ÀS ˜e˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ qÀÚ Œ˚˝◊√√Ê√Úºº45

5º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô± Œ˚-Ê√Ú ·±›˚˛±˚˛º ’¬Û≈Sfl¡ ¬Û≈SøÚÒ«ÀÚÀÓ¬ ÒÚ ¬Û±˚˛ºº ˙Sêˆ¬˚˛ ˜±¬ı˛œ ˆ¬˚˛ Ú± Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ºfl¡ø˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ˆ¬±ø¬ı Œ√¬ıœ¬Û√ ¸±¬ı˛ºº46

6º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô± ¸≈Ò± ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¸≈Ò±º ˜Ú ø√˚˛± qøÚÀ˘Ú± ¬ı˛À˝√√ ’±¬ı˛ é≈¬Ò±ºº ÒÚ±Ô«œÀÓ¬ ÒÚ ¬Û±˚˛ ¬Û≈S±Ô«œ Ó¬Ú˚˛ºˆ¬±˚«…±˝√√œÚ ˆ¬±˚«…± ¬Û±˚˛ Ê√À˚˛26≈√fl¡ Ê√˚˛ºº47

7º ¿À·±ø¬ıµ ‰¬f ø¸— √√ fl¡¬ı˛À˚±ÀÎ¬ˇ ¬ıÀ˘º ·± ˛fl¡ ¬ı± ˛ÀÚŒ√ø¬ı ¬ı˛±‡ √√ fl≈¡˙À˘ºº ·±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¸À¬ı˛ ¬ “±¬ı˛± √±Ú ∆fl¡˘ ŒÙ¬ø¬ı˛ºÒÚ ¬Û≈ÀS fl¡˘…±ÀÌ ¬ı˛±‡˝√√ ø¬ı¯∏˝√√¬ı˛œºº48

8º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ¬Û≈øÔ ¬Ûœ˚”À¯∏ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬¬ı˛±º ¬ı˛ø‰¬˘ Œ·±ø¬ıµø¸—˝√√ ¶úø¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˝√√¬ı˛±ºº49

9º Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ı˜«Ú– ˆ¬ÀÚ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘º ˜Ú ø√˚˛± qøÚÀ˘Ú± Ô±Àfl¡ ’˜e˘ºº50

10º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô± ø˜©Ü ’øÓ¬˙˚˛º |¬ıÌ fl¡ø¬ı˛À˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ú±ø˝√√ Œfl¡±Ú ˆ¬ ˛ºº ˚P fl¡ø¬ı˛ ¤-¬Û≈ô¶fl¡ ¬ı˛±À‡ Œ˚ ◊√√ ‚À¬ı˛º¸¬ı«√± ˜e˘ ·‘À˝ √√˘Ñœ ¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛ºº ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ¬Û≈øÔ Œ˚-Ê√Ú ˝√√ø¬ı˛À¬ıº Ó¬±À¬ı˛ øfl¡—¬ı± ¬Û≈ƒÀS Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸À¬Û«ÀÓ¬ √—ø˙À¬ıºº51

Î¬◊√±˝√ √ ¬ı ˛Ì&ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂Ô˜øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ·±˚˛fl¡-¬ı±√fl¡À√¬ı ˛Î¬◊»¸±˝√√ õ∂√±Ú, 2-6 ¸—‡…fl¡ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛ÀÌ fl¡˘…±Ì ˜e˘ √±Ú,˝◊ √ √26√±¬Û”¬ı˛Ì, 8 Ú— Î¬◊√±˝√ √¬ı˛ÀÌ fl¡±¬ı…õ∂˙—¸± ’±¬ı˛ 10 Ú—Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛ÀÌ ¬Û≈øÔ ¬ı± ¬Û≈ô¶Àfl¡¬ı˛ &Ì ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬º ¸5˜ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛ÀÌŒÙ¬ø¬ı˛ √±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛± √±Ó¬± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜e˘fl¡±˜Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú fl¡ø¬ıº ¤˝◊√ √¬ı˛fl¡˜ fl¡Ô± ¬ıU¬ı±¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√º fl¡ø¬ı Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı ˛ øÂ√À˘Ú, Ó¬“±¬ı ˛ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛¢∂±¸±26√±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± ˝√√Ó¬ ·±Ú Œ·À˚˛ñ’±¸¬ı˛Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛+¬Û ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«S Œ√‡± Œ·ÀÂ√º

¬ı±„√√±ø˘ Ú±-˝√√À˘› Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ˛ ¡Z±¬ı ˛± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı ˛fl¡˜ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ øÂ√˘º˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô±¬ı ˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜±Ú… ∆¬ıø‰ ¬S… ¤ÀÚÀÂ√ÚŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f, Ó¬À¬ı ˜”˘ ’±√˘øÈ¬ ’é≈¬J˝◊ √ √ ’±ÀÂ√º ’Ú…˜e˘fl¡ø¬ıÀ√¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊ √ √ øÓ¬øÚ Œ√¬ıœ¬ı ˛ ¶§õü±À√À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˚˛ ¬Û±ø26 √–

ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸˜ ˛ ¤fl¡ ø√¬ı¸ ¬ı˛±ÀS øÚø^Ó¬±¬ı¶ö± ˛¶§Àõü qøÚÀÓ¬øÂ√ Œ˚, ¤fl¡ õ∂±‰¬œÚ± fl¡Ó¬fl¡&ø˘ ¶aœÀ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛¸ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸≈˜Ò≈¬ı˛ ¶§À¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ ·±Ú fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ÀÂ√Úº ’±ø˜¶§õü±¬ı¶ö±˚˛ Ó“¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ¿˜≈À‡¬ı˛ ·±Ú qøÚ˚˛± ˜≈* ˝√√˝◊√√˚˛±øÂ√˘±˜ºÓ¬√¬ıøÒ Ó“¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ¿‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ ø¬ıøSêÓ¬ ’±øÂ√º52

fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˆ¬øÌÓ¬±˚˛ ¬Û±ø26√ –¿À·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸— √√ Œ√¬ıœ¬ı˛¬ ’±ø|Ó¬º ø¬ı ∏ √√ø¬ı˛ ¡¶§¬ÛÀÚÀÓ¬

qÚ±˝◊√√˘± ·œÓ¬ºº53 ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ıñ¸•Û”Ì« ∆√¬ı±À√˙¬ıÀ˘ÚøÚº Œ√¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¸—·œÓ¬ ˜”Â«√Ú± qÀÚ Œ¸˝◊√√ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı…ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú , øfl¡Â≈√È¬± Œ˚Ú ¬ı±ô¶¬ı±Ú≈· ∆√¬ı ¬ı˛˝√√¸…ˆ¬±¯∏ Ó“¬±¬ı˛º

ºº 5ºº

Œ√ ¬ıœ ˜Ú¸±¬ı ˛ ¬õ ∂ øÓ¬ ’±¶ö± › ø ¬ıù´±¸ Ô±fl¡À˘›Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f øÂ√À˘Ú ¬Û¬ı˜ ∆¬ı¯û¬ıº Ó¬La-Œ˚±·-˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬-¬Û≈¬ı±ÀÌÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ øÂ√ º ¤fl¡ ’ÀÔ« øÓ¬øÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ √ «ÀÚ› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛¬Û±¬ı˛e˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò≈˚˛±¬ıø˘¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬ ˛ Â√Î¬ˇ±ÀÚ± ’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı øÓ¬øÚ ” Ó¬ ∆¬ı¯û¬ıfl¡ø¬ıº ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂˜±Ì Î¬◊O±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√º

1º ¬ı—˙œÒ¬ı˛ ˜”øÓ«¬ ¬ı˛±ø‡ ˝√√+√˚˛ ˜±ÚÀ¸º Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ı˜«ÚÚ±Ú±ø¬ıÒ Â√Àµ ˆ¬±À¯∏ºº54

2º øÙ¬À¬ı˛ ˚±› Œ˝√√ Ú±·¬ı˛, Œfl¡À˘ Œ¸±Ú±, fl≈¡À? ∆¬ı˛ÀÓ¬



¬Û±À¬ı Ú±º55

3º fl≈¡˘ ˝√√±¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘˜ Œ·± › ¸˝◊√ √, ˙…±À˜¬ı˛ ¬Ûœø¬ı˛øÓ¬fl¡±¬ı˛Ìº56

4º Œ·±¬ı˛± Œõ∂˜¬ı˛À¸ ˜±ÀÓ¬±˚˛±¬ı˛±,ñˆ¬±À¬ı ø√˙±˝√√±¬ı˛±Œ¬ı˛º57

5º Œ˚˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±˜ Œ¸˝◊√√ fl‘¡¯û ˆ¬Ê øÚá¬± fl¡ø¬ı˛º Œ·±ø¬ıµ,Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ı˘ ¸¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√ø¬ı˛ºº58

6º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤ fl¡ø˘˚≈· ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˆ¬˚˛Ç¬ı˛º Œ·±ø¬ıµ fl¡ø˝√√ÀÂ√fl‘¡¬Û± fl¡¬ı˛ ·√±Ò¬ı˛ºº59

7º fl¡ø˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ Œ˚±Î¬ˇ fl¡ø¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬º ¤ ’ÒÀ˜√¬ı˛˙Ú √±›√√ Ê√·iß±Ôºº60

8º ˚ø√ Œfl¡˝√√ ¤fl¡ Œfl¡±È¬œ Œ·± fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛± √±Úº ¢∂˝√√ÀÌÀÓ¬fl¡±˙œÒ±À˜ ø·˚˛± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¶ß±Úºº fl¡ä±¬ıøÒ ˜fl¡À¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±À·’¬ı¶ö±Úº ¸≈À˜è¬ı˛ ¸˜Ó≈¬˘ ¶§Ì« fl¡À¬ı˛ √±Úºº Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û Ú±¿À·±ø¬ıµ Ú±˜ Ó≈¬˘… ˝√√˚˛º ˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ¬ı‰¬Ú ˝◊√√˝√√± fl¡ˆ≈¬ ø˜Ô…±Ú˚˛ºº Œ˝√√ ¸≈µø¬ı˛Ø ’±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıø˘¬ı ŒÓ¬±˜±À¬ı˛º fl‘¡¯ûˆ¬Mê√·ÌŒ|á¬ ¤-øÓ¬Ú ¸—¸±À¬ı˛ºº61

9º ¿À·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—˝√ √ ¬Û±¬Û±R± ≈ √7 « ¡ ¬ ¡Úº ’ÀôL¬¿‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ ¶ö±Ú ø√À˚˛± Ú±¬ı˛±˚˛Ìºº fl¡ø˘˚≈À· ˝√√ø¬ı˛Ú±˜ ¸•§˘Œfl¡¬ı˘º ¬ı√Ú ˆ¬ø¬ı˛˚˛± ˜Ú ˝√√ø¬ı˛ ˝√√ø¬ı˛ ¬ı˘ºº62

10º Œ˙À¯∏¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û√ ø√ÀÚ Ê√·iß±Ô ø¬ıÀÚºÎ¬◊X±¬ı˛ Œfl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬Ûœ Ó¬±¬Ûœ ø¬ıÀÚºº

Â√±øÎ¬ˇ˚˛± Œ·±˘fl¡ Ò±˜ ÚÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬¬ı˛±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬º√±è¬ıËp¡ ¬ı˛+À¬Û ˝√√ø¬ı˛ Î¬◊øÎ¬ˇ¯∏…± Œ√À˙ÀÓ¬ºº

fl¡ø˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—˝√√ ˚≈øÎ¬ˇ ≈√˝◊√√ ˝√√±Ó¬º¤ ’ÒÀ˜ √¬ı˛˙Ú √±› Ê√·iß±Ôºº63

¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ¸˜¢∂ fl¡±À¬ı… ’Ê√¶⁄ºÒ≈˚˛± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì&ø˘ [2, 3, 4]

·±À˚˛ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú ˝√√ÀÓ¬› ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı Ò≈˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û±À˙ëfl¡œÓ«¬Úí ˙œ ∏«fl¡ fl¡Ó¬fl¡&ø˘ ¬Û”Ì« ∆√À‚«…¬ı˛ ·±Ú ¬Û±› ˛± ˚±À26√,Œ¸&ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·±ø¬ıµø¸—˝√ √ ˆ¬øÌÓ¬±› ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ’±ÚøÂ√º1º ¬Ûœø¬ı˛øÓ¬ ˙¬ı√ qøÚÀÓ¬ ˜Ò≈¬ı˛ ¬Ûœø¬ı˛øÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛˜ ÒÚº

¬Ûœø ¬ı ˛ øÓ¬ ø ¬ı˜ ≈‡ Œ¸øfl¡ ¬Û±˚ ˛ ¸ ≈‡ Ê√±ÀÚ Ú± ¬ı ˛¸Œfl¡˜Úºº64

2º ø¬Û˚˛±Àfl¡ Ó¬≈ø¯∏¬ı ¬ıÀ˘ ˜Ú˜Ó¬ ˚P fl¡À¬ı˛¸±Ê√±˝◊√√Ú≈ fl≈¡À?¬ı˛ fl≈¡È¬œ¬ı˛ Œ·±º

Á¡È¬œfl¡± Œ¬ıÀ·ÀÓ¬ ¤˘ fl≈¡È¬œ¬ı˛ ˆ¬øe˚˛± Œ·˘¬ı±Ó¬±‚±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˝◊√√Ú≈ ’ø¶ö¬ı˛ Œ·±ºº65

3º Ó≈¬ø˜ Ó≈¬˘À¬ı Œ·± ’±˜±¬ı˛ Î≈¬ø¬ı√ø¬ı˛˚˛±˚˛

¬ı“±ø‰¬ÀÓ¬ Ú±ø˝√√ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛º’±˜±¬ı˛ Ó¬˘± Ù“¬±¸± Ó¬ø¬ı˛ [∆˝√√˘] Ê√˘Ï≈¬Àfl¡ ˆ¬±ø¬ı˛

øÂ“√ø‰¬À˘ Ú±ø˝ √√Ù≈¬¬ı˛±˚˛ºº66

Œ˙À¯∏±Mê√ ëfl¡œÓ«¬Úí-¤¬ı˛ ˆ¬√øÌÓ¬± ¤˝◊√√ –fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô¬ı˛Ô¬ı˛ õ∂±Ì ˝√√ø¬ı˛˘ Œ·˚˛±Ú ø‰¬øÚÀÓ¬ Ú±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±˝√√±˚˛º˚ø√ ˝√√› √˚˛±˜˚˛ È¬±Ú ¤ ¸˜˚˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ Î¬◊X±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˚˛ºº

¬ı˘± øÚ©xÀ˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ıÓ¬±˚˛ øÚ‡±√ ˆ¬øMê√¶Û©Ü ˝√√À ˛ÀÂ√ºõ∂±˚˛˝◊√√ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¯∏e ¤À¸ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ

ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛º ë¸≈¬ı˛‡Gí ¸”‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œù≠±fl¡ ë˝√√À¬ı˛ ˜≈¬ı˛±À¬ı˛ ˜Ò≈∆fl¡È¬ˆ¬ ˆ¬±À¬ı˛í-˝◊√ √ Œ˝√√±fl¡67 øfl¡—¬ı± Œ˝√√±fl¡ ·e±¬ı˛ Ê√ijfl¡Ô±-õ∂¸eñŒ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸— √√ ∆¬ı¯û¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛ ◊√√øeÓ¬Àfl¡ ¶Û©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ÚºŒ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ≈√ ◊√√ √±√± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜±µ±¸ Ò¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛSê˜ fl¡¬ı˛± ˛ ·e±ô¶¬ıfl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú øÓ¬øÚº Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡S ’±ÀÂ –

øS¬ÛÔ Œ·± ˙ÇÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√È¬± ø¬ı˘±ø¸Úœºø¬ı¯≈û¬ı˛ ¬Û±√±À‚«…±æ”√Ó¬± Œ√¬ıœ ¸≈¬ı˛ÒÚœºº

Œ·±˘Àfl¡ ¿ ¬ı˛±Ò±fl‘¡¯û ^¬ıœˆ”¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√À˘º¬ıUø√Ú ’±øÂ√˘± ¬ıËp¡±¬ı˛ fl¡˜≈GÀ˘ºº68

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ø¬ı¯≈û¬Û√œºí71 ¤˝◊√ √ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ ŒÔÀfl¡› ’¬ı˙… ¸˜ô¶ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛¸—·øÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À26√ ø¬ı¯≈û Œ˚ ¸»-ø‰¬»-’±Úµ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ò± Œ˚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±Úµ ¬ı± √√±ø√Úœ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±¬ı˛ ñ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¤-Ó¬N› Œ·±ø¬ıµÊ√±ÚÀÓ¬Úº Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Úº

ø˙À¬ı¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ¬ıU˘± Œ˚Ú ëŒ˜±˝√√Ú ˜≈¬ı˛˘œí Œ‰¬À˚˛ ŒÚÚ,¤˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛±˜˙« ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú ŒÚÓ¬±º ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±˜˙« ’±Ú≈¯∏øefl¡’Ú… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ fl¡Ô±˚˛ ¬Û±˝◊øÚº ¤øÈ¬√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À26√√º ŒÚÓ¬± ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú –

¸c©Ü ˝√√˝◊√√˚˛± ˚À¬ı ¬ı¬ı˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±À¬ıºŒ˜±˝√√Ú ˜≈¬ı˛˘œ Ó≈¬ø˜ ˜±ø·˚˛± ˘˝◊√√À¬ıºº72

ø˙¬ı ¸ √√ÀÊ√ Ó¬± ø√ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±ÚøÚº Œ˙ ∏ ¬Û «ôL Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı±flƒ¡-Â√À˘ ø√À ˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤ ◊√√ ëŒ˜± √√Ú ≈¬ı˛ œí¬ı˛ ˙øMê√ ˚ÀÔ©Üº ¬ı±Ê√±ÀÚ±˜±S ¸˜ô¶ Œ√¬ıÓ¬± Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ˝√√ÚØ ¤-¬ı“±ø˙ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f Ò≈˚˛± ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Úº

¬ı“±ø˙ ¬ı±øÊ√˘ Œ¬ı˛ ·‘À˝√√ ¬ı˛˚˛ Ú± ˜Ú,ñ‰¬˘À·± ˙…±À˜¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛¸ ¬ı‘µ±¬ıÚº73

¬ıdÓ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ø˙À¬ı¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛ Ô±fl¡± ëŒ˜±˝√√Ú ˜≈¬ı˛˘œíŒ√¬ı±ø√À√À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«À√À¬ı¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ Œ¸ ◊√√ Àe fl‘¡¯û-ø¬ı¯≈û¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¶Û©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˝√√ø¬ı˛˝√√¬ı˛-¸˜i§˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¤‡±ÀÚº Œ·±ø¬ıµ ’¬ı˙… ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¯∏Àe√˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬¸øißÀ¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

ø¬ı ≈û¬ı √ -’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı õ∂ e ’±ÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıÀµ¬ı ¬ı‰¬Ú±˚º ˚Ô± –Ê√˚˛ ¬ı˛±ÀÒ ¿fl‘¡¯û Ê√˚˛ ˜≈fl≈¡µ ˜≈¬ı˛±ø¬ı˛º

Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¸ø2‰¬√±Úµ ¬ıËp¡±G ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛œºº˜»¸… fl”¡˜« ¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ Ú‘ø¸—˝√√ ¬ı˛+¬ÛÒ±¬ı˛œº

¬ı±˜Ú ¬Û¬ı˛q¬ı˛±˜ ¬ı˛±˜ ¬ı˛±¬ıÌ±ø¬ı˛ºº¸Ç¯∏«Ì ¬ı≈X ¬ı˛+¬Û Œ¬ı√ øÚµ±fl¡±¬ı˛œº

ˆ¬ø¬ı¯∏…» fl¡ø√®¬ı˛+¬Û Œ•°Â√ Œ¬ıÃX˝√√±¬ı˛œºº74

¤À¸ÀÂ√ ø¬ı¯≈û¬ı˛ ¬ı≈Àfl¡ ’˝√√—fl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ‘¬&¬ı˛ ¬Û√±‚±Ó¬ ¸ÀN›ø¬ı¯≈û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ˚˛ õ∂fl¡±À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«ôL ˆ‘¬& ø¬ı¯≈ûÀfl¡|X±:±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

¬ıÀ˘ õ∂ˆ≈¬ ’¬Û¬ı˛±Ò ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’±˜±¬ı˛ºÊ√±øÚ˘±˜ ¤fl¡˜±S Ó≈¬ø˜ ¸±¬ı˛±»¸±¬ı˛ºº

ø¬ı¯≈û fl¡Ú ¬Û”Ì« ¬ıËÀp¡ Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚˝◊√√ Ê√Úº’±˜±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ÚÀ˝√√ Œ¸ ¸¬ı ¬ıË±p¡Ìºº75

Œ˜±È¬ fl¡Ô± ˜Ú¸±-fl¡Ô± ø˘‡ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀ¸› Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f∆¬ı¯û¬ı õ∂¸Àe ˚ÀÔ©Ü˝◊√√ ’±Â√iß ŒÔÀfl¡ÀÂ√Úº

fl¡±ø˝√ √øÚ¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ ·œÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ√˝√ √Ó¬±øNfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±Œ˚±Ê√Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú fl¡ø¬ıº ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·¬ı˛Àfl¡ Œ¬ıU˘±-˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Àfl¡

øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS õ∂À¬ı±Ò¬ı±fl¡… ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ√¬ıœ ˜Ú¸±º ¤˝◊√√¸”ÀS Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ·œÓ¬±¬ı˛ [¤¬ı— ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛] ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı¬ı…±‡…± Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¸˜ô¶ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ ◊√√ ˜±Ú¬ı-Œ√À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ ˜±À·«¬ı˛ ¸Àe ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬º ë·œÓ¬±:±Ú fl¡ÔÚí˙œ ∏«fl¡ ’—˙øÈ¬ ˚ø√ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ ˝√√ ˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬fÀfl¡ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˜±À¬Û¬ı˛fl¡ø¬ı › Ó¬±øNfl¡ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ ˝√√À¬ıº fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ëŒ√˝√√í ˝√√ÀÂ√ëfl≈¡èÀé¬Sí, ’Ê«≈√Ú ˝√√À˘Ú ëÚ±øˆ¬¬ÛΩø¶öÓ¬ ŒÓ¬Ê√ô¶Ní, fl‘¡¯û˝√√ÀÂ√Ú ëfl≈¡È¬¶ö ∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…í, ë·œÓ¬±í˚˛ Œ˚ fl¡ÀÔ±¬Ûfl¡ÔÚ Ó¬± ˝√√˘fl‘¡¯û±Ê«≈√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±ôLø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˛˝√√¸…±˘±¬Û ñ

Œ˚ Œ˚ õ∂ùü fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬Ê√ô¶N ¬ı±¬ı˛•§±¬ı˛º ˜œ˜±—¸± fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛±Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ√Ú ¸±¬ı˛±»¸±¬ı˛ºº76 ˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬ ≈Xfl¡Ô±¬ı˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛¬ı…±‡…± ’øˆ¬Ú¬ıº Œfl¡Ã¬ı˛¬ı¬Ûé¬ ’±¸À˘ ëõ∂¬ı‘øM√√íº Ó¬±¬ı˛± √˙◊√ø√f˚ ’Ô«±» – ¬Û“±‰¬ :±ÀÚøf˚ [‰¬é≈¬, fl¡Ì«, Ú±ø¸fl¡±, øÊ√ 3√√±, ›

Qfl¡] ¤¬ı— ¬Û“±‰¬ fl¡À˜«øf˚˛ [¬ı±fl¡ƒ, ¬Û±øÌ, ¬Û±√, ¬Û±˚˛≈ ¤¬ı—Î¬ ◊¬Û¶ö]77º ¤À√¬ı ˛ õ∂ÀÓ¬…Àfl¡¬ı ˛ √˙ø¬ıÒ õ∂¬ı ‘øM√ √ ¬ı ˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡Ò‘Ó¬¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬˙Ó¬ Û≈SØ ˜Ú ’g ¬Ú±- √√À˘ õ∂¬ı‘øM√√¬ı˛ ¤˜Ú õ∂fl¡±˙‚ÀÈ¬ Ú±º

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˙Ó¬ w±Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√± ≈√À˚«±ÒÚº˜Ú– ’g Ò‘Ó¬¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ¬ÚµÚºº78

¤À√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ ˚“±¬ı˛± Ó¬“±¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘Ú øÚ¬ı‘øM√√¬ı˛ ¬Û=Ó¬Nºë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í ≈X Ó¬± ◊√√ ë¸±ÒÚ-¸˜¬ı˛í øˆ¬iß øfl¡Â≈√ Ú ˛º ëŒ√˝√√¬ı˛+¬Û¬ı˛ÌÀé¬Sí-¤¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ≈X ‰¬˘ÀÂ√√√º ˜Ú ’gñ Ò‘Ó¬¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±,Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±º ëø√¬ı… ‘√ø©Ü ¸?˚˛Àfl¡ ¬ı‘M√√±ôLí øÊ√:±¸± fl¡¬ı˛±Â√±Î¬ˇ± [ë¸ƒ√&è ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚí] :±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º79 fl‘¡¯û ¤˝◊√√Ó¬N Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√ √ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ëÎ¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏√í ˝√√˘ ·±ˆ¬œ¶§¬ı˛+¬Ûº ’±¬ı˛ ’Ê≈√«Ú ·±ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ·œÓ¬±˜‘Ó¬ ¬ı˛+¬Û ≈√* ¬Û±Úfl¡À¬ı˛ÚØ

Ê√±ÀÚÚ ¸˜…fl¡ Ù¬˘ fl‘¡¯û ˆ¬·¬ı±Úºøfl¡ø=» Ê√±øÚ˚˛±øÂ√˘± ¬Û±Ô« ˜øÓ¬˜±Úºº...... ..... ..... .....

˚Ó¬ Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏√Àfl¡ ¬·±ˆ¬œ¬ı˛+¬Û ∆fl¡˘ºfl‘¡¯û‰¬f ’±¬ÛøÚ Œ√±˝√√Ú fl¡Ó«¬± ∆˝√√˘ºº ¬

Û±Ô« ¬ı»¸ ¬ı˛+¬Û Œˆ¬±Ê√± ˚Ó¬ ¸≈øÒ·Ìº·œÓ¬±˜‘Ó¬ ≈√* ˝√√˚˛ ¸±Ò≈¬ı˛ ÚµÚºº80

¤˝◊√ √ ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı ¬ı˛+¬Ûfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±Ú Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜fl¡ø¬ıfl¡äÚ±, ˆ¬±¯∏± øÚ˜«±Ì é¬˜Ó¬± ’±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı≈fl¡ Ó¬±øNfl¡ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı√˙«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂˜±Ì ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

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ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œí¬-¬ı˛ ·Í¬Ú øfl¡Â≈√È¬± ’øˆ¬Ú¬ıº ¬ı—˘±˜e˘ fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ√¬ı‡G, Ú¬ı˛‡G ¬ı± ’©Ü˜e˘ŒÚ˝◊√√º qèÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ ’±ø√ ‡G, Œ¸‡±Úfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ Ê√ijfl¡Ô±º Ó¬À¬ı ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ Ê√ijfl¡Ô±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˛¬Û±ø26√ ë˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√íº ¤-õ∂¸Àe ¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡Ô±ø˘‡ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊√√º Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ fl¡±À¬ı… ¸¬ı«S ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛ Úø‡µ¬ı˛¬ı± Ú‡±˝◊√√º Œfl¡Ú∑ ’±˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ¬ı±—˘± ¬Û≈øÔ¬ı˛ø˘‡Ú ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√º ˘ ’±¬ı˛ Ì-¤¬ı˛ ¬ı˛+¬Û ’±ø√-˜Ò… ≈À·¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ¬Û≈øÔÀÓ¬ fl¡±Â√±fl¡±øÂ√ øÂ√ º ëÌ-¤¬ı˛ ¬ı˛+¬Û ‰¬ «±-¿fl‘¡¯û fl¡œÓ«¬ÀÚ Œ˜±È¬± ≈øÈ¬ ¤fl¡ ◊√√º Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı±—˘± ¬Û≈øÔÀÓ¬ Ì-¤¬ı˛ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¤fl¡È≈¬ Òœ¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ ¬Û˚«ôL˘-Ì-¤¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛ ¬ı ˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ·ÀÂ√ºí81

’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¸X±ôL ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛˝◊√√ øÍ¬fl¡º ’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ø˘ø¬Û ø¬ı¬Û «À ˛¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ◊√√ ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛ Úø‡µÀ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√º’±¬ı˛ √œÚ¬ıg≈ ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ √À˘ Úø‡µ¬ı˛-˝◊√ √ ·‘˝√ √œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ºŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f Ó¬±¬ı˛ ◊√√ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ÛøGÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ıŒ·±ø¬ıµ ˙søÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı≈…»¬ÛøM√√ ˆ¬±À¬ıÚøÚñ˘Ñœf ˙s Œˆ¬À„√√˘ø‡µ¬ı ˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√ Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ˆ¬± ¬ı± ¬ı ˛ ’¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬Û±ÚøÚº’±ø√‡ÀG Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ Ê√ijfl¡Ô± ¤À¸ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛º

ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√‡Gº ¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı±¸¬ı˛, ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±, ˆ¬±¸Ú‡Gº ∏á¬ ‡G ≈¬ı˛‡G√ ’±¬ı˛ ¸5˜ ‡GÀfl¡ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√ÚÎ¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ‡Gº ¸5 fl¡±G ¬ı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±√˘ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚŒÔÀfl¡ Ô±fl¡À¬ı¬º ˚±- ◊√√ Œ √√±fl¡ ¤¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Œ¬ı˙ fl¡Â≈√õ∂ø¸X fl¡±ø √√øÚ- ”S √√ ¢∂ √√Ì fl¡À¬ıÚøÚ, Ú˚ÀÓ¬± ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û¤ÀÚÀÂ√Úº

¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±‡G Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±º ¬ı±—˘±˜Ú¸˜e˘ ‹øÓ¬À √√… Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı ¸Ó¬œQ ¬Û¬ıœé¬±¬ı ’¬ıfl¡±˙ ’±ÀÂ√ºˆ¬±¸±Ú ˚±S±¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬œQ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ºŒ˙ ∏ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± Ó≈¬˘± ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±º Ú±¬ı˛± ˛Ì Œ√¬ı ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ¬ı˙ ’æ≈√Ó¬¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó≈¬˘±√ÀG ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ¬ıU˘± ’±¬ı˛’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸±˜±Ú… Ó≈¬˘± ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√‡± Œ·˘ Ó≈¬˘± ◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı˛œºŒ¬ıU˘± ‰¬À˘ Œ·À˘Ú ¶§À·«º ¬ı˘± øÚ©xÀ˚±Ê√Ú, ŒÓ¬Ã˘Ú ˚La ¬ı±√GÀfl¡ Ó≈¬˘±¬ı˛ ¸Àe ø˜ø˘À˚˛ ·±À˚˛ÚÀ√¬ı˛ Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ¬ı≈…»¬ÛøM√√[folk-etymology]-¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√ √ ¤˝◊√ √ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¬ı˛ Ê√ij˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±-¬ı˛ ’¬ı √¬ı˛ øÚÀ ˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¸±Ú˚±S±¬ı˛ øÍ¬fl¡ ’±À·º ‰“¬±√ õ∂ùü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı Œˆ¬À¸ ˚±¬ı±¬ı˛’±À· Œ¬ıU˘± Œ˚ ¸Ó¬œ [¶§±˜œ-‡±√fl¡ ¬ı˛±é¬¸œ ÚÚ] Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂˜±Ìø√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº Ó¬± Ú± ˝√√À˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±RÀ‚±¯∏Ì± øÓ¬øÚ ë¸ÀÓ¬…í¬ı˛¬ıÀ˘ ë ‘Ó¬ ¬ÛøÓ¬ ¬ı“±‰¬± ◊√√¬ı ˜Ú¸± fl‘¡¬Û± ˛í, Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ‰“¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸

ŒÚ˝◊√ √º 82 Œ¬ıU˘± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ëŒ˘±˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡˘±˝◊√ √ ¬ı˛±øg Ê√Úfl¡ˆ¬¬ıÀÚíñ Œ¸ fl¡Ô± øfl¡ ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˝◊√√∑ ‰“¬±√ ¬ıÀ˘Ú, Ú± ñ Œ¸Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı˛fl¡˜ Œfl¡Ã˙˘ øÂ√˘º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ √±ø¬ı –

ëë¤˝◊√√ ¸ˆ¬± ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¬’±ø˜ ¬Û¬ı˛œøé¬¬ı ŒÓ¬±À¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı ŒÂ√ÀÎ¬ˇø√¬ı ˜‘Ó¬ ¬Û≈S ˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛ºíí83 Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛¡ ¤Àfl¡ ¤Àfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±˝◊√√ øÚÀ˘Ú ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·¬ı˛º Œ¬ıU˘± Œ˚ ¸±ø¬ıSœ-¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±¸Ó¬œ Ó¬± õ∂˜±Ì Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ’fl¡±˘-ø¬ıÒ¬ı± ¬ıÒ”Àfl¡ Ê√À˘ ˆ¬±¸±ÀÓ¬‰¬±Ú Ú± øÓ¬øÚº ¤¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ø¸—À √√¬ı˛ é¬øS ˛ ˜Ú fl¡±Ê√fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±fl¡À¬ı¬º ˜Ú¸±-¬Û”Ê√± fl¡À¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬ ˛ Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ø√ÀÓ¬∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ Œ¬ıU˘±º ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±&ø˘ ˚Ô±SêÀ˜ –

1. ëfl¡±˘ ¸¬Û«í Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±º UÎ¬ˇ¬Ûœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ı¯∏Ò¬ı˛¸±¬Ûº Œ¬ıU˘± Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸±¬Û Ó≈¬À˘ ’±ÚÀ˘Ú ëŒ˚Ú ˜¬ı˛± Œfl“¡‰¬±Â√±íº84

2. ëŒ¬Û±˘˚˛í ’Ô«±» ¬ı“±À˙¬ı˛ fl¡ø= øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˜»¸… Òø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛˚La ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏85-¤ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√˘ ’±ÚÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ë’±Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√ ’e≈˘œÊ√ij Œ¬Û±˘˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛í ÒÀ¬ı˛ ’±ÚÀ˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º86

3. ë¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı»¸¬ı˛í ’±À·fl¡±¬ı˛ qfl¡ÀÚ± ’±√±¬ı˛ ëq“Í¬í ø√À˘Ú‰“¬±√º

¤ÀÓ¬ ë’Ç≈¬ı˛í ¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ˝√√˘ Ó¬±-˝◊√√ºëë’Ç≈¬ı˛ Ê√øij˚˛± ¬ÛS ø¬ıô¶±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛˘º Á¡±Î¬ˇ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±√±

˜”À˘ Ê√˜±È¬ ¬ı±øg˘ººíí87

4. ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ’ø¢ü ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±º ’±ø˙ ˝√√±Ó¬ √œ‚«, ’±ø˙ ˝√√±Ó¬õ∂¶ö fl≈¡ÀG ø‚ Ï¬±˘± √√ fl¡˘ø¸ fl¡˘ø¸º ’±&Ú Œ;À˘ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬õ∂À¬ı˙ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˘º Œ¬ıU˘± ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ Î¬◊MœÌ« ˝√√À˘Úº

ë’ø¢üfl≈¡G ∆˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±˜± ’±˝◊√√˘ ¬ı±ø˝√√À¬ı˛ºí88

5. ø¬ı ∏Ù¬˘± Î¬±ø˘˜ ·±ÀÂ√ Ù≈¬˘ Ù¬˘ Ù¬˘±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ¬ı˘±¬ı±U˘… Œ¬ıU˘± ¸Ù¬˘º ë √ ± øÎ¬ ˇÀ• § ¬ı ˛ ·±ÀÂ √ Ù ≈ ¬˘ Ù¬˘Ê√Úø˜˘ºí89

6. Œ¬ı±¬ı± fl¡±˘± ˆ¬±ø·ÀÚ˚˛ ÒÚ±-Àfl¡ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘±ÀÓ¬¬ı˘À˘Ú ‰“¬±√º Ó¬±›¬ ˝√√˘º ÒÚ±ñ ëfl¡±ÀÚ qÀÚ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ºí90 ¸¬ı±˝◊ √ √ ÒÚ… ÒÚ… fl¡¬ı˛À˘Úº ¸œÓ¬± ¬ı±‡≈~Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˛ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± fl¡˜ øfl¡À¸º Ó¬À¬ı‰“¬±√ Ó¬‡Ú› Ó‘¬5 ÚÚº

7. ëÁ¡±„√√±í- √±¸œ¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±¬ı˛ ≈√-Ú˚˛Ú ’gº Ó“¬±Àfl¡ Œ‰¬±‡ŒÙ¬¬ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº Ó¬±-˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ – ëÁ¡±„√√±¬ı˛ Ê√ÚÀfl¡ ˜±Ó¬± qˆ¬ ‘√ø©Ü∆fl¡˘ºí91 ‘√ø©Ü Œ¬ÛÀ˘Ú øÓ¬øÚº

8. ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ‰“¬±À√¬ı˛ √±ø¬ı, ¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ«¬œ fl≈¡á¬ ¬ı…±øÒ¢∂ô¶˜±Ú≈¯∏øÈ¬Àfl¡ ¸¬ı«±e¸≈µ¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ˝√√˘ Ó¬±-˝◊√√ –

ëé¬Ó¬ ø‰¬˝ê ˙¬ı˛œÀ¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬ı˛ø˝√√˘ ’±¬ı˛ºøÚÊ√ ’e Œ√ø‡ fl≈¡íÀÎ¬ˇ ’±Úµ ’¬Û±¬ı˛ººí92

9. ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·¬ı˛ Ê√±Ú±À˘Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ &5 ÒÚ±·±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±ºÓ¬±¬ı˛ ë˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ fl¡¬Û±È¬ ¬ıg Œ‡±˘± Ú±ø˝√√ ˚±˚˛íº93 Œ¬ıU˘± ‡≈À˘Œ√‡±Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±ÀÓ¬› ’Ú±˚˛±À¸ Î¬◊M√√œÌ«˝√√À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º ë¬ıg ÒÚ±·±À¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛ ’±¬ÛøÚ ‡≈ø˘˘ºí94

10. √˙˜ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ëø‰¬¬ı˛q©®í ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸≈¬ı‘˝√√» ë¬Û≈©®Ì«œí-Œfl¡¬Ê√˘¬Û”Ì« fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ô«Ú±ÀôL Œ√‡± Œ·˘ –ë¬Û≈©®Ì«œ ˝√√˝◊√√˘ ¬Û”Ì« ¸≈øÚ˜«˘ ¬ÚœÀ¬ı˛ºí95

11. Á¡ÀÎ¬ˇ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ± ¬ıÈ¬ ¬ı‘é¬Àfl¡ ¬Û≈Ú¬ı˛±˚˛ ›Í¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº‰“¬±À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√ º ¤-¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ˛ ¸¸•ú±ÀÚ Î¬◊M√√œÌ« √√À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±ºëÙ¬˘ ¬ÛÀS ’±26√iß ˝√√˝◊√√˘ Ó¬è¬ı¬ı˛ºí96

12. ŒÚÎ¬ˇ±Àfl¡ ŒÎ¬Àfl¡ Œ·±¬ÛÀÚ ¤fl¡ ˝√ √ “ √ √ ±øÎ¬ ˇ ˜≈Î¬ ˇøfl¡’±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬ı˘À˘Ú ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·¬ı˛º Œfl¡Î¬◊ Ê√±ÚÀ¬ı Ú± ˝√“ √±øÎ¬ˇ¬ı˛øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ fl¡œ ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¬ıU˘±Àfl¡ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝√ √À¬ı ˝“ √ √±øÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬ fl¡œ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¬ıU˘± ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘Úº Œ√¬ıœ ˜±øÂ√¬ı˛+À¬Û Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ˝√√À˘Úº ¬ı˘À˘Ú ˝“√√±øÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±˘Ó¬± ’±ÀÂ√ºŒ√¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±˜À˙« Œ¬ıU˘± Ó¬±-˝◊√√ ¬ı˘À˘Úº ‰“¬±√ ˝√√À˘Ú S≈êXº˝“√√±øÎ¬ˇ ‡≈À˘ Œ√‡± Œ·˘ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ øÍ¬fl¡Ø

ëŒ√¬ıœ¬ı˛ ˜± ˛± ˛ ˚Ó¬ ≈Î¬ˇfl¡œ ’±øÂ√ º Œ¬ı±˘Ó¬± √√ ◊√√ ˛± Î¬◊øÎ¬ˇ¸±Ò≈À¬ı˛ Œ¬ıøÎ¬ˇ˘ºº97 ¸ˆ¬±¸√¬ı˛± ¬Û˚«ôL ‰“¬±À√¬ı˛ ≈√·«øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ‡≈ø˙ºŒ˙À¯∏ ¬Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ô«Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ı±˘Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜≈Î¬ˇøfl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬˝√√˘º ¬¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸À¬ı˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬œQ õ∂˙—¸±fl¡¬ıÀ˘Úº ¸Ó¬œ-˘±>Ú± fl¡¬ı±¬ı ¬Û≈¬ı±Ì ‘√©Ü±ôL Œ√ø‡À˚ øfl¡Â≈√ ‚È¬Ú±Ê√±Ú±À˘Úº ‰ “ ¬±À√ ¬ı ˛ ˘±>Ú± ŒÓ¬± ŒÓ¬˜øÚØ Œ˜±È¬ fl¡Ô±,Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬œQ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ‡GøÈ¬¬ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úñ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛º

¤¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ¬ıU˘± ‰“¬±√Àfl¡ ¬ı˘À˘Ú, ¬ı±¸¬ı˛ ‚À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û±À˙˘±„√√˘ ø√À˚˛ ‰¬±¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ëø¸X Ò±Ú…í ¬ı≈ÚÀÓ¬º ‰“¬±√ ø¡ZèøMê√ Ú±fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À˘Úº ëfl¡èÌ±í ’±¬ı˛ ë¬ıèÌ±í Ú±À˜¬ı˛ ≈√øÈ¬∏“±Î¬ˇ Ê≈√ÀÎ¬ˇ ˘±„√√˘ ø√À˘Ú ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·¬ı˛º Œ¬ıU˘± ¬ı˘À˘Ú ¤ ◊√√

˝√√˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ SÀ˚˛±√˙ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±º13. Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬:± ñëø¸X Ò±Ú… Ó≈¬ø˜ ˚±˝√√± fl¡ø¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı≈ÚÚº

·±Â√ ˝√√À˚˛ ˙¸… Ó¬±À˝√√ ¬Û±øfl¡À¬ı ˚‡ÚººŒ¸ø√Ú ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¡ fl¡ø¬ı˛˝√√ øÚ(˚˛º

¬ı“±ø‰¬˚˛±ÀÂ√ ¸≈¬ı˛¬Û≈À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ Ó¬Ú˚˛ºº98

14. ‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±› ¬ıdÓ¬ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ‰¬˜»fl¡±¬ı˛ºøÓ¬øÚ ëÓ≈¬ø˘ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÍ¬±ø˘&ø˘, ø√À˚˛ ’“±fl¡À˘Ú ë˜˚˛”¬ı˛±ø√Â√ø¬ıíº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬ıMê√¬ı…-ñ

Œ˚ ø√¬ı¸ õ∂±ÌÚ±Ô ˝√√À¬ıÚ Ê√œø¬ıÓ¬º˜˚˛”¬ı˛ øÓ¬øM√√À¬ı˛ õ∂±Ì ¬Û±˝◊√√À¬ı øÚø(Ó¬ººí99

Œ¸ø√Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛± ø¸X Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ‚≈À¬ı˛ øÙ¬¬ı˛À¬ıº ë‡≈“ÀI◊ ‡≈“ÀÈ¬‡±À¬ıíØ

15. ¤fl¡ fl¡Î¬ ˇ±¬ı ˛ ŒÓ¬˘ õ∂√œÀ¬Û ¬ı ˛±‡À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º¬ı˘À˘Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ ;±˘±ÀÚ± ¤˝◊√√ ëŒfl¡ÃøÎ¬ˇí Œ¬Û±¬ı˛± ŒÓ¬À˘˝◊√√ õ∂√œ¬Û;˘À¬ı Â√-˜±¸º

ëÂ√í˜±¸ fl¡Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˘ ¡;ø˘À¬ı ¬ı±¸À¬ı˛ºí100

16. ¸Úfl¡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙ ¬ı˘À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º Â√-˜±¸ ¬Û¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛¬ı˘± fl¡Ô± Ù¬˘À¬ı, Ó¬±- ◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı Œ ∏±Î¬˙ ¬Û¬ıœé¬±º Œ¸ø√Ú ¸Úfl¡±¬ıô¶Ú≈√* Á¡¬ı˛À¬ıØ

ëŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ô¶ÀÚÀÓ¬ ≈√* Œ˚ø√Ú Á¡ø¬ı˛À¬ı¬ºŒ¸ø√Ú Ê√±øÚ˝√√ Ó¬¬ı ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛ Ê√œÀ¬ıººí101

17. Ú±ø¬ÛÓ¬±ÚœÀfl¡ ŒÎ¬Àfl¡ ¬Û±À˚˛ ’±˘Ó¬±¬ ÛÀ¬ı ˛ñù´q¬ı˛Àfl¡ fl¡˘±·±ÀÂ√¬ı˛ ˜”˘… ¬ı±¬ı√, Ó“¬±¬ı˛ √±ø¬ı ˜ÀÓ¬± ¶aœÒÚ’˘—fl¡±¬ı √√±ÀÓ¬¬ı ¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl“¡±fl¡Ú õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ıñ fl¡˘±¬ı ˜±µ±À¸‰¬±¬ÛÀ˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ¸5√˙ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±Ø ¤fl¡Œ¬Û±˚˛± ≈ √Ò ŒÏ¬À˘ ø√À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘± ’±¬ı˛ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ fl‘¡¬Û±˚˛ëÚ√œ¬ı˛+À¬Û ¬ıø˝√√˘ Œ¸ ≈√* Ê√˘Ò±¬ı˛ººí102

fl¡˘±¬ı˛ ˜±µ±¸ ø·À˚˛ ˘±·˘ ¬ı˛±À˜ù´¬ı˛ ‚±ÀÈ¬º18. ¤¬ı˛¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±øÈ¬ ø¬ıø‰¬Sº Œ¬ıU˘± ù´q¬ı˛Àfl¡

ŒÎ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı˘À˘Ú, ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó“¬±¬ı ˛ ˜±µ±¸ ’±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±øÈ¬Œ¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¸À¬ı Ú± ñ Î¬◊Ê√±Ú ˚±S± fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıØ

ëÎ¬◊Ê√±ÀÚ ˜±µ±¸ ˜˜ fl¡ø¬ı˛À¬ı ·˜Úºí103

Î¬◊Mê√ ’©Ü±√˙ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±¬ı˛ õ∂¸e ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√ñfl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ ’Ú…Sº Œ¬ıU˘± ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ëˆ¬±¸Úí ˚±S±˚˛ Ú±Ú±Ê√ÚÀfl¡ Œ¸-fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº Œ˚˜Ú –

1. ¸±e±øÓ¬-‚±È¬±˚˛ ¸”˚« Œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı ˛ fl¡Ú…± ’Ú≈fl”¡˘±Àfl¡¬ı˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ¬ıU˘±-

ë’±Í¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ˜˜ ù´q¬ı˛ ˘˝◊√√˘ºí104

Î¬◊Mê√ ’©Ü±√˙ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏øÈ¬ Œ¬ı˙ ’æ≈√Ó¬º Ó¬La ›Œ˚±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ øÂ√À˘Úº ¸y¬ıÓ¬˜Ú¸± ˜e˘ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·-Ò˜«±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√Î¬ ◊Ê√±Ú ˚±S±¬ı˛ õ∂¸e ¤À¸ÀÂ√º ¬ı±—˘± ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛fl¡‡ÀÚ± fl¡‡ÀÚ± ¤ ◊√√ õ∂¸e ¤À¸ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛+¬Ûfl¡Ô±ÀÓ¬› ˜Ú ¬Û¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ŒÚÃfl¡±˚˛ ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Î¬◊Ê√±Ú ˚±S±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øeÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬±‡ÀG Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ È¬œfl¡±˚˛ ¬ı˘± ’±ÀÂ√ – ëŒ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ˜±µ±¸Î¬◊Ê√±ÀÚ ˚±˝◊√√˚˛± ˚≈Mê√ øSÀ¬ıÌœ õ∂˚˛±À· ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸±é¬±»√√ ˛º ˜Ó¬±ôLÀ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±È¬œÀÓ¬ ˚± ◊√√ ˛± ≈Mê√ øSÀ¬ıÌœÀÓ¬ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸ø √√Ó¬

¸±é¬±» ˝√√˝◊√√˚˛±øÂ√˘ºí105

˚≈Mê√ øSÀ¬ıÌœ ¤˘±˝√√±¬ı±√, ˜≈Mê√ øSÀ¬ıÌœ U·ø˘º ≈√ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛¸—¬ı±√ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬Ú Œ·±ø¬ıµº ŒÚÓ¬±-ŒÒ±¬Û±øÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ˚±· √ «Ú



› ’±‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl¡« Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ±º ¬ıdÓ¬ Î¬◊˘È¬ ¸±ÒÚ±¬ı˛õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø˝¸√√±À¬ı ˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈ÚÊ«√Àij¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¬ı±—˘±˚˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂ√˘º ¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¤‡±ÀÚ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛øÂ Ú±º Î¬. ¸≈fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ú ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú – ëfl¡±ø˝√√ÚœøÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬ıœÊ√‡≈¬ı ¬Û≈¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ˜ÀÚ √√ ˛º ‘Ó¬ ¬ÛøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ√ √√ øÚÀ ˛ ˚˜¬Û≈¬ı˛œÀÓ¬ [¬ı±¶§·«¬Û≈¬ı˛œÀÓ¬] ˚±S± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¬∏C±øÎ¬˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬’øˆ¬Ú¬ı ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ√ø˙·gœ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ºí106 Œfl¡Ú Œ˚

≈fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı≈ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬Àfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı › ø¬ıÀ√ø˙·gœ ¬ˆ¬±¬ıÀ˘ÚØ¸±ø¬ıSœ Î¬◊¬Û±‡…±Ú øfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ˆ≈¬À˘ Œ·À˘ÚØ ˚±-˝◊ Œ˝√√±fl¡,¤fl¡˝◊√ √ õ∂¬ıÀg øÓ¬øÚ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú –... ëŒ˚±·œÀ√¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…˜Ú¸±¬ı ˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¶ö±Ú ŒÚ˝◊ √ √ , Œ˚È≈ ¬fl ≈ ¡ ’±ÀÂ√ Ó¬±’¬ÛÂ√Àµ¬ı˛º Œ¸È¬± ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡º Ó¬À¬ı ŒÚÓ¬± ¤“À√¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…˝√ √Í¬À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛˜ &è¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±ºí107 ˝√√Í¬À˚±· ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬¸±ÒÚñ ˙±¬ı˛œø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂øSê˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ Ó¬Ô± Î¬◊Ê√±Ú ˚±S±ºŒ˚±· ‹øÓ¬À˝√√… ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¶ö±Ú ŒÚ˝◊√√ñ ¤˜Úw±ôL Î¬◊øMê√ ’±¬ı˛ ˝√ √˚˛ Ú±º ¶§±˜œ øÚ˜«˘±Úµ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú –ëÚ±À·¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚfl¡È¬ ¸•§gº Ú±· ¬ı± ¸¬Û« ¤fl¡‰¬±¬ı˛œ,’øÚÀfl¡Ó¬, ¸±¬ıÒ±Ú › &˝√ √± ¬ı±¸œº ˙œÀÓ¬¬ı ˛ fl¡íøÈ¬ ˜±¸¬ı± ˛≈ ±S ˆ¬é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı± fl≈¡yfl¡¬ıX ˝√√À ˛ ø¬ıÚ± Œ‰¬©Ü± ˛ ’±¬ÛÚ±’±¬ÛøÚ ¸•ú≈À‡ ˚± ’±À¸ Ó¬± ¢∂˝√√Ì ¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ Œ¸ Ê√œ¬ıÚ Ò±¬ı˛Ìfl¡À¬ı˛º ¸À¬Û«¬ı˛ ¤ ¸fl¡˘ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì Œ˚±·œÀ√¬ı˛ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ıø¸Xºí108

øÚÓ¬±ôL ¬ı˛+¬Ûfl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À26√º øfl¡c ¬ı˛+¬Ûfl¡ øˆ¬iß ¸ÀÓ¬… ÚœÓ¬˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ ’Ú… Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º

˚±S±fl¡±À˘ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ√‡± √√ ˛ fl¡±fl¡-¬ı˛+¬Ûœ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ºÓ¬“±¬ı˛ ˜±¬ı˛Ù¬Ó¬ øÚÂ√øÚÀÓ¬ ˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’e≈¬ı˛œ ¬Û±øÍ¬À˚˛ ¸—¬ı±√¬Û±Í¬±À˘¬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ≈√˝◊√ √ √±√± ¸≈¬ı˘ ’±¬ı˛ ¸≈µ¬ı˛ øÙ¬ø¬ı˛À˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬¤À˘Úº ¸Àe ø˜©Ü±ißñ Œ˜˘±øÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ¸Àe Œ˚ÀÓ¬¬ı˘À˘Ú, øfl¡Â≈√ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬¬ı˛±øÊ √ÚÚ Œ¬ıU˘±º Œ˙À¯∏ ·e±ô¶¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛ˆ¬±˝◊√√À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± Œ¬ÛÀ˘Ú øÓ¬øÚº è©Ü ≈√˝◊√√ √±√±Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˘À˘Ú –

ëë˜Î¬ˇ±È¬œ ¬Ûø‰¬À˘ Ê√À˘ ŒÙ¬˘±˝◊√√˚˛± ø√ø¬ıº Œ˚±ø·Úœ ˝√√˝◊√√˚˛±Œ˙À¯∏ øˆ¬é¬± Œ˜À· ‡±ø¬ıººíí Œ¬ıU˘±› Î¬◊M√√À¬ı˛ ¬ı˘À˘ÚñëÓ¬±-˝◊√√ ˝√√À¬ıíº

ëëŒ¬ıU˘± ¬ıø˘ÀÂ√ fl¡Ô± ø˜Ô…± ¬Ú± √√ ◊√√À¬ıº ˆ¬¢üœ¬ÛøÓ¬ Œ˚±·œˆ¬¢üœ Œ˚±ø·Úœ Œ√ø‡À¬ıººíí109

¬Û≈À¬ı˛± fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬Ú fl¡ø¬ıº ŒÙ¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±¬Û±Ó¬˘±¬ı˛‚±ÀÈ¬ Œ¬ıU˘± ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Àfl¡ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛±À˘Ú ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±º Œ·À˘Ú¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛ øÚÂ√øÚ Ú·À¬ı˛º ˜± ’˜˘±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√º Œ˚±·œ-Œ˚±ø·Úœ¬ı˛Œ¬ıÀ˙º Ó“¬À√ ¬ı ˛ Œ˚±·À¬ı˙ Ò±¬ı ˛ÀÌ¬ı ˛ fl¡Ô± Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ÚŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬fº ëŒ·è˚˛±¬ı¸Úí, ë’Àe ˆ¬¶úí, ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ëø‰¬˜ƒÈ¬±í,

ëøˆ¬é¬±Á≈¡ø˘ fl¡Àé¬í, ëˆ¬±À˘ øÓ¬˘fl¡íº ·˘±˚˛ ëè^±Àé¬¬ı˛˜±˘±í, ¬Û±À˚˛ ëfl¡±á¬ ¬Û±≈√fl¡±í, ëfl‘¡øS˜ Ê√È¬±˚˛ ø˙¬ıí ’±26√±√Úfl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú Ó¬“±¬ı˛±º ˜± ’˜˘± øfl¡c ø‰¬ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘Ú øÍ¬fl¡º

ëŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ¸‘√˙ øÂ√˘ Ó¬Ú˚˛± ’±˜±¬ı˛ºí110

’±R¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ø√À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±›º¶§À·« ŒÙ¬¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Œ¬ıU˘± ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛ ¶§±˜œÀfl¡ øÚÀ˚˛

¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛+À¬Û Œ√‡± ø√À˚˛ ˚±Ú øÚÂ√øÚ Ú·À¬ı˛ºë˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı ¸iß…±¸œ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÊ√º Œ·˘ ¸±¬ı˛ ¬ıøÌÀfl¡¬ı˛

’±øeÚ±¬ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¡ºº111

¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±À ˛¬ı˛ Œ√› ˛± ≈√Ò-ˆ¬±Ó¬ Œ‡À˘Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛±ºŒ˜±È¬ fl¡Ô±,¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√… Œ˚±·œ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ ·±ÀÚ¬ı˛¸•Ûfl«¡È≈¬fl≈¡ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±À¬ı… Œ¸-fl¡Ô± ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˘º

ºº 7ºº

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ fl¡±À¬ı… Œ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı ˛±Ì fl¡Ô±¬ı ˛ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ± ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º ¤-ÀÔÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚± ˛ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬›˜Ú¸± ˜e˘ ¬ı±—˘± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±Ú±-¸—˘¢ü ’=À˘ Œfl¡˜ÚÊ√œ¬ıôL øÂ√˘º ’±¸¬ı˛-¸ÀôL±¯∏ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜˝◊√√ ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±ºfl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì :±Ú, Œ˚±·Ó¬La, ˙±¶a:±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl¡« ø˘À‡øÂ√ºŒ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬Ì ’±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ ˆ¬±À¯…fl¡±ø˝√√øÚÀfl¡ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« √±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ˜…±'˜≈˘±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˘øˆ¬ àò±Î¬◊¸ ¸˝√√ ¬ıU ·À¬ı¯∏fl¡ ¬ÛøGÓ¬˝◊ √ √’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ıÀÂ√Úº ¬Û≈¬ı±ÀÌ¬ı ¸Àe ˆ¬± ∏±¬ı ¸•Ûfl«¡ Œˆ¬À¬ıÀÂ√Ú˜…±' ˜≈˘±¬ı˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…±Ú ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’±ø√ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏± øÂ√˘øSê˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬± Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ı±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œº Œ˚˜Ú, ¸˜≈^ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÓ¬Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ¤˜Ú øfl¡Â≈√ ñ ˚± øfl¡Ú± ëragingí ’Ô«±»·Ê«√Ú˙œ˘ øfl¡Â≈√ , ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸”˚« ˝√√˘ñ ëthe giver ofwarmthí ˚± Î¬◊M√√±¬Û Œ√˚˛º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂Ê√ij ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÌÊ√±ÚÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√º Œfl¡Ú ¸˜≈^ ·Ê«√Ú˙œ˘∑ Œfl¡Ú ¸”˚« Î¬◊M√√±¬ÛŒ√˚˛∑ ¤˝◊ √ √ ¬ı ˛fl¡˜ õ∂Àùü¬ı ˛ Ê√¬ı±¬ı ‡≈ “Ê√ÀÓ¬˝◊ √ √ Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛¬Û≈¬ı˛±fl¡Ô±ñ myth. Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øÈ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ øÙË¬Î¬±ø¬ı˛‡ ˜…±'˜≈˘±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ó¬Nº112 ¬ıËøÚ¸˘ ˜…±ø˘ÀÚ±ø¶® ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì˝√√˘ ’Ó¬…ôL &èQ¬Û”Ì« ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ˙øMê√ ñëextremelyimportant cultural forceíº113 Œ·±ø¬ıµ√‰¬f ø¸—À √√¬ı˛¬ı˘± Œ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì&ø˘ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ◊√√º √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¤-¸¬ı ¸—fl¡ø˘Ó¬√√À˚ÀÂ√ ≈ Ì ≈À· øfl¡c ¤¬ı ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ¸±Ò±¬ıÌ ’Úé¬¬ı ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı

Ê√œ¬ıÚ ’±fl¡±„√√é¬±ñ ˆ¬±¬ı±Rfl¡ õ∂ùü¸˜”À˝√ √¬ı ˛ ˜œ˜±—¸± ›˜ÀÚ±¬ı˛?fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ¤fl¡±fl¡±¬ı˛ √√À ˛ÀÂ√º Œ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì&ø˘¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√º

1. ¸¬ı¬ ¸±¬ÛÀfl¡ ŒÎ¬Àfl¡ ˜Ú¸± ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Àfl¡ √—˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±¬ı˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√, ¸fl¡À˘ ‰“¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ˝“√√Ó¬±˘ ¬ı±øÎ¬ˇ¬ı˛ ˆ¬À˚˛ ¬Û±ø˘À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ºÓ¬‡Ú ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± ’±¬ı˛ Ï¬…±˜Ú± [Ú±˜±ôLÀ¬ı˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úë˜±Ò±˝◊√√í]114 ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ·˘º ˜Ú¸± ¬¸±˜±Ú… ‡≈ø˙º Ó¬À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ŒÓ¬± ø¬ı¯∏ ŒÚ˝◊√ √Ø Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏ ø√À˚˛› Œfl¡ÀÎ¬ˇ øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú˜Ú¸±˝◊√√º Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ≈√–À‡¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘˘ ˜Ú¸±Àfl¡ –

’‘√À©Ü¬ı˛ Œ√±À¯∏ Œ˜±¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏ ˝√√±¬ı˛±º ˚Ô± Ó¬Ô± wø˜¸√± fl¡±e±À˘¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛±ºº115

¤¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı˛±ÌøÈ¬ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ·±ø¬ıµºë˜˝√√±À√À¬ı¬ı˛ fl¡FøÚ–¸‘Ó¬ ·¬ı˛˘¬ı˛±ø˙ ˜Ú¸± Œ√¬ıœ ¸˜ô¶ Ú±·Àfl¡¬¬ı∞I◊Ú fl¡ø¬ı˛ ˛± ø√À˘Úº ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± Ï¬…±˜Ú± Ú±˜fl¡ Ú±·¡Z ˛ ¸±øÓ¬˙ ˛Œ˘±ˆ¬ õ∂ ≈Mê√ ¶§œ ˛ õ∂±¬Û… ’—À˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı ∏ Œ·±¬ıÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ·±¬ÛÚfl¡¬ı˛Ó¬– ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ øÚfl¡È¬ ˚±˝◊√ √˚˛± ø¬ı¯∏ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡ø¬ı˛˘ºí ˜Ú¸±¬ı˘À˘Ú, Ó¬“±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ√¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ı¯∏ ŒÚ˝◊√√ºÓ¬±¬ı˛± øÙ¬À¬ı˛ ¤À¸ Œ√À‡ ëŒ·±¬ı¬ı˛ fl≈¡Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√˚˛± ˘˝◊√√˚˛± ø·˚˛±ÀÂ√íñ¢∂±˜¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛±º ëŒ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ŒÏ¬“±Î¬ˇ± › Ï¬…±˜Ú±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏ Ú±˝◊√√ºí116

ëÏ¬±fl¡± ’=À˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬í ¤fl¡ õ∂ø¸X Œ˘±fl¡ fl¡±ø √√øÚ Î¬◊À~‡fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√º ñ ¤fl¡ ¸˜À ˛ ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± ¸±À¬Û¬ı˛› ø¬ı ∏ øÂ√ º.... ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛˝√√˘ fl¡œ, Œ√¬ıœ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ Ufl≈¡À˜ ¸¬ı ¸±À¬Û¬ı˛± ˚±ø26√˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛fl¡±ÀÂ√º Œ¬ÛÈ≈¬fl¡ ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ±› øÂ√˘ Œ¸ ◊√√ √À˘º Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ¤fl¡È¬± ŒÎ¬±¬ı± , Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ‰≈¬ÀÚ± ˜±ÀÂ√¬ı˛ Á¡“±fl¡ øfl¡˘ø¬ıø˘À˚˛Œ¬ıÎ¬ˇ±À26√√º Œ√À‡ Œ¬ÛÈ≈¬fl¡ ’±¬ı˛ Œ˘±ˆ¬ ¸±˜˘±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛˘ Ú±ºø¬ıÀ¯∏¬ı˛ Ôø˘ ˜≈‡ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ú±ø˜À˚˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡ ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± ˝◊√√˚˛± ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˝“√√±fl¡À¬ı˛ ˘±Ù¬ ˜±¬ı˛˘ ŒÎ¬±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ê√À˘º... ¤ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚-Œ·±¬ıÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛·±√±¬ı ›¬ÛÀ¬ı Ó¬±¬ı ø¬ıÀ ∏¬ı Ôø˘È¬± Ú±ø˜À˚ ¬ı±‡± øÂ√ , Ó¬±¬ı ‰¬±¬ı¬Û±À˙ ¤À¸ Ê≈√È¬˘ ø¬ıÀÂ√, ŒÎ¬À ˛± ø¬Û“¬ÛÀÎˇ¬, ˘±˘ ø¬Û“¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ, ˜˙±,Â√±¬ı˛À¬Û±fl¡±, ŒÊ“√±fl¡, Œ¬ı± ƒÓ¬±, ˆ¬œ˜è˘ñ ¤¬ı˛± ¸¬ı± ◊√√º ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛ŒÙ¬À˘ ¬ı˛±‡± ¸¬ı ø¬ı ∏È≈¬fl≈¡ ¤¬ı˛± ˆ¬±·±ˆ¬±ø· fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ ˛ ¬Û±˘±˘ºŒ¸˝◊√ √ ŒÔÀfl¡ ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ ˇ±¬ı ˛ ’±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏ ŒÚ˝◊ √ √, ø¬ı¯∏ ’±ÀÂ√ ’Ú…¸±À¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ›˝◊√√ ŒÎ¬À˚˛±, ˘±˘ ø¬Û“¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ, ˜˙±, Â√±¬ı˛À¬Û±fl¡±,ŒÊ“√±fl¡, Œ¬ı±˘ƒÓ¬±, ˆ¬œ˜è˘À√¬ı˛º Œ˘±ˆ¬œ ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± ˜±Â√ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ø·À˚˛ √±ø˚˛Q ˆ¬≈À˘ÀÂ√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ fl¡±À¬ı…›º ˜Ú¸± ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ±Ï¬…±˜Ú±À√¬ı˛ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏ √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Àfl¡ √—˙Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬Û±øÍ¬À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ¬ı±fl¡± ’±¬ı˛ Œ˘±ˆ¬œ Ó¬±¬ı˛±º Ï¬…±˜Ú± Ó¬±˘·±ÀÂ√˜˚˛Ú±¬ı˛ Â√±Ú± Œ‡˘ Œ¬ÛÈ¬¬Û≈À¬ı˛º ŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± Ï≈¬fl¡˘ ŒÊ√±˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ó¬±ë’±¬ı˛ œí ¬ı± ˜±Â√ Ò¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˚ÀLaº ˜Ú¸± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ë’±fl¡ ∏«Ìœ˜˝√√±˜ÀLaí Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ŒÈ¬ÀÚ ’±ÚÀ˘Úº ’øˆ¬˙±¬Û ø√À˘Úº

Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı±fl¡… fl¡ø¬ı˛ø˘ ˘„∏‚ÚºøÚø¬ı«¯∏ ˝√√˝◊√√˚˛± ŒÓ¬±¬ı˛± Ô±fl¡ ≈√˝◊√√Ê√Úºº118

ø¬ıõ∂√±¸ ø¬Ûø¬Û˘± ◊√√, ø¬ıÊ√ &5 ŒÏ“¬±Î¬±-Ï¬…±˜Ú±¬ı õ∂¸e õ∂±˚

¤fl¡˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ÀÚÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe ë˝√√ø¬ı˛Ó¬˜±Ó¬ Ê√±Ó¬fl¡í fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¬ı˛ ø˜˘ ’±ÀÂ√º119

2. fl¡±˘œ Ú±ø·Úœ¬ı˛ Œ˘Ê√ Œfl¡ÀÈ¬ ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ˚ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ ˜Ú¸± Œ¸‡±ÀÚ øÈ¬fl¡øÈ¬øfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˘Ê√˘±ø·À˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú –

ëŒ·±-˜±Ú≈À¯∏ Œ˚˝◊√√ Ú±À· √—˙Ú fl¡ø¬ı˛À¬ıºº’±Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√ ’e≈ø˘ ¬Û≈26√ ‡ø¸À¬ı¬ Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛º

›À¬ı˛ ¬ı±Â√± fl¡±˘œ ≈√–‡ Ú± fl¡ø¬ı˛˝√√√ ’±¬ı˛ºº¤Ó¬ ¬ıø˘ øÈ¬fl¡øÈ¬øfl¡¬ı˛ ˘±e≈˘ ˘˝◊√√˚˛±º

fl¡±ø˘À˚˛¬ı˛ fl¡±È¬±¬Û≈À26√ ø√˘ ŒÊ√±Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√˚˛±ººí120

3. ŒÊ“√±fl¡±À¸Úœ ‚±ÀÈ¬ ˜±µ±¸ Œˆ¬À¸ ˚±¬ı±¬ı ˛ ¸˜˚˛Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ˜˝√ √± ø¬ı¬Û√ ¬Î¬ ◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ˝√ √˘º Ó“¬±¬ı ˛ ˜±µ±¸ ˝√ √˘Â√S‡±Ú, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ë¬ı“±À˙¬ı˛ Œ·±Ê√±˘ ˚Ó¬ øˆ¬iß ˝√√À ˛ Œ·˘íº ’±¬ı˛¶§±˜œ¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó¬À√À˝√√ ¤À¸ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ˘ ’Ê√¶⁄ ŒÊ“√±fl¡º Œ˙À¯∏ Œ¬ıU˘±ø√À˘Ú ’øˆ¬˙±¬Û –

ë˚ø√ ’±ø˜ √±¸œ ˝√√˝◊√√ Œ√¬ıœ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛º·e±À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ ŒÊ“√±fl¡ Ú± ¬ı˛ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı ’±¬ı˛ºº121

4. ¬ı˛±‚¬ı Œ¬ı±˚˛±À˘¬ı˛ õ∂¸e ¬ıU ˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ√ºŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f› ˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ë˜±˘±˝◊√√‰¬±øfl¡í Œ‡À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ø¬ı˙±˘Œ¬ı± ˛±˘ ˜±ÀÂ√¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Úº Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ô«Ú± ˛ ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Àfl¡õ∂±Ì øÙ¬ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ø√À˘›, øÓ¬øÚ Œ¸±Ê√± “√±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Ú±ºŒ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı«Àg ˜±Â√ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¤ÀÚ Œ¬ÛÈ¬ ø‰¬À¬ı˛ ˜±˘± ◊√√ ‰¬±øfl¡ Œ¬ı¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± ’±¬ı˛ ¬˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˙¬ı˛œÀ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º Œ¬ıU˘±˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú ¬ı˛±‚¬ı Œ¬ı±˚˛±˘øÈ¬Àfl¡› Œ√¬ıœ¬ı“±ø‰¬À˚˛ ø√Úº ˜˝√√» Œ¬ıU˘±ñ ë¬Û¬ı˛±Ì Ó¬…øÊ√˘ ˜»¸… ¶§±˜œŒ¬Û˘ õ∂±Ìíñ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘± ˘±·±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Ú˚˛ºÓ¬‡Ú ˜Ú¸± Œ¸±Ú±¬ı˛ ëÓ¬±·±í ø√À˚˛ Œ¬ı±˚˛±˘ ˜±ÀÂ√¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÈ¬Œ¸˘±˝◊√ √ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂±Ì øÙ¬ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ø√À˘Úº Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f¬ı˘À˘Ú –

ëfl¡˜˘±¬ı˛ ˜ø˝√˜± Œfl¡ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛À¬ı ¬ıø˘ÀÓ¬º¤¬Û˚«ôL ø‰¬˝ê ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¬ı±˚˛±ø˘ ˜»À¸…ÀÓ¬ºº122

5. ŒÙ¬¬ı ˛± ¬ı ˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ‰ “ ¬± ¬Û±Ó¬˘±¬ı ˛ ‚±ÀÈ¬ ¤À¸ Œ¬ıU˘±√±√±À√¬ı˛ ’±Ú± ¸Àµ˙ Ó≈¬À˘ ’±ÚÀ˘Úº Œ√‡± Œ·˘

ëÂ√˜±¸ ¸Àµ˙ øÂ√˘ ˜±øÈ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ºøfl¡Â≈√˜±S Ú©Ü ÚÀ˝√√ ˜Ú¸±¬ı˛¬ ıÀ¬ı˛ºº123

¤-õ∂¸e ’Ú…±Ú… ˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘› ’±ÀÂ√º Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛¸—À˚±Ê√ÚøÈ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸—Sê±ôLº ‰“¬±¬Û±Ó¬˘± ‚±È¬Àfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ÚÓ≈¬ÚÚ±˜ ø√À˘Ú –

ë˜±øÈ¬ ‰¬±¬Û± ¸Àµ˙±ø√ Î¬◊ÀM√√±˘Ú ∆fl¡˘º‰¬±¬Û±ÀÓ¬±˘± Ú±˜ ŒÓ¬˝◊√√ ‚±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˝◊√√˘ººí124



Œ˘±fl¡¬Û ≈ ¬ı ˛ ±ÀÌ¬ı ˛ ¬Û±À˙ ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ¬Û˘±˜ Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡¬ı≈…»¬ÛøM√√ ¬ı± Folk etymology-¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±º

6. Œ¬ıU˘± ‰¬•Ûfl¡ Ú·À¬ı˛ ¤À¸ ù´q¬ı˛Àfl¡ ŒÎ¬±À˜¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÀ˙Œ√‡± ø√ÀÓ¬ Œ·ÀÂ√Úº ù´q¬ı˛ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ˆ¬±¸±Ú-˚±S±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛øÓ¬¬ı˛¶®±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú –

˜Î¬ˇ±Àfl¡ ŒÙ¬˘±À˚˛ Ú˘‡±·Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ¬ıÀÚº‡±˝◊√√˚˛± ŒÎ¬±À˜¬ı˛ ’iß ˚±ø¬ı¬ ”√¬ı˛¶ö±ÀÚºº

Œ¬ıU˘±› ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú ë¬ı…Ô« Ú± ˝√√˝◊√√À¬ı &À¬ı˛±Ø ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛fl¡Ô±ºí125

ŒÎ¬±˜øÚ¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÀ˙ ‰“¬±√ ¸√±·À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‚¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÙ¬À¬ı˛˜Ú¸±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ˜±˚˛± Ó≈¬¬ı˛eœ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±º ‰¬•Û±Ú·À¬ı˛ Œ·À˘Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ ∆¸ÀÚ…¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÀ˙º ¬ı˘À˘Ú, Œ¯∏±À˘±À˙±ø¬ıÒ¬ı± ¬ı˛˜Ìœ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬±˝◊√√ñ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ’±À√˙Ø Œ¸-fl¡Ô± qÀÚ¸˜ô¶ ‰¬•Û± Ú·À¬ı˛ U˘¶ö≈˘ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Œ·˘º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ŒÚÃfl¡±Î≈¬ø¬ı¬ı˛¬Û¬ı ˛ ‰¬•Û± Ú·À¬ı ˛ ‚À¬ı ˛ ‚À¬ı ˛ ø¬ıÒ¬ı±Ø ø¬ıÒ¬ı± ‰ “ ¬±À√ ¬ı ˛¬ı±øÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬›º ‰“¬±√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬ıÒ”À√¬ı˛ ’±À√˙ ø√À˘Ú ¸Ò¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±¸±Ê√ÀÓ¬º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛˝◊ √ √ ÒÀ¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ·À˘Úº ¬ı˛±À˜ù´¬ı˛ ‚±ÀÈ¬¸¬ı±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¶§±˜œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe ø˜˘Ú ˝√√˘Ø

¤˝◊√ √ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√±À√¬ı˛ Œ¶§26√√±‰¬±¬ı˛,ø¬ıÒ¬ı±À√¬ı˛ Ò˜«Ó¬…±· õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ ¬ıU ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ø‰¬SÔ±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ‰“¬±√ ’¬Û˜±øÚÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ ‰¬˘À˘Ú ˚≈ÀXºøfl¡c√ ø·À˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√-∆¸øÚfl¡Àfl¡ Œ√‡± Œ·˘ Ú±Ø fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¤‡±ÀÚ ’øˆ¬Ú¬ıº Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˜Ú¸±-˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˝◊√√ ¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜fl¡Ô± Œ˘À‡ÚøÚº Ó¬À¬ı fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ¬ı‘M√√ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ ‰¬˜»fl¡±ø¬ı˛Q ›Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡Ó¬± ¤ÀÚÀÂ√Ú Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ñ ¸Àµ˝√√ ŒÚ˝◊√√º

fl¡±Ê√ Œ˙¯∏ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˜±˚˛± Œ‚±Î¬ˇ± øÙ¬ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ø√À˘Ú Œ¬ıU˘±ºë˜±˚˛± Ó≈¬¬ı˛øeÚœ Œ˚ Œ¬ıU˘± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ√˘º˘•£¬¡ ø√˚˛± ¸ø˘˘ ˜ÀÒ…ÀÓ¬ ˘≈fl¡±˝◊√√˘ººí

Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ’±¬ı˛› Ê±√Ú±À˘Ú, ¤¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ‚±Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛¬ı—˙ ¸˜≈À^ ’±Ê√› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ – ë¸±˜≈ø^fl¡ ’ù´ ¬ıø˘‡…±Ó¬ ¬ı¸≈˜Ó¬œºí126

Î¬◊Mê√ Â-√øÈ¬ fl¡±ø˝√ √øÚ˝◊ √ √ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘ºˆ¬”À˚˛±√˙«œ fl¡ø¬ıº Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œ˚Ú Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±¸øißÀ¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚÀfl¡ ˜ÀÚ±¬ı˛?fl¡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√ÚºŒÏ“¬±Î¬ˇ± › Ï¬…±˜Ú± ¸±¬Û Œfl¡Ú øÚø¬ı«¯∏, øÈ¬fl¡øÈ¬øfl¡ ’±¬ı˛ ¸±À¬Û¬ı˛Œ˘Ê√ ‡À¸ Œfl¡Ú, ·e±˚˛ ŒÊ“√±fl¡ ŒÚ˝◊√√ Œfl¡Ú, Œ¬ı±˚˛±˘ ˜±ÀÂ√¬ı˛Œ¬ÛÀÈ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√¬ Œ¸±Ú±ø˘ √±· Œfl¡Ú Œ√‡± ˚± ˛, ¸ ≈ Œ‚±È¬fl¡’±¸À˘ fl¡œñ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ ¬ıU õ∂Àùü¬ı Î¬◊M√√¬ı ¬Û±ø26√√ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ıŒ˘‡±˚˛º ‰¬±¬Û±ÀÓ¬±˘± ‚±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±Ú› ˚≈Mê√fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú øÓ¬øÚº ¬ı˘± ¬ı±U˘…, ¤-¸¬ı ◊√√ ¸±ø √√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ◊√√øeÓ¬, Ê√Ú-

˜Úô¶ÀN¬ı˛ õ∂¸eº Œ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı ˛±ÌÀfl¡ ø¬ı:±Ú ’±ø¬ı©®±À¬ı˛¬ı ˛¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ«¬œ ø¬ı:±ÚÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú± › Œfl¡ÃÓ”¬˝√√À˘¬ı˛ Ù¬˘ ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y¬ıñ ¤-¸¬ı Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬± ¶Û©Üº

ºº 8ºº

¬ı±¸À¬ı˛ ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛ Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ ¸e˜ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘ øÓ¬øÚ˚ÀÔ©Ü fl≈¡˙˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe Ó“¬±Àfl¡ øÚ¬ı‘M√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº fl¡‡ÀÚ±¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˚˛¸ ¤‡Ú› ’Ú≈¬Û˚≈Mê√, fl¡‡ÀÚ± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úø¬ıøˆ¬iß :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º fl¡‡ÀÚ± ≈√Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊øMê√-õ∂Ó≈¬…øMê√ÀÓ¬’±¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±¬ı˛?fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Œ¬ıU˘± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√ÚøÓ¬øÚ ëÚ±ø·Úœ ¸‘ √˙±í, ˘ø‡µ¬ı ˛ Ê√±øÚÀ˚ ˛ÀÂ √Ú øÓ¬øÚëø¬ıÚÓ¬±ÚµÚí , ’Ú≈¬ı˛+¬Û Î¬◊øMê√-õ∂Ó≈¬…øMê√ÀÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±ø˙äŒfl¡˜Ú Ê√À˜ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸±¬ı˛øÚ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Œ√‡±ÀÚ± ˚±fl¡ –

Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ Î¬◊øMê√ ˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊øMê√’±ø˜√ ;˘ôL ’Ú˘ ’±ø˜ ˝√√˝◊√√ Ê√˘’±ø˜ Ó¬¬ı˛øeÌœ ˜˜ ¤ Œ√˝√√ Ó¬¬ı˛Ìœ’±ø˜ &5ÒÚ ’±ø˜ Œ‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬Ú’±ø˜ ’±fl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ¬Û±‡œ ’±ø˜ ¬ı…±Ò ‰¬f˜≈‡œ 127

Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ ¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛± ˛ ¤ ◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˛œøÓ¬ õ∂± ˛ ◊√√ Œ√‡±˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜ ·Í¬Ú Ó¬±øNfl¡ ¸˜±ôL¬ı˛˘Ó¬± ¬ı± ∆¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬…Àfl¡flv¡√ Œ˘øˆ¬ Œ¶a±¸ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú binary opposites.

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸˜˚˛ Œ¬ıU˘± ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Àfl¡ Ò“±Ò±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂ùüfl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤fl¡È≈¬ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì Œ√¬ıº

1. Œ¬ıU˘± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊√√À˘Ú Â√-øÈ¬ ˘±˘ fl¡œº ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛¬ı˘À˘Ú, Â-√øÈ¬ ˘±˘ ˝√√˘ 1] ø˝√√µ≈˘, 2] ø¸µ≈¬ı˛, 3] ˘±é¬±,4] ˝√√ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˘, 5] ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û$¡¡ ŒÓ¬˘±fl≈¡‰¬± ’±¬ı˛ 6] ë¸À¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛˘±˘ Ó¬¬ı ˜≈‡ ›á¬±Ò¬ı˛ºí 128

2. Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ õ∂ùüñ Ú˚˛øÈ¬ fl¡±À˘± fl¡œº ˘ø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı ˛Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ – 1] ˙…±˜, 2] ˙…±˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛+¬Û, 3] ¸≈Àfl¡˙œ¬ı˛ Œfl¡˙, 4]

ˆ¬˜¬ı˛±, 5] fl¡±fl¡, 6] Œfl¡±øfl¡˘±, 7] ˚˜≈Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√˘ , Ó¬À¬ıëÓ¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ fl¡±˘ Ó¬¬ı ‰¬Àé¬¬ı˛ fl¡7¡¡¡˘íº129

3. Œ¬ıU˘± ‰¬±˝◊√√À˘Ú ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ √˙øÈ¬ Ò¬ıí¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬º˘ø‡µ¬ı˛ Ê√±Ú±À˘Ú √˙øÈ¬ ¸±√± ˝√√À26√√ – 1] ˙∫, 2] ≈√*,3] Œ¬ı˛Ã¬Û…, 4] ŒÒ±˘±˝◊√√ ¬ıô¶¬ı˛, 5] ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ øfl¡¬ı˛Ì, 6] ¶£¬øÈ¬fl¡¬Û±Ô¬ı˛, 7] Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ Ú‡ [ë’e≈À˘ÀÓ¬¡ Ú‡ Ò¬ıí], 8] ≈fl≈¡Ó¬±,9] Ÿ¬10] ≈ √˝ ◊ √ √ ¬Û±øÈ¬ “ √ ±Ó¬ [Ó¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ Ò¬ı Ó¬¬ı √ ôL≈√˝◊√√¬Û±øÓ¬í]º130

4. Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı˛ √±ø¬ı √˙øÈ¬ ø˜ø©Ü¬ı˛ Ú±˜ qÚÀ¬ıÚº ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛¬ı˘À˘Ú ñ 1] ˝◊ √ √é≈ ¬, 2] &Î¬ˇ, 3] ø‰¬øÚ, 4] é≈¬Ò±¬ı ˛¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ‡±√… [ëé≈¬Ò± ∆˝√√À˘ ‡±√… ^¬ı… ø˜©Ü ’Ú≈˜±øÚí], 5]

˜Ò≈, 6] ¬ı±˘Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±˘, 7] ’¸Ó¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬Û≈èÀ ∏¬ı˛ ¸e,8] ;¬ı˛ fl¡±À˘ ø¬Û¬Û±¸±¬ı˛ Ê√˘, 9] ∆¬ı¯ûÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ fl‘¡¯ûÚ± ,10] [Ú±Ê√±øÚ ¶§·«œ˚˛ ¸≈Ò± Œfl¡˜Ú õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛º ¸À¬ı«±»fl‘¡©Ü ø˜©Ü˜±øÚ ¬ı‰¬Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ºº]131

5. ¤¬ı±¬ı ˛ √ √ Œ¬ıU˘± ‰¬±˝◊ √ √À˘Ú ë¸±Ó¬øÈ¬ øÓ¬Ó¬±í-¬ı ˛ Ú±˜Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬º ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘Úñ 1] øÚ˜, 2] fl≈¡ø‰¬˘±,3] ø‰¬¬ı˛Ó¬±, 4] ë˜”‡«¬Û≈Sí, 5] ë˜≈‡¬ı˛± ¬ıøÚÓ¬±í, 6] ˙¬ı˛œÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛¬ı…±øÒ, 7] ëø√¬ı±¬ı˛±øS øÓ¬Ó¬± ≈√˝◊√√ ¸Ó¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ ‚¬ı˛íº132

6. Œ¬ıU˘±¬ı ˛ √ ± ø ¬ı ¬Û “ ±‰ ¬ øÈ ¬ ’±Í¬± ¬ı ˛ Ú±˜, ˘ø‡µ¬ı ˛Ê√±Ú±À˘Úñ 1] ë’ù´ÀO¬ı˛ ¬ı˛Mê√, 2] ë¬ı±¬ı˘±¬ı˛ ’±Í¬±, 3]

Ê√À˘ Œˆ¬Ê√±ÀÚ± ·À˜¬ı˛ ’±È¬±, 4] ëø¬ı¬ı˛Ê√±í-¬ı˛ Ó¬¬ı˛˘¬ ¬ı˛+¬Û’±¬ı˛ 5] ëÓ¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ ’±Í¬± ˆ¬À¬ı √•ÛøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂œøÓ¬íº133

7. Œ¬ıU˘± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊√√À˘Ú ‰¬±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ¸¬ı˛n∏ fl¡œº ˘ø‡µ¬ı˛Ê√¬ı±¬ı ø√À˘Úñ 1] ’Ì≈, 2] Œ¬ıÌ≈, 3] ¸ø¬ı˛¯∏± ’±¬ı˛, 4]

ëÓ¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ ¸è Ó¬¬ı ¬ı√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±íº134

¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ øÚ(˚˛ ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀ¬ı ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ¬ı˛ ëõ∂˝√√±ø¸Úœífl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ë¬ı˛eí-¤¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º 1351 ¬ıe±ÀsŒ˘‡± ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬˜»fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±˚˛ ë‰¬±¬ı˛ ø˜ÀÍ¬í, ë‰¬±¬ı˛ ¸±√±í, ë‰¬±¬ı˛øÓ¬ÀÓ¬±í, ë‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡øÍ¬Úí, ’±¬ı˛ ë‰¬±¬ı˛ ø˜ÀÔ…í Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬±›˚˛±√√À ˛ÀÂ√º fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ô¶¬ıÀfl¡¬ı˛ ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û„ƒ√√øMê√ÀÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ñ

ëÓ¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡ ø˜ÀÍ¬ fl¡Ú…±, Œfl¡±˜˘ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬ÛøÎ¬ˇí, ëÓ¬±˝√√±¬ı˛’øÒfl¡ fl¡øÍ¬Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı±øÎ¬ˇ ‰¬˘±íñ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬º135

¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô øÚ(˚˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊øMê√-õ∂Ó≈¬…øMê√¬ı˛ ‰¬˘ øÂ√˘º

ºº9ºº

¬ı˛±Ê√Õ¸øÚÀfl¡¬ı˛ Œ¬ı˙ Ò±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ‰¬•Ûfl¡ Ú·¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¸Laô¶fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±¸±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Ú·À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ıÌ«Ú±øÈ¬ Œ¬ı˙ ‰¬˜»fl¡±¬ı˛º fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛¸˜˚˛:±Ú, ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬Û±øù«´fl¡ ’¬ı¶ö± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛› øfl¡Â≈√¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬ ˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ ø¬ıÒ‘Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√ ˛ø ¬ıÒ¬ı± ø ¬ı ¬ı±˝ √ √ ’±Àµ±˘Ú ¸•ÛÀfl¡ « ¸—¬ı± √ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ÚŒ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬fº Œ¯∏±À˘±À˙± ø¬ıÒ¬ı± ‡≈“Ê√ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ıø¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ’±¬ı˛Ú·¬ı˛¬ı±¸œ ˆ¬±¬ıÀÂ√ √ √ñ ëŒfl¡ fl¡ø¬ı ˛À¬ı¬ ¬ı ˛é¬± ¬ı ˛±Ê√± ∆fl¡À˘’ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛íº ’¸Ó¬œ ø¬ıÒ¬ı±¬ı˛± øfl¡c ˆ¬±¬ıÀÂ√, ˆ¬±À˘±˝◊√√ ˝√√˘º

ë‚≈ø‰¬À¬ı ø¬ı¬ı˛˝√√ ¬ı…Ô± ¸•⁄±:œ¬ı˛ &ÀÌº136

¤˝◊√√ ¸•⁄±:œ øÚ(˚˛ ˜˝√√±¬ı˛±øÌ øˆ¬À"√√±ø¬ı˛˚˛±º Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬fÊ√±Ú±À26√√Ú ø¬ıÒ¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ˜ «º ë¬ıU¬Û±À¬Ûí Ú±¬ı˛œ Ê√ij √√ , √√±¸À˘ëfl¡˘øÇÚœí ≈√Ú«±˜, ˜±Ô± Ó≈¬˘À˘ øÚ˘«7¡¡¡√Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı±√ qÚÀÓ¬˝√√˚˛º ¬Û≈è¯∏¬ı˛± ¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ√±¯∏ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ¬ı√Ú±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ë¸—¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡S«œ ˜˝√√±¬ı˛±Ìœ ¬ı≈øÁ¡˚˛±ÀÂ√ºí

øÓ¬øÚ øÚ(˚˛ëø¬ıÒ¬ı±·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ıˆ¬± ø√À¬ı ¬Û≈Ú¬ı˛±˚˛ºº137

’Ú…¬ÛÀé¬ ¤ ◊√√ ¸y±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± qÀÚ ë¸Ó¬œ ¬ı˛ Ìœ¬ı˛± ˜ √√±ø‰¬øôLÓ¬í ˝√√À˘Úº ¬Û¬ı˛¬Û≈è¯∏ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶Û˙« fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±À·˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏¬Û±Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊√√À˘Ú Ó¬“±¬ı˛±º

¬ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ˙±¸ÀÚ ø¬ıÒ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ı±À˝¬ı˛√√ õ∂‰¬˘Ú ¬˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Œ¸-¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’±¬ÛøM√√, ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± Ô±fl¡À˘› Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√¬ı˛±Ê√QÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±À¬ı… ˚±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛Ú±˝◊√√ õ∂˙—¸± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬± ∏± ˛ñ

ë¸≈ÒÚ… ˝◊√√—¬ı˛±Ê√ Ê√±øÓ¬ Œ√¬ı ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛ºÓ“¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ Œfl¡±Ô± Ú±ø˝√√ ’ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ººÒÚ¬ı±Ú √ø¬ı˛À^ ’Ú…±˚˛ ˚ø√ fl¡À¬ı˛º√G√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ’±˝◊√√Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ºº&5 ˝√√Ó¬…± √¸≈… ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±ø˝√√ Œfl¡±Ú ¶ö±ÀÚºŒ¸±Ú± ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ wÀ˜ Œ˘±fl¡ ø¬ıÊ√Ú fl¡±ÚÀÚººí138

˜ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ Ú± Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ’øÓ¬˙À˚˛±øMê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº øÓ¬øÚŒ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú ◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ˙±¸ÀÚ ëÊ√±øÓ¬ Ò « ’Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛í ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö±‰¬±˘≈ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ë√≈øˆ¬«Àé¬í-¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ õ∂Ê√±À√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ì¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬“±¬ı˛±º qÒ≈ øfl¡ Ó¬±-˝◊√√ñ

ëø¬ı√…±√±Ú Œ˝√√Ó≈¬ fl¡Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛± ˚Ó¬Úº¶ö±ÀÚ ¶ö±ÀÚ ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛˘± ¶ö±¬ÛÚººí139

õ∂Ê√±¬ı˛± Î¬◊2‰¬ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ú ¬ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÀQº ¬ı˛±Ê√fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ’ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ õ∂Ê√±¬ı˛± õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ë¸≈ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛íŒ˜À˘º Œ˙À¯∏ øÓ¬øÚ fl¡±˜Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úñ

ë˜ø¬ı˛˚˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˚ø√ Ê√ij ˝√√˚˛ fl¡ˆ¬≈º˝◊√√—¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±ÀÊ√… Œ˚Ú ¬ı±¸ Ô±Àfl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬≈ººí140

˜ÀÚ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ¬ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬’À˝√√Ó≈¬fl¡ õ∂˙—¸± ¬ı‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬À¬ı, ˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏±—À˙¬ı˛˝ ◊ √ √ øÓ¬˝ √ √ ±¸ ˚“± ¬ı ˛ ± Ê√±ÀÚÚ, Ó¬ “ ±À √ ¬ı ˛ fl¡±ÀÂ √ ¤˝◊ √ √ õ∂˙—¸±’øÓ¬˙À˚˛±øMê√ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À¬ı Ú±º ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ôL¬ı…Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√ –

ë¬ı˛±©Ü™˚Ê√±˚˛·œ¬ı˛√±¬ı˛˚˜Ú¸¬ı√±¬ı˛, Ê√ø˜√±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ fl‘¡¯∏Àfl¡¬ı˛øSˆ¬≈Ê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ’¬ı˚˛À¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ ˜≈‚˘ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…º ...Ú±Ú± fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸5√˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À· ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±˚˛¬ˆ¬±eÚ Ò¬ı˛˘º ˜Ú¸¬ı√±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ‚Ú ‚Ú Ê√±˚˛·œ¬ı˛¬ı˛√¬ı√˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘, Ó“¬±¬ı˛±› Œ√ÀÎ¬ˇ˜≈À¸ ‡±Ê√Ú± ’±√±˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘Úº fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√˘, fl‘¡¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛Î¬ ◊ ¬Û¬ı ˛ ’Ó¬…øÒfl¡ ‰¬± ¬Û ¬ÛÎ¬ ˇ˘, Ê√œ¬ıÚ ˚±S±¬ı ˛ Ú ”…ÚÓ¬˜õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú› Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’±¬ı˛ Œ˜È¬±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛˘ Ú±ºíº141

¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe ø˜ø˘À˚˛ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Í¬·œ-Î¬±fl¡±Ó¬-¸˝√√ Ú±Ú±Ú



’˙±øôL ’±¬ı˛ Œ√˙¬ı…±¬Ûœ Œ¶§26√±‰¬±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√˙øMê√, ˜±¬ı˛±Í¬±¬ı·«œ¬ı˛ ˝√√±e±˜± ’±¬ı˛ ˝√√±˜«±√ ¬ı± ˜· Ê√˘√¸≈…À√¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±¬ı˛ºŒ¸ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ’±˜˘ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¸≈˙±¸Ú ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘º˜Ò… ≈À·¬ı ¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡±¬ı… ø¬ı ∏À˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ≈À·¬ı ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û√ s Œ¬ı˙Œ¬ı˛±˜±=fl¡¬ı˛ ŒÍ¬fl¡˘ºº

È¬œfl¡± › Î¬◊À~‡ ’Ú≈¯∏e –1º Dr. P. K. Maity : Historical Studies in

the Cult of the Goddess Manasa. (ASocio-cultural Study) , ¬Û ≈ øÔ ¬Û ≈ ô¶fl¡ ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ¤øõ∂˘ 1966, ¬Û‘.286-87º

2º B. S. Verma : Socio-Religious, Eco-nomic and Literary Condition ofBihar, ø√ø~ , 1962 , ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡±, ¬Û‘. 126º

3º ’±qÀÓ¬±¯∏ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« – ı±—˘± ˜e˘fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸,¤. ˜≈‡±øÊ«√ ’…±`¬ Œfl¡±— , fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÒ«Ó¬ ’©Ü˜¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì , ¬ı˝◊√√À˜˘± 1998 , ¬Û≈Ú˜≈«^Ì, ÚÀˆ¬•§¬ı˛ 2000 ,

¬Û±√È¬œfl¡±, ¬Û‘. 291º4º › ◊√√º5º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û‘. 294º6º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û‘. 295º7º › ◊√√º8º › ◊√√º9º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û‘. 296º10º › ◊√√º11º ’ø‰¬ôL… ø¬ıù´±¸ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] – Ê√·7¡¡¡œ¬ıÚ Œ‚±¯∏±À˘¬ı˛

˜Ú¸±˜e˘, ¬ı˛P±¬ı˘œ , fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , 2010 , Û‘. 13 º12º ›˝◊√√, ëøÚÀ¬ı√Úíº13º › ◊√√º14º ¿ Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ – ¿ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ

[’Ô«±» Œ¬ıU˘± Úø‡µÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ¿˜Ú¸±À√¬ıœ ¬Û”Ê√± õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛] , ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì , 1385

¬ı. , õ∂fl¡±˙fl¡ fl¡ø¬ı¬Û ≈S ¿ õ∂¸iß fl≈¡˜±¬ı ˛ ø¸—˝√ √º’±˙œ˘±, ¬ı ˛±Ê√˜˝√ √˘ ˜˝√ √fl≈¡˜± , ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Û¬ı˛·Ì±ŒÊ√˘± , ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛º Û‘. 464º ¬ı ◊√√‡±øÚ¬ı˛ ¬õ∂øÓø‰¬S ’±ÚÀÓ¬¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú |X±ˆ¬±Ê√Ú Î¬0 ’À˙±fl¡ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ Œ√ ,ø¬ı˝√ √±À¬ı˛¬ı ˛ ¸±À˝¬ı·? fl¡À˘ÀÊ¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛õ∂±Mê√Ú√ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Î¬0 Œ√-¬ı˛ Œ¸ÃÊ√Ú… ¬ı…øÓ¬À¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√√¢∂LöøÈ¬ Œ√‡±¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· Œ¬ÛÓ¬±˜ Ú±º Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ’±ôLø¬ı˛fl¡fl ‘ ¡Ó¬:Ó¬± Ê√±Ú±˝ ◊ √ √º ¤¬ı± ¬ı ˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘

Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œº15º ¬Û˙… – õ∂øÓ¬ø‰¬ÀS¬ı˛ qèÀÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛

Î¬ ◊À~‡º 1275 ¬ıe±s ˜≈ø^Ó¬ øÂ√˘, Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¸¬ı≈Ê√fl¡±ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡ÀÈ¬ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úñ ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Ú 1280º

’±˜¬ı˛± Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸ÚøÈ¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√º ¬ı˝◊√√øÈ¬¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬œ¬ÛÀS¬ı˛Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ëø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ’±fl¡±ÀÎ¬ø˜Àfl¡ õ∂√M√√˚ø·ø¬ı˛˙‰¬fø¸—˝√√˚¸±— ’±ø˙˘±, ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛˚Ó¬±— 8˚1˚1989íñ

fl¡Ô±&ø˘ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√º Ò±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ˝◊ √ √øÚ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛¬ı—˙Ò¬ı˛º ¤¬ı— øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı± ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ’fl¡±À√ø˜¬ı˛Œfl¡Î¬◊ ›˝◊√√ ¸—À˙±Ò√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¸¬ı≈Ê√ fl¡±ø˘ Ô±fl¡±˚˛’w±ôLˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ ◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¸Ó¬… õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛± ˚± ˛ Ú±ºõ∂øÓ¬ø‰¬S ˝√ √¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ø˚øÚ ’À˙±fl¡¬ı±¬ı≈Àfl¡ ¢∂LöøÈ¬¬Û±øÍ¬À˚˛ÀÂ√Úñ øÓ¬øÚ› ø˘‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Úº

16º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê√ , Û‘. 149º17º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 187º18º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 236º19º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 333º20º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 339º21º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 424º22º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 171º23º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 288º24º ›˝◊√√, ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±, 1312 ¬ıe±s, 21 fl¡±øÓ«¬fl¡º25º ›˝◊√ √, Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬f Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ &èQ¬Û”Ì«

fl¡Ô± ø˘À‡ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝ √ √˚ ˛ ¶ ö ±Úœ˚ ˛ˆ¬ ”˜…øÒfl¡±¬ı ˛œ ë¬ı ˛±Ê√˜˝√ √À˘¬ı˛ ¬Û±ù´ «¶ö Ó≈¬¬ı ˛øÓ¬¬Û≈À¬ı ˛ ¬ı ˛¬ÛM√√Úœ√±¬ı˛ ¿˚≈Mê√ ˆ¬≈¬ıÚ‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ ˜À˝√√±√˚˛í ¤˝◊√ √˜Ú¸±˜eÀ˘¬ı˛ &Ì¢∂±˝√√œ øÂ√À˘Úº øÓ¬øÚ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±G≈ø˘ø¬Û¬Û±Í¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ıÀfl¡ ëÎ¬◊»¸±˝√√ õ∂√±Úí fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº

26º ›˝◊√, Û‘. 464º27º › ◊√√º28º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 138º29º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 365º30º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 462º31º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 352º32º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 355º33º ¬Û±˝◊√√fl¡±ÀÓ¬ Â√±¬Û±ÀÚ±º Â√±¬Û±‡±Ú±¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ’ø˜˚˛ øõ∂KI◊±¸«,

¬Û±fl≈¡Î¬ˇ, ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ñ ŒÊ√˘± ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ¬Û¬ı˛·Ì±º34º õ∂Ô˜ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì, ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±º35º › ◊√√º36º ë¬Û¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˝◊ √ √À¬ıíº ñ ›˝◊√ √ , ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛

˜≈^ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±º37º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 421º38º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 443-44º39º ›˝◊√√, ¬·…√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 340º40º › ◊√√º41º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 342º42º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 19º43º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 66º44º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 90º45º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 121º46º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 117º47º › ◊√√, Û‘. 134º ¸Àe ¸Àe ¬ı…±øÒ, ’ø¢ü, ˜±ø¬ı˛ ˆ¬ ˛ ”√¬ı˛

˝√√˚˛, ¸≈¬ı‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛, ¸¬Û«ˆ¬˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±, ë¸ø˘À˘ ¬Û¬ı«ÀÓ¬¬ıÀÚí ¬Ûø¬ı˛S±Ì ˘±ˆ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Û‘. 134-35º

48º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 384º49º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 402º50º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 196º51º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 198-99º52º õ∂Ô˜ ¸—¶®¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± , Î¬◊Mê√53º ë˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œí , Û‘. 330º54º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 103º55º ›˝◊√√, Ò≈˚˛± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ , Û‘. 119º56º ›˝◊√√, Ò≈˚˛± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ , Û‘. 212º57º ›˝◊√√, Ò≈˚˛± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ , Û‘. 240º58º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 302º59º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 313º60º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 320º61º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 325º62º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 310º63º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 451-52º64º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 117º65º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 212º66º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 267º67º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 275º68º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 231-32º69º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 232º70º ¸≈Òœ¬ı˛‰¬f ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡ø˘Ó¬ – Œ¬ÛÃ¬ı˛±øÌfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ò±Ú,

¤˜. ø¸. ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛. ’…±`¬ ¸k õ∂±. ø˘. , fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± ,˜±‚ Û‘. 1388 , 136º

71º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 138º

72º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê√, Û‘. 277º73º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 292º74º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 302º75º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 420º76º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 453º77º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 250º78º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 453º79º › ◊√√º80º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 454º81º ’ø‰¬ôL… ø¬ıù´±¸ – ¬ı±—˘± ¬Û≈øÔ¬ı ˛ fl¡Ô±, ¬ı ˛P±¬ı˘œ,

fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , Œ˜ 2003 , Û‘. 75º82º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê√, ¬Û‘. 159º83º ›˝◊√√º84º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 163º85º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 165º86º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 165º87º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 167º88º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 170º89º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 172º90º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 173º91º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 175º92º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 177º93º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 178º94º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 179º95º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 180º96º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 182º97º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 186º98º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 188º99º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 189º100º ›˝◊√√º101º ›˝◊√√º102º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 202º103º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 207º104º ›˝◊ √ √ , Û ‘. 213º ¤-¬ı ˛fl¡˜ fl¡Ô± ¬ÛÀ¬ı ˛› ’±ÀÂ√ ,

Œ˚˜Úñ ë’±Í¬±¬ı ˛ ¬Û¬ı ˛œé¬± øÚ˘ ù´q¬ı ˛ ’±˜±¬ı ˛ºŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛n ∏Ì± ¬ıÀ˘ ˝√√˝◊√ √Ú≈ Î¬◊X±¬ı˛ººí [Û‘. 236] ,¸≈¬ı˛‡ÀG ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¬ıU˘± ¶§±˜œÀfl¡ ¬ı˘ÀÂ√Ú – ë’±Í¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ø√˚˛± ù´q¬ı˛ Œ·±‰¬À¬ı˛í øÓ¬øÚ ¤À¸ÀÂ√Úº [Û‘.363]º

105º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 207º



106º ¸≈fl≈¡˜±¬ı ˛ Œ¸Ú – ˜˝√ √±À√¬ıœ øÚÓ¬…±, ¬ÛøÔfl¡ ¬ı¸≈¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ – ø¬ıˆ¬±¬ı õ∂¬ıg ¸—fl¡˘Ú, ¬Û…±ø¬Û¬ı˛±¸ ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , Ê√±Ú≈˚˛±ø¬ı˛, 1994 , Û‘. 281º

107º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 281-82º108º ¶§±˜œ øÚ˜«˘±Úµ – Œ√¬ıÀ√¬ıœ › Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝√ √Ú,

ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬ Œ¸¬ı±|˜ ¸—‚, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , ¸5˜ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì1413 ¬ı. , Û‘. 187º

109º ˜Ú¸± ˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê√, Û‘. 235º110º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 385º111º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 461º112º ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ¤. Œ¸·±˘ – Myth : A very Short

Introduction, ’'ÀÙ¬±Î«¬ ˝◊√ √Î¬◊ø√ √Úˆ¬±ø¸«øÈ¬ Œõ∂¸ ,2008 , Û‘. 20º Î¬◊»¸±˝√√œ ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ Œ√À‡ ŒÚÀ¬ıÚ,’ø‰¬ôL… ø¬ıù´±¸ – ¬Û≈¬ı˛±fl¡Ô±, ’±ø√fl¡ä › ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±, ÚÀ¬ıµ≈ Œ¸Ú [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] – ë¬Û±(±Ó¬…¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬N › ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± í-¢∂Löˆ¬≈Mê√ , ¬ı˛P±¬ı˘œ ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , Ê≈√Ú 2009 , Û‘. 320-21º

113º ¬ıËøÚ¸˘ ˜…±ø˘ÀÚ±ø¶® – Magic, Science. Reli-gion and other Essays, Î¬±¬ı˘ ŒÎ¬ ’…±Ç±¬ı˛¬ı≈fl¡ƒ¸ , øÚÎ¬◊˝◊√√˚˛fl¡« , 1948 , Û‘. 94º

114º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬ ◊Mê√ , Û‘. 57º ¤-õ∂¸Àe¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡Ô±º ŒÂ√±È¬À¬ı˘±˚˛ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛ ëŒ¬ı±fl¡±˜±Ò±˝◊√ √í ˙søÈ¬ ’Ó¬…ôL Œ¬ı±fl¡± ’ÀÔ« ¬ı…¬ı˝√√+Ó¬ ˝√√Ó¬ºŒÂ√±È¬À¬ı˘± Œfl¡ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ŒÊ√˘±¬ı˛ ’±¸±ÚÀ¸±˘˜˝√ √fl≈¡˜±¬ı ˛ ø˙ä ˙˝√ √ ¬ı ˛ fl≈¡˘øÈ¬ÀÓ¬º ˙søÈ¬¬ı ˛ Î¬ ◊»¸Ê√±ÚÓ¬±˜ Ú±º Œ·±ø¬ıµ‰¬Àf¬ı˛ fl¡±À¬ı… ¤fl¡È≈¬ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛¬ı± ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ Œ¬Û˘±˜º

115º ›˝◊√√º116º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± , Û‘. 62º117º Î¬0 ¬Û~¬ı Œ¸Ú&5 [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬í – ëŒ˘±fl¡¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ì ›

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬í , ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡ ø¬ı¬ÛøÌ , Ê≈√Ú, 1982 , Û‘. 185º118º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê, Û‘. 62º

119º ’ø‰¬ ôL… ø ¬ıù´±¸ [¸•Û±ø √Ó¬] – ø ¬ ıõ ∂ √ ±¸ø¬Ûø¬Û˘±˝◊ √ √À˚˛¬ı ˛ ˜Ú¸±˜e˘, ¬ı˛P±¬ı˘œ , fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± ,¤øõ∂˘, 2002 , Û‘. 180-81º

120º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê√, Û‘. 134º121º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 237º122º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 365º123º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 381º124º ›˝◊√√º125º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 207º126º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 425º127º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 119-120º128º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 112º129º ›˝◊√√, ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸—‡…± ø˜˘ÀÂ√ Ú± , Œ˜±È¬ 8øÈ¬ fl¡±À˘±

¬ı˘± ˝√√˘º ëŒ‚±¬ı˛í-Œfl¡ fl¡±À˘± ¬ıÀ˘ Ò¬ı˛À˘ 9 ˝√√ÀÓ¬¬Û±À¬ı ˛º ¬Û„ƒ √ √ øMê√øÈ¬ ë˙…±˜ › ˙…±˜±¬ı ˛ ¬ı ˛+¬Û Œ‚±¬ı ˛’gfl¡±¬ı˛íº Œ‚±¬ı˛- ˜˝√√±fl¡±˘ ˝√√›˚˛± fl¡©Ü fl¡øäÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº

130º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 113º131º ›˝◊√√º132º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 114º133º ›˝◊√√º134º ›˝◊√√º135º ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛ – ë¸=ø˚˛Ó¬±í – ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ , √˙˜

¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì , 1389 ¬ı. , Û‘. 762º136º ˜Ú¸±˜e˘ Ò”˚˛±¬ı˘œ, Î¬◊Mê√, Û‘. 405º137º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 406º138º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 411º139º ›˝◊√√º140º ›˝◊√√, Û‘. 412º141º Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ˆ¬^ – ≈‚˘ ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡È¬ñ øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂ùü,

’øÚèX ¬ı˛± ˛ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] – ˜Ò… ≈À·¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬, Œfl¡.ø¬Û. ¬ı±·‰¬œ ’…±`¬ Œfl¡±•Û±øÚ , fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬± , 1987º



ABSTRACT : Subodh Ghosh is well-known to the Bengali readers for numbers of hisdifferent popular short stories. The elite society of Kolkata discovered him in the 40’s.‘Ajantrik’ was his first work in this field. ‘Fossil’, the second of his entire creation was astory of the oppressed in India. Actually his struggle in life helped him to gather experiencesregarding different folk-lives of India. In the late 40’s he wrote a book on Indian ‘adivasis’.Though he was not an anthropologist, he handled the subject in a scientific manner. There ina chapter he wrote a real story of Birsait, a young person whom we find as Stephan Horo inthe story titled ‘Chaturtha Panipather Yuddha’. After his (Subodh Ghosh's) birth centenarycertain academic discussions have taken place in different essays and Ph.D works, but lotsare still to be done. Therefore, we have taken this story for re-reading. As this one depicts thelife of oppressed of our society, we think it will be wise to analyse the story under the lightof subaltern studies. Earlier, this study as a postmodern theory of literary criticism tried tofind out the real nature of the subalterns. But in the late 80’s Gayatri Chakravorty Spivakthought it right to find out the process of making the subalterns in a hegemonic discourse.Ranjit Guha, Gautam Bhadra and many others also support this line of thinking. Accordingly,we have tried to find out the same in present context. From the narration of Subodh Ghoshwe can identify Horo, Tudu, Chirki, Old Sokha as the subaltern. They are the ‘other’ from thepoint of view of Father Lindon, Panditji — the Sanskrit teacher in the missionary school andGhosh — the interclass Bengali intellectual. We also find that amateur anthropologist SubodhGhosh with his experienced references made it possible for the story to be a subalternnarration. The citations in the story clearly show the making of subalterns by the upperclass.

‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı ≈X¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı ’±‡…±Ú

ŒÊ√…±øÓ¬ « ˛ Œ¸Ú&5¬ı±—˘± ø¬ıˆ¬±·, õ∂±·ÀÊ√…±øÓ¬¯∏¬ fl¡À˘Ê√, &˚˛±˝√√±øÈ¬-781009, ’¸˜º

CHATURTHA PANIPATHER YUDDHA : A SUBALTERN NARRATION


’ø‰¬ôL… ø¬ıù´±¸

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ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ õ∂±øôLfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¡ZiZ-Œ¬ı√Ú±¬ı˛ ’±‡…±ÚøÚ˜«±ÀÌ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ¤fl¡øÚá¬ ’±¬ı˛ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈XíÓ¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Úº ∆˙˘Ê√±Úµ, Ó¬±¬ı˛±˙Ç¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡qè fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±Ê√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±˜fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ¬Û˚«ôL Œ˘‡fl¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…¡ ¸≈À¬ı±ÒŒ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ √ ·äøÈ¬ ’ÚÚ… ’±fl¡¯∏«ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œfl¡fø¬ıµ≈º ¬ı±—˘±¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬… ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛM√√Úfl¡±À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂±ôL¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˘‡fl¡À√¬ı˛ ¸˝√√˜ø˜«Ó¬± õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ˘› ¤¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô«¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚«± qè ˝√√˚˛ ‰¬ø~À˙¬ı˛ √˙fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡º ¬ıU ·Àä¬ı˛ øˆ¬ÀÎ¬ˇ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛±˙Ç¬ı˛ ¬ıÀµ…±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛¬ı˛ëÓ¬±ø¬ı˛Ìœ ˜±øÁ¡í, ’ø‰¬ôL…fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ú&5¬ı˛ ë¸±À¬ı˛„√√í, ˜±øÚfl¡¬ıÀµ…±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ë≈√–˙±¸Úœ˚˛í, ¸˜À¬ı˛˙ ¬ı¸≈¬ı˛ ë˙±Ú± ¬ı±Î¬◊¬ı˛œ¬ı˛fl¡Ôfl¡Ó¬±í, ˜˝√√±Àù´Ó¬± Œ√¬ıœ¬ı˛ ëŒ¬ıU˘±í, ¬ı˛˜±¬Û√ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ¬ı˛

ëˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı¯∏«í, ¸±ÒÚ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ëŒÏ¬±˘¸˜≈^í ¬ı± ¸≈ˆ¬±¯∏fl¡˜«fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ëfl¡±Í¬í ·Àä¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º fl¡‡Ú› ¤fl¡fl¡ ¬ı…øMê√‰¬ø¬ı˛S’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú› Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂±ÀôL¬ı˛Ê√Ú¬Û√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı ¤-¸¬ı ·Àä Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º Ê√œ¬ıÚ ≈ÀX¬ı˛Ú±Ú± ø¬ıõ∂Ó¬œ¬ÛÓ¬±˚˛ ¤-¸¬ı ·ä Ÿ¬Xº ¤-¸˜ô¶ ·Àä ˚±À√¬ı˛fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œé¬S ¸˜œé¬±˚˛ ë¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬Û˘¸≈Êíø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú±-˝√√À˘› ë˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±˚˛ ¤fl¡√˘’‡…±Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¡í2 ŒÓ¬± ¬ıÀÈ¬˝◊√√º ’‡…±Ó¬, ’¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı±√ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛¤˝◊√√ ’±‡…±Ú&À˘± ’Ò≈Ú± ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øeÀÓ¬ ’±‘√Ó¬ ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛Œ˚±·…º ¤˝◊√√ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí ’±˜±À√¬ı˛fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı±Ó«¬± ¬ıÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÚ, Î¬◊Àij±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√-˝◊ √ √øÓ¬˝√ √±¸ ‰¬‰ «¬±¬ı ˛ ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø√·ôLº ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±Õfl¡À˙±¬ı˛ ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì ¤¬ı—¸—Àù≠¯∏Ìœ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe ¤˝◊√√ ·Àä ¸˜±Ê√-˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ı±ô¶¬ıÓ¬±Àfl¡’Ú≈¯ ∏e fl¡À¬ı ˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˚ ˛º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬± ¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı ˛Œ¬ı ˛ÀÚ¸“±À˘±øfl¡Ó¬ ‘ √ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬ ◊2‰¬ › Œ˘±fl¡±˚˛Ó¬¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¡Z±øiZfl¡ ¬ı˛¸±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ˚‡Ú ¤˝◊√ √ ·Àä¬ı˛¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±‡…±Ú ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬Nø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± øÚ˜«±Ì-øÚø¬ı˛À‡ ø¬ıÀù≠ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝√ √ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ºø¶ÜÀÙ¬Ú ›¬ı˛ÀÙ¬ èÚƒÚ≈ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¸˜˚≈X øÚ•ß¬ı·«œ˚˛ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜±S± ¬Û±˚˛º

¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ı˛±ø‡ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí õ∂ÔÀ˜õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ë˜øµ¬ı˛í ¬ÛøSfl¡±¬ı˛ 1351 ∆Ê√…á¬ ¸—‡…±˚˛[1944]º ¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı ˛ Ó¬± ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı ˛ ëŒ|á¬ ·äí ¬ı ˛’ôLˆ¬«≈Mê√ ˝√√˚˛ [1949]º ·äøÈ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ó¬Ô…¤˝◊√√ Œ˚, ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ Ú‘Ó¬±øNfl¡ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± ¢∂Lö ëˆ¬±¬ı˛Óœ˚˛’±ø √ ¬ı±¸œí ¬ı ˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ ë¤fl¡øÈ ¬ ø ¬ı ¬ı ˛¸± ¬ÛL öœ ˚ ≈ ¬ıÀfl¡ ¬ı ˛fl¡±ø˝√√ÚœíÀÓ¬› Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ’±ÀÂ√º ¢∂LöøÈ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√À ˛øÂ√˘1948-¤º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ëÊ√±Ó¬œ˚ ˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜ ’±ø √ ¬ı ±¸œíø˙À¬ı ˛±Ú±˜±øÇÓ¬ ’Ò…±À˚˛ Œ˝√ √ ±À¬ı ˛± ¬ı ˛ õ∂¸e ¤¬ı— ¸—˘¢ü¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…Mê√ ˝√√À ˛ÀÂ√º ¤-fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G˘øÈ¬Àfl¡ø‰¬ÀÚ ŒÚ›˚˛±º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜¬ı˛¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸Ó¬…øÈ ¬Àfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ’±R¶ö fl¡ ¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬ fl¡ ¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬‰¬À˘øÂ√À˘Úº ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˚≈Mê√ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ’±Õ˙˙¬ı ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ√‡±¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±º 1909 ø‡Ë©Ü±Às√√±Ê√±ø¬ı˛¬ı±À· Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ê√ijº ∆˙˙¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂Ô˜ Œ˚Ã¬ıÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ ◊√√

Œfl¡ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º Ó“¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±˚˛ ëŒÂ√À˘À¬ı˘± ŒÔÀfl¡ ˙±˘¬ıÚ, ¬Û±˝√√±Î¬ˇ’±¬ı˛ Ê√—˘œ Á¡¬ı˛Ú± -- Ú√œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ˜˘±À˜˙±¬ı˛ ’±Úµ ’±˜±¬ı˛Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜˝√√» ¸=˚˛ºí3 qÒ≈ Ó¬±-˝◊√√ Ú˚˛, Œ˘‡fl¡ ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛

’±À· Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±-Â√±˚˛± ¤¬ı— ’gfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬ı˛+¬Û› ’ÀÚfl¡ ‚È¬Ú± Œ√‡±¬ı ˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏ ¬ı ˛˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º èøÊ√ Œ¬ı˛±Ê√·±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˝√√±Ê√±ø¬ı˛¬ı±À·¬ı˛ Œ¸KI◊fl¡˘•§±¸ ¶≈®À˘ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛˝◊√ √ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ Œ¬ıø¬ı˛À˚˛ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘, ¤¬ı˛ ’±À· ¸iß…±¸œ Œ¸ÀÊ√ ¬ı±øÎ¬ˇ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û±ø˘À˚˛ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ‚≈À¬ı˛› ¤À¸ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ê√±ø¬ı˛¬ı±·,≈•§± ◊√√ √√À ˛ fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¿À·Ã¬ı˛±e Œõ∂À¸ ø¶öøÓ¬˘±ˆ¬º ¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛

ë’Ú±˜œ¸„ ∏‚í ŒÔÀfl¡ ’˚±øLafl¡ ø√À˚˛ ˚±S± qè, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ·äÙ¬ø¸À˘˝◊√ √ ‰¬À˘ ¤˘ õ∂±øôLfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Ê√Úº Ó¬À¬ı’Ú±˜œ ‰¬ÀSê¬ı˛ ‚øÚá¬ õ∂·øÓ¬ Œ˘‡fl¡ ¸À„∏‚¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˜±˝√√’ø‰¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Œˆ¬À„√√ ø·À˚˛øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı— ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ≈√À˚˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√Ó “ ¬±¬ı ˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±˚˛ ·ÀÎ¬ ˇ Î¬ ◊ÀÍ¬øÂ√˘ fl¡—À¢∂¸ ¸±ø˝√ √Ó¬… ¸„∏‚º1944-¤ ¤ ◊√√ ‚È¬Ú± ˚‡Ú ‚È¬ÀÂ√ Ó¬‡Ú ◊√√ Œ˘‡± √√À26√ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı ˛ ˚ ≈Xí ¤¬ı— ëˆ¬±¬ı ˛Óœ˚˛ ’±ø√ ¬ı±¸œí ¢∂ÀLö ¬ı ˛Œ˘‡±&À˘±º

¤ ◊√√ ≈√À ˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ıÀ˘’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ’Ú±˜œ¸À„ ∏‚¬ı˛˛ ¸Àe Ó“¬±¬ı˛¸•Ûfl«¡ fl¡‡ÀÚ± ◊√√ ¸•Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øÂ√˘ Ú± ’±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±ÒœÚˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’¬ı¶ö± Ó¬Ô± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡∆¬ı¯∏˜… fl¡˜≈…øÚ¶ÜÀ√¬ı˛ ëÊ√Ú˚≈X ÚœøÓ¬íÀfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú Ê√±Ú±ÀÚ±¬ı˛˜ÀÓ¬± Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛øÚº Ó¬À¬ı 34 ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ¬ı ˛À¸¬ı˛’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˚˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√+√À˚˛ Œ˚-ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Î¬◊√˚˛ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˝√√±Ê√±ø¬ı˛¬ı±·Àfl¡øffl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˜À˙À˘ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±”Ó«¬ ˝√√À ˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ·Àä¬ı˛ ø˝√√À¬ı˛±Àfl¡ ˚‡Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± ø¬ı¬ı˛ ±¬ÛLöœ

˚≈¬ıÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ Œ√ø‡ Ó¬‡Ú ¤¬ı˛ ¬ı±ô¶¬ıŒõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬ ¸•§Àg ’±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸Àµ˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸Àµ˝√√Ô±Àfl¡ Ú± Œ˚ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬ Œ˘‡fl¡ ≈√˝◊√√ ’¸˜˙øMê√¬ı˛ ˚≈˚≈Ò±Ú ’¬ı¶ö±Àfl¡ ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº ·äøÈ¬¬ı˛¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ’±˜¬ı˛± ˚‡Ú ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±¬ÛLöœ ˚≈¬ıÀfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚ ¬ÛøÎ¬ˇÓ¬‡Ú ¬ı≈øÁ¡ qÒ≈ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ Œ√‡±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ Œ˙¯∏ Ú˚˛, ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ› ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ’¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìº

õ∂¸eÓ¬ ’±˜¬ı˛± ëˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œí ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ øÓ¬Ú√øÈ¬’Ò…±À ˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛¬ı -- õ∂Ô˜øÈ¬ ë‡‘©Ü±Ú ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛ ›’±ø√¬ı±¸œí, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛øÈ¬ ëø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¸—¢∂±À˜ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œí’±¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛øÈ¬ ëÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œíº ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜ô¶’Ò…±À ˛ ≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À ∏¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt Ó“¬±Àfl¡ Œ˚-¸ÀÓ¬… Œ¬Û“ÃÂ√ÀÓ¬¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± ¤fl¡±ôL˝◊√√ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡, ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ√‡±¬ı˛ ”ÀS Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’¬Û±¬ı˛ Œõ∂˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√±Ó¬º¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Ú‘ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚ õ∂Ô˜ ’Ò…±˚˛øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ ∏« ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ fl¡ «fl¡±ÀG¬ı˛ ’±ôL¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬ÛøÈ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì

fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ø˙é¬±˜”˘fl¡ › Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛õ ∂˙—¸± fl¡À¬ı ˛› Œ¸-¸˜ô¶ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¬ı ˛ ’øˆ¬¸øg˜”˘fl¡’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√Àfl¡ ¶Û©Ü ˆ¬± ∏± ˛ ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì ” fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ Œ˚ ¤fl¡È¬± ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊ÀV˙…í øÂ√˘ Ó¬± ¤˝◊ √ √ë¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœí¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü ¤øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Ò¬ı˛±¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ,-- ëëø‡Ë©Ü±Ú ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√ Œ˚ ¤fl¡È¬± ’øÓ¬ Î¬◊2‰¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛’±√ «, ø‡Ë©Ü±Ú ¬Û±√ø¬ı˛ ˜±Ê√ Œ¸È¬± ˜ÀÚõ∂±ÀÌ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úºˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ ∏«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈ ∏ ø‡Ë©ÜÒ « ¢∂ √√Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¤¬ı— ◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ ˙±¸ÀÚÔ±fl¡À˘ Î¬ ◊ißÓ¬ ˝√ √À¬ı, ¤˝◊ √ √ ø¬ıù´±¸ ø‡Ë©Ü±Ú¬ Û≈À¬ı ˛±ø˝√ √Ó¬¬ı ˛±’±ôLø¬ı˛fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ’äø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛±Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú, ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬¬ıÀÌ«¬ı˛ ø˝√√µ≈ › ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ò˜«õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú˝◊√√ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ±º ¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’¬ıÚÓ¬ ø˝√√µ≈¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ Ò±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º¸±˜±Ú… ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√À˘› ’±˙±Ú≈¬ı˛+¬Û ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıø26√iß√ø¬ı˛^ øÚ¬ı˛é¬¬ı˛ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ˝√√Ó¬±˙±¢∂ô¶ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ó¬±¬ı˛± ‘√ø©Ü Œ√˚˛, ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√˚˛, ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√»’—˙Àfl¡ ø‡Ë©ÜÒÀ˜« Ò˜«±ôLø¬ı ˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ºíí4 ˚±À√¬ı ˛ ¤ˆ¬±À¬ıÒ˜«±ôLø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ó¬¬ı˛Ù¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÒøÚ(˚˛˝◊ √ √ ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı ˛¸˜±Ê√ ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı ˛øÚº ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú, ◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ õ∂¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ”¬ø˜-¬ı…¬ı¶ö± ˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛±Ê√ø˜¬ı˛ √‡˘ SêÀ˜˝◊√√ ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘øÂ√˘, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˆ¬”¶§±˜œÀ√¬ı˛ø¬ıèÀX Ê√˜± ˝√√ø26√˘ Œé¬±ˆ¬º ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√ √ ¬Û≈?œˆ¬”Ó¬Œé¬±ˆ¬Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±ø·À˚˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙…Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬± ¸Ù¬˘fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√ √øÂ√À˘Ú, Œ¸˝◊√√¸Àe ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ˜≈øMê√À‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¡›Œ¬ı±Ò˝√ √˚ ˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı ˛ ±Àé¬ ˜√Ó¬ ø √À˚ ˛ ŒÙ¬À˘øÂ√À˘Úº Ó¬±˝ ◊ √ √’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±—À˙¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛øSfl¡ ‘√Ï¬ˇÓ¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ õ∂±øÌÓ¬ŒÔÀfl¡ÀÂ√ ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ıº ∆¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ‡Î¬ˇ ƒÀ·¬ı˛ø¬ıèÀX Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜±Ô± Î¬◊“‰≈¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜ ¸‰¬˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ÀÂ√ --Œfl¡±˘ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, ˜≈G± ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, ¬ı˛Ê√˜˝√√À˘¬ı˛¬Û±˝√√±øÎ¬ˇ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ øfl¡—¬ı± ˆ¬œ˘À√¬ı˛ ·Ì’ˆ¬≈…O±Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ õ∂¸eŒ¸-fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ ¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛±˚˛º5

ëø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¸—¢∂±À˜ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œí ’Ò…±À˚˛ ¸≈À¬ı±ÒŒ‚±¯∏ ¤-¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸—øé¬5 ’Ô‰¬ ¸≈ø‰¬øôLÓ¬ ø¬ı¬ı¬ı˛Ì › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Œ¬Û˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº õ∂¸eÓ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸Ó¬… øÓ¬øÚõ∂Ó¬…À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Ú,-- ëë’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡’Ó¬œÓ¬ ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ÚœøÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±˙-¬Û±Ó¬±˘ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º ¤fl¡ø√Ú ¸±•⁄±øÊ√…fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı ˛ ‡±øÓ¬À¬ı˛’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ øÚˆ¬‘Ó¬ ’¬ı˛Ì… ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ ¸˜Ó¬˘¬ı±¸œ ø˝√√µ≈Àfl¡·¬ı˛Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ ˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ √√À ˛øÂ√ º ’±¬ı˛ ’±Ê√ ¤fl¡È¬± ¬ıø √ ¬”«Ó¬’=˘ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ø˝√√µ≈À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡


ŒÊ√…±øÓ¬˜«˚˛ Œ¸Ú&5 ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈X ñ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±‡…±Ú

fl¡À¬ı ˛ ¬ı ˛±‡¬ı±¬ı ˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±, fl¡±¬ı ˛Ì ’±Ê√ ø˝√ √µ≈ ’±¬ı ˛ øÚÓ¬±ôLø¬ıËøÈ¬À˙¬ı˛ ’±˜˘± Ú˚˛, ø˝√√µ≈ ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬fl¡ › õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡, ¸•⁄±È¬À^±˝√√œºíí6

Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±À26√, ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ‡≈ ¬ı ˆ¬±À˘± fl¡À¬ı ˛˝ ◊ √ √fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡-‹øÓ¬˝√ √±ø¸fl¡-¬ı˛±ø©Ü ™fl¡ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ¶§¬ı˛+¬ÛÀfl¡ ’±Rô¶ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº Ù¬À˘ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±˜≈`¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ·±gœõ∂¸eÀfl¡¸±˜ÀÚ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Ú ’Ú±˚˛±À¸º øÓ¬øÚ Œ√À‡øÂ√À˘ÚŒ˚, ø¬ı¬ı˛ ± õ∂ÔÀ˜ ’ø √√—¸ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ◊√√ ¤fl¡È¬± ’±√ « •úÓ¬¸„∏‚¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ÚÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡º ‡±Ê√Ú±¬ıg ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÓ¬øÚ˝◊√√ õ∂Ô˜ õ∂¬ıÓ«¬fl¡º ¬ı˘± ¬ı±U˘…, ¤˝◊√√’ø˝√√—¸± ÚœøÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬œ fl¡±À˘ ·±gœøÊ› ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘ÚºÓ¬±˝◊√√ Œ˘‡fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ø¬ı¬ı˛¸± ˜˝√√±R± ·±gœ¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¬ı˛+¬Ûº’¬ı˙… ø¬ı¬ı ˛¸± ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ ¸•Û”Ì « ’ø˝√ √—¸±¬ı ˛ ’±√˙ «Œ˙ ∏¬Û «ôL ’é≈¬J Ô±Àfl¡øÚ, ¤fl¡ ‰¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ì±À˜ Ó¬± ø¬ıÒ√ı—¸œˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±˚˛ ’¬ıÓ¬œÌ« ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ñ ˚± øfl¡Ú± Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬’·±¶Ü ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¬ı˛±·º7

·Àä ¤˝◊√ √ ’ø˝√ √—¸ ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e ’±À¸ ¤¬ı—’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸± ’±¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±R± Œ˚ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡Ó¬±-› Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ıÌ«Ú±˚˛ ¶Û©Ü ˝√√˚˛,ñ ëŒ¸ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ·±gœøÂ√˘ Œ‚±¯∏íº8 ·Àä Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸Ó¬… Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¶Û©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ·Ì¸—¢∂±˜,‡G ‡G ˚≈X-õ∂ ¬ıÌÓ¬± Ó¬±À √ ¬ı ˛Àfl¡ ¤fl¡ õ∂fl¡± ¬ı ˛Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛Ó¬±À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ¤ø·À ˛ ø√À ˛øÂ√˘º ëÊ√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜’±ø√¬ı±¸œíÀÓ¬ Œ¸-fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ øÚˆ¬«≈˘ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬’±À¸º ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂±˜ õ∂Ó¬…é¬Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡—À¢∂¸ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ’±Àµ±˘Ú øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¸ˆ¬…ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤-¸—¢∂±À˜ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± ¬Û±ÚøÚº ¤˝◊√√ ¸Ó¬…Àfl¡ Œ˘‡fl¡ Œ˚˜Ú ·Àä ŒÓ¬˜Ú·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˜”˘fl¡ Œ˘‡±øÈ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬ıÀ˘ ŒÙ¬À˘Úº ŒÂ√±È¬À¬ı˘±˚˛˜À˝√√˙‰¬f Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ˘±˝◊√√À¬ıËø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±À· ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸-√˙«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚-‰¬‰«¬± Œ˘‡fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¸”ÀS ¤È¬± Ó“¬±¬ı˛Ê√±Ú± ˝√√À˚˛ ø·À˚˛øÂ√˘ Œ˚, øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜≈øMê√-Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ√˙œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√…&À˘±ÀÓ¬ Œ¶§26√±‰¬±¬ı˛œ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıèÀX õ∂Ê√±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀé¬±Àˆ¬ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛± ˙±ø˜˘˝√√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº õ∂¸eÓ¬ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ Œ√‡±Ú ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛À√¬ı˛¬ı¬ı«¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡øÈ¬Àfl¡›, Œ˘‡± ˝√√˚˛ ë¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±¬ÛLöœ ˚≈¬ıÀfl¡¬ı˛fl¡±ø˝√√Úœíº Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±¬ÛLöœ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ˚≈¬ıÀfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ › õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±, ˚± ˝◊ √ √øÓ¬˜ÀÒ…ø˘ø¬Û¬ıX ˝√ √À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí ·äøÈ¬¬ı˛

ø˙ä¬ı‘ÀM√√º ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ Ó¬Ô… ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‡±øÓ¬À¬ı˛ øÓ¬øÚ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡À¬ı ˛Ú Ê√±˜«±Ú Ò˜«˚±Ê√fl¡ Ê√Ú ·¸Ú±À¬ı ˛ ¬ı ˛ fl¡Ô±ºÊ√±˜«±øÚ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√ˆ¬…±ÚÀÊ√ø˘¶Ü Ò˜«˚±Ê√fl¡ Ê√Ú ·¸Ú±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó“¬±¬ı˛’Ú≈·±˜œ ‰¬±¬ı ˛Ê√Ú ø˙¯∏… ŒÚøÈ¬ˆ¬À√¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ò˜«õ∂‰¬±À¬ı ˛¬ı ˛Î¬ ◊ÀVÀ˙… ¬ı“±fl¡± ¬ÛÔ Ò¬ı˛À˘Ú, ∆¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˆ¬¬ı˛¸±ø√À˘Úº √ø¬ı˛^ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ, ’Ò«ˆ¬≈Mê√ ˜≈`¬± ›¬ı˛±›“ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œø‡À√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı“±‰¬¬ı±¬ı˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± ˛ Ò «±ôLø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘Úº ¤ ◊√√’˜±Úø¬ıfl¡ Ó¬=fl¡Ó¬±˚˛ ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú ŒÂ√±È¬Ú±·¬Û≈À¬ı˛¬ı˛fl¡ø˜˙Ú±¬ı˛ fl¡ÀÚ«˘ Î¬±˘È¬Ú, ø¸.Î¬±¬ı˘≈… ¬ıÈƒ¬˜ƒ õ∂˜≈‡ õ∂˙±¸fl¡º¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Ú‘ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚± ∏ ¤ ◊√√ ’Ò…±À ˛ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ıÀ√¬ı õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¶§¬ı+¬Û Î¬◊ƒ√‚±È¬Ú fl¡À¬ıÀÂ√Úº ¤ ◊√√ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±¬ıŒ¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ¸øSê˚˛ øÂ√˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÚøÚˆ¬«¬ı ˛ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡fl¡Ô±¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±º9 ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ ·¸Ú±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡È≈¬øˆ¬iß ¬ı˛+À¬Û ·Àä Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘GÚ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ’±ø¬ıˆ¬” «Ó¬ ˝√√Úº¶§±Ô«õ∂ÀÌ±ø√Ó¬ ¬ı“±fl¡± ¬ÛÀÔ ‘√Ï¬ˇÀ‰¬Ó¬± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˙ ’±Ú±¬ı˛Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ø¬ıÙ¬˘Ó¬±Àfl¡ Ï¬±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬ı¬ı«¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ ŒÚÚ,Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛› ’flƒ¡ÀÈ¬±¬Û±À¸¬ı˛ Ê√±˘ Â√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ Œ√Ú ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬œÀ¬ı˛º Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Àfl¡ √±À¬ı˛±·± ¬ı±øÚÀ˚˛ Œ√¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÈ¬±¬Û,¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± Œ¸±‡±¬ı˛ øÎ¬ø √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈ø˘ø˙ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ‰¬±˘±ÀÚ± ’±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡˜≈¬ı˛˜≈Àfl¡ ˝√ √±Ê√±ø¬ı˛¬ı±· ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı˛¶§±Ô«À‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ø‰¬˝êº õ∂¸eÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º ¬ı˛ÔœfÚ±ÔÀfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ø˘À‡øÂ√À˘Ú, ëëŒ˚˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸•ú±Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú± Œ¸ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’é¬˜º ’ôLÓ¬ ˚‡Ú˝◊√√ øÚÀÊ¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« ¤À¸ŒÍ¬Àfl¡ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ ˜±¬ı˛±˜±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±È¬±fl¡±øÈ¬ Œ¬ıÀÒ ˚±˚˛ºíí10 ¤fl¡˝◊√√‚È¬Ú± ‚ÀÈ¬ Ù¬± √ ± ¬ı ˛ ø˘GÀÚ¬ı ˛ Œé¬ÀSº ¸±•⁄±Ê√… ¬ı± √œ’˝√√ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’:±ÚÓ¬± ”√¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ fl”¡È¬õ∂Ì±ø˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√ √Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˚≈X-¬Ûø¬ı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ˙øMê√-¬ı≈øX¬ı˛ Œ‡˘±˚˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«º¤˝◊√ √ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± › :±ÚøÚˆ¬«¬ı˛’fl¡¬ÛÈ¬ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√ √±À˚… øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˝◊ √ √øÓ¬˝√ √±¸ øÚ˜«±Ìfl¡À¬ı ˛ÀÂÚ ë‰¬Ó ≈ ¬Ô « ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı ˛ ˚ ≈Xí ·Àäº Œ¸˝◊ √ √¸ÀeÎ¬◊M√√¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ √√±ÀÓ¬ Ó≈¬À˘ ø√À ˛ÀÂÚ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı‘ÀM√√ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛ ¬ı˛∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı˛¸√º

¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ı˛±ø‡, ˙Ó¬¬ı¯∏« ’øÓ¬Sê±ôL ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ø¬ı√…±˚˛Ó¬øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜GÀ˘¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ÚÚº ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±À˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ·ä-Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ øÚÀ˚˛ øfl¡Â≈√È¬±’±À˘±‰¬Ú± √√À ˛ÀÂ√, ·À¬ı ∏Ì±› √√À ˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ·äfl¡±¬ı˛ ø √√ ±À¬ıÎ¬◊M¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÓ¬øÚ Œ˚-’øˆ¬øÚÀ¬ı˙ √±ø¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬±

¤‡Ú› Œ√‡± ˚± ˛øÚº ¤‡Ú ¬Û «ôL ’±À˘±‰¬… ·äøÈ¬ øÚÀ ˛ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬º øfl¡c Œ¸‡±ÀÚ› ·äøÈ¬¬ı˛Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø√fl¡ ’Ò¬ı˛±, ’Ú±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√º’Ú…±Ú… fl¡À ˛fl¡øÈ¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±› ’±—ø˙fl¡Ó¬± ˛ ’±Sê±ôLº ’±˜¬ı˛±¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬Û”Ì«±˚˛Ó¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬‰¬± ◊√√º Ó¬À¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À· ·äøÈ¬ øÚÀ ˛ Œ˚-fl¡Ô±&À˘± ¬ı˘± ˝√√À ˛Œ·ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜ôL¬ı…&À˘±Àfl¡ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±ÀÔ«¤‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº

[1] Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ë·äøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı ˛ ’±¬ı±¸-ˆ¬ ”ø˜ÀÓ¬ ‡Ëœ©Üœ˚˛ Ò˜«˚±Ê√fl¡À√¬ı ˛’øˆ¬˚±Ú ¤¬ı— Œ¸ Î¬ ◊» ¬Û±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı ˛ ø ¬ıèÀX √G±˚ ˛˜±Ú’¬ı˛Ì…¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À ˛¬ı˛ fl¡èÌ fl¡±ø √√øÚ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√ºí 11

[’±˜±¬ı˛ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú fl¡Ô±ø˙äœ . 191][2] ’èÌfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ·äøÈ¬Àfl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

’±Ê√› ø¬ÛøÂ√À ˛-Ô±fl¡± ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ˚LaÌ±¬ı˛ ’¸±˜±Ú…¬ı˛+¬Û±˚˛Ì ø˝√ √¸±À¬ı Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤øÈ¬ ë˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡¬ı ˛ Œ|áQ±øˆ¬˜±Ú › ¬Û±ÀÈ¬±˚˛±ø¬ı ˛ ¬ı ≈øX¬ı ˛ Î¬ ◊ ¬Û¬ı ˛Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ‰¬À¬ÛÈ¬±‚±Ó¬ºí12 [fl¡±À˘¬ı ˛¬Û≈M√√ø˘fl¡± . 371]

[3] Î¬◊8˘fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜Ê≈√˜√±¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ë¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ·ä– øfl¡Â≈√ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛øSfl¡ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…í ˙œ¯∏«fl¡ Œ˘‡±˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚,’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ ’Ú±Rœ ˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißfl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘˝◊√√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ¸˝√√Ê√ ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º13

[·ä ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Î¬±˚˛ø¬ı˛ . 153][4] ¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤øÈ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛Mê√-ŒÙ¬ÀÈ¬-¬ÛÎ¬ˇ± ·äº ¤‡±ÀÚ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸, Ú‘Ó¬N’±¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ’À26√√√… ¤fl¡¸”ÀS

Œ¬ı“ÀÒÀÂ√Ú Œ˘‡fl¡º14

[ŒÂ√±È¬·Àä¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ’±˙˚˛ . 248][5] Ó¬¬ÛÚ ˜G˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ·äøÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ·äfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ

ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…, ’±ø√¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‹fl¡±øôLfl¡¸ √√±Ú≈ ¬”øÓ¬, ◊√√—¬ı˛±Ê√-˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ëø‡Ë(±Úí ¬Û±√ø¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬‰¬±¬Û± Œ¬ı˛±¯∏ ¤¬ı— ø˝√√µ≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ˜˚«±√±øˆ¬˜±ÚÀfl¡ √±èÌˆ¬±À¬ı’±‚±Ó¬ √√±Ú± √√À ˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ˙±ôLˆ¬±À¬ı, õ∂± ˛ Ú±È¬fl¡œ ˛Ó¬± ¬ıÊ«√Úfl¡À¬ı˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛› ˜ôL¬ı…, ë... ·äøÈ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ¸˜¸…±È¬±˝◊√ √Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øÈ¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˝√√µ≈¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸˜¸…± ¤¬ı— ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ¸˜¸…± Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸˜¸…± ˜±Sºí15

[·äfl¡±¬ı˛ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ . Ê√œ¬ıÚ‘√ø©Ü › øÚ˜«±Ìø˙ä . 75-

76][6] õ∂¸”Ú Œ‚±¯∏ ¤Àfl¡ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú ë˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√ Œ|øÌ¬ı˛

˚Ô±Ô« ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û › õ∂±øôLfl¡±ø˚˛Ó¬ Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ Î¬◊Àij±‰¬Úí-¤¬ı˛ ·ä ø˝√√¸±À¬ıº 16

[¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ’˚±øLafl¡ ø˙äœ . 61][7] Œ√¬ı˘œÚ± ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ’±·±˜œ ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈X

øÊ√ÀÓ¬ ŒÚ¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˙±˚˛ ’±Sê±ôL Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ·Àä ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ ’Ú±˚«ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ¬ı=Ú±¬ı˛ fl¡èÌ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸Àfl¡ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Úº17

[¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ’˚±øLafl¡ ø˙äœ . 145][8] fl¡±ÚÚø¬ı˝ √ √ ± ¬ı ˛ œ Œ·±¶ § ±˜œ¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤˝ ◊ √ √ ·ä

ëfi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ø‡Ë©Ü±Ú ˚±Ê√fl¡À√¬ı ˛ › ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı ˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√’¬ı˛ÀÌ…¬ı˛ ’±R±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±ˆ¬¬ıºí18

[¬ı±—˘± ŒÂ√±È¬·ä – ¬Û¬ı«-¬Û¬ı«±ôL¬ı˛ . 139]¤˝◊ √ √ ¸˜ô¶ ˜ôL¬ı… ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤È¬± ¬Ûø¬ı ˛©®±¬ı ˛ Œ˚ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«

¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ≈Xí ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛± ¤fl¡È¬± øÚø«√©Ü Ò±¬ı˛± ˛’¬ı·±˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬Ì ’¸±Ô«fl¡ Ú±-˝√√À˘›øÚ•ß¬ı·« Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬À˘˝◊√√ ø¬ı‰¬¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛˚Ô±Ô« õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Ú øÚ˜«±ÀÌ Ó¬± ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√˚˛øÚº ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˘é¬…,ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ıMê√À¬ı…¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øÚ˜«±ÌÀfl¡Œ√‡±º ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√ ¬ıø˝√√ˆ¬«”Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Üˆ¬”ø˜¸—˘¢ü ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸M√√± fl¡œ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛, Ó¬± ˚ø√ Œ˘‡fl¡’±˜±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬À¬ı˝◊√√ Ó¬± ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛√ø˘˘ ˝√√À ˛ ›ÀÍ¬º Œ¸È¬± ◊√√ ˝√√ ˛ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˚Ô±Ô« ë¸±¬ı’˘È¬±Ú« ¶Ü±øÎ¬Ê√íº ’±˜¬ı˛± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˝◊√ √¬ı ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œfl¡±ÀÚ±√ø˘˘ øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú øfl¡ Ú±ºfl¡±¬ı ˛Ì ˝ ◊ √ √ øÓ¬ ¬Û ”À¬ı « ’±˜¬ı ˛ ± Ó “ ¬ ± ¬ı ˛ ’±ø√ ¬ı±¸œ ¸•Ûøfl« ¡Ó¬’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı ˛ Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı ˛ øÂ √ ¤¬ı— ŒÊ√ÀÚøÂ √, õ∂Ô±·Ó¬¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±À˙±Ú± Ú±-Ô±fl¡À˘› ¸˜±Ê√-˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ :±Ú÷¯∏ «Ìœ˚˛º ’¬ı˙… ·±˚˛Sœ ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ ø¶Ûˆ¬±Àfl¡¬ı ˛ ¬ıMê√ ¬ı…’Ú≈¸¬ı˛ÀÌ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ fl¡F¶§¬ı˛’±˘±√± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±Ú± ˚ÀÔ©Ü fl¡©Üfl¡¬ı˛º19

˚±- ◊√√ Œ √√±fl¡, ¤-˚±¬ı» ·äøÈ¬ øÚÀ ˛ ˚Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± √√À ˛ÀÂ√Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ√À‡øÂ√ Œ˘‡fl¡ õ∂√ø˙«Ó¬ øfl¡Â≈√ Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬À˘¬ı˛ø‰ ¬˝êÀfl¡ ’±|˚˛ fl¡À¬ı ˛˝ ◊ √ √ Œ|øÌ¸•ÛÀfl« ¡ ¬ı ˛ ø ¬ı¯ ∏˚ ˛ øÈ ¬Àfl¡’±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛± &èQ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº øfl¡c ¤˜Ú› øfl¡Â≈√ ø‰¬˝êÎ¬◊À¬Ûøé¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√ ˚± Œfl¡¬ı˘˜±S Œ|øÌ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±Ú±-¬ıÀ˘ ·äøÈ¬Àfl¡ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±‡…±Ú ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬’±√˙« ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¬ı˛+À¬Û ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ¸˝◊√√¸Àe ¶§˚˛—Œ˘‡fl¡ ¤-ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ fl¡Ó¬È¬± ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú øÂ√À˘Ú, øÓ¬øÚ› ·Àä±X‘Ó¬‰¬ø¬ı˛S Œ˘À¬Û± Ô±Ú±¬ı˛ √±À¬ı˛±·± Ó¬Ô± ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ √√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸ √√¬Û±Í¬œŒ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± øÚÂ√fl¡ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙œ√±¬ı˛



ø˝ √ √¸±À¬ı ¬ı ˛À˚ ˛ Œ·À˘Ú øfl¡ Ú± ˝ ◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø √ ø ¬ı¯ ∏˚ ˛&À˘±›’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ’±¸À¬ıº

ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí qè ˝√√˚˛ Œ‚±¯∏ √±À¬ı˛±·±¬ı˛¶ú‘øÓ¬‰¬±¬ı˛ÀÌº ’¸˝√√À˚±· ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±˘ ·äøÈ¬¬ı˛ ’ôL¬ı«‘Ó¬¸˜˚˛º ŒÂ√±È¬Ú±·¬Û≈À¬ı˛¬ı ˛ Ê√—ø˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡±À˘ ø¸ø¬ı˛˘øÈ¬·ƒ·±, ˝◊√ √˜…±Ú≈À˚˛˘ ‡±˘ƒÀ‡±, Ê√Úƒ Œ¬ı¸ƒ¬ı˛±, ø¬ı˛‰¬±Î«¬ È≈¬Î≈¬,ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ›¬ı˛±›“ ’±¬ı˛ ˜≈`¬± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬¬ı˛˜ÀÒ… ·Àä¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸¬ı˛º ¶ú‘øÓ¬‰¬±¬ı˛Ì ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇÎ¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˜˙Ú±ø¬ı˛ ¶≈®˘Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛·Àä¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ì±˜œ ’—À˙ fl¡ÔÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸¬ı˛ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√Œ˘À¬Û± Ô±Ú±Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛º ’±È¬ ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ·Àä¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5º√±À¬ı˛±·± Œ‚±¯∏ ¤˝◊√√ ·Àä¬ı˛ fl¡Ôfl¡º Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√ √ ¬ıÌ«Ú±˚˛ ¤‡±ÀÚøS¬Û±øé¬fl¡ ˚ ≈ÀX¬ı ˛ Â √ ø ¬ı ¶Û©Ü ˝ √ √ À˚ ˛ÀÂ √º õ∂Ô˜ ¬Ûé¬¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øMê√¬ı˛ Œ√±¸¬ı˛ Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬Ú, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûé¬’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ’¬Û¬ı˛ Ó¬Ô± Ù¬±√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ øõ∂˚˛ Â√±S ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¤¬ı— Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûé¬ ˝◊√√KI◊±¬ı˛ flv¡±¸ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı±„√√±ø˘ › ø¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛Â√±S√˘º ¤˝◊√ √ ¬øS¬Û±øé¬fl¡ ¬ı‘M√√¸—˘¢ü ˝√√À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√ ’±¬ı˛›øÓ¬ÚÊ√Úñ ¸—¶‘®ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ø˙é¬fl¡ ø¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛ ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√, ø¬ı˛‰¬±Î«¬ È≈¬Î≈¬’±¬ı˛ ø¶ÜÙ¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œõ∂˚˛¸œ ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡ ˜≈¬ı ˛˜≈º Œ‚±¯∏ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√ø¶ÜÙ¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊O±Ú ’±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÓ¬Ú, fl¡‡Ú› ”√¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√ √ Ó¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ˙ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ñ fl¡‡Ú› Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’¬ı:± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√º fl¡‡Ú› Ó¬±¬ı ˛ ’±‰¬¬ı ˛ÀÌ ‡≈ø˙ ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’±¬ı±¬ı ˛ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˝√√Ó¬±˙±› õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡c Œ‚±¯∏¸À˜Ó¬ ¬ı±„√√±ø˘-ø¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛ Â√±S¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˝◊√√ øÚ‡±√”√¬ı˛±¬ıÀ˘±fl¡Úº ¤fl¡È¬± øÚø«√©Ü ”√¬ı˛Q ’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛±ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬ı˛¬Û±À˙ ‚≈À¬ı˛ Œ¬ıøÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ øÚø˘«ø5˝◊√√’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±Ê√ Ó¬Ô± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì --·Àä¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬˜ ˜ôLÀ¬ı… ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ Œ˚Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±È¬±˝◊√√¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±Úº Œ˘À¬Û± Ô±Ú±¬ı˛ √±À¬ı˛±·± Œ‚±¯∏ ¬ı˘ÀÂ√Ú,ñëëfl¡±Î¬◊Àfl¡ ˜≈‡ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˘7¡¡¡± fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı, ¤fl¡È¬± ˆ¬≈À˘¬ı˛¶ú‘øÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… fl“¡±È¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ı“ÒøÂ√˘,˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ’±˜¬ı˛±˝◊√√ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈ÀXø¶ÜÙ¬±ÚÀfl¡ ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛øÂ√˘±˜ºíí 20

˜Ò…ø¬ıÀM√√¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬Ó¬± ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ó¬œéÆ¬ fl¡˙±‚±Ó¬º

Ó¬ ¬ı ≈ ¤È¬±˝ ◊ √ √ ·Àä¬ı ˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ¶§ ¬ı ˛ Ú˚ ˛º ˜Ò…ø ¬ıM √ √’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√ √ ·Àä ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ √˙«fl¡ ˝√√À˘› Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√ √˚≈ÀX¬ı˛˝◊√ √ ’—˙œ√±¬ı˛º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’±¬Û±Ó¬-øÚø©ç¡˚˛Ó¬± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸øSê˚˛ fl¡±¬ı˛fl¡º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ø˘`¬Ú, ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√ ¤¬ı— Œ‚±À¯∏À√¬ı˛ ¸ø•úø˘Ó¬ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡

¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊ √ √À¬ı˛º Œ¸-˝◊√ √ øÚ•ß¬ı·«À‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ë’¬Û¬ı˛í ¬ı±¸±¬ı’˘È¬±Ú«º ’±¬ı˛ Œ‚±¯∏ ¬ı± ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬‘ √ø©ÜÀÓ¬¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øMê√¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı‘ÀM√√ Ô±fl¡À˘› Î¬◊2‰¬ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬” ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡È¬± ’—˙º øÍ¬fl¡ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±˚˛·±È¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√˝◊√√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıw±ôL ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛±¸±eœfl ‘ ¡Ó¬ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±˜œ ˙øMê √Àfl¡ [¬ı± ¸±—¶‘ ® øÓ¬fl¡¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øMê√] ’±˘±√± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬±˝◊√√ Œ‚±¯∏ ¬ı±¬ÛøGÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe ø¶ÜÙ¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ë˚≈XíÈ¬± Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü¬ı˛ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘¬ı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±Ê√Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ó¬N‘√ø©Ü ø√À˚˛ Œ√‡±È¬±¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¸y¬ı› øÂ√˘ Ú±º Ó¬¬ı≈ øÓ¬øÚ øÚ•ß¬ı·«øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±˚˛≈Ò ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤ˆ¬±À¬ıñ

[1] ëøÈ¬øÙ¬ÀÚ¬ı ˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤fl¡È¬± ’±øÚ øÚÀ˚˛ È ≈ ¬Î ≈ ¬Àfl¡ø√Ó¬±˜º ¬ı˘Ó¬±˜ñ È≈¬Î≈¬ ‰¬Èƒ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Œ√ÃÀÎ¬ˇ ¤˝◊√ √ ¤fl¡’±Ú±¬ı˛ Á¡±˘¬ı±√±˜ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤¸ ŒÓ¬±º ·e± ¸±U¬ı˛ Œ√±fl¡±ÚŒÔÀfl¡ ’±ÚÀ¬ıº ¶≈®˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ·e± ¸±U¬ı˛ Œ√±fl¡±Ú Œ√Î¬ˇ ˜±˝◊√√˘˝√√À¬ıº fl‘¡Ó¬±Ô« ¬±À¬ı ’±øÚÈ¬± ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ó≈¬À˘ øÚÀ ˛ È≈¬Î≈¬ Œ¸ ◊√√ õ∂‰¬GŒ¬ı˛±À√ Á¡˘¸±ÀÚ± ˜±ÀÍ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ Œ¬Û±Î¬ˇ± ˝√√ø¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±Î¬◊V±˜ Œ¬ıÀ· Œ√ÃÀÎ¬ˇ ‰¬À˘ Œ˚Ó¬ ·e± ¸±U¬ı˛ Œ√±fl¡±ÀÚº øÙ¬À¬ı˛¤À¸ Á¡±˘¬ı±√±À˜¬ı˛ ŒÍ¬±„√√±È¬± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¸“À¬Û ø√À˚˛øÚÀÊ√ ”√À¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı˛ Œ˚Ó¬º ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘Ó¬±˜-- fl¡œ ’±(˚« È≈¬Î≈¬,¤Ó¬È¬± ¬ÛÔ Œ√ÃÀÎ¬ˇ ¤À˘ Ó¬¬ı≈ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤fl¡È≈¬› ˝√√“±¬Û±À26±√ Ú±ºí21

ñÓ¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¸±•⁄ ±Ê√… ¬ı± √œ ˙øMê √ Ú±-˝ √ √ À˘›ëŒ˝√√ÀÊ√À˜±øÚfl¡í Œ√Ã¬ı˛±R… ¤‡±ÀÚ ‡≈¬ı ¸˝√√Ê√˘é¬…º ˝◊√√KI◊±¬ı˛flv¡±¸¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl”¡È¬fl¡‰¬±ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˚-¸M√√± ø¬ı¬Û˚«ô¶ ¤¬ı— øÚ¬ı«±fl¡ Œ¸-˝◊√√ ë’¬Û¬ı˛íº Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ıÌ«Ú± Œ¸˝◊√√ ’¬Û¬ı˛¸M√√± øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’Ô‰¬ ’±À·¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ˘‡±˚˛ ˚ø√ ¤˝◊√√’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂¸e ¤À¸› Ô±Àfl¡, ø¬ı˛‰¬±Î«¬ È≈¬Î≈¬ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ıË±Ó¬…ºŒ¸-¸¬ı Œ˘‡±˚˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√›˚˛± ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ú˚˛ Œ˚ ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí Œfl¡¬ı˘˜±S Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬ıË±Ó¬… Ê√œ¬ıÚ¬ı‘M√√±ôLº¤¬ı ˛ ¬Û ¬ı ˛ Œ˘‡fl¡ ˚‡Ú ¬ıÀ˘Ú, ë¤˝ ◊ √ √ Ù “ ¬ ±fl¡± fl¡Ô±¬ı ˛fl¡±¬ı˛¸±Ê√œÈ¬±Àfl¡ ’±ôLø¬ı˛fl¡ ’øˆ¬ÚµÚ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ È≈¬Î≈¬ ”√À¬ı˛“√±øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ·¬ı«ˆ¬À¬ı˛ ˝√√±¸ÀÓ¬±í, Ó¬‡Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ øÓ¬øÚøfl¡Â≈√È¬± ’Ê√±ÀôL ◊√√ ˝√√ ˛ÀÓ¬±-¬ı± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø‰¬ôL±¬ıœÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√±fl¡±øÂ√Œ¬Û“ÃÀÂ√ ˚±Úº fl¡±¬ı˛Ì È≈¬Î≈¬¬ı˛ ë·¬ı«ˆ¬À¬ı˛í ˝√√±¸±È¬± fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡øÎ¬¸ƒÀfl¡±À¸«¬ı˛ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√±ø¸º ¤˝◊√√ ·Àä È≈¬Î≈¬ ’±·±À·±Î¬ˇ±’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ÚøÓ¬ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ øÚ¬ı˛ôL¬ı˛ ¬Û «À¬ıé¬fl¡ø √√ ±À¬ı ø‰¬S±ø ˛Ó¬º Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¶§¬ı˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ ‡“≈ÀÊ√ ¬Û±› ˛± ˚± ˛Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— Î¬◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˝◊√√ [¬ÛÎ¬ˇ≈Ú ·À¬ı«¬ı˛ ˝√√±ø¸] Ó¬±¬ı˛’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√ õ∂fl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º È≈¬Î≈¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ ¤fl¡’±√˙« ë’¬Û¬ı˛íº ’Ó¬¤¬ı ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ø¸X±ôL, Œ˘‡fl¡ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò

Œ‚±¯∏› øÚ•ß¬ı·«Àfl¡ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº È≈¬Î≈¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ë·¬ı«í˙Às¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜”˘ õ∂øSê˚˛±º

˚±-˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡, ’±˜¬ı˛± øÙ¬À¬ı˛ ˚±˝◊√√ Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ õ∂¸Àeº qÒ≈È≈¬Î≈¬ Ú˚˛, Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±› Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜«±Ìõ∂øSê˚˛±¬ı˛ ’ôL·«Ó¬ºÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬˝ê&À˘± ¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜ñ

[fl¡] ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛øÊ√ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı‘øM√√ › ¬ı…±‡…±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ Ú•§¬ı˛¬Û±› ˛± ˛ Œ¸ ø¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ øÚÀ ˛ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤fl¡È¬±øÚµ±¬ı˛ ¯∏Î¬ˇ˚La fl¡À¬ı˛º

[‡] Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Œ¸ ¬ıÚÀˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ ’±˜LaÌ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ ˆ¬±À¬ı,ëŒ‡À ˛ ‡≈ø˙ ˝√√À¬ı Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±º ¤fl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ’±ÚÀfl¡±¬ı˛± ≈G±, Ê√œ¬ıÀÚŒ¬ı±Ò˝√√˚˛ ¤¸¬ı ‡±˚˛øÚ fl¡‡Ú›ºí

[·] ¶≈®À˘¬ı˛ Ù¬È¬Àfl¡ ø¬ÛÀfl¡øÈ¬—Àfl¡ ’¢∂±˝√√… fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ Ï≈¬Àfl¡ Œ·À˘ Œ¸ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√˘,-- ëŒ¸˝◊√√ø√Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Àfl¡’±˜¬ı ˛ ± ˆ¬±˘ fl¡À¬ı ˛ ø‰¬Ú˘±˜º ¬Û± √ø ¬ı ˛À √ ¬ı ˛ SêœÓ¬ √±¸,˜Ú≈¯∏…Q˝√√œÚ, ˜˚«±√±˙”Ú…, ˜”‡« Ê√—˘œ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±ºí

ñ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¤¬ı— Î¬◊øMê√&À˘±Œ˚-‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤À¸ÀÂ√ Ó¬± ’¬ı˙… ◊√√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±˜œ ¤¬ı—Œ|øÌ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úº Î¬◊2‰¬ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò√ıÊ√±Ò±¬ı˛œ ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√ ¬ı±„√√±ø˘‰¬ø¬ı˛S Œ‚±¯∏ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§Ó¬La ’¬ı¶ö±ÚÀfl¡ Ê√±Ú±ÀÓ¬ Œˆ¬±À˘øÚ ¤˝◊√√˜ôL¬ı…&À˘±ÀÓ¬º Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛c Œ¸ Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±&À˘±Àfl¡Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ’Ô«±» Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛À¬ı, Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± fl¡œ ¬Œ√À¬ı Œ¸È¬± Œ‚±À¯¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ√√Œ˚Ú ˝√√À¬ıº Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏… Œ˚Ú Œ¸-˝◊√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô«¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈ÀX ¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± Œ¸±‡±¬ı˛ Ê√˚˛ ’¬ıÒ±ø¬ı˛Ó¬, Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±ø‰¬¬ı˛ƒøfl¡ ˜≈¬ı˛˜≈¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÙ¬À¬ı˛ ˚±À¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Î¬◊À~‡ Œ¸-fl¡Ô±¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√ √ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ‚±¯∏ õ∂ˆ¬≈Qfl¡±˜œ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’—˙œ√±¬ı˛ √√À ˛ ˚± ˛ ¤¬ı— øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ «±ÌøSê ˛± ˛Œ˚±·√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

[2] ëø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’…±øÎ¬˙Ú±˘ ˝◊—¬ı˛±øÊ√ ŒÂ√ÀÎ¬ˇø√À˚˛ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ øÚ˘º ø‡Ë©Ü±Ú øÈ¬‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¸¬ı±˝◊√ √ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Àfl¡Ò˜fl¡±À˘Ú, Œ˝√√Î¬˜±¶Ü±¬ı˛ Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬Ú é≈¬J ˝√√À˘Ú, ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√’æ≈√Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬˝√√±¸ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘Úº Ó¬¬ı≈ ’Ú±˚« Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬¬ÛÎ¬ ˇ±¬ı ˛ õ∂øÓ¬:± øÓ¬˘˜±S ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝√ √˘ Ú±º ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ ŒÎ¬Àfl¡ øÚÀ ˛ ¤fl¡È¬± ’¶§øô¶¬ı˛ ˝√√±ø¸ Œ˝√√À¸¬ı˘À˘Úñ ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı˛ øfl¡∑¤˝◊√√¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ√¬ıˆ¬±¯∏±¬ı˛ fl¡¬Û±À˘ øfl¡ ’±ÀÂ√ Œfl¡ Ê√±ÀÚº ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√˝ √ √ ±¸ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘Úº ’±˜±À √ ¬ı ˛ Œfl¡˜Ú ¸Àµ˝√ √ ˝ √ √˘ñ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√Àfl¡ Œ˚Ú ‡≈ø˙-‡≈ø˙ Œ√‡±À26√º..... ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√ ø˜ÚøÓ¬fl¡À¬ı ˛ ¬ı˘À˘Úñ ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√ √±À¬ı ˛± ¤Ó¬ ˆ¬±À˘± ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ø˘À‡ÀÂ√, ¤-ŒÓ¬± ŒÓ¬±˜±À√¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı, ’±˚«ˆ¬±¯∏±¬ı˛ Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ıº

¤ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬± ŒÓ¬±˜±À√¬ı˛ ‡≈ø˙ ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º ¤È¬± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√˚˛Ú˚˛, ¤È¬± ˝√√˘ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±¬ı˛ Ê√˚˛ºí 22

ñ Î¬◊X‘øÓ¬ ¤fl¡È≈¬ √œ‚« ˝√ √˘º øfl¡c øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¶ö±ÚÀfl¡ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¤˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÎ¬¸Àfl¡±À¸« ¤˝◊√ √¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√› Ù¬±√±¬ı ˛ ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı ˛ ¸˜Ò˜«œ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¸M√ √±º˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ¬ı˛ ˙øMê√¬ı˛ ¸˝√√À˚±·œ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ’±˚«¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√ ˚‡Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ Ú•§¬ı˛¬Û±›˚˛±Àfl¡ ë¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±¬ı˛ Ê√˚˛í ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ√À‡Ú Ó¬‡Ú ¤˝◊√√˜Ó¬øÈ¬˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± ¬Û±˚˛º Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬Ú Œ˚˜Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ø¬ıô¶±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú± Ó¬=fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ ŒÚÚ,ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ’È¬˘ õ∂øÓ¬:±˚˛ ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√¬ı˛Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±˝◊√√ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÚ˝◊√√ Ó¬± øÚø(Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ‡≈ø˙Ê√±ø˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¸Àe ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛ Œ˚-’±R·À¬ı«¬ı˛Œé¬S õ∂dÓ¬ ˝√√À26√ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ¤È¬±˝◊√ √ ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À26√ Œ˚ øÓ¬øÚ›¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±À√¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı≈ÀÓ¬ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±¸Ú Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ÀÂÚº’±¬Û±Ó¬‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ › ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¶ö±Ú fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡˙±¸Úfl¡±À˘ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı ˛œÓ¬ Œ˜è¬ı ˛ ˝ √ √À˘› ’Ú…õ∂±ÀôL ˚‡Ú¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ’¬Û¬ı˛ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ¬ı˛À ˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬‡Ú ≈√Ê√ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ◊√√fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√ÀÚ¬ı˛˛ ’—˙º Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸¬ı ¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÒøÚÀ¯∏Ò Ó≈¬À˘ ŒÚÚ, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸ÀeŒÈ¬øÚ¸ Œ‡À˘Ú › ‰¬±-ø¬ı¶≈®È¬ ‡±›˚˛±Ú, øÍ¬fl¡ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√› Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸—¶‘®ÀÓ¬ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ Ú•§¬ı˛ Œ√Úº¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ’¬Û¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛˛ ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ıÀfl¡ ¸±˜ÀÚ Œ¬ı˛À‡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ≈√Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ «±ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øSê√ ˛± ˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº øÚ•ßÀ¬ı˛‡ ’—˙≈√øÈ¬Àfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ø˝√ √¸±À¬ı¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt¬ı˛ ø‰¬˝ê ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º

Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ øfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıMê√¬ı… ’±ÀÂ√∑ øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛õ∂¸Àe ˝√√Í¬±» ¤-¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂ùü Ó≈¬˘À˘ ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ø¬ı¬ıËÓ¬ ˝√ √À¬ıÚº øfl¡c ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛È¬± ¤˝◊ √ √ Œ˚, øÚ•ß¬ı·« ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı ˛¸”‰¬Ú±¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±˝◊ √ √ ˜≈‡… ˝√√À˚˛Î¬ ◊ÀÍ¬øÂ√˘º øÚ•ß¬ı·«œ˚˛ ¸M√√± ¬ı± ∆‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ…¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± ø¬ıqX’±fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ◊√√ øÂ√˘ ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛ ” fl¡Ô±º ’±ø˙¬ı˛√˙Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Á¡±˜±øÁ¡ ¸˜À˚˛ ·±˚˛Sœ ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ ø¶Ûˆ¬±fl¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂¬ıÀg ¬ı˘À˘Ú Œ˚, øÚ•ß¬ı·« Ó¬±¬ı ˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±fl¡‡ÀÚ±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º23 ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û øÚÌ«˚˛&èQ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı ˛ Ú±º øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı˘À˘Ú, ëøÚ•ß ¬ıÀ·« ¬ı ˛‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Î¬◊2‰¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı˛ ø˝√√À¸À¬ıøÚ•ß¬ı·«Àfl¡ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛, Œ¸˝◊√√ õ∂øSê˚˛±&À˘±Àfl¡’±¬ı˛› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈¸g±Ú fl¡¬ı˛±ºí 24 ’Ó¬¤¬ı ¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛



ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂±5 √ø˘˘&À˘±¬ı˛ ‡“≈øÈ¬Ú±øÈ¬ ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬ÀÌ Œ√‡± ˝√√ÀÓ¬Ô±fl¡˘ ëøÚ•ß¬ı·«Àfl¡ ø¬ı˛Àõ∂À¸KI◊ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ıíº ¤-õ∂¸Àe¬Û±Ô« ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úñ

ëëÎ¬ ◊2‰¬ ¬ıÀ·«¬ı ˛ ’¬Û¬ı ˛ ø˝ √ √À¸À¬ı øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı ˛ Ò±¬ı ˛Ì±¬ı ˛øÚ˜«±Ìñ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ë¸±¬ı’˘È¬±Ú« ¶Ü±øÎ¬Ê√í-¤¬ı˛ Œ·±Î¬ˇ±ŒÔÀfl¡ ‰¬ø‰«¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ øÍ¬fl¡˝◊√√º øfl¡c Ó¬‡Ú ’Ú≈˜±ÚøÈ¬ ¤˜ÚøÂ√˘ Œ˚ ¸øÍ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ Î¬◊2‰¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ‡±˘¸È¬± ‡À¸ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀ¬ı, õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬ÛŒ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Œˆ¬À¸ Î¬◊Í¬À¬ıº ¤˝◊√ √ ’Ú≈˜±ÚøÈ¬ Œ˚ ˆ¬≈˘,ø¬ı˛Àõ∂À¸ÀKI◊˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·øG ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬¬ı±ô¶À¬ı¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˘øtÀÓ¬ Œ¬Û“ÃÂ√ÀÚ± Œ˚ ’¸y¬ı, ¤È¬± ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ‡“±øÈ¬ ’±·˜±fl«¡± øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ Œ˘‡±¬ı˛ ¸ø√26√±È≈¬fl≈¡› ’±¬ı˛ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y¬ı øÂ√˘Ú±ºíí25

ñ ¬¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±øÈ¬ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸øÚÌ«À˚˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ú˚˛, Ó¬¬ı≈ ¸˜±Ê√-˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ √ø˘˘ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı·äøÈ¬Àfl¡ ˚‡Ú ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√ Ó¬‡Ú øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øÚ˜«±Ìõ∂øSê˚˛±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¤À¸˝◊√√ ˚±˚˛º Œ¸Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ ’±˜¬ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬≈Qfl¡±˜œõ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√ÀÚ ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√, Œ‚±¯∏ › Ù¬±√±¬ı ˛ ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ √ √øÚ˜«±Ìõ∂øSê˚˛±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı Œ√‡øÂ√˘±˜º ’±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛˝◊√√¬Û±ù«´õ∂øÓ¬øSê˚˛± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı õ∂ùüøÈ¬ ¤À¸øÂ√˘ ñ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ øfl¡Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıMê√¬ı… ’±ÀÂ√∑ øfl¡—¬ı± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ øfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬¶§¬ı˛ ’±ÀÂ√∑ Ú± ¸¬ı˝◊√√ Î¬◊2‰¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øÚ˜«±Ì∑ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±,¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ˚ø√ Ê√œø¬ıÓ¬ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬Ú Ó¬À¬ı øÓ¬øÚ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬±¿˜Ó¬œ ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ ¬ı± ¿‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛Àfl¡ õ∂ùü fl¡¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬Ú,ëøÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıMê√¬ı… ŒÚ˝◊√√∑ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ øfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ ¶§¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√∑í Ó“¬±¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü¬ı˛ Œ˚ÃøMê√fl¡Ó¬± Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÓ¬øÓ¬øÚ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± øÚÀ•ß±X‘Ó¬ øÚ√˙«Ú&À˘± Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú, ˚±’±˜¬ı˛±› ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡ø¬ı˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ıº

[fl¡] ë’±˜¬ı˛± Œ√‡Ó¬±˜, ¤fl¡È≈¬ ”√À¬ı˛ “√±øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ¸≈Ó¬œ¬ıË¤fl¡È¬± ‘√ø©Ü ø√À˚˛ ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ıˆ¬±¬ı ˘é¬…fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√ºí

[‡] ëÓ¬¬ı≈ ’Ú±˚« Œ˝√ √±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬:±øÓ¬˘˜±S ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˘ Ú±ºí

[·] ë¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˘ flv¡±À¸¬ı˛ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ¬ıø=ÀÓ¬¬ıÀ¸øÂ√˘ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±º ¬¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬Ú ¬ı±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛¬Û≈˘øfl¡Ó¬ ŒÚÀS Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ùü fl¡¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú -- ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Ó≈¬ø˜˝◊√√Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ √±›º Ó≈¬ø˜˝◊√√ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ˆ¬±˘ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıº

ñ Ê√±øÚ Ú± ¸…¬ı˛º ø¶ÜÙ¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ èé¬ ·˘±¬ı˛ ¶§À¬ı˛ ‰¬˜Àfl¡Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸¬ı±˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ Ó¬±fl¡±˘±˜º Œ√‡˘±˜, ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú

Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛› èé¬ › ø¬ı¬ı˛Mê√ ˜≈‡È¬± ŒÎ¬À¶®¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Á“¡≈Àfl¡¬ı˛À ˛ÀÂ√ºí

[‚] ëÊ√˚˛Ò√ıøÚ fl¡À¬ı ˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ˝√ √±À¬ı ˛±Àfl¡ ’ˆ¬…Ô«Ú±Ê√±Ú±˘±˜º Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ¤ø·À˚˛ ¤À¸ ˝◊√√µ≈Àfl¡ ¤fl¡È¬± Ò±!¡± ø√˘,¬ÛÀ¬ı˛À˙¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬È¬± ŒÍ¬À˘ ¸ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ø√˘º ¬ıÚ qÀ˚˛±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±Œ·“± Œ·“± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ fl¡À¬ı˛ flv¡±À¸ ø·À˚˛ Ï≈¬fl¡˘ºí

[„√√] ë’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√eÀ˘ ¬ı±˝◊√ √À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬Û±¬Û¤À¸ Ï≈¬Àfl¡ÀÂ√, Œ‚± ∏º Ó¬± ◊√√ ø¬ı¬ı˛ ± ˆ¬·¬ı±Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¸±¬ıÒ±Úfl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úºí26

ñ øÚ•ßÀ¬ı˛‡ Î¬◊X‘øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√&À˘± ŒÔÀfl¡’±˜¬ı˛± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¶§¬ı˛øÈ¬Àfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ø‰¬ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬¬Û±ø¬ı˛º ¸y¬ıÓ¬ ¤È¬± Œ√À‡˝◊√√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡’¸˜ ¸—¢∂±À˜ ¤˝◊√ √ ‘ √Ï¬ ˇÀ‰¬Ó¬± Ú±˚˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˚≈XÊ√À˚˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±¬ıÀ˘øÂ √À˘Úº Ó¬±˝ √ √À˘ ¤È¬± ¶ §œfl¡± ¬ı ˛ fl¡ ¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬ ˝ √ √˚ ˛ Œ˚øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛› øfl¡Â≈ √ ¬ı˘¬ı±¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤¬ı— ’¬ı˙…˝◊ √ √ Œ¸˝◊ √ √¬ıMê√À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±ÀÂ√º

¤˝◊√√-Œ˚ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ¤˝◊√√-Œ˚ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı± ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±˜œ˙øMê√¬ı˛ ø¬ıèÀX ˜±Ô± Ó≈¬À˘ “√±Î¬ˇ±ÀÚ±ñ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛’±fl¡±„√√é¬± ≈5 ¬ı˛À ˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡c Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı±ô¶¬ı±ø ˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±¬ı˛¸√ ¬ı± ’¬ı¶ö± ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ ¬˝√√˚˛øÚº ˜±'«¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ¬ı±ô¶¬ı øˆ¬øM√√¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√ √ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±„√√é¬±¬ı˛±©Ü™˙øMê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˚≈øMê√ø¸X › ¸≈¸—·Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡’±|˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, ’±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ Ó¬± ˜¢ü˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ ’˘œfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ø√¬ı±¶§Àõüº 27 ˜±À'«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¬ıMê√¬ı… ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤-¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÔÓ¬˚˙± ¸±¬ı’˘È¬±Ú«ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏: ¬ı˛ÌøÊ√» &˝√√º øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√Ò±Úœ › ˙˝√√¬ı˛ŒÔÀfl¡ ”√À¬ı˛ ¢∂±˜ › ˜Ù¬¸ƒ¸À˘ ˚±¬ı˛± Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Œ‰¬˝√√±¬ı˛±È¬± ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Ú±º Ó¬±¬ı˛±¬ı˛±©Ü™˙øMê√Àfl¡ Œ√À‡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛Œ·±¶ÛÀ√º ’±¬ı˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ › ¶ö±Úœ˚˛¬ı˛+À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ Ù“¬±fl¡± Ê√± ˛·±È¬± Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬± Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˆ¬À¬ı˛ Œ√ ˛é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › õ∂À˚˛±· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ’À˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ø¬ıù´±¸ ø√À˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¸•§Àg Œ˚-Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ó¬±¬ı˛± ·ÀÎ¬ˇŒÓ¬±À˘ Ó¬± ’˘œfl¡, é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚-øÚ˚˛À˜¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ó¬± øÚ˚˛øLaÓŒ¸È¬±¬ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ › √±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸—:±˚˛ ¸±Ê√±ÀÚ±Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú Ú˚˛, Ó¬± øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ò˜«ø‰¬ôL±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±º28

ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí ·Àä ø¶ÜÙ¬±Ú Œ˝√ √±À¬ı ˛± øfl¡ŒÓ¬˜Ú ◊√√ ¤fl¡ ’˘œfl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ˛ ’±26√iß Ú ˛∑ ¬Û±(±Ó¬…ø˙é¬± ˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ œø˘Ó¬ ˜Ú È≈¬Î≈¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œ‚±À ∏À√¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±¬ı˛Ù“¬±fl¡È≈¬fl≈¡ ¬ı ≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Ù¬±√±¬ı ˛ ø˘`¬Ú › ¬ÛøGÓ¬øÊ√¬ı˛

¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ fl”¡È¬±‚±Ó¬ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ ø˘5fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¸ øÍ¬fl¡ ¬ı ≈ÀÁ¡ Î¬ ◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú± ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊ √ √È¬± fl¡±¬ı ˛ø¬ıèÀX fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº é¬˜Ó¬±Àfl¡øffl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™˙øMê√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬˝√√±¬ı˛±È¬±Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¶Û©Ü Ú˚˛º ’±˜¬ı˛± Ê√±øÚ ˙øMê√¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡f˚ø√ ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ Ú±-˝√√˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±„√√é¬± õ∂fl¡±˙› ¸y¬ı˝√√˚˛ Ú±º øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øÚ˜«±Ìõ∂øSê˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜, ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬˜≈‡œøSê˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ ’±fl¡±„√√é¬±¬ı˛ Ê√ij˝√√˚˛º Ù¬±√±¬ı˛, ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ¬ı± Œ‚±À¯∏À√¬ı˛ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…’±‚±Ó¬ ˝√√±ÚÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Ê√e˘Àfl¡˝◊√√ Œ¸ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ø˝√√¸±À¬ıˆ¬±À¬ıº Œ¸˝◊√√ ’˘œfl¡ ¬ı± Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡øäÓ¬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™√√ ¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± Œ¸±‡±¬ı˛¸Àe Œ¸ Œ˚±· Œ√˚˛, ’¬ı˛Ì… ¸•Ûfl«¡Àfl¡ fl¡±À˚˛˜ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ø‡Ë©Ü±Ú ˝√√À˚˛› Œ¸ ˜±√˘ ¬ı±Ê√±˚˛ ’±¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı˛±À‡ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ -- ø˚øÚ ¤fl¡±Ò±À¬ı˛ ·±gœ › øÊ√qø‡Ë©Ü, ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬±-¬ı±ëÒ¬ı˛øÓ¬-’±¬ı±í›29º Œ¸ ¶≈®À˘¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ŒÂ√ÀÎ¬ˇ ëø¬ı¬ı˛¸±˝◊√ √Èƒ¬í˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º ¿&˝√√ ’˘œfl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±˚˛ Œ˚-Ò˜«ø‰¬ôL±Àfl¡ Œ√À‡Ú, Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó¬± õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ ë√œÚÓ¬˜Ú·Ì… ’ÀÒ«±˘e ¬ı¬ı«¬ı˛À¬ı˙œ ¤fl¡ ˚±≈√˜La±í ¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± Œ¸±‡±¬ı˛Œ√‡±ÀÚ± ¬ÛÔ ’±¬ı˛ ¬Û”Ì«Ó¬ øÊ√qø‡ËÀ©Ü¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ìœº Œ¸˝◊√ √ ¬ı±ÌœÀfl¡ ø˙À¬ı˛±Ò±˚« fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ◊√√ ëÒ « ≈ÀXí ø˘5 ˝√√ ˛º Œ˘À¬Û± Ô±Ú± ˛√±À¬ı˛±·± Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ˝√√±øÊ√¬ı˛± ø√À˚˛ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ˚‡Ú ¬ıÀ˘,ë’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√eÀ˘ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬Û±¬Û ¤À¸ Ï≈¬Àfl¡ÀÂ,√Œ‚±¯∏º Ó¬±˝◊ √ √ ø¬ı¬ı ˛¸± ˆ¬·¬ı±Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı ˛ ¸±¬ıÒ±Ú fl¡À¬ı ˛ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úí, Ó¬‡Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ë’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√e˘íÈ¬±’±¸À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ -- ˚±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛, Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± ˆ¬±À¬ı, ¤fl¡˜±SÓ¬±À√¬ı˛˝◊√ √ ’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬±˝◊√ √ ø¬ıèX-é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œfl¡f Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ë¬Û±¬Ûí, ¬Û±¬Ûé¬±˘Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò˜«˚≈X ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ √ ø‰¬ôL±¬ı˛øÚ˚˛Lafl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸± ˆ¬·¬ı±Ú Ú±˜fl¡ Ò˜«ø‰¬ôL±º ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¬ı˛¸± ˆ¬·¬ı±ÚŒ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ fl¡±˘±Ó¬œÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸ñ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´±¸È¬±˝◊√√Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò˜«º

¬ı˛ÌøÊ√» &˝√√ ¬ıÀ˘Ú,ñ ëëøÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ø‰¬ôL±˚˛› ’˘œfl¡¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı±√ Œ√±È¬±Ú± ˛ ¤¬ı— ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ’ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¡ZÀiZ ø¬ı√œÌ«º¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ’±fl¡±„√√é¬±, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı±ô¶À¬ı › ∆‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ… Œ¸˝◊√√’±fl¡±„ƒ√√é¬± ¸Ù¬˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úœ ˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛’ˆ¬±¬ı › Ó¬7¡¡¡øÚÓ¬ ≈√¬ı«˘Ó¬±º ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ øÓ¬Ó≈¬ø˜À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı“±À˙¬ı˛Œfl¡~±, ø¸À√±-fl¡±ÚU¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬-·Î¬ˇ± ¸±›“Ó¬±˘ ŒÙ¬ÃÊ√, ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛Ú±Ú± ¶ö±ÀÚ ¸±¬ı˛± fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˚≈· ÒÀ¬ı˛ ˝√√Í¬±» ¤fl¡ ¤fl¡øÈ¬Ê√øe ¸˜±À¬ı˙Àfl¡ Î¬ ◊ ¬Û˘é¬ fl¡À¬ı ˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡ø √ÀÚ¬ı ˛ Ê√Ú…ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√œÀ√¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ñ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛’±fl¡±„√√é¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øÚˆ¬«œfl¡ ’±RÀ‚±¯∏Ì± › ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±,

¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛, ¬Û˘±˚˛Ú, ˝√√Ó¬±˙±ºíí 30 ’±˜¬ı˛± ŒÓ¬± ’±À˘±‰¬…·Àä¬ı˛ Ú±˚˛fl¡ Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±fl¡±„√√é¬± › Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸Ù¬˘fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı˝◊√√ Œ√À‡øÂ√º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡øÎ¬¸Àfl¡±¸« ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√ÀÚ Œ¸ ’Ú…±Ú… ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±˝◊√√Èƒ¬À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ë¸Àµ˝√ √ˆ¬±Ê√Ú Ê√œ¬ıíº ’˘œfl¡ ¬ı ˛ ±À©Ü ™ ¬ı ˛ ¶§Àõü ø¬ıÀˆ¬±¬ı ˛Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛± ≈√-¬ıÂ√¬ı˛ ’±À· ¶§¬ı˛±Ê√ Œ‚±¯∏Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬Û±√ø¬ı˛Àfl¡˜±À¬ı˛, ¬Û≈ø˘˙Àfl¡ ˜±À¬ı˛, ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬Û≈˘ ˆ¬±À„√√º ’±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ø˝√√øÚÀÓ¬ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ñ ›¬ı˛˜±ÚƒøÁ¡¬ı˛Ê√eÀ˘ ¤fl¡È¬± ‡G˚≈ÀX Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛±øÊ√Ó¬ › ¬ıøµ ˝√√˚˛º ŒÊ√˘ŒÔÀfl¡ Â√±Î¬ˇ± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√˝◊√√ ˝√√±øÊ√¬ı˛±ø√ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, Œ˚ øÂ√˘ ¤fl¡¸˜˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¸˝√√¬Û±Í¬œ Ó¬Ô±õ∂ˆ¬≈Qfl¡±˜œ ˙øMê√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ øˆ¬iß ¬ı˛+¬Ûº Œ‚± ∏ ˚‡Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡ ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡˜≈¬ı˛˜≈¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± øÊ√:±¸± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ŒÊ√À· ›ÀÍ¬ ¤fl¡ fl¡èÌ ˝√√Ó¬±˙±º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ ø˘`¬Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜«±Ì õ∂øSê˚˛± ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛ ˚±À26√Ú ’±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø˙fl¡±¬ı˛ñ ëÙ¬±√±¬ı ˛ ø˘`¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˜˙ÀÚ ‰¬À˘ Œ·ÀÂ√ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡º ø‡Ë©Ü±Ú ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤‡Ú ˝√√±Ê√±ø¬ı˛¬ı±À· fl¡ÚÀˆ¬ÀKI◊Ô±Àfl¡ºí 31 é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘ ’Ô«±» Ê√eÀ˘¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛õ∂˚˛±À¸ ¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± Œ¸±‡±, ø¬ı¬ı˛¸± ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡›ŒÓ¬± Œ √√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ øÂ√ º øfl¡c ¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± Œ¸±‡± ŒÊ√À˘Œ·ÀÂ√, ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±› ŒÓ¬± Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ú±-Œ√‡± ˆ¬·¬ı±Ú, ø‰¬¬ı˛øfl¡Àfl¡› Œ¸Œ¬Û˘ Ú±º Œ˙¯∏¬Û˚«ôL ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¢∂±¸ fl¡¬ı˛˘º øfl¡c ¤˝◊√√¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ô±› ø˘À‡ ¬ı˛±À‡ Ú±º Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı± ∆√ø˝√√fl¡ øSê˚˛±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏± Ô±fl¡À˘› fl¡Ô±˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ı˛±È¬± ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ’±˜¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ô±› Œ√ø‡øÚº Œ¸ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘›, Œ˘‡±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ŒÓ¬± ”√¬ı˛, fl¡‡Ú› Œfl¡±ÀÚ±‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ¸Àe fl¡ÀÔ±¬Ûfl¡ÔÀÚ› Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√œ fl¡F¶§¬ı˛ Œ˙±Ú±˚±˚˛ Ú±º qÒ≈ Œ‚±¯∏ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ıMê√¬ı…Àfl¡ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¡º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ˚‡Ú fl¡‡Ú›Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıMê√¬ı… Œ˙±Ú± ˚± ˛ Ú± Ó¬‡Ú ¸ √√ÀÊ√ ◊√√ õ∂˜±Ì √√À ˛ ˚± ˛øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıMê√¬ı… ŒÚ˝◊√√º

Ó¬À¬ı øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ’¸•Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±©Ü™√ «ÀÚ¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı ø˘ø¬Û¬ıXfl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı±Ò± ŒÚ˝◊√√º Ó¬±Àfl¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ·√À˘ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ‰¬À˘ Ú±-- øÚ•ß¬ı·« ˚± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¡¬ı˛±› ‰¬À˘ Ú±º’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛± øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ «±ÀÌ ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ı ∏ ˛øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº 32

’±˜¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡, ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˜”˘fl¡ Œ˘‡±ëˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œíÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí ·ÀäŒ¸˝◊√√ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¬ı˚˛±Ú˝◊√√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘Úº Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡&“À˚˛



˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, Ù¬±√±¬ı˛ › ◊√√KI◊±¬ı˛flv¡±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ıg≈¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ èé¬’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì, Œ√±˘Ú±˚˛ ’¸˜À˚˛ Œ√±˘ ‡±›˚˛± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡› ¬ı…±‡…±˚˛ Œ˚-fl¡Ô±&À˘± Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı˘± ¬ı± ø˘À‡¬ı˛±‡± ¸y¬ı ˝√√˚˛øÚ Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√ √ øÓ¬øÚ Œ‚±¯∏ √±À¬ı˛±·±¬ı˛ ¬ı˚˛±ÀÚÎ¬◊M√√¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø˘À‡ ¬ı˛±À‡Úº Œ˝√√±À¬ı˛±¬ı˛’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬± ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ Œ‚±¯∏Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’±À˘±¬ı˛ ¬ı‘ÀM√√ øÚÀ˚˛’±À¸Úº é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´˝◊ √ √ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√ √œÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√¬ı±Ú¬ıøµ,¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±˚˛±Ú± ¬ı± ø¬ı˛À¬Û±ÀÈ«¬ é¬˜Ó¬±˝√√œÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø‰¬ôL±Àfl¡ ø˘ø¬Û¬ıXfl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±À‡º ·Àä¬ı˛ Œ‚± ∏ ›¬ı˛ÀÙ¬ ≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚± ∏› Œ¬ı˛À‡ÀÂ√Úº’Ó¬¤¬ı øÓ¬øÚ› ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ø˝√√¸±À¬ıøÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜±«ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’—˙œ√±¬ı˛º

¤ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚ø√ ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡ Ó¬À¬ı ¤-˚±¬ı» ·äøÈ¬ øÚÀ˚˛Œ˚-’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¤ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Úfl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√‡± ¸y¬ı √√ ˛º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û≈Ú–¬Û±ÀÍ¬ Œ √√±À¬ı˛± ¤¬ı—¸ˆ¬…¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡øÈ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÌ«œÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±˜¬ı˛±˘é¬… fl¡ø¬ı˛, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø‰¬ôL±ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ˙ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ú±-˝√√À˚˛› Œ˘‡fl¡¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı øÚ•ß¬ı·« øÚ˜«±ÌÀfl¡ ¸±Ô«fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ŒÓ¬±À˘Úº ë‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ˚≈Xí ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬ ˚Ô±Ô« øÚ•ß¬ı·«’±‡…±Úº

Î¬◊À~‡¸”S –1º Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« [¸•Û±.] . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ [õ∂¬ıg],

ë’±˜±¬ı ˛ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú fl¡Ô±ø˙äœí, ˆ¬±¬ı ˛ø¬ı,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1994, ¬Û‘. 190º

2º ¬ı¬ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı . ¬ı±ø˙˚±¬ı ø‰¬øÍ¬ 1, ¬ı¬ıœf¬ı‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ 10,ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬œ ≈ ˆ¬ ¸—¶®¬ıÌ, Œ¬ÛÃ ∏ 1402, ¬Û‘. 555º

3º fl¡˘…±Ì ˜G˘∏ . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı ˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¬Ûø¬ı ˛‰¬˚˛[õ∂¬ıg], Œfl¡±¬ı˛fl¡ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬ÛøSfl¡± õ∂±flƒ¡ ˙±¬ı˛√ ¸—‡…±,1415, ¬Û‘. 399º

4º ¬ ø√¬ı…ÀÊ√…±øÓ ˜Ê≈√˜√±¬ı ˛ ¬ . ˆ¬±¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬¬ı ˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ –fl¡Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˘X ¢∂Lö[õ∂¬ıg], Œfl¡±¬ı ˛fl¡ ¸±ø˝√ √Ó¬… ¬ÛøSfl¡±, õ∂±flƒ¡ ˙±¬ı ˛√,1415, ¬Û‘. 389º

5º Œ√¬ı¬ıËÓ¬ ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ . ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ – ¤fl¡øÈ¬¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ¸˜œé¬±, Î¬◊M√√˜ ¬Û≈¬ı˛fl¡±˝◊√√Ó¬ [¸•Û±.] ë¸≈À¬ı±ÒŒ‚±¯∏ ’˚±øLafl¡ ø˙äœí, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2011, ¬Û‘. 232º

6º › ◊√√º7º › ◊√√º8º Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« [¸•Û±.] . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ|á¬

·ä, õ∂fl¡±˙ ˆ¬¬ıÚ, 1412, ¬Û‘. 219º9º ›˝◊√√ 4º10º ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛ . ¬ı˛±ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ø‰¬øÍ¬ 1, ¬ı˛¬ıœf¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ

10, ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ¸≈˘ˆ¬ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì, Œ¬ÛÃ¯∏ 1402, ¬Û‘.555º

11º Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ [õ∂¬ıg], ë’±˜±¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú fl¡Ô±ø˙äœí, ˆ¬±¬ı˛ø¬ı, 1994 , ¬Û‘.191º

12º ’èÌfl≈¡˜±¬ı ˛ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . Ê√·√œ˙ &5 ˜±øÚfl¡¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ [’Ò…±˚˛], ëfl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬Û≈M√√ø˘fl¡±í, Œ√íÊ√¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, 2004, ¬Û‘. 371º

13º Î¬◊8˘fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜Ê≈√˜√±¬ı˛ . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ŒÂ√±È¬·ä –øfl¡Â≈ √ ‰¬±ø¬ı ˛øSfl¡ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… [õ∂¬ıg], ë·ä ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡¬ı ˛Î¬±˚˛±ø¬ı˛í, ¬ıeœ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸—¸√, 2005, ¬Û‘. 153º

14º ¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ‰ ¬Sê ¬ıÓ « ¬ œ . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯ ∏ ¬ı ˛ ŒÂ √ ±È ¬·ä[’Ò…±˚˛], ëŒÂ√±È¬·Àä¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛-’±˙˚˛í, ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡ ø¬ı¬ÛøÌ,2004, ¬Û‘. 248º

15º Ó¬¬ÛÚ ˜G˘ . ·Àä¬ı ˛ Œ|øÌ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú [Ó‘ ¬Ó¬œ˚˛’Ò…± ˛],ë·äfl¡±¬ı˛ ≈À¬ı±Ò√ Œ‚± ∏ - Ê√œ¬ıÚ‘√ø©Ü › øÚ «±Ìø˙äí, :±Úø¬ıø‰¬S± õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ, 2007, ¬Û‘. 75-76º

16º õ∂¸”Ú Œ‚±¯ . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ ŒÂ√±È¬·ä – ˜±˝◊√√ÀSê±Ú…±À¬ı ˛øÈ¬Àˆ¬¬ı ˛ øÚ˜«±Ì [õ∂¬ıg], Î¬ ◊M√ √˜ ¬Û≈¬ı ˛fl¡±˝◊ √ √Ó¬[¸•Û±.] ë¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ’˚±øLafl¡ ø˙äœí, Î¬◊Ê√±·¬ı˛,2011, ¬Û‘. 61º

17º Œ√¬ı˘œÚ± ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ¬ı…Ô« ¬Û±øÚ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛˝√ √œÚ±˚˛fl¡ [õ∂¬ıg], ›˝◊√√, 2011, ¬Û‘. 145º

18º fl¡±ÚÚø¬ı √√±¬ıœ Œ·±¶§±˜œ . ≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À ∏¬ı ŒÂ√±È¬·ä [õ∂¬ıg],Ó¬èÌ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ [¸•Û±.] ë¬ı±—˘± ŒÂ√±È¬·ä – ¬Û¬ı«-¬Û¬ı«±ôL¬ıí, ’¬ÛÌ«± ¬ı≈fl¡ øÎ¬ø¶Üòø¬ıÎ¬◊È¬¬ıƒ , 2005, ¬Û‘. 139º

19º Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ˆ¬^ [¸•Û±.] . ¬Û±Ô« ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± –øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ [õ∂¬ıg], ’±Úµ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2008, ¬Û‘. 17º

20º Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« [¸•Û±.] . ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ|á¬·ä, õ∂fl¡±˙ ˆ¬¬ıÚ, 1412, ¬Û‘. 211º

21º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û‘. 201º22º ›˝◊√√º23º Can the Subalturn Speak? in Cary

Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds.Marxism and the Interpretation of Cul-ture (Chicago: University of Illinois

Press 1988). http://googlebooks.com/books?id=rtpgMCVSoplC&print sec.

24º Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ˆ¬^ [¸•Û±.] . ¬Û±Ô« ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± –øÚ•ß ¬ıÀ· « ¬ı ˛ ˝ ◊ √ √ øÓ¬˝ √ √ ±¸ ‰¬‰ « ¬ ± ¬ı ˛ ˝ ◊ √ √ øÓ¬˝ √ √ ±¸, ’±Úµ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ¬Û‘. 17º

25º ¬Û±Ô« ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± – øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸‰¬‰«¬±¬ı ˛ ˝◊ √ √ øÓ¬˝√ √±¸ [õ∂¬ıg], ëøÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı ˛ ˝◊ √ √ øÓ¬˝√ √±¸í,’±Úµ ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2008, ¬Û‘. 17-18º

26º Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« [¸•Û±.] . ë¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ|á¬·äí, õ∂fl¡±˙ ˆ¬¬ıÚ, 1412, ¬Û‘. 201-211º

27º ¬ı˛ÌøÊ√» & √√ . øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸ [õ∂¬ıg], Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ˆ¬^› ¬Û±Ô« ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ [¸•Û±.] ëøÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸í’±Úµ ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2008, ¬Û‘. 45º

28º ›˝◊√, ¬Û‘. 44√º29º ˜˝√ √ ±Àù´Ó¬± Œ√ ¬ıœ . ’¬ı ˛ÀÌ…¬ı ˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı ˛ ¤¬ı—...,

ë’¬ı˛ÀÌ…¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛í [Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸], fl¡èÌ± õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ,¤fl¡ø¬ı—˙ ˜≈^Ì, Ù¬±â≈Ú 1416, ¬Û‘. 15º ¤‡±ÀÚŒ˘ø‡fl¡± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ √Ú Œ˚, Ê√œ ¬ı»fl¡±À˘˝ ◊ √ √ ø ¬ı ¬ı ˛¸±ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜˚«±√± ¬Û±˚˛ › ˜≈`¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬øÎ¬ˇ»·øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ø¬ı¬ı˛¸±Àfl¡ ëÒ¬ı˛øÓ¬-’±¬ı˛±í ¬ıÀ˘ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º

30º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û‘. 46º31º Ê√·√œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« [¸•Û±.] . ë¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ|á¬

·äí, õ∂fl¡±˙ ˆ¬¬ıÚ, 1412, ¬Û‘. 211º32º ¬ı˛ÌøÊ√» & √√ . øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸, ëøÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸í,

’±Úµ ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2008, ¬Û‘. 46º

¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂Lö¬Ûø? › ¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ¬ÛS1º ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ, ¸≈ø˜Ó¬± – ŒÂ√±È ¬·Àä¬ı ˛ ø ¬ı¯ ∏˚ ˛-

’±˙˚˛, ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡

ø¬ı¬ÛøÌ, 2004º2º Œ√¬ıœ, ˜˝√√±Àù´Ó¬± – ’¬ı˛ÀÌ…¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛, fl¡èÌ±

õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ, 1416º3º Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛, ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô – ¬ı˛¬ıœf¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ

¸≈˘ˆ¬ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì, 1995º4º ¬Û±˘, ¬ı ˛ø¬ıÚ – ¬ı±—˘± ŒÂ√±È¬·ä- fl‘¡Ó¬œ › ¬ı ˛œøÓ¬,

¬ıËp¡¬Û≈¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙Ú, 2003º5º ¬Û≈¬ı˛fl¡±˝◊√√Ó¬, Î¬◊M√√˜ [¸•Û±.] – ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±¯∏ ’˚±øLafl¡

ø˙äœ, 2011º6º ˆ¬^, Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ [¸•Û±.] – øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸, ’±Úµ

¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, 2008º7º ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, Ê√·√œ˙ [¸•Û±.] – ¸≈À¬ı±Ò Œ‚±À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ|á¬

·ä, õ∂fl¡±˙ ˆ¬¬ıÚ, 2008º8º ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, Ó¬À¬Û±Òœ¬ı˛ – õ∂Ó¬œÀ‰¬…¬ı˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬N,

’˜‘Ó¬À˘±fl¡, 2002º9º Œˆ¬Ãø˜fl¡, Ó¬±¬Û¸ [¸•Û±.]– Œfl¡±¬ı˛fl¡ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬ÛøSfl¡±

õ∂±flƒ¡ ˙±¬ı˛√ ¸—‡…±, 2008º10º ˜Ê≈√˜√±¬ı˛, Î¬◊8˘fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ – ·ä ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Î¬±˚˛±ø¬ı˛, ¬

ıeœ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸—¸√, 2005º11º ˜G˘, Ó¬¬ÛÚ – ·äfl¡±¬ı˛ ¸≈À¬ı±Ò√ Œ‚±¯∏ - Ê√œ¬ıÚ‘√ø©Ü ›

øÚ˜«±Ì ø˙ä, :±Úø¬ıø‰¬S±, 2007º

12º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ’èÌfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ – fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬Û≈M√√ø˘fl¡±,Œ√íÊ√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘ø˙—, 2004º

13º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, Ó¬èÌ [¸•Û±.] – ¬ı±—˘± ŒÂ√±È¬·ä -¬Û¬ı«-¬Û¬ı«±ôL¬ı˛, ’¬ÛÌ«± ¬ı≈fl¡øÎ¬ø¶Üòø¬ıÎ¬◊È¬¬ı˛ƒ¸, 2005º

14º Œ¸Ú˜Ê≈√˜√±¬ı˛, Ê√˝√√¬ı˛ – øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±˚˛Ú, ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡ø¬ı¬ÛøÌ, 2007º

15º Guha, Ranjit (ed.) – Subaltern StudiesVI, Oxford UniversityPress, 1999.



vvv



¬ıøÇ˜-ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛ ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S S˚˛œ

≈ø˜Ó¬± ˆ¬A±‰¬± «¬ı±—˘± ø¬ıˆ¬±·, ’±˚«… ø¬ı√…±¬ÛœÍ¬ fl¡À˘Ê√, &˚˛±˝√√±øÈ¬-781 016, ’¸˜º

ë˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬íñ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±À¸¬ı˛ Ò” ¬ı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ≈À·¬ı˛¸±é¬œ ¤fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ-¸•Û‘Mê√ fl¡±¬ı…º fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ‚”øÌ«·øÓ¬ÀÓ¬Œfl¡±˘± √√À˘¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÀ· ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±À¬ı… Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı Î¬◊»øé¬5 √√À ˛ÀÂ√¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ ¤øÈ¬ ˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ fl¡±˘Ê√˚˛œ ø‰¬¬ı˛¶ö±˚˛œ ¸•ÛÀ√¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ë˜˝√ √±ˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ¶ÛøµÓ¬ ¤˝◊ √ √Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ¸√Ô«fl¡ ¬ı± Ú¤ûÔ«fl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ◊√√’±¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤ Œ˚Ú ¸»-’¸»-¤¬ı˛ Œ¬ıÎ¬ˇ± øˆ¬ø„√√À˚˛¤fl¡ ˜±ÚÀ¸±»¸≈fl¡ ˝√√—¸, ¸¬ı«√±˝◊√√ ˜≈øMê√fl¡±˜œº qÒ≈ Ó¬±-˝◊√√ Ú˚˛,¤˝◊√√ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛˙±˘±øÈ¬ ˜Ú≈¯∏…‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ŒÚ±—¬ı˛±ø˜¤¬ı— ˜˝√√ÀN¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏¸œ˜± ¸•§Àg ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı·Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±˚˛º’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Î¬◊ij≈Mê√ ’fl‘¡øS˜ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡Ó¬±, øÍ¬fl¡Œ˚˜ÚøÈ¬¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬˜Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±, ˜˝√√±fl¡±¬ı…¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈Àõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˜”À˘˝◊√√ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øÂ√˘º ë¬ı˛±˜±˚˛Ìí, ë˝◊√√ø˘˚˛±Î¬í

› ë›øÎ¬ø¸í¬ı˛ ¬˜ÀÓ¬± ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í› ’ÀÔÚøÈ¬fl¡ ˜˝√√±fl¡±¬ı…º¤¬ı˛ ø‰¬S-‰¬ø¬ı˛S, ¸˜±Ê√ › Ê√œ¬ıÚõ∂¬ı±˝√√-¤¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ø‰¬S± ˛ÀÌ¬ı˛˜”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡ ’fl‘¡øS˜ ∆Ú¸√ø·«fl¡ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±º fl¡±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¤ÀÓ¬Œ¸fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ S”ê¬ı˛Ó¬±, ¬ı¬ı«¬ı˛Ó¬± › ¬Û±˙ø¬ıfl¡Ó¬± øÂ√˘ Ú¢üøÚ¬ı˛±¬ı¬ı˛Ì ’¬ı¶ö±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˚≈Mê√ øÂ√˘ Œ¸fl¡±À˘¬ı˛¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡Ó¬±º Ó¬±˝◊√ √ Œ¸fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ S≈êÎ¬ é¬øS˚˛ ˆ¬œ˜ Œ˚˜Ú˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ı˛Mê√¬Û±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÊ√‚±—¸± Ó‘¬5 fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛,1

ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ŒÊ√…á¬w±Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡È¬±é¬˜±S ˙±¸ÀÚ, ¬ÛPœ¬ı˛ ’¬Û˜±Ú¶§‰¬Àé¬ Œ√À‡› ’±R¸—˚À˜ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√˚˛º2 ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛˜˝√√±fl¡ø¬ı øÚø˘«5ˆ¬±À¬ı ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ø¬ı˙±˘ ŒÙË¬À˜ ¸±√±-fl¡±À˘±, ¸è-Œ˜±È¬± Ó≈¬ø˘¬ı˛ ’“±‰¬ÀÎ¬ˇ Ù≈¬øÈ¬À ˛ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√Ú ’¸—‡…ø‰¬Sº ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Â√ø¬ı fl¡±˘Àfl¡ ’øÓ¬Sê˜fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛øÚ, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Â√ø¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı…?Ú±

ABSTRACT : The characters of the Mahabharata which form the indispensible facet ofIndian knowledge, culture and way of life are found to have been treated and focussed uponin different manners in the literary ambit and arena of Bankimchandra. On one side heelevated to a typical level his diliberations on these characters under the light of 'dharma'and philosophy, and on the other, there have been occasions in his literary-exposure when helet his thoughts and considerations enough scope to ponder upon different aspects fromdifferent angles.

The paper is an effort to expose his views and lead home the line of his thinking throughthe analysis of the relevent aspects of the three characters of the Mahabharata namely,Yudhisthira, Arjuna and Karna.

THE THREE CHARACTERS OF THE MAHABHARATA IN THELIGHT OF BANKIMCHANDRA'S ANALYSIS

fl¡±˘±Ó¬œÓ¬º fl¡Ó¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe˝◊√√-Ú± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¸±é¬±»fl¡±¬ı˛‚ÀÈ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚº ˜±Ú¬ı-˜Úô¶ÀN¬ı˛ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬± › ¬ı˛˝√√¸…˜˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√ √fÒÚ≈26√È¬± ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ··ÀÚ Á¡˘À¸√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛‰¬˜øfl¡Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˜¬ı˛± ‰¬ø¬ı˛S&ø˘¬ı˛ ˜Úô¶N ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡ø¬ı˛Ú±Ú± ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡º Œfl¡Î¬◊-ı± ø¬ı√* ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√Ú ø√À ˛ø¬ı√…± ˛Ó¬øÚfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı, Œfl¡Î¬◊ ø‰¬¬ı˛fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ú¬ı˜Úø¬ıÀ˙ ∏: ¶⁄©Ü±¬ı˛˜ÀÓ¬±, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡Î¬◊-¬ı± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘ √ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ˜Úô¶±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛ˆ¬øeÀÓ¬ ë˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S&ø˘ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ıeÀ√À˙˚“±¬ı˛± ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬fÓ“¬±À√¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…Ó¬˜º ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ë˜˝√ √±ˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬í ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛Ú±Ú±¶ö±ÀÚ Ú±Ú± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ¸˝◊√√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±fl¡±À˘ë˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S› Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ”¬Ó¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√º

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û(±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬± ˝√√˘ ¬ıeœ˚˛ Œ¬ı˛ÀÚ¸“±¸º ¬ıeœ˚˛Ú¬ıÊ√±·¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S øÂ√˘ ëBack to our-selvesíº3 ¬ıe¸±ø √√ÀÓ¬… øÓ¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û(±»õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ˘é¬fl¡¬ı˛± ø·À ˛øÂ√ º Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œ¸ø√Ú Œ¬ıø˙ Ú±Î¬ˇ±‰¬±Î¬ˇ± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú˜‘Ó¬ ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ‡±˘¸ øÚÀ˚˛, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜Ò≈¸”√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±¬ı…øÓ¬Sê˜Ò˜«œ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬± ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‡≈“ÀÊ√ÀÂ√Ú ¤fl¡ ˙±ù´Ó¬Ê√œ¬ıÚÀ¬ı√Àfl¡º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ ˛Ó¬, ¬ıeÀ√À˙¬ı˛ Ú¬ıÊ√±·¬ı˛Ìœ ¬ÛÈ¬ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˛’±À¬ı˛fl¡øÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛± ∆Ó¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˚≈øMê,√ ˜ÚÚ˜≈ø‡Ó¬±,Ó¬fl«¡ › ¬ı≈øX ø√À˚˛ õ∂±‰¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú ¬ı± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Ó¬±¬ı˛‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡Ó¬± ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±øÈ¬¬Û±(±Ó¬… ‘ø©Üˆ¬øe¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬º ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛Œ·±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬fº

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬… ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SÀfl¡’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’ôL ≈«¬Mê√ fl¡¬ı˛± √√À ˛ÀÂ√º Œ¸ ◊√√ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S&ø˘√√ ’Ê≈«√Ú, ≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ › fl¡Ì«º ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ õ∂ÔÀ˜ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Î¬◊Mê√

øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ &èQ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬¬Û±À¬ı˛º

fl≈¡ôLœ¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û≈S ’Ê≈«√Ú˝◊√√ ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ıœ¬ı˛¬˚“±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ë·œÓ¬±í¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ√˙ qÀÚ Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡ ÒÚ…˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º4 ˜˝√√±fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛ Ú±˚˛Àfl¡±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¸˜ô¶ ˘é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ› ¬ı˛˜Ìœ˜ÀÚ±˝√√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±Ú≈¯∏øÈ¬ ëfl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ ¸‡± › ˜Laø˙¯∏…,õ∂≈√…•ß › ¸±Ó¬…øfl¡¬ı˛ ’¶aø˙é¬fl¡, Ú±Ú± ø¬ı√…±˚˛ ø¬ı˙±¬ı˛√ ¤¬ı—’øÓ¬˙˚˛ ¬ı˛+¬Û¬ı±Úí 5, ëøfl¡c ¤Ó¬ ¬ıœ¬ı˛Q Ô±fl¡± ¸ÀN› ¤˝◊√√˜±Ú≈ ∏øÈ¬ Œ˜Ã ∏ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¤¬ı— ˜ √√±õ∂¶ö±øÚfl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¶§·«±À¬ı˛± √√Ìfl¡±À˘ëfall down before reaching their destination[heaven]' as, according to Yudhisthira hehad boasted that he possessed the capability

to defeat all the enemies in one single daybut could not accomplish it.í6

ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ˆ¬˚˛—fl¡¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÀÓ¬« ø˚øÚ ø¶ö¬ı˛ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬Œ¬ÛÀ¬ı ˛ÀÂ√Ú, ¬Û=¬Û±GÀ¬ı¬ı ˛ õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±G¬ı Œ¸˝◊ √ √ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı ˛ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ’±R± › ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ Œfl¡f¶ö ¬Û≈è¯∏ºÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ëõ∂·±Ï¬ˇ õ∂:± › øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß ’±ÀR±ißøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±í7

¬ı˛À ˛ÀÂ√ ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬º Ê√ÕÚfl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ë ≈ ”Ñ·˝√√œÚ Ò˜«¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl¡ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛íº8

õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û±Ô« fl¡Ì« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√ÕÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡¡ ˜ôL¬ı…fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ëKarna is perhaps the most tragicand also the most noble fiugre in theMahabharata, whose tragedy began withhis birthí9º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ‚À¬ı˛ Ê√ij øÚÀ˚˛› Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˝√√ÀÓ¬˝√√À ˛ÀÂ√ ”ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‚À¬ı˛º ¸øÓ¬… ◊√√ ¤¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À ˛¡ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ¬¬∏C…±ÀÊ√øÎ¬ ’±¬ı˛˝√ √ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º øfl¡c ’¸œ˜ √±Ú˙œ˘ ¤˝◊√ √ fl¡Ì« ’ÀÚfl¡¬Û±¬Ûfl¡±Ê√› fl¡À¬ı ˛ÀÂ√Úº fl¡Ì« ¸•ÛÀfl¡ « fl‘¡¯û fl¡Ì«¬ÛÀ¬ı « ¬ı ˛¤fl¡¶ö±ÀÚ ’Ê≈«√ÚÀfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú,

˚2‰¬ ˚≈É±¸≈ ¬Û±¬Û— ∆¬ı Ò±M«√√¬ı˛±©Ü™– õ∂˚≈Mê√¬ı±ÚƒºÓ¬S ¸¬ı«S ≈√©Ü±R± fl¡Ì«– ¬Û±¬Û˜øÓ¬˜≈«‡˜ƒºº10

’Ô«±»ñë≈√À «±ÒÚ ŒÓ¬±˜±À√¬ı Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı ˚Ó¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±¬ı fl¡ø¬ı˚±ÀÂ√,

≈√¬ı˛±R± › ¬Û±¬Û˜øÓ¬ fl¡Ì«˝◊√√ Œ¸ ¸˜Àô¶¬ı˛ ˜”˘º¤-fl¡Ô± ¸Ó¬… ¬ıÀÈ¬ , øfl¡c ¤-fl¡Ô±› ¸Ó¬… Œ˚,

ëˆ¬±·…ø¬ıÎ¬ø•§Ó¬ øfl¡c √√+√ ¬ı±Ú, Ú±Ú±&ÀÌ ˜ √√œ˚±Ú ˜ √√±¬ıœ¬ı fl¡Ì«¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸ƒ√ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±˝◊√√ ¬Û±Ú Ú±˝◊√√º ¸±¬ı˛± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«Ó“¬±˝√ √±¬ı˛ ’±˝√√Ó¬ Œ¬ÛÃèÀ¯∏¬ı˛ ˜”˘… ø√˚˛±ÀÂ√Ú Œfl¡¬ı˘ ¬Û±¬Ûœ≈√À˚«±Ò√Úº Ó¬±˝◊√√ fl¡Ì« Ó“¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸eœíº11

¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ¤˝◊ √ √ fl¡ÀÌ « ¬ı ˛ ·¬ı ˛ œ˚ ˛ ±Ú ˜ ‘Ó ≈ ¬ … ’±˜±À √ ¬ı ˛¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úfl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡º Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø√fl¡ ˝√√˘ Ò˜« ›√ «Úº ·œÀÓ¬±Mê√ øÚ©®±˜ ÒÀ «¬ı˛ ’±√ « ¬ıøÇ˜-˜±Ú¸Àfl¡ ¤Ó¬È¬± ◊√√’±26√iß fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ Œ˚, Œ˚-’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Î¬◊Í¬À˘ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛˜ÀÚ ŒÊ√À· ›ÀÍ¬ ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ’Ô‰¬ õ∂Ì˚˛√é¬ ¤fl¡ ˚≈¬ıÀfl¡¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı,¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f Œ˘øÎ¬¬-øfl¡˘±¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ıœ¬ı˛Àfl¡› ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸ÀeÒÀ «¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ Œ¸±¬Û±ÀÚ ¶ö±Ú ø√À ˛ÀÂ√Úº12 ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬fÒ˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ëÒ˜« ’±R¸•§gœ›ÚÀ˝√√, ¬Û¬ı˛¸•§gœ› ÚÀ˝√√º ¸˜ô¶ ¬ı‘øM√√&ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú¤¬ı— ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬¬˝◊√ √ Ò˜«º Ó¬±˝√√± ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…› fl¡ø¬ı˛À¬ı Ú±,¬ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…› fl¡ø¬ı˛À¬ı Ú±º Ò˜« ¬ıø˘˚˛±˝◊ √ √ fl¡ø¬ı˛À¬ıº Œ¸˝◊√ √

¬ıøÇ˜-ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛ ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S S˚˛œ

‹øÓ¬˝√√… The Heritage, Vol.I 2011 71

¬ı‘øM√√&ø˘ øÚÊ√ ¸•§øgÚœ , Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚ ¶§±Ô« › ¬Û¬ı˛±Ô«¤fl¡ÀS ø¸X ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬˘Ó¬– Ò˜« ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˘ ¶§±Ô« ¤¬ı—¬Û¬ı˛±Ô« õ∂Àˆ¬√ Î¬◊Í¬±˝◊√ √˚˛± Œ√›˚˛± ’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬Î¬◊ÀV˙…ºí13 ’Ô«±» øÚ©®±˜ › øÚ¬ı˛±¸Mê√ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛±˝◊√ √Ò˜«º ¤‡±ÀÚ Ò±ø˜«Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ˚- ¸—:± ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛øÂ√,’Ê≈«√ÚÀfl¡ Œ¸-’ÀÔ« Ò±ø˜«fl¡ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Œfl¡ÚÚ± øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡õ∂øÓ¬¡ZiZœ˝√√œÚ ’ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ÒÚ≈ø¬ı«√ ¤¬ı— Œ^±Ìø˙¯∏…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Œ|á¬Q õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… &è Œ^±Ì±‰¬± «Àfl¡ ’Ê≈«√Ú¤˜Úˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂À¬ı˛±ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú Œ˚, øÓ¬øÚ &è√øé¬Ì±¬ı˛+À¬ÛÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ø˙¯∏…õ∂øÓ¬˜ Œ¸˝◊√√ øÚ¯∏± √¬ı±˘fl¡øÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı‘X±e≈á¬øÈ¬ ’±√±˚˛fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ˘Úº14 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸Àµ˝√√ ŒÚ˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¤-‚È¬Ú±øÈ¬ ’Ê≈«√Ú‰¬ø¬ı ˛ÀS ¤fl¡ øÚ˘«7¡¡¡ fl¡˘Çø‰¬˝ê ’±¬ı ˛ ¤-fl¡Ô±¬ı ˛ ¸±é¬œ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛±º15 ¤˝◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛˜ÀÒ… ¬ıøÇ˜-fl¡øÔÓ¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±é¬±» ¬Û±˝◊-√√Ú±º ’Ê≈√«ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√õ∂±Ì øˆ¬é¬±õ∂±5 ˜˚˛√±Ú¬ı fl‘¡Ó¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚ√˙«Ú¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ’Ê≈«√ÚÀfl¡øfl¡Â≈√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ‰¬± ◊√√À˘ ’Ê≈«√Ú ’±¸iß ‘Ó≈¬… ŒÔÀfl¡¬ ¬ı˛é¬±õ∂±ø5 ¡Z±¬ı˛±Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ‰¬± ◊√√À˘Ú Ú±º Œ˙À ∏ ˜ ˛Àfl¡ ≈‡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ıø=Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú±-Œ‰¬À˚˛ ’Ê≈«√Ú ˜˚˛Àfl¡ fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˘À˘Úº16 ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ë˝◊√ √˝√√±˝◊√ √ øÚ©®±˜ Ò˜« ,‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ˝◊√√˝√√± Ú±˝◊√ºí√ 17 øfl¡c ’Ê≈«√Ú ˚ø√ øÚ©®±˜ Ò «fl¡œ Ó¬±¬ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬Ú øfl¡—¬ı± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜Ú ˚ø√ ¬Û”¬ı« ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ øÚ©®±˜√√Ó¬, Ó¬À¬ı ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ fl≈¡èÀé¬S ≈ÀX¬ı˛ õ∂±!¡±À˘ ˆ¬œÉ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¿fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’Ê≈«√ÚÀfl¡ øÚ©®±˜ ÒÀ «¬ı ¬Û±Í¬ øÚ√ÀÓ¬ √√Ó¬ Ú±º ¤ ◊√√ õ∂¸Àe¤-fl¡Ô± ˚Ô±Ô« Œ˚, ë’Ú≈·œÓ¬±fl¡ÔÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±À· fl‘¡¯û Œ˚ Ó“¬±Àfl¡|X±˝√√œÚ › øÚÀ¬ı«±Ò ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú [’±ù´À˜øÒfl¡ ¬Û¬ı« . 16],Œ¸˝◊√√ øÓ¬¬ı˛¶®±¬ı˛ ’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂±¬Û… øÂ√˘ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ºí 18 ’±˜¬ı˛±¬ı˘¬ı, ’Ê≈«√Ú ‡±G¬ı√± √√√Ú fl¡±À˘› øÚ©®±˜ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ÚøÚº ¤-õ∂¸Àe ¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡Ô± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı ˛ Œ˚±·… Œ˚, ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚ©®±˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ øÚÀ˚˛ ø‰¬ôL±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ’Ô‰¬øÓ¬øÚ Œ˜Ã¯∏˘¬ÛÀ¬ı« ˚±√¬ı ¬ı˛˜ÌœÀ√¬ı˛ ¸≈…√À˘¬ı˛ ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡¬ı˛é¬±ÀÔ« ’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛19 ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl¡« ¤fl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛˝◊√√Úœ¬ı˛¬ı ¬ı˛˝◊√√À˘Úº øfl¡c ¤˝◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±øÈ¬ ˆ¬±ø¬ıÀ˚˛ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√ ≈√Ê√ÚÎ¬◊8˘ ¬ı…øMê√QÀfl¡º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ ’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±˚˛fl¡Q ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛fl¡À¬ı˛› Ó“¬±Àfl¡ fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ ˝√ √±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ SêœÎ¬ˇÚfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ‚±¯∏Ì±fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº20 Œ˜Ã ∏ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ’Ê≈«√Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛-’ˆ¬…ô¶ Ê√ ˛ ŒÔÀfl¡Öø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À ˛ ≈ ”√√ÀÓ«¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’Ú≈ ¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚfl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±,21 øfl¡c ¤-fl¡Ô± øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬¬Û±¬ı˛À˘Ú Ú± Œ˚, ëÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ √±ø¬ı˛^… Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‹ù´À˚«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√øÚø˝√√Ó¬ øÂ˘, ¤˝◊√√ øÚ–¶§Ó¬± ‚øÈ¬À˚˛ fl‘¡¯û Ó¬“±Àfl¡ Œ˙¯∏ ø˙é¬±ø√À˚˛ Œ·À˘Úº22 ¤-Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’Ê≈«√Ú ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ √ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬

Œ√À‡ ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı ≈ ˜ôL¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ë’¸±˜±Ú… õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±›√GÚœ˚˛º23 ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı ˛ ¬ıœfÚ±Ô ˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√ √ÀÓ¬…¬ı ˛˙±¶a±Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì õ∂¸Àe ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±fl¡±À˘ ‘√©Ü±ôLø˝√√À¸À¬ı øÚÀ˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√Ú ’Ê≈«√Ú¬ÛÓ¬ÚÀfl¡º øÓ¬øÚ ’Ê≈«√Ú‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ’Ê≈«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤Ó¬¬ıÎ¬ˇ ¬ıœ¬ı˛QÈ¬±› Œ˙¯∏¬Û˚«ôLÓ¬ø˘À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡ ¸±˜±Ú… √¸≈…√À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı¬ı«¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚº24

øÓ¬øÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ˙±À¶a¬ı˛ Œ¸ ◊√√ øÚÀ«√˙Àfl¡ ˚±Ù¬˘±fl¡±„∏é¬±˝√√œÚ Ò˜«Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˜±S ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ìœ˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ‚±¯∏Ì±fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f › ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ê«≈√Ú‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ’Ê≈«√Ú‰¬ø¬ı˛S Î¬◊À¬Û˚˛º øfl¡c¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ ’Ê≈« √Ú‰¬ø¬ı˛S Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛˜±Sº ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ø√À ˛ÀÂ√Ú ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛, ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Œ·ÃÌº’±¬ı˛ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ’±√˙«È¬±Àfl¡ ’±À· Ò…±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ’¬ı˘•§ÀÚ ¤˝◊√√ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ Â“√±À‰¬ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SÀfl¡¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ù¬À˘ ¤˝◊√√ Œ‰¬©Ü±fl‘¡Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛˝√√+√˚˛Àfl¡ Ó‘¬5 fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ’Ê«≈√ÚÀfl¡ ’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈¬ı˛ øÚ©®±ø˙Ó¬ Ó¬N ¬ıÎ¬ˇ Œ¬ıø˙ ˚≈øMê√øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛’±À¬ı√Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈øX¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ¬ı˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˝√ √+√À˚˛¬ı ˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı˛¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ’Ê≈«√Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œ˚-ø¸X±ôL ¤ÀÚÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± ˜”˘Ó¬’±√˙«øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛º

’±¸À˘ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ’±√ «-¸g±Úœ ˜Ú ë˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛S&ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±√ «Àfl¡ Sê˜±·Ó¬ ’Ú≈ g±Ú fl¡¬ı˛øÂ˘ ¤¬ı—Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’Ê≈«√Ú ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ˜”˘…±˚˛Úº

ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ Ò±ø˜«fl¡ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬›ø˝ √ √µ ≈ÒÀ˜« ¬ı ˛ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÚ ’±À˘±Î¬ ˇÚÊ√±ø·À ˛ÀÂ√º ≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ¸±√± ¬ÛÀÈ¬ ’ù´O±˜± √√Ó¬ √√¬ı±¬ı˛ø˜Ô…± ¸—¬ı±√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú±øÈ¬Àfl¡25 ’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ê√ÕÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ¤-fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ë¤ ◊√√ ‚È¬Ú± ◊√√ ≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS ¸¬ı«±À¬Ûé¬± fl¡˘ÇÊ√Úfl¡í26 ’Ô‰¬ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS ¤˝◊√√ fl¡˘Çø¬ıµ≈¬ı˛ ’øô¶Q ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº Œfl¡ÚÚ±¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛S Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬’¸—·Ó¬º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛, ë¬Û¬ı˛˜ Ò˜«±R± ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛¸Àe ¤˝◊√√ Ú‘˙—¸ ø¬ıù´±¸‚±Ó¬fl¡Ó¬± › ø˜Ô…± õ∂¬ı=Ú±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±&èøÚ¬Û±Ó¬ ˚±‘√˙ ’¸eÓ¬, Ó¬Ó¬ ’¸eÓ¬ ’±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú ≈√˝◊√ √¬ıd˝◊√√ ˝√√˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±ºí27 ¤ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ’ÒÀ˜«±ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛Àfl¡¸•Û”Ì« Ò±ø «fl¡¬ı˛+À¬Û õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ◊√√

˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS ¤˝◊√ √ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ’¸—·Ó¬ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚfl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¤ ◊√√ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS ’ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬º øfl¡c’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘¬ı Ó¬± Ú˚˛º Œfl¡ÚÚ± Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ’ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ¬ı “±fl¡’±¸ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ Ú±Ú± Â√Àµ Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§˘øÊ√Àfl¡ ‰¬À˘º øfl¡c ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸œø˜Ó¬ Œ¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ‰¬˙˜± ø√À˚˛Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ Œ√ø‡ ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬±¬ı ˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ¸•úÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı ˛Ì±À˜¬ı ˛’±¬ı˙…fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı≈øÁ¡ Ú±º ¬ı¬ı˛— Ó¬± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛ Ê√±·±˚˛ ›’±¬ÛøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ √√ ˛º ’Ô‰¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì« Œ¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¤ ◊√√’±¬ÛøÓ¬fl¡˝◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ È¬±ÀÚ ˚Ô±˚Ô ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬, ’À˜±‚ ˝√√À˚˛“√±Î¬ˇ± ˛º ¸±ø √√ÀÓ¬… Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ◊√√ ‡±øÓ¬À¬ı˛ ’Ô«±» Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛+¬Û ›Ó¬±»¬Û˚«Àfl¡ ¢∂øÔÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛ › ’À˜±‚Ó¬±¤fl¡¸Àe ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ò¬ı˛± Œ√ ˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıù´±¸… √√À ˛ ›ÀÍ¬ºÓ¬± ◊√√ Ê√ÕÚfl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸•Û”Ì« ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ √√À ˛¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛, ëë.... Ò «¬ı˛±Ê√ ≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ø˜Ô…± ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Úº øfl¡c¤› Ê√±øÚ, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’¬ı¶ö±¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬fl¡±¬ı˛˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¤˜Úˆ¬±À¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚ ˚≈XÀé¬ÀSÓ“¬±¬ı ˛ ø˜Ô…±ˆ¬±¯∏Ì ’±˜±À√¬ı ˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ õ∂Ó¬œøÓ¬À˚±·… ˝√ √À˚˛Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ºíí28 ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¸˜À˚˛±ø‰¬Ó¬, Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó¬±˚Ô±˚Ôº øfl¡c ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¤fl¡Ê√Ú Ò±ø˜«Àfl¡¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ‡≈“ÀÊ√ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À ˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤‡Ú Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı Ò «øÊ√øÚ¸È¬± ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œfl¡±Úƒ ’Ô«Àfl¡ ¬ı √√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±ÀÚºë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ Œ^±Ì¬ÛÀ¬ı« fl‘¡¯û ˚‡Ú ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛Àfl¡ Œ^±Ì-¬Û≈S’ù´O±˜±¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…¬ı˛ ø˜Ô…±-¸—¬ı±√ Î¬◊2‰¬±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈À¬ı˛±Òfl¡¬ı ˛À˘Ú Ó¬‡Ú ¸Ó¬…¬ı±√œ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı ˛ øÚ–¸ÀµÀ˝√ √ ¤fl¡È¬±Ò˜«¸—fl¡ÀÈ¬ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇøÂ√À˘Úº Œfl¡ÚÚ± ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¸ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛≈øMê√ èé¬, q©® ¤¬ı— ’Ú˜Úœ ˛º øfl¡c ¤¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÀÓ¬ “√±øÎ¬ˇÀ ˛

fl‘¡¯û Œ˚ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ˚≈øMê√ Œ˙±Ú±À26√ÚØ29 fl¡œ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛º fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…À¬ı±Ò ŒÓ¬± ˜±Ú¬ı¶§ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º fl¡±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬ıUÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬±ÀÔ«˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛Àfl¡ Œ^±Ì¬ıÀÒ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø˜Ô…±¬ı±fl¡… ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˘º ¤˝◊√√ø˜Ô…±¬ı±fl¡… øÚÂ√fl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¿fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ ’±À√À˙ Œõ∂ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬ı±fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˙¬ıÓ«¬œ ˝√√À˚˛30 ¬ı˘± fl¡Ô± Ú˚˛º ¤ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛¬Ûø¬ı ˛‰ ¬±˚ ˛fl¡º Œfl¡ÚÚ± øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ú≈¯ ∏, Ó “ ¬ ± ¬ı ˛ fl¡ “ ±ÀÒ ’±ÀÂ√˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸¬ı √±ø˚˛Qº Ó¬±˝◊√√ Œ^±Ì¬ıÀÒ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚-ø˜Ô…±Î¬◊2‰¬±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂ô¶±¬ı fl‘¡¯û ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú ’Ê≈«√Ú õ∂¬ı˘ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú , ’Ô‰¬ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬fl¡À©Ü Ó¬± Œ˜ÀÚŒÚÚº31 fl¡±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ë... Œ^±Ì¬ıÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ø˜Ô…± Î¬◊2‰¬±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÓ¬øÚ Œfl¡±Ú› ’Ú…±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚºí32 Œfl¡ÚÚ± øÓ¬øÚ ëÒ˜«±R±,øfl¡c fl¡‡ÀÚ±˝◊√√ Ò˜«±g ÚÚ...ºí33

’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ ¤À¸ ¤-fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, Œ˚-

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f õ∂±‰¬…-¬Û±(±Ó¬… √˙«ÀÚ¬ı˛ :±ÀÚ ¸˜‘X ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú,¬ıUÊ√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˝√√ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ó¬N34 ŒÓ¬± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’Ê√±Ú± øÂ√˘ Ú±º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ëfl‘¡¯û‰¬ø¬ı˛Sí ¢∂ÀLö øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ë˚W±¬ı˛± Œ˘±fl¡¬ı˛é¬± ¬ı±Œ˘±fl¡ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±˝√√±˝◊√√ Ò˜«í,35 ¤˝◊√√ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬…ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√ √ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı Ò±ø˜«Àfl¡¬ı˛ŒÙË¬À˜¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÂ√±È¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√‡±¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡œÌ«Ó¬± ˜±Ú±˚˛ Ú±º’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ¬ı˛¬ıœf-¬ıøÇÀ˜¬ı˛ Œ¸ ◊√√ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ¬ÛS ≈ÀX¬ı˛fl¡Ô± Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸Ó¬…ÒÀ˜«¬ı ˛ ˚Ô±Ô« ¸—:± øÚÒ«±¬ı ˛Ì fl¡±À˘¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ë¸Ó¬…í › ëø˜Ô…±í ˙s ≈√øÈ¬Àfl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ’ÀÔ« ¬ı…¬ı √√±¬ı˛fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ¸‡±ÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛È¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¤ˆ¬±À¬ıŒ˚, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˚-’ÀÔ« ë¸Ó¬…í › ø˜Ô…±í˙s ≈√øÈ¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√+Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√, øÓ¬øÚ Œ¸˝◊√√ ’ÀÔ« ˙s ≈√øÈ¬¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√ ˙s ≈√øÈ¬¬ı˛ ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛øÊ√’Ô«˝◊√√ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ë¸Ó¬…íÀfl¡ Truth ¤¬ı— ëø˜Ô…±íÀfl¡False-hood ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛º ’Ô‰¬¬ Œ√˙œ ’ÀÔ« ¸Ó¬…˝√√˘ Truth ’±¬ı˛ Ó¬± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’±¬ı˛› øfl¡Â≈√º õ∂øÓ¬:±¬-¬ı˛é¬±,’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˛é¬±, ¤› ¸Ó¬…º ¤‡Ú ëTrothí Ú±À˜ ¤fl¡È¬±õ∂±‰¬œÚ ◊√√—À¬ı˛øÊ√ fl¡Ô± ’±ÀÂº√ Truth ˙Às¬ı˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ı˛+¬Û ¤ ◊√√Trothº36 ’Ô‰¬ ¤‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ Troth ŒÔÀfl¡ Truth ˙Às¬ı˛’Ô« øˆ¬iß ˝√√À˚˛ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¸ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛¸±˝√ √ ±˚… fl¡¬ı ˛± Ú˚˛º ¤˝◊ √ √ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ’±¬ı ˛›Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ ’¸Ó¬… ’À¬Ûé¬± ’±ôLø¬ı˛fl¡ ’¸Ó¬…&èÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬Ûº37 ’±¸À˘ ¸Ó¬… ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛È¬± õ∂±¸øefl¡Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡¤¬ı— ’±À¬Ûøé¬fl¡º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤ ◊√√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛±¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø˜Ô…±fl¡ÔÀÚ¬ı˛Œ¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ Ó“¬±¬ı ˛ ’±ôLø¬ı˛fl¡ ’¸Ó¬…Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊ √ √ ¬Û±¬Û ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚfl¡À¬ı ˛ÀÂ√Úº Œfl¡ÚÚ± Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı ˛ ŒÓ¬± ëfl≈¡?¬ı˛◊√√Ó≈¬…Ó¬í38 ¬ıÀ˘ Œ√± ∏ fl¡±øÈ¬À ˛ øÚÀ ˛ÀÂ√Úº fl¡±ÀÊ√ ◊√√ Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı

ø˜Ô…±ˆ¬±¯∏Ì ŒÓ¬± ˝√√˘ Ú±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤› øÍ¬fl¡ Œ˚ Œ^±Ì±‰¬±˚«˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ &è ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±ôL ø¬ıù´±¸º ≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS, Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛¤˝◊√√ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…, ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ı± ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛È¬± ◊√√ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬fÀfl¡ ˆ¬±ø¬ıÀ ˛ÀÂ√º Œfl¡ÚÚ± ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ ˜ «±√±¬ı˛é¬± ¬Ú±-fl¡¬ı˛±› ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˜Ô…±º ¬ıUÊ√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˝√√Ó¬±ÀÔ« ¬ı±˚≈XÊ√À˚˛¬ı˛ øÚø˜ÀM√√› ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂±Ì ŒÚ›˚˛±È¬±Ò˜«¸—·Ó¬ Ú˚˛º

¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ¬ı˛±À‡º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬Œ˚-˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı ˛Àfl¡ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ¤‡±ÀÚ Œ√‡±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√Úë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ˚≈XÀé¬ÀS Œ¸˝◊√ √ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ øÂ√À˘Ú˝◊√ √ Ú±º≈XÀé¬ÀS ’±˜¬ı˛± ’Ê≈«√ÚÀfl¡ Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À «¬ı˛ ø˙ ∏…¬ı˛+À¬Û ◊√√ Œ¬ÛÀ ˛øÂ√º

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Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤fl¡¶ö±ÀÚ fl‘¡¯û Œ^±Ì±‰¬±˚« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬ı˘ÀÂ√Úº ëÚ ∆‰¬Ú— ¸—˚≈À· fl¡ø(» ¸˜Ô«– õ∂øÓ¬¬ıœøé¬Ó≈¬˜ƒ Ú ∆‰¬Ú˜7¡¡≈«¡ÀÚ± Ê√±Ó≈¬ õ∂øÓ¬ ≈ÀÒ…Ó¬ Ò•ú«ø¬ı»ºº 8ººí39

’Ô«±»ñë˚≈ÀX Œfl¡±Ú ¬ı…øMê√˝◊√√ ˝◊“√ √˝√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‘√ø©Ü¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬›

¸˜Ô« ˝√√˝◊√ √ÀÓ¬ÀÂ√ Ú± ¤¬ı— Ò˜«: ’7¡¡≈ «¡Ú› fl¡‡Ú˝◊√ √ ˝◊“ √ √˝√√±¬ı˛õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛÀé¬ ˚≈X fl¡ø¬ı˛À¬ıÚ Ú±ºí

¤‡±ÀÚ Œ^±Ì-ø˙¯∏… ’Ê≈√«ÚÀfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˝◊√ √ºøfl¡c ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚≈XÀé¬ÀS Œ^±Ì-ø˙À¯∏…¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı¬ı˛— Œ^±ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øÓ¬øÚ é≈¬t˝◊√√øÂ√À˘Úº ’øˆ¬˜Ú≈…¬ı ˛ øÚÒÀÚ ’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı ˛ ¸Àe Œ^±ÀÌ¬ı˛Ú‘˙—¸Ó¬±˝◊ √ √ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ é≈¬t fl¡À¬ı ˛øÂ√˘º Ó¬±˝◊ √ √ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı ˛ ¸ÀeŒ^±Ì±‰¬±˚«Àfl¡ ¬ıÒ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±› øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú’Ú± ˛±À¸º Ò‘©Ü≈√…•ß flÓ‘«¬fl¡ Œ^±ÀÌ¬ı˛ øÚµ± qÀÚ ’Ú… ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛¸Àe øÓ¬øÚ› ˘ø7¡¡¡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú40 ¸Ó¬…, øfl¡c ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛Œ^±Ì±‰¬±˚«Àfl¡ ‡≈¬ı ¬ÛÂ√µ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú±º ˚≈ÀX ’ù´O±˜±¬ı˛Ú±¬ı˛± ˛Ì±¶a ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ ¬Û±G¬ıÕ¸Ú… é¬ ˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘ ˆ¬œÓ¬˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ Œ˚-¸˜ô¶ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú,41 Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛˝◊√ √≈øÒøá¬À¬ı¬ı Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À «¬ı õ∂øÓ¬ é≈¬t ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ˚ÀÂ√º

Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı±ø √√…fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À «¬ı˛ ≈ÀX øÚ¬Û±Ó¬ÀÚ¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛À˘›42, Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±&ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À˚«¬ı˛ øÚµ±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤-Â√±Î¬ˇ± Œ^±Ì±‰¬±˚«Àfl¡ ø˜Ô…±fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ó“¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ô±› ’Ú≈Ó¬5 ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛Ú±º ˚ø√› Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ √œ‚« ˆ¬±¯∏ÀÌ ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, Œ^±Ì øÚ √√Ó¬ √√›˚±¬ı Ê√Ú… øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıg≈¬ıÀ·«¬ı ¸ÀeŒ^±Ì±‰¬±À˚«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂±ÌÓ¬…±· fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚº øfl¡c ¤¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡¬ı˛fl¡Ô± ˜±Sº ¤øÈ¬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˚≈Xfl¡±˘œÚ fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‰¬±˘º’ù´O±˜±¬ı˛ Ú±¬ı˛±˚˛Ì±¶a ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Û±G¬ıÕ¸ÀÚ…¬ı˛ é¬˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Òfl¡¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ◊√√ øÓ¬øÚ ¸±˜ø ˛fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ≈øXø¬ı¬ı˛øÓ¬ ø√À ˛ ¸fl¡˘Àfl¡¬Û˘±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú › ∆¸Ú…À√¬ı˛ ˚≈X Ú±-fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº øÓ¬øÚ ’±¬ı˛› ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, øÓ¬øÚ w±Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe’ø¢üÀÓ¬ õ∂À¬ı˙ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚº ¬ı±ô¶À¬ı øfl¡c ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ’ø¢üÀÓ¬›õ∂À¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚ, øfl¡—¬ı± ¬ıg≈¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ^±Ì±‰¬±À˚«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…õ∂±ÌÓ¬…±·› fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº

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Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¡º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe Œ¬ıø˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√ ø¬ıù´±¸, ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…,¸Ó¬Ó¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±&ø˘º Œ˚‡±ÀÚ˝◊√√ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe ˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ¤ ◊√√ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú,Œ¸‡±ÀÚ˝◊√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’¸—·Ó¬ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº õ∂¸eÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚,¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛-’¬ı˘•§Úœ˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ Ò˜«Àfl¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛˜±Ú¬ı¶§ ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¶ö±Ú Œ√ÚøÚº ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı ≈¬ı˛ ˆ¬± ∏±, ëë....’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ˆ¬±À·… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’ÀÔ«˝◊√√ Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈è¯∏¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±ñ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ qÒ≈˜±S ˜±Ú≈¯∏,43 ....ºíí Œfl¡ÚÚ±˜˝√√±¬Û≈è¯∏À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡ ’±À¬ı·Àfl¡ ˜”˘… ¬Ú±-Œ√¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ˚¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√, ˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ı¸≈¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˚-˜±Ú≈¯∏ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl¡±˙Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√, ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ’±√˙«øÚá¬ ‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ˆ¬±¬ı Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇøÚº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ¬ı˛˜ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı ≈¬ı˛ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ Œ˜˘¬ıgÀÚ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ Œ˚-‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˙øMê√õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S˙øMê√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡¬ıÎ¬ˇºº44 ¤¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ õ∂±¬ıÀ˘…¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ¬ı˛’±fl¡¯∏«Ì, Œ˚-õ∂±ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂±¬ı˘… øÓ¬øÚ ˚≈øÒøá¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ√‡ÀÓ¬¬Û±ÚøÚ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±º øfl¡c ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f õ∂±ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂±¬ı˘… ¬ı±Ó¬±èÌ… ’À¬Ûé¬± ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ¬Á≈“¡Àfl¡øÂ√À˘Úº

¤¬ı±À¬ı˛ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ’±¸À¬ı fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º˜˝√√ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ıøÇ˜-˜±ÚÀ¸ ¤Ó¬È¬±˝◊√ √ ‘√Ï¬ˇ øÂ√˘ Œ˚,

˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˜˝√√» ø√fl¡ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˘˝◊√ √¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˜˝√√»-’±¸Mê√ ˜Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Ú±-Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛¬Û±¬ı˛Ó¬ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˚‡Ú øÓ¬øÚ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤fl‘¡¯ûfl¡Ó‘«¬fl¡ fl¡Ì« Ó“¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬ ˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛›, ¬Û±G¬ı¬ÛÀé¬Œ˚±·√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±ÀÊ√…ù´¬ı˛ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ Œ√› ˛± õ∂ô¶±¬ıõ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ú fl¡¬ı˛À˘Ú,45 Ó¬‡Ú ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ¤˝◊√√ ¸Ó¬… Î¬◊¬Û˘øtfl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ëfl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛S ’øÓ¬ ˜˝√√» › ˜ÀÚ±˝√√¬ı˛ºí46 ¤‡±ÀÚë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬ ¤fl¡È≈¬ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬± ¬ı˛±À‡ºfl¡Ì« ¸±¬ı˛±Ê√œ¬ıÚ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ’:±Ó¬fl≈¡˘˙œÀ˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± Œ˘À¬ı˘ ¬·±À ˛øÚÀ ˛ ‚≈À¬ı˛ Œ¬ıøÎ¬ˇÀ ˛Â√Ú ¬˚± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’ √√—Àfl¡ fl≈¡À¬ı˛ fl≈¡À¬ı˛ Œ‡À ˛ÀÂ√º’±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬ √√ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ˘ ¬fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ŒSê±Ò, ø¬ıw±øôL ›˝√√Í¬fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬±º øfl¡c ˚‡Ú øÓ¬øÚ fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˘Ú, Ó¬‡Ú øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤Ó¬ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛fl¡±ø„∏é¬Ó¬ identity-È¬± ‡≈“ÀÊ√ Œ¬ÛÀ˘Úº qÒ≈ Ó¬±-˝◊√ √ Ú˚˛,fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ õ∂ô¶±¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ fl¡Ì« ¬Û±G¬ı¬ÛÀé¬Œ˚±·√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±¸˘ identity-¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡¬ı˛±¤fl¡È¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬› øÓ¬øÚ ¬Û±À¬ıÚº øÍ¬fl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ˜≈˝√√”Ó«¬ŒÔÀfl¡ ◊√√ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ √√œÚÓ¬±À¬ı±ÒÊ√øÚÓ¬ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√È¬ ‡≈À˘

˚±ø26√˘º øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛ ’¬ıè∏X Œé¬±ˆ¬ ·À˘ ·À˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛˝√√+√˚˛ ¤‡Ú ’Ú±ø¬ı˘Ó¬±˚˛ ¶§26√ › ˙±ôLº ¤‡Ú ’±¬ı˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛‰¬±˝◊√√¬ı±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Œ¸˝◊√√º Ó¬±˝◊√√ fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ ¸Àe ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˜˝√√NÓ“¬±Àfl¡ ¤fl¡ ë’¸±˜±Ú… ¬ı…øMê√, ¸øÓ¬…fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ıg≈, ˚“±¬ı˛± Ó“¬±Àfl¡√M√√fl¡ øÚÀ ˛øÂ√À˘Ú Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øÚá¬±¬ı±Ú, Œõ∂À˜ ’±¬ıX ¬Û≈è ∏,Œfl¡±ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√ √ Î¬◊»Àfl¡±‰¬√ Ú±-ŒÚ›˚˛± Œ¸¬ıfl¡í47-¤ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ √ õ∂¸Àe Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚, fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ √ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ’Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛ ˜˝√√ÀN¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Ê√ÕÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡º48

¬ı±ô¶ø¬ıfl¡˝◊√√ fl¡Ì« Œ˚ fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˜±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬± ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤À¸Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL ˜Ú≈¯∏…Qõ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˘º Ê√ÕÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ‡≈¬ı ¸≈µ¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛, ëë ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı¤Ó¬ø√Ú Ó“¬±Àfl¡ Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ˘±>Ú±˚˛ ¬ˆ¬≈ø·À˚˛, ≈√À˚«±ÒÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±≈√–¸Àe ¬Û≈©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, Œ˘±ˆ¬, ø √√—¸±, ÷ ∏«± ’±¬ı˛ ’ √√ø˜fl¡± ˛ ¬ıøÒ«Ó¬fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ÚœøÓ¬¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛¤fl¡±øfl¡ÀQ ¤ÀÚ ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº ... ø √√—¸± õ∂øÓ¬ø √√—¸±¬ı ’ôLÀ¬ı fl¡Ì«Œ˚ fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˜±Ú≈¯∏, Œ¸È¬± ¬ı≈øÁ¡ õ∂øÓ¬Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛Ê√Ú… ◊√√ ¤Ó¬ø√Ú fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı ·±À˚ ˙Ó¬ fl¡±ø˘˜± Œ˘¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı± √√À˚ÀÂ√ºøÍ¬fl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ’—À˙ ¤À¸ ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı-¬˝√√+√À˚˛¬ı˛¸˜ô¶ ¸•ú±Ú Î¬◊Ê√±Î¬ˇ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À ˛ÀÂ√Ú fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…ºíí49 fl¡±ÀÊ√ ◊√√¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f Œ˚ ¤-Œé¬ÀS fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı ˛SÀfl¡ ˜˝√ √» › ˜ÀÚ±˝√ √ ¬ı ˛¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± ’¬ı˙…˝◊√ √ ˚≈øMê√˚≈Mê√º ·œÀÓ¬±Mê√ øÚ©®±˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛’±√À˙« õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ flv¡±ø¸fl¡ fl¡±À¬ı…¬ı˛·yœ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±øÔ«Ó¬ ’±√˙«Àfl¡˝◊√ √ ‡≈ “ÀÊ√ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬Œ‰¬À˚øÂ√À˘Úº ¤ ◊√√ fl¡Ì« ˚ø√› ≈ÀX ÒÀ «¬ı ¬Û≈S ≈øÒøá¬¬ıÀfl¡ ¸eø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ÚøÚ, Ó¬¬ı≈ fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ Œ√› ˛± õ∂ô¶±¬ı õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…øÚá¬ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ øÚÀ˘«±ˆ¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡øÈ¬ ¤Ó¬ Œ¬ıø˙ ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛Î¬ ◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f Œ˚ ¤ÀÓ¬ ˜≈* ˝√ √À¬ıÚ Ó¬± ‡≈¬ı˝◊ √ √¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛º

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ¸˜À ˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øSê ˛±Œ√À‡ ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¸•§Àg ¬˚± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ¸-ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¤fl¡˜Ó¬º øfl¡c fl¡Ì« Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«S ¤ ◊√√ ˜˝√√ÀN¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬ ˛ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ÚøÚº ’±˜¬ı˛± ¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ Œ^Ã¬Û√œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡Î¬◊Mê√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ’˙±˘œÚ ˜ôL¬ı…º Î¬◊øMê√øÈ¬ øÚ•ß¬ı˛+¬Ûº

ë¤Àfl¡± ˆ¬M«√√± ø¶a˚˛± Œ¬ıÕ√ø¬ı«ø˝√√Ó¬– fl≈¡èÚµÚ±º˝◊√√˚˛ôLƒ ŒÚ fl¡¬ı˙·± ¬ıgfl¡œøÓ«¬ø¬ı«øÚø(Ó¬±ºº’¸…±– ¸ˆ¬±˜±Ú˚˛Ú— Ú ø‰¬Sø˜øÓ¬ Œ˜ ˜øÓ¬–º¤fl¡±•§¬ı˛Ò¬ı˛Q— ¬ı±¬Û…Ô¬ı±ø¬Û ø¬ı¬ı¶aÓ¬±ºº50

’Ô«±»¶aœÀ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬˜±S ˆ¬Ó¬«√√±˝◊√√ Œ¬ıÀ√ ø¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ , øfl¡c

Œ^Ã¬Û√œ ’ÀÚfl¡ ˆ¬Ó¬« √ √±¬ı˛ ’ÒœÚ , ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— Î¬◊˝√ √±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı˙…±¬ıø˘˚˛±˝◊√√ øÚ(˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

’Ó¬¤¬ı ¤fl¡¬ı¶a±˝◊√√ ˝√√Î¬◊fl¡ øfl¡—¬ı± ø¬ı¬ı¶a±˝◊√√ ˝√√Î¬◊fl¡, Î¬◊˝√√±Àfl¡¸ˆ¬± ˛ ’±Ú ˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ’±(À «¬ı˛ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ˝√√ ˛ Ú± ◊√√ , ◊√√˝√√± ◊√√ ’±˜±¬ı˛Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º

¤¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ì« ≈√–˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú,ë≈√–˙±¸Úº ¸≈¬ı±À˘±˝√√˚˛— ø¬ıfl¡Ì«– õ∂±:¬ı±ø√fl¡–ºÛ±G¬ı±Ú±= ¬ı±¸±—ø¸ Œ^Ã¬Û√…±(±¬Û≈…¬Û±˝√√¬ı˛ºº51

’Ô«±»≈√–˙±¸Úº ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±øGÓ¬…±øˆ¬˜±Úœ ø¬ıfl¡Ì« ’Ó¬…ôL ¬ı±˘fl¡ ,

’Ó¬¤¬ı Ó≈¬ø˜ ¬Û±G¬ı·ÀÌ¬ı˛ › Œ^Ã¬Û√œ¬ı˛ ¬ı¶a&ø˘ ˝√√¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ŒÓ¬±º

¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ø√fl¡øÈ¬ Ú±-’±¸±˚˛ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ıøÈ¬ ¸˜¢∂ˆ¬±À¬ı Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ ›ÀÍ¬øÚº ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡‡G ≈ √√”ÀÓ«¬¬ı˛ ø‰¬S± ˛Ì ˜±Sº ’¬ı˙… fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ¬ıœÀ¬ı˛±ø‰¬Ó¬ ”øÓ«¬øÈ¬ Œ˚¬ıøÇ˜-˜±ÚÀ¸ ¤fl¡È¬± ¬Û±fl¡±À¬Û±Mê√ ¶ö±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬±Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ ˚‡Ú ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ’Ú…S ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±ÚÚ±˚˛fl¡¬ı˛+À¬Û ’Ê≈√«ÚÀfl¡ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ˘› Œ¸˝◊√√ Ú±˚˛Àfl¡¬ı˛¬ıœÀ˚«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú√G¬ı˛+À¬Û Œ¬ı˛À‡ÀÂ√Ú fl¡Ì«Àfl¡º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ëfl¡Ì«õ∂øÓ¬¡ZiZœ ¤¬ı— ’Ê≈√ «Ú˝√ √Àô¶ ¬Û¬ı˛±ˆ¬”Ó¬ ¬ıø˘˚˛±˝◊ √ √ ’Ê≈√ «ÀÚ¬ı˛Œ·Ã¬ı˛À¬ı¬ı˛ ¤Ó¬¡ ’±øÒfl¡…ºí 52 õ∂¸eÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡…, ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈›fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ¬ıœ¬ı˛QÀfl¡ ’Ê≈√«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊“‰≈¬ÀÓ¬ ¶ö±Ú ø√À ˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛, ë¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬˘±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±È¬± ˘≈øfl¡À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√Œ˚ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚ ’Ê≈√«Ú ≈√¬ı« Ó¬¬ı õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûé¬ , ¤-≈√Ê√ÀÚ¬ı ˜ÀÒ…¸¬ı˛˘ ˚≈X ‚È¬À˘ ’Ê≈√ «Ú ¬ı˛é¬± ¬Û±À¬ıÚ Ú±ºí 53 ¤˝◊√ √ ¸˜ô¶øfl¡Â≈√˝◊ √ √ ¸˜Ô«ÚÀ˚±√·…º øfl¡c ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f ˚ø√ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‡±¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡±Ê√È¬±¬ı˛› ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú’±¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ¶⁄©Ü±¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ˜˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¤fl¡È¬± ˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∏ Ó¬À¬ıÓ¬± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ˚Ô±Ô« ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√Ó¬º ¤¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ øÓ¬øÚÓ“¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√+√À ˛¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ ≈*Ó¬±È≈¬fl≈¡ Î¬◊Ê√±Î¬ˇ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À ˛ÀÂ√Ú Œfl¡¬ı˘ëfl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛S ’øÓ¬ ˜˝√√» › ˜ÀÚ±˝√√¬ı˛í ¬ıÀ˘º ¤-Œé¬ÀS ’±˜¬ı˛±¶ú ¬ı ˛Ì fl¡ ¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø ¬ı ˛ fl¡Ì «‰ ¬ ø ¬ı ˛S ¸•ÛÀfl« ¡ ø ¬ıù´fl¡ø ¬ı ¬ı ˛˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡º ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ fl‘¡Ó¬ ’¸» ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì&ø˘Àfl¡¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤øÎ¬ˇÀ ˛ ˚±ÚøÚº øÓ¬øÚ ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¬Û±G¬ıÀ√¬ı˛õ∂øÓ¬ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ õ∂‰≈¬¬ı˛ ˝√ √œÚ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬±¬ı˛˜ÀÒ…› ’øÓ¬ ˜˜Ó¬±¸˝√√fl¡±À¬ı˛ fl¡ÀÌ«¬ı˛ ¬ıÀÎ¬ˇ±QÀfl¡˝◊ √ √ √˙«Úfl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬± ∏± ˛, ëõ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ıÀÎ¬ˇ± øÊ√øÚÀ ∏¬ı˛ ’¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬±›Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ¬ıÀÎ¬ˇ±Q ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ºí54 ¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊√√ ’±˜¬ı˛± fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛¤fl¡È¬± ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± Œ¬Û˘±˜ ˚± ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf



’Ú≈¬Ûø¶öÓ¬º ’Ô‰¬ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f øÚÀÊ√› Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡±˝◊√ √ ˚Ô±Ô« ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±º Ó¬“±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛,ëëŒfl¡±øÈ¬ fl¡˘¸ Ê√À˘¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¸±·¬ı˛˜±˝√√±R… ’Ú≈ˆ¬”Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛± ˚± ˛ Ú±º Œ¸ ◊√√¬ı˛+¬Û fl¡±¬ı…¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛º ¤ ¶ö±Ú ˆ¬±˘ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±, ¤ ◊√√¶ö±Ú ˜µ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±, ¤˝◊√ √¬ı˛+¬Û Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«±—À˙¬ı˛ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±fl¡ø¬ı ˛À˘ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ &Ì±&Ì ¬ı≈øÁ¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı ˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Œ˚˜Ú’A±ø˘fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ãµ˚«… ¬ı≈øÁ¡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¸˜≈√˚˛ ’A±ø˘fl¡±øÈ¬¤fl¡fl¡±À˘ Œ√ø‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˝◊√ √À¬ı, ¸±·¬ı˛À·Ã¬ı˛¬ı ’Ú≈ˆ¬”Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬˝√√˝◊√√À˘, Ó¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ ’ÚôLø¬ıô¶±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡fl¡±À˘ ‰¬Àé¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬˝√√˝◊√√À¬ı, fl¡±¬ı… Ú±È¬fl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±› Œ¸˝◊√√¬ı˛+¬Ûºíí55

¤‡±ÀÚ fl¡±¬ı… Ú±È¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f¬˚± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı ˛S ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› õ∂À˚±Ê√…, ’Ô‰¬¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f Œ¸ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡Ì«‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº

ë˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¸•§Àg ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ø‰¬ôL±‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛õ∂fl¡±˙fl¡ ¤˝◊√ √ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±ÀôL ¤À¸ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚,¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ › ø‰¬ôL±¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛Ó¬± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛’¬ı±fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º ≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬Àf¬ı˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬¸ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Œ˚-¸—:± ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û±˝◊√√ Ó¬± ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ˝√√À˘› ˚Ô±Ô«º˚ø√› Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸Ó¬… ¬ı± ëëTrothíí-Œfl¡ ˚≈øÒø©Ü¬ı˛‰¬ø¬ı˛S ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛¤fl¡È¬± ˜±Ú√G¬ı˛+À¬Û ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬f, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡øÚÂ√fl¡ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛øSfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˚‡Ú øÓ¬øÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬‡Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ø¬ıù´fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ó¬À¬ı¸¬ı «À˙À¯∏ ¤-fl¡Ô±˝◊ √ √ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˝√ √˚ ˛ Œ˚, ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬fÀfl¡ ˚±¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±26√iß fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡øÂ√˘ Ó¬± ˝√√˘ ø˝√√µ≈Ò˜« ›√ «ÀÚ¬ı ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±º Ù¬À˘ ë˜ √√±ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬í-¤¬ı ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ fl¡À˚fl¡øÈ¬ ‰¬ø¬ıSÓ“¬±¬ı ˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√ Â“ √±À‰¬¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl‘¡øS˜ ˝√ √À˚˛ºŒ¸ø√Úfl¡±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú¬ıÊ√±·¬ı˛Ìœ ’øˆ¬‚±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±(±Ó¬…ø‰¬ôL±À‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ˚-ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ˜±ø˝√√Ó¬fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈À˚±·… õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ √√À˘Ú ¬ıøÇ˜‰¬fº Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬ôL±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ ¬Û±(±Ó¬… ø‰¬ôL±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ’±√À «º’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¶§À√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ õ∂¬ı˘ È¬±ÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úø˝√√µ≈Ò˜« › √˙«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬ÛÀ¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±À˜…¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ıÊ√øÚÓ¬Sn∏øÈ¬¬ı˙Ó¬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ fl‘¡øS˜º Ó¬À¬ı˚≈·g¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Sn∏øÈ¬ ˚≈À·¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√ÀÚ ¸±Î¬ˇ± Œ√¬ı±¬ı˛˝◊√√Ù¬˘º

”S øÚÀ«√˙ –1º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú≈ø√Ó¬], ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, fl¡Ì«¬

Û¬ı3«, 27˚61˚52-57 ¤fl¡¯∏ø©ÜÓ¬À˜±˝√√Ò…±˚˛º2º Ó¬À√¬ı, ø¬ı¬ı˛±È¬ ¬Û¬ı3«, 12˚15˚9-92º

3º ^©Ü¬ı… . Aurobindo Ghose, The FuturePoetry and Letters on Poetry Literatureand Art, p.39¿’¬ı˛ø¬ıµ ’±¬ı˛› ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú – Break the mouldsof the past, but keep safe its grains andits spirit, or else thou hast no future.Thoughts and Aphorisms/Sri AurobindoBirth Centenary Library, Vol. 17, p.238ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ú¬ıÊ√±·¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¿’¬ı˛ø¬ıÀµ¬ı˛’¬Û¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜ôL¬ı… ˝√√˘ .The national mind turned a new eye onits past culture, reawoke to its senseand import, but also, at the same time,saw it in relation to modern knowledgeand ideas. Out of this awakening visionand impulse the Indian renaissance isarising and that must determine itsfuture tendency.Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library,Vol-14, p.409

4º ¬ ı˛±Ê√À˙‡¬ı˛ ¬ı¸≈ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬, ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±5º Ó¬À√¬ıº6º Madhusraba Dasgupta : Samsad Compan-

ion Mahabharata, p.1577º ’˜À˘˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±, fl¡Ô±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º8º Ê√±˝ê¬ıœfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ . õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ›

¬ı±„√√±˘œ¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛, ¬Û‘. 277º

9º Badrinath Chaturvedi : Mahabharataan Inquairy in the Human Condition,p. 362

10º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] – ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, fl¡Ì«¬Û¬ı3«, 7˚4˚70

11º ’˜À˘˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±, fl¡Ô±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±íº12º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ [¸•Û±.] . ¬ıøÇ˜ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ [¬ı.

¬ı˛], ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G, ¬Û‘. 271º

13º Ó¬À√¬ı ¬Û‘. 271-272º

14º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,’±ø√ ¬Û¬¬ı3«, 3˚180˚56-67

15º [fl¡] ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı ≈ . ˜ √√± ¬±¬ıÀÓ¬¬ı fl¡Ô± [˜. fl¡] ¬Û‘ . 255º

[‡] ¸≈‡˜˚˛ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˘œ [˜.

‰¬], ¬Û‘. 155º

16º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,¸ˆ¬±¬ Û¬ı3 «, 5˚1˚4-7

17º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] . ¬ı. ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G,¬Û‘. 505º

18º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ . ˜. fl¡ . ¬Û‘. 251º

19º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,Œ˜Ã¯∏∏˘ ¬¬Û¬ı3«, 43˚7˚54-59º

20º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈, ˜. fl¡, ¬Û‘ . 253º

21º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ ƒ,Œ˜Ã¯∏˘ ¬Û¬ı3«, 43˚8˚21-24º

22º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ . ˜. fl¡, ¬Û‘ . 259º

23º Ó¬À√¬ı, ¬¬Û‘. 258º

24º ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛ . ¬ı˛¬ıœf ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ 2˚˛ ‡G, ¬Û‘.524º

25º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,Œ^±Ì¬ Û¬ı3«, 25˚46˚45

26º ¸≈‡˜˚˛ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˘œ . ¬Û‘.125 [˜.‰¬]

27º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬¬ı±·˘ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] . ¬ı. ¬ı˛, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛‡G, ¬Û‘. 556º

28º ¸ÀÓ¬…fÚ±Ô ¬ı ˛ ±˚ ˛ . ¬ı±—˘± Î¬ ◊ ¬ÛÚ…±¸ › Ó¬± ¬ı ˛’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± , ¬Û‘ . 81º

29º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,Œ^±Ì ¬Û¬ı3«, 25˚146˚37-38º

30º ’˜À˘˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± , ¬Û‘. 293º

31º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,Œ^±Ì¬¬Û¬ı3«, 25˚163˚9-13º

32º Ú‘ø¸—˝√√õ∂¸±√ ˆ¬±≈√Î¬ˇœ . fl‘¡¯û± fl≈¡ôLœ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡ÃÀôL ˛ [fl‘¡.fl≈¡. Œfl¡Ã] , ¬Û‘. 155º

33º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ . ˜. fl¡ , ¬Û‘. 145º

34º ’Ê≈«√Úø¬ıfl¡±˙ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ . ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı:±Ú , ¬Û‘. 49-51º

35º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ . ¬ı. ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G, ¬Û‘. 567º

36º Sailendra Biswas (ed.) : Samsad Stu-dents English Dictionary, p.743.

37º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] . ¬ı. ¬ı˛. ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G ,¬Û‘. 917-918º

38º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,Œ^±Ì ¬¬Û¬ı3«, 25˚164˚45

39º Ó¬À√¬ı, 25˚163˚7-8º

40º Ó¬À√¬ı, 25˚ 157˚34-35 , ¬Û‘. 1621º

41º Ó¬À√¬ı, 25˚167˚101-103º

42º Ó¬À√¬ı, 25˚168˚26-36º

43º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ . ˜. fl¡, ¬Û‘. 145º

44º ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛ . ¬ı˛¬ıœf ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ¤fl¡ø¬ı—˙ ‡G,¬Û‘. 421º

45º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ,Î¬◊ƒ√À˚±· ¬¬Û¬ı3«, 15˚131˚6-17º

46º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ . ¬ı. ¬ı˛ , ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G, ¬Û‘. 545º

47º ˝◊√√¬ı˛±¬ıÓ¬œ fl¡±À¬ı« . ˚≈·±ôL , ¬Û‘. 92º

48º ¸≈‡˜˚˛ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ˜. ‰¬. , ¬Û‘. 99-100º

49º Ú‘ø¸—˝√√õ∂¸±√ ˆ¬±≈√Î¬ˇœ . fl‘¡. fl≈¡. Œfl¡Ã, ¬¬Û‘. 442-443º

50º ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ ø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, ¸ˆ¬±¬¬Û¬ı 3 «, 5˚65˚35-36º

51º Ó¬À√¬ı, ¬Û‘. 548-549º

52º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] . ¬ı. ¬ı˛, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G,¬Û‘. 195º

53º ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı ¬ı¸≈ . ˜. fl¡., ¬Û‘. 256º

54º ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ . ¬ı˛¬ıœf ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, Ú¬ı˜ ‡G,¬Û‘. 456º

55º Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f ¬ı±·˘ [¸•Û±ø√Ó¬] . ¬ı. ¬ı˛, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G,¬Û‘. 181-182º

¢∂Lö¬Ûø? –

¸—¶‘®Ó¬ñø¸X±ôL¬ı±·œ˙, ˝√√ø¬ı˛√±¸ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, ’±ø√

¬Û¬ı3«, 3, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì [ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ], ˜±‚, 1383

¬ıe±s, ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º

›˝◊√√ . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, ’±ù´À˜øÒfl¡ ¬Û¬ı3«,¡ 43¸ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì[ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ], fl¡ø˘fl¡Ó¬± ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡À˜˘±, 1400 ¬ıe±s,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º

›˝◊√√ . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, Î¬◊ƒ√À˚±· ¬¬Û¬ı3«, 15, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì[ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ], ∆¬ı˙±‡¡, 1386, ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º

›˝◊ √ √ . ˜˝√ √ ±ˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬˜ƒ, fl¡Ì« ¬ ¬Û¬ı 3 «, 27, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı ˛Ì[ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ], ∆¬ı˙±‡¡, 1392 ¬ıe±s, ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœõ∂fl¡±˙Úœ, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º

›˝◊√ √ . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, Œ^±Ì¬¬ Û¬ı3 «, 25, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì[ø ¬ıù´ ¬ı±Ìœ], ∆¬ı˙±‡ 1390 ¬ıe±s, ø ¬ıù´ ¬ı±Ìœ



õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º›˝◊√ √ . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜ƒ, ø¬ı¬ı˛±È¬¬ Û¬ı3 «, 12, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì

[ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ], ˜±‚, 1383 ¬ıe±s, ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º

›˝◊ √ √ . ˜˝√ √±ˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬˜ƒ, ¸ˆ¬± ¬Û¬ı 3 « , 5 , ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı ˛Ì[ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ], ˜±‚, 1383 ¬ıe±s , ø¬ıù´¬ı±Ìœ õ∂fl¡±˙Úœ ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±-9º

¬ı±—˘± ñfl¡±À¬ı « , ˝ ◊ √ √ ¬ı ˛ ± ¬ıÓ¬œ . ˚≈·± ôL, ¬ıÀµ…±¬Û±Ò…±˚ ˛ , ’ègÓ¬œ

[’Ú”ø√Ó¬]– ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’fl¡±À√ø˜, øÚÎ¬◊ øø√~, õ∂Ô˜õ∂fl¡±˙ 1998, ¬Û≈Ú˜≈«^Ì 2000º

Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı ˛œ, ’Ê≈« √Úø¬ıfl¡±˙ . ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı:±Ú, ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û≈Ú˜≈ «^Ì¸—¶®¬ı ˛Ì, Ê≈ √˘±˝ ◊ √ √ 1985, ˜Î¬±Ì « ¬ı ≈fl¡ ¤ÀÊ√kœõ∂±˝◊√√Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±º

‰¬Sê¬ıÓ«¬œ, Ê√±˝ê¬ıœfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ . õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√ √Ó¬… ›¬ı±„√√±˘œ¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì, ¬Û≈Ú˜≈«^Ì,Œ¬ÛÃ ∏ 1410˚January 2004, øÎ¬. ¤˜. ˘± ◊√√À¬ıË¬ı˛œ,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±º

Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛, ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô . ¬ı ˛ ¬ıœf ¬ı ˛‰ ¬Ú± ¬ı˘œ, Ú¬ı˜ ‡G,ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ, 1348 ∆¬ı˙±‡º

›˝◊√√ . ¬ı˛¬ıœf ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, 2˚˛ ‡G, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ,¬Û≈Ú˜≈«^Ì 1400º

›˝◊√√ . ¬ı˛¬ıœf ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ¤fl¡ø¬ı—˙ ‡G, ¬Û≈Ú˜≈«^Ì ’±¯∏±Ï¬ˇ1314 ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±º

ıÀµ…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ’ø¸Ó¬fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ . ¬ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı‘M√√,’©Ü˜ ‡G, ˜Î¬±Ì« ¬ı≈fl¡ ¤ÀÊ√kœ õ∂±˝◊√√Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬,fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì 2003º

¬ı¸≈, ¬ı≈XÀ√¬ı . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±, ¤˜, ø¸, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’…±`¬¸k õ∂±˝◊√√Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, Ù¬±â≈Ú 1404º

¬ı¸≈, ¬ı˛±Ê√À˙‡¬ı˛ [’Ú”ø√Ó¬] . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬, ¤˜. ø¸ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛’…±`¬ ¸k õ∂±˝◊ √ √Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘., fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, √˙˜ ˜≈^Ì1314º

¬ı±·˘, Œ˚±À·˙‰¬f . ¬ıøÇ˜ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G, ø˙q¸±ø √√Ó¬… ¸—¸√ õ∂± ◊√√Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ’± ∏±Ï¬ˇ1397º

ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ’˜À˘˙ . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±, ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì,’±˚«ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ , fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990º

ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¸≈‡˜˚˛ . ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˘œ, ’±Úµ¬Û±¬ıø˘¸±¸« õ∂±˝◊√ √Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, Œ¬ÛÃ¯∏1404º

ˆ¬±≈√Î¬ˇœ, Ú‘ø¸—˝√√õ∂¸±√ . fl‘¡¯û±, fl≈¡ôLœ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡ÃÀôL˚˛, ’±Úµ¬Û±¬ıø˘¸±¸« õ∂±˝◊√√Àˆ¬È¬ ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2004º

¬ı˛±˚˛, ¸ÀÓ¬…fÚ±Ô . ¬ı±—˘± Î¬◊¬ÛÚ…±¸ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±,Œ√Ê√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘ø˙— fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2000º

◊√√—À¬ı˛øÊ√ ñBiswas, Sailendra (Compiled by) : Samsad

Student's English-Bengali Dictionary,Calcutta, 1973.

Chaturvedi, Badrinath : The Mahabharata-An Inquiry in the Human-Condidtion,Orient Longman Private Limited, NewDelhi, First Pub. 2007.

Dasgupta, Madhvendra : Samsad Compan-ion to the Mahabharata. ShishuSahitya Samsad Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta, Firstedition, August 1999.

Ghosh, Aurobinda : The Future Poetry andletters on Poetry, Literature and Art,Pondicherry, 1972.

Ghosh Aurobinda : Sri Aurobinda BirthCentenary Library, Vol. 14,Pondicherry, 1972. : Sri AurobindaBirth Centenary Library, Vol. 17,Pondicherry, 1972.



ˆ¬øMê√ . Î¬◊»¸ ¸g±ÀÚ˙±ôL¿ ˜ø~fl¡¬ı±—˘± ø¬ıˆ¬±·, ¸øµÕfl¡ fl¡Ú…± ˜˝√√±ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, &˚˛±˝√√±øÈ¬ 781001, ’¸˜

ëˆ¬Êƒ√í Ò±Ó≈¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙søÈ¬ øÚ©Ûiß ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√ºëˆ¬Ê√ƒí Ò±Ó≈¬¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√À26√ Œ¸¬ı±, ˆ¬Ê√Ú±, ’±¬ı˛±ÒÚ± ¬ı± |X± ,¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙Às¬ı˛ ˜≈‡… ’Ô« ˝√√À26√ Œ¸¬ı±º ’¬ı˙… Î¬.ˆ¬·¬ı» fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ Œ·±¶§±˜œ ˙±¶aœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙Às¬ı˛ ˜”˘,ëˆ¬Ê√ƒí Ò±Ó≈¬¬ı˛ ’Ô« ëˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛±í ’Ô¬ı± ë’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛±í,ìIt is ‘bhakti’ that literally stands fordevoted service to Him and for gloriousassociation as a partner with His life ofinfinite greatness. ‘bhaj’ means to shareand to serve.”1 Ó¬À¬ı ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜À˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±ÌŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ ¸—:± øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ˙Às¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±·ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ¸≈õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˚ø√› Î¬.ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí ¢∂ÀLö ∆¬ıø√fl¡¸—ø˝√√Ó¬±˚˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ ŒÚ˝◊√ √ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ôL¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº2

Ó¬À¬ı Î¬ ◊À~‡… Œ˚, Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ıÀ√› ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙Às¬ı˛ Î¬ ◊À~‡¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√º Œ˚˜Ú ëˆ¬Mê√˜ƒ-’ˆ¬Mê√˜ƒ ’¬ı–í3 Œ¬ıÀ√ë¬Û”Ê√Ú—í ˙søÈ¬› ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√º4 √œ‚«Ó¬˜± Ÿ¬ø¯∏ Œ¬ıÀ√¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ë˜˝√√Àô¶ ø¬ıÀ¯û± ¸≈˜øÓ¬ ˆ¬Ê√±˜À˝√√í5 ñ ëŒ˝√√ ø¬ı¯≈û,Ó≈¬ø˜ ˜˝√ √±Ú≈ˆ¬¬ıº ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ¸≈˜øÓ¬ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’±˜¬ı˛±ˆ¬Ê√Ú± fl¡ø¬ı˛ºí ¤˜Ú-øfl¡ ˆ¬±·¬ıÓ¬ ¢∂ÀLö |¬ıÌ, fl¡œÓ«¬Ú, ¶ú¬ı˛Ì˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Œ˚ Ú˚˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øeÓ¬›Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ıÀ√˝◊√ √ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ø√À˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ¶Û©Ü fl¡¬ı˛±Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ .

|¬ıÌ ñÎ¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏À√ ’±ÀÂ√, ¬ÛPœ ∆˜ÀS˚˛œ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ÿ¬ø¯∏˚±:¬ıÀ√ ®… ¬ı ˛ ø ¬ı‡…±Ó¬ Î¬ ◊ øMê √, ë’±R± ¬ı± ’À¬ı ˛ ^©Ü¬ı…–Œ|±Ó¬À¬ı…± ˜ôLÀ¬ı…± øÚø√Ò…±ø¸Ó¬À¬ı…± ∆˜ÀS˚…±RøÚ ‡å¬ıÀ¬ı˛‘√À©Ü |n∏ÀÓ¬ ˜ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı:±Ó¬ ˝◊√√— ¸¬ı« ø¬ıø√Ó¬˜ƒººí6

’Ô«±» ’±R± ‘√©Ü, |n∏Ó¬, ø¬ı‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ › ø¬ı:±Ó¬ ˝√√À˘˝◊√√

ABSTRACT : In Indian poetics the terms 'rasa' has been accepted by all as the soul ofpoetry. Though the term 'rasa' had for the first time been found in the Vedas, according tothe available sources, Bharatacharya was the first rhetorician who laid the theory of rasa.Though in later years the line of discussions and discourses on 'rasa' was developed bynumbers of rhetorician, the theory propagating 'bhakti' as a 'rasa' relates principally to therole of the Gaudiya Vaishnavites. In our research article, we have discussed the contributionof the Gaudiya Vaishnavites in the field of the evolution and establishment of bhakti as a‘rasa’ in Indian poetics.

BHAKTI : IN SEARCH OF ITS ROOT


¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«

vvv

¤˝◊√√ ¸˜ô¶ :±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ºfl¡œÓ«¬Ú ñ’øe¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û≈S ¸¬ı… Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú,

ëø¬ıÀù´» Ó¬± ŒÓ¬ ¸¬ıÀÚ¯∏≈ õ∂¬ı±‰¬…±ºí7

’Ô«±», ˝◊√√Àf¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶ &Ì fl¡˜« ’±˜¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√ ˚À: õ∂fl‘¡©Ü¬ı˛+À¬Û fl¡œÓ«¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº

¶ú¬ı˛Ì ñ øÍ¬fl¡ ë¶ú¬ı˛Ìí ˙søÈ¬ Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ıÀ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛Ú±º ∆Ó¬øM√√¬ı˛œ˚˛ ’±¬ı˛Ì…Àfl¡ ’±ÀÂ√,

ëˆ¬·¬ı±Úƒ ¬è^ ¶ú˚«±ÀÓ¬ Ú ‘ √˙…ÀÓ¬í8

’Ô«±», ˜Ú≈¯∏… Ó“¬±Àfl¡ ¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬¸˜Ô« Ú˚˛º

¬Û±√À¸¬ıÚ ñ Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ˆ¬¬ı˛¡Z±Ê√ ¶§˚˛— ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ˝◊√√fÀfl¡,ëø|À ˛ ŒÓ¬ ¬Û±√± ≈√¬ı ’± ø˜ø˜é≈¬Ò«‘ ≈û¬ı«<œ ˙¬ı¸± √øé¬Ì±¬ı±Úƒí9

’Ô«±», Œ˝√√ ˝◊√ √fØ ‹ù´˚« ˘±ˆ¬±ÀÔ« ˆ¬¬ı˛¡Z±Ê√ ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛¬Û±√¡ZÀ˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚«± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

’‰«¬Ú ñ Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ¸¬ı… ’±øe¬ı˛¸ ˝◊√ √fÀfl¡ ’‰«¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ√˙ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú,

ëˆ ≈ ¬ÀÊ√ ˜—ø˝ √ √á ¬˜øˆ¬ ø ¬ıõ∂˜‰ « ¬Ó¬íº10

’Ô«±», Œˆ¬±·±Ô« Œ˜Ò±¬ıœ ˝◊√√fÀfl¡ ’‰«¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛±º¬ıµÚ ñ Î¬◊Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ¬Û≈S √œ‚«Ó¬˜± Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú,

ë¬ıµ±è Œô¶ Ó¬i§— ¬ıÀµ ’À¢üí11

’Ô«±», Œ˝√√ ’ø¢ü Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¡ ø˝√√—À¸ fl¡À¬ı˛Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ døÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ¬ıµ±èº ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛¬ı˛+¬ÛÀfl¡ ¬ıµÚ± fl¡ø¬ı˛º

√±¸… ñ ¬ıø˙á¬ Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú,ë’¬ı˛— √±À¸± Ú ˜œÎ¬ˇUÀ¯∏ fl¡¬ı˛±Ì…˝√√—

Œ√¬ı±˚˛ ˆ”¬Ú«À˚˛˝√√Ú±·±–º’À‰¬Ó¬˚˛√ø‰¬ÀÓ¬± Œ√À¬ı± ’À˚«±

·‘»¸— ¬ı˛±À˚˛ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬À¬ı˛± Ê≈√Ú±øÓ¬ººí12

’Ô«±», ’ˆ¬œ© Ü ¬ ı¯ ∏ « œ , Œ ¬Û±¯ ∏fl ¡ ¬ıèÀÌ¬ı ˛ Î ¬ ◊ ÀVÀ˙¬Û±¬Û¬ı˛ø˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±ø˜ √±À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬Û˚«±5ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚«±fl¡¬ı ˛¬ıº ’±˜¬ı˛± ’:±Ú, ’±‰¬±˚«À√¬ı ’±˜±À√¬ı ˛ :±Ú√±Úfl¡èÚº õ∂±:Ó¬¬ı˛ Œ√¬ı Œô¶±SÀfl¡ ÒÚ±ÀÔ« Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì fl¡èÚº

¸‡… ñ ¸À‡…¬ı˛ ¸≈µ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø‰¬S ’±ÀÂ√ ’±øe¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸”ÀMê√, Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ¬ı˘ÀÂ√Ú,

ë’À¢ü ¸À‡… ˜± ø¬ı˛¯∏±˜± ¬ı˚˛— Ó¬¬ıºí13

’Ô«±», Œ˝√√ ’ø¢ü ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ¸À‡… ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ˚Ú ˙Sn∏˝√√œÚ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º

’±RøÚÀ¬ı√Ú ñ ·±·«, ˆ¬¬ı˛¡Z±Ê√ Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ˝◊√ √Àf¬ı˛ øÚfl¡È¬õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú,

ëŸ¬ ∏3± Ó¬ ◊√√f ¶öø¬ı¬ı¸… ¬ı±U Î¬◊¬Û Œ¶ö ±˜ ˙¬ıÌ± ¬ı‘ √√ôL±ººí14

’Ô«±», Œ˝√ √ ˝◊ √ √f ’±˜¬ı˛± ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ √˙«Úœ˚˛ ¬ı±U¡ZÀ˚˛Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ Ô±fl¡¬ıº

¤-Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬ı±—˘±¬ı˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ˜˝√√±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛± Œ˚-∆¬ı¯û¬ıœ˚˛¬Û=¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛› õ∂Ô˜ ˝◊√√øeÓ¬ ’Ô«±» ˙±ôL,√±¸…, ¸‡…, ¬ı±»¸˘…, ˜Ò≈À¬ı ˛ ¬ı ˛ fl¡Ô±› Œ¬ıÀ√˝◊ √ √ õ∂Ô˜Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º15

’Ó¬¤¬ı Œ√‡± Œ·˘, Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ıÀ√˝◊√ √ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±-Ú±-Œfl¡±ÀÚ±’¬ı¶ö±˚˛ ˆ¬øMê√ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¬ıœÊ√ ’±ˆ¬±À¸-˝◊√√øeÀÓ¬ Î¬◊5 ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘˚± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬œ fl¡±À˘ ˆ¬±·¬ıÀÓ¬ ¤À¸ ¬Û”Ì«¬ı˛+¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¢∂˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛º16

Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏À√¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙søÈ¬ ’±¬ı˛› ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂¸±¬ı˛˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œù´Ó¬±ù´Ó¬À¬ı˛±¬ÛøÚ¯∏À√ ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙Às¬ı˛ ¶Û©ÜÎ ¬ ◊ À~‡ ˘é¬… fl¡ ¬ı ˛ ± ¬ ı ˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ±º17 ¤-õ∂¸Àe ¸¬ı « ¬Û ø~¬ı˛±Ò±fl‘¡¯ûÀÚ¬ı˛-¤¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜ôL¬ı… Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º øÓ¬øÚ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛’Ú≈á¬±ÚÀfl¡ Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏À¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±¸Ú±¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı ˛ÀÂ√Ú, bhakti is a directdeveloment of the upasana of theUpanisads.18 ’¬ı˙… ˆ¬øMê√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜˚«±√±˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ø ¬ıø‰¬S ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…-¸˝√ √ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± Œ√›˚˛±¬ı ˛ Œé¬ÀS ëÚ±¬ı ˛ √ˆ¬øMê√¸”Sí, ë˙±øG˘… ˆ¬øMê√¸”Sí, ëø¬ı¯≈û¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ìí ’±ø√ ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛¸Àe ¿˜ƒ√ˆ¬·¬ıÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º¬ıdÓ¬ ¿˜ƒ√ˆ¬±·¬ıÓ¬ ¢∂Lö˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’±fl¡¬ı˛ ¢∂Lö ø˝√√À¸À¬ıø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

ë¬ÛΩ¬Û≈ ¬ı ˛ ±Ìí-¤¬ı ˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œù≠±Àfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚^±ø¬ıÎ¬ˇÀ√À˙˝◊√√ Ú±øfl¡ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬øÂ√˘ .

ëÎ¬◊»¬Ûiß± ^±ø¬ıÀÎ¬ˇ ˆ¬øMê√-¬ı‘øX— fl¡Ì«±È¬Àfl¡ ·Ó¬±º$¡ø‰¬» $¡ø‰¬ij˝√√±¬ı˛±À©Ü™ &Ê«√À¬ı˛ õ∂˘˚˛— ·Ó¬±ººí19

’±¸À˘ √øé¬Ì ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø˜˘ ’±˘¬ı±¬ı˛ (Alwars)¸•x√±À˚ ˛ ¬ı ˛ ¸±Òfl¡À √ ¬ı ˛ ‹fl¡±ø ôLfl¡ õ∂À‰¬© Ü ± ¬ı ˛ Ù¬À˘˝◊ √ √Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı ˛ÀÌ¬ı ˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˆ¬øMê√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı ˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Î¬ ◊Àij¯∏‚ÀÈ¬øÂ√˘º20 ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ √±˙«øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ø√ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±˚˛ ˚“±¬ı˛± ¤ø·À˚˛¤À¸øÂ√À˘Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ Ú±Ô˜≈øÚ, ˚±˜≈Ú±‰¬±˚« õ∂˜≈‡ ¸¬ı±˝◊√√ ’±˘¬ı±¬ı˛¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı…øMê√Q øÂ√À˘Úº

ˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√ √ÀÓ¬… ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙Às¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¸—:±&ø˘¬Û±›˚˛± Œ·ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊À~‡fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ .

ë˙±øG˘… ˆ¬øMê√¸”ÀSí ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬ı˘±˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, ë¸± ¬Û¬ı˛±Ì≈¬ı˛øMê√¬ı˛œù´À¬ı˛í21 ’Ô«±» ëˆ¬øMê√í ˝√√À26√

÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛˜ ’Ú≈¬ı˛øMê√º ’¬ı˙… ¤˝◊√√ ¸—:± ŒÔÀfl¡ëˆ¬øMêí√¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬ı˛+¬Û ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√±Ú± Œ·À˘› Ó¬±¬ı˛Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı…Mê√ ˝√√˚˛øÚº

ëÚ±¬ı˛√ ˆ¬øMê√¸”ÀSí ëˆ¬øMê√í ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, ë¸±Ó¬ø¶úÚ ¬Û¬ı˛˜ Œõ∂˜¬ı˛+¬Û±í ’Ô«±», Devotional servicemanifests as the most elevated, pure lovefor God.22 ¤‡±ÀÚ› ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı± Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛fl¡Ô± ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬˘ Ú±º ’¬ı˙… ëˆ¬øMêí√¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ëÚ±¬ı˛√ˆ¬øMê√¸”Sí-¤ Œ˚ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛øÚ Ó¬± Ú˚˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ›ëˆ¬ øMê √ í ¸•ÛÀfl « ¡ ˚± ¬ı˘± ˝ √ √ À˚ ˛ÀÂ √ Ó ¬ ± øÚ& «Ì,’Ú…fl¡±˜Ú±¬ı˛ø˝√ √Ó¬ , ’Ô«±» ëˆ¬øMê√í ˜±˚˛±¬ı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬, ø‰¬ij˚˛¬ıdº øfl¡c õ∂ùü Ê√±·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ı ˙øMê√, øÚø¬ı«À˙¯∏ ¬ıËp¡¤¬ı— ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ˙øMê√› ˚ø√ ø‰¬ij˚˛ ¬ıd ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±˝√√À˘¤˝◊√√ ¸˜Àô¶¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±Úƒ ø‰¬ij˚˛ ¬ıdøÈ¬ ëˆ¬øMêí-√¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û Ó¬±ëÚ±¬ı˛√ ˆ¬øMê√¸”Sí-¤ ¶Û©Ü ˝√ √À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬øÚº ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬œfl¡±À˘Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı±‰¬±˚«·Ì ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ’¬Û¬ı˛ Œfl¡Î¬◊˝◊ √ √ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¶ § ¬ı ˛ + ¬Û øÚÌ «À˚ ˛ ¬ı ˛ Œ‰¬© Ü ± fl¡À¬ı ˛ÚøÚº23 Ê√œ ¬ı Œ·±¶§±˜œŒ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ √Úñ øÚø¬ı «À˙¯∏ ¬ı Ëp¡±Úµ ¤¬ı— ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı ˛¶§¬ı˛+¬Û±Úµ› ëˆ¬øMê√í Ú˚˛, ëˆ¬øMê√í ˝√ √À26√ √ √±ø√Úœ õ∂Ò±Ú±¶§¬ı˛+¬Û˙øMê√¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬ı‘øM√√ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏º

ëÚ±¬ı˛√ ˆ¬øMê√¸”Sí-¤ ëˆ¬øMê√í ˙Às¬ı˛ ¸—:±Àfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡È¬±‚Úœˆ”¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ‘bhakti consists ofoffering one’s every act to the supremeLord and feeling extreme distress inforgetting Him’. 24 ¿˜ƒ√ˆ¬±·¬ıÀÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ ’Ô«’±¬ı˛› ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ø¬ıø˝√√Ó¬¬ı± ’ø¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛ ¿fl‘¡À¯û ø‰¬M√√ ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú˝◊√√ëˆ¬øMê√íñ ëŒfl¡Ú±¬Û≈…¬Û±À˚˛Ú ˜Ú– fl‘¡À¯û øÚÀ¬ı˙À˚˛»íº 25

’¬ı˙… ë˜ ≈Mê √ ±Ù¬˘í ¢∂ÀL ö ¬ı ˛ ë∆fl¡ ¬ı˘… √œø ¬Ûfl¡±í È ¬œfl¡±˚ ˛Œ ¬ı ± ¬ÛÀ √ ¬ ı› ¬ıÀ˘øÂ √À˘Ú, ëˆ¬·¬ı ±ÀÚ ø‰ ¬M √ √ Àfl ¡ ø¶ ö ¬ ı ˛’ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸—À˚±øÊ√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√ºí26

ë¬Û=¬ı˛±S ¬Û¬ı˛˜¸—ø˝√√Ó¬±í˚˛ ˆ¬øMê√ ˙Às¬ı˛ ¸—:±˚˛ ¬ı˘±˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ √ñ ëŒ¶ß˝√√¬Û”¬ı«˜Ú≈Ò…±Ú— ˆ¬øMê√ø¬ı˛Ó¬…Òœ˚˛ÀÓ¬í27 ’Ô«±»Œ¶ß˝√√¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ ’ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ Ò…±Ú˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√º ¬ı˛±˜±Ú≈Ê√±‰¬±˚« ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ëÒËn∏¬ı±Ú≈¶ú‘øÓ¬í ’Ô«±» ŒÓ¬À˘¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’ø¬ıø26√iß Œ˚ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶ú‘øÓ¬-õ∂¬ı±˝√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ëˆ¬øMê√í ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú,

ñë¤¬ı— ¬ı ˛ + ¬Û± Ò Ë n ∏ ¬ ı ±Ú ≈¶ú ‘ øÓ ¬À ¬ı ˛ ¬ ıˆ¬øMê√˙ÀsÚ±øˆ¬Òœ˚˛ÀÓ¬ºí28

ëÚ±¬ı˛√¬Û=¬ı˛±Sí ¢∂ÀLö ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ ’Ô« fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√

˝◊√√øfÀ˚˛¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ˝◊√√øf˚˛±øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ¸¬ı±, ë˝√√+¯∏œÀfl¡Ú ˝√√+¯∏œÀfl¡˙Œ¸¬ıÚ— ˆ¬ øMê √èM √ √˜±ºí29 ˙Ç¬ı ˛ ± ‰ ¬ ±˚ « ˚ø √› Ó¬ ± ¬ ı ˛ëø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡‰”¬Î¬ˇ±˜øÌí ¢∂ÀLö ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ˜≈øMê√¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ ¸˜”À˝√√¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…Œ|á¬ ¬ıÀ˘ ’±‡…±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú,30 Ó¬¬ı≈› Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛˜ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê√ ˝√√À26√ ’±R¶§¬ı˛+À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸g±Ú, ˆ¬·¬ı» Œ¸¬ı± Ú˚˛º¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ˆ¬øMê√ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˙Ç¬ı˛±‰¬±À˚«¬ı˛Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ıÀ˘ ’±˜¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡ø¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤-õ∂¸Àe ˚Ô±Ô«˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√,

In Shankara’s Vedanta also bhakti isnot entirely ruled out but bhakti or devotionassumes different forms in his Advaitaframe-work, e.g. when Shankara identifies itwith enquiry into one’s own nature,‘upasana’ or worship of the different formof God belongs to the sphere of avidya ornescience according to Shankara, becausethere cannot be worship without duality ofthe worshipper and the object of worshipand duality itself comes under the purviewof avidya or nescience. 31

ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ ’±˜¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡À˚˛øÂ√, ˙Ç¬ı˛±‰¬±˚« ëˆ¬øMê√íŒfl¡Œ˜±é¬¬õ∂±ø5¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ˆ¬øMê√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛fl¡±ÀÂ√ Î¬◊À¬Û˚˛ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ∆¬ı¯û¬ıœ˚˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡fl¡ ˜”˘… ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ√˘˙Ç¬ı˛±‰¬±À˚« Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ˘˙˜±S› ŒÚ˝◊√√º

¤‡±ÀÚ Î¬ ◊ À~‡… Œ˚ ˆ¬ øMê √ ¬ ı ˛ ¸—:± ¬ı ± ˆ¬ øMê √ ¬ ı ˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¶ö±Ú Œ¬ÛÀ˘› ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ˆ¬øMê√’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ«¬œ fl¡±À˘ Œfl¡Î¬◊˝◊ √ √ ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ¬ıÀ˘¶§œfl ‘ ¡ øÓ ¬ Œ √ÚøÚº ¤-Œé¬ÀS ’±˜±À √ ¬ ı ˛ ¸—¶ ‘ ®Ó ¬’±˘Ç±ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› øÂ√˘ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡º ¬ı˛¸¬ı±À√¬ı˛õ∂Ô˜ ’±˘Ç±ø¬ı ˛fl¡ ˆ¬¬ı ˛Ó¬±‰¬±˚« Œfl¡¬ı˘ ’±È¬øÈ¬ ¬ı ˛¸Àfl¡¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ é¬±ôL ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ëˆ¬±¬ıõ∂fl¡±˙Úí-¤ ¬ı±¸≈fl¡œ˝◊√√õ ∂Ô˜ ˙± ôL ¬ı ˛¸Àfl¡ ¶ §œfl ‘ ¡ øÓ ¬ Œ √Úº32 Ó¬À ¬ı ˆ¬ ± ¬ı ˛Ó ¬œ˚ ˛’˘—fl¡±˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ˝◊ √ √øÓ¬˝√ √±À¸ ¤fl¡±Ò±À¬ı˛ ’±˘Ç±ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤¬ı—¬ı‘øM√√fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±‰¬±˚« ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı&5 ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’ÚôLˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÀÓ«¬¬ı ˛À¸¬ı ˛ Ú¬ıÒ± ø¬ıˆ¬±Àfl¡ ¶§œfl ‘ ¡ øÓ¬ ø √À˚ ˛ ˙±ôL ¬ı ˛¸Àfl¡ë¬ı˛¸À|á¬í ë˜˝√√±¬ı˛¸í ø˝√ √À¸À¬ı ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº33 øÓ¬øÚŒ˜±È¬ Ú˚˛øÈ¬ ¬ı˛¸Àfl¡˝◊√√ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø√À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú ¤¬ı— ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡¬ı˛øÓ¬ˆ¬±¬ı ø˝√√¬¸±À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ø√À˚˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ú˝◊√√


˙±ôL¿ ˜ø~fl¡ ˆ¬øMê√ . Î¬◊»¸ ¸g±ÀÚ

fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº34 ¤ -õ∂¸Àe øÓ¬øÚ ¶Û©Ü ¬ ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú› ì÷ù´¬ı˛õ∂øÌÒ±Úø¬ı¯∏˚ ˛fl¡ ëˆ¬øMê √ í › |X±, ¶ú ‘ øÓ¬, ˜øÓ¬, Ò ‘øÓ¬,Î¬◊»¸±˝√√ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’Ú≈õ∂ø¬ı©Ü ˝√√˝◊√ √˚˛± ˙±ôL ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’e˝√√˝◊√√˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ¬ı˛+À¬Û ˝◊√√˝√√±À√¬ı˛ ·ÌÚ± fl¡¬ı˛±˝√√˝◊√√˘ Ú±ºî35

’±‰¬±˚« ˜•úÈ¬ˆ¬A ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı ø˝√ √À¸À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ø√À˘› ¬ı˛¸ ¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Œ√ÚøÚº36 ¤-õ∂¸Àe ’±‰¬±˚«ø¬ıù´Ú±ÀÔ¬ı ˛ ˜Ó¬› Ó“¬±À√¬ı ˛˝ ◊ √ √ ’Ú≈·±˜œº 37 ¬ÛøGÓ¬¬ı ˛±Ê√Ê√·iß±Ô ˚ø√› ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ¬Û√ø¬ı ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ’À˚±·… ¬ıÀ˘˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú± Ó¬¬ı≈› øÓ¬øÚ ¬Û”¬ı«¸≈ø¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¬Û√±Ç ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ìfl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ¬Û√ø¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı‰≈¬…Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº 38

’Ó¬¤¬ı Œ√‡± Œ·˘, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±˘—fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ˆ¬øMê√, ˆ¬±¬ı-ø¬ıˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı…Mê√ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±¬ıÀ˘˝◊ √ √ Ó¬± ¬ı ˛¸ ¬Û√¬ı±‰¬… ˝√ √ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı ˛ Ú±º ¤-Œé¬ÀSŒ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ’±‰¬±˚«À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Î¬◊À~‡Úœ˚˛, Ó“¬±¬ı˛±˚Ô±Ô« ’±˘—fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ¬ıÀ˘¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ø√À˘Úº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¿¬ı˛+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œ, ¿¸Ú±Ó¬ÚŒ·±¶§±˜œ, ¿Ê√œ¬ı Œ·±¶§±˜œ, ¬fl¡ø¬ı fl¡Ì«¬ ¬Û ” ¬ı ˛, ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú¸¬ı˛¶§Ó¬œ ¤“À√¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ¸¬ı«±¢∂·Ì…º ˆ¬¬ı˛Ó¬±‰¬±˚« ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú ˚±’±¶§±ø√Ó¬ ˝√ √˚˛ Ó¬±-˝◊ √ √ ¬ı˛¸º ¤˝◊√ √ ¸”S ’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊ √ √∆¬ı¯û¬ı ’±˘—fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± Œ√‡±À˘Ú ¬ı˛¸¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ¬Û¬ı˛À˜ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛’±Úµ˜˚˛œ ¸M√√± ˆ¬Mê√fl¡Ó‘ «¬fl¡ ’±¶§±øÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ’À˘Ãøfl¡fl¡¸≈‡±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’¬ı¶ö±˚˛ ˆ¬ÀMê√¬ı˛ ˆ¬·¬ı» õ∂œøÓ¬¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±Úµ ¬õ∂¬ı±˝√√ ø˜À˘ø˜À˙ ¤fl¡±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º¤˝ ◊ √ √Ê √ÀÚ…˝ ◊ √ √ ˆ ¬ øMê √ Àfl¡ ¬ı ˛¸ ¬ı˘± ø ¬ıÀÒ˚ ˛º è^ÀÈ ¬ ¬ı ˛ëfl¡±¬ı…±˘Ç±¬ı˛í ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ È¬œfl¡±˚˛ Úø˜¸±Ò≈ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚¸fl¡˘ ø‰¬M√ √ ¬ı ‘ øM √ √˝ ◊ √ √ ¬ı ˛¸Q˘±Àˆ¬¬ı ˛ Œ˚±·…º39 ¬¿Ê√œ¬ıŒ·±¶§±˜œ› Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ëõ∂œøÓ¬¸µÀˆ«¬í ˆ¬·¬ı»-ø¬ı¯∏ø˚˛Úœ õ∂œøÓ¬fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛¸¬Ûø√¬ı ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˚≈øMê√¸•úÓ¬¬ı…±‡…± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘Ú ˆ¬·¬ıÓ¬-ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ õ∂œøÓ¬ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì› fl¡±À˚«¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ı˛¸±¬ı¶ö± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ Ó¬± ¶ö±˚˛œˆ¬±¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ ¶ö±˚˛œ ˆ¬±¬ı˝◊√√ ø¬ıˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¸Àe ø˜ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛¬ı˛À¸ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˘—fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡·Ì ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛Ê√Ú… ˆ¬øMê √Àfl¡ ¬ı ˛¸ ¬ı √ √À˘ Œ˚ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı ˛ fl¡À¬ı ˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬±Œfl¡ ¬ı˘˜±S Œ √ ¬ı-Œ √ ¬ıœ ¬õ ∂ˆ ‘ ¬ øÓ¬ ¬ı ˛ ˆ¬ øMê √ ¬ ı ˛ Œé¬ÀS˝ ◊ √ √õ∂À˚±Ê√…ñ ¿fl‘¡À¯û¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ú˚˛º40 ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Q› õ∂±Ò±Ú… ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ë˜≈Mê√±Ù¬˘í ¢∂ÀLö ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√ºë˜≈Mê√±Ù¬˘í ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ Œ˝√√˜±ø^¬ı˛ Ú±À˜ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ë∆¬fl¡¬ı˘…√œø¬Ûfl¡±íÈ¬œfl¡±˚˛ ø‡Ë©Üœ˚˛ ‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ õ∂ø¸X ∆¬ı˚˛±fl¡¬ı˛Ì

Œ¬ı±¬ÛÀ√¬ı ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚ ˆ¬øMê√ Î¬◊»fl¡¯∏« ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı˛À¸¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸Àfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛Ú±º41 øÓ¬øÚ Œ√‡±À˘Ú ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ¸±˜¢∂œ ˝√ √˘ ÷ù´À¬ı˛˜ÀÚ±øÚÀ¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¶ö±˚˛œ ˆ¬±¬ı, ˆ¬Mê√‰¬ø¬ı˛S |¬ıÌ ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√ ¤¬ı˛’Ú≈ˆ¬±¬ı ¤¬ı— Ò‘øÓ¬ õ∂ˆ‘ ¬øÓ¬ ¤¬ı ˛ ¬ı…øˆ¬‰¬±¬ı ˛œ ˆ¬±¬ıº42

Œ¬ı±¬ÛÀ√¬ı Ú¬ıø¬ıÒ± ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ø˚øÚ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸ ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, øÓ¬øÚ˝◊√√ ˆ¬Mê√º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛˘é¬Ì ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı, Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Î¬ ◊ ¬Û±À˚ ˛ fl ‘ ¡À¯û¬ı ˛ Î¬ ◊ ¬Û¬ı ˛ø‰¬M√√øÚÀ¬ı˙ fl¡¬ı˛±Àfl¡˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚ ˆ¬øMê√ ¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙ ˝√√±¸… ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√› ÷ù´À¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±øÚÀ¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛º ’Ó¬¤¬ı ˝√√±ø¸› ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ¬õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ ˜±Sº Ó“¬±¬ı˛˜ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸˝◊√√ õ∂Ò±Ú › ’±ø√¬ı˛¸º43

¤-Â√±Î¬ ˇ± ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı&5 ˆ¬øMê√ ¬ı ˛¸Àfl¡ Œ˚ ˙±ôL¬ı ˛À¸¬ı ˛’ôLˆ≈ « ¬Mê√ fl¡¬ı ˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Ú, Ó¬±› ˚≈øMê√¸—·Ó¬ Ú˚˛ºÎ¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±‘√˙… Ô±fl¡À˘› ∆¬ı¸±‘√˙…› ¬ıÎ¬ˇ fl¡˜ Ú˚˛ºŒfl¡ÚÚ± ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’Ú≈¬ı˛±·˝◊√√ ˝√√À26√ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û,˚±Àfl¡ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı¬ı˛± fl‘¡¯û¬ı˛øÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘ ’±‡…±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº44

’Ô‰¬ ˙±ôL¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛+¬Û˝◊√√ ˝√√À26√ øÚÀ¬ı«√ ¬ı± ∆¬ı¬ı˛±·…º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—ˆ¬øMê√¬ı ˛¸ ’±¶§±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ˆ¬Mê√ø‰¬ÀM√√¬ı ˛ Œ˚ Î¬◊~±¸ ¬ı±õ∂øÓ¬é¬ÀÌ fl‘¡¯ûø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ¬ı˛øÓ¬Àfl¡ Ú¬ı Ú¬ı ¬ı˛+À¬Û ’Ú≈ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò≈˚« Î¬◊ij±√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘, ˙±ôL¬ı˛À¸øfl¡c ¤˝◊√√ ˘œ˘±˜±Ò≈˚« ŒÚ˝◊√√º ¸≈À‡¬ı˛ ’±Úµ, ≈√–À‡¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏±√-¤¬ı ˛ ’Ó¬˘ ·±yœÀ˚«¬ı ˛ ’ôL¬ı ˛±À˘ ø¬ı˘œÚ ˝√ √À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º45

’±¸À˘ ˙± ôL ¬ı ˛ À¸ Œ˚ ˆ¬ øMê √ˆ ¬ ± ¬ ı ’±ÀÂ √ Ó ¬ ±¬Û¬ı˛˜:±Ú˜”˘fl¡º øfl¡c ∆¬ı¯ûÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√ ˝√√˘ õ∂œøÓ¬˜”˘fl¡,Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Œ√¬ıÓ¬± øÚø¬ı«À˙¯∏ ¬Û¬ı˛˜±R±¬ı˛+À¬Û õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√Ú Ú±,øÓ¬øÚ ¬Û¬ı˛˜ Œõ∂˜±¶Û√ ’±¬ÛÚÊ√Ú ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√ √ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√ √Úº˙±ôL¬ı˛À¸ ¤˝◊√√ ˘œ˘± ¸y¬ı Ú˚˛º46 ˙±ôL¬ı˛¸ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸ÀeŒfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸•Ûfl«¡¸”ÀS ’øi§Ó¬ ˝√ √˚ ˛ Ú± ¬ıÀ˘˝◊ √ √ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı’±˘—fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡·Ì ˙±ôL¬ı˛¸Àfl¡ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ ∆¬ÛÍ¬±˚˛ ¶ö±Úø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ’¬ı˙… ¬ÛøGÓ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ Ê√·iß±Ô ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸Àfl¡ Œ˚˙±ôL¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’ôLˆ≈«¬Mê√ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú± Ó¬± ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº47

¬ıdÓ¬ ’±Úµ¬ıÒ«Ú, ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı&5 ¤˜Ú-øfl¡ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a õ∂ÀÌÓ¬±ˆ¬¬ı˛Ó¬±‰¬±˚« ˙±ôL¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ Œ|á¬Q ¬ı± ˙±ôL¬ı˛¸˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¸fl¡˘ ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛˜”˘, ¤-fl¡Ô± ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘› ∆¬ı¯ûÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸Àfl¡ øfl¡c˙±ôL¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’ÒœÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ˆ¬·¬ı±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ õ∂œøÓ¬Àfl¡’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ’±˘—fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ¬ı˛+À¬Û˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º Ê√œ¬ıŒ·±¶§±˜œ¬ı ˛ ëõ∂œøÓ¬¸µˆ«¬í ¤¬ı— ¿˜Ò≈¸” √Ú ¸¬ı ˛¶§Ó¬œ¬ı ˛

ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸±˚˛Úí ¢∂Lö ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡Ó¬± õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±√ÀÚ˜≈‡… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ’¬ı˙… ¿¬ı˛+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œ¬ı˛ëˆ ¬ øMê √ ¬ ı ˛¸±˜ ‘Ó ¬ ø¸g ≈ í ¢ ∂L ö‡± øÚ› ¤-Œé¬ÀS ¸¬ı « ±À¢ ∂Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º

¤-õ∂¸Àe ë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…Ó¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ ¬ı˛‰¬ø˚˛Ó¬± fl‘¡¯û√±¸fl¡ø¬ı¬ı ˛±ÀÊ√¬ı ˛ fl‘¡øÓ¬Q Î¬ ◊À~‡Úœ˚˛º ¬ıdÓ¬ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS øÓ¬øÚ˝◊√√ õ∂Ô˜ ¬ÛøÔfl‘¡»º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í ¢∂LöøÈ¬ ¤fl¡±Ò±À¬ı˛ ∆‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ…¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚœ,Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ Ò˜«√˙«Ú˙±¶a ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛¸˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ’±fl¡¬ı˛¢∂Lö ø˝√ √À¸À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º ¬Û˚˛±¬ı˛ Â√Àµ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊ √ √ fl¡±À¬ı…√˙«ÚÓ¬N › ¬ı˛¸Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ·”Ï¬ˇ fl¡Ô±Àfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ’Ó¬…ôLøÚá¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏õ∂±ÀôL“√±øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ¬ı±Ò«fl¡…¬ÛœøÎ¬ˇÓ¬ fl‘¡¯û√±¸ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ø ¬ ı˙±˘ ˆ¬ ±G± ¬ı ˛ Àfl¡ Î ¬ ◊Ê √ ±Î ¬ ˇ fl ¡À ¬ı ˛ ø √À˚ ˛ øÂ √À˘Úë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…Ó¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í ¢∂ÀLöº øÓ¬øÚ ÷ù´¬ı˛ˆ¬øMê√ fl¡œ ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛À¸¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬± Œ√‡±ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Ó¬“±¬ı˛ ’ÚÚ≈fl¡¬ı˛Ìœ˚˛ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ø˘À‡øÂ√À˘Ú,

ëŒõ∂˜±ø√fl¡ ¶ö±ø˚˛ˆ¬±¬ı ¸±˜¢∂œ ø˜˘ÀÚºfl‘¡¯ûˆ¬øMê√ ¬ı˛¸¶§¬ı˛+¬Û ¬Û±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ì±À˜ººø¬ıˆ¬±¬ı, ’Ú≈ˆ¬±¬ı, ¸±øNfl¡, ¬ı…øˆ¬‰¬±¬ı˛œº¶ö±˚˛œˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı˛¸ ˝√√˚˛ ø˜ø˘ ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛ºº√øÒ Œ˚˜Ú ‡G-˜ø¬ı˛‰¬-fl¡¬Û”«¬ı˛ ø˜˘ÀÚºë¬ı˛¸±˘±‡…í ¬ı˛¸ ˝√√˚˛ ’¬Û”¬ı«±¶§±√ÀÚººí48

Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚, ¿¬ı˛+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œ¬ı˛ ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸±˜‘Ó¬ø¸g≈í-¬ı˛ë¬ı ˛øÓ¬ø¡Z«Ò±ø¬Û fl‘¡¯û±Õ√…– ....í ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√ Œù≠±fl¡ ’¬ı˘•§ÀÚø˘ø‡Ó¬ ë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í-¤¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’—À˙ ¬ı˛¸¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˆ¬¬ı ˛Ó¬±‰¬±À˚«¬ı ˛ ¸”ÀSëø ¬ıˆ¬± ¬ı±Ú ≈ˆ¬± ¬ı ¬ı…øˆ¬‰¬±ø ¬ı ˛ ¸—À˚±·± ƒ √ ¬ı ˛¸øÚ©ÛøM√ √–í49

’¬ı˘•§ÀÚ ˝◊ √ √øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√ √À˚˛øÂ√˘,¤&À˘± ˝√√˘ñ

fl¡] ˆ¬AÀ˘±~ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ëÎ¬◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√í‡] ˆ¬A˙Ç≈Àfl¡¬ı˛ ë’Ú≈ø˜øÓ¬¬ı±√í·] ˆ¬AÚ±˚˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ëˆ≈¬øMê√¬ı±√í ¤¬ı—‚] ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı&À5¬ı˛ ë’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√¬ı±√íº∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬ı˛¸˙±¶afl¡±¬ı˛À√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’Ó¬–¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘±

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛Ì±˜¬ı±√íº ¤˝◊ √ √˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√ ˝√ √˚˛ Ú±, Ú±Ú± Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˜˘ÀÚ ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı˛À¸¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˜±Sº ˆ¬¬ı˛Ó¬±‰¬±À˚«¬ı˛ ë¸—À˚±·í ˙Às¬ı˛ ’Ô«˝√√À26√ ëø˜˘Úí › ëøÚ©ÛøM√√í ˙Às¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√À26√ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛Ì±˜íº50

¬ıdÓ¬ fl ‘ ¡¯û √±¸ fl¡ø ¬ı¬ı ˛ ±ÀÊ√ ¬ı ˛ ë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø ¬ı ˛Ó¬±˜ ‘Ó¬í-Œfl¡’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡À¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ˚± ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ«¬œ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬’±˘—fl¡ø¬ı ˛fl¡À√ ¬ı ˛ øˆ¬øM√ √ˆ ” ¬ ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì « ¶§Ó¬L a ›Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡º

fl‘¡¯û√±¸ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬… ¢∂ÀLö ˙±ôL, √±¸… ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬Û“±‰¬õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ¸”Ñ±øÓ¬¸”Ñ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±-¸˝√√ ˙‘e±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ≈√˝◊√√õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ Œˆ¬√ ø¬ıõ∂˘y › ¸Ày±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛¸˜”˝√ √øÚ‡≈ “Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı ˛À¬ıø˙Ó¬ ˝√ √À˚˛ÀÂ√º fl‘¡¯û√±¸ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı ˛±Ê√fl¡±¬ı…Â√Àµ ¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ √˙«Ú˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øÚ·”Ï¬ˇ Ó¬N fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸Àe ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Ó¬±’±˜¬ı˛± ¤fl¡È¬± ’—˙ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√‡±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ñ

ë¬ı˛+Ï¬ˇ ’øÒ¬ı˛+Ï¬ˇ ˆ¬±¬ı Œfl¡¬ı˘ ˜Ò≈À¬ı˛º˜ø˝√√¯∏œ·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛+Ï¬ˇ ’øÒ¬ı˛+Ï¬ˇ, Œ·±ø¬Ûfl¡±-øÚfl¡À¬ı˛ºº’øÒ¬ı˛+Ï¬ˇ ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı ≈√˝◊√√ Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛º¸Ày±À· ˜±√Ú ø¬ı¬ı˛À˝√√ Œ˜±˝√√Ú Ú±˜ Ó¬±¬ı˛ºº˜±√ÀÚ ‰≈¬•§Ú±ø√ ˝√√˚˛ ’ÚôL ø¬ıÀˆ¬√ºÎ¬◊√‚”Ì«± ø‰¬SÊ√ä± Œ˜±˝√√Ú ≈√˝◊√√ Œˆ¬√ººø‰¬SÊ√ä √˙ ’e õ∂Ê√ä±ø√ Ú±˜ºw˜¬ı˛·œÓ¬± √˙ Œù≠±fl¡ ˚±˝√√±ÀÓ¬ õ∂˜±Ìººí51

¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚, ëˆ¬øMê√˜±Ó«¬Gí ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ õ∂À˜˚˛õ∂fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ ¿À·±À¬Ûù´¬ı˛ ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ Ú˚˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛√˙˜ ¬ı˛¸ ¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº

¤ˆ¬±À ¬ı ∆‰ ¬Ó ¬Ú…-’±ÚœÓ¬ ˆ¬ øMê √ ’±Àµ±˘ÀÚ¬ı ˛Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Œ˚-‰¬¬ı˛˜ Î¬◊»fl¡¯∏« ¸±øÒÓ¬˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬±-˝◊√ √ ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı õ∂øÓ¬á¬± Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛Œé¬ÀS ˜≈‡… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ıdÓ¬ ¿¬ı˛+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œ,¿Ê√œ¬ı Œ·±¶§±˜œ, fl¡ø¬ıfl¡Ì«¬Û”¬ı˛, fl‘¡¯û√±¸ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ õ∂˜≈À‡¬ı˛õ∂˚˛±¸ ¸¬ı«ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ô¶À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛¸Q õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±√ÀÚ ˜≈‡…ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı±„√√±ø˘ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬¬ı˛± ¬ı±—˘±ˆ¬±¯∏±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛¸Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˝◊√ √øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ õ∂±˚˛Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ õ∂¸e ŒÈ¬ÀÚ ¤ÀÚÀÂ√Úº ¤-Â±Î¬ˇ± ˚“±¬ı˛±∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬ı± ¬ı˛¸Ó¬N øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛±Ú±Ú± ‘ √ ø© ÜÀfl¡ ±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±À˘± ŒÙ¬À˘ ˆ¬ øMê √ ¬ ı ˛ À¸¬ı ˛¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ù¬À˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸Àfl¡’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ’¬ı˙… ¤“¬ı˛± ¸¬ı±˝◊√√ ˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛’˘—fl¡±¬ı˛˙±À¶a ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ı…±‡…±-ˆ¬±¯∏…-È¬œfl¡±˝◊√ √¬ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ˜±S , ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸”S


˙±ôL¿ ˜ø~fl¡ ˆ¬øMê√ . Î¬◊»¸ ¸g±ÀÚ

¸—À˚±Ê√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ÚøÚºŒ√‡± Œ·˘ ˆ¬±·¬ıÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±¬ı˛ øÚ˚«±¸ ’¬ı˘•§Ú fl¡À¬ı˛

¬ı±—˘±À√À˙ Ê√˚ ˛À √ ¬ı › ‰¬Gœ√±À¸¬ı ˛ ˝ √ √ ±Ó¬ ÒÀ¬ı ˛ Œ˚-ˆ¬øMê√¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˚±S± qè ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ∆‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ…¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı¸˜≈À^¬ı˛¶ÛÀ˙ « Œ¸˝ ◊ √ √ é¬œÌÀ¶ ⁄ ±Ó¬ ± øÚÁ « ¡ ø ¬ ı ˛Ìœ Î¬ ◊M √ √ ±˘ Ó¬ ¬ı ˛ Àe˜˝√√±¸˜≈À^¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ ˜˝√√±¸˜≈À^¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛Ó¬±,Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬¬ı˛eø˝√√À~±˘ ˜±¬ÛÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛˝◊√ √ ∆‰¬Ó¬Ú… ’Ú≈¬ı˛±·œÀ√¬ı˛˜ÀÒ… ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬øÂ√˘ ¤fl¡ ’¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡±¬ı…Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√fl¡±¬ı…Ó¬ÀN Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ’˘Ç±¬ı˛ ˙±À¶a ¬ı˛¸ ø˝√ √À¸À¬ı ’¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸À|á¬ ¬ı± ¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸¶ö˘ ¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ø√À˘ÚºÓ“¬±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√ √ ¬ı˛¸Àfl¡ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Î¬◊8˘ ¤¬ı— ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘Úº52 ˆ¬øMê√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛¸ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ø√ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¤¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¯∏øefl¡ ¬ı±øfl¡ ’e&À˘±Àfl¡› ¤“¬ı˛± ¬ı˛+¬Ûø √À˘Ú , ’± ¬ı ˛ Œ¸˝ ◊ √ √ ¬ ı ˛¸˙±¶ a ëÎ ¬ ◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌíëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸±˜‘Ó¬ø¸g≈í ë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¢∂ÀLö¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±¬Û≈©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ qÒ≈ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬˝◊√ √ ˝√√˘ Ú±, Œ¸˝◊√√¸Àe ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛¸Àfl¡Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊Í¬˘ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı˙±˘ ëˆ¬øMê√¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…íº

¸”S øÚÀ«√˙ –

1º Bhagabat Kr. Goswami : ‘The BhaktiCult in Ancient India’, p.7, 1st pub.p.7

2º ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ¬Û‘. 91º

3º Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ı√, 1˚127˚5º

4º ë¸±Ôœ ¬Û”Ê√Ú—í , Ó¬À√¬ı, 8˚17˚12º

5º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1˚1˚156˚3º

6º ¬ı‘˝√√√±¬ı˛Ì…fl¡ Î¬◊¬ÛøÚ¯∏√, 4˚5˚6º

7º Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ı√, 1˚51˚13º

8º ∆Ó¬øM√√¬ı˛œ˚˛ ’±¬ı˛Ì…fl¡√, 1˚12˚1º

9º Ÿ¬·ƒÀ¬ı√, 6˚29˚3º

10º Ó¬À√¬ı√, 1˚51˚1º

11º Ó¬À√¬ı√, 1˚14˚2º

12º Ó¬À√¬ı√, 7˚86˚7º

13º Ó¬À√¬ı√, 1˚94˚10º

14º Ó¬À√¬ı√,√ 6˚47˚8º

15º ^© Ü ¬ ı … , ë Œ ¬ ı √ -Œ ¬ ı √ ± ô L í [Î ¬ ◊M √ √ ¬ ı ˛ ‡G, Œ ¬ ı √ -ø¬ıø‰¬ ôLÚ], Î¬. ˜˝√√±Ú±˜¬ıËÓ¬ ¬ıËp¡‰¬±¬ı˛œ, 1˜ õ∂fl¡±˙1998, ¬Û‘. 88-90º

16º Ó¬À√¬ı√√, ¬Û‘. 88-90º

17º Œù´Ó¬±ù´Ó¬À¬ı˛±¬ÛøÚ¯∏√-5˚23º

18º S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophyø¬ı¯≈û¬Û√ ˆ¬A±‰¬±À˚«¬ı ˛ ëŒ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¸•x√±˚˛ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸ › ’˘Ç±¬ı˛˙±¶aí ¢∂ÀLö Î¬◊X‘Ó¬, ¬Û‘. 73º

19º ¬ÛΩ¬Û≈ ¬ı ˛ ±Ì, Î¬ ◊M√ √ ¬ı ˛ . 1˚48 , 11˚3˚38-39,

Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚, Œù≠±fl¡øÈ¬ ˆ¬±·¬ıÀÓ¬› ¸±˜±Ú… ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬’¬ı¶ ö ±˚ ˛ ¬Û±›˚ ˛ ± Œ·ÀÂ √º ^© Ü ¬ı … ,¿˜√ˆ¬±·¬ıÓ¬˜±˝√√±R…˜, 1˚88º

20º The seed of Vaishnavism in SouthIndia was sown by the Alwars, whowere the earliest Brahmin messengersto the South. They gave prominenceto the emotional side of Vaishnavismand used the language of the peoplein their songs and hymns.”Lakshminath Bezbaruah The Religionof love and Devotion . (ed. Dr.Maheswar Neog), p.1

21º ˙±øG˘… ˆ¬øMê√¸”S - 1˚2

22º A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Pravupada(ed. & tr.) : ‘Narada Bhaktisutra’ No.2

23º ¬ı˛±Ò±À·±ø¬ıµ Ú±Ô . ëŒ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı √˙«Úí ‡G 6,Û‘.√ 191º

24º Ú±¬ı˛√ ˆ¬øMê√¸”S, ¬Û‘.19º

25º ¿˜ƒ√ˆ¬±·¬ıÓ¬ - 7˚1˚31º

26º ëÎ¬◊¬Û±˚˛¬Û”¬ı«fl¡˜ ˆ¬·¬ıÓ¬œ ˜Ú– ø¶ö¬ı˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ì— ˆ¬øMê√í .ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí ¢∂ÀLö Î¬◊X‘Ó¬,√ ¬Û‘. 92º

27º ¬Û=¬ı ˛±S ¬Û¬ı ˛˜¸—ø˝√ √Ó¬± - 4˚71, ëˆ¬øMê √ ¬ı ˛À¸¬ı ˛ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí ¢∂ÀLö Î¬◊X‘Ó¬, ¬Û‘. 93º

28º ¿ˆ¬±¯∏… √- 1˚1˚27-28º

29º ¬ı˘À√¬ı ø¬ı√…±ˆ”¬¯∏Ì fl¡Ó‘«¬fl¡ ëõ∂À˜˚˛ ë¬ı˛P±¬ı˘œí ¢∂ÀLöÎ¬◊X‘Ó¬, ¬Û‘.√ 42º

30º ëŒ˜±é¬fl¡ ± ¬ ı ˛Ì¸±˜¢∂ … ±— ˆ¬ øMê √ À ¬ı ˛ ¬ ı ·¬ı ˛ œ˚ ˛¸œí ,ëø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡‰”¬Î¬ˇ±˜øÌí- ¬Û‘. 31º

31º G. C. Nayak : ‘Jnaneshwara and HisIntegral Philosophy’ : Some SalientFeatures, compiled in In Quest ofUniversal Peace, M/T Pune 1996, P-99

32º P. V. Kane : History of SanskritPoetics, 3rd edn. 1961. p.367

33º Î¬. ÚÀ·f – ¬ı˛¸ø¸X±ôL [’Ú≈. Î¬. ˝◊√√fÚ±Ô Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ]1˜ ¸—, 1970, ¬Û‘. 45º

34º ë’øˆ¬Ú¬ıˆ¬±¬ı ˛Ó¬œí, ëÚ±È¬…˙±¶aí ¯∏á¬ ’Ò…±˚˛, ¬Û ‘.341- 42º ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí ¢∂ÀLö Œ˘ø‡fl¡±ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊X‘øÓ¬º

35º ’¬ı ôLœfl ≈ ¡˜± ¬ı ˛ ¸±Ú…±˘ [’Ú ≈ .› ¸•Û±.] –ë’øˆ¬Ú¬ıˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œí, ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı ˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí [’±‰¬±˚«’øˆ¬Ú¬ı&5] ¬Û‘.√ 340º

36º ’±¬ı˛ øÎ¬. fl¡˜«fl¡±¬ı˛ [¸•Û±.] ëfl¡±¬ı…õ∂fl¡±˙ [’±‰¬±˚«˜•úÈ¬ ¬ˆ¬A], ¬Û‘. 118º

37º ¸±ø˝√Ó¬…√¬Û«Ì, 3˚260º

38º ¸g…± ˆ¬±≈√øÎ¬ˇ [¸•Û±.] – ı˛¸·e±Ò¬ı˛-¤¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜’±ÚÚ, ¬Û‘.√ 121º

39º Î¬. ’øÚ˘‰¬f ¬ı¸ ≈ [¸•Û±. › ’Ú ≈ .] –fl¡±¬ı…˘—fl¡±¬ı˛ √ √ [’±‰¬±˚« è^È¬] 2˚˛ ¸—¶®¬ı˛Ì 1928,

¬Û‘. 150-151º

40º ëˆ¬øMê √ ¬ı ˛À¸¬ı ˛ ø ¬ı ¬ıÓ « ¬Úí ¢∂ÀL ö Œ˘ø‡fl¡± ø‰ ¬ij˚ ˛œ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ Î¬◊X‘øÓ¬, ¬Û‘.√ 77-78º

41º ë˜≈Mê√±Ù¬˘í-11˚2

42º ë‰ ¬˜»fl¡ ± ¬ı ˛ – ¸±˜±øÊ √fl¡ ±Ú±— ø˝ √ √ ˚¶ú±» ¤¬ı—¸±˜¢∂œÀfl¡± ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸ ô¶¶ú±» ’Ú¬Û˝ê¬ıÚœ˚˛ ˝◊√ √Ó¬…Ô«–Ó¬ÕS¯∏± ¸±˜¢∂œ Œfl¡Ú±¬Û≈…¬Û…±À˚˛Ú ˜ÀÚ±øÚÀ¬ı˙– ¶ö±˚˛œ‰ ¬ ø ¬ ı ˛S|¬ıÌ± √˚ ˛ Î ¬ ◊Vœ ¬ÛÚ±ø ¬ıˆ¬ ± ¬ ı ±– ø ¬ ı¯ ≈ ûˆ¬Mê√±(±˘•§Ú˜, ’Ú≈ˆ¬±¬ı– ô¶y±√À˚˛± Ò‘Ó¬…±ø√¬ı…øˆ¬‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ú(í, ÷ù´¬ı˛ ˙±¶aœ [¸•Û±.] . ˜≈Mê√±Ù¬˘,’Ò…±˚˛ 11, ¬Û‘. 187º √

43º ¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛?Ú ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ë¬ı˛¸¸˜œé¬±í ¬Û‘. 158º

44º ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸±˜‘Ó¬ø¸g≈, √øé¬Ì ø¬ıˆ¬±·, √1˚5

45º ëÚ ˚S ≈√–‡— Ú ¸≈‡— Ú Œ¡ZÀ¯∏± Ú±ø¬Û ˜»¸¬ı˛– ¸˜–¸À¬ı3«¯∏≈ ˆ”¬ÀÓ¬¯∏≈ ¸ ˙±øôL– õ∂øÓ¬ÀÔ± ¬ı˛¸–ººí Ú±È¬…˙±¶aí-6˚106

46º ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí ¬Û‘.84º

47º ë¬ı˛¸·e±Ò¬ı˛í, õ∂Ô˜ ’±ÚÚ, ¬Û‘.√ 121º

48º ∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬ 2˚23˚29

49º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˚¯∏á¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À26√√√º

50º ø¬ı˜˘±fl¡± ôL ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ [¸•Û±. › ’Ú≈.] –ë¸±ø˝ √ √Ó ¬ … √ ¬Û «Ì– í 2˚ ˛ ¸—¶® ¬ı ˛Ì, 1386 ¬ ¬[Û ‘ .Î¬◊¬ÛSê˜øÌfl¡±]

51º ∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬, 2˚23˚39-42

52º ø¬ı√…±˜±Ò¬ı-1˚2, fl‘¡¯û√±¸ fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¢∂Lö∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ ’—˙ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏º

¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂Lö¬Û?œ

¬ı±—˘± ñ

1º fl¡˜«fl¡±¬ı˛, ’±¬ı˛. øÎ¬. [¸•Û±.] –ëfl¡±¬ı…õ∂fl¡±˙í [’±‰¬±˚« ˜•úÈ¬] 1˜ ¸— 1938º

2º ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ø‰¬ij˚˛œ – ëˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Úí 1˜ ¸—1972º

3º Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈¬ı˛œ, Î¬. ˝◊√ √fÚ±Ô [’Ú≈.] – ë¬ı˛¸ø¸X±ôLí 1˜¸— 1970 ¬Û±È¬Ú±º

4º √M√√, ¬ı˛À˜˙‰¬f [’Ú≈.] – ëŸ¬·ƒÀ¬ı√-¸—ø˝√√Ó¬±í 1˜‡G, 2˚˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ 1987º

5º Ú±Ô, ¬ı˛±Ò±À·±ø¬ıµ [¸•Û±.] – ëŒ·ÃÎ¬ ˇ œ˚ ˛∆¬ı¯û¬ı √˙«Úíº ¯∏á¬ ‡G, 2˚˛ ¸— 1982º

– ë∆‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±˜‘Ó¬í [1˜-4Ô« ‡G] 1934º

6º ¬ı¸≈, Î¬. ’øÚ˘‰¬f [’Ú≈. › ¸•Û±.] –ëfl¡±¬ı…±˘Ç±¬ı ˛ í [’±‰¬±˚ « è^È¬¬] 2˚˛ ¸— 1928,

Œ¬ı±À•§º


˙±ôL¿ ˜ø~fl¡ ˆ¬øMê√ . Î¬◊»¸ ¸g±ÀÚ

vvv

’¸˜œ˚˛± ø¬ıˆ¬±·



7º ıÀµ…±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, Î¬. ¸≈À¬ı˛˙‰¬f – ëÚ±È¬…˙±¶aí [’±‰¬±˚«ˆ¬¬ı ˛Ó¬] 1˜ ‡G, 2˚˛ õ∂fl¡±˙, ‰¬Sê¬ıÓ « ¬œ, Â √µ±[¸•Û±. › ’Ú≈.] 1985º

8º ¬ıËp¡‰¬±¬ı˛œ, Î¬. ˜˝√√±Ú±˜¬ıËÓ¬ – ë Œ ¬ ı √ -Œ¬ı√±ôLí 1˜ õ∂fl¡±˙ 1998º

9º ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ø¬ı¯≈û¬Û√ – ëŒ·ÃÎ¬ ˇœ˚ ˛ ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¸•x√±˚ ˛ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛¸ › ’˘Ç±¬ı˛˙±¶aí 1˜ ¸— 1400 ¸Úº

10º ˆ¬±≈ √øÎ¬ ˇ, ¸g…± [’Ú≈. › ¸•Û±.] – ë¬ı ˛¸·e±Ò¬ı˛í[’±‰¬±˚« ¬ÛøGÓ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ Ê√·iß±Ô] º Ûø¬ı˛˜±øÊ«√Ó¬ ¸—˜˝√√±˘˚˛± 1991º

11º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ø¬ı˜˘±fl¡±ôL [’Ú≈.] – ë¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…√¬Û«Ìí[’±‰¬±˚« ø¬ıù´Ú±Ô fl¡ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√] 2˚˛ ¸— 1386 ¸Úº

12º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛?Ú – ë¬ı˛¸¸˜œé¬±í 1˜ õ∂fl¡±˙1368 ¸Úº

13º ¸±Ú…±˘, ’¬ı ôLœ fl ≈ ¡˜± ¬ı ˛ [’Ú ≈ . › ¸•Û±.] –ë’øˆ¬Ú¬ıˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œí [’±‰¬±˚« ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı&5] 1997,

¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡ ˆ¬±G±¬ı˛, ¬ı˝◊√√À˜˘±º

14º ¶§±˜œ Œ¬ı√± ôLÚµ [’Ú≈.] – ëø ¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡ ‰ ” ¬Î¬ ˇ ±˜øÌí

[˙Ç¬ı˛±‰¬±˚«] 2˚˛ ¸— 1984º ¬ı˛±˜fl‘¡¯û ø˜˙Ú’±|˜, ¬Û±È¬Ú±º

15º ¶§±˜œ õ∂ˆ¬± ¬ıÚµ – ëÚ±¬ı ˛ √ˆ¬øMê √¸ ”Sí 1˜ ¸—1971º

English –

Kane, P.V. :‘History of Sanskrit Poetics’ 3rd

edn. 1961, Delhi.

Nayak, G. C. :‘Jnaneshwara And HisIntegral Philosophy : Some Salient’.1996 MIT, Pune.

Neog, Maheswar : The Religion of LoveAnd Devotion (LakshminathBezbaruah) 1st edn. 1968, Jorhat,Assam.

Swami, A. C. Bhaktivedanta : ‘NaradaBhaktisutra’(ed. & tr) TheBhaktivedanta Book Trust, Mumbai.

vvv

˙±ôL¿ ˜ø~fl¡



Â√ÀÚÈ¬ . ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 ’ª√±Ú

¬ı±Ìœfl¡±ôL ˙ «±’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯∏± ø¬ıˆ¬±·, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ-781014, ’¸˜º

Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œ|Ìœ1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±º ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Â√µ1œøÓ¬Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊Î¬◊À1±¬Û1 ˝◊√√È¬±˘œÓ¬ Œ¬Û±Úõ∂Ô˜ÀÓ¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À1 ¸≈õ∂ø¸X fl¡ø¬ı Œ¬Û¬∏C±Àfl«¡º ŒÓ¬›“1˜±Ú¸ ¬ÛÈ¬ÀÓ¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√ ‚øÈ¬øÂ√ º ◊√√Î¬◊À1±¬Û1 ø¬ıøˆ¬ißˆ¬±¯∏±1 fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡À˘√√ ŒÓ¬›“fl ’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡ø1À˚˛˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬õ∂¬ı‘M√√¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º

¤˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı± ˘é¬Ì ŒÚ± øfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¤È¬±

Ô”˘˜”˘ Ò±1Ì± ’ª·Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±ÀÈ¬± ¸˜œ‰¬œÚº Œ¬Û¬∏C±Àfl«¬ ∆‰¬Ò…È¬±˙±1œÓ¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 1+¬ÛÀÈ¬± ·Í¬Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ 1+¬ÛÀÈ¬±1 ≈√È¬±ˆ¬±·ñ Ó¬±1 õ∂Ô˜ ’±ÀÍ¬±È¬± ˙±1œfl¡ Octave ¬ı± ’©Üfl¡Œ¬ı±À˘ ’±1n∏ ’ªø˙©Ü Â√È¬± ˙±1œfl¡ Sestet ¬ı± ¯∏Èƒ¬fl¡ Œ¬ı±˘±˝√√˚˛º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 õ∂øÓ¬ÀÈ¬± ˆ¬±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¤‚±1È¬±Õfl¡ Syllable ¬ı±Ò√ıøÚ Ô±Àfl¡º ’±Àfl¡Ã õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ˙±1œ1 Œ˙¯∏1 Ò√ıøÚ1 ø˜˘À1±¤È¬± øÚø«√©Ü ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ñ Ó¬±fl¡ ¸±ÀÇøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂fl¡±˙

ABSTRACT : In this article an honest attempt has been made to establish MichaelMadhusudan Dutta as the harbinger of blank-verse and sonnet in the whole realm of ModernIndian Literature. He was followed by others, particularly by the Assamese poets of theRomantic age. Hem Chandra Goswami's ‘Priyatamar Chithi’ is the first sonnet in Assamese.He was followed by Padmanath Gohain Barua. Hiteswar Barbarua was the most prominentpoet to compose two books of sonnets namely ‘Malach’ and ‘Chakulo’ – both containing 128sonnets composed on the model set forth by Madhusudan who ushered in Petrarchian,Miltonian and Shakespearean pattern of sonnets in his Chaturdashapadi-Kavitavali containing102 sonnets.

In Assamese literature Lakshminath Bezbarua also attempted a few sonnets whileNilamani Phukan, Dimbeswar Neog, Suryyakumar Bhuyan etc. tried their hands in creatingsonnets. Since the composition of sonnet demands particular skills and techniques, thenumber of poets in this field is not big. The readers will find a few examples of sonnets,while for the first time they will come to know that the great orientalist Anundoram Borooahcomposed at least one sonnet in Sanskrit after about 15 years of the publication ofMadhusudan's sonnets.

SONNET : CONTRIBUTION OF MADHUSUDAN AND ASSAMESE POETS






fl¡1± √√ ˛ ¤ ◊√√√À1 ñ abba abba + cdcdcd = fl¡‡‡fl¡fl¡‡‡fl¡ Ÿ¬ ·‚·‚·‚ ‘ ¸¬ı«˜≈Í¬ ∆‰¬Ò…È¬±º ¤˝◊√√ ø˜˘ ø¬ıÚ…±¸1øÚ˚˛˜øÚá¬±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ fl¡˜ ¸—‡…fl¡ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛À˝√√ ¤˝◊√ √ ¬ÛXøÓ¬õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˜Ô« ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º

˝◊√√—˘GÓ¬ ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ˚˛11 ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ¬1+¬Û±ôL1 ‚øÈ¬˘ºÂ√ÀÚÈ¬1 ∆‰¬Ò…È¬± ˙±1œfl¡¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡1± √√í˘ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬± quatrain ¬ı±‰¬Ó≈¬©®Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ¤È¬± ˚≈¢¨fl¡1 1+¬ÛÓ¬ñ ’Ô«±» ‰¬±ø1È¬± ‰¬±ø1È¬±˙±1œ ¬ı± ‰¬1ÌÓ¬ ø¬ıˆ¬Mê√ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬± ‰¬Ó≈¬©®1 ¬ı±1È¬± ˙±1œ ¬ı± ‰¬1Ì’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏1 ˚≈¢¨fl¡Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ≈√È¬± ‰¬1Ì ¬ı± ˙±1œ ‘ ¸¬ı«˜≈Í¬∆‰¬Ò…È¬± ˙±1œº ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬Ó≈¬©®1 ‰¬1ÌÀ¬ı±11 ’ôL…ø˜˘1 ’±ø˝√√«ÀÈ¬±˝√√í˘ - abab, cdcd, efef ’±1n∏ ¬gg ¬ı± fl¡‡fl¡‡ ·‚·‚‰¬Â√‰¬Â√ ’±1n∏ Ê√Ê√º

Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· ¸˜ ˛Ó¬ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß fl¡ø¬ıÀ ˛ Œ˚ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1¤˝◊√ √ ÚœøÓ¬øÚá¬± ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±Àª 1é¬± fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊√ √ Ó¬±fl¡ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ’Ô«±» Â√ÀÚÈ¬¸˜”À˝√√˝◊ √ √ õ∂˜±Ì fl¡À1ºŒfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Àª 14 È¬± ’±‡11¬ ¬Ûø1ªÀÓ«¬ 16 È¬± ¬ı± 18

È¬± ’±‡À1À1› Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º¤fl¡˜±S Â√µ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ’±¬ıX Ú˝√√˚˛ ,

Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú±1 Î¬◊ÀV˙… øÚø √√Ó¬ ∆ √√ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 õ∂fl¡±˙fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ˘±ª± ¬ˆ¬±¬ı, ’±À¬ı·, ’Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬1 ¶§Ó¬ .¶£”¬Ó«¬õ∂fl¡±˙Ó¬º √1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬-¬õ∂œøÓ¬, ’Ó¬œÓ¬1 õ∂øÓ¬ |X±,ˆ¬øª¯∏…Ó¬1 1„√ √œÚ fl¡äÚ±, Œõ∂˜ ’±1n ∏ Œ¸Ãµ˚«1 ¬Û”Ê√±.Ê√±·øÓ¬fl¡ Œ¸Ãµ˚«1 õ∂øÓ¬ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛-ø¬ı˜”Ï¬ˇ ‘√ø©Ü, øõ∂˚˛± ¬ı± øõ∂˚˛11+¬Û-&Ì1 õ∂˙—¸±, ø¬ıù´-õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Ó¬ øõ∂˚˛±1 1+¬Û√˙«ÚÓ¬’Ó¬œøf ˛¬ı±√, Ê√œªÚ1 1 √√ …Àˆ¬√, ˜±Úªœ ˛ ≈√‡-Õ√Ú…¡, Œ˙±fl¡-Ó¬±¬Û, ‹ø˝√√fl¡-¬Û±1À˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ Ê√œªÚ1 ø‰¬ôL± ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±1±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Ú˝√√˚˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±ÀÈ¬±1 ’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬Ó¬Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı± ˘é¬Ì ¸•§Àg ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º D. G.Rossati-Œ˚˛ Preface to the House of Life ¢∂LöÓ¬Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤øÈ¬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì« ˜ôL¬ı… ø√ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√√À1 ñ

A sonnet is a moment's monument,Memorial from the soul's eternityTo one dead deathless hour.¤˝◊√ √ fl¡Ô±ø‡øÚÀfl¡ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Î¬0 ˜À˝√√f ¬ı1±˝◊ √ √ √±ø„√√

Òø1ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√√À1 ñfl¡ø¬ı1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ‰¬ÀÚÈ¬ [Â√ÀÚÈ¬] ˝√ √í˘ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 Œ¸˝◊ √ √

Î¬◊»fl‘¡©ÜÓ¬˜ ˜±Ò…˜, ˚±1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“1 Ê√œªÚ1’ôL˘«œÚ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt, Œ¬ı√Ú± ’±1n∏ ·ø1˜±, Î¬◊8˘Ó¬± ’±1n∏

¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±, ’wÀˆ¬√œ Î¬◊263±¸ ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬˜ øÓ¬Mê√Ó¬±ñ¸fl¡À˘±ø‡øÚ ¸≈Ó¬œ¬ıË 1+¬ÛÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1º ˝◊√ √ ˝√√í˘ëé¬øÌfl¡1 ¶ú‘øÓ¬ô¶yíº ◊√√ Ê√±øÚ¬ı± Œ¬ı“±ªÓ¬œ ”“øÓ¬1 ¬Û1± Ê≈√¬ı≈ø1˚± ◊√√Ó≈¬ø˘ ’Ú± ¤ø¬Û˚˛˘± ¬Û±Úœ, ˚íÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ Ê√œªÚ1 ¸fl¡À˘±ø‡øÚ’ø¬ıÚù´1Ó¬± - Ú±˝◊√√ ˜±ÀÔ±Ú Ó¬±1 õ∂¬ı±˝√√º 1

¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±Àª Â√ÀÚÈ¬Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ¤È¬± øÚÀÈ¬±˘ ˆ¬±¬ı,’Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬1 ¬Û”Ì«±ª˚˛ª1 õ∂fl¡±˙º ’©Üfl¡Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˆ¬±ª±Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬1¬Û±Ó¬øÚ Œ˜ø˘, ∏Èƒ¬fl¡Ó¬ Ó¬±1 ¬Ûø1¸˜±ø5Õ˘ ’ªÀ1±˝√√Ì ‚ÀÈ¬±ª±˝√√˚˛º ¤È¬±Ó¬Õfl¡ ’øÒfl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı± ’Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬1 ’ªfl¡±˙ Ó¬±Ó¬Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º Œfl¡øÓ¬˚±¬ı± Œ¸ ◊√√ ’Ú≈ ¬”øÓ¬ √√ ÀÓ¬± ø˜| ’Ú≈ ¬”øÓ¬ √√í¬ı¬Û±À1 , øfl¡c Ó¬±1 ‹fl¡…ˆ¬±ª1 ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú Ú √√ ˛º ’±Àfl¡Ã ¤È¬± ˜Úfl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛± ø√˙ ˝√√í˘ñ ’©Üfl¡ÀÈ¬±› ≈√È¬± ‰¬Ó≈¬©®Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬Mê√’±1n∏ ¯∏Èƒ¬fl¡ÀÈ¬±› õ∂±À˚˛˝◊√√ øS‰¬1øÌfl¡±Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬Mê√ Œ˝√√±ª± Œ√‡±˚±˚ ˛º ¤˝◊ √ √ õ ∂¸eÓ¬ ˝ ◊ √ √·±È « ¬Ú ø¶úÔ1 ø ¬ıÀù≠¯ ∏ÌÀÈ¬±õ∂øÌÒ±ÚÀ˚±·…º2

Œ¬Û¬ ∏C±fl « ¡1¡ Î¬ ◊ ø~ø‡Ó¬ Â √ÀÚÈ¬1 ’±ø˝ √ √ « ¬ı± ’± √˙ «ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ˚˛1œ˚˛ Â√ÀÚÈ¬Ó¬ 1øé¬Ó¬ Ú˝√√íÀ˘› ø˚ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬± ‰¬Ó≈¬©®’±1n∏ ≈¢¨Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬±øÊ√Ó¬ Ó¬±À1 õ∂Ô˜ ô¶ªfl¡Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ı1 ’±1y ∆ √√ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛ ô¶ªfl¡Ó¬ õ∂¸±ø1Ó¬ ∆ √√ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ ˛ ô¶ªfl¡Ó¬ ˙œ ∏«Ó¬ ’øÒøá¬Ó¬∆˝√√ ’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ ˚≈¢¨fl¡ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ ’ªÀ1±˝√√Ì fl¡1±1 ˘À· ˘À·¬Ûø1¸˜±ø5 ‚ÀÈ¬º ¤ ◊√√ fl¡Ô±ø‡øÚ Ê√Ê«√ Œ‰¬ ◊√√∞I◊¬ı±ø1À ˛ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚfl¡1± ˜ôL¬ı… Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º3

Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤È¬± Ô”˘˜”˘ Ò±1Ì± √±ø„√√ Ò1±1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬¬Û±(±Ó¬… Ê√·Ó¬1 ¬Û1± ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı ∏«Õ˘ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ’±·˜Ú Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡‚øÈ¬˘ Œ¸˝◊√ √ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˘íÀ˘˝◊√ √ ’±˜±1‘√ø©ÜÀ·±‰¬1 √√ ˛ ˜± ◊√√Àfl¡˘ ˜Ò≈ ”√Ú √M√√1 ‰¬Ó≈¬«√ Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˘œÚ±˜1 ¢∂Lö‡Úº ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ ˛ ˆ¬± ∏±Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂Ô˜ ¶⁄©Ü±˜±˝◊√√Àfl¡˘ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú √M√√º ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂ˆ¬±ª1ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛Ê√Ú±ÀÈ¬± ¸˜œ‰¬œÚ ˝√√í¬ıº

˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… fl‘¡øÓ¬

¬Û±(±Ó¬…1 fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 ¸±ø √√Ó¬… fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ’Ò… ˛ÀÚ ˜± ◊√√Àfl¡˘˜≈√¸”√Ú √M√√fl¡ ¬Û±(±Ó¬… fl¡ø¬ıfl≈¡˘1 ˙±1œÓ¬ ¬Û±Ó¬ ¬Û±ø1¬ıÕ˘’Ú≈Àõ∂1Ì± Œ˚±·±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ëë˜Ò≈1— ˜Ò≈ Ó¬¶ú±2‰¬ ¸≈Ò± Ó¬¸…± .fl¡Àªª«‰¬–íí ñ ¤ ◊√√ ˜˝√√±¬ı±Ìœ1 ’Ú≈1ÌÀÚ Œ¬ı±Ò ˝√√ ˛ ˜Ò≈ ”√Úfl¡◊√√—1±Ê√œ ˆ¬± ∏±Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı… 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ õ∂ÀÌ±ø√Ó¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√ ’±1n∏

Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜±^±Ê√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± fl¡±˘Ó¬ Ê√œªÚ1 õ∂±1yÀÓ¬1849 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ My Captive Ladie, Visions ofthe Past õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1 ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√1 õ∂˙—¸±

˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ˚ø√› ø¸ ˚˙–õ∂±Ô«œ fl¡ø¬ı1 ˜Ú1 ’±˙±Ú≈1+¬ÛŒÚ±À √√±ª± ¬ı≈ø˘À ˛ ◊√√ ¤fl ’¸cø©Ü1 ¬ı≈√¬ı≈√øÚÀ ˛ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ¬ÛœøÎ¬ˇÓ¬fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ˜±^±Ê√1 ¬Û1± 1856 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ fl¡ø˘fl¡Ó¬±Õ˘Î¬◊ˆ¬øÓ¬ ’±ø √√ ¬Û≈ø˘‰¬ Œ˜øÊ√À©Ü™È¬ øfl¡À˙±1œ‰¬“±√ ø˜S1 fl¡±˚«±˘ ˛Ó¬Œfl¡¬1±Ìœ1¡ ‰¬±fl¡ø1 ’±1y fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œ√±ˆ¬±¯∏œ1[interpreter] fl¡±˚« øÚ¬ı«±˝√√ fl¡À1º 1858 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“¬Û±˝◊√√fl¡¬Û±Î¬ˇ±1 1±Ê√± õ∂Ó¬±¬Û‰¬f ø¸—˝√√ ’±1n∏ ÷ù´1‰¬f ø¸—˝√√1’Ú≈À1±Ò˜À˜« 1P±ª˘œ Ú±È¬fl¡1 ˝◊√√—1±Ê√œ ’Ú≈¬ı±√ fl¡ø1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏‡…±øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1º øfl¡c õ∂Ô˜ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 øÚÊ√1˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı„√√˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 õ∂øÓ¬ ø˚ ’Úœ˝√√±1 ˆ¬±¬ı ’±øÂ√˘ ø¸ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜Ú1 ¬Û1± ø¬ı”√ø1Ó¬ ˝√√í˘ ’±1n∏ õ∂±˚˛ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±¬ıÂ √1Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ñ ë’¬Û±À1 fl¡± ¬ı… ¸—¸±À1 fl¡ø ¬ıÀ1fl¡–õ∂Ê√±¬ÛøÓ¬–í, 1+¬ÛÓ¬ ’ªÓ¬œÌ« ∆˝√√ 1859 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ ˙ø˜«á¬±Ú±È¬fl¡, ¤Àfl¡˝◊√√ øfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ¬ı≈ÀÎ¬ˇ± ¬˙±ø˘Àfl¡¬ı˛‚±ÀÎ¬ˇ Œ¬ı“± Ú±˜1 õ∂ √√ Ú ≈√‡Ú õ∂Ì ˛Ú fl¡À1º 1860 ‡Ëœ©ÜsÓ¬ŒÓ¬›“ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À1 ¬ÛΩ±¬ıÓ¬œ Ú±È¬fl¡ º øÍ¬fl¡ ¤˝◊ √ √ Ú±È¬fl¡1ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬ ¸≈ˆ¬^± Ú±À˜ ¤‡Ú Ú±È¬fl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ ∆˘øÂ√˘˚ø√› ¸•Û”Ì« Ú˝√√í˘º 1861 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛‡ÚÚ±È¬fl¡ fl‘¡¯ûfl≈¡˜±¬ı˛œ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º 1860 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1fl¡±¬ı…¢∂Lö øÓ¬À˘±M√√˜±¸y¬ı ’±1n∏ 1861 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ Œ˜‚Ú±√¬ıÒfl¡±¬ı…1 1‰¬Ú± ¸•Û”Ì« ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 ¬ıœ1±eÚ± ’±1n∏ ¬ıËÊ√±eÚ±fl¡±¬ı… ≈√‡ÀÚ± ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛À‰¬±ª±À1 ¸‘ø©Üº 1862 ‡Ëœ©Ü±s1 ¬Û1±1865 ‡Ëœ©Ü±s ¬Û˚«ôL ˘GÚÓ¬ Œ¬ıø1©Ü±1œ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1Ó¬ ∆˝√√1865 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ ÙË¬±k1 ˆ¬±1Â√±˝◊√√ Ú·1Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œfl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˘œ ¬ı± Â√ÀÚÈ¬ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬Û≈?1 1‰¬Ú± ¸˜±5 fl¡À1ºfl¡ø˘fl¡Ó¬±Õ˘ õ∂Ó¬…±ªÓ«¬Ú fl¡1±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡±¬ı…fl¡œøÓ«¬ ô¶t∆˝√√ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ Œ˝√√"√√1¬ıÒ Ú±˜1 ¤‡Ú ·√…±Rfl¡¢∂Lö 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏ Ê√œ¬ªÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√‡Ú ¢∂Lö õ∂fl¡±˙∆˝√ √øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“1 Œ˙¯∏ Ê√œªÚ ¬ı1 ≈ √ ¬ı «˝ √ √ ∆˝√ √ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘º˙±1œø1fl¡, ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ’±1n∏ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ≈√·«øÓ¬Ó¬ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú Ê√Ê«√ø1Ó¬Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 Ê√œªÚ√œ¬Û ˜±S 49 ¬ıÂ√1 ¬ı˚˛¸ÀÓ¬ øÚ¬ı«±ø¬ÛÓ¬∆˝√øÂ√˘º4 ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±1 ø˚ Œ¸Ã1ˆ¬ øÚ–¸‘Ó¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ ø¸˚≈·-˚≈·±ôL1Õ˘ ˜˘˚˛ ¸˜œ1ÌÓ¬ øÚ¬ıX ∆˝√ √ Ô±øfl¡¬ı, ˚±1˜‘≈√¶Û˙«˝◊√√ 1¸:¸fl¡˘1 ˝√√+√˚˛ ˜?ø1Ó¬¬ fl¡ø1 1±ø‡¬ıº

˜Ò≈¸”√Ú¬1 ’é¬˚˛ fl¡œøÓ¬ « ¬ ˝√ √í˘ ñ ŒÓ¬›“1 Úª ÚªÎ¬◊Àij ∏ ±ø˘Úœ õ∂:±À1 ’±øª©®±1 fl¡1± fl¡±¬ı… ¬ı± ¸±ø √√Ó¬… ‘ø©ÜÓ¬õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1± ’ø˜S±é¬1 Â√µ ’±1n∏ ¬Û±(±Ó¬…1 fl¡ø¬ıfl≈¡˘1¸˜±‘√Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ’±√˙«Ó¬ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı„√√˘±Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂À˚˛±·,ø˚ÀÈ¬± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±fl¡ø¬ıÀ ˛ ˜Ò≈ ”√Ú1 ¬Û”À¬ı« fl¡äÚ±› fl¡1± Ú±øÂ√ º ◊√√ ∆ √√ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬›“1

õ∂:√±1 ¬Ûø1‰¬±˚˛fl¡º ŒÓ¬›“ Vision of The Past Ó¬˝◊√√—1±Ê√œ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 1‰¬Ú± ’±1y fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ , ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ø¬ıÀ√˙Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡À˚˛˝◊√√ ¶§À√˙õ∂œøÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏±1 õ∂øÓ¬ Ôfl¡±ŒÓ¬›“1 ’Ú≈1±·¬ı˙Ó¬– ¬ı„√√˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ 102È¬± Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¬1‰¬Ú±fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¬ı±„√ √ ±˘œ fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘fl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“ Â√ÀÚÈ¬¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ ’±‡…±ø√øÂ√˘ ’±1n ∏ Œ¸˝◊ √ √ fl¡±1ÀÌ˝◊ √ √ ‰¬Ó≈¬« √˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˘œ 5

Ú±˜fl¡1ÀÌÀ1 ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸˜ø©Ü õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º˜Ò≈ ”√ÀÚ ◊√√È¬±˘œ ˛ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ’±√ «ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸ ” √√

1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“1 43 È¬± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œ¬Û¬∏C±fl«¡1 ’±√˙«’Ú≈¸ø1 ’©Üfl¡ ’±1n∏ ¯∏È¬ ƒfl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬±· ø¬ı√…˜±Úº ˜Ò≈¸”√ÀÚø˜˘ƒÈ¬Ú1 ’±√˙«› ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ - ø˜˘È¬Ú1 ’©Üfl¡Ó¬ ≈√È¬±≈√È¬±1 ø˜˘ ’Ô«±» fl¡‡ fl¡‡ ·‚ ·‚ ’±1n∏ ¯∏Èƒ¬fl¡Ó¬ ≈√È¬± ¬ı±øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±1 ø˜˘º

˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1 ¬Û“±‰¬È¬± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1¬ ¯∏Èƒ¬fl¡Ó¬ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬± ˚≈¢¨1 ø˜˘Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ñ

¬ıe ˆ¬±¯∏± ·‚ ‚· „√√„√√fl¡±˙œ¬ı˛±˜ √±¸ ·‚ ·‚ „√√„√√fl¡˜À˘ fl¡±ø˜Úœ ·‚ „√√· ‚„√√fl¡œøÓ«¬¬ı±¸ ·‚ „√√· ‚√√„√√Ê√˚˛À√¬ı ·‚ ‚· „√√√„√√

ŒÓ¬›“1 ¤È¬± Ú±˜˝√√œÚ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ’©Üfl¡- ∏Èƒ¬fl¡ ø˜ø˘ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±ø˜˘ñ

fl¡‡ ‡fl¡ fl¡‡ fl¡‡fl¡· fl¡· fl¡fl¡

˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¬ı±ø˝√√À1 96 È¬± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ¯∏Èƒ¬fl¡Ó¬ ≈√È¬±Õfl¡ ø˜˘ºë‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˘œí1 fl¡ø¬ı1 ¶§Ó¶£¬”Ó«¬ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙

‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√º ¬ı„√√ ± ¸±ø √√Ó¬…Ó¬ ˜Ò≈ ”√Ú1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¤fl¡ ¸Ù¬˘Ó¬˜ ‘ø©ÜºøÚ˚«±øÓ¬Ó¬± øÚÀ©Ûø¯∏Ó¬± ¸œÓ¬±fl¡ Î¬◊ÀV˙… fl¡ø1 ˜Ò≈¸”√ÀÚ

fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ø˘ø‡ ¤fl¡ fl¡1n ∏Ì 1¸1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊ √ √ √À1’±|˜¬Û±ø˘Ó¬± ˙fl≈¡ôL˘±1 ø˚ øÚÀÈ¬±˘ Â√ø¬ı ’ÇÚ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬fl¡ø¬ı1 Œ¸Ãµ˚«À¬ı±Ò1 ¬Û1±fl¡±á¬± ¬Ûø1¶£¬ ≈È¬ ∆˝√ √ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√ºë˙fl≈¡ ôL˘±í Â √ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬± ¬6 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬ ◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√ √ í˘ fl¡ø¬ı1’ôL11±Ê√…1 ¸Ày√ ˘í¬ıÕ˘ñ

Œ˜Úfl¡± ’o¬ı˛±¬ı˛+¬Ûœ, ¬ı…±À¸¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ, ‘ fl¡õ∂¸ø¬ı, Ó¬…øÊ√˘± ¬ı…Àô¶, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬-fl¡±ÚÀÚ, ‘ ‡˙fl≈¡ôL˘± ¸≈µ¬ı˛œÀ¬ı˛¡, Ó≈¬ø˜, ˜˝√√±˜øÓ¬, ‘ fl¡fl¡∞´¬ı˛+À¬Û Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Ó¬±À¬ı˛ ¬Û±ø˘˘± ˚Ó¬ÀÚ, ‘ ‡fl¡±ø˘√±¸Ø ÒÚ… fl¡ø¬ı, fl¡ø¬ı-fl≈¡˘-¬ÛøÓ¬Ø ‘ ·


¬ı±Ìœfl¡±ôL ˙˜«± Â√ÀÚÈ¬ . ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 ’ª√±Ú

Ó¬¬ı fl¡±¬ı…±|À˜ Œ˝√√ø¬ı˛ ¤ Ú±¬ı˛œ-¬ı˛Ó¬ÀÚ ‘ ‚Œfl¡ Ú± ˆ¬±˘ ¬ı±À¸ Ó¬±À¬ı˛, ≈√ÉôL Œ˚˜øÓ¬ ‘ ·Œõ∂À˜ ’g∑ Œfl¡ Ú± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ˜√Ú-¬ıgÀÚ∑ ‘ ‚ÚµÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬Ûfl¡-Ò√ıøÚ ¸≈˜Ò≈¬ı˛ ·À˘ , ‘ ‰¬¬¬Û±ø¬ı˛Ê√±Ó¬-fl≈¡¸≈À˜¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜˘ ù´±À¸ , ‘ Â√˜±Ú¸-fl¡˜˘-è∏ø‰¬ ¬ı√Ú-fl¡˜À˘ , ‘ ‰¬’ÒÀ¬ı˛ ’˜‘Ó¬-¸≈Ò± , Œ¸Ã√±ø˜Úœ ˝√√±À¸ , ‘ Â√øfl¡c › ˜‘·±øé¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˚À¬ı ·ø˘, Á¡À˘ ‘ ‰¬√’|n∏¬Ò±¬ı˛±, ∆Ò˚«… ÒÀ¬ı˛ Œfl¡ ˜ÀM«√√…, ’±fl¡±À˙∑ ‘ Â√√fl¡ø¬ı1 ˜ÚÓ¬ ˙fl≈¡ ôL˘± ø‰¬1ôLÚ fl¡±¬ı… ¸≈µ1œº fl¡∞´1

’±|˜1 Ú¬ıœÚÀ˚ÃªÚ± ˙fl≈¡ôL˘±1 ø˚ Œ¸Ãµ « Ó¬±1 Ó≈¬˘Ú± Ú± ◊√√ ,øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ¸Ãµ˚« ˜1ø˝√√ ∆·ÀÂ√ ˜1œ‰¬œ1 ’±|˜Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1Ó¬¬Ûø¶§Úœ ˜”øÓ«¬Ó¬º ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ù´1 ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1 ˙fl≈¡ôL˘± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÈ¬±17

õ∂¸e õ∂øÌÀÒ ˛º

˙fl≈¡ôL˘±

’Ú¸”˚˛± øõ∂˚˛•§√± ≈√˝◊√√ ¸‡œ ˘˝◊√√ ‘ fl¡Ù≈¬ø1øÂ√˘± Œ˚À¬ı Ó≈¬ø˜ Ù≈¬˘øÚ-˜±Ê√Ó¬ ‘ ‡¬Û±Úœ Â√øÈ¬˚˛±˝◊√√, Œ√øªØ ˜±Òªœ-Ó¬˘Ó¬ ‘ ‡≈√ÉÀôL Œ√ø‡À˘, ’±˝√√±º ø¸fl¡±˘Ó¬ ·˝◊√√ºº

‘ fl¡fl¡∞´1 Ê√œ˚˛±1œ Ó≈¬ø˜, Œfl¡‰≈¬ª±À1 ¬Û1± ‘ fl¡øÚ7¡¡«¡Ú ¬ıÚÓ¬ Î¬◊Í¬±, ¬ıÚ1 ˝√√ø1Ìœ ‘ ‡’±øÂ√˘ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˜±ÀÔ± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¸øeÚœ, ‘ ‡Ú±Ê√±Ú± Â√˘Ú± Ó≈¬ø˜ ¸1˘Ó¬±-ˆ¬1±ºº ‘ fl¡≈√¯∏…ôL 1Ê√±À1 ¸íÀÓ¬ Ù≈¬˘øÚ ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ‘ ‰¬Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˝√√˚˛ õ∂Ô˜ √˙«Ú ‘ Â√Œ˜±ø˝√√˘± 1Ê√±fl¡ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’ø˜˚˛± ˜±Ó¬Ó¬, ‘ ‰¬’øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ±˝√√1 ‘√˙… ’¬Û”¬ıı« ø˜˘Úº ‘ Â√ŒÓ¬±˜±1 fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ, Œ√øªØ ¬ÛÀÏ¬ˇ± ø˚ fl¡±˘Ó¬,

‘ Ê√¶§·«-¸≈‡ ˆ¬±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ Ú±˘±À· ˜ÚÓ¬ºº ‘ Ê√¡

¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1 ¤˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬Ó¬ Œ¬Û¬∏C±fl¡«œ˚˛ ’±1n∏ ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ˚˛1œ˚˛’±ø˝√√«1 ø˜|Ì ‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±¬ı-’Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬1 Ù¬±˘1¬Û1± ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1ˆ¬±¬ı1 ¬Û1±› ¬Û‘Ôfl¡º ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±˝◊√√ Œfl¡¬ı˘ Œ˚ÃªÚ1 Î¬◊ij±√Ú±11+¬ÛÀÈ¬±À √√ ¬ıÌ«±À˘º ’±ÚÙ¬±À˘ ˙fl≈¡ôL˘±1 Œõ∂˜ ˜Ó«¬…1 ˜±Ú¬ıœ ˛1+¬Û1 ¬Û1± Î¬◊M√√œÌ« ∆˝√√ ¶§·«œ˚˛ Œõ∂˜Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 Â√ø¬ı˜Ò≈¸”√ÀÚ ø˚ √À1 ’ÇÚ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊ √ √ ø‰¬S ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1¶£¬≈È¬ Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√º

’¸˜œ˚˛± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˚≈·1 fl¡ø¬ı1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬˜Ò≈ ”√Ú √M√√1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú±1 ’±√ « Œ˚ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ∆˝√√øÂ√˘Œ¸ ◊√√ fl¡Ô± ¸¬ı«Ê√Úø¬ıø√Ó¬º ëŒÊ√±Ú±fl¡œí fl¡±fl¡Ó¬Ó¬ Œ¬Û±Ú õ∂ÔÀ˜ŒÊ√±Ú±fl¡œ ˚≈·1 Ú¬ıÚ…±¸ Ò±1±1 ’ÚÓ¬…˜ ’¢∂Ìœ ¬ÛøGÓ¬Œ˝√√˜‰¬f Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ [‡Ëœ– 1872-1928] ëøõ∂˚˛Ó¬˜±1ø‰¬øÍ¬í Ú±˜1 õ∂Ô˜ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 8 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ˚˙¸…±1’øÒfl¡±1œ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¬Û¬∏C±fl«¡1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú±1 ’±ø˝√«¬Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ 1‰¬Ú±fl¡1± ¤˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬± Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘º

øõ∂˚˛Ó¬˜±1 ø‰¬øÍ¬Œ¸Ãµ˚«…1 ¬ı≈fl≈¡1 fl¡“±‰¬ø˘ Î¬◊√„√√±˝◊√√, ‘ fl¡õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 Œ‰¬±-‚1 ‰¬±À˘“± ø¬ÛÓ¬ø¬ÛÓ ‘ ‡fl≈¡fl≈¡1±ÀÍ¬„√√œ˚˛± ¤˝◊√√ ’±‡1 øfl¡øÈ¬Ó¬ ‘ ‡ ø˚ ’ø˜˚˛± ¬‚˝√√“± ’±ÀÂ√ fl¡ÀÓ¬± ’±1n∏ Ú±˝◊√√º

‘ fl¡fl¡ø¬ı-øÚfl≈¡?Ó¬ Ù≈¬ø˘ fl¡Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±˝◊√√, ‘ fl¡˜˘˚˛±Ó¬ Î¬◊øÈ¬ Î¬◊øÈ¬ Ù≈¬À1 ¬Û‘øÔªœÓ¬, ‘ ‡ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø‰¬øÍ¬À˚˛ øfl¡c ’±ÀÚ ø˚øÈ¬ ·œÓ¬, ‘ ‡fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 fl¡±À¬ı… Ó¬±1 Œ·±gÀfl¡± Ú±¬Û±˚˛º ‘ fl¡Ù≈¬˘ Ù≈¬À˘ ¸ø1 ˚±˚˛, qfl¡±Ú ¬ıÚøÚ, ‘ ·¬ı¸ôL1 fl≈¡“ø˝√√¬Û±Ó¬ 1√Ó¬ Œ˘À1À˘ , ‘ ‚ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø‰¬øÍ¬À˚˛ øõ∂À˚˛ Ê√±ÀÚ øfl¡ Œ˜±ø˝√√Úœ,

‘ ·øÚÀÓ¬Ã ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± ¬ı±˝œ√√ Ú Ú Ù≈¬˘ Œ˜À˘º ‘ ‚˚Ó¬ qÀ„√√± ‰≈¬˜± ‡±› ŒÚ˘±À· ’±˜øÚ, ‘ ·˝√√+√˚˛Ó¬ Œ˝√√¬Û±˝√√1 Œˆ¬±È¬±Ó¬1± ;À˘º ‘ ‚ñ ëøõ∂ ˛Ó¬˜±1 ø‰¬øÍ¬í1 fl≈¡fl≈¡1± ŒÍ¬„√√œ ˛± ’±‡1 Œfl¡ ◊√√È¬±ÀÓ¬

˜”Ó«¬ ∆˝√√ Ôfl¡± Œ˜±ø˝√√Úœ ˙øMê√ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÈ¬±1 Œ˙¯∏1 Â√-˙±1œÓ¬õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬S1 ¸˝√√±À˚˛À1 fl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡ø1 ’øÓ¬˙˚˛’±À¬ı√Ú˙œ˘ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ √ õ∂¸eÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1±¸˜œ‰¬œÚ ˝√ √í ¬ı Œ˚ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 1‰¬Ú± 1œøÓ¬ ¤˝◊ √ √Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬ø¬ıø•§Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º

Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ√ª1 øõ∂˚˛ ¬ıg≈ ¬ÛΩÚ±Ô Œ·±˝√√±ø¤û ¬ı1n∏ª±˝◊√ √[‡Ëœ. 1871-1946] Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ√ª1 ˜‘Ó≈¬…Ó¬ Œ˙±fl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙fl¡ø1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Œ¬Û¬ ∏C±fl«¡1 ’±ø˝√ √ «Ó¬, ø˚ÀÈ¬±Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ√Àª ’¸˜œ˚˛± õ∂Ô˜ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ºŒ¸˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±9 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ñ

Œ˝√√˜‰¬f Œ·±¶§±˜œ‰¬ÀÚÈƒ¬ ‰¬±ÀÚøfl¡ ’“±ø‰¬ Œ¬Û±Úƒ-õ∂Ô˜ÀÓ¬, ‘ fl¡ëõ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 Œ‰¬± ‚1í ‰¬±˝◊√√ ëø¬¬ÛÓƒ¬ø¬ÛÓƒ¬í ‘ ‡

’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˆ¬“1±˘Ó¬ øÔÓƒ¬ ‘ ‡ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸y±1 ¤øÈ¬ fl¡ø1˘“± ˘±‰¬ÀÓ¬º ‘ fl¡ë‰¬±ÀÚøfl¡í ¸—¢∂˝√√ fl¡ø1 ŒÊ√…±øÓ¬-¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1, ‘

fl¡’¸˜ ¸˜˘ ¸íÀÓ¬ ¸øÓ¬Úœ Ô˘Ó¬ ‘ ‡¬ıg±˘“± ø˚ ›‡ Œ√Ã˘ ëø¬ıù´í-˜G¬ÛÓ¬ ‘ ‡‰¬1±¬ı Œ·Ã1ª Ó¬ª ˚≈·-˚≈·±ôL1º ‘ fl¡ëfl¡±fl”¡øÓ¬í ŒÓ¬±˜±1 qøÚ, Œõ∂ø˜fl¡±1 õ∂øÓ¬, ‘

·ëø¬ıÊ≈√˘œí ¬ı≈fl≈¡Ó¬ Œ√ø‡í Œ¸˝◊√√ ëŒ¸±Ì˘Ó¬±í, ‘

‚¡Ú¬Ûø˜ ŒÚ±ª±À1,ñ ˚±1 ¸≈fl¡1n∏Ì ˜øÓ¬ñ ‘

·õ∂øÓ¬¬ ÛÀ√ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª± Œfl¡±˜˘Ó¬± , ‘ ‚¬ı≈1?œ-Œˆ¬±À˜±1± Ó≈¬ø˜, ¬Û≈1øÌÓ¬ 1øÓ¬, ‘ ·

¸±øÒ˘“± Ó¬±À1˝◊√√ Œ√ª ˜M«√√… ’˜1Ó¬±º ‘ ‚[Ê≈√1øÌ- ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶®1Ì 1860 ¬˙fl¡±s]

Œ·±˝√√±ø¤û¬ı1n∏ª±˝◊√ √ ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ˚˛1œ˚˛ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬± 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±1 øÚ√˙«Ú Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬1‰¬±ÀÚfl¡œ ¤øÈ¬10 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ñ

fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±øÚ˜±Ó¬ ø¬ıù´1 ˆ¬±¯∏± Ê√Î¬ˇ-Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬, ‘ fl¡’¬ı…Mê√ ˆ¬±¬ı1 Œ˝√√Ó≈¬ ˜±Ú¸œ ≈√ª±1 ‘ ‡¸Ê√œª fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ¸‘ø©Ü øÚ7¡¡¡«œª ¬ÛÈ¬Ó¬, ‘ fl¡’‘√˙… fl¡äÚ± fl¡ø1 ¸≈‘√˙… ¸y±1º ‘ ‡

øÚ1±˙ Œõ∂ø˜Àfl¡ ¸±ÀÊ√ ¸±b√LÚ± fl≈¡È¬œ1, ‘ ·¬Û≈Ì« ø˜˘ÚÓ¬ Ù≈¬ÀÈ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛1 ˆ¬±¯∏± , ‘ ‚Î¬◊ij±√ ¬Û1±Ì ˝√√˚˛ ˙±ôL ¸≈·ˆ¬œ1 , ‘ ·fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ¬Û±Ó¬øÚÓ¬ Œ˜ø˘-Ó¬ø1 ’±˙±º ‘ ‚¸À¬Û±Ú-1±Ê√…Ó¬ Ù≈¬À˘ Œ¸Ãµ˚«…1 Ó¬1±, ‘ ‰¬ø√Í¬fl¡À1± Ú±Ú± Ù≈¬˘ ˝√√˚˛ ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬, ‘ Â√Œ·±gÓ¬ ’±À˜±˘À˜±˘ ø¬ı¯∏±ø√Úœ Ò1±, ‘ ‰¬√’˜‘Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Ûø‰¬ ¬ÛÀ1 ø¬ı¯∏±√œ ˝√√+ø√Ó¬º ‘ Â√˜M«√√…1 ˜±Úª ˜Ú ˜ø1› ’˜1, ¬ ‘ Ê√Œfl¡±˜˘ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± fl¡øä fl¡1n∏Ì ¬1¸1º ‘ Ê√

¤ ◊√√ õ∂¸eÓ¬ ˜Ò≈ ”√ÀÚ øÚÊ√¶§ 1œøÓ¬Ó¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±˙œ¯∏«fl¡ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±11 Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ñ

’g Œ˚, øfl¡ ¬ı˛+¬Û fl¡À¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬Àé¬ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ‘ fl¡Úø˘Úœ∑ Œ¬ı˛±øÒ˘± ø¬ıøÒ fl¡Ì«-¬ÛÔ ˚±¬ı˛, ‘ ‡

˘Àˆ¬ øfl¡ Œ¸ ¸≈‡ fl¡ˆ¬≈ ¬ıœÌ±¬ı˛ ¸≈¶§À¬ı˛∑ ‘ fl¡øfl¡ fl¡±fl¡, øfl¡ ø¬Ûfl¡Ò√ıøÚ,ñ¸˜ˆ¬±¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛Ø ‘ ‡˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊√…±Ú-˜±ÀÁ¡, fl≈¡¸≈À˜¬ı˛ ¸±¬ı˛ ‘ ·fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±-fl≈¡¸≈˜-¬ı˛PØ ñ √˚˛± fl¡ø¬ı˛ ÚÀ¬ı˛, ‘ ‚fl¡ø¬ı-˜≈‡-¬ıËp¡-Œ˘±Àfl¡ ÿø¬ı˛ ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛ ‘ ·¬ı±Ìœ¬ı˛+À¬Û ¬ıœÌ±¬Û±øÌ ¤ Ú¬ı˛-Ú·À¬ı˛ºñ ‘ ‚≈√•ú«øÓ¬ Œ¸ Ê√Ú, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜Ú– Ú±ø˝√√ ˜ÀÊ√ ‘ ‰¬fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±-’˜‘Ó¬-¬ı˛À¸Ø ˝√√±˚˛, Œ¸ ≈√•ú«øÓ¬, ‘ Â√¬Û≈©Û±?√ø˘ ø√˚˛± ¸√± Œ˚ Ê√Ú Ú± ˆ¬ÀÊ√ ‘ ‰¬› ‰¬¬ı˛Ì¬ÛΩ, ¬ÛΩ¬ı±ø¸øÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛øÓ¬Ø ‘ Â√fl¡¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜˘˜˚˛ ¤ ø˝√√˚˛±-¸À¬ı˛±ÀÊ√ñ ‘ ‰¬√Ó≈¬ø¯ Œ˚Ú ø¬ıÀ:, ˜± Œ·±, ¤ Œ˜±¬ı ø˜ÚøÓ¬º ‘ Â√

¬ı„√√ ± ¸±ø √√Ó¬…Ó¬ ˜Ò≈ ”√Ú1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˚ÀÔ©Ü √√íÀ˘›Â√Àµ±1œøÓ¬Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡À˘ øÚÊ√¶§ 1œøÓ¬ ¬¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º fl¡ø¬ı&1n∏ 1¬ıœfÚ±ÀÔ ‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸“±ÀÓ¬±È¬± ˚ ≈¢¨Àfl¡À1 ¸Ê√±˝ ◊ √ √ ŒÓ¬±˘± ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝ √ √˚ ˛ºÎ¬◊√±˝√ √1Ì¶§1+À¬Û fl¡ø¬ı&1n∏1 ∆ÚÀ¬ı√…1 ’ôLˆ”¬ «Mê√ Ê√Ú±1Ì…fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÈ¬±12 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ñ

Ê√Ú±¬ıÌ…˜Ò…±À˝ê Ú·¬ı˛˜±ÀÁ¡ ¬ÛÔ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÀÔ ‘ fl¡fl¡˜«¬ıÚ…± Ò±˚˛ ˚À¬ı Î¬◊26√ø˘Ó¬ Œ¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ ‘ fl¡˙Ó¬ ˙±‡±-õ∂˙±‡±˚˛, Ú·À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ú±Î¬ˇœ ‘ ‡Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ¶£¬œÓ¬ Ó¬5 √√À ˛, Ú±À‰¬ Œ¸ ’±Â√±øÎ¬ˇ‘ ‡¬Û±¯∏±Ìøˆ¬øM√√¬ı˛ í¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ñ Œ‰¬Ãø√fl¡ ’±fl≈¡ø˘‘ ·Ò±˚˛ ¬Û±Lö, Â√≈ÀÈ¬ ¬ı˛Ô, Î¬◊ÀÎ¬ˇ¬ q©® Ò”ø˘ñ‘ ·

Ó¬‡Ú ¸˝√√¸± Œ˝√√ø¬ı˛ ˜≈ø√˚˛± Ú˚˛Ú ‘ ‚˜˝√√±Ê√Ú±¬ı˛Ì…-˜±ÀÁ¡ ’ÚôL øÚÊ«√Ú ‘ ‚ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ ’±¸Ú‡±øÚñ Œfl¡±˘±˝√√˘-˜±ÀÁ¡

‘ ‰¬ŒÓ¬±˜±¬ı˛ øÚ .˙s ¸ˆ¬± øÚô¶Àt ø¬ı¬ı˛±ÀÊ√º ‘ ‰¬¸¬ı ≈√–À‡, ¸¬ı ¸≈À‡, ¸¬ı ‚À¬ı˛ ‚À¬ı˛, ‘ Â√¸¬ı ø‰¬ÀM√√ ¸¬ı ø‰¬ôL± ¸¬ı Œ‰¬©Ü±-í¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ‘ Â√˚Ó¬”√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü ˚±˚˛ qÒ≈ ˚±˚˛ Œ√‡±, ‘ Ê√Œ˝√√ ¸eø¬ı˝√√œÚ Œ√¬ı, Ó≈¬ø˜ ¬ıø¸ ¤fl¡±ºº ‘ Ê√

¬1¬ıœfÚ±Ô1 ¤ ◊√ Â√Àµ±1œøÓ¬ ¬ÛΩÚ±Ô Œ·± √√±ø¤û ¬ı1n∏¬ª±À√Àª›ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡ø¬ı Ú±˜1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÈ¬±Ó¬13 õ∂À˚±· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ñ

fl¡ø¬ıŒ‰¬±ª± ¸ø‡, ’±À˝√√ fl¡ø¬ı Úœ1À˘ Úœ1Àª,‘ fl¡



¬ıÚøÚ1 ˜±Ê√¬ı±ÀÈ¬ øÚ˜·Ú ˆ¬±Àªº ‘ fl¡øÚÊ√˜ ¬ıœÌ±1 ¸≈1ñ øÚÊ√À1 Ê≈√1øÌñ ‘ ‡’±¬Û≈øÚ ¬ı…±fl≈¡˘ qøÚº Ó¬±À1 õ∂øÓ¬Ò√ıøÚ ‘ ‡¬ı±øÊ√ÀÂ√ Úœ1Àª 1˝◊√√, õ∂øÓ¬ Ù≈¬˘ fl¡±ÀÌ, ‘ ·Î¬◊˘±˝√√ ¸eœÓ¬ ¸≈1 Ï¬±ø˘ õ∂øÓ¬ õ∂±ÀÌº ‘ ·¬õ∂Ì˚˛œ ’±˜±1 fl¡ø¬ı ’±À˝√√ ’±&ª±˝◊√√, ‘ ‚’±±È¬±˝◊√√øÈ¬ ˜ÀÊ“√± Ù≈¬˘, ’±·˜Úœ ‰¬±˝◊√√º ‘ ‚’±1n∏ Œ¸Ã ¬ı≈Ï¬ˇ± ·Â√, Ê√È¬±Ò±¬1œ ¬ı1, ‘ ‰¬ø¸1ø˘-¬¬ÛÓ¬œ˚˛± fl¡±˚˛± ˙±˘, ¤Ê√±11, ‘ ‰¬’“±˝√√Ó¬ Î¬◊√±¸ Œ˚±·œ, Ú±˝√√1 fl¡√˜, ‘ Â√¸¬ı±À1± &ø‰¬¬ı ˝√√“±˚˛, ≈√‡ˆ¬1± w˜,ñ ‘ Â√¸¬ı±À1± ¬Û±ø„√√ÀÂ“√± ’±ø˜, ˜ÚÀ˜±˝√√± Â√ø¬ı, ‘ Ê√ˆ¬±ø„√√ fl¡˜ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, Œ¸Ãª± fl¡ø¬ıº ‘ Ê√

¤˝◊√√ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÈ¬±1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ëfl¡ø¬ıí ˙œ¯∏«fl¡fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ÀÈ¬±14 Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡ø1 ‰¬±¬ı ¬Û±ø1º

fl¡ø¬ıŒfl¡ fl¡ø¬ıñ fl¡À¬ı Œfl¡ Œ˜±À¬ı˛∑ ‚È¬fl¡±ø˘ fl¡ø¬ı˛, ‘ fl¡˙¬ıÀ√ ˙¬ıÀ√ ø¬ı˚˛± Œ√˚˛ Œ˚˝◊√√ Ê√Ú, ‘ ‡√Œ¸˝◊√√ øfl¡ Œ¸ ˚˜-√˜œ∑ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙À¬ı˛±¬Ûø¬ı˛ ‘ fl¡Œ˙±Àˆ¬ øfl¡ ’é¬˚˛ Œ˙±ˆ¬± ˚À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛Ó¬Ú∑ ‘ ‡Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡ø¬ı Œ˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, fl¡äÚ± ¸≈µ¬ı˛œ ‘ ·˚±¬ı˛ ˜Ú–-fl¡˜À˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ÀÓ¬Ú ’±¸Ú, ‘ ‚’ô¶·±ø˜-ˆ¬±Ú≈-õ∂ˆ¬±-¸‘√˙ ø¬ıÓ¬ø¬ı˛ ‘ ·ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸—¸±À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸≈¬ıÌ«-øfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ‘ ‚’±Úµ, ’±Àé¬¬Û, ŒSê±Ò, ˚±¬ı˛ ’±:± ˜±ÀÚ , ‘ ‰¬’¬ı˛ÀÌ… fl≈¡¸≈˜ ŒÙ¬±ÀÈ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±-¬ıÀ˘ , ‘ Â√ÚµÚ-fl¡±ÚÚ ˝√√íÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ¸≈Ê√Ú ’±ÀÚ ‘ ‰¬¬Û±ø¬ı˛Ê√±Ó¬ fl≈¡¸≈À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı˛˜… ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜À˘ , ‘ Â√˜èˆ¬”À˜ñ Ó≈¬©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˝√√±¬ı˛ ŒÒ˚˛±ÀÚ ‘ ‰¬√¬ıÀ˝√√ Ê√˘¬ıÓ¬œ Ú√œ ˜‘≈√¬ fl¡˘fl¡À˘Ø ‘ Â√√¬ÛΩÚ±Ô Œ·±˝√√±ø¤û ¬ı1n∏ª±1 22È¬± ‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬

Œ¬Û¬∏C±fl«¡ ¬ı± ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ ˛1 ¬ı± 1¬ıœfÚ±Ô1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú±1 ’±√ «’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º

’±Ú ¤·1±fl¡œ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ fl¡ø¬ı ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ù´1 ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª± Œ√ª1[‡Ëœ. 1878-1939] ’ø˜S±é¬1 Â√µÓ¬ 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬fl¡±¬ı…¢∂Lö fl¡˜Ó¬±¬Û≈1 Ò√ı—¸ ’±1n∏ ø¬ı1ø˝√√Úœ ø¬ı˘±¬Û fl¡±¬ı…Ó¬˜Ò≈ ”√Ú1 ’ø˜S±é¬1 Â√µ1 ¶ÛµÚ ”Ó«¬1+¬ÛÓ¬ ø¬ı1±Ê√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ºë˚ ≈XÀé¬SÓ¬ ’±À˝√ √ ±˜ ¬ ¬1˜Ìœí ¬ı± ë˜ ”˘±·±ˆ¬1n ∏ fl¡± ¬ı…í¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1 Œ|á¬ 1‰¬Ú±º ’Ú…±Ú… ’±1n∏ Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±‡ÀÚ± ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú

fl¡±¬ı… ’±1n∏ ·√…Ó¬ ø˘‡± ë’±À˝√√±˜1 ø√Úí ¢∂Lö˝◊√√ ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ¶§±é¬1 ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸À¬ı«±¬Ûø1 ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1ë˜±˘‰¬í 1918 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ¸¬ı« õ∂Ô˜ ’¸˜œ˚˛±Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ¬Û≈øÔº ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û≈øÔ‡ÚÓ¬ ¸¬ı« ≈Í¬ 128 È¬± Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ºÓ¬±À1 1902 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ëŒÏ¬±¬Û±fl¡ø˘í Ú±˜1fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ¬Û≈øÔ‡ÚÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸—‡…fl¡ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¸øißøª©Ü ’±øÂ√˘ºŒ¸ ◊√√Àfl¡ ◊√√È¬±›¬ ë˜±˘‰¬íÓ¬ ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡ø1 ≈Í¬ 128 È¬± Â√ÀÚÈ¬1¸˜ø©Ü1+À¬Û ¤˝◊√ √ ¬Û≈øÔ‡Ú õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡1± ∆˝√√øÂ√˘º Ó¬≈ √¬Ûø11921 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ ˜±S ∆‰¬Ò… ¬ıÂ√1œ˚˛± ¬Û≈S ø¬ıø¬ÛÚ1 ’fl¡±˘˜‘Ó≈¬…À˙±fl¡Ó¬ Ê√Ê« √ø1Ó¬ ’ôLÀ1À1 ŒÓ¬›“1 ëŒ˙±fl¡ øÚ¸‘Ó¬‰¬fl≈¡À˘±í Ú±˜1 ’Ú… ¤‡Ú ‰¬Ó≈¬« √˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ¬Û≈øÔ1922 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ ˝√√˚˛º ë˜±˘‰¬í1 ¬ıUÀÓ¬± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1’±√˙« ’±1n∏ ‰¬±ÀÚøfl¡ ¶§1+¬Û fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 Ú±˜¸˜”˝√√1 ¬ıUÀÓ¬±˜±˝◊√√Àfl¡˘1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1 ø˙À1±Ú±˜1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡ ¬ı± ¸˜±Ô«fl¡˙s ø√ ø˙À1±Ú±˜ ø√˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√ √1Ì¶§1+À¬Û Ó¬˘Ó¬Œfl¡˝ ◊ √ √ È ¬ ±˜±Ú Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡1±˝√√í˘ ñ

˜±˝◊√√Àfl¡˘ ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ù´1fl¡ø¬ı fl¡ø¬ıfl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸œÓ¬±À√¬ıœ ¸œÓ¬±˙fl≈¡ôL˘± ˙fl≈¡ôL˘±¸1¶§Ó¬œ ¬ıœÌ±¬Û±øÌ¸‘ø©Üfl¡M«√√± ÷ù´1fl¡äÚ± fl¡äÚ±¬Û1À˘±fl¡ ˜‘Ó≈¬…¸”˚«… ¸”˚«…ñ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬¸˜”˝√√Ó¬ ’©Üfl¡ ¬ı± ¯∏Èƒ¬fl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬±· ¬ÛXøÓ¬

’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡1± Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√, Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± Œ¬Û¬∏C±fl«¡1 ’±ø˝√√« ’±1n∏Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ˚˛11 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¬1‰¬Ú± 1œøÓ¬ ’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡1±Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬À¬ı±1Ó¬ ø˜S¬ıÌ«1 ø¬ıÚ…±À¸± ˜±øÚ‰¬˘± Œ√‡± Ú±˚± ˛º ’ªÀ˙… õ∂Ô˜ ¬ı±1 ˙±1œ1 ’Ô«±» øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±‰¬Ó≈¬©®1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¤È¬± ˚≈¢¨Àfl¡À1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬± ¸˜±5 fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1 Î¬◊øÈ¬-Œ˚±ª± ¬ıÚ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¤È¬± Â√ÀÚÈ¬15 ñ

Î¬◊øÈ¬ Œ˚±ª± ¬ıÚŒ˚±ª“± ¬ıÚ, Œ˚±ª“± Ó≈¬ø˜, Œ˚±ª“± Î¬◊øÈ¬ ¬ı≈ø1 ‘ fl¡Úí˝◊√√1 Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬º ¤˝◊√√ Ê√·Ó¬ ’¸±1º ‘ ‡¬Û≈√˜-¬Û±Ó¬1 ¬Û±Úœ ’øÚÓ¬… ¸—¸±1Ø ‘ ‡˜±˚˛±1 ¬Û±fl¡Ó¬ ’±ø˜ Ù≈¬À1“± ˜±ÀÔ± ‚”ø1ºº ‘ fl¡

fl¡Ó¬ 1Ê√± ˜˝√√±1Ê√± ’±øÂ√˘ ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬, ‘ ·ŒÓ¬±˜±1 øÚø‰¬Ú±Õfl¡À˚˛ Î¬◊øÈ¬ ¬ı≈ø1 ·í˘ ‘ ‚fl¡±˘1 Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬ ˝√√±˚˛Ø ø‰¬ÀÚ± Œ˚ Ú1í˘ Ø ‘ ‚Œ˚±ª“±·í˝◊√√ Ó≈¬ø˜, ¬ıÚØ Úfl¡1± ø¬ı¯∏±√ ØØ ‘ ·Œ˚±ª“± Î¬◊øÈ¬ Œ˚±ª“±, ¬ıÚØ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 √À1˝◊√√ ‘ ‰¬’±ø˜›ÀÓ¬± ’±ÀÂ“√± Î¬◊øÈ¬ fl¡±˘-¸˜≈^Ó¬Ø ‘ Â√fl¡Ó¬”√1 ˚±¬ı ’±1n∏ ˘±ø·¬ı Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬, ‘ Â√Î¬◊øÈ¬-¬ı≈ø1 ŒÓ¬±˜±í√À1, Ê√±øÚÀÂ√ fl¡±À˘˝◊√√ØØ ‘ ‰¬ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± Œfl¡ª˘ Ó≈¬ø˜ Î¬◊øÈ¬Â√± Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬, ‘ Â√fl¡±˘1 Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬ Î¬◊ÀÈ¬ Œ·±ÀÈ¬˝◊√√ Ê√·Ó¬ºº ‘ Â√¬ı1¬ı1n ∏ª±1 ˜±˘‰¬1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸˜”˝√ √Ó¬ Ê√œªÚ1 ø¬ıø‰¬S

’øˆ¬:Ó¬±, Î¬◊¬Û˘øt, ¸—À¬ı√Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±, Œ¸Ãµ˚«±Ú≈ˆ¬”øÓ¬, ¸≈‡-≈√‡, Œ˙±fl¡-Ó¬±¬Û ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√1 ¸—˚Ó¬ ·yœ1 ˜ÀÚ±¢∂±˝√√œ õ∂fl¡±˙¬Ûø1¶£¬≈È¬º ’±ÚÙ¬±À˘ ë‰¬fl≈¡À˘±í ‰¬Ó≈¬√«˙¬Ûø√fl¡±À¬ı±1Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±ø˙À1±Ú±˜ Ú±˝◊√ñ√ ¤fl¡±ø√SêÀ˜ Œ˙±fl¡±Ó≈¬1 ˝√√+√˚˛1 Œ¬ı√Ú±1’±Àª·˜˚ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ∆ √√ÀÂ√º ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1÷ù´1ø¬ıù´±¸, ’±˙±¬ı±√ ’±1n ∏ ≈ √‡-˚LaÌ±fl¡ ¸‘ø©Üfl¡Ó«¬±1øÚ˜«±ø˘1+À¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ª ¬Ûø1¶£¬”È¬º

¤˝◊ √ √ õ∂¸eÓ¬ ë˜±˘‰¬í ˙œ¯∏fl«¡ ‰¬Ó≈¬√ «˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±1¬Û≈øÔ‡Ú1 ø¬ı ∏À˚ Î¬– ” «…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û±À√Àª 1917 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÀÓ¬õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡1± ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ õ∂øÌÒ±ÚÀ˚±·…º ø˘ø‡øÂ√˘ ñ

...Our joy is that you have also unlockedyour heart with the outlandish key brightwith the romantic touch of your poetic art.Your sonnets have brought before my eyesthe long forgotten images of Laura,Elionora, and Stella, so romanticallyassociated with the lives of SonnetorsPetrarch, Tasso and Sir Philip Sidney. Theyhave opened a new vista in Assameseliterature by naturalising this Italian art andby making the task of sonnet writing easierfor subsequent writers. Though the Sonnet isa foreign instrument you have been able tohandle it with all the naivete of a domesticart. As required, the thoughts of yourSonnets are condensed and beauty ofsuggestiveness in the concluding couplets.Hitherto no one in Assamese literaturepublished such a series; in Bengali Michael

M.S. Datta, Raby Thakoor (Sir Rabindra)and Pramatha Choudhury took theinitiative in this, and I note with extremepleasure that you have, as in otherbranches of our litrature, taken the lead inthis respect also. (Jorhat 28th May, 1917)

fl¡fl¡± Úœ˘˜øÌ Ù≈¬fl¡ÚÀ√Àª ŒÓ¬›“1 ŒÊ√…±øÓ¬fl¡Ì± Ú±˜1fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ¬Û≈øÔ‡ÚÓ¬ ‰¬Ó≈¬√«˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ˚ø√›Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±1Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ø¬ıÚ…±¸1œøÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈Mê√ 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚfl¡1± Ú±˝◊√√º Œfl¡ª˘ ∆‰¬Ò…È¬± ˙±1œ ¬ı± ‰¬1ÀÌÀ1˝◊√√ ¸˜±5 fl¡1±∆ √√ÀÂ√ ˚ø√› Œ¬Û¬∏C±fl«¡ ¬ı± ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ ˛1œ ˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’Ú≈ 1Ì fl¡1±Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√º

Î¬– ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û± ˚ø√› ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ø¬ı√1+À¬Û ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› fl¡ø¬ı ’±1n∏ ¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡1+À¬Û ŒÓ¬›“1 ‡…±øÓ¬ fl¡˜Ú˝√√˚˛º ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡±¬ı… Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬ øÚ˜«±ø˘ Ú±˜1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬Û≈øÔø˘ø‡ Î¬– ˆ¬”¤û±À√ª ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ∆·ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ √ ¬Û≈øÔ‡ÚÓ¬Œfl¡˝◊√ √¬ı±È¬±› Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 ŒÓ¬›“1ë’Ú±√1œí 1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸˜”˝√ √ ¸√… õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ Î¬– ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1ˆ¬ ”¤û±1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ¸—¢∂˝√ √ ¢∂L öÓ¬ ’ôLˆ¬ ≈ «Mê √ fl¡1± ∆˝√ √ÀÂ √ºÚªøÚ˜«±˘œ, ˘≈5õ∂±˚˛ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, ¬Û=fl¡ø˘ [¬ı„√√˘± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±]’±ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¢∂˝√√Ó¬ ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Î¬– ˆ¬”¤û±1 ¤È¬±Â√ÀÚÈ¬16 Ó¬˘Ó¬ ‰¬±ÀÚøfl¡ 1+À¬Û Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ñ

øÚ‰≈¬fl¡øÌõ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Ó¬ ˜±1 ·í˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬-¸ôL±Ú

‘ fl¡õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ Œ√ªœÀ˚˛ ˘íÀ˘ Œfl¡±˘±Ó¬ ¸±√ø1 ‘ ‡¬Û=ˆ¬”ÀÓ¬ ˘œÚ ˝√√í˘ ¬Û≈Ú≈ Œ¸˝◊√√ õ∂±Ì ‘ fl¡¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 ˜1Ó¬1 ˘œ˘± ¸±—· fl¡ø1º ‘ ‡fl≈¡˜˘œ˚˛± ’±˙±˘Ó¬± Ê√±˜ø1 ¬Ûø1˘, ‘ ·fl¡µ≈ª±À˘ ’fl¡±˘ÀÓ¬ ’±Rœ˚˛ ¶§Ê√Ú, ‘ ‚Ò≈Úœ˚˛± ¬Û≈√˜¬Û±ø˝√√ fl¡ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¸ø1˘, ‘ ·Œ√‡≈ª±À˘ Â√˚˛“±˜˚˛± fl¡±ø˘˜± ¬ı1Ì

‘ ‚¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ≈√‡1 ˚íÓ¬ Œ˘˙ ˜±ÀÔ± Ú±˝◊√√, ‘ ‰¬ø¬ı1±øÊ√ÀÂ√ ’±øÊ√ ŒÓ¬›“ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸≈‡Ò±˜ ‘ Â√’Úù´1 Œ√˝√√1+¬Û ¸≈‡ Œˆ¬±· ¬Û±˝◊√√

‘ ‰¬¸—¸±1 ˚≈“Ê√1 ¬Û1± ˘øˆ¬ÀÂ√ ø¬ı|±˜º ‘ Â√¶§1·1 ¸≈‡Àˆ¬±·œ ˝√√ÀôL ¤ÀÚ Œ˙±fl¡ ‘ Ê√ŒÚ±À˝√√ÀÚ ø˜Â√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±1n∏ Œfl¡±ª±À‰¬±Ú Œ˜±fl¡∑



‘ Ê√¤˝◊ √ √ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬± ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ˚˛1œ˚˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬Ó¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1±

∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Î¬– ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û±1 ¬ı„√√˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ’øôLÀ˜Ê√ÚÚœ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±17 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ñ

’øôLÀ˜¬ı˛ Œfl¡±À˘ ¬ıø¸, fl¡ø˝√√˘± Ê√ÚÚœ ‘ fl¡‰¬ø˘˘±˜ ”√¬ı˛ Œ√À˙ øÙ¬ø¬ı˛¬ı Ú± ’±¬ı˛, ‘ ‡Ê√ÚÀ˜¬ı˛ ˚Ó¬ ¸±Ò ¬ı˛ø˝√√˘ ¬ı±Â√øÚ ‘ fl¡Ê√±øÚÀ¬ı ¤fl¡±fl¡œ Ó≈¬ø˜ fl≈¡øÈ¬˘ ¸—¸±¬ı˛ºí ‘ ‡¬ıø˝√√˘ ’±ø‡¬ı˛ Ê√˘ ¸˝√√¶⁄ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ‘ ·ø¸Mê√ fl¡ø¬ı˛ ¬Û±G≈ ·G¶ö˘, ¬ıÀ˝√√ ˚Ô± ‘ ‚¬ı˛ø¬ıÓ¬±À¬Û ø˝√√˜ Ò±¬ı˛± ø˝√√˜±ø^¬ı˛ ·±˚˛ ‘ ·Ê√ÚÚœ¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ¬’±¬ı˛ Ù≈¬øÈ¬˘ ¬Ú± fl¡Ô± ‘ ‚fl¡ø˝√√˘ ¸ôL±Ú, ¬ı˛ø˝√√¬ı ¤fl¡±fl¡œ ’±ø˜ ‘ ‰¬¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀù´ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬øÔ ’±˘À˚˛ ‘ Â√Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸˝√√±˚˛ Œ˜±¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¶§±˜œ, ‘ ‰¬Ó≈¬ø˜› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ˜±À·± ’±˜±¬ı˛ ˝√√+√À˚˛ ‘ Â√Ê√ÚÚœ¬ı˛ ’“±ø‡ Œfl¡±ÀÌ ;ø˘˘ ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ‘ Ê√˝√√±ø¸ Œ¬ı˛‡± Î¬◊Ê√ø˘˚˛± ˙˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛º ‘ Ê√¤ ◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú±1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Î¬– ˆ¬”¤û±À√Àª ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ ˛1œ ˛

1œøÓ¬ ’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ˆ¬”¤û±À√Àª ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± õ∂±˚˛ fl≈¡ø1È¬±Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ’¸˜œ ˛± ¸±ø √√Ó¬…1 ˆ¬±G±1 ¬Û≈©Ü fl¡ø1 ∆ÔÀÂ√º

¤ ◊√√ õ∂¸eÓ¬ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ¶⁄©Ü± ’¸˜À·Ã1ª ’±Úµ1±˜¬ı1n∏ª±À√ª1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤ ∏±1 fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡¡ fl¡1± √√í˘ ñ

˜±˝◊√ √Àfl¡˘ ˜Ò≈¸”√ÀÚ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 ¬Û”À¬ı« ¸—¶‘®Ó¬¸±ø √√Ó¬…1 fl¡ø¬ıfl≈¡À˘ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 øÚ√ «Ú Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±˚± ˛º¬ı1 Œ¸Ãˆ¬±·…1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¤˝◊√√À˚˛˝◊√√ Œ˚ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ ’Ô«±»‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±ª˘œ 1866 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±¸˜ ˛Ó¬ õ∂±·ƒÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ ∏¬Û≈1 ÚµÚ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı|n∏Ó¬ ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ’±Úµ1±˜¬ı1n ∏ª±À√Àª [Ê√ij ‡Ëœ. 1850, 21 Œ˜íñ ˜‘Ó≈ ¬… ‡Ëœ.1889, 19 Ê√±Ú≈ª±1œ] 1877 ø‡Ë©Ü±sÀÓ¬ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ’À˙¯∏ Œ·Ã1¬ª1 ’øÒfl¡±1œ ∆˝√√ ∆·ÀÂ√º’±Úµ1±˜ ¬ı1n∏ª±À√Àª ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Û”¬ı«¸”1œ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1 [Ê√ij ‡Ëœ.1824 ñ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ‡Ëœ. 1873] ë‰¬Ó≈¬«√˙¬Û√œ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˘œíŒÓ¬›“ ø ¬ı˘±Ó¬1 ¬Û1± õ∂Ó¬…±ªÓ« ¬Ú fl¡ø1 øÚ(˚˛ ’Ò…˚˛Úfl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±À1˝◊√ √ Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬¶§1+À¬Û Â√ÀÚÈ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛ÚÓ¬˜ÀÚ±øÚÀ¬ª˙ fl¡1±ÀÈ¬± õ∂Ó¬œ ˛ ±Ú ˝√√ ˛, fl¡±1Ì ŒÓ¬›“1 ˆ¬ªˆ¬”øÓ¬1˜˝√√±¬ıœ1‰¬ø1Ó¬˜ƒ Ú±È¬fl¡Ó¬ Ê√±Úfl¡œ1±˜ ˆ¬±¯∏…1 ¬Ûø1¸˜±ø5Ó¬ø˚Àfl¡˝◊√ √È¬± ’Ú≈©Ü≈ˆ¬ƒ¬ Â√µÓ¬ õ∂ÌœÓ¬ Œù≠±fl¡ ∆‰¬Ò…˙±1œ1 ≈√˝◊ √ √¤Í¬±˝◊ √ √Ó¬ ¸±˜±Ú… ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú fl¡ø1À˘˝◊ √ √18 Â√ÀÚÈ¬1 ˘é¬Ì¬Ûø1¶£¬”È¬¬ ∆˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ∆‰¬Ò…È¬± ˙±1œ19 Î¬◊»fl¡ø˘Ó¬ fl¡1±

˝√√í˘ñ’±¸œÀij √√ø˚˛ÀÓ¬± w±Ó¬± Ê√±Úfl¡œ1±˜ø¬ı|n∏Ó¬ .ø¬ÛÀS±– øõ∂˚˛Ó¬1– ¬Û≈S– õ∂±·ƒÀÊ√…±øÓ¬¯∏ƒ¬Û≈1ÚµÚ– ºº’ÀÇ ˙Às ¬Û≈1±¬ı‘ÀM√√ ˘tø¬ıô¶œÌ« Œª±ÒÚ– º¶§À√˙¸… ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ fl¡±À˚« ¸√± õ∂¬ıÌ˜±Ú¸– ººø¬ı—˙¸…±¸… ˙Ó¬±ªƒ√¸… ¬ıÀ¯∏« ¸5√À˙±øijÀÓ¬˝◊√√26√˚˛± Ê√·Ó¬– fl¡Ó≈¬«1Úøˆ¬À:˚˛Ó¬fl«¡…˚˛± ºº’ø¬ıÀ˙±Ò…¸˜±1tÕ˜øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡¬Û≈ô¶fl¡˜ƒºŒ˚± Œ˚Ã¬ıÚ— ¸˜±¸±√… Ê√·±˜ øS√˙±˘˚˛˜ƒ ººÓ¬√œ˚˛ ¶ú1Ì±Õ˚˛¬ı ¬¬ı…±‡…± Ó¬iß±˜¸—ø:Ó¬±º¬Û√ª±fl¡…õ∂˜±Ì¸… Ó¬N:¸… fl‘¡ÀÓ¬– fl‘¡Ó¬± ºº‰¬Ó≈¬ø¶a—˙M√√À˜ ¬ıÀ ∏« ˙Ó¬±ªƒÀ√ ¬Û”¬ı« ¬±ø ∏ÀÓ¬º’±øù´ÀÚ ¡Z±√À˙ ø√ÀÚ ¬Û=˜…±— &1n∏¬ı±¸À¬ı ºº¸˜±ø5˜·˜À√¯∏± Œô¶Ã˜œ˙— fl¡1n∏Ì±˜˚˛˜ƒºø¬ı≈√¯∏– õ∂±Ô«À˚˛ ∆‰¬Ó¬» Œ√±¯∏– ¸¬ı«S ˜‘¯∏…Ó¬±˜ƒº¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸eÓ¬ ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û±À√Àª ’±Úµ1±˜ ¬ı¬1n∏ª±1

’fl¡±˘ ˜‘Ó≈¬…Ó¬ Œ˙±fl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1 ø˘‡± ’±Úµ1±˜ ¬ı1n∏ª±Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±À1 õ∂¬ıgÀÈ¬± ¸±˜1±1 Œ˘±ˆ¬ ¸±˜ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1À˘“±º

’±Úµ1±˜ ¬ı1n∏ª±¶§1·Ó¬ Œ¸±˙1œÀ1 ’Ê≈√«ÀÚ ø˚√À1 ‘ fl¡¸±øÒ øÚÊ√ fl¡±˜ ¬Û≈Ú≈ ¬Û≈Ì…1 ¬ıÀ˘À1 ‘ ‡fl¡ø1À˘ fl¡±ÚÚ-¬ı±¸ Ó≈¬ø˜› ø¸√À1 ‘ fl’±˝√√± Ê√ijˆ¬”ø˜˘˝◊√√ ø√¬ı… ŒÊ√Î¬◊øÓ¬À1º ‘ ‡’±øÂ√˘± ˜±Ó‘¬1 Ó≈¬ø˜ ¶ö˘œ ·1¬ı1 ‘ ·ŒÓ¬±˜±ÀÓ¬À˝√√ Òø1øÂ√˘ fl¡Ó¬ÀÚ± ˆ¬1¸± ‘ ‚ˆ¬1¬Û≈1 ¬ı˚˛¸ÀÓ¬ ‚øÈ¬ ’ÔôL¬1 ‘ ·Î¬◊ø1 ·í˘ Œfl¡øÚ¬ı±ø√ ¸fl¡À˘±øÈ¬ ’±˙±º ‘ ‚¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ¸±·1 ˜øÔ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±1 &ÀÌ ‘ ‰¬Î¬◊ø˘˚˛±˘± ¬1P Ó≈¬ø˜ ¬ıU ˚P fl¡ø1, ‘ Â√ˆ¬±1ô¶1 ¸±ÀÊ√ Œ¸˝◊√√ 1P Ô±Àfl¡˜±ÀÚ ‘ ‰¬Ô±øfl¡¬ı ŒÓ¬±˜±1 Ú±À˜± ˚À˙±·±Ú Òø1º ‘ Â√øÚ1±Úµ ˝√√í˘ Ò1± ŒÓ¬±˜±1 Œ˙±fl¡Ó¬, ‘ Ê√’±Úµ1 ˜˝√√±À˜˘± ’˜1±¬Û≈1Ó¬º ‘ Ê√ŒÂ√'¬ÛœÀ ˛1œ ˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬Ó¬ 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤ ◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±Àª ˜Ò≈ ”√ÀÚ

÷ù´1‰¬f ø¬ı√…±¸±·11 õ∂øÓ¬ ø √√ ˛±ˆ¬1± |X± Ê√Ú± ◊√√ õ∂Ì ˛Ú fl¡1±Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±1 fl¡Ô± ’±˜±1 ˜ÚÓ¬ ˆ¬“±ø˝√√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬º

˚ø√› ’¸˜œ˚˛± Â√ÀÚÈ¬fl¡±1¸fl¡À˘ ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú1, fl¡ø¬ı&1n∏¬1¬ıœfÚ±Ô1 øÚø‰¬Ú± fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 Â√ÀÚÈ¬ 1‰¬Ú± ¬¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’ª˘•§Úfl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› øÚÊ√¶§ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬eœ, ˆ¬±¯∏±õ∂œøÓ¬, ¶§À√˙Àõ∂˜,Œ¸Ãµ˚«…±Ú≈ˆ¬ ”øÓ¬1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œé¬SÀÓ¬ ’g ’Ú≈fl¡1Ì fl¡1±

Ú±øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 øÚÊ√¶§Ó¬± ¸¬ı«S ø¬ı1±Ê√√˜±Úº

Ó¬Ô…¸”S1º ˜À˝√√f ¬ı1± – ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… Î¬◊¬ÛSê˜øÌfl¡±, ¬Û‘. 66º

2º The first quatrain should state aproposition which should be proved bythe second, confirmed by the firsttercet, while the second tercet presentsthe conclusion towards which thewhole sonnet is directed. (Principles ofEnglish Metre p.264)

3º In the very first line there is the spreadof and beating of the wings; this flightrises till the end of the douzain, when itstoops or sinks quietly to close in thecouplet. (A History of English Prosody,Vol-II, p. 60)

4º ¸≈fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ú – ¬ı±e±˘± ¸±ø˝√√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛‡G [1801-1880], ’±Úµ ¬¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸« õ∂±˝◊√√Àˆ¬È¬ø˘ø˜ÀÈ¬Î¬, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1386 ¬ıe±s, ¬Û‘. 73-88º

5º Œé¬S &5 [¸•Û±.] – ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…¸—¸√, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1974, ¬Û‘. 159-183º

6º Ó¬À√¬ı, ¬Û‘. 180º7º ¬ Û”Ì«±Úµ ˙˝◊√ √fl¡œ˚˛± [¸•Û±.] – ø˝√ √ÀÓ¬ù´1 ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª±

1‰¬Ú±ª˘œ, ’¸˜ õ∂fl¡±˙Ú ¬Ûø1¯∏√, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, 2003,

¬Û‘. 325º

8º Œ¬ıÌ ≈Ò1 ˙˜«± [¸•Û±.] – Œ˝√ √˜‰¬f Œ·±¶§±˜œ1‰¬Ú±ª˘œ, ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±, Œ˚±1˝√√±È¬, 1972, ¬Û‘.72º

9º ¬ ÛΩÚ±Ô Œ·±˝√√±ø¤û ¬¬ı1n∏ª± 1‰¬Ú±ª˘œ, ’¸˜ õ∂fl¡±˙Ú¬Ûø1¯∏√, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ 1971, ¬Û‘. 352º

10º Ó¬À√¬ı, ¬Û‘. 362º

11º ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ¬Û‘. 163

12º ¬ı˛¬ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¡¬ı˛ – ¬ı˛¬ıœf ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ‡G,ø¬ıù´ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ õ∂fl¡±˙Ú, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1415 ¬ıe±s, ¬Û‘.227º

13º ¬ÛΩÚ±Ô Œ·±˝√√±ø¤û ¬¬ı1n∏ª± 1‰¬Ú±ª˘œ, ¬Û‘. 341º

14º ˜Ò≈¸”√Ú ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±¬ı˘œ, ¬Û‘. 162

15º ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ù´1 ¬ı1¬ı1n∏ª± 1‰¬Ú±¬ª˘œ, ¬Û‘. 327º

16º ¬ıœÀ1ù´1 ¬ı1n∏ª± [¸•Û±.] – ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û±1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±¸—¢∂˝√√, ’¸˜ õ∂fl¡±˙Ú ¬Ûø1¯∏√, 2010, ¬Û‘. 30º

17º Ó¬À√¬ı, ¬Û‘. 309º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ¬ı„√√˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬1ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Â√ÀÚÈ¬ÀÈ¬±À˚˛ ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û±fl¡ Â√±S±ª¶ö±Ó¬fl¡ø˘fl¡Ó¬±1 Œõ∂øÂ√ÀÎ¬øk fl¡À˘Ê√Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û≈1¶®±1 ’±øÚø√øÂ√˘º ¬Û≈1¶®±1ÀÈ¬± ’¬Û«Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Â√±1 &1n∏√±¸¬ıÀµ…±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛º

18º ¬’±Úµ1±˜ ¬ı1n ∏ª±Àª1 Î¬ ◊X ‘Ó¬ Â √ÀÚÈ¬1 ’˘¬Û¬Ûø1ªøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬1+¬ÛÀÈ¬± Œ˚ ¤øÈ¬ ’±√˙« Â√ÀÚÈ¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ı˙√ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ^©Ü¬ı… ñÊ˝√ √1˘±˘ ¸±˝√ √ ± – ’±Úµ Œù≠±fl¡ ˜?1œ, øˆ¬øfl¡¬¬Û±¬ıø˘Â√±‰¬«, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, ’¸˜, 2011 √, ¬Û‘. 168º

19º ¬Anundaram Barooah : Mahaviracharitaof Bhavabhuti, Assam PrakashanParisad, Janakirambhasya, 22-28

õ∂±¸øefl¡ ’Ú…±Ú… ¢∂Lö±ª˘œ

Œ·±¶§±˜œ, ˚Ó¬œÚ – ’¸˜œ ˛± ˆ¬± ∏± ’±1n∏ ¸±ø √√Ó¬…1 ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸,Ê√˚˛± õ∂fl¡±˙Ú, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, 1988

ŒÚ›·, ˜À √√ù´¬1 – ’¸˜œ ˛± ¸±ø √√Ó¬…1 ¬1+¬ÛÀ1‡±, ¬ı±Ìœ˜øµ1,&ª±˝√√±È¬œ, ’¸˜, 1986

¬ı1n∏ª±, Úªfl¡±ôL – ’¸˜œ˚˛± Â√µ ø˙ä1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±º˙ «±, ¸ÀÓ¬…fÚ±Ô – ’¸˜œ ˛± ¸±ø √√Ó¬…1 ◊√√øÓ¬¬ı‘M√√, ¬ı±Ìœõ∂fl¡±˙,

¬Û±Í¬˙±˘±, 1973

Agarwal J.C. : Landmarks in theHistory of Modern IndianEducation.

Mukherji, S. N. : History of Educationin India (Modern Period)

Nurulla & Nayak : A Students' Historyof Education in India. (1800-1961)



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¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ’˘Ç±1˙±¶aÓ¬ &ÌÓ¬N1 ¬Sê˜ø¬ıfl¡±˙

|n∏øÓ¬Ò1± ‰¬SêªM√√«œ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬±·, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ-781014, ’¸˜º

¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ’˘Ç±1˙±¶aÓ¬ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬¸±Ó¬È¬± Ó¬N ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º Œ¸˝◊√√ Œfl¡˝◊√√È¬± ˝√√í˘ñ [1] ˘é¬Ì [2] ’˘Ç±1 [3] &Ì [4] Œ√±¯∏ [5]1œøÓ¬ [6] Ò√ıøÚ ’±1n∏ [7] ¬1¸º1 ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¸˜”˝√√1 ›¬Û1Ó¬’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’±·¬ıÏ¬ˇ±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±Ê√Ú ’±˘Ç±ø1Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜”˝√√1 ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±È¬±1

›¬Û1Ó¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ &1n ∏Q ’±À1±¬Û fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√ √ ¤˝◊ √ √Ó¬N¸ ” √√1 Sê˜ø¬ıfl¡±˙1 ¤È¬± Ò±1± ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ◊√√ ˛±1øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ’˘Ç±1 ˙±¶a1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú õ∂¶ö±Ú[School]À1± ¸‘ø©Ü∆˝√ √ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ √ õ∂¬ıgÓ¬ ’˘Ç±1˙±¶a1 ’Ú…Ó¬˜ õ∂Ò±Ú Ó¬Nø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø1·øÌÓ¬ &Ì1 Sê˜ø¬ıfl¡±˙1 ¤øÈ¬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±’±·¬ıÀÏ¬ˇ±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º

ABSTRACT : The concept of gu n . a occupies an important position in the arena ofSanskrit Poetics. In the Nâ t .yaúâstra, the earliest of the now available works on poetics, theconcept of gu n .a has been discussed in details. Later on, Da n . d . in and Vâmana have given ita very high status. Their concept of rîti is based upon the concept of gu n .a. Vâmana hasestablished rîti as the essence of a literary composition. Thus, gu n . a has occupied asignificant position in the Kâvyâla m

.kârasûtrav r . tti of Vâmana.

In the 9th century A.D., when Ânandavardhan established the doctrine of dhvani, andrasa was considered to be the soul of a literary composition, the concept of gu n .a was pushedto a less important position. Moreover, prior to this period gu n .a was considered to be aquality of word and meaning. But from this period onward poeticians started consideringgu n . a as a quality of rasa. So, the nature of gu n .a started to be analysed from a differentangle.

Later on, in the hands of poeticians like Kuntaka and Bhojarâja gu n .a regained its lostimportance as these writers started emphasisisng on this concept with a novel approach.

The present paper analyses how the concept of gu n . a has been dealt with by the saidpoeticians in the arena of Sanskrit Poetics.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF GU N . A IN THE ARENA OFSANSKRIT POETICS

˜±Ú≈À˝√√ fl¡±À1±¬ı±fl¡ õ∂˙—¸± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘ Œ¸˝◊√√õ∂˙—ø¸Ó¬ Ê√Ú1 &Ì ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡˚˛º fl¡±ª…1 Œé¬SÀÓ¬± øÍ¬fl¡Œ¸˝◊√ √ fl¡Ô±˝◊√ √ ‡±ÀÈ¬º fl¡±ª… ¤‡Ú1 ˆ¬±˘ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…¸˜”˝√ √Àfl¡fl¡±ª…&Ì ¬ı± ‰¬ ≈Õfl¡ &Ì ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± √√ º ’±Ú fl¡Ô±Ó¬ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘˝√√íÀ˘ Œ√±¯∏1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ÀÈ¬± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ &Ìº

¬ıÓ«¬ √ √˜±Ú ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Û˘t õ∂±‰¬œÚÓ¬˜ ’˘Ç±1˙±¶a‡Ú ˝√√í˘ ˆ¬1Ó¬1 Ú±È¬…˙±¶a º ˆ¬1ÀÓ¬ ¤ ◊√√ ¢∂Lö‡ÚÓ¬ õ∂Ò±Úˆ¬±À¬ı Ú±È¬…1 fl¡Ô±À˝√√ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“ Ú±È¬… ¬ı± ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛fl¡‰¬±ø1ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬·±˝◊√ √ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√ √ Œfl¡˝◊√ √ø¬ıÒ ˝√√í˘ ñ ’±øefl¡,ª±ø‰¬fl¡, ¸±øNfl¡ ’±1n∏ ’±˝√√±˚«…º2 Ú±È¬…˙±¶a1 ¸5√˙ ’Ò…± ˛Ó¬ª±ø‰¬fl¡±øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 fl¡Ô± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√√ õ∂¸eÀÓ¬ˆ¬1ÀÓ¬ ˘é¬Ì, ’˘Ç±1 ’±ø√1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1˘·ÀÓ¬ &Ì1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛› ∆fl¡ÀÂ√º &Ì1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 øÍ¬fl¡ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡±ª…Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û1±√˝√√ø¬ıÒ Œ√±¯∏1 fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬ &Ì ¤˝◊√√Œ√±¯∏¸˜”˝√ √À1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ Ò˜œ« ¬ı ≈ø˘ &Ì1 ¶§1+¬Û1 fl¡Ô±’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º3

ˆ¬1ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± √˝√√È¬± &Ì ˝√√í˘ ñ [1] Œù≠ ∏ [2]õ∂¸±√ [3] ¸˜Ó¬± [4] ¸˜±øÒ [5] ˜±Ò≈˚«… [6] ›Ê√–[7] ¬Û√À¸Ãfl≈¡˜±˚«… [8] ’Ô«ª…øMê√ [9] Î¬◊√±1Ó¬± ’±1n∏[10] fl¡±øôLº4 ˆ¬1Ó¬1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ø˚ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ’Ô«ÀÈ¬± ¸˝√√ÀÊ√√Œ¬ı±Ò·˜… Œ˚Ú ˘±ø·À˘› ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡ø1 ‰¬±À˘ ’±Ú ¤fl¡ ’Ô«Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛, Œ¸˝◊ √ √1‰¬Ú± Œù≠¯∏ &Ì˚≈Mê√º ¸1˘ ˙s ’±1n∏’Ô«1 õ∂À˚˛±·1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬ı…±‡…± Úfl¡1±Õfl¡À˚˛ ’Ô« ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û1±˝√√íÀ˘ õ∂¸±√ &Ì ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ø˚ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ’˘Ç±1’±1n∏ &Ì ¸˜ˆ¬±Àª Ô±Àfl¡ ’±1n∏ ¤È¬± ’±ÚÀÈ¬±1 Œ˙±ˆ¬±¬ıÒ«fl¡˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√ √ 1‰¬Ú± ¸˜Ó¬± &Ì˚≈Mê√º Î¬◊¬Û˜± ’±ø√ ’˘Ç±11õ∂À ˛±·1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ◊©Ü ’Ô« õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’±1n∏ ˚P ¸˝√√fl¡±À1õ∂À ˛±· fl¡1± ¸˜±¸±ø√1 ¡Z±1± ≈ •§Xˆ¬±Àª ø¬ı ∏ ˛ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬√√íÀ˘ ¸˜±øÒ &Ì Œ¬Û±ª± ˚± ˛º ø˚ ¬ı±fl¡… ¬ı±À1 ¬ı±À1 qøÚÀ˘›

’±˜øÚ Ú±˘±À· Œ¸˝◊√ √ ¬ı±fl¡… ˜±Ò≈˚«… &Ì˚≈Mê√º ø˚ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬¬ıU˘ˆ¬±Àª ¸˜±¸ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛, õ∂˚≈Mê√ ¬Û√¸˜”˝√√ ˚íÓ¬ø¬ıø‰¬S Œ¸˝◊√√ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ›Ê√– &Ì ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıºŒfl¡±˜˘ ’Ô«˚≈Mê√ ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ Î¬◊2‰¬±1Ì fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1± ¸øg˚≈Mê√¬Û√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Œ˝√√±ª± 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ¬Û√À¸Ãfl≈¡˜±˚…« &Ì Ô±Àfl¡º Ú±È¬…’Ô¬ı± fl¡±ª…Ó¬ ¸≈õ∂ø¸X ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬¸≈¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àª ’Ô« ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û1± ˝√√íÀ˘ ’Ô«ª…øMê√ &Ì ˝√√˚˛º ø˚1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ø√¬ı…¬ı…øMê√1 ˙‘e±1 ’±1n∏ ’æ≈√Ó¬ 1¸ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛’±1n∏ ø˚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ¬±¬ı˚≈Mê√ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ 1‰¬Ú± Î¬◊√±1Ó¬± &Ì˚≈Mê√ºø˚ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ˙‘e±1 ’±ø√ 1¸˚≈Mê√ ¬ıÌ«Ú±˝◊√√ ˜Ú ’±1n∏ fl¡±Ìfl¡

ŒÊ√±Ú1 Œ¬Û±˝√√À1 fl¡1±1 √À1 ’±√√±ø√Ó¬ fl¡À1 Œ¸˝◊√ √ 1‰¬Ú±fl¡±øôL&Ì ˚≈Mê√º5

›¬Û1Ó¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± ˆ¬1Ó¬1 Ú±È¬…˙±¶ aÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ √&Ì¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œfl¡˝◊√√È¬±˜±Ú ˙s&Ì ’±1n∏ Œfl¡˝◊√√È¬±˜±Ú’Ô«&Ìº ’±Ú Œfl¡˝◊√√È¬±˜±Ú ’±Àfl¡Ã ˙s ’±1n∏ ’Ô« ≈√À˚˛±È¬±À1&Ì ˝í√√¬ı ¬Û±À1 ¬ı≈ø˘ ’øˆ¬Úª&5 ’±ø√ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ È¬œfl¡±fl¡±1’±1n ∏ ’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡ ¸fl¡À˘ ˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯ ∏Ì fl¡À1º Œ˚ÀÚ’øˆ¬Úª&5 ◊√√ ’øˆ¬Úªˆ¬±1Ó¬œ Ú±˜1 È¬œfl¡±Ó¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± ˜ÀÓ¬¸˜±øÒ, Î¬◊√±1Ó¬±, fl¡±øôL ’±ø√ ˙s&Ìº øfl¡c õ∂¸±√, ˜±Ò≈˚…«,›Ê√– ’Ô«&Ìº ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬Û√À¸Ãfl≈¡˜±˚«… ’±1n∏Œù≠¯∏ ˙s&ÀÌ± ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1 ’Ô«&ÀÌ± ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º

ˆ¬1Ó¬1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ’±Ú ≈√Ê√Ú õ∂ø¸X ’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡1 Ú±˜Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ˝√√í˘ ˆ¬±˜˝√√ ’±1n∏ √Gœºˆ¬±˜˝√√1 ¢∂Lö‡Ú ˝√√í˘ fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±1 ’±1n∏ √Gœ1‡Ú fl¡±ª…±√˙«º¤˝◊√ √ ≈ √Ê√Ú ’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ’©Ü˜˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 Œ˘±fl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡À1º

ˆ¬±˜À √√ ˆ¬1Ó¬1 √À1 √ √√È¬± &Ì ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡1± Ú± ◊√√º ŒÓ¬›“1˜ÀÓ¬ &Ì øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±À √√º ˜±Ò≈ «…, õ∂¸±√ ’±1n∏ ›Ê√ ƒº ŒÓ¬›“ &Ì1Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˘é¬Ì ø√ ± Ú± ◊√√º ’±Úøfl¡ ˜±Ò≈ «… ’±ø√1 ˘·ÀÓ¬± ŒÓ¬›“ë&Ìí ˙sÀÈ¬± ˚≈Mê√ fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√√º ’Ô±«» ˜±Ò≈˚…« ’±ø√ fl¡±ª…Ó¬Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1 ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡ª˘ Œ¸ ◊√√ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±1 Ú±˜À √√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º¤ ◊√√À¬ı±1 &Ì ŒÚ ’±Ú øfl¡¬ı± Ó¬±fl¡ Œfl¡±ª± Ú± ◊√√º

ø˚ fl¡±ª… qøÚ¬ıÕ˘ qª˘± ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸˜±¸˚≈Mê√ Ú˝√√˚˛ŒÓ¬ÀÚ fl¡±ª…Ó¬ ˜±Ò≈ …« ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±˜À˝√√ fl¡ ˛º6 Œ√‡± ·í˘Œ˚ ˆ¬1ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±ª± fl¡Ô±ø‡øÚ1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±˜À √√ ¤ ◊√√ fl¡Ô± Œ˚±·ø√À˘ Œ˚ ˜±Ò≈ …«1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¸˜±¸1 õ∂À ˛±· fl¡˜ ˝√√í¬ıº ŒÓ¬›“1˜ÀÓ¬ õ∂¸±√ÀÓ¬± ¸˜±¸1 õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡˜ ˝√ √˚ ˛º7 Ó¬≈ ¬Ûø1øª¡Z±ÚÊ√Ú1 √À1˝◊√√ ˜ø˝√√˘±˝◊√ √ ’±1n∏ ¬ı±˘Àfl¡› ¤˝◊√√ &Ì˚≈Mê√1‰¬Ú± ¸˝√ √ÀÊ√ √ ¬ı ≈øÊ√ ¬Û±¬ı ¬Û±À1º8 ŒÓ¬›“ ’±1n∏ fl¡˚˛ Œ˚øfl¡Â≈ √˜±Ú ˜±Ú≈˝√ √ ›Ê√¸ƒ &Ì1 õ∂øÓ¬ ’±¢∂˝√ √œº ¤˝◊ √ √ &ÌÓ¬¸˜±¸1 ¬ıU˘ õ∂À˚˛±· ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ &Ì1 Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ø√À˘ñë˜µ±1fl≈¡¸≈˜À1Ì≈-ø¬Û?ø1Ó¬±˘fl¡±íº9 ¤˝◊√ÀÈ¬± ¤È¬± ¸˜±¸¬ıX¬Û√º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˆ¬±˜˝√ √1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ˝◊ √ √˚˛±Ó¬ ›Ê√¸ƒ &Ì ’±ÀÂ√º’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ¸fl¡À˘ ˆ¬±˜˝√√1 ¤˝◊√√ Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ˜±øÚ˘í¬ı ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊√ √º Î¬0 øˆ¬. 1±‚ªÀÚ fl¡˚˛ Œ˚ ˝◊√ √˚˛±Ó¬ Œfl¡ª˘¸˜±¸À˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ›Ê√¸ƒ Ú±˜1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± &Ì ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ıŒÚ±ª±À1º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˆ¬±˜˝√ √1 ¤˝◊ √ √ Î¬ ◊√±˝√ √1Ì ›Ê√¸ƒ &Ì1Œé¬SÓ¬ ‡±¬Û Ú±‡±˚˛º10

fl¡±ª…˘Ç±11 õ∂Ô˜ ¬Ûø1À26√√ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±˜À˝√√ 1œøÓ¬1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“ ∆ª√ˆ¬œ« ’±1n∏ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√ø¬ıÒ


¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ’˘Ç±1˙±¶aÓ¬ &ÌÓ¬N1 ¬Sê˜ø¬ıfl¡±˙

1œøÓ¬ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡Ô±Ó¬ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘ 1œøÓ¬˜±ÀÚ 1‰¬Ú±1 ˆ¬eœº ˆ¬±˜À˝√√ ’ªÀ˙… 1œøÓ¬À1± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˘é¬Ìø√˚˛± Ú±˝◊√√º ∆ª√ˆ¬œ« ’±1n∏ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ1 Œfl¡ª˘ Ú±˜À˝√√ Î¬◊À~‡fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ √ ≈√ø¬ıÒ1 fl¡Ô± fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ∆· ŒÓ¬›“ ¤˝◊√ √À¬ı±1Ó¬Ô±øfl¡¬ı ˘·± øfl¡Â≈ √˜±Ú ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…1 fl¡Ô± Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ºõ∂fl¡±1±ôLÀ1 ŒÓ¬›“ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú &√Ì1 fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ Œé¬SÓ¬ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ºŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ õ∂¸±√, Ÿ¬Ê≈√Ó¬±, Œfl¡±˜˘Ó¬± ’±1n∏ |n∏øÓ¬À¬Û˙˘Q∆ª√ˆ¬œ «Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ˘±À·º ’Ú±fl≈ ¡˘Q ’±1n ∏ ’¢∂±˜…Q√ √Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœÓ¬ Ôfl¡± √1fl¡±1º11” ¤ÀÚ√À1 ¬ÛÀ1±é¬ˆ¬±Àª ˝√√íÀ˘›ˆ¬±˜À √√ &Ì ’±1n∏ 1œøÓ¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬¡ Ôfl¡± ¸•Ûfl«¡1 fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡fl¡ø1ÀÂ√√º

Ò±1Ì± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ˆ¬±˜˝√√1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ øª¡Z» ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ∆ª√ˆ«¬œfl¡ˆ¬±˘ 1œøÓ¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1 Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœfl¡ Œ¬ı ˛± ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±ø¬ıøÂ√ ºˆ¬±˜À √√ ¤ ◊√√fl¡Ô± ‡GÚ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ Œ˚øÓ¬ ˛± Ô±øfl¡¬ı˘·± ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…¸˜”˝√√ øÚø«√©Ü ˜±S±Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ≈√À˚˛±ø¬ıÒ1œøÓ¬Àfl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ’Ú…Ô± ≈√À˚˛±ø¬ıÀÒ˝◊√√ Œ¬ı˚˛± ¬ı≈ø˘¬Ûø1·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√í¬ıº

’±Àfl¡Ã¬fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±11 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚ ˛ ¬Ûø1À26 √ √Ó¬ Œfl¡ÀÚ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬Ó¬ ˚˜fl¡ ’˘Ç±11 õ∂À˚˛±· Œ˝√√±ª± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√ √¸•ÛÀfl«¡ fl¡›“ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬œÓ¬˙sÓ¬±, ›Ê√ø¶§Ó¬±, ¸≈øù≠©Ü ¸øgQ,õ∂¸±√ ’±1n∏ ¶§øˆ¬Ò±Ú Ú±˜1 &Ì1 fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ√‡±˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√ √ Œé¬SÀÓ¬± ŒÓ¬›“ õ∂¸±√ &Ì1 fl¡Ô± ¬Û≈Ú¬ı«±1Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º12

fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±1À1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚ ¬Ûø1À26√√Ó¬ ˆ¬±˜À √√ ¤È¬± õ∂¬ıg&Ì1fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬± ˝√√í˘ ˆ¬±øªfl¡Qº ¤˝◊√√ &Ìø¬ıÒ¸˜¢∂ fl¡±ª…‡Ú Ê≈√ø1 Ô±øfl¡¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıg&ÌÀÈ¬± Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬fl¡±ª…‡Ú1 ’±Ú øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú &Ì1 õ∂À˚˛±·1 Ù¬˘Ó¬º Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±1˝√√í˘ ø‰¬S-Î¬◊√±M√√-’æ≈√Ó¬±Ô«Q ’Ô«±» fl¡±ª…‡Ú1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd1ø¬ıø‰¬SÓ¬±, Î¬◊√±M√√ˆ¬±¬ı ’±1n∏ ‰¬˜»fl¡±ø1Q ’±ø√ &Ì, ˙s1’Ú≈fl ≈ ¡˘Q ’Ô± «» ˙sÀ¬ı±1 Œ¬ı±Ò·˜… ˝ √ √ í ¬ı ¬Û1± &Ì˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√º13 ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛± fl¡Ô±ÀÈ¬± ˝√√í˘ ¤À˚˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√ √Œé¬SÓ¬ ˆ¬±˜À˝√√ &Ì ˙sÀÈ¬± ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ºŒÓ¬›“ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ ëˆ¬±øªfl¡Qø˜øÓ¬ õ∂±U– õ∂¬ıgø¬ı¯∏˚˛— &Ì˜ ƒ íº¤ ◊√√√À1 ‰¬±¬ıÕ˘ ·íÀ˘ ˆ¬±˜À˝√√ Œfl¡ª˘ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬±À˝√√ &Ì ¶§œfl¡±1fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ¤ÀÚ Ú˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊Mê√ &ÌÀ¬ı±À1± ¶§œfl¡±1fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º

√GœÀ˚˛ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı √˝√√ø¬ıÒ &Ì Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√√˝√√È¬± &Ì ˆ¬1ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± Œfl¡˝◊√ √È¬±˝◊√ √º √GœÀ˚˛ 1œøÓ¬¬ı≈Ê√±¬ıÕ˘ ˜±·« ¬ı± ªR« ˙s ¬ª…¬ı˝√√±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬∆ª√ ¬« ˜±·«Ó¬ ¤ ◊√√ &Ì¸ ” √√ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚± ˛º ¤ ◊√√ &ÌÀ¬ı±1 ŒÓ¬›“1

˜ÀÓ¬ ∆ª√ˆ¬« ˜±·«1 õ∂±Ì¶§1+¬Ûº14 ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇ ˜±·«Ó¬¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√ √À¬ı±1 Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º √Gœ1 ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ ñ ë¤¯∏±—øª¬Û˚«˚˛– õ∂±À˚˛± ‘√˙…ÀÓ¬ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇªR«øÚºí15 ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ ëõ∂±˚˛í ’Ô±«»õ∂±À ˛ ◊√√ ¬ı± ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª±ÀÈ¬± ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ ˛±º ◊√√ ˛±1¡Z±1± ¬ı±ô¶ø¬ıfl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±Àfl¡¬ ¬ı≈ÀÊ√±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ &Ì¸˜”˝√√1Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±À·˝◊√ √ ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇ ˜±·«Ó¬ Ú±Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬Ô±ø¬ÛŒfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± &Ì Ô±øfl¡¬ı› ¬Û±À1º Î¬◊√±˝√ √1Ì ¶§1+À¬Û’Ô«ª…øMê√ Ú±˜1 &ÌÀÈ¬± ≈√À˚˛±ø¬ıÒ ˜±·«ÀÓ¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º16

¤ ◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 Œ˚ √Gœ1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜±·« ¬ı± ªR«¬ıUõ∂fl¡±11 ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¤˝◊√√À¬ı±11 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ õ∂Àˆ¬√ ¸”Ñº∆ª√ˆ¬« ’±1n∏ Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¶Û©Ü ¬ı±À¬ıÀ˝√√ ŒÓ¬›“¤˝◊√√ ≈√ø¬ıÒ1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º17

˚ø√› √GœÀ ˛ ˆ¬1ÀÓ¬ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡1± &Ì Œfl¡ ◊√√È¬± ◊√√ ¶§œfl¡±1fl¡ø1ÀÂ√, Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û √GœÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊ √ √ &ÌÀ¬ı±11 fl¡Ô± fl¡›“ÀÓ¬¤ ◊√√À¬ı±11 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ Î¬◊æ√¬ı √√í¬ı ¬Û1± Œ√± ∏ ” √√1 fl¡Ô±› ¶Û©Üˆ¬± ∏±À1 Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÌ« ” √√ ≈ —¬ıX ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1À˘ Œù≠¯∏&Ì1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√ √˚˛º ’Ô±«» ¤˝◊√ √ &Ì1Œé¬SÓ¬ ’äõ∂±Ì, ˜˝√√±õ∂±Ì, ≈Mê√±é¬1 ’±ø√1 ˆ¬±1¸±˜… ¬ıÊ√± ˛1±ø‡ õ∂À ˛±· fl¡1± ˝√√ ˛º ◊√√ ˛±1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ ¤ ◊√√À¬ı±11 ˆ¬±1¸±˜…Ú©Ü ˝√√íÀ˘ ø˙øÔ˘Ó¬±1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬± ¤È¬± Œ√±¯∏º ˝◊√√˚˛±1Î¬◊√± √√1Ì √Gœ1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ë˜±˘Ó¬œ˜±˘± Œ˘±˘±ø˘fl¡ø˘˘±íº ◊√√ ˛±Ó¬’¸— ≈Mê√ ’äõ∂±Ì ¬ıÌ«1 ¬ıU˘ õ∂À ˛±· ‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√ ¬ı±À¬ı &Ì ÚÕ˝√√Œ√±¯∏ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º18 ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 õ∂¸±√&Ì1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ Œ√±¯∏ÀÈ¬±˝√ √í˘ Ú±øÓ¬1+Ï¬ ˇ, ¸˜Ó¬±1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ ∆ª¯∏˜…, ¸≈fl≈¡˜±1Ó¬±1ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ øÚá≈¬1 ¬ı± √œ5, ’Ô«ª…øMê√1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ ŒÚ˚˛±Ô«Q,fl¡±øôL1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ ’Ó¬…≈øMê√ Œ√±¯∏ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º19 ŒÓ¬›“ ’ªÀ˙…Î¬◊√±1Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ¸˜±øÒ1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ øfl¡ Œ√±¯∏ ˝√ √í¬ı ¬Û±À1Œ¸˝◊√√fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√√º

˜±Ò ≈˚ « … &Ì ¸•§Àg √Gœ1 ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ˜Úfl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛±º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ò≈˚«… ≈√˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡±11 ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º¤ø¬ıÒ1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√ √˚˛ ¤Àfl¡Ò1Ì1 ¬ıÌ«1 ¬Û≈Ú1±¬ı‘øM√ √1 Ù¬˘Ó¬,õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬±Ô«Ó¬ |n∏Ó¬…Ú≈õ∂±¸ Ú±˜1 ¤fl¡õ∂fl¡±1 ’Ú≈õ∂±¸1 õ∂À˚˛±·1Ù¬˘Ó¬º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡±11 ˙∏s ˜±Ò≈˚«…Àfl¡ ¬ı±·ƒ1¸ Œ¬ı±˘± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º’±Úø¬ıÒ ˜±Ò≈˚«… ’Ô«˜±Ò≈˚«…º ¤˝◊√ √ ˜±Ò≈˚«…ø¬ıÒ1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√ √˚˛’¢∂±˜…Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’Ô±«» ¸—¶®±1˚≈Mê√ ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl¡±˙1 Ù¬˘Ó¬º’Ô« ±Ò≈ «…Àfl¡ ¬ıd1¸ Œ¬ı±˘± ∆ √√ÀÂ√º ’Ô« ˜±Ò≈ …« ◊√√ 1¸ Ù≈¬È¬± ◊√√ŒÓ¬±À˘ ¬ı±À¬ı ˝◊√√˚˛±fl¡ 1¸±ª˝√√ Œ¬ı±˘± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ë’¢∂±˜…-’ÀÔ«±1¸±ª˝√√–íº ’¢∂±˜…Q1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ Œ√±¯∏ ˝√√í˘ ¢∂±˜…Qº √Gœ1˜ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±11 ˜±Ò≈˚…« Œfl¡ª˘ ∆ª√ˆ¬« ˜±·«Ó¬À˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡ºøfl¡c ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ø¬ıÒ ≈√À˚˛±È¬± ˜±·«ÀÓ¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º20

›Ê√¸ƒ &Ìfl¡ ∆¬ı√ˆ¬« ˜±·«1 õ∂±Ì¶§1+¬Û ¬ı≈ø˘ √˝√√È¬± &Ì1øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˚ø√› ›Ê√¸ƒ &Ì ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬∆ª√ˆ¬« ˜±·«1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œfl¡ª˘ ·√…Ó¬À˝√√ Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º ¤˝◊√√&ÌÓ ¸˜±¸1 ¬ıU˘ ¬õ∂À˚˛±· ˝√√˚˛º ë›Ê√¸ƒ ¸˜±¸ˆ¬”˚˛b¶À˜Ó¬ƒ√·√…¸… Ê√œøªÓ¬˜ƒíº21 ¤˝◊√√ &Ì Œ·ÃÎ¬ˇœ˚˛ ˜±·«1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ·√…-¬Û√… Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡±ÀÈ¬± ¸y¬ıº Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ √Gœ1 ˜ÀÓ¬›Ê√¸ƒ ˚ø√ ∆ª√ˆ¬« ˜±·«1 ¬Û√…Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ˝√√íÀ˘ ø¸Œ√±¯∏ ∆˝√√ ¬Ûø1¬ıº

Î¬◊Mê &Ì¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œù≠¯∏, õ∂¸±√, ¸˜Ó¬±, ›Ê√¸ƒ,˙s-˜±Ò≈˚«… ’±ø√ ˙s&Ìº ¸˜±øÒ, fl¡±ø ôL, ’Ô«˜±Ò≈˚«…,’Ô«ª…øMê√ ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√ ’Ô«&Ìº ¸≈fl≈¡˜±1Ó¬±, Î¬◊√±1Ó¬± ’±ø√˙s±Ô«&Ìº22

¤ÀÚ√À1 √GœÀ ˛ ˆ¬1Ó¬1 √ √√È¬± &Ì1 ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ ˚ø√›¤˝◊√√ &Ì¸˜”˝√√1 ¶§1+¬Û √Gœ1 ¬¢∂LöÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø1¬ıøM«√√Ó¬ 1+¬ÛÓ¬Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º

’±·ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’˝√√± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ’˘Ç±1 ˙±¶a1ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ó¬N¸ ” √√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÚÀÈ¬± Ó¬N õ∂Ò±Ú ¤ ◊√√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˜Ó¬Àˆ¬√ ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂¶ö±Ú[School]1 ¸‘ø©Ü ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¶ö±Ú¸˜”˝√√ ˝√√í˘ñ ’˘Ç±1 õ∂¶ö±Ú, 1œøÓ¬ õ∂¶ö±Ú, Ò√ıøÚ õ∂¶ö±Ú, 1¸ õ∂¶ö±Ú’±1n∏ ªÀSê±øMê√ õ∂¶ö±Úº ’ªÀ˙… õ∂¶ö±Ú¸˜”˝√√1 ¸—‡…± ¸•§Àg¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±ÕÚfl¡… ’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ›¬Û1Ó¬Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± ¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ ‰¬±ø1È¬± õ∂¶ö±Ú Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±·¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡ ˜±øÚ ∆˘ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±˜˝√√ ’±1n∏ √Gœ ’˘Ç±1¬ı±√œºŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ’˘Ç±À1 ◊√√ fl¡±ª…1 Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√œ¬ı… ¬ıdº Œ¸À ˛À √√ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ’˘Ç±11 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ø ¬ı ô¶ ‘Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±’±·¬ıÏ¬± ◊√√ÀÂ√º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ‘√ø©ÜÓ¬ ’˘Ç±1 ’±1n∏ &Ì1¸•Ûfl«¡ Œfl¡ÀÚ Ò1Ì1 ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬± ¤È¬± ø¬ı‰¬±˚« ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬’ªÀ˙… ¤È¬± fl¡Ô± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±Àª ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı Œ˚ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ’˘Ç±1 ˙sÀÈ¬± ≈√È¬± ’Ô«Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º◊√√ ±À1 ¤È¬± ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’Ô«, ’±ÚÀÈ¬± ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’Ô«º ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’Ô«Ó¬

’˘Ç±1 ˙s˝◊√ √ ’Ú≈õ∂±¸, Î¬◊¬Û˜± ’±ø√ ˙s±˘Ç±1 ’±1n∏’Ô±«˘Ç±1 ¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’Ô«ÀÈ¬±ÀªŒ¸Ãµ˚«fl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛º ’˘Ç±1 ˙s1 ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’Ô«ÀÈ¬± ¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡ø1À˘, ø˚ Ó¬N¸ ” √√1 õ∂À ˛±·1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ fl¡±ª… ¤‡Ú ˜ÀÚ±¢∂±˝√√œ∆˝ √ √ ¬ÛÀ1 Œ¸˝◊ √ √ ¸fl¡À˘±À¬ı±1 ’˘Ç±1º Œ¸˝◊ √ √ ø˝ √ √‰ ¬ ±À¬ıŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ‘√ø©ÜÓ¬ ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’Ô«1 ’˘Ç±1, &Ì, 1¸ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø¸fl¡À˘±À¬ı±1 ’˘Ç±1 ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’Ô«1 ’˘Ç±À1˝◊√√fl¡±ª…1 Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√œ¬ı… ¬ı± õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ıdº √GœÀ ˛ Œ¸ ◊√√¬ı±À¬ı ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ ñëfl¡±ª…À˙±ˆ¬±fl¡1±Úƒ Ò˜±«Ú˘Ç±1±Úƒ õ∂‰¬é¬ÀÓ¬íº23 ˆ¬±˜˝√√ ’±1n∏

√Gœ1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡ ª±˜Ú 1œøÓ¬¬ı√√±√œº Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ŒÓ¬›“¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ’Ô«1 ’˘Ç±1 ’Ô±«» Œ¸Ãµ˚«…1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏&1n∏Q ’±À1±¬Û fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ŒÓ¬›“ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ ñ ëfl¡±ª…—¢∂±˝√ √…˜˘Ç±1±»º Œ¸Ãµ˚…«˜˘Ç±1–ºí24

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ˆ¬±˜˝√√1 √À1 √GœÀ˚˛› ˆ¬±øªfl¡ Ú±˜1 õ∂¬ıg&Ì1 fl¡Ô±Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ¤ ◊√√ ˆ¬±øªfl¡&Ì1 fl¡Ô± ’˘Ç±1 ¸ ” √√1ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 øÍ¬fl¡ Œ˙˝√√1 Ù¬±À˘ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ¸fl¡À˘ Œ¸À ˛À √√ ˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û± ∏Ì fl¡À1 Œ˚ ¤ ◊√√ ≈√Ê√√Ú’±˘Ç±ø1Àfl¡ ˆ¬±øªfl¡1 fl¡Ô± õ∂±1øyfl¡ ˆ¬±À¬ı &Ì ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡íÀ˘›¬Ûø1À˙¯∏Ó¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±fl¡ ’˘Ç±1 ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º27

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’˝√√± √Gœ1 √˝√√ø¬ıÒ &ÌÀfl¡ ª±˜ÀÚ ≈√ˆ¬±À· ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º√˝√√È¬± ˙s&Ì ’±1n∏ √˝√√È¬± ’Ô«&Ìº Í¬±À˚˛ Í¬±À˚˛ ª±˜ÀÚ ¤˝◊√√&Ì¸˜”˝√√1 ¶§1+¬Û √GœÀ˚˛ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡1±Ó¬Õfl¡ ’˘¬Û Œ¬ıÀ˘·¬ı≈ø˘ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì¶§1+À¬Û ŒÓ¬›“ ›Ê√¸ƒ ˙s&Ìfl¡¸≈¸—¬ıX ˙s·“±ÔøÚ ¬ı≈ø˘ÀÂ√º Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛, ë·±Ï¬ˇ¬ıgQÀ˜±Ê√–í29º’±Ú˝√ √ ±ÀÓ¬ ›Ê√¸ƒ ’Ô«&Ì ˝ √ √ í˘ ’Ô«1 ¬Ûø1¬Û!¡Ó¬±ºÓ≈¬˘Úœ˚˛,ë’Ô«¸… Œõ∂ÃøÏ¬ˇÀ1±Ê√√–íº30 ¤˝◊√ √ ’Ô« ˆ¬1Ó¬ ’±1n∏ √GœÀ˚˛ ø √˚ ˛± ›Ê√¸1 ’Ô«Ó¬Õfl¡ øfl¡Â ≈ √ Œ¬ıÀ˘·º øÍ¬fl¡ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 õ∂¸±√ &Ì ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ª±˜Ú1 ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ˚ÀÔ©ÜŒ¬ıÀ˘·º ŒÓ¬›“ õ∂¸±√ ˙s&ÌÀÈ¬±fl¡ ∆˙øÔ˘… ¬ı≈ø˘ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√∆˙øÔ˘… ¤ÀÚÀ˚˛ Œ√±¯∏º øfl¡c ∆˙øÔ˘…1 Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ›Ê√¸1˘·Ó¬ ˆ¬±1¸±˜… 1é¬± fl¡ø1 ¸—ø˜|Ì ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± õ∂¸±√Ú±˜1 ˙s&Ì1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º31

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fl¡±øôL Ú±˜1 ’Ô«&Ìø¬ıÒfl¡ √œ51¸Q ¬ı≈ø˘ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√º37

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’±ÚµªX«ÀÚ Œ¬Û±Ú õ∂Ô˜ ¬ı±11 ¬ı±À¬ı Ò√ıøÚfl¡ fl¡±ª…1’±R± ¬ı≈ø˘ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡ø1À˘º ¡Ò√ıøÚ øÓ¬øÚ õ∂fl¡±11º ¬ıd,’˘Ç±1 ’±1n∏ 1¸º Ó¬±À1 1¸ Ò√ıøÚÀ˚˛˝◊ √ √ ’Ô±«» 1À¸˝◊√ √fl¡±ª…1 ’±R±º ¤˝◊ √ √ 1¸ ¸˝√ √ + √˚˛ [connoisseur] 1’Ú≈ ¬”øÓ¬1 ¬ıdº Œ¸À ˛À˝√√ ◊√√ ¬ı…øMê√øÚá¬º ’±ÚµªX«Ú1 ¸˜ ˛1¬Û1±˝◊√√ ’˘Ç±1˙±¶a1 Ó¬N¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ’±·1 √À1 ¬ıdøÚá¬ ‘√ø©ÜÀ1ø¬ı‰¬±1 Úfl¡ø1 ¬ı…øMê√øÚá¬ √‘ø©ÜÀ1 ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡1±1 õ∂Ô± ’±1y˝√√í˘º ’±ÚµªX«Ú ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1 ’Ú≈·±˜œ ’øˆ¬Úª&5,

˜•úÈ¬ˆ¬A, øªù´Ú±Ô fl¡øª1±Ê√ ’±ø √À˚ ˛ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1˚≈øMê√¬Û”Ì««’±À˘±‰¬Ú±À1 ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡ø1À˘ Œ˚ &Ì,1œøÓ¬, ’˘Ç±1 ’±ø√ Ó¬N¸˜”˝√√ √1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡±ª…1 ’±R±1’Ô±«» 1¸1À˝√√ Ò˜« , ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ˙1œ11 ’Ô«±» ˙s ’±1n∏ ’Ô«1Ú˝√√˚˛º ’±ÚµªX«ÀÚ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àª ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡ø1À˘ Œ˚ ¤Ê√Ú˜±Ú≈˝√ √1 ø˚ √À1 ¬ıœ1Q, Ú•⁄Ó¬± ’±ø√ &Ì Ô±Àfl¡ øÍ¬fl¡ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 fl¡±ª…À1± ˜±Ò≈˚«… ’±ø√ &Ì Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º øfl¡c¬ıœ1Q ’±ø√ &Ì¸˜”˝√√ ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ¤Ê√Ú1 ˙1œ1ÀÈ¬±1 Ò˜« Ú˝√√˚˛,’±R±1À˝√√ Ò˜«º øÍ¬fl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 fl¡±ª…&Ì¸˜”˝√ fl¡±ª…1 ’±R±’Ô±«» 1¸1À˝√√ Ò˜«º ¤˝◊√√ &Ì¸˜”˝√√ 1¸Àfl¡ ’ª˘•§Ú fl¡ø1Ô±Àfl¡º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ fl¡±Ì, ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±ø√Ó¬ ø¬Ûg± ’˘Ç±1¸˜”˝√√˙1œ1fl¡ ’ª˘•§Ú fl¡ø1 Ô±Àfl¡º fl¡±ª…1 ’˘Ç±1¸˜”À˝√ √±Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 ˙s±Ô« 1+¬Û ¬ı± ª±‰¬…-ª±‰¬fl¡ 1+¬Û fl¡±ª…1 ˙1œ1ÀÈ¬±fl¡’ª˘•§Ú fl¡ø1 Ô±Àfl¡º Ó ≈ ¬˘Úœ˚˛ ñ ëŒ˚ Ó¬˜Ô«—1¸±ø√˘é¬Ì˜øeÚ— ¸ôL˜ª˘•§ÀôL ŒÓ¬ &Ì±– Œ˙Ã˚±«ø√ª»ºª±‰¬…ª±‰¬fl¡˘é¬Ì±Ú…e±øÚ Œ˚ ¬Û≈Úô¶√±ø|Ó¬±– ŒÓ¬ ’˘Ç±1±˜ôLª…±– fl¡È¬fl¡±ø√ª»ºí45 ˜•úÀÈ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡±ª…õ∂fl¡±˙ Ú±˜1¢∂Lö1 ’©Ü˜ Î¬◊~±¸Ó¬ &Ì1 ˘é¬Ì ø√›“ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ &Ì¸˜”˝√√fl¡1¸1 øÚÓ¬… Ò˜« ¬ı≈ø˘ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√º46

’±ÚµªX«Ú, ˜•úÈ¬ ’±ø√ Ò√ıøÚ¬ı±√œ¸fl¡À˘ õ∂±‰¬œÚ’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡ ¸fl¡˘1 √À1 √˝√√ø¬ıÒ &Ì ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√ √ºŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜ÀÓ¬ &Ì øÓ¬øÚø¬ıÒ ñ ˜±Ò≈˚«…, ›Ê√– ’±1n∏õ∂¸±√º47

˜•úÀÈ¬ ’±ÚµªX«ÚÀfl¡ ’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡ø1 fl¡˚˛ Œ˚ ˜±Ò≈˚«…¤È¬± ’øÓ¬ ’±Úµ√±˚˛fl¡ ø¶öøÓ¬º ˙‘e±1 ’±ø√ 1¸1 ’±¶§±√Ú1¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¸˝√√+√˚˛ [Connoisseur] 1 ˜Ú Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ·ø˘Œ˚±ª±1 √À1 ˝√√ ˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬ ˛± ¤ ◊√√ ˜±Ò≈ «… &Ì ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª±˝√√˚˛º48 ˙‘e±1 ’±ø√Ó¬ ø˚À˝√Ó≈¬ ˜±Ò≈˚«…&Ì Ô±Àfl¡ Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√¤˝ ◊ √ √ À ¬ı±1fl¡ ˜Ò≈1 1¸ Œ¬ı±˘± ˝ √ √˚ ˛º ˙‘e±1 Œ¬ı±À˘±ÀÓ¬¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ ¸Ày±· ˙‘e±1Àfl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ’±ø√ ˙s1¬ı…ª˝√√±11 ¡Z±1± fl¡1n∏Ì ’±1n∏ øªõ∂˘y ‘e±1Àfl¡± ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡1±∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’±ÚµªX«ÀÚ fl¡˚˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√ √ 1¸Àfl¡˝◊√ √È¬±Ó¬ ˜±Ò≈˚«…1Ó¬±1Ó¬˜… Ô±Àfl¡º ˙‘e±1 ˚ø√ ˜Ò≈1, ŒÓ¬ÀôL øªõ∂˘y ˜Ò≈1Ó¬1’±1n ∏ fl¡1n ∏Ì ˜Ò≈1Ó¬˜º49 ˜•úÀÈ¬ ¤˝◊ √ √ Ó¬±1Ó¬˜… ’˘¬ÛŒ¬ıÀ˘·Õfl¡ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊ √ √ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ˙‘e±1 ˚ø√ ˜Ò≈1,ŒÓ¬ÀôL fl¡1n∏Ì ˜Ò≈1Ó¬1, øªõ∂˘y ˜Ò≈1Ó¬˜ ’±1n∏ ˙±ôL1¸Ó¬˜±Ò≈˚«…1 ¬Û1±fl¡±á¬± ‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√º50

›Ê√– &Ì ¸•§Àg ˜•úÀÈ¬ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ø˚ &ÌÓ¬ ¸˝√√+√˚˛1ø‰¬M√√ √œ5 ∆˝√√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬, õ∂8ø˘Ó¬ ∆˝√√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ¬ı± ø‰¬M√√˝◊√√ ø¬ıô¶‘øÓ¬˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1 Œ¸˚˛± ›Ê√– &Ìº ¬ıœ11¸Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ &Ì Ô±Àfl¡º51

Ò√ıÚ…±À˘±fl¡ÀÓ¬± Œ¸˝◊ √ √ ¤Àfl¡ fl¡Ô±Àfl¡ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚ ˛º52

Ò√ıÚ…±À˘±fl¡1 ›Ê√– &Ì1 ˘é¬Ì1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ¬ı…±‡…± ’±·¬ıÏ¬ˇ±˝◊√√

’øˆ¬Úª&5˝◊ √ √ ŒÓ¬›“1 Œ˘±‰¬Ú È¬œfl¡±Ó¬ fl¡˚˛ñ ë√œø5–õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛM≈√√˝√√+«√À ˛ øªfl¡±¸øªô¶±1-õ∂8˘Ú¶§ ¬±ª±º ¸± ‰¬ ≈‡…Ó¬ ˛±›Ê√– ˙sª±‰¬…±íº53 ’±ÚµªX«ÀÚ Œ1Ã^ 1¸fl¡ ›Ê√¶§œ ¬ı≈ø˘ÀÂ√’±1n∏ ¬ıœ11¸fl¡ Ó¬±Ó¬Õfl¡› ’øÒfl¡ ›Ê√¶§œ ¬ı≈ø˘ÀÂ√º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬˜•úÈ¬1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ıœ11¸ ›Ê√¶§œº Ó¬±Ó¬Õfl¡ ›Ê√¶§œ ¬ıœˆ¬»¸’±1n∏ ¸fl¡À˘±Ó¬Õfl¡ ’øÒfl¡ ›Ê√¶§œ ˝√√í˘ Œ1Ã^1¸º54

õ∂¸±&Ì ¸fl¡À˘± 1¸ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ &Ì 1¸1 ¤ÀÚ¤fl¡ Ò˜« Œ˚ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¸˝√√+√˚˛1 ø‰¬M√√ øÔÓ¬±ÀÓ¬ ’±Úµ±õ≠≈Ó¬˝√√˚˛, øÍ¬fl¡ ø˚√À1 ’ø¢ü1 ¡Z±1± qfl¡±Ú ˝◊√ √gÚ √* ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı±¬Ûø1©®±1 ¬Û±ÚœÓ¬ øÚfl¡± fl¡±À¬Û±1 Î≈¬¬ı ˚±˚˛º55

¤˝◊√√√À1 ¤˝◊√√ 1¸Ò√ıøÚ¬ı±√œ ’±˘Ç±ø1fl¡¸fl¡À˘ Œ√‡≈ª±À˘Œ˚ &Ì¸˜”˝√√ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡±ª…1 ’±R± 1¸1À˝√√ Ò˜«º Ó¬Ô±ø¬ÛŒ·ÃÌ ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ1±é¬ˆ¬±Àª ¤˝◊√√ &Ì¸˜”˝√√ ˙s ’±1n∏ ’Ô«¬ı± ª±‰¬…-ª±‰¬fl¡ 1+¬Û fl¡±ª…1 ˙1œ11 ˘·ÀÓ¬± ¸•§øgÓ¬ºŒ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ˜•úÀÈ¬ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ˜±Ò≈˚«…&Ì1 Œé¬SÓ¬ È¬, Í¬,Î¬, Ï¬1¬ ¬ı±ø˝√√À1 ’±Ú ¶Û˙«¬ıÌ« [fl¡-1 ¬Û1± ˜-Õ˘] ¸˜”˝√√øÚÊ√1 ¬ı·«1 ’øôL˜ ¬ıÌ«1 ˘·Ó¬ ˚≈Mê√±é¬1 ø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı ¬ı…ª˝√√+Ó¬˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ’Ô¬ı± ˘‚≈ ’±1n∏ ˝√√¶§ ¶§11 ¡Z±1± ¬ı…ªÒ±Ú Ôfl¡±Œ1Ùƒ¬¬ ’±1n∏ ëÌí ¬ıÌ«› ˚ø√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ ø¸›˜±Ò≈˚«…&Ì1 ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ &ÌÓ¬ ¸˜±¸ Ú±Ô±øfl¡¬ı ’±1n∏Ô±øfl¡À˘› fl¡˜ Ô±øfl¡¬ıº56

¬ı·«1 õ∂Ô˜ ’Ô¬ı± Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ıÌ« Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı·«À1 ’±Ú ¬ıÌ«1˘·Ó¬ ˚≈Mê√ ˝√√íÀ˘, 1-fl¡±1 ¬ı± Œ1Ù¬-1 ˘·Ó¬ ˚≈Mê√±é¬1 ˝√√íÀ˘,¤Àfl¡ ¬ıÌ«À1 ø¡ZQ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’±1n∏ √œ‚«¸˜±¸1 õ∂À˚˛±· ˝√√íÀ˘›Ê√– &Ì1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º57

ø˚ ˙s qÚ±˜±SÀfl¡ ’Ô«õ∂Ó¬œøÓ¬ ˝√ √˚˛ ¬ı± ø˚ ¸˜±À¸Ó¬»é¬Ì±ÀÓ¬ ’Ô«õ∂√±Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1, ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀ¬ı±11 õ∂À˚˛±·1Ù¬˘Ó¬ õ∂¸±√&Ì ˝√√˚˛º58

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1œøÓ¬¸˜”˝√√fl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ√˙1 ¬ı± ’=˘1 Ú±˜Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡1±’Ú≈ø‰¬Ó¬º ’±Àfl¡Ã Œfl¡±ÀÚ± 1œøÓ¬ ˆ¬±˘ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı±ÀÈ¬±Œ¬ı˚˛± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª±ÀÈ¬±› Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√ √ 1œøÓ¬¸˜”˝√√fl¡fl¡ø¬ı¸fl¡˘1 õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±, ¬ı≈…»¬ÛøM√√ ’±1n∏ ’ˆ¬…±¸1 øˆ¬øM√√Ó¬À˝√√ˆ¬À·±ª± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±·«¸˜”˝√√Ó¬ ‰¬±ø1ø¬ıÒ &ÌÔfl¡±ÀÈ¬± øÚÓ¬±ôL ◊√√ ’±ª˙…fl¡œ ˛º ¤ ◊√√ Œfl¡ ◊√√È¬± &Ì √√í˘ ˜±Ò≈ «…,õ∂¸±√, ˘±ªÌ… ’±1n∏ ’±øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬…º øfl¡c ˜±·« ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ¤˝◊√√&Ì¸˜”˝√ √1 ¶§1+¬Û Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· ˝√ √í¬ıº fiø‰¬Ó¬… ’±1n∏Œ¸Ãˆ¬±·…&Ì øÓ¬øÚ›È¬± ˜±·«ÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡ ¶§1+¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÚÔ±øfl¡¬ı˘·√ √œ˚˛± &Ìº60 ¸≈fl≈¡˜±1 ˜±·«1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¸˜±¸1õ∂À˚˛±· Úfl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı 1‰¬Ú±˝◊√√ ¬Û±Í¬fl¡1 ˜Ú ˜≈ø˝√√¬ı ¬Û1± ø˚&Ì Œ¸˚˛± ˝√√í˘ ˜±Ò≈˚«…º61 ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ øªø‰¬S˜±·«1 Œé¬SÓ¬∆˙øÔ˘… ¬Ûø1Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1 Œfl¡Ã˙À˘À1 ˙s ·Í¬Ú fl¡1± 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬˜±Ò≈˚«…&Ì Ô±Àfl¡º62 Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ¸≈fl≈¡˜±1 ˜±·« ’±1n∏ø¬ıø‰¬S ˜±·«1 õ∂Àˆ¬√ ˚ÀÔ©Üº ¤˝◊√√ ≈√À˚˛±ø¬ıÒ ˜±·«1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬˜Ò…˜ ˜±·«1 ’ª¶ö±Úº ¤ÀÚ√À1 fl≈¡ôLÀfl¡√√ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 &Ì’±1n∏ 1œøÓ¬ ¸˜”˝√ √1 ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ¸Ãˆ¬±·…,fiø‰¬Ó¬…, ’±øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬… ’±1n∏ ˘±ªÌ… &Ì ÚÓ≈¬ÚÕfl¡ ¸—À˚±Ê√Úfl¡ø1ÀÂ√º

&Ì1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œˆ¬±Ê√1±ÀÊ√ ’±ÚµªX«Ú1 ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1À˘› √Gœ ’±1n∏ ª±˜ÚÀfl¡± ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¬Ûø1˜±ÀÌ’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ &Ì¸˜”˝√ √ øÓ¬øÚÈ¬± ¬ı˝√ √˘ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬·±¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ª±˝√√…&Ì ¬ı± ˙s&Ì, ’±ˆ¬…ôL1&Ì ¬ı±’Ô«&Ì ’±1n∏ ∆ªÀ˙ø¯∏fl¡ &Ì ¬ı± Œ√±¯∏&Ìº Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Œ√± ∏ ’ª¶ö± ø¬ıÀ˙À ∏ &ÌÕ˘ ¬Ûø1ªøÓ¬«√Ó¬ √√íÀ˘ Œ√± ∏&Ì √√ ˛º

˙‘e±1õ∂fl¡±˙ 1 Úª˜ ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ Œˆ¬±ÀÊ√ √ 24 ø ¬ıÒª± √√…&Ì, 24ø¬ıÒ ’±ˆ¬…ôL1&Ì ’±1n∏ 24ø¬ıÒ ∆ªÀ˙ø ∏fl¡ &Ì1fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚ√À1 ‰¬±¬ıÕ˘ ·íÀ˘ Œˆ¬±ÀÊ√√√ √Gœ’±1n∏ ª±˜ÚÓ¬Õfl¡› ¬ıUÓ¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸—‡…fl¡ &Ì ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ºŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ª±˝√√…&Ìfl¡ ¤·1±fl¡œ Ú±1œ1 ˙±1œø1fl¡ Œ¸Ãµ˚«1˘·Ó¬ Ó≈ ¬˘Ú± fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ’±ˆ¬… ôL1 &Ì¸˜”˝√ √ Ú±1œ¤·1±fl¡œ1 ¸—¶®±1, ø¬ıÚ˚˛ ’±ø√1 √À1º øfl¡c Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı±Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ·øÌfl¡± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú±1œ1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ’ø¬ıÚœÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª±ÀÈ¬±ŒÓ¬›“1 Œ√±¯∏ ÚÕ˝√√ &Ì ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 ŒÒ“±ª± ˆ¬±˘¬ıd Ú˝√√˚˛º øfl¡c ‰¬µÚ fl¡±Í¬1 ŒÒ“±ª± ˆ¬±˘º ∆ªÀ˙ø¯∏fl¡ &Ì¬ı± Œ √ ±¯ ∏-&Ì ŒÓ¬ÀÚÒ1Ì1º Œˆ¬±Ê√1 ˙‘e±1õ∂fl¡±˙Ó¬’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ &Ì¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œ¸ÃÑ…, ·±yœ˚«…, øªô¶1,¸—Àé¬¬Û, Î¬◊øMê√, 1œøÓ¬, Œõ∂ÃøÏ¬ˇ ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√ ¸•Û”Ì« ÚÓ≈¬ÚÕfl¡Œ√‡≈Î¬◊ª± &Ìº ˆ¬±˜˝√√ ’±1n∏ √GœÀ ˛ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡1± ˆ¬±øªfl¡Qfl¡Œˆ¬±ÀÊ√ √ √ ¬ı±fl¡…&Ì ¬ı ≈ ø˘ ∆fl¡ÀÂ √º63 Î¬ ◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚Œˆ¬±Ê√1±ÀÊ√√ øfl¡Â≈˜±Ú õ∂¬ıg&ÀÌ± ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√À¬ı±À1±˙s&Ì, ’Ô«&Ì ’±1n∏ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛&Ì ø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı øÓ¬øÚ õ∂fl¡±11 ˝√√í¬ı

¬Û±À1º Œ˚ÀÚ ¸—øé¬5¢∂LöQ, ’ÚøÓ¬øªô¶œÌ«¸·±«ø√Q ’±ø√˜˝√√±fl¡±ª… ’±ø√Ó¬ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ˆ¬±À¬ı Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û1± ˙s&ÌºŒ¸˝◊ √ √√À1 ‰¬Ó≈¬ª«·«Ù¬˘±˚˛M√ √Q˜ƒ, 1¸ˆ¬±ªøÚ1ôL1Q˜ƒ ’±ø√õ∂¬ıgø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ’Ô«&Ìº ’±Ú˝√ √ ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±S±Ú≈1+¬Ûˆ¬±¯∏Q˜ƒ[’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬±1 ’Ú≈1+¬Û ¬ı‰¬Ú1 õ∂À˚˛±·], ’Ô±«Ú≈1+¬ÛÂ√µ¸ƒQ˜ƒ[’Ô«1 ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ Â√µ1 õ∂À˚˛±·] ’±ø√ õ∂¬ıg1 Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛&Ìº64

Œˆ¬±Ê√1 ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıg&Ì¸˜”˝√√√ ’Ó¬…ôL Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì«º›¬Û11 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±1 ¬Û1± ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ¶Û©Ü ∆˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1 Œ˚

’˘Ç±1 ˙±¶a1 &ÌÓ¬N˝◊√√ √Gœ ’±1n∏ ª±˜Ú1 ¢∂LöÓ¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü&1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ¶ö±Ú ’ø√Òfl¡±1 fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ’±ÚµªX«Ú ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1’Ú≈·±˜œ¸fl¡˘1 ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬N˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ Œ¬ıÀ˘· 1+¬Û ¬Û±À˘˚ø√› ˝◊√√˚˛±1 &1n∏Q øfl¡Â≈√ •°±Ú ∆˝√√ ¬Ûø1˘º øfl¡c fl≈¡ôLfl¡ ’±1n∏Œˆ¬±Ê√1±Ê√1 ¢∂Lö¸˜”˝√√Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬N˝◊√√ ¬Û≈Ú1 ÚÓ≈¬Ú 1+¬ÛÓ¬ ¤fl¡&1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ¶ö±Ú ’øÒfl¡±1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√í˘º

¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± –1º ^©Ü¬ı…, Œfl¡.ø‰¬. ¬Û±ÀG . ëŒ‰¬Àˆ¬Úƒ øõ∂øk¬Û˘ƒ‰¬ ƒ ’¬ıƒ

ø˘È¬±À11œ øSêøÈ¬ø‰¬Ê√˜ƒí, øõ∂øk¬Û˘ƒ‰ƒ¬ ’¬ıƒ ø˘È¬±À11œøSêøÈ¬ø‰¬Ê√˜ƒ ˝◊ √ √Úƒ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬, ¸•Û±√fl¡ Î¬0 ’±1ƒ. ø‰¬.ø¡ZÀ¬ı√œ, Œ˜±Ó¬œ˘±˘ Œ¬ıÚ±1¸œ√±¸, ø√~œ, 1969,¬Û‘á¬± 8º

2º ë’±øeÀfl¡± ª±ø‰¬fl¡Õ(ª ˝√√…±˝√√±˚«– ¸±øNfl¡ô¶Ô±ºŒ:˚˛b¶øˆ¬ÚÀ˚˛± øªõ∂±(Ó≈¬X«± ¬Ûø1fl¡œøÓ«¬Ó¬–ººí

Ú±È¬…˙±¶a, 8.9º

3º ë¤ÀÓ¬ Œ√±¯∏± ø˝√√ fl¡±ª…¸… ˜˚˛± ¸˜…flƒ¡ õ∂fl¡œøÓ«¬Ó¬±–º&Ì± øª¬Û˚«˚˛±À√¯∏±— ˜±Ò≈À˚«…Ã√±˚«˘é¬Ì±–ººí

Ó¬À√¬ı, 17.94º

4º ëŒù≠¯ ∏– õ∂¸± √– ¸˜Ó¬± ¸˜±øÒ– ˜±Ò ≈˚ «À˜±Ê√–¬Û√À¸Ãfl≈¡˜±˚«…˜ƒº’Ô«¸… ‰¬ ª…øMê√1n∏√±1Ó¬± ‰¬ fl¡±øôL( fl¡±ª…¸… &Ì±√Õ˙ÀÓ¬ººí,

Ó¬À√¬ı, 17.95ºí

5º Ó¬À√¬ı, 17.96-105º

6º ë|ª…— Ú±øÓ¬¸˜ô¶±Ô«— fl¡±ª…— ˜Ò≈1ø˜¯∏…ÀÓ¬í,fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±1, 2.3fl¡º

7º ë˜±Ò≈˚«˜øˆ¬ª±>ôL– õ∂¸±√— ‰¬ ¸≈À˜Ò¸–º¸˜±¸ªøôL ˆ¬”˚˛±—ø¸ Ú ¬Û√±øÚ õ∂˚≈?√ÀÓ¬ººí

Ó¬À√¬ı, 2.1º8º ë’±øª¡Z√eÚ±¬ı±˘õ∂Ó¬œÓ¬±Ô«— õ∂¸±√ª»í,

Ó¬À√¬ı, 2.3 ‡º9º ëŒfl¡ø‰¬À√±Ê√– ’øˆ¬øÒ»¸ôL– ¸˜¸…øôL ¬ı˝√√”Ú…ø¬Ûº

˚Ô± ˜µ±1fl≈¡¸≈˜À1Ì≈ø¬Û?ø1Ó¬±˘fl¡±ººí

Ó¬À√¬ı, 2.2º

10º ^©Ü¬ı…, øˆ¬. 1±‚ªÚ, Œˆ¬±Ê√Êƒ√ ˙‘e±1 õ∂fl¡±˙, ¬Û≈Ú¬ı«¸≈,˜±^±Ê√, 1978, ¬Û‘á¬± 275º

11º fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±1, 1.34-35º

12º Ó¬À√¬ı, 2.18º

13º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.53-54º

14º ë∆ª√ˆ¬«˜±·«¸… õ∂±Ì± √˙&Ì±– ¶ú‘Ó¬±–ífl¡±ª…±√ «, 1.42 fl¡º

15º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.42‡º

16º ëŒÚ‘√ — ¬ıU ˜Ú…ÀôL ˜±·«À ˛±1n∏ ¬À ˛±1ø¬Ûí, Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.75

fl¡º ¤‰¬. Œfl¡. ŒÎ¬1 ¢∂L öÓ¬ Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡1± ˜ÀÓ¬È¬œfl¡±fl¡±1 Ó¬1n∏Ì ¬ı±‰¬¶ÛøÓ¬À˚˛ fl¡˚˛ Œ˚ ’Ô«ª…øMê√,fi√±˚«… ’±1n∏ ¸˜±øÒ√&Ì Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ ˜±·«ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘√G√œÀ˚˛ ˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡À1º ^©Ü¬ı…, ø˝√√ø©Ü™ ’¬ıƒ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬¬ÛÀ˚˛øÈ¬flƒ¡¸ƒ, ¬Û‘á¬± 395, 396, ¬Û±√È¬œfl¡± 2º

17º ë’ô¶…ÀÚÀfl¡± ø·1±— ˜±·«– ¸”ÑÀˆ¬√– ¬Û1¶Û1˜ƒºÓ¬S ∆ª√ˆ¬«À·ÃÎ¬ˇœÀ˚Ã ªÌ…«ÀÓ¬ õ∂¶£¬≈È¬±ôLÀ1Ãººí

Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.40º

18º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.43º

19º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.45-100º

20º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.51-67º

21º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.80fl¡º22º ^©Ü¬ı…, Œˆ¬±Ê√Êƒ√ ˙‘e±1 õ∂fl¡±˙, ¬Û‘á¬± 273º

23º fl¡±ª…±√˙«, 2.1º

24º fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±1¸”Sª‘øM√√, 1.1.1-2º

25º fl¡±ª…±√˙«, 3.141º

26º Ó¬À√¬ı, 2.31 Ó¬˘Ó¬ ø√ ˛± Ó¬1n∏Ì ª±‰¬¶ÛøÓ¬1 ˝√√+√ ˛e˜±È¬œfl¡±º

27º Ó¬À√¬ı, 2.364-366º

28º fl¡±ª…±˘Ç±1¸”Sª‘øM√√, 1.2.6-8º

29º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.5º

30º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.2.2º

31º ë∆˙øÔ˘…— õ∂¸±√–º &Ì– ¸—õ≠ª±»º ¸ QÚ≈ˆ¬ªø¸X–ºí,Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.6-8º

32º ë’±À1±˝√√±ªÀ1±˝√√Sê˜– ¸˜±øÒ–í,Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.12º

33º ë’Ô«‘√ø©Ü – ¸˜±øÒ–í, Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.2.6º’

34º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.22 ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 Ó¬˘1¬ ¬ı‘øM√√º

35º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.2.12º

36º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.24º

37º ë√œ51¸Q— fl¡±øôL–í, Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.2.14º

38º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.2.9º

39º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.2.11º

40º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.2.12º

41º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.2.13º

42º ë¬Û”Àª« øÚÓ¬…±–í, Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.3º

43º Ó¬À√¬ı, 3.1.11 ¬ı‘øM√√º44º fl¡±ª…±√˙« √ √, 1.10‡º

45º Ò√ıÚ…±À˘±fl¡, 2.61 Ó¬˘1¬ ¬ı‘øM√√º46º ëŒ˚ 1¸¸…±øeÀÚ± Ò˜±«– Œ˙Ã˚«…±√˚˛ ˝◊√√ª±RÚ–º

Î¬◊»fl¡¯∏«À˝√√Ó¬ªÀô¶ ¸≈…1‰¬˘ø¶öÓ¬À˚˛± &Ì±–ººífl¡±ª…õ∂fl¡±˙, 8.1º

47º Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.3 fl¡º48º ë’±√√±√fl¡Q— ˜±Ò≈˚«…— ˙‘e±À1 ^nøÓ¬fl¡±1Ì˜ƒººí

Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.3‡º

49º ë˙‘e±À1 øªõ∂˘y±À‡… fl¡1n∏ÀÌ ‰¬ õ∂fl¡¯∏«ª»º˜±Ò≈˚«…˜±^«Ó¬±— ˚±øÓ¬ ˚Ó¬ô¶S±øÒfl¡— ˜Ú–ººí

Ò√ıÚ…±À˘±fl¡, 2.8º

50º fl¡±ª…õ∂fl¡±˙, 8.4fl¡º51º Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.4‡º

52º Ò√ıÚ…±À˘±fl¡, 2.9 º53º Ò√ıÚ…±À˘±fl¡¬1, 2.9 1 Œ˘±‰¬Ú¬ ı…±‡…±º54º fl¡±ª…õ∂fl¡±˙, 8.5 fl¡º55º Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.5 ‡ - 6fl¡º56º Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.9º

57º Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.10º

58º Ó¬À√¬ı, 8.11º

59º ë¸•xøÓ¬ Ó¬S Œ˚ ˜±·±«– fl¡øªõ∂¶ö±ÚÀ˝√√Ó¬ª–º ¸≈fl≈¡˜±À1± øªø‰¬S( ˜Ò…˜À(±ˆ¬˚˛±Rfl¡–ººí, ¬

ªÀSê±øMê√Ê√œøªÓ¬, 1.24º

60º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.57º

61º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.30º

62º Ó¬À√¬ı, 1.44º

63º ^©Ü¬ı…, Œˆ¬±Ê√Êƒ√ ‘e±1 õ∂fl¡±˙, ¬Û‘á¬± 294-304º∏¯∏¯∏

64º Ó¬À√¬ı, ¬Û‘á¬± 305º∏¯∏



vvv



∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸Ó¬N1 ’±À˘±fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬1 Œõ∂˜-¬Ûø1Sê˜±

Úœ˘À˜± √√Ú ¬1± ˛’¸˜œ˚˛± ø¬ıˆ¬±·, ¬Û±G≈ fl¡À˘Ê√, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ-781012, ’¸˜º

ABSTRACT : Just as Sringara or the Erotic is considered as the best and the mostappealing sentiment in classical literature, similarly the sentiment called Madhura-Bhakti isrecognised to be the best of all aesthtic experiences. Although the Vaishnava rhetoriciansinclude the five sentiments, namely, Shanta, Dasya, Sakhya, Vatsalya and Madhura in thecategory of Bhaktirasa, they consider other rasas to be incomplete (or rather partial). It isunique in nature, as the beauty of all the sentiments is inherent in this Madhura Bhakti Rasa.

The Vaishnava rhetoricians recognize Bhakti as the only sentiment. Kavikarnapura, whileregarding Bhakti as the principal sentiment, recognizes other sentiments also. Srirup Goswamiand Srijiva Goswami extensively discuss Bhakti Rasa in their treatises namely"Bhaktirasamritasindhu" and "Ujjvalanilamoni"and "Satsandarbha". The Vaishanviteliterature and theory of Aesthetic Experience (Rasatattva) of the successive ages follow theideas of thought propounded by Srirup Goswami.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to show how the different stages of 'love' treatedin the 'Ujjvalanilamani'' the famous book on Vaishnava rhetoric by Srirup Goswami, havebeen depicted in the Bihu songs and ballads of Assam. The aspects of Vaishnava theory ofaesthetic experience which are clearly visible in these folk songs are Purvaraga, Anuraga,Pranaya, Apprehension, Prem Vaicitrya, Sambhoga and Pravasa, have been minutelydiscussed in the light of the Rasa theory propounded by Vaishnava rhetoricians.

Altogether, the development of the mental disposition called "love" is centered round bothbody and mind and the appeal, characteristics, emotions, anxiety related to it are universaland perennial. Therefore, the similarity between the characteristics of Erotic sentimentdeliberated upon in the old Indian rhetorics and the Gaudiya one and also depiction of thesame in the Bihu songs and Bangeet can easily be discerned.

DEPICTION OF LOVE IN THE BANGEET IN THE LIGHT OFVAISHNAVA RASATATTVA

Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ fl¡±¬ı…-¸±ø √√Ó¬…Ó¬ ‘—·±1 1¸ ø˚√À1 ¸À¬ı«±M√√’±1n∏ √√+√ ¶Û˙π Œ¸ ◊√√√À1 ∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√ ±ø √√Ó¬…Ó¬ ˜Ò≈1 ˆ¬øMê√1¸¸À¬ı«±M√√ 1¸ 1+À¬Û ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º ˙±ôL, √±¸…, ¸‡…, ¬ı±»¸˘… ’±1n∏˜Ò≈1 ---- ∆¬ı¯ûª ’±˘—fl¡±ø1fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ¤˝◊√ √ ¬Û“±‰¬ø¬ıÒ 1¸fl¡ˆ¬øMê√1¸1 ’ôLˆ≈«¬Mê√ fl¡ø1À˘› ˜Ò≈11 ¬ı±ø˝√√À1 ¬ı±fl¡œÀ¬ı±1fl¡’±—ø˙fl¡ ¬ı± ’¬Û”Ì« ¬ı≈ø˘ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ± ¤˝◊√√À¬ı±À1 ø‰¬M√√fl¡’±fl‘¡©Ü fl¡À1, ø¬ıÀ˜±ø √√Ó¬ fl¡À1 øfl¡c ø‰¬M√√fl¡ Î¬◊ij±√ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘¬ıŒÚ±ª±À1º ˜Ò≈1 1¸Ó¬ ¸fl¡À˘± 1¸À1 ˜±Ò≈ « ¸˜±ø˝√√Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬’±¶§±√ÚÓ¬ ˝◊√√ ’Ó≈¬˘Úœ˚˛º ˜Ò≈1 ˆ¬øMê√1¸Ó¬ fl¡±ôL±Àõ∂˜1 ‰¬1˜Î¬◊»fl¡¯∏« Œ√‡≈ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ 1±Ò±fl‘¡¯û1 Œõ∂˜˘œ˘±1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ºÎ¬◊ij±√ √√±«√… ¤ ◊√√ Œõ∂˜1 Ó≈¬˘Ú± ø¬ıù´¸±ø √√Ó¬…Ó¬ ø¬ı1˘º ¤ ◊√√ Œõ∂˜

” «1 √À1 Î¬◊8˘, ˙1Ó¬1 ŒÊ√±Ú±fl¡1 √À1 ø¶ß*, ¬ı ∏«±1 õ≠±ªÚ1√À1 Î¬◊263√ø¸Ó¬, ¬Ûø1¬Û”Ì« ’±1n∏ ¬ı±Ò±¬ıgÚ √√œÚº ¤ ◊√√ Œõ∂˜ ø¬ı¬Û≈ ,ø¬ı1±È¬ ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±Úº ¤ ◊√√ Œõ∂˜Ó¬ øõ∂ ˛ ’±1n∏ øõ∂ ˛±, 1˜Ì ’±1n∏1˜Ìœ ¶§Ó¬La Ú˝√√˚˛, ¤fl¡ ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬ißº1

∆¬ı¯ûª ’±˘—fl¡±ø1fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ˆ¬øMê√1¸Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˜±S 1¸¬ı≈ø˘ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1 ˘íÀ˘› fl¡ø¬ıfl¡Ì«¬Û”À1 ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√1¸fl¡ ˜≈‡…¬ı≈ø˘ ∆fl¡ ’Ú…±Ú… 1¸1 ’øô¶QÀfl¡± ˜±øÚ ∆˘ÀÂ√º2 ˆ¬øMê√1¸1¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ¿1+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œ ’±1n∏ ¿Ê√œ¬ıŒ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚ ˛º õ∂Ô˜Ê√Ú ∆¬ı¯ûª ’±˘—fl¡±ø1Àfl¡ëˆ¬øMê√1¸±˜‘Ó¬ø¸g≈í ’±1n∏ ëÎ¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌí Ú±˜1¡ ≈√‡Ú ¢∂Lö’±1n∏ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ê√ÀÚ ë¯∏Èƒ¬¸µˆ«¬í Ú±˜fl¡ ¢∂Lö 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ’é¬˚˛fl¡œøÓ«¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º 1+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¢∂Lö ≈√‡øÚÓ¬ˆ¬øMê√1¸ ’±1n ∏ ∆¬ı¯ûª ˜Ó¬±Ú≈¸±1œ ’˘—fl¡±1Ó¬N ’±1n ∏fl¡±¬ı…√ «Ú ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬Û1ªÓ¬πfl¡±˘1 ∆¬ı¯ûª¸±ø √√Ó¬… ’±1n∏1¸Ó¬N˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¡Z±1± õ∂¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ı±√˙«Àfl¡ U¬ıU ’Ú≈¸1Ìfl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸¬ı«ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ Œé¬SÓ¬ 1±Ò±fl‘¡¯û˘œ˘± õ∂‰¬±11 ¬ı±À¬ı1+¬ÛÀ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ ¢∂Lö ≈√‡øÚ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ºÎ¬◊À~‡… Œ˚, ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ’˘—fl¡±1˙±¶a1 ˙‘—·±11¸1 ’±√˙«ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ŒÓ¬›“ ¿fl‘¡¯û1 ˜Ò≈1 ¬ı± ˙‘—·±1-ˆ¬øMê√1¸1 ¬ı…±‡…±-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ìfl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ’˘—fl¡±1˙±¶a1 ’±ø√1¸Àfl¡˝◊√ √ ’õ∂±fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Ó¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1 1+¬ÛÀ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‘√ø©Üˆ¬—·œÀ1¸˜¢∂ ’˘—fl¡±1˙±¶aÀfl¡ ¤fl¡ ’øˆ¬Úª ¬ı…?Ú±À1 ”¬ø ∏Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º√1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¿1+¬Û1 ˆ¬øMê√Ó¬N ’Ô«±» ˙‘—·±1-ˆ¬øMê √1¸’±ø√1¸À1˝◊√√ øÚ˚«±¸ ˜±ÀÔ±Úº ¬ıËÊ√Ò±˜Ó¬ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ 1±Ò±fl‘¡¯û1Œõ∂˜˘œ˘±Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˙‘—·±1ˆ¬øMê√1¸À1˝◊√√ õ∂±Ò±Ú…º

¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øÚ¬ıgÓ¬ ∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸˙±¶a Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬Œõ∂˜1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ’¸˜1 ø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬ Œfl¡ÀÚ√À1’øˆ¬¬ı…Mê√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ Œ√‡≈ª±¬ı1 ˚P fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ’¸˜1Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ Î¬◊»¸ª ø¬ıUfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡ø1 ¬Û~øªÓ¬ Œ √√±ª± ·œÓ¬À1 ¤øÈ¬

ˆ¬±· ˝√√í˘ ë¬ıÚ·œÓ¬í ¬ı± ¬ëıÚÀ‚±¯∏±íº ø¬ıU ˜”˘Ó¬ fl‘¡ø¯∏-Î¬◊»¸ªºfl‘¡ø¯∏1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡±øi§Ó¬ ˝◊ √ √ ’¸˜1 ¤fl¡ Î¬◊Õ˜˝√√Ó¬œ˚˛±Î¬◊»¸ªº ø¬ıU ˝√√í˘ øÓ¬øÚø¬ıÒñ ¬ı˝√√±· ø¬ıU, ˜±‚ ø¬ıU ’±1n∏fl¡±øÓ¬ ø¬ıUº ◊√√ ˛±À1 ¬ı √√±· ø¬ıU ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ √√ ˛ ¬ı¸ôL Ÿ¬Ó≈¬Ó¬º ¤ ◊√√¸˜˚˛Ó¬ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ’øˆ¬Úª ¬Ûø1ªÓ¬«Ú ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º¬ı1¯∏ ≈Ì ¬Ûø1 Òø1Sœ ˝√ √˚˛ Î¬◊¬ı «1±º ¤ÀÚ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√œªœ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıU Ú±ø‰¬ ¸‘ø©Ü1 ’±ÚµÓ¬ ˜Ó¬˘œ˚˛± ∆˝√√Î¬◊ÀÍ¬º ø¬ıU Ú±‰¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü ¬ı±¸Ú±1 ’±“Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ∆· Î¬0

øÚ˜«˘õ∂ˆ¬± ¬ı1√Õ˘À˚˛ ë’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡¸—¶‘®øÓ¬í Ú±˜1 ¢∂LöÓ¬ø˘ø‡ÀÂ√ –

ëë¬ÛÔ±11 Î¬◊¬ı«1Ó¬± Ó¬Ô± ˙˝◊√√‰¬1 õ∂±‰≈¬˚«1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ’˙1œ1œ¤fl¡ ˙øMê√fl¡ ¸c©Ü fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ’‘√©Ü¬ı±√œ fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√œªœ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı1¯∏≈Ì-¬ıÓ¬±˝√√1 ’Ú≈fl¡1Ì fl¡ø1 ¬ÛÔ±1Ó¬ Ú±ø‰¬øÂ√˘’±1n∏ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 Ê√œªÚ1 ø˚ øSê˚˛±˝◊√√ Ú±1œfl¡ ¸ôL±Ú ¸y¬ı±fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ’±ø√˜ ∆Ê√øªfl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± Ú‘Ó¬…Ó¬1+¬Û±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ... ø¬ıUÚ±‰¬ Î¬◊ij≈Mê√ ’±1n∏ ¶§Ó¬–¶£¬”Ó«¬Ê√œªÚ¶Û‘˝√√±À1˝◊√√ Î¬◊~±¸˜˚˛ Â√µº Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±˝◊√√¬ı±¸Ú±1 ˜≈Mê√ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¸—fl≈¡ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ’±ªø1Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√˚ø√› ·Â√1 Ó¬˘1 ≈fl¡ø˘ ø¬ıU ’±1n∏ 1±øÓ¬ ø¬ıU Ú‰¬± Ú±‰¬1¬ıø˘á¬Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Ü ¬ı±¸Ú±À1˝◊√√ ˜≈fl¡ø˘ õ∂fl¡±˙ ø√À˚˛ºíí3

Û‘øÔªœ1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±øÓ¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü1¬Û”¬ı«±ª¶ö±Ó¬ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ ·œÓ¬-¬Û√Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1√À1˝◊ √ √ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ ·œÓ¬ ø˝√ √‰¬±À¬Û ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±ÀÓ¬±Œ˚ÃÚÊ√œªÚ1 Â√±˚˛± ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√º ’±“1-Œ¬ı1 ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª±Õfl¡ ˚≈ªfl¡-˚≈ªÓ¬œ1 Œõ∂˜±fl¡±—é¬± ’±1n∏ Î¬◊Ó¬˘±˜Ú1 ’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√ õ∂fl¡±˙¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±Ó¬º ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±1 ¶§1+¬Û õ∂¸—·Ó¬ Î¬0 ˘œ˘±·Õ·À˚˛ ø˘ø‡ÀÂ√ –

ëë¬ıÚÀ‚± ∏± Î¬◊V±˜ Œ˚ÃªÚ1 ·œøÓ¬¬ı…?fl¡ ’øˆ¬¬ı…øMê√º ≈Mê√¬Ûø1À¬ı˙ Î¬ ◊ij ≈Mê√ ’±Àª· ’±1n∏ Î¬ ◊1n ∏„√ √± ¬ÛÔ±1‡Ú1õ∂øÓ¬Ò√ıøÚÀ¬ı±1ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬ıÚÀ‚± ∏±1 Ê√ijº... Œ˚ÃªÚ1 ŒÊ√±ª±1Ó¬Î¬◊øÈ¬ ’ √√± ¬ıÚ1œ ˛± ˆ¬±¬ı-ˆ¬± ∏±1 ¤ ◊√√ ·œÓ¬À¬ı±1Àfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À √√¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏± Œ¬ı±À˘º ... ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±À¬ı±1 Œ˚ÃªÚ1 ·œÓ¬ , ˝◊√√¬Ûœø1øÓ¬À1± ·œÓ¬º Œ˚ÃªÚ Ê√œªÚ1 ’Ú±˝√√”Ó¬ ’øÓ¬øÔºÊ√œªÚÕ˘ ’Ú±·Ó¬ Œ˚ÃªÚ ’±À˝√√ ’Ú±˝√√”Ó¬ ∆˝√√º ’Ú±·Ó¬Œ˚ÃªÚ1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Ûœø1øÓ¬ ’±À˝√√ ˝√√±Ó¬Òø1 ø˘ø·1œ ∆˝√√º¬Ûœø1øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ¬ı…øÓ¬Sê˜ Ú˝√√˚˛º ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±À¬ı±1 ë¬ıÓ¬11·œÓ¬íº ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ëÊ√œªÚÀ1± ¬ıÓ¬1í , ëõ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬À1± ¬ıÓ¬1ºíí4 Œ¸À˚˛ ¤fl¡±¯∏±1ÀÓ¬ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘ ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏± ˜≈‡…Ó¬ –Œ˚ÃªÚ1 ·œÓ¬, ¬Ûœø1øÓ¬1 ·œÓ¬, Œ√˝√√ø˜˘Ú1 ·œÓ¬ºˆ¬±1Ó¬œ ˛ 1¸˙±¶a Ó¬Ô± ∆¬ı¯ûª ’˘—fl¡±1˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·1


∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸Ó¬N1 ’±À˘±fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬1 Œõ∂˜-¬Ûø1Sê˜±

¬Û1± ø¬ı1 √√Õ˘Àfl¡ Ú1Ú±1œ1 Œõ∂˜-¬Û «± ˛1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ô¶1 ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ø¬ıª1Ì Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˘±fl¡·œÓ¬1 ’Ú…Ó¬˜˜øÌ˜≈fl≈¡Ó¬±¶§1+¬Û ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚ·œÓ¬À¬ı±11 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ∆¬ı¯ûª’˘—fl¡±1-˙±¶a1 ø˚À¬ı±1 ø√ ¶Û©Ü1+¬ÛÓ¬ ˘é¬Ìœ ˛ ∆ √√ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√Œ¸˝◊√ √À¬ı±1 ˝√√í˘ ---- ¬Û”¬ı«1±·, ’Ú≈1±·, õ∂Ì˚˛, õ∂Ì˚˛ˆ¬—·1’±˙—fl¡± ’Ô«±» Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…, ¸Ày±· ¬ı± ø˜˘Ú ’±1n∏ õ∂¬ı±¸¬ı± ø¬ı1˝√√º

Œõ∂˜1 õ∂Ô˜ Œ¸±¬Û±ÀÚ ◊√√ √√í˘ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·º ¬Û”¬ı«1±· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸˙±¶a ëÎ¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌíÓ¬ ¤ÀÚ√À1 Œfl¡±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ .

1øÓ¬ ˚«± ¸e˜±» ¬Û”ª«— √˙«Ú|ªÌø√Ê√±ºÓ¬À˚˛±1n∏ijœ˘øÓ¬ õ∂±Õ:– ¬Û”ª«1±· ¸ Î¬◊‰¬…ÀÓ¬ºº5

’Ô«±» ø˜˘Ú1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¸±é¬±»-√ «Ú, Â√ø¬ı√ «Ú,¸À¬Û±ÚÓ¬ √ «Ú, ¬ı—˙œÒ√ıøÚ |¬ıÌ ’±ø√1 ¡Z±1± ø˚ 1øÓ¬ Î¬◊»¬Ûiß˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ø˚ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛À1 [Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1] ˝√√+√˚˛fl¡ Î¬◊ijœø˘Ó¬fl¡À1 Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ¬Û”¬ı«1±· Œ¬ı±À˘º ’Ô«±» Ú± ˛fl¡-Ú±ø ˛fl¡± ◊√√ ø˜˘Ú1’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ˝◊√√Ê√ÀÚ-ø¸Ê√Úfl¡ Œ√ø‡ ’±1n∏ ¬Û1¶Û11 1+¬Û-&Ì1fl¡Ô± qøÚ ø˚ ˆ¬±˘À¬Û±ª±Ó¬ ¬ı…±fl ≈ ¡˘ ∆˝√ √ ¬ÛÀ1, Œ¸˝◊ √ √ˆ¬±˘À¬Û±ª±1 Ú±À˜ ◊√√ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’Ô«Ó¬ ◊√√ ˛±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ’±ø˜ëŒõ∂˜Ó¬ ¬Û1± ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡›“º ‰¬Gœ√±¸1 ¤øÈ¬ ¬Û√Ó¬ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·1 ø‰¬SŒ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ ¤ÀÚ√À1 .

¸˝◊√√ Œfl¡¬ı± qÚ±˝◊√√˘ ˙…±˜ Ú±˜ºfl¡±ÀÚ¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ø√˚˛± ˜¬ı˛À˜ ¬Ûø˙˘ Œ·±

’±fl≈¡˘ fl¡ø¬ı˛˘ Œ˜±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ìºº6

˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ 1±Ò±˝◊√√ fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ ˙…±˜Ú±˜ qøÚÀÂ√ ,’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√ Ú±˜ fl¡±Ú1 1ÀhÀ1 Œ¸±˜±˝◊√√ ˜˜«Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡1±Ó¬ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂±Ì ’±fl≈¡˘ ∆˝√√ Î¬◊Í¬± ’ª¶ö±1 fl¡Ô± ¸‡œ1 ›‰¬1Ó¬¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±Ó¬ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·1 Â√ø¬ı ¸∞I±˘øÚÕfl¡ Œ¬Û±ª±˚± ˛º

›¬ÛÀ1 Î¬◊ø1À˘ fl¡±ø˘µœ Œˆ¬±À˜±1±øÔ˚˛ ∆˝√√ ’±øÂ√À˘± ‰¬±˝◊√√,

ŒÓ¬±˜±À1 ’±˜±À1 ø¬Û1œøÓ¬ ˘±ø·À˘‰¬fl≈¡Àª ‰¬fl≈¡Àª ‰¬±˝◊√√º

¤ÀÚ√À1 Œfl¡øÓ¬ ˛±¬ı± ¬Û1¶Û11 1+¬Û-Œ˚ÃªÚ Œ√ø‡,Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡¬Ûø1 Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ’ôL1Ó¬ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·1¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º

¬Û”¬ı«1±· ˚ø√ Œõ∂˜1 õ∂Ô˜ Œ‡±Ê√ ˝√√˚˛, ŒÓ¬ÀôL ’Ú≈1±·˝√ √í˘ Œ¸˝◊ √ √ Œõ∂˜1 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œ‡±Ê√º ¿1+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ëÎ¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌíÓ¬ ’Ú≈1±·1 ¸—:± øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ¤ÀÚ√À1---- ø˚ 1±·Ó¬ øõ∂˚˛Ê√ÀÚ± Úª¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬1+À¬Û ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, ø˚Œõ∂˜ ÚªÚª Œ¬ıÀ˙À1 Œ√‡± ø√À˚ø √√, Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ’Ú≈1±· Œ¬ı±À˘ .

¸√±Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬˜ø¬Û ˚– fl≈¡˚«±ißªÚª— øõ∂˚˛˜ƒº1±À·± ˆ¬ªißªÚª– Œ¸±˝√√Ú≈1±· ˝◊√√Ó¬œ˚«ÀÓ¬ºº7

’Ô«±» ø˚˜±Ú¬ı±À1 ◊√√ øõ∂ ˛Ê√Úfl¡ Œ√À‡ ø¸˜±Ú¬ı±À1 ◊√√ ÚÓ≈¬Ú¬ı≈ø˘ ˜ÚÓ¬ Ò±1Ì± √√ ˛º ø˚˜±Ú¬ı±1 ’Ú≈ ¬ª fl¡À1, ø¸˜±Ú¬ı±À1 ◊√√˜ÚÓ¬ Ê√±À· ’Ú±¶§±ø√Ó¬ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬º ¤˝◊√ √ ’ª¶ö±1 Ú±À˜˝◊√ √’Ú≈1±·º Ú±˚˛fl¡1 ˜±Ò≈˚« ¬ı± ˜Ò≈ø1˜± õ∂øÓ¬ ˜≈˝” √ √Ó«¬Ó¬ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬˝√ √ íÀ˘› Œ¸˝◊ √ √ ˜Ò≈ø1˜±fl¡ ’±Àfl¡Ã ’Ú≈ˆ¬ª fl¡1±1 ’øÓ¬˙˚˛¬ı±¸Ú± ¬ı± Ó‘¬¯û±Àfl¡˝◊ √ √ ’Ú≈1±· Œ¬ı±À˘º ø¬ı√…±¬ÛøÓ¬1 ¬Û√Ó¬’Ú≈1±·1 øÚ¬Û≈Ì ø‰¬S ¤ÀÚ√À1 Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√ .

¸ø‡ øfl¡ ¬Û≈Â√ø¸ ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı Œ˜±˚˛ºŒ¸±ø˝√√ ø¬Û¬ı˛œøÓ¬ ’Ú≈ ¬ı˛±· ¬ı±‡±øÚÀÓ¬

øÓ¬À˘ øÓ¬À˘ Ú”Ó¬Ú Œ˝√√±˚˛ººÊ√Ú˜ ’¬ıøÒ ˝√√±˜ ¬ı˛+¬Û ŒÚ˝√√±¬ı˛˘≈“

Ú˚˛Ú Ú± øÓ¬¬ı˛ø¬ÛÓ¬ Œˆ¬˘ºŒ¸±˝◊√√ ˜Ò≈¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±˘ |¬ıÌø˝√√ qÚ˘≈“

|n∏øÓ¬¬ÛÀÔ ¬Û¬ı˛˙ Ú± Œ·˘ºº8

∆¬ı¯ûª ’˘—fl¡±1˙±¶a˜ÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈1±· øÓ¬øÚ õ∂fl¡±11 ----’Ú≈1±À·± ˆ¬Àª» øSÒ± 1+¬Û±√±Àé¬¬ÛÓ¬– Sê˜±»º’øˆ¬¸±1±Ú≈1±·( :±˚˛ÀôL 1ø¸Õfl¡Ê«√ÕÚ–ºº 9

øÓ¬øÚõ∂fl¡±11 ’Ú≈1±· ˝√√í˘ ---- 1+¬Û±Ú≈1±·, ’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±·’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬¸±1±Ú≈1±·º ∆¬ı¯ûªfl¡ø¬ı :±Ú√±¸1 ¤øÈ¬ ¬Û√1 ¬Û1±1+¬Û±Ú≈1±·1 ¸≈µ1 ‘√©Ü±ôL Œ√‡≈›ª± ˝√√í˘ .

¬ı˛+¬Û ˘±ø· ’±“ø‡ Á≈¡À¬ı˛ &ÀÌ ˜Ú Œˆ¬±¬ı˛ºõ∂øÓ¬ ’e ˘±ø· fl¡±Àµ õ∂øÓ¬ ’e Œ˜±¬ı˛ººø˝√√˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛˙ ˘±ø· ø˝√√˚˛± Œ˜±¬ı˛ fl¡±Àµº¬Û¬ı˛±Ì-ø¬Û¬ı˛œøÓ¬ ˘±ø· øÔ¬ı˛ Ú±ø˝√√ ¬ı±Àgºº

: : :

Œ√ø‡ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ¸≈‡ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ øfl¡ ¬ıø˘¬ı Ó¬±º¬ı˛˙ ¬Û¬ı˛˙ ˘±ø· ’±›˘±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ ·±ºº˝√√±ø¸ÀÓ¬ ‡ø¸˚˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ fl¡Ó¬ ˜Ò≈ Ò±¬ı˛º˘U ˘U ˝√√±À¸ ¬ÛU“ ø¬Û¬ı˛œøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±¬ı˛ºº10

¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± ¤ÀÚ ’Ú≈1±·1 ø‰¬S ’¸—‡… ø¸“‰¬1øÓ¬ ∆˝√√’±ÀÂ√º Ú±ø ˛fl¡±1 1+¬Û-‹ù´ «Ó¬ ≈* Ú± ˛fl¡1 Î¬◊øMê√Ó¬ 1+¬Û±Ú≈1±·¤ÀÚ√À1 Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√ .

¬ı≈fl≈¡ ¬ı˝√√˘ fl¡ø1 fl“¡fl¡±˘ ø‰¬˚˛± fl¡ø1ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˜±Ú qªøÚ Ú±˝◊√√ ,

ŒÓ¬±˜1 fl“¡fl¡±˘øÈ¬ ’øÓ¬Õfl¡À˚˛ ˘±˝√√œŒ‡±Ê√Ó¬ ˝√√±ø˘Ê√±ø˘ ˚±˚˛º

: : : :

ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ‰¬fl≈¡˚≈ø1 ˝√√ø1Ì±1 ‰¬fl≈¡ Œ˚Ú¬ı≈fl≈¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈√˜1 ‰¬fl¡± ,

ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˝√√±Ó¬ ≈√‡øÚ ¬Û≈√˜1 Í¬±ø1 Œ˚ÚŒ1‰¬˜1 fl¡±À¬Û±À1 Ï¬fl¡±º

∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸ ±¶a øÚÀ«√ø Ó¬ ’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±·1 õ∂‰≈¬1 øÚ√ «Ú Œ¬Û±ª±˚±˚ ∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±ª˘œÓ¬º fl¡ø¬ı ‰¬Gœ√±¸1 fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ ’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±·1Â√ø¬ı ’øÓ¬ ¬±¶§1 ∆ √√ Î¬◊Ê√ø˘ ’±ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√± √√1Ìñ

¤Àfl¡ fl¡±˘ ∆˝√√˘ Œ˜±À¬ı˛ Ú˝√√ø˘ Œ˚Ã¬ıÚº’±¬ı˛ fl¡±˘ ∆˝√√˘ Œ˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı±¸ ¬ı‘µ±¬ıÚºº’±¬ı˛ fl¡±˘ ∆˝√√˘ Œ˜±À¬ı˛ fl¡√À•§¬ı˛ Ó¬˘º’±¬ı˛ fl¡±˘ ∆˝√√˘ Œ˜±À¬ı˛ ˚˜≈Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√˘ºº’±¬ı˛ fl¡±˘ ∆˝√√˘ Œ˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛Ó¬Ú ˆ”¬¯∏Ìº’±¬ı˛ fl¡±˘ ∆˝√√˘ Œ˜±À¬ı˛ ø·ø¬ı˛ Œ·±¬ıX«Úºº¤Ó¬fl¡±˘ ¸ÀÚ ’±ø˜ Ô±øfl¡ ¤fl¡±øfl¡Úœº¤˜Ú Œ¬ıøÔÓ¬ Ú±˝◊√√ qÀÚ Œ˚ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœºº11

Œõ∂ø˜fl¡ fl‘¡¯û1 õ∂øÓ¬, ˜≈1˘œ1 õ∂øÓ¬, øÚÊ√1 õ∂øÓ¬, ”√Ó¬œ1õ∂øÓ¬, ø¬ıÒ±Ó¬±1 õ∂øÓ¬, fl¡µ¬Û«1 õ∂øÓ¬, &1n∏Ê√Ú1 õ∂øÓ¬ Œõ∂ø˜fl¡±1±Ò±1 ’ÚôL ’±Àé¬¬Û ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ ’±Ó«¬¶§À1 Ò√ıøÚÓ¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º

Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚, ’Ú≈1±·1 ’±øÒfl¡…Ó¬ Î¬◊\±ôL ∆ √√ ’Ú≈¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ øõ∂ ,¶§Ê√Ú ’Ô¬ı± øÚÊ√fl¡ ∆˘ ’±Àé¬¬Û fl¡1±Àfl¡ ’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±· Œ¬ı±À˘º’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±·Ó¬ Ú± fl¡ Ô±Àfl¡ ’Ú≈¬Ûø¶öÓ¬, ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ ëŒõ∂ Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…íÓ¬Ú± fl¡ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±ø fl¡±1 ›‰¬1Ó¬º ’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±·Ó¬ ’Ú≈À ±·1 ¬±À¬ı ◊√√õ∂¬ı˘, Œõ∂ Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…Ó¬ ø¬ı1 √√1 ’±˙—fl¡± Ô±Àfl¡ ’Ú¬ı1Ó¬º

∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±ª˘œ1 √À1˝◊√√ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬’±Àé¬¬Û±Ú≈1±·1 ˆ¬±À˘˜±Ú Â√ø¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± Ú±˚˛fl¡1 ¬ı±À¬ı Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√√, Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ¬ı±À¬ıÚ±˚˛Àfl¡ ’±Àé¬¬Û fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

˝√√±˚˛ ‹ ø¬ıÒ±Ó¬± ˆ¬±·…Ó¬ ø˘À‡±Ó¬±fl¡¬Û±˘Ó¬ ø˘ø‡˘± ˆ¬±˘ ,

’¬ı≈Ê√± ˜Úfl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1“± ˝√√À˘± øÚÀÊ√ øÚÀÊ√ fl¡±˘ºŒõ∂˜Ó¬ ¬Ûø1 ;˘±-fl¡˘± Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√√ Œõ∂˜-

¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı øÚÊ√1 ˆ¬±·…fl¡ Œ√± ∏±À1±¬Û fl¡1±1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1 øÚÀÊ√ ◊√√øÚÊ√1 fl¡±˘ Œ˝√ √±ª± ¬ı≈ø˘ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À1ÀÂ√º ’±Ú ¤Ù¬±øfl¡¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± Ú±˚Àfl¡ Ú±ø˚fl¡±1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¤1±¤ø1 ∆ √√ Ô±øfl¡¬ı˘·œ˚±Œ √√±ª±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø¬ıøÒ1 fl¡¬ÛÈ¬Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ √±˚œ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ .

Ó≈¬ø˜ Œ‰¬±ª± ’±˜±˘˝◊√√ ’±ø˜ ‰¬±›“ ŒÓ¬±˜±˘˝◊√√‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÚ± ‰¬±˝◊√√ fl¡ø1¬ı± øfl¡ ,

ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¡ ’±˜±Àfl¡ ’±“Ó¬1±˝◊√√ Ù≈¬ø1ÀÂ√øfl¡ÀÚ± fl¡¬ÛÈ¬œ˚˛± ø¬ıøÒº

’±Àfl¡Ã,¬ı±1œ1 ˜±ÀÊ√ ˜±ÀÊ√ Œ·±˘±¬Û Ù≈¬˘ Ù≈¬ø˘À˘

øÓ¬Ó¬±Ù≈¬˘ Ù≈¬ø˘À˘ Ï¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ,ŒÓ¬±˜±À1 ’±˜±À1 Œ˚±1± ŒÚ¬Û±øÓ¬À˘

Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı± Ê√Ú˜1 ¬Û±¬ÛÓ¬º∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸˙±¶aÓ¬ ’øˆ¬¸±1±Ú≈1±· Ú±À˜À1 ’±Ú ¤ø¬ıÒ

’Ú≈1±·1 Î¬◊À~‡ ’±ÀÂ√º ∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±ª˘œÓ¬ ˝◊√ √˚˛±1 õ∂±‰≈¬˚«˘é¬Ìœ˚˛º Œfl¡±˜˘fl¡±ôL ¬Û√±ª˘œ1 fl¡ø¬ı Ê√˚˛À√ª1 ¬Û1±’øˆ¬¸±1 ¬Û√1 1Ê√±øÒ1±Ê√ fl¡ø¬ı Œ·±ø¬ıµ√±¸Õ˘Àfl¡ ’¸—‡…fl¡ø¬ı1 ’¸—‡… ’øˆ¬¸±1±Ú≈1±·1 ¬Û√ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ ∆¬ı¯ûª¬Û√±ª˘œÓ¬º ¿1+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œfl‘¡Ó¬ ëÎ¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌí ¢∂LöÓ¬’øˆ¬¸±ø1fl¡±1 ˘é¬Ì Œ√‡≈›ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¤ÀÚ√À1 .

˚±øˆ¬¸±1˚˛ÀÓ¬ fl¡±ôL— ¶§˚˛— ª±øˆ¬¸1Ó¬…ø¬Ûº˚± ŒÊ√…±»¶ßœ Ó¬±˜¸œ ˚±ÚÀ˚±·…Àª¯∏±øˆ¬¸±ø1fl¡±ºº˘7¡¡¡˚˛± ¸±e˘œÀÚª øÚ–˙s±ø‡˘˜GÚ±ºfl‘¡Ó¬±ª&F± ø¶ßÕ¢´fl¡¸‡œ˚≈Mê√± øõ∂˚˛—¬ıËÀÊ√»ºº12

ø˚ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√ √ Ú±˚˛fl¡fl¡ ’øˆ¬¸±1 fl¡1±˚˛ ’Ô¬ı±øÚÀÊ√˝◊√ √ ’øˆ¬¸±1Õ˘ ˚±˚˛, ŒÓ¬ÀÚ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±Àfl¡ ’øˆ¬¸±ø1fl¡±Œ¬ı±À˘º ’Ô«±» øõ∂˚˛Ê√Ú1 Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… fl¡±˜ø¬ı˝3√ √˘± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1’±Àª·¬Û”Ì« ’±1n∏ Œõ∂˜¬Û”Ì« ≈√–¸±˝√√ø¸fl¡ ˚±S±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬¸±1Œ¬ı±˘± ˝√√˚˛º Œ·±ø¬ıµ√±¸1 ¬Û√1 ¬Û1± ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1¤øÈ¬ Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ø√˚˛± ˝√√í˘ .

˜øµ¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡øÍ¬Ú fl¡¬Û±È¬º‰¬˘˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ˙øÇ˘ ¬ÛøÇ˘ ¬ı±È¬ºº‚Ú ‚Ú Á¡Ú Á¡Ú ¬ıÊ¬ı˛ øÚ¬Û±Ó¬º¸≈Ú˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ |¬ıÀÌ ˜¬ı˛˜ Ê√ø¬ı˛ ˚±Ó¬ºº√˙ø√˙ √±ø˜Úœ √˝√√Ú ø¬ıÔ±¬ı˛ºŒ˝√√¬ı˛˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊‰¬fl¡˝◊√√ Œ˘±‰¬Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ºº13

∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ1 √À1 ˝◊√ √˜±Ú ¶Û©Ü1+¬ÛÓ¬ Ú˝√√íÀ˘›’øˆ¬¸±11 Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ’øi§©Ü ∆ √√ Ôfl¡± ˆ¬±À˘˜±Ú ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ Œ¬Û±ª±˚±˚˛º ’øˆ¬¸±11 ’Ú…Ó¬˜ fl¡Ô± ˝√√í˘ ø˜˘Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ø√˚˛± ¶öø˘Õ˘ Ú±˚˛fl¡ ¬ı± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ’±·˜Úº ¤ÀÚ ø‰¬Sø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º

ŒÓ¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡ÀÚ fl¡ø1 ¬Û±˜ºÓ¬˝◊√√ ˚±ø¬ı ˝√√±È¬Õ˘ ˜˝◊√√ ˚±˜ ¬ı±È¬Õ˘

Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ fl¡Ô± ¬Û±øÓ¬ ‰¬±˜ºº’±Ú ¤Ù¬±øfl¡ ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±Õ˘ ø‰¬øÍ¬ ¬ÛøÍ¬˚˛±À˚˛±

’±ù´ô¶ √√í¬ı ŒÚ±ª1± Ú± ˛Àfl¡ ¬ı1 ∏≈ÌÓ¬ øÓ¬øÓ¬ √√íÀ˘› Ú±ø ˛fl¡±fl¡˘· Ò1±1 fl¡Ô± Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ ¤ÀÚ√À1 .


Úœ˘À˜±˝√√Ú ¬1±˚˛ ∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸Ó¬N1 ’±À˘±fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬1 Œõ∂˜-¬Ûø1Sê˜±

ŒÓ¬±˜±Õ˘ ˝◊√√˚˛±fl≈¡˘ ŒÓ¬±˜±Õ˘ ø¬ı˚˛±fl≈¡˘ŒÓ¬±˜±Õ˘ ¬ÛøÍ¬˚˛±› ø‰¬øÍ¬ ,

Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ¬Ûø1¬ı ŒÓ¬±˜±Õ˘À˚˛ ˜ÚÓ¬˚±˜ ¬ı1¯∏≈ÌÓ¬ øÓ¬øÓ¬º

Œõ∂˜1 ’±Ú ¤øÈ¬ ô¶1 ˝√ √í˘ õ∂Ì˚˛º Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1’ôL1Ó¬ Œõ∂˜ Œ˚øÓ¬ ˛± ·ˆ¬œ1ˆ¬±Àª ø˙¬Û± ◊√√ ˚± ˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬ ˛± Ó¬±fl¡õ∂Ì˚˛ Œ¬ı±À˘º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌÓ¬ Œfl¡±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˜˜QÀ¬ı±Ò1õ∂±¬ı˘…À √√Ó≈¬ ˜±Ú Œ˚øÓ¬ ˛± Î¬◊»fl¡ ∏« ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1 ø¬ı¶⁄yÓ¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÚœÓ¬˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√ √ õ∂Ì˚˛ Œ¬ı±À˘º ëø¬ı¶⁄yí ˙s1 ’Ô«ø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı± ¸—˙˚˛˝√√œÚÓ¬±º ¤ÀÚ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ øÚÊ√1 õ∂±Ì, ˜Ú,¬ı≈øX, Œ√ √√ ’±1n∏ ¬ı¸Ú ”¬ ∏Ì1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ øõ∂˚Ê√Ú1 õ∂±Ì, ˜Ú, ¬ı≈øX,Œ√˝√ √ ’±1n ∏ ¬ı¸Úˆ”¬¯∏Ì1 ’Àˆ¬√-Î¬ ◊ ¬Û˘øt ˝√ √˚˛º ¿1+¬ÛŒ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ1 ¶ö±ø˚˛ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl¡1ÌÓ¬ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ ----˜±ÀÚ± √Ò±ÀÚ± ø¬ı¶⁄y— õ∂Ì˚˛– Œõ∂±‰¬…ÀÓ¬ ¬ı≈ÕÒ–º14

¤˝◊√√ ¬Û˚«±˚˛Ó¬ Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚ–¸—Àfl¡±‰¬ ∆˝√√Î¬◊ÀÍ¬º Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛1 ø¬ıù´±¸ ·±Ï¬ˇ ∆˝√√ Î¬◊Í¬±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü Œ˝√√±ª±õ∂Ì˚˛ˆ¬±¬ı1 ¶§1+¬Û ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊Í¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

Ó≈¬ø˜› ’±˜±À1 ’±ø˜› ŒÓ¬±˜±À1¤Àfl¡øÈ¬ ˙1œ11 fl¡±˚˛ ,

øfl¡ÀÚ± ‹ ø¬ıÒ±Ó¬±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬±˜±fl¡ Œ˜±fl¡ ¶⁄øÊ√À˘ŒÓ¬±˜±À1 Œ˜±1 øˆ¬Ú¬Û1 Ú±˝◊√√º

Œõ∂˜1 ’±Ú ¤øÈ¬ ô¶1 ¬ı± ’ª¶ö± ˝√ √í˘ õ∂Ì˚˛ˆ¬—·1’±˙—fl¡± ¬ı± Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…º øõ∂˚˛Ê√Ú1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ø˜˘Ú˜ø√1’ª¶ö±Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡› õ∂¬ı˘ ’Ú≈1±·1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ’ø¬ı˘À•§ ø¬ıÀ26√√√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1, ¤ÀÚ ’±˙—fl¡±Ó¬ ˜ÚÕ˘ ø˚ ’±fl≈¡˘Ó¬± Ú±ø˜ ’±À √√

Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√… Œ¬ı±À˘º ë∆¬ıø‰¬M√√…í1 ’Ô« ø‰¬M√√1 ‰¬±=˘…º¤˝◊√√ ø‰¬M√√-‰¬±=˘… Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± Ó¬œ¬ıË ’±øÓ«¬ ¬ı± ·ˆ¬œ1 Œ¬ı√Ú±11+¬Û ∆˝√√ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º Œ¸À ˛ Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√… Œ¬ı±À˘±ÀÓ¬Œ¸˝◊√√ Œõ∂˜Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛ ø˚ Œõ∂˜Ó¬ øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇ ø˜˘Ú1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬±’ôL˝√√œÚ Œ¬ı√Ú±1 ¸≈1 ’Ú≈1øÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¿1+¬Û Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…1 ¶§1+¬Û õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ¤ÀÚ√À1 .

øõ∂˚˛¸… ¸øißfl¡À¯∏«˝√√ø¬Û Œõ∂À˜±»fl¡¯∏«¶§ˆ¬±ªÓ¬–º˚± øªÀù≠¯∏øÒ˚˛±øÓ«¬ ô¶» Œõ∂˜Õªø‰¬M√√…˜≈‰¬…ÀÓ¬ºº15

∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±ª˘œÓ¬ Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…1 ¸≈µ1 ‘ √©Ü±ôL Œ¬Û±ª±˚±˚˛ ‰¬Gœ√±¸1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± ¬Û√Ù¬±øfl¡1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬º

¤˜Ú ø¬Û¬ı˛œøÓ¬ fl¡ˆ≈¬ Œ√ø‡ Ú±˝◊√√ qøÚº¬Û¬ı˛±ÀÌ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ì ¬ı“±Ò± ’±¬ÛÚ± ’±¬ÛøÚºº≈√U“ Œfl¡±À¬ı˛ ≈√U“ fl“¡±À√ ø¬ıÀ26√√ ˆ¬±ø¬ı˚˛±ºøÓ¬˘ ’±Ò Ú± Œ√ø‡À˘ ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ˜ø¬ı˛˚˛±ºº16

∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±ª˘œ1 √À1˝◊ √ √ ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± ø˜˘Úˆ¬—·1

’±˙—fl¡±Ó¬ Ó¬Ô± ø¬ıÀ26√√ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Ó¬ ’±fl≈¡˘ ∆˝√√ Î¬◊Í¬± ˚≈ªfl¡-˚≈ªÓ¬œ1 fl¡1n∏Ì Î¬◊À¡Z˘ ’ª¶ö±1 ø‰¬SÌ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º

Ó≈¬ø˜À˚˛ ’±ø˜À˚˛ ø¬Û1œøÓ¬ fl¡ø1À˘±ˆ¬˘≈fl¡± ¬ı“±˝√√À1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ ,

ŒÓ¬±˜±fl¡ ‹ ˘±˝√√1œ ŒÚ¬Û±¬ı ˘±ø·À˘‰¬œ¬Û ø√ ˜ø1 ˚±˜ ·˘Ó¬º

: : : :

’øÓ¬Õfl¡ Œ‰¬ÀÚ˝√√1 Ù≈¬˘¬ı±1œ ¬Û±øÓ¬À˘±Ó¬±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ‡ø1fl¡±Ê√±˝◊√√ ,

Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡ ’±˙±À1 ø¬Û1œøÓ¬ fl¡ø1À˘±ŒÏ¬±¬Û±ÀÓ¬ ˜1ø˝√√ ˚±˚˛º

∆¬ı¯û¬ı 1¸˙±¶a˜ÀÓ¬ Œõ∂˜1 ¤øÈ¬ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ˝√√í˘ ¸Ày±·º¸Ày±· ¤fl¡±ôLˆ¬±Àª ◊√√ ø˜˘Ú±Rfl¡º ¤ ◊√√ ø˜˘Ú ¬ı±ô¶ªÀÓ¬± √√í¬ı¬Û±À1, fl¡äÚ±ÀÓ¬± √√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ëÎ¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌí ¢∂LöÓ¬ ¸Ày±·¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤ÀÚ√À1 Œfl¡±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ .

√˙«Ú±ø˘eÚ±√œÚ±˜±Ú≈fl”¡˘…±øißÀ¯∏ª˚˛±º˚”ÀÚ±1n∏~±¸˜±À1±˝√√Ìƒ ˆ¬±ª– ¸Ày±· ÷¯∏«…ÀÓ¬ºº17

’Ô«±» ë√˙«Ú, ’±ø˘—·Ú, ¸y±¯∏Ì, ¶Û˙«Ú ’±ø√1 ¬ı±À¬ı≈ªfl¡ ≈ªÓ¬œ1 Ó¬Ô± Ú±˚fl¡-Ú±ø˚fl¡±1 ø˚ ˆ¬±À¬ı±~±¸ Œ√‡± ˚±˚,

Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¸Ày±· Œ¬ı±À˘º ¸Ày±·fl¡ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’Ô«Ó¬ ø˜˘Ú¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊√ √ ≈ √˝◊ √ √ Ò1Ì1 ---- ˜≈‡… ¸Ày±· ’±1n∏¸—øé¬5 ¸Ày±·º ¸±Ò±1ÌÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬ÀÈ¬± ¸—øé¬5 ø¬ıÀ26√√1ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ø˚ ¸±˜ø ˛fl¡ ø˜˘Ú ‚ÀÈ¬, Œ¸ ◊√√ ø˜˘ÚÀfl¡ ≈‡… ¸Ày±·1+À¬Û Òø1 Œ˘±ª± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√ √ ¸Ày±·øSê˚˛± ¬ı±ô¶ªÓ¬±øÚˆ«¬1’Ô«±» Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√√ Ê√±¢∂Ó¬ ’ª¶ö±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ø˜˘Ú¸≈‡Î¬◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡ø1 Ô±Àfl¡º ∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√±ª˘œÓ¬ ø¬ıÒ‘Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª± ≈‡…¸Ày±·1 ¤Ù¬±øfl¡ ¬Û√ ‘ √©Ü±ôL ¶§1+À¬Û Ó≈¬ø˘ ø√˚˛± ˝√ √í˘ºfl¡ø¬ıÀ˙‡11 ¬Û√øÈ¬1 øfl¡˚˛√—˙ ˝√√í˘ .

’˘¸ ˜ø˘Ú ¸ø‡ Ó≈¬˚˛± ˜≈‡˜G˘·G ’Ò¬ı˛ Â√ø¬ı ˜µº

fl¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛¸ ¬Û±Ú fl¡˚˛˘ ¬ı˛¸ Œ˜±ø˝√√Ó¬¬ı˛±U Î¬◊·±¬ı˛˘≈ ‰¬µºº

Ê√±ø· ¬ı˛Ê√Úœ ≈√U“ Œ˘±ø˝√√Ó¬ Œ˘±‰¬Ú’˘¸ øÚ˜œø˘Ó¬ ˆ¬±øÓ¬º

˜Ò≈fl¡¬ı˛ Œ˘±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡˜˘Àfl¡±À¬ı˛ Ê√Ú≈qøÓ¬ ¬ı˛˝√√˘ ˜À√ ˜±øÓ¬ºº

Œ¬ıfl¡Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ˚˛±ÒÀ¬ı˛ Ú‡À¬ı˛‡ ˆ”¬¯∏ÌÓ¬±À˝√√ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ˘ fl¡‰¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛±º

øÚÊ√ ø¬ı˛¬Û≈¬ı±Ì fl¡˘±øÚøÒ Œ˝√√¬ı˛˝◊√√ÀÓ¬Œ˜¬ı˛n∏ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ˘ ’±øg˚˛±¬ı˛±ºº18

fl‘¡¯û1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ’±·øÚ˙± ø˜˘Ú Œ˝√√±ª±1 fl¡Ô± ˘±Ê√1fl¡±1ÀÌ 1±Ò±˝◊√√ ¸‡œ¸fl¡˘1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ’¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º øfl¡cÓ¬±˝◊√√1 Œ√˝√√Ó¬ ¸Ày±·ø‰¬˝ê Œ√ø‡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤fl¡ ¸‡œÀ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬‚È¬Ú± ¸√ø1 fl¡À1º Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ¬Û√øÈ¬Ó¬ ¸‡œÀ˚˛ ø˜˘ÚÊ√øÚÓ¬ø¬ıø¬ıÒ ø‰¬˝ê1 fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸À˚˛ ˝◊√√ ˜≈‡… ¸Ày±·1Î¬◊»fl‘¡©Ü Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ìº

’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ø˚ ø˜˘Ú ¸yª ∆˝√√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛ ¸—øé¬5 ¸Ày±·º ˆ¬˚˛, ˘±Ê√, ˙—fl¡± ’±ø√Ú±Ú± fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ø˜˘Ú ˝√√˚˛ ¸—øé¬5º Œˆ¬±·1Î¬◊¬Û±‰¬±1 ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ fl¡±1ÀÌ˝◊√ √ ˝◊√ √˚˛±fl¡ ë¸—øé¬5¸Ày±·í Œ¬ı±˘± ˝√√˚˛º :±Ú√±¸1 ¬Û√1 ¬Û1± ë¸—øé¬5 ¸Ày±·í1¤øÈ¬ ‘√©Ü±ôL Œ√‡≈ª± ˝√√í˘ .

¬Û¬ı˛±Ì ¬ıg≈Àfl¡ ¶§¬ÛÀÚ Œ√ø‡˘≈“¬ıø¸˚˛± ø˙˚˛¬ı˛-¬Û±À˙º

Ú±¸±¬ı˛ Œ¬ı˙¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛˙ fl¡ø¬ı˛˚˛±÷¯∏Ó¬ ˜Ò≈¬ı˛ ˝√√±À¸ºº: : :

’e ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜˘ ¸≈·øg ‰¬µÚfl≈¡Ç≈˜ fl¡ô¶”¬ı˛œ ¬Û±¬ı˛±º

¬Û¬ı˛˙ fl¡ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛¸ Î¬◊¬ÛøÊ√˘Ê√±ø·˚˛± ˝√√˝◊√√˘≈“ ˝√√±¬ı˛±ºº19

¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± ≈‡… ’±1n∏ ¸—øé¬5 - ¤ ◊√√ ≈√ ◊√√Ò1Ì1 ¸Ày±·1ø‰¬S Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬˘Ó¬ SêÀ˜ ¸—øé¬5 ’±1n∏ ˜≈‡… ¸Ày±·1Â√ø¬ı Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊Í¬± ≈√Ù¬±øfl¡ ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ .

’±øÊ√ 1±øÓ¬ ¸À¬Û±ÚøÈ¬ Œ√ø‡À˘±fl“¡±˝√√œÓ¬ ‡±˝◊√√ ’±øÂ√À˘± ˆ¬±Ó¬,

ŒÓ¬±˜±À1 øÚø‰¬Ú± ø˜Í¬± ¬ı1Ìœ˚˛±˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ ø√ ’±øÂ√À˘± ˝√√±Ó¬º

: : : :

ŒÓ¬±˜±1 øÓ¬øÚ‡øÚ ’±˜±1 øÓ¬øÚ‡øÚÂ√-‡øÚ fl¡±À¬Û±11 Ê√±¬Û ,

ŒÓ¬±˜±1 øÓ¬øÚ‡øÚ Œ˘±ª± ¬ı±øÂ√ ¬ı±øÂ√fl≈¡fl≈¡1±˝◊√√ ø√ÀÂ√ Î¬±fl¡º

Î¬◊¬Û ≈«Mê√ ≈√-Ù¬±øfl¡ ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¸Ày±·1 fl¡Ô± ’±ÀÂ√º õ∂Ô˜Ù¬±øfl¡Ó¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ˜Ú·˝√√ÚÓ¬ ’ø¬ı1Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª øSê˚˛± fl¡ø1 Ôfl¡±ø˜˘Ú¬ı±¸Ú±1 fl¡Ô± ¬ı…?Ú±À1 Œfl¡±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Ú±˚˛fl¡1 ’—·õ∂Ó¬…—·1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ øÚÊ√ Œ√˝√√1 ø˜|Ì ‚È¬±¬ıÕ˘ ’Ô«±» ˚≈ªfl¡1∆¸ÀÓ¬ ˙±1œø1fl¡ˆ¬±Àª ø˜ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ıÕ˘ ≈ªÓ¬œ1 Ó¬œ¬ıË ’±fl≈¡˘Ó¬±˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ¸˜˚˛-¸≈À˚±·1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ˜±ÀÔ“±˝√√±Ó¬1 ¶Û˙«ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ’±fl≈¡˘Ó¬± ¸œø˜Ó¬ ∆˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛

Ù¬±øfl¡Ó¬ ≈ªfl¡- ≈ªÓ¬œ1 ’Õ¬ıÒ ø˜˘Ú1 ¬ı…?Ú±˜ ˛ ø‰¬SÌ ø¬ıÒ‘Ó¬∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ø˜˘Ú ‘√˙…1 ¶Û©Ü Â√ø¬ı ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ Ú±˝◊√√ ˚ø√› ¤Àfl¡˘À·˚≈ªfl¡-˚≈ªÓ¬œÀ˚˛ ø¬ı¬ı¶a ∆˝√√ øÚ˙± ˚±¬ÛÚ fl¡1±1 ø˚ ø‰¬S Ù≈¬øÈ¬Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√ Ó¬±1 ¡Z±1±˝◊√√ ¬Û1¶Û11 Œ√˝√√Ê√-ø˜˘Ú1 ’±ˆ¬±¸ Œ¬Û±ª±˚± ˛º

Œõ∂˜1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬Û”¬ı«1±·, ’Ú≈1±·, Œõ∂˜Õ¬ıø‰¬M√√…, ø˜˘Ú’±ø√ ø˚√À1 ’¬Ûø1 √√± «, Œ¸ ◊√√√À1 ø¬ı1À˝±√ ¤øÈ¬ ’øÚ¬ı± « ô¶1ºŒ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ ’˘—fl¡±1˙±¶a ˜ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı1˝√√ Œõ∂˜1 ’øôL˜ ¬Û˚«±˚˛º’ªÀ˙… ∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸˙±¶a ˜ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı1˝√√1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬± ¤øÈ¬ ¬Û˚«±˚˛’±ÀÂ√, ˚±1 Ú±˜ ëˆ¬±¬ı¸øij˘Úíº ø¸ ø˚ øfl¡ Ú˝√√›fl¡, ø¬ı1˝√√-ô¶1Ó¬ Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ’ôL1Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ26√√Ê√øÚÓ¬ ≈√–‡-Œ¬ı√Ú±-’±øÓ«¬ ’øÓ¬ ˜˜«¶Û˙π 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Œ√‡± ø√À˚˛º ¤˝◊√ √ Œé¬SÓ¬Ú±˚˛Àfl¡ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±fl¡ ¤ø1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±˚« ¸•Û±√Ú1 øÚø˜ÀM√√ ”√1Œ√ Õ˘ Œ˚±ª± ¬ı± ’Ú…±Ú… fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ ”√1Ó¬ ’ª¶ö±Ú fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚±Œ˝√√±ª± ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬Àfl¡± ¸±˜ø1 Œ˘±ª± ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ı1˝√√1 ’±øˆ¬Ò±øÚfl¡’Ô« ˝√√í˘ ---- øõ∂˚˛Ê√Ú1 ¬Û1± ’±“Ó¬1Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı˘·œ˚˛± Œ˝√√±ª±1¬ı±À¬ı ˜ÚÕ˘ ’˝√√± ¸ôL±¬Û, ø˚ ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ¸ôL±¬Û Œ˙¯∏Õ˘ ∆·Ú±˚˛fl¡-Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ¸˜ô¶ ’øô¶Q Ê≈√ø1 ø¬ı˚˛ø¬Û ¬ÛÀ1, ˚±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ø¬ı1˝√√œ-ø¬ı1ø˝√√Ìœ1 ≈√‡1 ’ôL Ú±˝◊√√øfl¡˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌÓ¬ø¬ı1˝√√1 ¸—:± øÚÒ«±1Ì fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¤ÀÚ√À1 .

¬Û”ª«¸—·Ó¬À˚˛± ˚”«ÀÚ«±ˆ«¬Àªƒ√À√˙±ôL1±ø√øˆ¬–º¬ı…ªÒ±Ú— Ó≈¬ ˚» õ∂±Õ: – ¸ õ∂ª±¸ ˝◊√√Ó¬œ˚«ÀÓ¬º20

’Ô«±» ¬Û1¶ÛÀ1 ’Ú≈1Mê√ Ú±˚˛fl¡ ¬ı± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ø˜˘Ú1ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œ√˙±ôL1 ·˜Ú±ø√1 ¡Z±1± ø˚ ø¬ıÀ26√√ Ú±ø˜ ’±À˝√√Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√ √ õ∂¬ı±¸ ¬ı± ø¬ı1˝√√ Œ¬ı±À˘º ø‰¬ôL±, Ê√±·1Ì, Î¬◊À¡Z·,Ó¬Ú≈Ó¬±, ˜ø˘Ú±—·Ó¬±, õ∂˘±¬Û, ¬ı…±øÒ, Î¬◊ij±√, Œ˜±˝√√ ’±1n∏ ˜‘Ó≈¬…---- ø¬ı1˝√√1 ¤˝◊√√ √˝√√È¬± ¬Û˚«±˚˛fl¡ ∆¬ı¯ûª ’±˘—fl¡±ø1fl¡ ¸fl¡À˘˜±øÚ ∆˘ÀÂ√º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌÓ¬ Œfl¡±ª± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ .

ø‰¬ôL±‰¬Ê√±·À1±À¡ZÀ·Ã Ó¬±Úª— ˜ø˘Ú±—·Ó¬±ºõ∂˘±À¬Û± ª…±øÒ1n∏ij±À√± Œ˜±À˝± √√˜‘Ó≈¬…«√˙± √˙ºº21

ø ¬ı1˝√ √1 ≈ √–‡ Ú±˚˛fl¡1 õ∂ ¬ı±¸ ·˜Ú1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ’øÓ¬Ó¬œ¬ıË1+¬ÛÓ¬ ¬ı±øÊ√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ’ôL1Ó¬º ø˜˘Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂±Ì’ø¶ö1 ∆ √√ Î¬◊øÍ¬À˘› ø˜˘Ú ¸ √√Ê√ ˆ¬… Ú √√ ˛º ¿fl‘¡¯û ¬ı‘µ±¬ıÚ¤ø1 ˜Ô≈1±Õ˘ ·˜Ú fl¡1±Ó¬ 1±Ò±1 fl‘¡¯ûø¬ı1 √√ ’¸ √√… ∆ √√ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√º¤ ◊√√ ≈√–‡Ó¬Õfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“ ‘Ó≈¬…Àfl¡ ◊√√ Œ|˚– ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±ø¬ıÀÂ√º ø¬ı√…±¬ÛøÓ¬1¬Û√Ó¬ 1±Ò±1 ¤ ◊√√ ‘Ó≈¬…fl¡±˜Ú± ˜ «¶Û˙π ∆ √√ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√ .

˜ø¬ı˛¬ı ˜ø¬ı˛¬ı ¸ø‡ øÚ(˚˛ ˜ø¬ı˛¬ıºfl¡±Ú≈ Œ˝√√Ú &ÌøÚøÒ fl¡±À¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ ˚±¬ıººŒÓ¬±˜¬ı˛± ˚ÀÓ¬fl¡ ¸ø‡ ŒÔÀfl¡± ˜Á≈¡ ¸Àeº˜¬ı˛Ìfl¡±À˘ fl‘¡¯ûÚ±˜ ø˘À‡± ˜Á≈¡ ’Àeºº



˘ø˘Ó¬± õ∂±ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸ø‡ ˜La ø√› fl¡±ÀÚº˜¬ı˛± Œ√˝√√ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Œ˚Ú fl‘¡¯ûÚ±˜ qÀÚººÚ± Œ¬Û±Î¬ˇ±À˚˛± ¬ı˛±Ò± ’e Ú± ˆ¬±¸±À˚˛± Ê√À˘º˜ø¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı“±øÒ˚˛± Œ¬ı˛À‡± Ó¬˜±À˘ø¬ı˛ Î¬±À˘ºº22

¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± ø˜˘Ú ¸Ày±·1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ’øÚ¬ı± «1+¬ÛÓ¬ Ò1±ø√ÀÂ√ø˝√√ ø¬ı1˝√√1 Ó¬œ¬ıË 1+¬Ûº ø¬ı1˝√√fl¡±Ó¬1± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√√ Ú±˚˛fl¡1¶ú‘øÓ¬ Œ1±˜LöÚ fl¡ø1 ’±fl≈¡˘ ∆˝√√ Î¬◊Í¬± Â√ø¬ı ø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬¤ÀÚ√À1 Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√ .

ÒÚfl¡ &øÚ &øÚ ÚÒÀ1 ŒÈ¬±¬ÛøÚÔ±Àfl“¡± ’Ú±˝√√±À1 q˝◊√√ ,

Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Œ¸±Ì±˝◊√√Õ˘ ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1ø˝√√˙1œ1Ó¬ ;À˘ø˝√√ Ê≈√˝◊√√º

õ∂¬ı±¸Ó¬ Ôfl¡± Ú±˚˛Àfl¡ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 fl¡Ô± ’Ô¬ı± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√√õ∂¬ı±¸œ øõ∂ ˛Ó¬˜±1 fl¡Ô± ø‰¬ôL± fl¡ø1 ø¬ı1 √√-Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ’±fl≈¡˘ Œ˝√√±ª±Â √ø ¬ı› ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬ Ù≈ ¬ øÈ¬ Î¬ ◊Í ¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤ÀÚ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬Î¬◊Ê√±·1œ øÚ˙± fl¡ÀÈ¬±ª± ¤·1±fl¡œ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±˝◊√ √ ∆fl¡ÀÂ√ .

¸Ê√±Ó¬ ¬ıµœ ˝√√í˘ ¸Ê√±1 ˜ ◊√√Ú±˙±˘Ó¬ ¬ıµœ ˝√√í˘ ˝√√±Ó¬œ ,

‰¬1fl¡±1œ fl¡±˜Ó¬ Œ‰¬Ú±˝◊√√ ¬ıµœ ˝√√í˘ŒÈ¬±¬ÛøÚ Ú±À˝√√ Œ˜±1 1±øÓ¬º

Œ√˝ √ √1 ˚P ŒÚ±À˘±ª±ÀÈ¬± ’Ô«±» ’—· ˜ø˘Ú ∆˝√ √¬Û1±ÀÈ¬±› ø¬ı1ø √√Ìœ Ú±ø ˛fl¡±1 ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ˘é¬Ìº ¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬ øõ∂ ˛-ø¬ı1 √√Ó¬ fl¡±Ó¬1 ∆ √√ SêÀ˜ qfl¡± ◊√√-é¬œÌ± ◊√√ Œ˚±ª± Ú± ˛fl¡-Ú±ø ˛fl¡±1ø¬ı1˝√√±ª¶ö±1 ¬ıÌ«Ú± ’±ÀÂ√ . ë‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ Ú±˝◊√√ ŒÈ¬±¬ÛøÚ ˚ ŒÓ¬±˜±Õ˘ø‰¬Ó¬øÚ ˚ Œ√˝√ √±Õ˘ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√ È¬±Úíº ¤ÀÚ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ Œ‡±ª±-Œ˘±ª±1 õ∂øÓ¬› Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Ò1Ì1 ’±¢∂˝√√ Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º Ó¬±À1˝◊√√ Â√ø¬ı¬ıÚ·œÓ¬Ó¬ ñ ëÓ≈¬ø˜ Œ˚ Ú˝√√íÀ˘ ˚ ‡±¬ıÀfl¡ ŒÚ±ª±À1“± ˚

Ô±Àfl“¡± ˜˝◊√√ ’±·Ó¬ ∆˘ºíø¬ı1˝√√1 Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…º ø¬ıU·œÓ¬Ó¬ Ú±˚˛Àfl¡ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1

ø¬ı1˝√√Ó¬ ’Òœ1 ∆˝√√ ˜‘Ó≈¬… fl¡±˜Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ¤ÀÚ√À1 .øfl¡ÀÚ± ‡±˝◊√√ ¬Û±˝√√ø1˜ ŒÓ¬±Àfl¡ ‹ ˜˝◊√√Ú±

øfl¡ÀÚ± ‡±˝◊√√ ¬Û±˝√√ø1˜ ŒÓ¬±fl¡ ,ø˜ø‰¬ø˜ ’±ø˝√√¬ı ¬ı1ø¬ı˝√√ ’±øÚ¬ı

Ó¬±Àfl¡ ‡±˝◊√√ ¬Û±˝√√ø1˜ ŒÓ¬±fl¡ºÎ¬◊¬Û ≈«Mê√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±1 ¬Û1± ¤ ◊√√ fl¡Ô± õ∂Ó¬œ ˛ ±Ú √√í˘ Œ˚,

ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ 1¸˙±¶a Ó¬Ô± ∆¬ı¯ûª 1¸˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Ò1ÀÌ˝◊√ √’¸˜œ˚˛± Œ˜Ãø‡fl¡ ¸±ø˝√ √Ó¬… ø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚ·œÓ¬ÀÓ¬± Œõ∂˜¬Ûø1Sê˜±1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Û˚«±˚˛¸˜”˝√√ ¸”Ñˆ¬±Àª˝◊√ √ √œ¬Û…˜±Ú ∆˝√√’±ÀÂ√º √1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œõ∂˜ Ú±˜fl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø‰¬M√√¬ı‘øM√√ÀÈ¬± ≈√øÈ¬ Œ√˝√√-˜Úfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡ø1 ·øÏ¬ˇ Î¬◊øÍ¬À˘›, ˝◊√ √˚˛±1 ’±Àª√Ú, ˘é¬Ì,

’±fl≈¡˘Ó¬±, ˆ¬±¬ı±Àª· ’±ø√ Œ√˙-fl¡±À˘±M√√1, ¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ ’±1n∏¸±¬ı «fl¡±ø˘fl¡º Œ¸À˚˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ’Ô¬ı± Œ·ÃÎ¬ ˇœ˚˛1¸˙±¶aõ∂¸”Ó¬ Œõ∂˜-¬Û˚«±˚˛1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıU·œÓ¬-¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏±1 Œõ∂˜-¬Û˚«±˚˛1 ¸±‘√˙… ’±1n∏ ¤fl¡±RÓ¬± ’øÓ¬ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 Œ¬Û±ª±˚±˚˛ºº

¸”S¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ –1º ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ˆ¬øMê¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ¬Û‘. 178º

2º ¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛?Ú ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ¬ı˛¸¸˜œé¬±, ¬Û‘. 151º

3º øÚ « õ∂ ¬± ¬ı1√Õ˘ . ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ , 3˚ õ∂fl¡±˙,1987, ¬Û‘. 146-48º

4º ˘œ˘± ·Õ· . ø¬ıU-¤øÈ¬ ¸˜œé¬± , 1˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1969,

¬Û‘. 80º

5º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ . ˙‘—·±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì - 15˚155º

6º √œÀÚffl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı ˛±˚˛ [¸•Û±.] . ‰¬Gœ√±¸ ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ,¬Û‘. 117º

7º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ . ˙‘—·±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì - 15˚134º

8º ‡À·fÚ±Ô ø˜S › ¸≈fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ú [¸•Û±.] . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı¬Û√±¬ı˘œ, ¬Û‘. 45-46º

9º Œ√ø¬ı√±¸ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ë¬Û√fl¡äÓ¬èí1 ’Ú≈¬1±· õ∂fl¡1Ì1¬Û1± Î¬◊X‘Ó¬ , ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ ¸±ø √√ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¬Û(±»¬ÛÈ¬ ›Î¬◊»¸, ¬Û‘. 305º

10º ÛÀ¬ı˛˙‰¬f ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬Û√¸—fl¡˘Ú, ¬Û‘. 106º

11º ˝√√À¬ı˛fl‘¡¯û ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛, ¬Û‘. 92º

12º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ . Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±Àˆ¬√ õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì, 5˚71-72º

13º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˙‰¬f ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ∆¬ı¯ûª ¬Û√¸—fl¡˘Ú, ¬Û‘. 136º

14º ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ˆ¬øMê¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ¬Û‘. 205º

15º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ . ˙‘—·±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì 15˚147º

16º √œÀÚffl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±˚˛ [¸•Û±.] . ‰¬Gœ√±¸ ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ, ¬Û‘.185º

17º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ . ˙‘—·±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì 15˚188º

18º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˙‰¬f ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬Û√¸—fl¡˘Ú, ¬Û‘. 199º

19º ›˝◊√√, ¬Û‘. 201º

20º Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ . ˙‘—·±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì, 15˚139º

21º ›˝◊√√ , 15˚167º

22º ø‰¬ij˚˛œ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ˆ¬øMê¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ¬Û‘. 272º

¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂Lö¬Û?œ1º ·Õ·, ˘œ˘± . ø¬ıU·œÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ¬ıÚÀ‚±¯∏± , ˘˚˛±Â«√ ¬ı≈fl¡

©Ü˘, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1961

2º ----------------- . ø¬ıU ¤øÈ¬ ¸˜œé¬± , øÎ¬¬ıËn ∏·Î¬ˇ ¬ı≈fl¡©Ü˘, øÎ¬¬ıËn∏·Î¬ˇ, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1969º

3º &5, ÚÀ·fÚ±Ô [¸•Û±.] . ø¬ı√…±¬ÛøÓ¬ ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ ,¬ı¸≈˜Ó¬œ fl¡À¬Û«±À1˙Ú, 166 ø¬ıø¬ÛÚ ø¬ı˝√√±1œ ·±—&˘œ¶ÜòœÈ¬, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, Úª 8˜ ¸—, 1996º

4º ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ø‰¬ij˚˛œ . ˆ¬øMê√¬ı˛À¸¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú , ¸—¶‘®Ó¬fl¡À˘Ê√, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, õ∂Ô˜ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1972º

5º √±¸, ¿˘˝√√ø1√±¸ [¸•Û±.] . Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ ,¿¿˝√√ø1À¬ı±˘ fl≈¡È¬œ1, Úª¡Zœ¬Û, 3˚˛ ¸—, 1393

[¬ı—·±s]º6º ¬ı1√Õ˘, øÚ˜«˘õ∂ˆ¬± . ’¸˜1 Œ˘±fl¡¸—¶‘®øÓ¬, ¬¬ıœÌ±

˘±˝◊√√À¬ıË1œ, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl¡±˙, 1987º

7º ø¬ıù´±¸, ø¬ıÒ±Ú‰¬f√ [¸•Û±.] . fl‘ ¡¯û √ ±¸ fl¡ø ¬ı ¬ı ˛ ±Ê√õ∂ÌœÓ¬ ¿¿Õ‰¬Ó¬Ú…‰¬ø ¬ı ˛Ó¬±˜ ‘Ó¬, ·œÓ¬± Œõ∂¸,Œ·±1é¬¬Û≈1, 4Ô« Û≈Ú˜≈«^Ì, 2009º

8º ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, Œ√ø¬ı√±¸ . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬Û √± ¬ı˘œ ¸±ø˝ √ √ÀÓ¬… ¬ı ˛¬Û(±»¬ÛÈ¬ › Î¬ ◊»¸ , ›ø1À˚˛KI◊±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ Àfl¡±•Û±Úœ, ¬Û±Ì¬ıÊ√±1, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ, 1˜ ¸—, 1974º

9º ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«, ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˙‰¬f . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬Û√¸—fl¡˘Ú, Ê√˚˛≈√·«±˘±˝◊√√À¬ıË¬ı˛œ, 8 ¤ fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ1±, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, õ∂Ô˜ ¸—,1990º

10º ˆ”¬¤û±, Úfl¡≈˘‰¬f [¸—] . ¬ı˝√√±·œ, ˘˚˛±Â«√ ¬ı≈fl¡ ©Ü˘,&ª±˝√√±È¬œ 7˜ Ó¬±„1Ì, 1992º

11º ø˜S, ‡À·fÚ±Ô , Œ¸Ú, ¸≈fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ , Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ ø¬ıù´¬ÛøÓ¬[¸•Û±.] . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬± ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛,¡Z±√˙ ¸—, 1990º

12º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ¸Ó¬œ˙‰¬f . Œ·±ø¬ıµ√±¸ ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ,¬ı¸≈˜Ó¬œ fl¡À¬Û«±À¬ı˛˙Ú, 166 ø¬ıø¬ÛÚ ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛œ ·±—&˘œ

¶ÜòœÈ¬, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, Ú¬ı 2˚˛ ¸—, 1996º

13º ----------------- . :±Ú√±¸ ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ, ¬ı¸≈˜Ó¬œfl¡À¬Û«±À¬ı˛˙Ú, 166 ø¬ıø¬ÛÚ ø¬ı˝±¬ı˛œ ·±—&˘œ ¶ÜòœÈ¬,fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, Ú¬ı 3˚˛ ¸—, 1996º

14º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ˝√À √ ¬ı ˛fl‘¡¯û . ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛, Œ√íÊ√¬Û±¬ıø˘ø˙—, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 2˚˛ ¸—, 1986º

15º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚ ˛ , ˝ √ √ œÀ ¬ı ˛fÚ±¬ı ˛ ±˚ ˛Ì [¸•Û±.] .¬ı˛+¬ÛÀ·±¶§±˜œfl‘¡Ó¬ Î¬◊8˘Úœ˘˜øÌ, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ¬ı≈fl ©Ü˘, 6

¬ı˛˜±Ú±Ô ˜Ê≈√˜√±¬ı˛ ¶ÜòœÈ¬, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬± 1372 [¬ı—·±s]º16º ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛, ¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛?Ú . ¬ı˛¸¸˜œé¬±, ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ¬Û≈ô¶fl¡

ˆ¬±G±¬ı˛, 38 ø¬ıÒ±Ú ¸¬ı˛Ìœ, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÒ«Ó¬¸—, 1384 [¬ı—·±s]º

17º ¬ı˛±˚˛, √œÀÚffl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ . ‰¬Gœ√±¸ ¬Û√±¬ı˘œ, ¬ı¸≈˜Ó¬œfl¡À¬Û«±À¬ı˛˙Ú, 166 ø¬ıø¬ÛÚ ø¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛œ ·±—&˘œ ¶ÜòœÈ¬,fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, Ú¬ı 1˜ ¸—, 1996º

18º 1±˚˛, Úœ˘À˜±˝√√Ú . Œõ∂˜ˆ¬± ¬ıÚ± ’±1n ∏ ’¸˜œ˚ ˛ ±Œ1±˜±ø∞I◊fl¡ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±, Úª Ê√œªÚ õ∂fl¡±˙, &ª±˝√ √±È¬œ, 1˜õ∂fl¡±˙, 2000º

19º ----------------- . ¬1±˜±˚˛Ì1 ˜˝√√N ’±1n∏ ’Ú…±Ú…,˜ø?˘ õ∂fl¡±˙, Ê√˚˛˜Ó¬œ Ú·1, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ- 12, õ∂Ô˜õ∂fl¡±˙, 2006º∏

20º -------------- . ’¸˜œ ˛± ’±1n∏ ¬ı±—˘± fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬±Ó¬ Œõ∂˜1¶§1+¬Û, Ê√±·1Ì ¸±ø˝ √ √Ó¬… õ∂fl¡±˙Ú, øÒ—, Ú·“±›2010º

21º Œ¸Ú, øS¬Û≈¬ı±˙—fl¡¬ı˛ . ∆¬ı¯û¬ı ¸±ø √√Ó¬…, ¤¸ ¬ı…±Ú±øÊ«√ ¤GŒfl¡±—, 6 ¬ı ˛˜±Ú±Ô ˜Ê≈ √˜√±¬ı ˛ ¶Ü òœÈ¬, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±,¬Ûø¬ı˛ ±øÊ«√Ó¬ ¸—, 1990º



vvv



’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±’¸˜1 ¤fl¡ ’±¬Û≈1n∏·œ˚˛± ¸•Û√

˜ø~fl¡± fl¡µ˘œ1±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ı:±Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±·, 1±Ò±À·±ø¬ıµ ¬¬ı1n∏ª± fl¡À˘Ê√, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ-781025, ’¸˜º

ABSTRACT : The a n . kîyâ nât or a n . kîyâ bhâonâ, the traditional vaishnava theatre ofAssam was introducecd by saint, scholar, poet, music composer Úrimanta Úankardeva (1449-1568) as a means of propagating and popularising vaishnavism in the eastern part of India.After Úrimanta Úankardeva, his principal disciple Úri Úri Madhavadeva and the other apostlessuch as Gopal Ata, Daityari Thakur, Ramcharan Thakur and others also composed severalplays in later periods.

The a n . kîyâ nât is a fine combination of nritya, nâtya and sangeeta. Nritya and abhinayahave a significant role in a n . kîyâ nât. All the actors or bhâwariâs and or any otherparticipant who takes part in the play or drama take entry through dance. In this context, wecan compare the a n . kîyâ nât with the dramatic style of kuchipudi. Besides these there aresome distinctive features of a n . kîyâ nât or a n . kîyâ bhâonâ. They are – like the purvaranga inSanskrit drama, there are elaborate arraangement of preliminaries in an a n . kîya nâtperformance called ''gâyan-bâyan" or "jorâ-gowâ". The gâyan-bâyan on its own comprises alarge number of 'dhemâlis' or performances with music recital, instrumental play and foot-movements in a n . kîyâ nât. Sutradhar is the moderator in a n . kîyâ nât, who links the sequencesof the play. The music of a n . kîyâ nât is based on various rangas. It has definite tâla patternalso. There are more than 42 tâlas, out of which about 18 tâlas are commonty used ina n . kîyâ nât. It is worth mentioning that the four types of abhinaya–â n . gika, vâchika, âhâryaand sâttwika are actively illustrated in a n . kîyâ nât. In a n . kîyâ nât though the various rasas(nava rasas) play active role, the 'bhakti rasa' is the prime rasa. Lots of 'Úâstriya' elementsare present in a n . kîyâ nât, which are based on some ancient Úâstras like Nâtya Úâstra,

A N .

K I -YÂ NÂT OR A N

. K I

-YÂ BHÂONÂTHE UNIQUE DRAMA TRADITION OF ASSAM

’¸˜1 ¸˜‘X Ú±È¬…Ò±1±1 ’±ø√ ¬ı± ˜”˘ Ú±È¬ ∆˝√ √ÀÂ√¬’—fl¡œ ˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±º ’—fl¡œ ˛± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú±fl¡ Œfl¡ffl¡ø1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Ò≈1± ˆ¬±›Ú±, ŒÙ¬ÃÊ√œ˚˛±ˆ¬±›Ú±, ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˆ¬±›Ú±, ‡≈˘œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±, ·±Ú1 ˆ¬±›Ú±◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’ÀÚfl¡ ˆ¬±›Ú±º ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß 1+¬Û1 ˆ¬±›Ú±¸ ” √√fl¡ ‘ø©Ü

Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ ¸˝√√± ˛ fl¡1±, ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ‘ø©Ü ∆˝√√øÂ√˘ ¬Û=√˙˙øÓ¬fl¡±Ó¬º ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√Àª [1449-1568]¸•Û”Ì« ¸±—·œøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ¬±ªÚ±À1 ¤ ◊√√ ’—fl¡œ˚± Ú±È¬1 ‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√ º˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª ’±øÂ√˘ ¤Àfl¡Ò±À1 ∆¬ı¯ûª Ò˜«õ∂ªÓ«¬fl¡, Œ˘‡fl¡, ’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±, ¸Sœ˚± Ú‘Ó¬…, ¬ı1·œÓ¬ ’±ø√1

‘ø©Üfl¡±1œ, ¸S ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¶ö±¬Ûfl¡ ¬ı± õ∂ªÓ«¬fl¡, ÚÓ«¬fl¡, Œ˚±·˙±¶a√ø¬ı˙±1√, ¸˜±Ê√ Œ¸ªfl¡, ’Ú≈¬ı±√fl¡ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’ÀÚfl¡ &Ì¸•Ûiß¤fl¡ ¬ıUÒ± ¬ı…øMê√Q1 ¬Û≈1n∏ ∏º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ˜ √√±¬Û≈1n∏ ∏ ¿˜ôL˙—fl¡1À√Àª 1468 ‰¬ÚÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 Ÿ¬XÒ±1±øÈ¬ ’±1y fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ëø‰¬˝ê˚±S±í1 Œ˚±À·ø√º ëø‰¬˝ê‰¬±S±íÀ1’±1y Œ √√±ª± ’¸˜1 ¤ ◊√√ ∆¬ıø‰¬S…˜ ˛ Ú±È¬… ¬Û1•Û1± ’±øÊ√›’¸˜1 ¸S, Ú±˜‚1, ·“±›-Ú·1 ’±ø√Ó¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ıø˙Ó¬ ∆ √√ ’±ÀÂ√,õ∂ª±ø √√Ó¬ ∆ √√ ’±ÀÂ√º ëø‰¬˝ê˚±S±í ¤fl¡ ¬Û”Ì«±e ¬Û «±˚1 Ú±È¬ Ú±øÂ√ ,fl¡±1Ì ø‰¬S ¬’±1n∏ ø‰¬˝ê1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ú±È¬ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡1±∆ √√øÂ√ º fl¡Ô±&1n∏‰¬ø1Ó¬Ó¬ Î¬◊À~‡ Ôfl¡± ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜ √√±¬Û≈1n∏ ∏ ¿˜ôL˙—fl¡1À√Àª ëø‰¬˝ê˚±S±íÓ¬ ¸±Ó¬‡Ú ∆¬ıfl≈¡F1 ¬ÛÈ¬ ’“±øfl¡øÂ√ ’±1n∏¸—·œÓ¬1 ˜±Ò…À˜À1 √˙«fl¡1 ’±·Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ø‰¬S¬ÛÈ¬ Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚfl¡ø1øÂ√ º Ó≈¬˘±¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ ∆¬ıfl≈¡F1 ¬ÛÈ¬ ’“±øfl¡ Â√ø¬ı1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡œ ø‰¬˝êÀ1Ó¬Ô± Ú‘Ó¬…-·œÓ¬ ¬ı±√…1 ¸˜± √√±À1À1 ¬Ûø1À¬ıø˙Ó¬ Ó¬Ô± Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬¤˝◊√√ fl¡˘±˝◊√√ ˆ¬øMê√ ˆ¬±ª1 Î¬◊Àij¯∏ ‚ÀÈ¬±ª±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ¸˜‘XÚ±È¬…Ò±1± ‘ø©Ü1 ¶§±é¬1 ¬ı √√Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√ º ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ |œ˜ôL˙—fl¡1À√Àª ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ’±1y fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Ú‘Ó¬…-·œÓ¬-Ú±È¬…’±ø√1 ¸˜±˝√√±1Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ¬Û”Ì«±e Ú±È¬…Ò±1±ñ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı±’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±º

˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª ¸‘©Ü Ú±È¬…Ò±1±øÈ¬1 Ú±˜fl¡1Ì∆˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ºø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬– ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ’±1n∏ ˆ¬±›Ú± ˙s ≈√øÈ¬1 ’Ô« ¬ı…øMê√

ø¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò1ÀÌÀ1 ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º øfl¡c ¤È¬± ø√˙Ó¬õ∂±˚˛ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬˝◊ √ √ ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ Œ˚ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˙søÈ¬1 ¬ı…ª˝√ √±1Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±À1 ¬Û1± ˝√√í˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸øÍ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… ’±˝√√1Ìfl¡1±ÀÈ¬± ¸yª Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√ ¬ı± ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ fl¡øÍ¬Úº fl¡±1Ì, ¿˜ôL˙—fl¡1À√Àª ëÚ±È¬í ˙søÈ¬À˝√ √ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± Œ√‡± ∆·ÀÂ√º’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√, ëø‰¬˝ê˚±S±íÓ¬ ˚±S± ˙s1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±À1 Œ¸ ◊√√ ¸˜ ˛Ó¬ë˚±S±í ˙s1 õ∂‰¬˘Ú1 fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ ¸≈‰¬±˚˛º ’ªÀ˙… ¤˝◊√√ÀÈ¬± fl¡Ô±›˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı Œ˚ Œ¸ ◊√√ ¸˜ ˛Ó¬ ’¸˜Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Û”Ì«±e¬Û˚«±˚˛1 Ú±È¬… Ò±1± ¬ı± ˚±S± Ú±øÂ√˘, ˚±1 ¡Z±1± ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏Ê√Ú±’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ ˝√√í¬ıØ Œ¸˚˛± ø˚À˚˛˝◊√√ Ú˝√√›fl¡ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˙søÈ¬1õ∂‰¬Ú˘1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±· ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ˚ñ ë’—fl¡œ ˛± Ú±È¬í ¬ı± ë’—fl¡œ ˛±¬ ˆ¬±›Ú±, Ú±˜fl¡1Ì õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ÀÓ¬˝√√˚˛ ‰¬ø1Ó¬ ¬Û≈øÔ1 ¬˚≈·1 ¬Û1±À˝√√º fl¡±1Ì, ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1ÀÀ√ªøÚÊ√1 Ú±È¬¸˜”˝√√fl¡ Ú±È¬, ˚±S± Ó¬Ô± Ú‘Ó¬… ’±ø√ 1+À¬ÛÀ˝√√ ¬ıÌ«Ú±fl¡1± Œ√‡± ∆·ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Û ñ ë1n∏ø%Ìœ ˝√√1Ì Ú±˜¬Ú±È¬fl¡—í, ë¬ÛPœ õ∂¸±√ Ú±˜ Ú±È¬í ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√º ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˙s1õ∂À˚˛±·1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ÛøGÓ¬ Î¬0 ÚÀ·Ú ˙˝◊√√fl¡œ˚˛±˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ñ ë’—fl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú ÚÔfl¡± ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊ √ √¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Œ·±È¬ÀÈ¬±fl¡ ¤È¬± ’—fl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¢∂ √√Ì fl¡1± Ò±1Ì±1 ¬Û1± ◊√√˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ¡Z±¬1± õ∂ÌœÓ¬ ’±1n∏ õ∂ªøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ˚±S±’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ’±1n∏ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± Ú±À˜À1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı± ¤È¬±¸˜˚˛1 ¬Û1± ˝ √ √˚ ˛ÀÓ¬± ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝ √ √ í˘ºí1 ¿ Ú±1±˚˛Ì‰¬fŒ·±¶§±˜œ1 ˜ÀÓ¬, ëë¤È¬± ’—fl¡ÀÓ¬ ’Ô«±» Ú±È¬fl¡1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ÛÈ¬ ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú ¬ı± ’“±1∏ fl¡±À¬Û±1 Ú¬Û1±Õfl¡Ú±È¬fl¡1 fl¡±˚«Sê˜øÌfl¡± Œ˙¯∏ Œ˝√ √±ª±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ› ’—fl¡œ˚˛±Ú±˜ÀÈ¬± ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1ºíí2 ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ÛøGÓ¬ Î¬0 ˜À˝√√ù´1 ŒÚ›À·ˆ¬±›Ú± ˙søÈ¬1 ¸µˆ¬«Ó¬ ¬ı…±‡…± ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ’±·¬ıÏ¬ˇ±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ ñëëThe Assamese term, bhaona (bhawna) orbhawana, meaning the representation of adrama, is the same word as the Sanskritbhavana (from bhavayati) 'producing, dis-playing, manifesting, imagining, etc. with

Abhinaya Darpana, Sangeet Ratnâkara etc.The text of a n

.kîyâ nât is written in mixed Assamese language called the 'vrajâvali'. The

various types of instruments like khol (drum), cymbals (bhortâl, pâtitâl, khutitâl etc.), flute,kâli (local instrument like shehnâi) etc. are played in a n

.kîyâ nât. The use of mukhâ (mask)

is one of the striking features of a n .

kîyâ nât.To demonstrate the above mentioned features Úrimanta Úankaradeva and Úri Úri

Madhavadeva composed as many as twelve a n .

kîyâ nâts or dramas.


’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± ñ ’¸˜1 ¤fl¡ ’±¬Û≈1n∏·œ˚˛± ¸•Û√

perhaps some slight semantic variation. Butwhen the medial consonant is hardened abit into 'b' and when, as a result, we saybhabana (as in bhabana cinta), we mean'imagination, thought, worry.' Bhaona/bhawana is applied almost exclusively to thereligious drama of the Assam Vaishnavas,Shankaradeva (1449-1568 A.D.) and others,and not generally to any or every dramaticperformance.

An individual role in these Vaishnavaplays is called bhao or bhaw, which term toois derived from the same Sanskrit source,bhava, 'state of being, conduct, gesture', etc.Here also is a small semantic twist. Thedramatis personae are bhawariya, payers ofdifferent roles even though in Shankaradeva'sown days they seem to have been referred toas 'nartaka' or 'natuwa', perhaps as theyinvariably had to dance, and probably notfrom the higher sense of the word natya,meaning abhinaya or presentation of rasa,the sublimated essence of sentiment.íí 3 Î¬0Œfl¡˙ª±Úµ Œ√ªÀ·±¶§±˜œ1 ˜ÀÓ¬› ñëëˆ¬±›Ú± ˙sÀÈ¬± ëˆ¬±ªí˙s1 ¬Û1± ›˘±˝◊ √ √ÀÂ√º ø‰¬ ôL±-ˆ¬±ªÚ± ˙s ˝◊ √ √˚ ˛±1 õ∂˙ô¶Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ìº ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ ’Ú≈á¬±ÚøÈ¬ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ıÕ˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Àª ˆ¬±ªÚ±’±1n∏ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Àª ˆ¬±›Ú± ˙s ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ºíí4

ø¸ ø˚ øfl¡ Ú √√›fl¡, ë’—fl¡œ ˛±í ¬ı± ëˆ¬±›Ú±í Ú±˜ &¬1n∏Ê√Ú±’Ô«±» ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ¸‘ø©Ü Ú˝√√íÀ˘›, ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏Ê√Ú±1Ú±È¬Àfl¡˝◊ √ √‡Ú1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Â√1 &1n∏¸fl¡À˘ ¤Àfl¡˝◊ √ √ ’±ø˝√ √ «’Ú≈fl¡1Ì fl¡ø1 ø˘‡± ¬ı± 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1± Ú±È¬¸˜”˝√√1 ˆ¬±›Ú±1ë’Çœ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±í Ú±˜fl¡1Ì ˝√ √í˘º ¤˝◊ √ √ Œé¬SÓ¬ ¸Sœ˚˛±Ú‘Ó¬…&1n∏ ˚Ó¬œÚ Œ·±¶§±˜œÀ˚˛ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¬1 ë’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±¬’±1n∏ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˆ¬±›Ú±í Ú±˜1 õ∂ªgÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¤Àfl¡˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º5 Î¬0 õ∂√œ¬ÛÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ ˜˝√ √ ôL1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ñëë˙—fl¡1À√ª-˜±ÒªÀ√ª1 Ú±È¬1 ∆¸ÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡ Œ|Ìœ ≈¬Mê√ [Œ˚ÀÚ,Œ·±¬Û±˘ ’±Ó¬±1 Ê√ij˚±S±, ¬1±˜‰¬1Ì Í¬±fl≈¡11 fl¡—¸¬ıÒ,∆√Ó¬…±ø1 Í¬±fl≈¡11 Ú‘ø¸—˝√√ ˚±S± ’±ø√] Ú±È¬ø‡øÚfl¡ ë’—fl¡í,ë’—fl¡œ˚± Ú±È¬í ’±1n∏ ø¸À¬ı±11 ¬Ûø1Àª˙Ú±fl¡ ë’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±í¬ı≈ø˘¬ıÕ˘ Œ˘±ª± ˝√√í˘ ‰¬ø1Ó¬ ¬Û≈øÔ1 ˚≈·1 ¬Û1±À˝√√ ñ

ëëŒ√ª±Ú1 ¬ı±Ìœ qøÚ ¸œÓ¬± ¶§˚˛•§1º1±˜±˚˛Ì ’—fl¡ fl¡ø1 ø√˘ôL ˙Ç1ººíí

∆√Ó¬±1œ – ¬Û√ 528

¤Àfl¡ √À1 ëˆ¬±›Ú±í ˙sÀ1± õ∂À˚ ˛ ±· ¬ı± õ∂‰ ¬˘Ú‰¬ø1Ó¬¬Û≈øÔ1 ˚≈·1 ¬Û1±À˝√√ Œ˝√√±ª± Œ˚Ú ˘±À·º

ëëˆ¬±›Ú± fl¡ø1À˝√√ fl‘¡¯û ¬Û”øÊ√À¬ı ˘±·˚˛íí1±˜‰¬1Ì – ¬Û√ 14766

Œ¸ ˛± ø˚À ˛ ◊√√ Ú˝√√›fl¡ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏ ∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√Àª ‘ø©Üfl¡1± Ú±È¬…Ò±1± ë’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±í 1+À¬Û ¤fl¡ ¸ ‘X ¬Û”Ì«±e Ò±¬1±∆˝√√ ’±øÊ√› ’¸˜1 ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜‘X fl¡ø1 1±ø‡ÀÂ√ºÎ¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ ˜”˘Ó¬– ∆¬ı¯ûª Ò˜« õ∂‰¬±11¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º øfl¡c, Ò˜«õ∂‰¬±11 ’ÀÔ« 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1À˘› &1n∏Ê√Ú± ◊√√ ¸˜¢∂ Ú±È¬… Ò±1±øÈ¬fl¡˙±¶aœ ˛ &Ì1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Ô ≈ª± ¸˜À˘± ¸—À˚±· fl¡ø1 ¤ÀÚ ¤fl¡Ú±µøÚfl¡ 1+¬Û ø√À˘ Œ˚ ë’Çœ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±í1 ¸˜¢∂ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Úfl¡˘±ÀÈ¬±Àª˝◊√√ ’øÓ¬ ‘√ø©Ü ÚµÚ 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Ò1± ø√À˘º ˆ¬±›Ú±1’±‡1± ’±1y Œ˝√ √±ª± ’Ô«±» ëÚ±È¬À˜˘±í1 ¬Û1±, ˆ¬±›Ú±Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ëÚ±È¬ ±˜1±í ’Ú≈á¬±ÚÕ˘Àfl¡ ≈√œ‚« fl¡±˘ÀÂ√±ª±ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ Ò˜«œ˚˛ fl¡±˚«À1 ˝◊√√˚˛±fl¡ ’±ªø1 ¬1±ø‡ ¤fl¡’±Ò…±øRfl¡ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ fl¡±˚«1’ôL1±˘Ó¬ √ «Ú1 ¬ı…±‡…±› ’ôLøÚ«ø √Ó¬ fl¡1± ∆ √√ÀÂ√º ¤øÓ¬ ± ’±ø˜’Çœ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ’Ú…±Ú… ø√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1˜º

˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˜±ÒªÀ√ÀªŒfl¡ ◊√√¬ı±‡ÀÚ± Ú±È¬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ∆Ô ∆·ÀÂ√º ˜ √√±¬Û≈1n∏ ∏ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1Ú±È¬Àfl¡˝◊√√‡Ú ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ [1] ø‰¬˝ê˚±S±, [2] ¿1±˜ ø¬ıÊ√˚˛,[3] ¬Û±ø1Ê√±Ó¬ ˝√√1Ì, [4] fl¡±˘œ˚˛ √˜Ú, [5] ¬ÛPœ õ∂¸±√,[6] Œfl¡ø˘À·±¬Û±˘, [7] 1n∏ø%Ìœ ˝√√1Ì ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ˜˝√√±¬¬Û≈1n∏¯∏¿¿˜±ÒªÀ√ª1 Ú±È¬¸ ” √√ √√í˘ ñ [1] ’Ê≈√«Ú ˆ¬?Ú, [2]Œ‰¬±1Ò1±, [3] ˆ¬”ø˜ Œ˘ÀÈ¬±ª±, [4] Œˆ¬±Ê√Ú ø¬ı˝√√±1, [5]ø¬Û•Û1± &À‰¬±ª± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø √√ÀÂ√±Œ˚ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú± Ó¬Ô± ˜=¶ö ¤fl¡øÚø«√©Ü ¬Ûø1Sê˜±À1À √√ √√ º øÚÊ√¶§ 1œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬, ·±˚Ú-¬ı±˚Ú, Ú‘Ó¬…∆˙˘œÀ1À √√√√ ¤ ◊√√ Ú±È¬ ¬Ûø1À¬ıø˙Ó¬ √√ º

¸—¶‘®Ó¬ Ú±È¬fl¡1 ¬Û”¬ı«1e1 √À1 ’—fl¡œ˚± ¬±›Ú±1 ’±1y √√ ˛·± ˛Ú ¬ı± ˛ÀÚÀ1º ˜·11 ø‰¬˝ê[motif] ≈Mê√ ’ø¢ü·Î¬ˇÓ¬ Ú-·Â√˙˘± ;˘±˝◊√√ ’Ô«±» Ú-·Â√ Œ¬Û±˝√√11 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚˛Ú1√˘øÈ¬À˚˛ ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ˜=¶öø˘Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡À1º ¤˝◊√√ ’ø¢ü·Î¬ˇÀ1±¤fl¡ √ «Ú ’±ÀÂ√º ;˘± ◊√√ 1‡± Ú-·Â√ ¬ıøôLÀ ˛ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ÚªÒ±ˆ¬øMê√1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡œ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À1º Œ¸˝◊√√ Úªø¬ıÒ ˆ¬øMê√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ[1] |ªÌ, [2] fl¡œM«√√Ú, [3] ’‰¬«Ú, [4] ¬ıµÚ, [5] ¶ú1Ì,

[6] ¬Û±√À¸ªÚ, [7] √±¸…, [8] ¸‡… ’±1n ∏ [9]’±RøÚÀ¬ı√Úº ¤˝◊√√ ’ø¢ü·Î¬ˇ11 Ó¬À˘ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ø˙1 ÚÓ¬ fl¡ø1qw ¬ı¶a ¬Ûø1ø˝√√Ó¬ ·± ˛Ú-¬ı± ˛Ú1 ŒÊ√±1± ¬ı± √À˘ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡À1’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œ‡±˘ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±˘1 ¸˜±˝√√±1Ó¬ ’±1y˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¸±—·œøÓ¬fl¡ ˘˚˛1 ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1º ˝√√ø1Ò√ıøÚ ø√ √¬ı±¬ıÊ√± ◊√√ øÚø√«©Ü øÚ ˛ 1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ·± ˛Ú-¬ı± ˛Ú ¸fl¡À˘ øÚÊ√ fl¡± «’±1y fl¡À1º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂fl¡±11 ¬ı±√Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’Ú≈Ò±ªÚ fl¡ø1¬ı±˚˛Ú¸fl¡À˘ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡1± ‰¬±ø˝√√Úœ, ŒÒ˜±ø˘ ’±ø√ ∆¬ıø‰¬S…˜˚˛¬ı±Ê√Ú±, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Û√¸=±1 ¬ı± ˆ¬ø1˜±Ú ø√ Ú‘Ó¬… fl¡1±, ˜±ÀÊ√˜±ÀÊ√ ˝√√ô¶1 ’Ô«¬Û”Ì« õ∂À˚˛±· ’±ø√À˚˛ ·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚˛Úfl¡ ¤fl¡’ÚÚ… 1+¬Û õ∂√±Ú fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚˛Ú1 ¸˜¢∂ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú±11œøÓ¬Ó¬ ’±ø˜ Ú±È¬…˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± ˘é¬Ì ¬ı± ¸˜˘ øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ∆˝√√Ôfl¡± Œ√‡± ¬Û±›“º ’ªÀ˙… &1n∏Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡À˘± ˙±¶aœ˚˛&Ì1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Ô˘≈ª± ¸˜˘ Ó¬Ô± &ÀÌÀ1› ¬Ûø1¬Û”Ì« fl¡ø1 ∆Ô∆·ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ √ Œé¬SÓ¬ ¸Sœ˚˛± Ú‘Ó¬…1 ø¬ıø˙©Ü ·Àª¯∏fl¡ Î¬0Ê√·iß±Ô ˜˝√√ôL1 ëë·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚˛Ú1 ˙±¶aœ˚˛Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ’—fl¡œ˚˛±ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ˝◊√ √˚˛±1 õ∂À˚˛±· ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ìíí7 Ú±˜1 õ∂¬ıgøÈ¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ √ø ¬ı¯ ∏À˚˛ ø ¬ı˙√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡1± ∆˝√ √ÀÂ √º ·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚ ˛Ú1¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ˆ¬±›Ú±Ôø˘Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡À1 ¸”SÒ±1œÀ˚˛º¸”SÒ±1, ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ¤øÈ¬ ’øÓ¬ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ‰¬ø1Sºfl¡±1Ì ¸≈SÒ±1 ¤ÀÚ ¤øÈ¬ ‰¬ø1S, ø˚øÈ¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ¤Àfl¡Ò±À1ñ øÚ¬Û≈Ì ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬±, ÚÓ¬«√ √fl¡, ·±˚˛fl¡, ¸≈¬ı‰¬Ú õ∂À˚˛±·fl¡±1œ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’ÀÚfl¡ &Ì1 ’øÒfl¡±1œº ‰¬ø1Ó¬¬Û≈øÔÓ¬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± ’±ÀÂ√Œ˚ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√Àª ø‰¬˝ê˚±S±Ó¬ ’fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ¬ıUÀfl¡˝◊√√È¬± ø√˙¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘, Œ‡±˘ ¬ıÊ√±˝◊√√øÂ√˘, 1±· ø√øÂ√˘, ¬¸”S1ø¬ıøˆ¬iß øÚÀ«√˙Ú± ø√øÂ√˘, ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±Àª Œ·±ÀÈ¬˝◊√√ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú±fl¡±˚«1 ’fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ’“±Ó¬ Òø1øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ø√˙1 ¬Û1± ¸”SÒ±1‰¬ø1SøÈ¬ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 ¤fl¡ ’øˆ¬Úª ¸‘ø©Üº ¤˝◊√ √ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ¤øÈ¬fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1±ÀÈ¬± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı Œ˚ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬Ú‘Ó¬…1 ¤fl¡ õ∂Ò±Ú ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√º Ú±È¬fl¡1 õ∂øÓ¬ÀÈ¬± ‰¬ø1S˝◊√√˜=Ó¬ Ú‘Ó¬…1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ õ∂Àª˙ Ó¬Ô± õ∂¶ö±Ú fl¡À1º ¸”SÒ±À1›ˆ¬±›Ú±Ôø˘Ó¬ Ú‘Ó¬… fl¡ø1À˚˛˝◊√ √ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡À1º Ú‘Ó¬…1 fl¡øÍ¬Ú¬Û‰¬±˘Ú±, ˙1œ1 ¸=±˘Ú, ˝√√ô¶1 ¸±ª˘œ˘ õ∂fl¡±˙1 ˘·ÀÓ¬Ú±µœ·œÓ¬ ˆ¬øÈ¬˜±1 ˚Ô±˚Ô ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ ’±1n∏ Œù≠±fl¡ ·œÓ¬1’Ú≈ˆ¬ª õ∂fl¡±À˙À1 ¸”SÒ±À1 SêÀ˜ Ú±È¬‡Ú1 fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ıÌ«Ú±fl¡ø1 ˚± ˛º ¸˜¢∂ ˆ¬±›Ú±‡Ú ”SÒ±À1 √é¬Ó¬±À1 ”S Òø1 ∆˘˚±˚˛º Ú‘Ó¬…-·œÓ¬ ¬ı±√… ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛Ó¬ ¬Û±1√˙«œ ¸”SÒ±1’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 Œ˜1n∏√G ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ¬Û±ø1º

’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø √√ÀÂ√± Œ˚ ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±∆ √√ÀÂ√ Ú±È¬…, Ú‘Ó¬…, ·œÓ¬, ≈‡± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’ÀÚfl¡ ø˙ä1 ¸˜± √√±1Ó¬

¸‘©Ü, ’Ô«±» ¬ıU-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸•§ø˘Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ø˙äº Œ¸À˚˛ ¤fl¡¬ıÌ«˜˚˛ 1+¬Û ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˆ¬±›Ú±1õ∂øÓ¬Ê√Ú ˆ¬±ª1œ˚˛±˝◊√ √ ¬ı± ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬±˝◊√ √ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú &Ì ’±˚˛Qfl¡ø1¬ı ˘·±Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ1º fl¡±1Ì ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬±1 õ∂Àª˙,õ∂¶ö±Ú, ˚≈X-ø¬ı¢∂˝√ √, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ¬±ª õ∂fl¡±˙, ·œÓ¬1 ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸fl¡À˘± Ú‘Ó¬…1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√À˝√√ ¬Ûø1Àªø˙Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸À˚˛õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡Ê√Ú ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±Ê√Ú Ú‘Ó¬…ø˙äœ Œ˝√√±ª±À1±õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº

¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜ ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ’±—ø·fl¡ ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 ø√˙Õ˘’±À˝√√ “±º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a, ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÀÌ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛fl¡ ‰¬±ø1È¬± ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ñ [1] ’±—ø·fl¡,[2] ¬ı±ø‰¬fl¡, [3] ’±˝√√±˚« ’±1n∏ [4] ¸±øNfl¡º8 Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬±ø1 õ∂fl¡±1 ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 õ∂À˚˛±· ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬¬Û”Ì« ±S± ◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√º õ∂Ô˜ÀÓ¬ ’±ø˜ ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ’±—ø·fl¡1 ø√˙ÀÈ¬±’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1˜º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ñ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a, ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛√¬Û«Ì, ¸—·œÓ¬ 1P±fl¡1 ’±1n∏ ¬ıUÀÓ¬± ¬Û≈1øÌ ˙±¶a˝◊√√ ˙±¶aœ˚˛Ú‘Ó¬…Ó¬ ˜±Úª ˙1œ11 ’e, õ∂Ó¬…e ’±1n∏ Î¬◊¬Û±e1 [˜±Úª˙1œ11 ≈‡… Ó¬Ô± ”Ñ ’—˙¸ ” √√] ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±¸ ” √√fl¡ ”µ1ˆ¬±Àªø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1 Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º õ∂±˚˛Àfl¡˝◊√√‡Ú ˙±¶a˝◊√√ ’e ’Ô«±»˙1œ11 õ∂Ò±Ú ’—˙Àfl¡˝◊√√È¬±fl¡ Â√˚˛È¬± ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬·±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸˚˛±∆˝√√ÀÂ√ - ø˙1, ¬ı≈fl≈¡, ¬Û±ù´«, fl“¡fl¡±˘ ¬ı± fl¡øÈ¬À√˙, ˝√√ô¶ ’±1n∏¬Û√º9 ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÀÌ ¢∂œª±Àfl¡± ’e1 ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º10

õ∂Ó¬…e1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì ’±1n∏ ¸—·œÓ¬ 1P±fl¡À1øÚÊ√±¬ı¬ıœ˚˛±Õfl¡ Â√˚˛È¬± ’—˙1 fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˚˛±∆˝√ √ÀÂ√ ñ ¢∂œª±, ¬ı±U, fl¡±g, Î¬ ◊√1, Î¬ ◊1n ∏, ’“±Í ≈ ¬, ø¬ÛøÍ¬˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º11 Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˝◊√√ ’ªÀ˙… ¸≈fl¡œ˚˛±ˆ¬±Àª õ∂Ó¬…e1 fl¡Ô±Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√ √º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˝◊√ √ Î¬◊¬Û±e¸˜”˝√√fl¡Â√ ˛È¬± ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º12 Œ¸ ˛± ∆ √√ÀÂ√ ñ ‰¬fl≈¡, ¬wn∏ ≈·˘,Ú±fl¡, ›“Í¬, ·±˘ ’±1n∏ Í≈¬Ó≈¬ø1º ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì ’±1n∏ ¸—·œÓ¬1P±fl¡À1 Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± Â√˚˛ø¬ıÒ Î¬◊¬Û±e1 ¬ı±ø˝√√À1›‰¬fl≈¡1 ˜øÌ, ‰¬fl≈¡1 ¬ÛÓ¬±, ˝√ √Ú≈, “ √±Ó¬, Ó¬±˘≈, ˜≈‡ ’±ø√Àfl¡±Î¬◊¬Û±e1 ’ôLˆ¬≈«Mê√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º13 Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ˙1œ11 ¸˜¢∂’e1 fl¡±˚«1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˝◊√√ ’±øefl¡fl¡ ’±Àfl¡ÃøÓ¬øÚÈ¬± ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ ˜≈‡Ê√ [Fa-cial], ˙1œ1œ√ [bodily] ’±1n∏ Œ‰¬©Ü±fl‘¡Ó¬ [brought aboutby the movements]º14 ˜≈‡Ê√˝◊ √ √ ¬ı…øMê√1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ Ôfl¡±¸fl¡À˘±Ò1Ì1 ¸”Ñ ’—˙Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¸”‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ˙1œ1œÀ˚˛√√ ¬ı…øMê√1Œ√˝√√1 õ∂Ò±Ú Ó¬Ô± ¸fl¡À˘± ’eÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı≈Ê√±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√,Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ¸˜¢∂ ˙1œ1fl¡ ·øÓ¬1 ¡Z±1± ¤Àfl¡±È¬± ˆ¬—·œ1 1+¬Ûø√ ˛± √√ ˛, Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ Œfl¡±ª± √√ ˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±fl‘¡Ó¬º ’Ô«±» ˜±Ú≈ √√1 ¸˜¢∂


˜ø~fl¡± fl¡µ˘œ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± ñ ’¸˜1 ¤fl¡ ’±¬Û≈1n∏·œ˚˛± ¸•Û√

˙1œ1ÀÈ¬± ø˙11 ¬Û1± ˆ¬ø11 ’±„≈√√ø˘Õ˘Àfl¡ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±ø¶ö1 ˆ¬—·œ ¬ı± ø¶öøÓ¬ ¬ı± ·øÓ¬ ‘ø©Ü1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¸øSê ˛ ∆ √√ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬,Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ¬ı √√ ’Ô«Ó¬ Œfl¡±ª± √√ ˛ ’±øefl¡º ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬¤ ◊√√ ¸fl¡À˘± ’±øefl¡1 Ó¬N Ó¬Ô± õ∂À ˛±· õ∂øSê ˛± ’±ø˜ ˘é¬…fl¡À1±, ø˚¸˜”˝√ √ Œ¬ÛÃ1±øÌfl¡ ˙±¶a¸˜”À˝√ √ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ∆Ô∆·ÀÂ√º ·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚˛Ú1 ¬Û1± ’±1y fl¡ø1 ˆ¬±›Ú±1 õ∂øÓ¬ÀÈ¬±‰¬ø1S, ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú 1œøÓ¬, Ú‘Ó¬… ¸fl¡À˘±ÀÓ¬ ˙±¶a¸ijÓ¬’±øefl¡1 õ∂À˚˛±· ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√ √˚˛º ¤˝◊√ √ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√± Œ˚ ñ ’±ø˜ ¸fl¡À˘±Àª Ê√±ÀÚ± ¸Sœ˚˛±Ú‘Ó¬…1 ” ’±Ò±1 ∆ √√ÀÂ√ ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±º ¤ ◊√√ Ú‘Ó¬…1 ¸˜¢∂’±øefl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1À˘ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ Ú‘Ó¬…øÈ¬1 ø¶öøÓ¬1¬Û1± ’±1y fl¡ø1 ˙1œ11 ˆ¬e ¬ı± ˆ¬“±Ê√, ˙1œ1 ¸=±˘Ú1õ∂øSê˚˛±, ¬Û√1 ø¶öøÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ¸=±1, Ê√±¬Û, w˜ø1 ¬ı± ¬Û±fl¡,·øÓ¬, ˝√√ô¶ ¬ı± ˝√√±Ó¬, ø˙1fl¡˜«, ¢∂œª±-Œˆ¬√, ‘√ø©ÜÀˆ¬√, ˜øÌ-Œˆ¬√, ¬ıé¬Àˆ¬√ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸fl¡À˘±ÀÓ¬ ˙±¶aœ˚˛ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ¬ı± &ÌøÚø˝√ √Ó¬ ∆˝√ √ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊ √ √ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±˜±1 õ∂‰¬±ø1Ó¬ ¢∂LöëÚ‘Ó¬…fl¡˘± õ∂¸e ’±1n∏ ¸Sœ˚˛± Ú‘Ó¬…í115 ¤øÈ¬ õ∂¬ıg, ë¸Sœ˚˛±Ú ‘Ó¬…1 ’±øefl¡Ó¬ ˙±¶aœ˚ ˛ ’±1n ∏ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ Î¬ ◊ ¬Û± √ ±Ú1¸—Àù≠¯∏ÌÓ¬ ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±Àª ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡1±∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ¸Sœ˚˛± Ú‘Ó¬…Ó¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ fl¡1±1 √À1’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ‰¬ø1S¸˜”˝√√ÀÓ¬± ’±ø˜ ¬Û√√1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¶öøÓ¬,¸=±1, ¶ö±Ú, ˙1œ11 ˆ¬e, ø˙1fl¡˜«, ¢∂œª±-Œˆ¬√, ‘√ø©Ü-Œˆ¬√,‰¬é≈¬-Œˆ¬√ ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ fl¡À1“±º ¤˝◊√ √ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ’±Àfl¡ÃÎ¬◊Ú≈øfl¡˚˛±¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ“√± Œ˚ ¸Sœ˚˛± Ú±‰¬1 ˜”˘ ’±Ò±1 ∆˝√√ÀÂ√’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±º ¸1˝√√ ¸—‡…fl¡ Ú±À‰¬˝◊√√ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1¬Û1± ’±ø √√ÀÂ√ ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’ªÒ±ø1Ó¬ ˆ¬±À¬ı ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ ˙±¶aœ˚ &Ì¸ ” √√Ú±‰¬ø‡øÚÓ¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı˝◊√√º

¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜ øfl¡Â≈√ Î¬◊√±˝√√1ÌÕ˘ ’“±À˝√√±º Ú±È¬…˙±¶aÓ¬¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ¬Û“±‰¬ø¬ıÒ ¬Û√ SêÀ˜ ñ ¸˜, ’ø=Ó¬, fl≈¡ø=Ó¬,’¢∂Ó¬˘¸=±1 ’±1n ∏ Î¬ ◊ ƒ √‚±øÈ ¬Ó¬1 ¬õ∂À˚ ˛ ±· ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ √√ ˛º ·± ˛Ú-¬ı± ˛Ú1 ¬Û1± ’±1y fl¡ø1 ‰¬ø1S¸ ” √√1¬ı‰¬Ú Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ1 ø¶öøÓ¬, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß 1¸ Ó¬Ô± ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl¡±˙1¸˜˚˛Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1± ø¶öøÓ¬Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û√¸˜”˝√√1 õ∂À˚˛±·Œ√‡± ¬Û“±›º ◊√√ ˛±1 ¬ı±ø˝√√À1› ˙±¶aœ ˛ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ¸•Ûiß ¬ıUÀÓ¬±¬Ûø¶öøÓ¬ Ó¬Ô± ¸=±1 ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ºøÍ¬fl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1ñ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÌÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬¬ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ì¶ö±Úfl¡ Œˆ¬√î161 øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂À˚˛±· ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡1± ˚±˚˛º Œ¸˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a1 ¸•Û√, ∆¬ı¯ûª,’±ø˘Ï¬ˇ, õ∂Ó¬…±ø˘Ï¬ˇ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì1 ¸˜¬Û±√,¤fl¡¬Û±√ ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ñ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÌÓ¬

¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ì˜G˘ Œˆ¬√íí171 ¸íÀÓ¬ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±·Œ˝√√±ª± ¬Û√fl¡˜«1 ¸±‘ √˙… ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√ √˚˛º ’±˚˛Ó¬˜G˘1¸íÀÓ¬ ›1± [·±˚˛Ú-¬ı±˚˛ÚÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±· Œ˝√√±ª± õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø¶öøÓ¬],˜øÈ¬Ó¬1 ¸íÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±›Ú±1 Ú±‰¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±· Œ˝√ √±ª± ’±Í≈¬ª±,¸˜¸”‰¬œ ’±1n∏ ¬Û±ù´«¸”‰¬œ1 ¸íÀÓ¬ ë¬ı±˝√√±1í Ú±‰¬Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ≈√øÈ¬ˆ¬—·œ1 ¸•Û”Ì « ¸± √ ‘˙… ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝ √ √˚ ˛º ˆ¬±›Ú±1‰¬ø1S¸˜”˝√√1 ˙1œ1 ¸=±˘Ú, ˙1œ11 ˆ¬e ¬ı± ˆ“¬±Ê√ ’±ø√ÀÓ¬±’±ø˜ ˙±¶aœ˚˛ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… Œ√‡± ¬Û±›“º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Û ñÚ±È¬…˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ë¬ıé¬-Œˆ¬√í18Ó¬ Î¬◊À~ø‡Ó¬ ë¸˜í ’±1n∏ëÎ¬◊¡Z±ø˝√√Ó¬í ¬ıé¬Àˆ¬√1 ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±ø˜ ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ‰¬ø1S¸˜”˝√√Ó¬Œ√‡± ¬Û±›“º ‰¬ø1S¸˜”À˝√√ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Ú‘Ó¬…1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 õ∂Àª˙ ¬ı±õ∂¶ö±Ú fl¡À1, ˙1œ1 ¸=±˘ÚÓ¬ ¤fl¡ Î¬◊˘±˝√√1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ºÎ¬◊˘±˝√√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˙1œ11 Ó¬1øeÓ¬ ¬ı± ’±Àµ±ø˘Ó¬ ’ª¶ö±, ˚íÓ¬˙1œ1 ¤Î¬±˘ øÚøÂ√·± ”Ó¬± ¬ı± ’ø¬ıø26√iß ¬±Àª ’±Àµ±ø˘Ó¬ ∆ √√Ôfl¡± ¤˙±1œ ŒÏ¬Ã1 ˘±øÚ1 √À1 ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øSê˚˛±Ó¬Ú‘Ó¬…ø˙äœ ·1±fl¡œ1 ¬ı≈fl≈¡ ¬ı± ¬ıé¬ SêÀ˜ ¸˜ ’ª¶ö±1 ¬Û1±øfl¡Â≈√ ›¬Û1Õ˘ ›ÀÍ¬ ’Ô«±» Î¬◊¡Z±ø √√Ó¬ √√ ˛, ’±Àfl¡Ã ¸˜ ¶ö±ÚÕ˘’±À˝√√, ’±1n∏ ¬Û≈Ú1±˚˛ Î¬◊¡Z±ø˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√, ˆ¬±›Ú±1¤øÈ¬ ‰¬ø1S ◊√√ Œ˚øÓ¬ ˛± ‡— ˆ¬±ª õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À1, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬ ˛±› ’±ø˜Î¬◊¡Z±ø˝√ √Ó¬ ¬ıé¬1 õ∂À˚˛±· Œ√‡± ¬Û±›“º ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’Ú…±Ú…¬ıé¬À1± õ∂À˚˛±· ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ˙1œ11 ˆ¬e1 fl¡Ô±Õ˘ ˚ø√’“±À˝√√±, Œ√ø‡˜ Œ˚ ñ ¸˜ˆ¬e, ’ˆ¬e, øSˆ¬e ’±1n∏ ’øÓ¬¬ı± ¬ıUˆ¬e1 õ∂À˚˛±· ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ‰¬ø1S¸˜”˝√√1 ˙1œ11 ˆ¬e ¬ı±ˆ“¬±Ê√Ó¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Û ñ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ‰¬ø1S˝◊√√fl¡Ô± Œfl¡±ª± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¸˜ˆ¬e1 [˙1œ11 ˆ¬1 ≈ √˝◊ √ √ ˆ¬ø1Ó¬¸˜ˆ¬±Àª ¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬] õ∂À˚˛±· ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√,˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙—fl¡1À√ª ø¬ı1ø‰¬Ó¬ ëŒfl¡ø˘ Œ·±¬Û±˘í ¬ı± ë1±¸øSê˚ ˛ ± í1 ¤øÈ¬ ·œÓ¬ ë ¬Û √ Ú‡ øé¬øÓ¬ Œ˘‡≈ Œ √‡ ≈’±øg˚±ø1...í1 ’øˆ¬Ú˚1 ¸˜˚Ó¬ ‰¬ø1SøÈ¬ ’ˆ¬e [˙1œ¬11 ˆ¬1¤‡Ú ˆ¬ø1Ó¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ, Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˙1œ1 ¤È¬± ø√ Ó¬ ¸±˜±Ú… ¬ˆ¬“±Ê√]¬1+¬ÛÓ¬ Ôfl¡± Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 ¬ı—˙œ¬ı√ÚÓ¬ fl‘¡¯û øSˆ¬e1+¬ÛÓ¬ ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’øÓ¬ˆ¬e ¬ı± ¬ıUˆ¬e1 õ∂À˚˛±·¬ ’±ø˜¬1±é¬¸-1±é¬¸œ, ” √Ó¬ ’±ø√ ‰¬ø1SÓ¬ Œ√‡± ¬Û±›“º ˝◊ √ √˚˛±1Î¬◊¬Ûø1› ˆ¬±›Ú±1 Ú±‰¬1 ¬Û1± ’±1y fl¡ø1 ‰¬ø1S¸˜”À˝√√ ø¶öøÓ¬Œ˘±ª± Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ›1± [¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ Ú±‰¬ ¬ı± ‰¬ø1S1 Œé¬SÓ¬¬Û≈1n∏À ∏ Œ˘±ª± õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø¶öøÓ¬], õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ›1± [Ú±1œ ¬ı± ˜ø √√ ±‰¬ø1S˝◊√√ Œ˘±ª± õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø¶öøÓ¬], ¸˜ ø¶öøÓ¬ ’±ø√1 õ∂À˚˛±À·±¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ¬ √√ô¶ õ∂À˚±·1 Œé¬SÀÓ¬± ’±ø˜ øfl¡Â≈√ ±Ú˙±¶aœ ˛ ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ˘é¬… fl¡À1±º Ú±È¬…˙±¶aÓ¬ √√ô¶¸=±˘Úfl¡ Œfl¡f

fl¡ø1 ‰¬±ø1 õ∂fl¡±11 ˝√√ô¶fl¡1Ì Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸ ˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ [1] ’±Àªø©ÜÓ¬, [2] Î¬◊À¡Zø©ÜÓ¬, [3] ¬ı…ªøÓ«¬Ó¬ ’±1n∏[4] ¬Ûø1ªøÓ«¬Ó¬º ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ‰¬ø1S¸˜”À˝√√ fl¡1± Ú‘Ó¬…Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ √˝√√ô¶fl¡1Ì1 õ∂À˚˛±· Œ˝√√±ª± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˝◊√√19 ’±Àfl¡Ã˝√ √ ô¶ ¸=±˘Ú1 ¶ö±ÚÀˆ¬À√ ˝√ √ ô¶fl¡ ¬Û“±‰¬ õ∂fl¡±1Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬Mê√fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ [1] Î¬◊M√√±Ú [›¬Û1Õ˘ Î¬◊Í¬±], [2]¬ıM≈√√˘ [‚”1Ìœ˚˛±Õfl¡], [3] S±˙… [¬Œ¬ı“fl¡±Õfl¡ ¸=˘Ú], [4]ø¶ö1 [∆1 Ôfl¡±], [5] ’ÀÒ±˜≈‡ [Ó¬˘Õ˘ Œ‰¬±ª±]ºÎ¬◊À~‡…À˚±·… Œ˚ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ¬±ª õ∂fl¡±˙Ó¬¤ ◊√√ ˝√√ô¶ ¸=±˘Ú1 ¶ö±Ú¸ ” √√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˝√√ ˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Ûñ ’±˙œ¬ı«±√ ø√˚˛±1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ˝√ √ ô¶ Ó¬˘Õ˘ fl¡1±, ø¬ıÊ√˚˛¬ı≈Ê√±¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√ô¶1 ¶ö±Ú ›¬Û1Õ˘ 1‡±, ’ˆ¬˚˛ õ∂√±Ú1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬˝√√ô¶ ø¶ö1 ∆˝√√ Ôfl¡± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√, ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÀÌ20

Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡1± ¬Û“±‰¬ ø¬ıÒ ˝√ √ ô¶·øÓ¬1 õ∂À˚˛±À·± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√¸˜”˝√√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ [1] Î¬◊X± [›¬Û1Õ˘Î¬◊Í¬±], [2] ’ÀÒ± [Ó¬˘Õ˘ Œ˚±ª±], [3] Î¬◊M√√1 [¬ı±›“Ù¬±À˘·øÓ¬ fl¡1±], [4] õ∂±‰¬œ [¸ij≈‡Õ˘], [5] √øé¬Ì [Œ¸“±Ù¬±À˘·øÓ¬ fl¡1±]º ¤˝◊√ √ ¸fl¡À˘± ˝√ √ ô¶ ·øÓ¬1 õ∂À˚˛±· ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸— ≈Mê√, ’¸— ≈Mê√,Ó¬Ô± Ú‘M√√˝√√ô¶ ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˝√√ ˛º ’Ô« ”‰¬fl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ ˝√√ô¶1õ∂À˚˛±· ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· Œ˝√√±ª± ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

˝◊√√˚˛±1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1› ˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ø˙1Àˆ¬√,21 ¢∂œ¬ª±22 ¬ı±øÎ¬ø„√ √Àˆ¬√, ‘ø©ÜÀˆ¬√23 ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√› ¸Sœ˚˛±Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±· ∆˝√√’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 Œ˚ Î¬◊¬Û±e, ’Ô«±»≈‡1 ”Ñ ’—˙¸ ” √√1 õ∂À˚±À·± ’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬Û”Ì« ±S± ◊√√

¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ‘√ø©ÜÀˆ¬√ ¬ı± ‰¬±ªøÚ, ˜øÚ-Œˆ¬√, ¬ÛÓ¬±-Œˆ¬√,wn∏-Àˆ¬√, Ú±ø¸fl¡±-Œˆ¬√, Í≈¬Ó≈¬ø1 ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬õ∂Ó¬…é¬ fl¡1± ˚± ˛º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ñ ˜ √√±¬Û≈1n∏ ∏ ˙—fl¡1À√ÀªŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬1 ø¬ı˙±˘ 1‰¬Ú±1±øÊ√Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò1Ì1 ‰¬fl≈¡ ’±1n∏ ‰¬fl≈¡1¸=±˘Ú, Œ˚ÀÚ ñ Œõ∂˜ ‘√ø©Ü, fl¡È¬±é¬ ‘√ø©Ü, ¸√˚˛ ‘√ø©Ü,¬ı—øfl¡˜ Ú˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø1√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√¸˜”˝√√1 õ∂À˚˛±·õ∂øSê ˛± Ú±È¬…˙±¶a ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú ˛ √¬Û«ÌÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ‘√ø©Ü Œˆ¬√ ¬ı±1¸‘√ø©Ü1 ¸íÀÓ¬ ¸±‘√˙… ’±ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Ûñ fl¡È¬±é¬‘√ø©Ü Ú±È¬…˙±¶a ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÌÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ¸±‰¬œ ‘√ø©ÜÀ1˝◊√√¤fl¡ 1+¬Ûº ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 Œõ∂˜ ‘√ø©Ü ∆ √√ÀÂ√ 1¸ ‘√ø©Ü1 ¤fl¡ õ∂fl¡±11õ∂À ˛±· ’±1n∏ ¸√ ˛ ‘√ø©Ü› ¤fl¡ õ∂fl¡±1 1¸‘√ø©Ü, ˚±1 Ú±È¬…˙±¶a’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚ √¬Û«ÌÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ ¸˜‘√ø©Ü1 ¸íÀÓ¬ ¸±˜?¸… ’±ÀÂ√º¤˝◊√√¸˜”˝√√1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1 ’Ú…±Ú… Î¬◊¬Û±e¸˜”˝√√1 õ∂À˚˛±À·±¬ ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˜ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 ø√˙ÀÈ¬±

’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1˜º ’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√± Œ˚ñ ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ Ú‘Ó¬…, Ú±È¬… ’±1n∏ ·œÓ¬1 ¤fl¡’¬Û”¬ı« ¸˜±˝√√±1º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 ø√˙Ó¬ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±øÚø(Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª˝◊√√ ’øÓ¬ ¸˜‘X, fl¡±1Ì Ú±È¬…1 ∆¬ıø˙©Ü… ˆ¬±›Ú±˝◊√√¬Û”Ì«˜±S±˝◊ √ √ ¬ı˝√ √Ú fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊ √ √ Î¬ ◊À~‡ fl¡ø1’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√± Œ˚ñ Ú±È¬…˙±¶a ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«ÀÌ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛fl¡‰¬±ø1È¬± ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¸˚˛± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ñ [1] ’±øefl¡,[2] ¬ı±ø‰¬fl¡, [3] ’±˝√√±˚« ’±1n∏ [4] ¸±øNfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬±ø1›õ∂fl¡±11 ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ø¬ı√…˜±Úº ˝◊ √ √øÓ¬˜ÀÒ…˝◊ √ √ ’±ø˜’±øefl¡¬ ı± ’±øefl¡±øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 ø√˙ÀÈ¬± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1À˘±º¤øÓ¬ ˛± ¬ı±ø‰¬fl¡ ¬ı± ¬ı±ø‰¬fl¡±øˆ¬Ú ˛1 ø√˙ÀÈ¬±Õ˘ ’±À “√√±º ’—fl¡œ ˛±ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ‰¬ø1S¸ ”À √√ ¬ı‰¬Ú ¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡… ¬ı± ˙s1 ¡Z±1± øÚÊ√1 ˆ¬±ªõ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À1º ’Ô«±» ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬ı±ø‰¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ ¬Û”Ì«˜±S±˝◊√√¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øÍ¬fl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 ’±˝√√±˚«1 Œé¬SÀÓ¬± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬‰¬ø1SÀˆ¬À√ øÚø«√©Ü ’±˝√√±˚« ¬ı± Œ¬Û±Â√±fl¡ ¬Ûø126√√ øÚÒ«±1Ì fl¡1±’±ÀÂ√º fl¡±1Ì, fl‘¡øS˜ Œ¬ı˙ ”¬ ∏±, ’±-’˘—fl¡±1 ’±ø√1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1ø˚ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˚˛±˝◊√√ ’±˝√√±˚« ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a˝◊√√¤ ◊√√ ” √√1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1 Ú±È¬1 ¬1eÔ˘œÓ¬ õ∂À ˛±· fl¡1± Ú±Ú±Ú fl‘¡øS˜¸±˜¢∂œ, ’Ú…±Ú… ’˘—fl¡±1 ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√Àfl¡± ’±˝√√±˚«1 ˙±1œÓ¬1±ø‡ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸±˜¢∂œ 1eÔ˘œ ¸7¡¡¡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’—fl¡œ˚˛±ˆ¬±›Ú±ÀÓ¬± ¬ı…ª √√±1 fl¡1± √√ ˛º Î¬◊√± √√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Û ñ ’ø¢ü·Î¬ˇ1fl¡Ô± fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ÚªÒ± ˆ¬øMê√1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ¬1+À¬Û ;À˘±ª± Ú-·øÂ√¬ıøôL Ó¬Ô± ’Ú…±Ú… Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡1Ì1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º¸±øNfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú˚1 ∆¬ıø˙©Ü…› ’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú± ◊√√ ¬Û”Ì« ±S± ◊√√ ¬ı √√Úfl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸±øNfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ¸˚˛±, ø˚ ¸N ˜Úfl¡ Œfl¡ffl¡ø1 ¸•Û±√Ú ˝√√˚˛º ¸N ˜Ú ˜±ÀÚ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ˙±ôL ¸˜±ø˝√√Ó¬˜Ú, ˚íÓ¬ ‡—, Î¬◊À¡Z·, Î¬◊»fl¡F± ’±ø√1 ¶ö±Ú Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º Œ¸À˚˛,¸±øNfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˜Ú ’±1n∏ ˝√√+√˚˛1 ¤fl¡±ôL¤fl¡±¢∂Ó¬±º ¸±øNfl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú ˛fl¡ ’±ÀÍ¬±È¬± ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬À·±ª± ∆ √√ÀÂ√ºŒ¸˝◊√¸˜”˝√√ ˝√ √í˘ ñ ô¶y [¸—:±˝√√œÚ], Œ¶§√Ê√˘ [‚±˜],Œ1±˜±= [·±1 ŒÚ±˜ ø˙˚˛“ø1 Î¬◊Í¬±], ¶§1ˆ¬e [’¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡Ò1Ì1, ’Ô«±» ˆ¬˚˛, ŒSê±Ò, ’±Úµ ’±ø√1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ›À˘±ª±¶§1], Œ¬ı¬ÛÔ≈ [¬fl¡•ÛÚ], ø¬ı¬ıÌ«Ó¬± [ ≈‡1 1— ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú Œ √√±ª±],’|n∏ [‰¬fl≈¡1 ¬Û±Úœ] ’±1n∏ õ∂˘ ˛ [ ”26«√±] ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…¤˝◊√√¸fl¡À˘±À1 õ∂À˚˛±· ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ‰¬±ø1›È¬± ’øˆ¬ÚÀ ˛À1 ’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± ˚ÀÔ©Ü ‰¬ √√fl¡œº

¤ ◊√√¬ı±1 1¸1 õ∂¸eÕ˘ ’±À “√√±º ˆ¬±›Ú± ¸ ” √√1 ” ’±Ò±11¸ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˆ¬øMê√ 1¸º |œfl‘¡¯û1 õ∂øÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê√ Ó¬Ô± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œé¬SÓ¬ 1±˜ ˆ¬øMê√À˚± ∆ √√ÀÂ√ ˆ¬±›Ú±¸ ” √√1 ” Œˆ¬øÈ¬º’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ø√, õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡‡Ú Ú±È¬1 ¤Àfl¡±È¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˘é¬… ’±ÀÂ√º



˜±Úª Ê√œªÚ1 ¤Àfl¡±È¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˘é¬… ’±ÀÂ√º ˜±Úª Ê√œªÚ1¤Àfl¡±È¬± ø√˙, ‰¬ø1S Ó¬Ô± √˙«Úfl¡ ˆ¬±›Ú±˝◊ √ √ ¸≈µ1ˆ¬±ÀªÎ¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1 Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ˆ¬øMê√1 1+¬Û, Œõ∂˜1 ‹ù´ø1fl¡1+¬Û, ≈√©‘®øÓ¬ √˜Ú, ˙±ôLfl¡ ¬Û±˘Ú ˝◊√ √Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√˙1õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ˆ¬±›Ú± ¸˜”˝√ √Ó¬ ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√ √˚ ˛º õ∂øÓ¬‡Ú’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±˝◊√ √ ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±È¬± Î¬◊2‰¬√˙«Ú Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚfl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì ¶§1+À¬Ûñ ëëŒfl¡ø˘À·±¬Û±˘î Ú±È¬√√‡øÚÓ¬¿fl‘¡¯û ’±1n∏ Œ·±¬Ûœ¸ ” √√1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß øSê ˛± ¬ı± ˘œ˘±1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬1± ∆˝√ √ÀÂ√ Œõ∂˜1 ÷ù´1œ˚˛ 1+¬ÛºÚ±È¬‡ÚÓ¬ ¿fl‘¡¯û-Œ·±¬Ûœ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ øSê˚˛±1 ø¬ıøˆ¬ißø‰¬S ø‰¬S±˚˛Ì1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¤ÀÚ ¤‡Ú ø‰¬S ’—øfl¡Ó¬ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√,˚íÓ¬ ¿fl‘¡¯û-Œ·±¬Ûœ1 Œõ∂À˜ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ô¶1Ó¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÚœÓ¬∆ √√ÀÂ√Õ·, ˚íÓ¬ ¿fl‘¡¯û1 Œfl¡ª˘ ‰¬1Ì ø‰¬øôL Œ·±¬ÛœÀ ˛ ◊√√ √√ œ˘±¸•§1Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ñ

ëfl‘¡¯û1 ‰¬1Ì ø‰¬øôL ¬Û±Àª ¬Û1˜ ·øÓ¬ŒÂ√√±øÎ¬ˇ ¬Û1˘ Œ·±¬Ûœ õ∂±Ì± ....

[Œfl¡ø˘À·±¬Û±˘]24

’Ô«±», ¤˝◊√√ Œõ∂˜ ¸±Ò±1Ì ˜±Úªœ˚˛ Œõ∂˜ Ú˝√√˚˛, ˝◊√√ ¤fl¡÷ù´1œ˚˛ Œõ∂˜º ’±ø˜ ›¬Û1Ó¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√± Œ˚ ñ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ˜≈‡… ’±Ò±1 1¸ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ˆ¬øMê√ 1¸º øfl¡c’Ú…±Ú… 1¸¸ ”À √√± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬Û”Ì« ±S± ◊√√ ø¬ı√…˜±Úº ¬ıœ1, Œ1Ã^,

‘—·±1, fl¡1n∏Ì, ˆ¬ ˛±Úfl¡ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Úª 1¸1 ¬Û”Ì« õ∂fl¡±˙ ‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‰¬ø1S¸˜”˝√√1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1º øfl¡c, ¤˝◊√√¸fl¡À˘± 1¸1 ¬Ûø1¸˜±ø5 ‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√Õ· ˆ¬øMêÓ¬º &1n∏Ê√Ú±˝◊√ √ì1±˜ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ Ú±È¬îÓ¬ ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ñ ì... ¬Û1˜ ˆ¬fl¡øÓ¬ 1¸Ê√±Ú±....î ’Ô«±» ˆ¬øMê√ ¬ı± ˆ¬fl¡øÓ¬ 1À¸˝◊√√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı± ¬Û1˜¸•Û√, ø˚À ˛ ◊√√ ¸¬ı«À˙ ∏Ó¬ Ê√œªfl¡ ≈øMê√ ø√¬ı ¬Û±À1 ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û±øÔ«¬ıÊ√·Ó¬1 ¬Û1±º ¤˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬¸˜”˝√√ ’Ú…±Ú… Ú±È¬…Ò±1± ¸˜”˝√√Ó¬Õfl¡ ¸≈fl¡œ˚˛±º fl¡±1Ì ˝◊√ √˚˛±Ó¬ Ê√œª1 ˜≈øMê√ ¬ı±Œ˜±é¬õ∂±ø51 ¬ÛÔ ’øÓ¬ ¸”Ñ ˆ¬±Àª ’ÇÚ fl¡1± ∆˝√ √ÀÂ√ºÎ¬ ◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ñ Ú±È¬…˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ «Ó¬ ë˜ ≈‡1±·í251¬Û”Ì«õ∂À˚˛±· ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ Œ√‡± ˚±¬˚˛º ˜≈‡1±· Ú±È¬fl¡œ˚˛Î¬◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ ¬ı± ¬¬Ûø1À¬ı˙Ú1 ¸íÀÓ¬ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º ˜≈‡1±· ˆ¬±¬ı’±1n∏ 1¸1 ’±Ò±1Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬º Ú±È¬…∏˙±¶a˝◊ √ √ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡1±‰¬±ø1õ∂fl¡±11 ˜≈‡1±· ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ [1] ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡, [2] õ∂¸iß,[3] 1Mê√ ’±1n∏ [4] ˙…±˜º ¤˝◊√√¸fl¡À˘±À1 õ∂À˚˛±· ’—fl¡œ˚˛±ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√º

Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ¬Œ˚ ñ ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±¸˜”˝√√Ó¬ ’©Ü-Ú±ø ˛fl¡±1 õ∂À ˛±· ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ √√ ˛º ˆ¬±›Ú±¸ ” √√1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ú±1œ‰¬ø1S1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ¤˝◊√ √ ’©Ü Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ‚øÈ¬ÀÂ√º

Ú±È¬…˙±¶a1 ‰¬Ó≈¬ø¬ı«—˙ ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ ’©Ü Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß 1+¬Ûø‰¬SÌ fl¡1± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√√¸˜”˝√√ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ñ ’øˆ¬¸±ø1fl¡±, ı±¸fl¡¸ø7¡¡¡fl¡±, ø¬ı1À˝√√±»fl¡øFÓ¬±, ø¬ıõ∂˘X±, ‡øGÓ¬±, fl¡˘˝√√±ôLø1Ó¬±,Œõ∂±ø¯∏Ó¬ˆ¬Ó‘«¬fl¡± ’±1n∏ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬Ó«‘¬fl¡±º¬ ¤˝◊√ √ ’±È¬±˝◊√ √Àfl¡˝◊√ √È¬±Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 1+¬Û ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì¶§1+À¬Ûñ ì¬Û±ø1Ê√±Ó¬ ˝√√1Ìî Ú±È¬1 ¤˝◊√√ ·œÓ¬øÈ¬1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1fl¡˘˝√√±ôLø1Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ‡øGÓ¬± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ø‰¬S Ù≈¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√¤ÀÚ√À1 ñ

ìŒfl¡˙ªÀ˝√√ ¬ı≈Á¡˘U“ Ó≈¬U“Ê√±ÚÀ˘±À˝“√√± Ó≈¬U ¬ı…ª˝√√±1º’Ó¬Àª ‰¬±Ó≈¬ø1 Œ‰¬±øÎ¬ˇ ‰¬˘U ¬ıUø1 ˝√√ø1 ¤˚±˝√√± øõ∂˚˛± 1˜Ìœ ŒÓ¬±À˝√√±1±....ººî

¿fl‘¡¯û ◊√√ 1n∏ø%Ìœfl¡ ¬Û±ø¬1Ê√±Ó¬ Ù≈¬˘ Î¬◊¬Û˝√√±1 ø√ ˛±1 ¬fl¡Ô±qøÚ ¸Ó¬…ˆ¬±˜± ≈√‡, ’øˆ¬˜±Ú, ‡—-Œé¬±ˆ¬, ÷ ∏«±Ó¬ ø•⁄ ˛ ±Ì ∆ √√Î¬◊øÍ¬ÀÂ√, ˚íÓ¬ ‡øGÓ¬± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ’ª¶ö±¬1 õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú∆˝√√ÀÂ√º ¬‡øGÓ¬± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√ √·1±fl¡œ, ø˚ ·1±fl¡œ1øõ∂˚˛Ê√Ú ’±Ú Ú±1œ1 õ∂øÓ¬ ’±¸Mê√ ∆˝√√ ˚Ô±¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1fl¡±¯∏Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª±Ó¬ ˜˜«¬ÛœÎ¬ˇ±Ó¬ fl¡±Ó¬1 ∆˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1º1n∏ø%Ìœ1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¿fl‘¡¯û ’±¸Mê√ ¬ı≈ø˘ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1 ¸Ó¬…ˆ¬±˜±‡øGÓ¬± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±Õ˘ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ¿fl‘¡¯û1 ¸íÀÓ¬fl¡±øÊ√˚˛±Ó¬ ø˘5 ∆˝√√, ∆˝√√ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√ fl¡˘˝√√±ôLø1Ó¬± Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±º¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ú±ø˚˛fl¡±1 1+¬Û ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬¸˜”À˝√√ ¬ı˝√√Úfl¡ø1ÀÂ√º øÍ¬fl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 Ú±È¬…˙±¶aÓ¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Ú±˚˛fl¡ Œˆ¬√1õ∂À˚˛±À·± ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ‰¬±ø1 õ∂fl¡±11Ú±˚˛fl¡-Œˆ¬√, Œ˚ÀÚ ÒœÀ1±√±M√√, Òœ1˘ø˘Ó¬, Òœ1õ∂˙±ôL ’±1n∏ÒœÀ1±XÓ¬1 ¬¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√º ’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬¸˜”˝√√1¬Û≈1n∏ ∏ ‰¬ø1S¸ ” √√1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ¤ ◊√√ Ú± ˛fl¡¸ ” √√ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º

˝◊√√˚˛±1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1› ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ ˝√√ô¶, ’Ô«¸”‰¬fl¡ ¬Û√1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1,’Ô«¬Û”Ì« Œ¬ı±˘1 õ∂À˚˛±· ˝◊ √ √Ó¬…±ø√ ’ÀÚfl¡ &ÀÌ ’—fl¡œ˚˛±ˆ¬±›Ú±fl¡¬ ∆¬ıø‰¬S…˜˚˛ ¸y±1Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√√1Ì¶§1+À¬Û ñ 1Ê√± ˝√√ô¶, ¬Û√1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ëŒÓ¬ª±˝◊√√í [ø˚ ¬ıœ11¸¬ı≈Ê√±¬ıÕ˘ õ∂À˚±· √√ ] ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸fl¡À˘±À¬ı±1 Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ ’—fl¡œ˚±¬¬ˆ¬±›Ú±fl¡ ¤fl¡ ’ÚÚ… 1+¬Û õ∂√±Ú fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º

’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ˜≈‡… ˆ¬±¯∏± ∆˝√√ÀÂ√ ¬ıËÊ√±ª˘œº ∆˜øÔ˘œ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø(˜ ˜±·Òœ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˘·Ó¬ ’¸˜œ˚˛± õ∂fl¡±˙ 1œøÓ¬’±1n∏ ˙s±ª˘œ1 ¸—À˚±À·À1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡1± ¤˝◊√√ ¬ıËÊ√±ª˘œ ˆ¬±¯∏±˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙—fl¡1À√ª ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˜±ÒªÀ√Àª Ú±È¬ ’±1n∏·œÓ¬¸˜”˝√√ 1‰¬Ú±Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¸¬ı«¸±Ò±1Ì Ê√Ú·ÀÌ˚±ÀÓ¬ ’—fl¡œ˚± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 1¸±¶§±√Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1, Œ¸ ◊√√ fl¡Ô±ÀÓ¬±&1n∏Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ ˚ÀÔ©Ü &1n∏Q ø√øÂ√˘, Ó¬±À1˝◊√√ Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¯∏±

õ∂À˚˛±·º’±ø˜ ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√± Œ˚ ñ ’—fl¡œ˚˛±

¬ˆ¬±›Ú± ¤fl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√» fl¡˘±º ¬ıUÀÓ¬± fl¡˘±Rfl¡ ø√˙, ¸˜˘, ø˙ä˝◊ √ √˚ ˛±Ó¬ Ê√øÎ¬ ˇÓ¬ ∆˝√ √ ¬’±ÀÂ√º ˜≈‡± ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¤øÈ¬ ø˙ä, ø˚’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú±1 ¤fl¡ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ’eº ø¬ıøˆ¬iß 1±é¬¸-1±é¬¸œ, Œ˚ÀÚ- ¬Û≈Ó¬Ú±, ˙”¬Û«Ì‡±, ˙—‡‰”¬Î¬ˇ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√1 Î¬◊¬Ûø1›˝√√Ú≈˜±Ú, Ê√È¬±˚˛≈, ¬ı±Ú1À¸Ú±, fl¡±˘œ˚˛, ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’ÀÚfl¡ ˜≈‡±’—fl¡œ˚˛± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º Ê√±øÓ¬ ¬ı“±˝√√, fl≈¡˜±11˜±øÈ¬, fl¡±À¬Û±1, Œ·±¬ı1, 1—, Œ˝√√„≈√√˘, ˝√√± ◊√√Ó¬±˘ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√À1 ≈‡±øÚ˜«±Ì1 Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ¸“‰¬±Õfl¡À˚˛ ’øÓ¬ ¸≈µ1 ’±1n∏ ’±(˚«Ê√Úfl¡º

’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬ ¬ı± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú±Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ·œÓ¬¸˜”˝√√À1± ¤fl¡øÚø«√©Ü ·±˚˛Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º øÚø√«©Ü 1±· Ó¬Ô± Ó¬±˘ ’±ÀÂ√º’Ô«±» ¤fl¡ øÚÊ√¶§ øÚø√«©Ü Ò±1± ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ı±√…¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬Œ‡±˘, Ó¬±˘, ¬ı“±˝√√œ, fl¡±˘œ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˘1øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ¸1n∏-¬ı1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ó¬±˘, Œ˚ÀÚ ‡≈øÈ¬ Ó¬±˘, ¬ı1 Ó¬±˘’±ø√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º

’—fl¡œ˚˛± Ú±È¬1 ¸±˜1øÌ1 ø√˙ÀÈ¬±› ’øÓ¬ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì«Ó¬Ô± fl¡˘±Rfl¡º fl¡±1Ì, Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ ˆ¬±ª1œ˚˛±¸Àª ‡1˜±Ú Ú±À‰¬À1Ú±È¬1 ¸±˜1øÌ ˜±À1º ¸±˜1øÌ1 Ú±‰¬1 Ó¬±˘ ’±1n∏ 1±·øÚø« √©Ü fl¡ø1 ŒÔ±ª± ’±ÀÂ√º ‡1˜±Ú Ó¬±˘ ’±1n ∏ fl¡˘…±Ì1±À·À1 Ú±È¬ ¸±˜1± ˝√√˚˛, Ú‘Ó¬…1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1º ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√√ ¬ıU˙±¶aœ˚˛ ¸˜˘ ’±1n∏ ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª ’±˝√√+Ó¬ ¸˜À˘À1’—fl¡œ ˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± ◊√√ ¤fl¡ ∆¬ıø‰¬S…˜ ˛ 1+¬Û Ò±1Ì fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ú±È¬…-Ú‘Ó¬…-·œÓ¬-˜≈‡± ’±ø√À1 ¸˜‘X ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú± Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√’¸˜1 Ú±È¬… Ò±1±1 ’±øÚ±È¬ 1+À¬Û øÚÊ√ &ÀÌÀ1 Ÿ¬X ’±1n∏¸¬ı«Ê√Ú ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º

Ó¬Ô… ”S –1º ÚÀ·Ú ˙ ◊√√fl¡œ ˛± . ’—fl¡œ ˛± Ú±È¬ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬±›Ú± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡

˚»øfl¡ø=Ó¬ – ì˜≈øMê√¸±Òfl¡˜ƒî, 2009, ¬Û‘. 42º

2º Ú±1±˚˛Ì ‰¬f Œ·±¶§±˜œ . õ∂ªg±ª˘œ [ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G],2009, ¬Û‘. 107º

3º Maheswar Neog : Aesthetic Continuum,Essays on Assamese Music, Drama,

Dance and Paintings, P.1644º Œfl¡˙ª±Úµ Œ√ªÀ·±¶§±˜œ . ’Çœ˚˛± ¬ˆ¬±›Ú±, ¬Û‘. 17º

5º ˚Ó¬œÚ Œ·±¶§±˜œ . ’—fl¡œ˚˛± ˆ¬±›Ú± ’±1n∏ ˜±Ó‘¬ˆ¬±¯∏±1ˆ¬±›Ú±, ì˜≈øMê√¸≈Ò±fl¡1 ƒíí ¬Û‘. 77º

6º õ∂√œ¬ÛÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ ˜˝√√ôL . ˙Ç1À√ª1 ø˙äÀ˘±fl¡, 2007,

¬Û‘. 54º

7º Œ¬ı±ÀÒù´1 ˙˝◊ √ √fl¡œ˚ ˛ ± [¸•Û±.] . ˜≈øMê √¸±Òfl¡˜ ƒ ,2009, ¬Û‘. 50-56º

8º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚9, ¬Û‘. 115º

’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 38, ¬Û‘. 24º

9º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚12, ¬Û‘. 197º

10º ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 42º

11º Ó¬À√¬ı . 43-44º

12º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚95-149º

13º ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 45-48º

14º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚11º

15º ˜ø~fl¡± fl¡µ˘œ . Ú‘Ó¬…fl¡˘± õ∂¸e ’±1n∏ ¸Sœ˚˛±, ¬Û‘.32-42º

16º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 11˚50-71,

’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 274-276º

17º ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 260-161º

18º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 10˚1-9º

19º Ó¬À√¬ı .¡ 9˚176-177, 205-210º

20º ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 244-246º

21º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a .¡ 8˚17-36,

’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 49-50,

¸—·œÓ¬ 1P±fl¡1 . 45-53º

22º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚167-171,

’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 79-87,

¸—·œÓ¬ 1P±fl¡1 . 93-99º

23º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚103-107,

’øˆ¬Ú˚˛ √¬Û«Ì . 66-7º

24º ˜ø˝√√˜ ¬ı1± [¸•Û±.] . ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 Ú±È¬, ¬Û‘. 198º

25º Ú±È¬…˙±¶a . 8˚157-158, 159-160º



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