ocPf73.LANNEX VI-S

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ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL

IN THE

VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA

Reportprepared for the Covernments

ofDahomey, Ghana, Ivory Coast, MaIi, Niger

Togo and Upper Volta

ANNEX VI-s - THE METHODOLOCY OF THE ECONOMIC ATIALYSIS

Geneva1e7 3

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Unrted Natlons Development ProgrammeFood and Agrlculture Organrzation of the Unlted NationsInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development

World llealth Organrzation

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Annex l'I -5page i

THE METTIODOLOCY OF TIIE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Contents

Page

I. INTRODUCTION

2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

3. THE DISEQUILIBRIA AI{D THEIR CONNEXlON WITH ONCHOCERCIASIS

Disequilibria rn the natural environmentDisequilibria in population distrr.butlonDisequilibria in production . .

Disequilibria in infrastructure . .

Disequilibria in income .

The role of onchocerciasi.s

EPIDEMIOLOCICAI ASPECTS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS THAT ACCOUNT FOR ITS ECONOTIIIC

I MPORTA}ICE 6

The transmission and course of the diseaseThe very high prevalenceThe high level of transmission and severlty of the dlsease,leading to a reduction in the productive capacity of affectedindi vidualsThe distrrbution of the disease, resulting in depopulationMethods of onchocerciasis control .

5. PRESENT SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS

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decrease in the productive capacity . .

loss of revenue . .loss of potential productioncost of onchocerciasis in national budgets

6. THE EcoNoMIC EFFECTS oF oNCHoCERCIASIS CONTRoI, t4

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The improvementThe possibilityprojectsInduced effects

in the profltabilitl, of ongoing proJectsof implementing new economic development

of economic development proJects

7. OVERALL ECONOMIC EVALUATION

The profitability of development proJectsComparison of the three possible options

CONCLUSIONS 26

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Annex VI-5page I

A COST-BEN'EFIT STUDY OF TI{E ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME IN THEVOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA AND OF THE ASSOCIATED ECONOIIIIC DEVELOPT!{ENT PROJECTS

I. INTRODUCTION

l. This document describes:(a) the information that has been collected and the use that has been made

of it;(b) the bases and methods of calculation that were employed to evaluate the

socloeconomic effects of onchocerciasis and the benefits to be expected from itscontrol;

(c) how a methodological analysis of the available alternatives and thechorces on which economic action will be based can maximize the benefits derivedfrom onchocerciasis control .

2. SOURCES OF INFORNTATION

2. The sources of information are national administrative services, internatlonalagencies, development societies, scientifrc research bodies, etc., and the data are

not uniformly collected or presented. Consequently the comparison and inteBrationof the data has received special attention.3. The data were not always complete and extrapolations have been attempted when itseemed feasible. In other cases, no evaluations could be made.

4. In certain sectors the surveys were started too late to allow the processed

results to be included in this document. However, the general trends of these

studies (sociology, human geography, etc.) are well enough known from provisionalnotes and conversations to ;ustify their being taken into account.

5. Specialrsts in the various disciplines associated with the programme were

intervietved during missions in the capitals of the countries covered and dur.ing

field surveys. The list of those interviewed and the nature of the informationobr:ained is given in Appendix A.

6. A considerable amount of information was extracted from the documentation made

available in the various countries to the consultants and supervisors of the programme.

A list of the more important documents consulted and the type of information extractedare given in Appendix B.

3. THE DISEQUILIBRIA AND II{EIR CONNEXION WITH ONCHOCERCIASIS

7. The reglon covered by the programme lies almost entirely between the 600 mm

and 14OO mm rsohyets and forms a homogeneous area with a savanna-type climate.8. About 83% of the population in the seven countries as a whole is rural(7O% rn Chana,72% in the Ivory Coast, 95% in Upper Volta and MaIi, and 94lo in

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Annex VI-5page 2

Niger, including 19% nomads). The population growth rate is high, exceedtng 2%

everywhere.

9. Consequently, the economy of the programme area is basrcally agricultural;

overall, 80% of the population work in the primary sector rvhich, except in thr-'

Ivory Coast and Ghana, accounts for about 5O% of the gross d()mestic product ((;DP).

Production is mainly rn the form of subsistence farming, and the gr<;wth rate t.s low.

Clrmatic factors exclude the cultivatlon of most of the "rich" crops, zrnd the

potentially profitable production consists almost entirely of cotton, groundnuts,

and sesame under dry cultrvat:.on, and rice and sugar cane under lrrrgat!on. Exceltt rn

the Ivory Coast and Chana, the average per capita lncome ts very lorv.

IO. These national averages nevertheless provide only a very imperfect plctuls o1'

the situation in each of the countries, which suffer from sertous drsorlurlibrr.at to

varying ext5nts.

3.1 Disequilibria in the natural environment

tl. This disequilibrium results less from rnsufficient rainfall than from rts

poor distribution. However, the oisequilrbria are worse towards the north, whcre

the two factors operate in conJunction. There are also yearly fl-uctuations in the

rainfall and variatlons in the start of the rainy season; at Caoua in l,ppcl Volta,

for example, the annual rainfall ranges from 823 to 1564 mm and the ralny season,

which lasts an average of 15O days, starts between late May and early Jul-y. At

Dori, also in Upper Volta, the rainy season begins at about the same time, but lasts

only 90 days and the total rainfall ranges from 4O2 to 783 mm. These climatic

characteristics cause severe problems of water supply particularly on the plateaux,

and the agricultural timetable is sub;ect to unforeseeable restrictr.ons.

]-2. The soils have varying potentials for production. tsroadly speaking, theIvalleys contain a higher proportion of good soils than the plateaux, rvhere the

soil structure is more varied and over-use has led to degradation. lt rs unfortunate

that the highest population densities are found in the reglons where the naturalconditions are least favourable.

I According to the report of the Upper Volta Ministry of Agriculture and Animal

Production entitled "Programme of Preliminary Studies for the Exploitation of the

Volta Valleys", the abandoned valleys contain 3OOO km2 of brown soiIs, vertisolsand hydromorphic soils and 5OOO km2 of average soils, that are similar to those ofthe Mossi plateau but not degraded because they have not been cultivated. Afterdevelopment, 10 OOO hectares of irrigated rice fields could become available.

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Annex VI-5page 3

3.2 Disequilibria in population distribution13. The areas with a high population density ale found outside the valLeys, which

in general are depopulated. Some examples are given rn Table VI-5.I. This

disequilibrium causes substantial migrations, mainly of young men, from the densely

populated areas leading in turn to a disequilibrium rn the demographic structure,the proportion of the working population dropping progressively.14. In the Ivory Coast, more than 2OOO men leave the densely populated Korhogo

area each year, about 1OOO of them permanently. HaIf the mlgrants are between

15 and 34 years of age, and in 1965 it was estimated that a quarter of the age

group 20-24 years had left.15. In the Upper Regron and the northern part of the Northern Region of Chana,

there are southward mlgrations from all districts, affectlng up to 3% of thepopulation in the Kassena-Nankani district and as much as 7% Ln certaln cantons ofthe plateau between the Red and White Voltas. In these dr.stricts there is a very

marked disproportion between the numbers of men and women agecl 15-44 years: thereare 65 men to every lOO women in Kassena-Nankani, 66 men to IOO women in Kusasi, and

51 men to IOO women in Lawra.

16. In Upper Volta in I97t the number of permanent emigrants rvas estimated at365 OOO, and the number of temporary emigrants at t86 OOO, mostly in the age group

18-25 years. According to the demographic forecasts for the Second PIan theworking population, which amounted to 5o7o in 1g72, wrll drop to 48.3% by 1985.

In Mali there are only about 73 men to every IOO women in the age group 2S-3O years.In Togo there are migrations of young people from Dapango and the Kabr6 country,mainly towards the plateau region but also to Chana (the annual rate of seasonal

migration is estimated to be 10 OOO-2O OOO).

3.3 Disequilibrla in production

17. The concentration of the population in areas where the natural conditions arepoor has direct consequences on production. The size of the farming units issmaller in the very densely populated areas and the land is overrvorked: at Korhogo,56% of the farminB units cover less than 3 hectares; in the Upper Region of Ghana,

the average size of a farm for 6.8 people is 1.92 hectares, dropping to l.2g hectaresin the Bolgatanga district; in the rvestern part of the llossi plateau, Upper !,olta,in most farming units (supporting 8-9 people) less than 3.5 hectares are curtivated;in the eastern part of the ttlossi plateau, the average size of farm in the denselypopulated area is 3.38 hectares for about 7 people; in the Nabinkrssa area (Zorghodlstrict) the area is 2.8 hectares for 5.7 people, and at Lama-Kara in Togo thesize is l.O5 hectares for S or 6 people.

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18. The orrer-use of land results in a loler yield. In the Regional Development

Offices (RDO) of Ouagadougou and Koudougou the drop is thought to be around

2OO OOO OOO CFA francs (US$ 8OO OOO) annually. This over-use results not only

from the excessi-vely high population density but also from the fact that the farmers,

Iacklng adequate resources and technical kno\.ledge, cultivate mainly the lightest

soils; tn the Ouagadougou RDO 38..1% of grade 3 soils are exploited, whereas only

7.410 of the hydromorphic grade I soils are in use; the average population density

on the grade 3 soils i-s 5? and 22.8 on the grade I soils. However, the irregular

rainfall is also a cause of productivity fluctuations. Table VI-5.2 provides an

example from the Ouagadougou RDO.

19. The consequences are famine and a concentration on subsistence farming.

20. (a) Famrne: rn Upper lolta the shortase of food procluction is ectimated at

50 oOO tonnes annually (rn an a\rerage year). The averaBe per capita consumption

of cereals rs 188 kg per annum (but only L32 kg in the Ouagadougou RDO, 141 kg

in yatenS,a and 154 kg in Koudougou). rvhereas 2OO kg (equivalent to about 2OOO kilo-

calories per clay) are needed, since the meat consumption of 8.7 kg per head does not

suppl5. the necessary supplement. In the east of the fUossi plateau , 12% of family

heads produce enough foocl for their orvn needs.

2L. Accordrng to an li\o stucly, rn the upper Region of chana, in an average year'

the total amoutlt of food consumecl is about IO% less than the amount needed' In the

Ivory Coast, the intake of animal products and vitamins remains inadequate according

to the f971-1975 Development Pl-an, and in Dahomey the situation is similar with only

7.2 kg of meat Per Person Per annum.

22. A report by the Office for Development and Agricultural Production indicates

that in the Dapango region of Togo the daily foocl intake is about 1600 kilocalories

per person , or 23% Iess than the normal requirement -

23. In Nlger there is also a serious problem of feeding lrvestock. The transfer

of some of the livestock herds west of the river rs under consideration but the

vaIIeVs in that area will first have to be made healthier for the men arrd animals-

24. (b) The concentration on subsistence farming and the abandonment of certain

crops regarded as rnsufficiently remunerative: only 67 tonnes of cotton were

marketed In the ouagadougou RDO in lg72 compared with 3OOO tonnes in 1969; in

Upper Volta as a whole cotton production fell from 36 OOO tonnes in 1969 to 23 OOO

tonnes in 197O.

3.4 Dl.sequilrbria i n infrastructureinadequate both in quantrty and qualrty and is unequally

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25. The infrastructure i-s

distributed.

26, (a) The road network the primary network has been improved but the

remain very poor. In Upper Volta there are 44OO km of

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Annex VI-5page 5

national roads, 4600 km of secondary roads and SOOO km of rural tracks ; 3O7o of these

routes are practicable in the rainv season. The srtuatlon in the north of Ghana

is simrlar. In the lvory Coast, accordinB to the 19?1-1975 Plan, class C tracks(of local importance) are passable under normal driving conditions in fewer than

50% of journeys, and the roads of regional importance are often btocked as a resultof damage or inadequate bridges and culverts. Dahomey has a network of 6000 km ofroads, 1408 km of which consist of rural tracks inadequately maintalned and needing

major repairs.

27. (b) The commercial infrastructure: inadequacy of distribution and creditfacilities both in organization and financial reserves forms an obstacle to the

settlement and development of certain areas. The situation in Upper Volta isdescribed in Annex VI-4.

28. (c) Education: the proportion of the population attending school ls l@o

in Upper Volta, in Dahomey, L2.97o Ln the Kandi district, and 13.47o Ln the Natitingoudistrict (687o at Cotonou); in Togo it is 6.L% at Dapango and the national average

is 45.L7" (63.6% at Lom6).

29. (d) Pttblic health: In Upper Volta, there is I physician per ?9OO inhabitantsin urban areas but only I per 188 OOO in rural areas; in the Ivory Coast, Iphysician per 48OO inhabltants and I per 64 OOO in Abidjan in the northern region;

in MaIi, there is I physician per 3365 inhabitants in the capital, but only I per

173 OOO in the rest of the country; in Niger, I per 1765 in urban areas and I per

123 8OO in rural areas; in Togo, I per 2755 and I per lOO OOO in urban and ruralareas, respectively; and in Dahomey, I per 5769 and I per 36 7O4.

30. At Bolgatanga in the Upper Region of Ghana, there ate 22 health workers

including 6 medical officers for 167 3OO inhabitants; at Bawku there are 5 heatth

workers (no medical officer) for 219 lOO inhabitants; at Lawra there are 3 healthworkers (no medical officer) for 123 4OO inhabitants, etc.3.5 Disequilibria in income

31. The operation of these disequilibria explains the very low income levelsthroughout the region, which are themselves factors ln the disequilibrium.However, the national per caplta income is comparatively high in the Ivory Coast,

Ghana, and to a lesser extent Togo, because these three countries have been able to

develop much higher-yielding and more diversified economic activities in their humid

tropical zones. In these countries, therefore, there ls a regional disequilibriumbut in each of the seven countries there is also a very marked sectorialdisequilibrium; some examples are given in Table VI-5.3.

Annex VI-5page 6

3.6 The role of onchocerciasis

32. The main effect of onchocerciasis is the abandonment of the valleys. Thisprocess has been crearry demonstrated by the following methocls:

33. (a) Clinical surveysi the greatest prevalence of blinclness and the largestproportions of individuals affected are encountered in the villages nearest to thc.

Simulium breeding sites.34. (b) National statistics: those for Upper Volta in particular show t5:rt rhecantons and villages most affected are those close to the rivers and streams where

breeding sites are found.

35. (c) Studies on the graduat retreat of populatrons: in former times theremay also have been other reasons for population retreat such as certain socialfactors or other endemi.c diseases; nowadays those reasons have disappearecl but theretreat continues, onchccerciasis being the main factor. In Ghana 600 km2 (60%)

of the area between the Red and White Voltas were abandonecl between 1940 and L96o.

Similar movements have been observed in Upper VoIta (Brsa country). It is clearthat onchocerciasis and depopulation are invariably linked.36. (d) Experiments with spontaneous repopulation in the infested areas (atSt.Pierre, Tansila, in Upper Volta) have resulted in a rapid increase in theprevalence of onctrocel'ciasis, the development of eye disorders and cases of blindnessand renewed depopulation. This has also occuri'ed in areas where water regulati.onproJects have resulted in the creation of breeding praces (Loumana in upp.er volta,Boukoura in tllali, for example).

37. on the other hand, Farako in Mali was abandoned Io years ago but onchocerciasiscontrol has permitted the settlement of 25 villages, the establishment of sixplantations totalling almost 60O hectares of tea, m61ina, teak, cashew and sugar cane,and other proJects are being initiated.38. Chart VI-5.4 lllustrates the process whereby onchocerciasis leads todisequillbria in population distribution and to lower productivity.4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAI ASPECTS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS THAT ACCOUNT FOR ITS ECONOMIC

IMPORTAI.ICE

4.1 The transmission and course of the disease

39. Five kinds of transmission can be distinguished, corresponding to the differenttypes of watercourse; these are illustrated in Table VI-S.5.4.2 The very high prevalence

40. The number of affected individuals in the programme area is around one million.However, there are other diseases with a high prevalence; although there are4oO ooo cases of onchocerciasis in Upper Volta, there are also 2 million cases ofschistosomiasis, ?OO OOO cases of trachoma and 134 OOO cases of leprosy, etc. In

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Annex VI-5page 7

the lvory Coast, IO OOO cases of onchocerciasis were detected during I97O, but

there were also 118 OOO cases of yaws, 24 OOO cases of dracunculiasis, and

13 OOO cases of schistosomlasis. This characteristic is therefore not a decisivefactor ln the economic role of onchocerciasis.4.3 The hish level of transmission and severity of the disease, leading to a

reduction in the productive capacity of affected individuals41. The reduction in capacity may be partial (pruritis, cysts, severe skln leslons,"hanging groin" with associated hernia, sllght eye disorders) or total (severe eye

disorders, i..e., economic blindness and complete blindness).42. For a partial reducti.on in capacity it is at present difficult to assess thedisability rate, particularly si.nce it is the rural population that is mainlyaffected. However, one fact is certain; onchocerciasis mainly strikes the workingpopulation and 65-707o of onchocerciasis patients are men over 20 years of age, most

of whom work in the fields.43. This characteristic distinguishes onchocerciasis from the other diseases thatcause bllndness: trachoma malnly affects women and young children, the complicatlonsof measles (against which vaccination campaigns have been conducted) or smallpox(which ls in the final stages of eradication) af.fect children; glaucoma and

cataracts affect old people. It should be added that the number of people affectedby these various types of blindness is considerably less than the number with eye

disorders caused by onchocerclasis (about 60 OOO in the programme area).44. Leprosy' characteristically a disabling disease, could be compared withonchocerciasls (2S OOO of 134 oOO lepers in Upper Volta are clisabled) but thedisabilities it causes are much less concentrated on the working population and inany case this disease has been regressing for more than 15 years as a result of a

mass campaign. Almost 997o of the blind victims of onchocerciasis are over 15 yearsof age and 65% of them are males; this represents a loss of more than lo millionworking days each year in the progra.." ."...145. No doubt the economic effects of blindness due to onchocerciasis are reducedby the fairly general underemployment in rural areas I nevertheless, there is a lossof productive capacity, even if its effects are only partially felt, and in additiononchocerciasis patients are entirery dependent on the community.

4.4 The distribution of the disease , resulting i.n lation46. The distributlon of onchocerciasis along the rivers has the followingcharacteristics. The hyperendemic villages, where almost the entire adult

I on the basis of I7O working days annually, a woman being considered to devotehalf her working time to agricuttural work.

Annex \.I-5page 8

population rs affected and where about IO% of the inhabitants are blind, aresltuated between a hundred metres and 10-15 km from breeding places, depending on

the extent to lvhich depopulation has progressed. The same process is repeated ineach case: once a certain threshold proportion of blind people in relation to thetotal population 1s reached, the vr.Ilage is deserted and its inhabitants move

further a\.ay from the rive:'. lf the new site is relatively well protected, thehealth situation improves and attempts are then made to re-occupy the former sites.Therr, horvever, the situation worsens and the process of depopulation starts again.47. The area of the abandoned valleys in the programme area is estimated to be:,

- 2? OOO km- in Upper Volta2

- 22 OOO km in the Ivory Coast2

- 10 OOO km in f\lalr

- at least 5ooo kn2 in Ghana2

- 8OO km in Dahomey.

These figures do not include forest reserves.

48. It ls this cumulative effect, produced by no other disease, that gives the

onchocerciasis problem its large economic impact and justlfies the choice of thisdisease for control action.4.5 IUethods of onchocerciasis control49. Various methods of control can be considered, at least in theory. Some

methods must be discarded because scientific research has not advanced sufficiently(biological control, for example), or because they involve unacceptable risks(mass chemotherapy) or would be of limited effectiveness compared with the very high

cost (control of the adult S. damnosum). The advantages and disadvantages of each

of the possible methods are summarized in Table VI-5.6.50. The cost of applying insecticide treatment from the land has been assessed

partly on the basis of the expenditure on the European Development F\rnd (FED) projectin the Banfora, Sikasso and Korhogo regions, and partly on the basis of an estimate

made in 1968, the costs having been adjusted to present values. The extensive

logistic requirements, the slow rate of advance of the treatment and recording teams,

and maintenance problems make this approach unrealistic in a programme as extensive

as the one envisaged.

5I. Of the technically feasible methods, insecticide application by aircraft seems

to offer the best cost^fficiency ratio.

5. THE PRESENT SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ONCI{OCERCIASIS

52. Onchocerciasis decreases the working capacity of those affected, burdens the

community with the care of large numbers of blind people, leads to the desertion of

Annex VI-Spage 9

good agricultural land and requires expensive public health action.are summarized in Table VI-5.7.

5.1 The decrease ln productive capacity

These effects

53. This effect is difficult to measure in onchocerciasis patients who are not

suffering from serious eye lesions or bllndness, because the level of absenteeism

from work is unknown in the rural populations. Measurements cannot be based on the

demand for medical services and drugs; this is certainly far below the true

requirements on account of the inadequate health i.nfrastructure and the lack ofsuitable chemotherapeutic remedies. Moreover, there is more or less hidden

underemployment r.n many areas, and under present conditions the whole of the

additional productive capacity could not be effectively utilized. Fina1ly, there

are probably other diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis, and dracunculiasls,

that help to decrease the productive capacity and it is difficult to lsolate the part

played by onchocerciasis.

54. It has, however, been observed in Nigeria that as soon as onchocerciasis

patients suffer from eye trouble, they abandon the fields distant from theirdwelling and cash crops. An estimate of the number of persons suffering from

serious eye lesions ("economic blindness") and blindness, is given in Table VI-5.8.55. The observation that this disease attacks essentially the active part ofthe population is based on clinical surveys that show (Table VI-5.9) that more than

98% ot the blind are at least 15 years of age and that men are affected more often

than women. The average is 65 men to 35 women in every lOO cases of blindness.

The following proportions were obtained in local surveys:

- 63 men and 3? women in every lOO blind persons in the Bisa country

in Upper Volta (Rolland & Balay survey);

- 657o men and 35% women in 218 persons examined in Togo

(Schlitter survey);

- 55% men and 45% women in Dahomey (94 74I- persons examined) according

to a Directorate of Health report;

- 66% men and 34% women in northern Ghana (Scheffel report);

- 7O7o men and 30% women in northern Chana (Waddy survey).

56. These data are confirmed by some surveys in which the results are given both

by sex and by age group. On combining these results and applying them to the totalnumber of blind persons in the Programme area, the distribution shown in Table VI-5.10

is obtained. Accordingly, there are probably about 33 8OO men and 18 2OO women

suffering from onchocercal blindness in the Programme ..a..1

On the basls of the most recent lnvestigations the total number of personssuffering from economrc blrndness would be around 70 OOO.

Annex VI-5page 10

57. The total number of potential working days lost can be estimated from these

data, taking an annual average of I7O working days as a basis for the estimation.lFor the whole of the Programme area (not including Togo) the loss is about

8 84O OOO days per year. However, this frgure is only theoretical, mainly because

of the underemployment in the rural regions.

5.2 The loss of revenue

(a) The cost of maintaining the blind58. Because of the underemployment those suffering from onchocercal blinclness must

be regarded as being a burden on the corununity, in which it increases the numher of

economically inactive persons, rather than decreasing the productive capaclty.

59. The annual average income per inhabitant in the Ivory Coast r.s about US$ 8Ct2

in the project area and the cost of maintainrng the blind may be estimated at

US$ 80 OOO per year. In Dahomey, since the annual average income in the rulal

zone in the northern region is between US$ 21 and US$ 23, the overall burden is of

the order of US$ 38 OOO to US$ 40 OOO per year. On the basis of the annual

incomes in Ghana found in the family farms at Bawku (US$ 168 for seven persons) and

Navrongo (US$ 8? for six persons) the cost of maintaining the blind is about

US$ 160 OOO per year. The total cost of maintaining 40 OOO blind persons rn Upper

Vo1ta is about US$ 640 OOO per year since the average annual income per head in the

hyperendemic zone is US$ 16.3 In tllali the annual average income per person in the

rural zone is US$ 24; the burden of supporting at least 2OO blind persons Istherefore of the order of US$ 48 OOO. The annual average income per person in the

rural zone of Niger is US$ 40 and the maintenance cost for 2OO btind persons

US$ 8OOO. For Togo the basic data are unknown.

Figures from the Ministry of Agriculture of Upper Volta, confirmed by an

examination of agricultural timetables.2

Based on the July 1972 value of the US dollar, $1 being equivalent to

250 CFAF.3 Another method of calculation can also be used. In6tead of calculating the

proportion of the total income of a region required for the maintenance of a given

number of blind persons. the cost of feeding each blind person can be esti.mated,

having regard to the local dietary customs. The results are practically the same

since, except on the very rare occasions when there are practically no blind, the

income of the whole of the zone does little more than satisfy the most immediate

needs. For example, in Upper Volta the annual mi.nimum requirement could be

160 kg of various cereals at an average price of 25 CFAF (USg O.1) or USg t6 per

year per blind person.

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Annex VI-Spage 1l

(b) Underemployment

60. The economic importance of the underemployment of agricultural labour caused by

the lack of suitable land for cultivation within a reasonable distance of inhabitedlocalitles has been evaluated for those regions where the problem is most acute and

widespread.

6I. The total number of farms in the Regional Development Office (RDO) ofouagadougou, upper vorta, is lo4 ooo, representlng 46g ooo active persons. The

cultivated surface per active person, which averages I hectare over the whole of theprogramne area' is only O.84 hectare in the Ouagadougou RDO. The total area farmedis therefore 75 ooO hectares less than the average. In thrs RDO the average valueof production per hectare is US$ 15.8, which makes an annual average loss because ofunderemployment of us$ t 188 ooo. In the Koudougou RDO the total area of landcultivated by 35O OOO active persons is 29O OOO hectares or O.84 hectare per activeperson. Taking the norm as I hectare per active person and a mean production ofUS$ 15.8 per hectare, the loss due to underemployment is about US$ 9oo Ooo per year.62. In the Navrongo district of Ghana, there are 52 OOo farms with an average of2.5 active persons on each and a cultlvated area of I.3 hectares. The average varueof production per hectare is us$ 18.95. on the basis of I hectare per active person,62 4oo hectares are not farmed on account of underemployment, and the loss amounts toUS$ f 182 OOO annuatly.63. The Bawku district of Ghana comprises 29 ooo farms with an average of 3.2 activepersons and 2-8 hectares cultlvated land per farm. The average value of productionper hectare is US$ 9.59 and the loss of production due to underemployment isus$ 115 OOO.

64. There are about 40 ooo farms in the Lama-Kara Region of Togo with an averageof 2.5 active persons per farm, each working O.4 hectare. The average annual lossdue to underemployment of the land ls of the order of US$ 5 million, the averagevalue of production per hectare being US$ 90.(c) Decrease in the active lation65' The fall in the ratio of the working population to the population as a whole iscaused by the high emigration rate of young people while the birth rate remains at ahigh levet.66. In Upper volta the demographic prospects for the second plan indicate an annualdecrease of o.16% in the number of economicalty active inhabitants. lvith a GrossDomestic Product (GDP) of us$ 164.8 milrions in the primary sector, the decrease invalue is about US$ 260 OOO every year.67. Similar evaluations cannot be made for the other countries.

Annex VI-5page 12

68. Allowance should also be made for the drop in the productivity of the activepopulation since to compensate for the departure of a large proportion of the young

men, those remaining are obliged to work longer, some of them when over 60 years of

age. On the Mossi plateau the average age of the active men is 40 years. The

avarlable data do not permit this drop in productivity to be calculated.5.3 The loss of potentlal production

(a) Non-explortation of the valleys

69. An endeavour should be made to measure the potential production of the valleys

as a rvhole on the basis of the traditional family farms.

70. Upper llolta: TVo approaches to the problem are possible, one based on the

average agricultural production per hectare and the area of land suitable for

cultivatlon which the Onchocerciasis Control Programme would open up for farming;

the other based on the average production per family farm and the number of these

farms that could be establisherl on land at present unoccupi.ed.

71. The GDP is US$ t64.8 millions, givrng US$ 15.84 as the average value of

production per hectare. The total area remainrng available for agriculture is

estimated at 8OO OOO hectares.l The potential value of lost agricultural

production due to the desertion of this land is therefore US$ 12.67 million per year.

72. 'fhe averaBe annual value of production per farm is US$ 160-180. As many as

?O OOO-8O OOO traditionat famrly farms could be established on the 8OO OOO hectares

available, and the probable annual production would be of the order of US$ 1-I.2-14.4

miIlion.

73. Both methods of calculation therefore produce very similar results and one or

other method has been employed in the other countries covered by the onchocerciasis

programme, depending on the nature of the best statistical basic data available.

74. On the basis of an annual production of US$ 84 per farm the total annual loss

ln the Ivory Coast is US$ 4.8 millron. In Dahomey, 50 OOO people could be settled

on go ooo hectares at the rate of 1.5 hectares per person. Assuming an annual

production per head of US$ 32, the annual loss in potential production is

US$ t.6 million.

75. One-third of an area of 10 OOO k*2 i., Chana can be regarded as usable;

30 OOO farms (I5 hectares each) could be established, each with an estimated

production of us$ 156. This represents a total of US$ 4.68 million. About a

third of tO OOo xm2 in MaIi also can be regarded as usable. On the basis of

IO people and 12 hectares per farm, 25O OOO persons could be settled with a

production rate of US$ 18 per head and a total annual production of US$ 4.5 million.

No evaluations could be made for Niger and Togo because of inadequate data.

I E.tirnut"s made in the devetopment proJects.

a

Annex VI-5page 13

(b) Falls in yield rn densely populated areas

76. [tlost of the studies and reports concerning the Mossl plateau indicate fallingyields. The direct cause is the over-concentration of the population in certainzones resultinB in over-explortation. Details of this effect have been given forthe RDO of Ouagadougou in a SMUHI study dating from 1966 ; 827o of class 3 land

2(SOGETHA classification) is settled and 38.4% is farmed. Ttre population density

is 5? inhabitants per km2; that is wetl beyond the capacity of the land under the

existlng conditions of traditional farming. Such an occupation rate makes itimpossible to Leave an adequate area of land fallow, although this practice isessential for soils of very moderate quality. The extent to which yields are

falling cannot be evaluated because the statistics do not cover the critical period.

Yield comparisons for the Ouagadougou ORD were made between 1969 and l9?1

(Table VI-5.2) but they merely reflect the insufficient rainfall in 1971 and not a

continuous trend caused by soil degradatlon. Nevertheless, according to an

estimate by the Minlstry of Agriculture of Upper Volta the financlal loss due to

the fall in yield is equivalent to US$ 8OO OOO every year in the Koudougou and

Ouagadougou ORDs.

77. On this basis the average loss per hectare cultivated would be 285 CFAF

(US$ 1.14), whrch would give the foltowing results in other zones with simllarpopulation densities and levels of over-cropping, assuming that degradation is the

same for similar soils and population densities: Yatenga (Upper Volta), annual

loss of US$ 228 OOO; Ghana (Bawku and Navrongo districts), annual loss ofUS$ I7O OOO; Lama-Kara region in Togo, annual loss of US$ 52 OOO. The basic data

are shown rn Tab1e VI-5.11.

5,4 The cost of onchocerciasis in national budgets

78. The usual method of budget accounting does not reveal the annual expenditure

on onchocerciasis. In several countries, however, estimates can be made.

79. In the Ivory Coast accordi.ng to a study of the social medi.cine services which

attempted to reclassify expenditure by disease, the total expenditure on the

detection and treatment of onchocerciasis in 19?03 was US$ 160 OOO.

80. In Upper Volta expenditure on drugs and minor equipment for onchocerci.asis

treatment was about US$ f2 OOO in 1971. Expenditure of this kind represents 20%

of the total health bill so that, on this basis, the total expenditure on

I Secretariat des missions pour l'urbanisme et I'habitat (Department for Town

Planning and Housing Missions).2

.Soci6ti, C6n6rate des Techniques Hydro-Agricoles (Corporation for Hydro-

Agricultural Techniques ) .3 National budget plus external aid.

Annex VI-5pagm

onchocerciasis treatment in 19?1 would be US$ 60 OOO. To this should be added

case-finCing costs but these expenses cannot be isolated in the present budgetarv

structure.g1. It should also be noted that as part of an intercountry operation assisted by

the European Development Fund (FED) of the European Economic Community and by OCCCE,

the Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, and Mali expend Jointly US$ 160 OOO per year, to which

must be added about the same amount from FED as well as technical assistance from

OCCCE not costed, on an onchocerciasis control campaign aimed at protectin82-

60 OOO km- close to the borders of these three countries.g2. In both the Ivory Coast and Upper Volta the cost of onchocerciasis control

represents some O.O2% of the national revenue. Extrapolating' the overall

expenditure on onehocerciasis in the seven countries rs probably ar<.rund US$ 38O OOO.

6. THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL

6.1 Improvement in the profitabilitY of onBoing proJects

g3. The profltability of ongoing proJects, or proJects already decided on, has becn

evaluated by comparing the data on the transmlssion of onchocerciasis in the proJect

area and the financial and technical characteristics of the proJect under two

condi tions:(i) an absence of onchocerciasis control;(ii) with onchocerciasis control.

84. The general conditions for onchocerciasis transmission in a given zone were

determined from the entomological data available for the Volta River basin ateat a

surnmary of which appears in Table VI-5.5. The special characteristics of

transmission in the pro;ect zones were extracted from the reports of entomological

and clinical surveys to determine the extent to which the situation described

corresponds to one of the patterns indicated in the table.

85. The technical and economic characteristics peculiar to each proJect consist of

the site, the types of agricultural or other production, the timetables of expected

costs and profits, and the size and localization of the labour force. This is a

first approach and still far from accurate; it remains to be seen whether in a

subsequent stage the larBe body of collected data can be used to set up a

mathematical model.

(a) The sugar cane proiec t in Ferkess6dougou, IvorY Coast

86. In the Ferkess6dougou sugar cane proiect' under the hypothesis of no

onchocerciasis control, the data suggest the probable desertion of the land srnce

the project is located in a hyperendemic zone where the proportion of eye lesions

would rapidly increase, reaching the critical threshold for desertion within 5 to

10 years.

Annex VI-Spage 15

87. On the other bank of the Bandama River at the same level as the sugar cane

proiect zone 5-8% of the populations of the small villages with 60-250 inhabitantssituated 3-5 km from the river, and 3% of the populations of the larger vitlageswith 4OO-15OO inhabitants situated 5-7 km from the river are blind.88. A11 the settlements planned for the sugarcane project zone are less than

5 km from the line of Simulium breeding places and there can be no doubt that thesame situation as that on the right bank would develop in the zone particularly as

new population groups would be involved.89. Another assumption was made at this point - namely, that 50% of the workerswould desert - to allow for the fact that some of them will have arrived more

recently and some will behave uncharacterlstically, being possibly more lnfluencedby the good wages than the health risk. The assumption is certainly an optimisticone in view of the usual pattern of desertion which rapidly becomes complete; even

so, the profitability rate of the project would farl almost to zero.90. For the second condition, i.e., onchocerciasis control, the cost of controlis included in the expenses of the project for the purpose of the comparison. The

basis for allocating the cost was the relative length of the watercourses in thearea, bearing in mlnd ln a total of about 14 ooo km, there are gooo km ofpermanent watercourses (assigned the coefficient I) while the other 6000 km areseasonal watercourses (coefficient tfl.91. The protectlon of the sugarcaneproject calls for treatment for a distance of30 km along the Bandama River. The fraction of the health campaign costs to beincluded in the annual project expenses ls therefore the annual overall cost ofcontrol multiplled by: 30

(8OOO + 6000/2)The incorporation of this cost in the proiect expenses reduces the profitabilityrate from 7.37o to between 6.5% and l% (Tab1e VI_S.12).92. It should be noted, however, that the health campaign would benefit otheractivities (handicrafts, trade, transport, etc.) whose rlevelopment would bestinulated by the imprementation of the sugar cane proJect, and also activities thatmight conrmence on the opposite (right) bank of the ri.ver. For the moment, however,1t is not possible to measure these secondary effects.93. It has to be understood that this hypothesis applies to a regionalonchocerciasis contror programme; in the case of an isolated programme to protectthe sugar cane proiect, a length of the Bandama three or four times as greatwould have to be treated to reduce the risk of onchocerciasis transmission.

Annex YI-5page 16

(b) other ongoing proJects

94. The same method of calculation could be employed for the other ongoing proJects

mentioned in this document. It has not been possible to do so for all the projects

on account of inadequate basic data (absence of entomological or clinical surveys,

Lack of precision concerning the siting of the installations and activities envisaged)

but a few details are given concerning a certain number of development projects in

Table 9 of the Report.

6.2 The possibility of implementing new economic development projects

(a) Conception of the programme and criterra of choice

95. The extent of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme, the size of the deserted

valleys rt wiIl be possible to repopulate, the consequences for the national

economies of the migrations that can be foreseen, and the expected increases in

production are all important motives for framing a general economic policy.

96. Such a general policy seems essential, both at the level of the individual.

beneficiary countries, in order to make the most of the chances that arise and to

avoid the harmful economic and social consequences that might follow dlsorganized

population movements, and at the regional level, in order to harmonize the different

kinds of productionl and the management of the pro.1ects.2

97. The aim of this economlc policy should be to maximize the economic benefits

expected from onchocerciasis control and to resolve at least some of the social

problems acting as a brake on development, e.8., underemployment, low income,

and malnutrition.98. Next, it should be determined what activities are feasible, taking into account

the type of soil, water resources, climate, manpower resources, and sociological

factors. Apart from these possibilities and the Iimitations peculiar to each of

the countries and to the project region as a whole, the external factors must also

be assessed, export prospects for example.

99. On the basis of these data as a whole it should be possible to evaluate the

results that can be expected, but this will also depend on the type of action

envisaged. Table VI-5.13 shows the various types of action between which a choice

can be made.

I^ Clearly the savanna zone and the wet tropical zone are complementary, being

either producer or consumer according to circumstances.2- For example, in order to exchange the results of research or experience;

to avoid the wastage of resources; to define requirements and harmonize the lines

foltowed; and to prevent uncontrolled population movements which would empty some

areas and saturate others.

Annex VI-Spage 17

1OO. Consideration of the different possibilitles makes it evident that priority

should be given to the installation of family farms; this type of action is the one

most like1y to achieve the aims laid down, and could be supplemented by a few

activities of other types such as large agro-industrial farms or ranching.

1Ol. However, other choices have still to be made as regards the type of action to

be undertaken with respect to family farms. On the basis of the traditional

activities on such holdings, the vari.ous options described in Table VI-5.14 can be

envisaged. The criteria for choice are discussed in Annexes VI-l, VI-2 and VI-4.

LO2. Finally, a whole series of cholces must be made for the implementati.on of the

solutions adopted: for action on a broad scale or restricted to a small number of

areas; selection of migrants by departure area, age, etc.; and for action

restricted to the essential measures of reception and investment, or provi.ding for

lntervention on a larger sca1e, at a slow or rapid pace. The results obtained will

obviously be different in each case.

tO3. In Table VI-5.15 the case of Upper Volta has been examined because it is the

country where the problem is most widespread and where the consequences of the choice

made will be the most important. Combinations of the different parameters can

provide a very large number of optlons with a wide range of advantages and

dlsadvantages.

1O4. Some of the hypotheses envisaged are as follows:(i) The annual selection of 40 OOO persons in the group of administrative

districts with a hlgh population density (2 million inhabitant"') *ho would settle

over a period of 15 years ln all the deserted valleys (capable of absorbing 600 OOO

persons overall). The number of settlers chosen is equivalent to the annual

population increase in the departure areas, L.e.,2?o. If the selection were evenly

distributed between economically active and non-active persons, a demographic

stabilization would be achieved that would render improvenent in the conditions ofproduction possible.

(ii) If the settlers were selected under the same conditions but comprised

active persons only, the proportion of the latter would represent only 4@o of the

population 1n the departure areas, with unfavourable consequences for production.

(iri) If the only settlement area chosen were that of the Red and White Volta,

which has an absorption capacity of I5O OOO persons, and if settlement were carried

I Ouagadougou (124 OoO lnhabitants), Bouss6 (94 oo0), Komblssiri (89 Ooo),

Manga (1O9 OOO), Koup6la (91 OOO), Zabr6 (?4 OOO), Garango (6? OOO), Ti6bdld

Tenkodogo (Io9 OOO), Koudougou (293 oOO), R6o (84 OOO), Courcy (I18 oOO),

Yako (165 OOO) Ouahigouya (215 OOO), pi6bougou (168 OOO), Gaoua (178 OOO).

(52 OOO),

Annex VI-5page 18

out over 2O years it would represent every year only Ig% of populati.on growth in thedensely populated areas. If it were carried out over Io years it would represent3070.

(iv) If there were selection of the departure areas (the eight nearestdistricts, with 7OO OOO rural inhabitants) settlement over 20 years r.n the Recl and

White Volta area would represent only 50% of population growth in the eightdistrlcts. A balance could be ensured only by settlement over a perrod of 10 years.

(v) If two settlement areas were adopted, namely the Recl and White Volta plusBougouriba with a total absorption capacity of 2to ooO persons, then the districtsof Di6bougou and Guot,.l would have to be added to the departure areas chosen. Inthis case, settlement over 10 years would be necessary to neutralize the populationgrowth 1n the departure areas.

tos. Finarly, six of the possibte sorutions (lg, 2C^, 7o, 22, go and 92) given inTable VI-5.15 present certain advantages, both in the cleparture and the arrrvalareas, but solutions 18 and ?O presuppose a considerable volume oI investments and

financial resources. On the one hand, this is not very realisttc ancl, on theother, it might upset the national economy. Solution 90 might be preferred fortechnical reasons, but would solve the problem only in certain densely populatedareas and would only partially ensure the exploitation of the economic posslbilitiesof the valleys freed from the disease. Like solution 92, it would also be difficultto implement because of the strong desire among the population of the denselypopulated areas to migrate.

106. At the present staBe of these studies there can be no questlon of proposinga final solution but merely of defining the criteria for choice and indicating certaintypes of solution with the most favourable characteristics.(b) The bases for evaluating the supplement ary proJects

1O7. The supplementary reclamation proJects were evaluated on the following bases

Direct inputs on traditional farms:

- fertilizer: lOO kg per hectare;

- insecticides for cotton protection: 30 x 25O cm3 boxes,

i.e., 7-8 kg per hectare;

- thioral: I bag (f kgl to every 15 kg of seed;

- gamagrain: 1 bag (35 kg) to every 5OO kg of cereals.

IThe selection of departure areas should in no case ignore the neighbourlng

densely populated areas, part of whose population might formerly have lived in thevalleys; to overlook this point would create grave difficulties of a sociologicalnature.

Annex VI-5page 19

1O8. Direct inputs on the traditional type of farm described in the report is the

mean of the amounts used by the farms as a whole because the proportion of farmers

using fertilizer or insecticides is relatively low in the traditronal system. For

the Dedougou ORD the proportions are as follows:

8-97o of farmers use fertili.zer for cotton;

5% use fertilizer for groundnuts;

L6-L7% use fertlllzer for rice;LL-L21o use insecticide for cotton protection.

tog. InfrastructuresThe evaluation took into account the existing infrastructure, the area

concerned, and the size and number of farms installed.11O. The density planned for the network of second-class roads is 1 km of road

to every 4.5 - 6 km2 (the present mean for Upper Volta as a whole is only I km per,60 km-); this represents about I km of road to every l3-I4 farms. The proportionof new roads needed is lowest in the Btack Volta area where there are already some

3OO km of second-class roads. In the Boromo area the coverage will be slightlyhigher on account of the configuration of the territory, which is like the fingersof a hand.

1I1. The aim of the network of third-class tracks is to serve each farm. Sinceon average a farm covers 15-18 hectares, corresponding to the occupation of threetimes that area of ground, the density planned is I km of track to every 6-? farms.LI2. Villages with 1OOO inhabitants, i.e., 1OO-11O farms, have a mean area of 30-

o40 km- and the most distant points lie 4-5 km from the centre of the village. The

installation of two wells with a high ftow rate in every village is therefore theessentlal minimum.

113. The provision of a market to serve five vitlaBes takes account in particularof the distances to be covered, which will not exceed l2-IS km.

114. The establishment of one school per village makes allowance, on the one hand,for the distance to be covered, whi.ch will not exceed 5 km and for the number ofchildren of school age, on the other hand, which wilt be of the order of I5O-2OOper village.f15. By creating a clinic for every 10 villages it will be possible to serve anaverage of 10 OOO persons, the greatest distance to be covered being about 10 km.

Maternity homes will serve 30 ooo-4o ooo persons, the greatest distance involvedbeing 20 km.

116. The proportion of supervisory staff provided for in the other proJects durrngthe lnitial years is one to every 25 farms. rn the case of the Dedougou, Boromo, andsissili proiects it is considerabry lower since in these praces the action aimed

a

Annex VI-5page 20

drrectll' at the farmers rvill be less intensive. However, the ratio cannot fallbelol one supervisor to every 40 farms because of the frequency of visiting. The

ratlo has been doubled for the Pama and Como6-L6raba areas since they are more

scattered and especially because of their considerable distance from the points ofdeparture of the migrants. special receptlon measures shoutd probably be

envisaged for these two cases.

6.3 Induced effects of economic development proJec ts117. The implementation of various development projects would have a certainnumber of induced effects, €.8., an increase in industrial production based on

cotton or other products; an increase in the national product due to the rise inthe agricultural added value; an improvement in the trade balance on account ofelther increased exports or decreased imports; new sources of revenue for publicfinance; the creation of;obs in the different sectors, etc. At the present

stage it rs difficult to evaluate these induced effects as a whole but an estimatehas been made for some of them.

(a) The expansron of industrial activitiesl18. In Upper Volta the increased production of seed cotton resulting from the

proJects as a rvhole, would be 37 I5O tonnes, i.e., 14 860 tonnes of cotton fibre.The Department of Industry in Upper Volta estimates the number of jobs arising from

the treatment of IOOO tonnes of cotton frbre to be about 3OO, i.e., nearly 45OO Sobs

for the whole supplementary production of cotton envisaged. These Jobs are broken

down in Table VI-5.16.

119. The treatment of 5OOO tonnes of groundnutsl wiII create 2OO jobs and2

20 OOO tonnes of paddy rice 3OO ;obs.I2O. In the Ivory Coast, on the basis of these ratios, the following numbers of

3obs could be created:

- 8OO in the cotton industry (6000 tonnes of seed cotton to be processed);

- 25O in the oil industry (8OOO tonnes produced and TOOO tonnes treated);

- 45O in the rice industry (27 OOO tonnes produced and 25 OOO tonnes processed).

]-2l-. In Ghana, the number of jobs expected would be:

- 5OO in the cotton rndustry (4OOO tonnes of seed cotton produced);

- l5O in the oil industry (4OOO tonnes of unshelled groundnuts produced);

- 3OO-35O in the rice industry (2O OOO tonnes of paddy rice produced).

tThe remainder of the supplementary production, i

consumed.2

The remainder of the production, 13 OOO tonnes is ground by hand and

consumed within the country.

e 3OOO tonnes is home

Annex VI-Spage 2I

122. Altogether, 19 OOO-2O OOO 3obs could be created, counting those created inother sectors such as trade, handicrafts, transport and administration. Taking

into account the difference in the income levels from these jobs and those in the

primary sector, it is probable that 1O-I5 persons (see Annex I-1) could be supported

by each of these 3obs, i.e., a total of 2OO OOO-3OO OOO people.

I23. The added value of the expansion of the cotton industry in Upper Volta would

be about US$ 8 million since the added value in the textile industry of Upper Volta

rn 1971 was US$ 3.2 million, involving the treatment of 14 OOO tonnes of cottonfibre.

I24. The value of imports into Upper Volta was US$ 51 852 million in 19?I.

Assuming that the supplementary production will be completely utiLized localIy there

should be a corresponding decrease in imports. Table VI-5.17 shows that a by no

means negligible part of these imports could be replaced by local products.

125. The implementation of the projects would lead to an increase in tax revenue

from direct taxation arising from the work itself, an increase in a<lded value, the

development of trade and transport, etc.L26. Table VI-5.18 gives an estimate of the supplementary revenue flowing from the

Bandama-Bou proJect in the Ivory Coast during a 3S-year period. The supplementary

fiscal revenue in a normal year is given in Table VI-5.19, and the additionalexpenses that the budget would bear because of the project (recurring expenditure)

are given in Table VI-5.2O. The revenue to be expected in Upper Volta during the

35 years implementation of the project is given in Table VI-s.21, an estimate of the

supplementary revenue during a normal year i.n Table VI-5.22, and an estimate ofrecurrr.ng expenses rn Table VI-5.23.

7. OVERALL ECONOMIC EVALUATION

I27. The arguments justifying onchocerciasis control from the economic angle are

set out in the various Chapters of the Report. Consequently, the sole aim of thissecti.on is to give a few additional details and to define the bases of calculation.7.L The profitabilitv of deve lopment proJects

I2A. The criteria of choice indicated in the Report (Chapter VI) make possible the

selection of frve development projects. The project in north-eastern Ohana

(Bawku-Navrongo) does not include a costed evaluation of the necessary investments

and running expenses. An extrapolation has therefore been made from the development

and reclamation project for the valleys of the Red and White Voltas, which is the

one making the most massive provision for development resources. The reclamation

cost per hectare in that proJect area (US$ 48.8 million expendtture for 263 OOO

hectares reclaimed for farming) can be considered as a maximum.

Annex VI-5page 22

1-29. Since the implementation of the Di6bougou-Gaoua and Bandama-Bou pro.lects isplanned to cover 35 years calculatr.on of the profitability rate has been based on

that period, i.e., on the mrnimum duration.13O. Social facilities have been included in the investment costs because, on the

one hand, they represent an essential part of the project ensuring the stabi-lity ofthe installed population, and, on the other hand, they do not replace other

facilities that could already have been provided for rn the departure areas and are

supplementary to the national lnvestment programmes.

131. The evaluation of maximum costs and the evaluatron of minrmum benefrts

suBgests that the internal rate of return of the five pro;e.a.,'after lncorporationof the cost of the control rneasures. will be between 6% and 6.5%. The cletarls ofthis evaluation are given in Table VI-5.24. The same method of calculartion isemployed in Table VI-5.25 for calculating the rate of return of the frvc ma;or

proJects and the five supplementary projects together; this is about l0%.

7.2 Comparison of the three possible options

I32. In order to try and give a more complete picture of the various advantages,

the general trends that production could follow in coming years are outlined here

and compared with the possible course of events based on alternative actions.

The three alternatives envisaged are:(1) the situation that would arise in the absence of onchocerciasis control;(2) the situation that would develop if onchocerciasis control were not

accompani.ed by an economic development programme;

(3) the situation to be expected from onchocerciasis control accompanred by

an economic development programme.

133. The comparison of these alternatives is very approximate because a considerable

number of basic data are still lacking. For example, the following details are not

known:

(1) the prevalence and the seriousness of onchocerciasis in the three

aI ternative programmes ;

(2) the effects of the disease apart from blindness on the productive capacityof the population;

(3) the influence the different hypotheses might have on population movements;

(4) the future immigration requirements of Ghana and the Ivory Coast, and

I Calculation over 35 years, although the 35th year will be the first one rvhen

certain projects are runni.ng smoothly; moreover, these five projects representonly part of the possible benefits, as is indicated in Chapter VI of the Report.

Annex VI-5page 23

the levels of immigration the Governments of those countries will consider

acceptable.

In the absence of these data, the trend over a period of lO years has been predicted,

maklng the following assumptlons:

(1) in the absence of onchocerciasis control, the prevalence and severity of

the disease will remain at the same levels;

<2) there will be no sociological changes, whatever alternative is chosen;

(3) in the third alternative (onchocerciasis control ivith economic development)

all the development proJects could be implemented;

(4) other factors, such as population growth, public investments, improvement

in agricultural techniques, will not vary appreciably.

I34. The present value of agricultural production in the programme area was

estimated using the bases of calculation given in Table VI-5.26, while Table VI-5.27

shows the expected contribution of the projects at the present production level.

135. According to the first option, attempts to repopulate certain zones (e.9., the

RDO D6dougou in Upper Volta) will continue simultaneously with the depopulation

affecting, for example, the valleys of the Red and White Voltas in Upper Volta and

Ghana. Attempts at repopulation will have litt1e positive effect because some atleast will be short-lived and also because the farmers will not succeed in improving

their techniques. There is even a risk, following long-lasting and large-scaIe

repopulation movements, that after a few years the same overcropping and soildegradatlon cycle found in the plateau regions would reappear. This ri.sk cannot be

neglected.

136. Again, under the first alternative, if an attempt is made to maintain

production at the present rate, output will decrease by O.5% annually on account ofsol1 degradation and lower yields in zones with a high population density. This

assumes a constant rate of soil degradation but it could become faster over a period

of years. At the same time, the relative aging of the population due to the

emigration of young people will cause a corresponding drop in productivity (estimated

at O.L6% per year).

137. The joint effect of these two phenomena would result rn a fall in totalagricultural production from US$ 27O million to US$ 25O million in the course of10 years. However, during the same lO years the population will rise from IO to12 million (assuming a 27o growth rate) so that the annual average lncome per head

will fall from US$ 27 to US$ 2O.8, i.e., an annual decrease l.n income of about 2.5%.

The effects of the decrease will be:

Annex VI-5page 24

(f) to reduce the working capacity of the population by aggravating the

malnutritlon problem;

<2) to discourage the development of new agricultural techniques, by

seriously 11mi.t].ng the possibilitres for intermediate consumption (i.e., the

selection and protection of seeds and use of manures, insecticides, small tools,

and equipment ).I38. Assumrng US$ f6 per person to be the minimum annual cost of the food required

to maintaln more or less normal productive capacity, then the US$ 6.2 annual decrease

in income over IO years represents almost the whoLe average amount spent on a

tradltionaL farm to cover farmrng costs (see Tab1es VI-5.12 and VI-5.19, and also

Table vI-2.B.II rn Annex ttl-2.8 and Appendix 4 in Annex VI-2,C). It appears almost

certain that this expenditure on farm inputs would suffer from the faIl in income,

and that the loss of yield per hectare would increase in at least the same proportion

( i . e. , more than 2qo Per Year ) .

139. l{owever, a correction should be made to allow for the growth in production

and incomes resultrng from the implementation of proSects in certain regions such

as the northern Ivory Coast with an annual average growth rate of 4% fot about

1 mtllion inhabltants, and to a lesser extent the western reBion of Upper Volta and

northern Togo. The annual increase in rncome in these regions as a whole would

represent some 1.5% of the present total annual income in the programme area.

I4O. It must also be borne in mind that lO years from now some of the rather poor

and overcropped soil now under cultrvation will have become largely infertile and

wiII have been abandoned. It is not possible at present to estimate the extent of

this abandonment rn terms of hectares and production value, but such an assessment

shoulcl be possrble later on, once the charts for population-supporting capacity of

the soil and populatlon denslties have been completed (see Annex I-1).

141. Consequently, production will inevitably fall for three reasons: a

weakening of the labour force, a decrease in the cuttivated area, and a faII in

yields. Falling lncomes will probably accelerate the migratory pressures also

but the degree of acceleration cannot yet be predicted' and it will be necessary to

discover the threshold (drffering from country to country) at which the population

no longer accepts the prevailing conditions but prefers to leave. These data

shoutd be forthcoming from future sociological and human geographical studies.a

Annex VI.5page 25

For the time being we can only say that, taklng into account the variousfactors the overall value of production in the programme area would decrease by notless than 2% per year, assuming constant prices.lL42, In the second alternative (i.e., onchocerciasis control without an economic

development prograrnme) the situation would evolve in a different way, except as

concerns the possibilities for repopulating the valleys, which would be more

favourable thanks to the disappearance of onchocerciasis. However, the lack ofan infrastructure in most of the valleys would restrict settlement to the valley ofthe Black Volta ln Upper Volta. Nloreover, due to lack of resources and supervlsion,only farming of a traditional nature, providing an average annual income of less than

US$ 25 per person could be undertaken on the 2OO OOO-3OO OOO hectares suitable forsettlement. The annual increase in production would be only about US$ 3 millionand the risk of capital destruction would again accompany spontaneous settlement.143. The deterioration in production would therefore be only slightly less than

under the first alternative, although the socioeconomic burden would be somewhat

less for two reasons:

(1) river blindness should gradually disappear as the older victims dieand the interruption of transmission prevents the occurrence of new cases.

Table VI-5.28 gives an estimate of this trend and shows that after 10 years the

number of blind persons will have fallen bv 4O%, the assumption being made that the

life expectancy of those suffering from onchocerciasis blindness is the same as thatof the rest of the population since there are no definite data to disprove this;

(2) each country now allocates certain funds to onchocerci.asis control butthe effectiveness of these efforts is small and under the control programme thismoney would be better employed.

Nevertheless, the advantages of the second alternative will not counter-balance the drop in production and incomes.

144. In the third alternative (i.e., the Onchocerci.asis Control programme plus

an economic development progranune) the recovery of new land in the valleys freed

from the disease should from the start provide a substantial increase in production

and reverse the tendency for incomes to fall. The increase in agricultural income

achieved by the different projects for the area as a whole would be 3.5% in the

tenth year and would be in excess of l27o after 20 years.

IIt must also be borne in mind that the population increase on the plateaux

will become more and more expensive for the conmunity. New drilled wells willbe necessary and they will become increasingly expensive, whereas the settlement

of surplus population in the valleys, where ground water is readily available,would involve a quite modest expenditure; see Annex I-1.

Annex V[-5page 26

I45. The total gains made in implementing proJects undertaken independently of the

onchocerciasis Control Programme should also be added; examples have heen grven rnChapter VI of the Report (cf., Tat-rLe 9) but an overall assessment rs not possrble

owlng to a shortage of accurate data about the disease on ttre one hand and the'localization of operations on the other. The fact that hyperenclemic zones where the

programme's chances of success would be poor in the absence of appropriate healthmeasures, coincides with those parts of the valleys where the soil is ferti.le,justifies the view that the rmplementation of the Onchocerciasrs Control Programme

would be accompanied by very substantial benefits in these areas also.L46. A third type of benefj.t can be obtained in regrons of hi.gh populatron clensitythanks to the drop in demographic pressure. There will be some reliel because otdepartures to the new proJect zones, the resurts varying accordinlr to the

alternative chosen (see Table VI-5.f 5). In addition stuclies <.rf human ge()graphy

(Cllapter I of the Report and Annex I-1) show that the population densrty and

intenslty of farming in zones with a high poputation concentratron (e.g., the l\lossr

plateau) are far from being homogeneous and that certain good sorls are scarcelyexploited, if at all. It should therefore be possible to extend and amplif.y theoperations started in the Ouagadougou RDO aimed at relocating farms at the loot ofthe slopes where the soil is better. This action should of course be accompan:-ed

by measures to ensure an improvement in farmrng techntques, an essential condrtioni.f such soils are to be properly exploited. For example, the utllizatlon ofhydromorphic soil at the foot of the slopes would necessi.tate the use of draughtanimals. Such an operation is sociallv and economically necessary to avoid thecomplete desertion of these zones by the actlve population so that they become an

increasing burden on the community.

L47. It appears therefore that the extent of the benefits to be expectecl from theadoption of the third alternative will be directly proportional to the developmentpolrcy. The main polic.y outlines that have been proposed are given in Chapter VI

of the Report.

CONCLUS IONS

148. It has not been possible to make an exhaustive evaluation of the benefits tobe expected from an onchocerciasis control campaiBn whose trends are outlined inFigs. 65 and 66 of the Report (Chapter VI) because of the lack of many essentialdata. The quality of other data varies according to the source (e.g., populationgrowth trends) while others are incomplete or very approximate (e.g., .yields of thevarious crops, areas farmed, production rates, etc.). The use of these data has

therefore involved a number of cross-checks and extrapoLations. When disagreementswere found in the data from different sources the lowest values were always chosen;

Annex VI .5page 27

for example, a rate of 2% was adopted for population growth, and the decrease i.n

yield caused by over-cropping was regarded as being linear in nature whereas it isprobably exponential.

149. The migratory movement may also become exponential if incomes continue tofall, population pressure becomes more severe, and the present climatic conditionspersist. It has been assumed here that the cLimatic conditions will be normal

but, in fact, the present drought is likely to have repercussions for a number ofyears to come on the crops and consequently on the nutrition of man and animals,i.e., on the overall productive capacity, and may well lead to an acceleration ofthe migratory movements which would accentuate further the disequilibrra discussedat the beginning of this Annex.

15O. Consequently, it is like1y that the trends outlined in connexion wlth thefirst two alternatives present a rather optimistic view of the situation and that on

account of the worseninB disequilibria the outcome would be less favourable than hasbeen suggested and the gap between the first two and the third alternatives would bewider. However, this will only be true for activities carried out in both thesettlement zones and the departure zones. Depending on the number of pro.lects,the number of people settled wiII vary from 3oo ooo to I million. Assuming thenumber to be a million and the settlement period 15 years (minimum) the annualaverage nunber of people leaving the densely populated zones would be 65 OOO,

i'e., one-third of the total annual population increase at a rate of.2%. Therefore,even if there were rapid settlement in all the proJect zones, demographic growthwould continue on the plateaux, aggravating the present disequilibria and reading toa fall in the proportion of active persons, the overcropping of land and a fall inyields, and an acttte water supply problem. The whole plateau population mightfinally become a burden on the community and partly cancel out the advantagesobtained in the settlement zones.

151' At the same time as settlement, therefore, complementary action should beundertaken on the plateaux where all the land has not been uniformly overcroppedand where some soirs can still be used, provided that improved farming methods areintroduced.

L52. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that alt the social and economicfactors involved must be taken into consideration to ensure the stabilit.!.of the newsettlements and to give the projects the best chance of success. It forlorvs,therefore, that a wide ranBe of studies (sociology, human geognaphy, regionalimprovement and pranning, agricurture, stock breeding, hydrotogy, etc. ) must beundertaken and this wilr be posslbre onty if the studies are coordinated for thewhole programme area and carried out in a spirit of cooperation.

.\rrner II-l'>pago 28

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Annes \tI - 5page

CIL,

32

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HLTNTER, J. t\l . (1966) Rrver blindness in Nangodi. , Northern Ghana: a hypothesis ofcyc licaI advance ancl retreat. The geogr. Rev. , an, 398-416

HUNTER, J. M. (f972) Geographical aspects of onchocerciasis control in NorthernChana. Report of a mission, 5 June--1 August 1!)72, mrmeographed document,CenEve, 72 pp., 2I frgs

IIITPERATO, P. J. & SOW, O. (1971) Incidence of, and belrefs about, onchocerciasis inthe sonc.gal Rtver bas:.n. @, 23, 385-389

IEllL, R. (1966) Ltonchoeercose humaine dans 1e foyer cle 1a Bougouri-Ba, R6publiquerle Ilaute-VoIta. [\ltmeographed clocument, O.C.C.G.E., Bobo-Dloulasso, 42 pp., 6 maps

.IENNESS, .1. (It)69) (1972) Reservorr resettlement rn Africa, mlmeographed documentFAo, CHCIay/nnfssa, Rome, 20 pp.

KONAN BEDIE, H. (1971) Rdforme de Ia commercialisation des produits vivriers,mimeographed document, Minist6re de ItEconomie et des Finances, Abidjan,4T pp.,S) figs, l4 maps

KUEVI, A. D. (19?3) Quelques donn6es socio-dconomiques en vue drun projet dedeiveloppement rural int6gr6 - Etude op6rationnelle exploratoire dans le Nord-Togo - Rapport de fin dtenqu6te, mimeographed document, 49 PF., 6 maps, INRS,

Lom6.

LACROUTS, I\t., SARNIGUET, J. & TYC, J. (1965) Exploitation du cheptel bovin au Mali,mimeographed document, Secr6tariat dtEtat aux Affaires EtrangBres charg6 de laCoopd'rati.on, Paris , 2!)6 pp. ' 1I pI . , 2 maps.

L\I,IONTELLERIE, M. (1968) Enqu6tes filarroses dans la zone Comod-[,6raba 1967-1968.R6suItats chiff16s (R6gion de Banfora; Haute-Volta). Mimeographed document,O.C.C.G.E., Bobo-DiouIasso, lO PP.

LA|llouRoux, [,1. (1969) Notice explicative No.34, Carte pddologique du Togo auy'f ooo oOO, ORSToM, Paris, 91 pp., 2l figs, 12 pI., I map

LE BERRE, R. (1969) La lutte contre lronchocercose dans le cadre de 1r6'volution<iconomique des Etats de lrAfrique de ItOuest. Centre Universitaire de Recherches

de Diveloppement, Universitci dtAbi.dian, 2, 47-5L.

q

the cost-45,

,

Annex VI-Spage 33

LE BERRE, R. (1971) Le foyer dronchocercose de Loumana (Cercle de Sindou - Haute-Volta). [Ilimeographed document, O.C.C.G.E., Bobo-Dioulasso,r1.03.11)7I ,5 pp.

S8/Oncho du

LE BERRE, R. (f972) Fi.che technlque concernant les rdpercussions de diffdrentsprojets de barrages sur le Haut-Bandama (R6gion de Korhogo-Ferkess6dougou).Mrmeographed document, O.C.C.G.E., Bobo-Dioulasso, 6/Onctro du 4.01 .1972, 5 pp

LE ROLI-AND, M. (197I) Cr6ation drun berceau de la race Nrdama, R6gion de Yanfolila(MaIi), mimeographed document, Sec16tariat drEtat aux Affaires Etrangeres,Paris,2ll pp.,2 maps

LINDNER, R. (1968) Onchocerciasis in Togo, May-June 1968. Mrmeographed document, WHO,

AFR/oNCH/I2 du 18.12.1968, Brazzaville, 1? pp.

LozACH'MEUR, p. (f971) onchocercose - Rdcapitulation. Typed document, SecteurM6decine Sociale, Korhogo, I p.

LOZACHTMEUR, P. (L972) Pr6valence de ltonchocercose dans 14 villages du D6partementde Korhogo. Communication to PAG Mission, I page.

LOZACHTMEUR, P., KONE, S., DTABATE, L., AZANE, K. & OUEDRAOGO, B. (L972) Rapportsanitaire I9?2 des villages pilotes Kodanakaha et Fougniguikaha. Mimeographeddocument, Direction de la M6decine Sociale, Secteur d6partemental de Korhogo,Korhogo, 15 pp., I map.

MATHIEU, Y. (f967) Rapport provisoi.re sur les cultures industrielles au CentreAgricole Polyvalent de Matourkou, Haute-Volta, mimeographed document FAO, Rome,

PL:sF/rs/R, 25 pp.

MESNIL, J. (1970) Connaissance du milieu et vulgarisation agricole dans le cas deI top6ration Centre Mossi.Titre I. Introduction. Principes, objectifs et m6thodes de lt6tude du milieu,mimeographed document, SATEC, Paris, 24 pp.

Titre II. La connaissance du milieu. Ltorganisation socio-politique Mossi,mimeographed document, SATEC, Paris, 36 pp.

Tltre III. La connaissance du milleu. Lragriculture Mossi, mimeographeddocument, SATEC, Paris, 74 pp.

Titre IV. La connaissance du milieu. Transformations socio-6conomiques etvulgarisation agricole, mimeographed document, SATEC, Paris, 33 pp.

Titre V. La vulgarisation agrlcole et ses r6sultats. Analyse critique delractlon men6e depuis 1962, mimeographed document, SATEC, Paris, 68 pp.

Titre VI. La vulgarisatlon agricole et ses r6sultats. Etude de cas: Ia16ceptivit6 i la vulgarisation en zone arachidrdre, mimeographed document,SATEC, Paris, 116 pp.

Titre VII. La vulgarisation agricole et ses r6sultats. Etude de cas: la16ceptivit6 ir la vulgarisation en zone cotonni6re, mimeographed document,SATEC, Paris, 70 pp.

MOREL, P. C. (1972) Les plans de d6veloppement de lt6levage et des productionsanimales dans la zone du projet P.A.C./O.M.S. Four lt6radication deItonchocercose en Afrique occidentale, rapport de mission F.A.O./O.M.S. dut| au 31 aolt 1972, minreographed document, IEMVPT, Marsons-Alfort, 60 pp.

Annex VI-Spage 34

NIE'IJWENHUYSE, R. (197f ) Dahomey. D6veloppement des eauxEtudes de deuxi6me phase, mimeographed document FAO

Rapport technique 3, 87 pp., 3 figs, 11 maps

souterraines. Agronomie

, Rome, AGL:SF/DAH 3,

NOAMESI, G. K. (1968) Magnitude of the problem of onchocerciasis in Chana.

Mimeographed document, Jolnt USAID/OCCCtfWnO Technical l\{eeting on the Feasrbrlrtyof Onchocerciasis @ntrol , W.Ay68:8, Tunis, 4 pp.

OVAZZA, M. (1961) Section "Onchocercose". P v final 6e Conf Techni ci ens

O.C.C.G.E., mimeographed document, O.C.C.G.E., Bobo-DiouIasso, 1O3-112

PAPPO, J. (1966) Centre Agricole Polyvalent de Matourkou. Normes de travall ctcalculs de revenus des cultures industrieltes et vivridres, mimeographetldocument, FAO, Matourkou, 23 PP,

PAPPO, J. (1966) Centre Agricole Polyvalent de Matourkou, proiet F.A.O.-F'.S.N.U.Analyse 6conomique des t5 prototypes des fermes familrales et de lO 1c'rmes

traditionnelles pour Itanntie 1965, mimeographed document, FAO, Matourkott,116 pp.

PATOKIDEOU, H. (19?O) Les civilisations patriarcales des Kabrd face aux programmes

modernes de d6veloppement 6conomique et social, Editogo, Lom6.

PETIT, J. (196I) Report on onchocerciasis rn Togoland. Mrmeographed document, WllO,

AFR/On chocerciasis (1961)/rr au 10 Mar 196I , 7 pp. Brazzavi-1-1_e.

PHILIPPON, B. (I9?1) Etude entomologique du foyer dtonchocercose de la vallrie du

Ouassoulou (Cercle de Yanfolila - R6publique du Mali). R6sultats (les c'ntlu6tes -Avant-projet de traitement antisimulidien. Mrmeographed document, O.C.C.C.E.,Bobo-Dioutasso, 141/Oncho. du 22.06.19?1' I pp., I table, I map.

PICQ, J. J. & ALIOU, B. A. (I97O) Ltend6mie onchocerquienne dans le Cercle deYanfoIiIa (R6publique du Mali). Rapport pr6liminaire. Mr.meographed document,O.C.C.G.E. - Centre Muraz , Zqhgr"- 7O, 6 pp., I map, Bobo-Dioulasso.

QUELEINEC, G. (1962) Enqu6tes pr6liminaires sur Simullum damnosum et lronchocercoseau Dahomey. M6d. trop. (Marseille), 22, 463-470

QUELENNEC, G. (1964) Projet dtorganisation dtune zone de colrtrole de Simuliumdamnosum Theobald 1903 dans le nord-ouest Dahomey. Mimeographed document,O.C.C.C.E., Bobo-Diou1asso, 11 (+ i) pp, 5 tables, 3 maps.

REMY, G. (19?O) Une carte de ltoccupation du sol en Haute-Volta. Note m6thodologiqueet descriptive, mimeographed document, ORSIOM, Ouagadougou, 18 pp., I map.

RICHET, P. (f968) L,onchocercose. Mimeographed document, R6union du Comit6 deItEntente i Cotonou,26 au 28 Ao0t 1968, sur les Crandes enddmies, 91 pp.

RMS, M. & SERIE, F. (f 967) Ltonchocercose en C6te dtlvoire. Situation en 1966.Donn6es g6ographiques et 6pidemiologiques (Note pr6Iiminaire) . Rapp. final 7e

Conf. techn. O.C.C.G.E., mi meographed document, O.C .C.G.E. , Bobo-Dt oulasso, I ,

283-298, I map.

ROLLAND, A. (1966) Service de Ia Sant6 Rurale. Rapport Annuel 1966. Brlan de lapremiEre partie d'une enqu6te ophtalmologique dans Ie foyer dtonchocercose deIa Bougouriba. Mimeographed document, Ouagadougou, Ministdre de Ia Sant6Publique, pp. 93-96.

t

ROLLAND, A

I.O.T

Annex VI-5page 35

ROLLAND, A. (f966) Le foyer d.onchocercose de la rdgion de Banfora - Premier bilan -Perspectives th6rapeutiques. Mimeographed document, Drrection de 1a Sant6Rurale, Ouagadougou, 34 pP.

ROLLAND, A. (f96?) Les l6sions oculaires causdes par l0onchocercose dans le foyerde la Volta Rouge - 6tude 6pid6miologique. Rapp. final ?e Conf. techn.O.C.C.G.E., mimeographed document, O.C.C.O.E., Bobo-Dioulasso, l, 78-93, I map.

ROLLAND, A. (1968) Epid6miotogie des complications oculaires caus6es parlronchocercose en Haute-volta. Rapp. final. 8e Conf. tech. O.C.C.G. E., mimeo-graphed document, OCCGE, Bobo-Dioulasso, l, 207-2lO bis.

ROLLAND, A. <l-972) Onchocerciasis in the village of Satnt Pierre: an unhappyexperience of repopulation in an uncontrolled endemrc area,Med. Hys., l{i, 913-915.

Trans. R. $oc. trop.

. (L972) Le foyer dronchocercose de la r6gion de Bamako. Typed document,

.A., Bamako, 15 pp., 2 maps.

ROLLAND, A. (L972) Les c6cit6s onchocerquiennes dans Les zones couvertes par leprojet rtigional de lutte contre Itonchocercose en Afrique de ItOuest(r6partition selon le r6seau hydrographique, lr6ge et le sexe). TypeddocumentrI.O.T.A., Bamako, 10 pp., 1 map.

ROLIAND, A. (L972) R6sultats dtune enquGte ophtalmologique sur la r6partition et lacause des c6cit6s dans la r6gion de Korhogo (Rdpublique de Cote drlvoire).Mimeographed document, I.O.T.A., Bamako, 9 pp., I map.

ROLL,AND, A. (1972) Le foyer dtonchocercose de la plaine rizicole de Boukoura(Cercle de San, R6publique du Mali). Typed document, I.O.T.A., Bamako, g pp.,1 map.

ROLL,AND, A. & BALAY, G. (1969) Lronchocercose dans le foyer Bisa. Mi.meographeddocument, O.C.C.G.E. , Bobo-Dioulasso, lll Oncho. du 30.05.1969, 85 pp., 8 pI.et 8 maps.

ROLLAND, A., SANSARRICQ, H. & CUBIAN, C. (1968) Ltonchocercose en Haute-Volta.Importance, rdpartition et gravit6 de ttend6mie. Med. trop. (MarseiIle), 28,635-639, I map.

ROLLAND, A. & VINET, lll . R. (1972) R6sultats d.une enquete sur les c6cit6sonchocerquiennes dans Ia rdgion de Bougouni (Republique du [tali). Typeddocument, I.O.T.A., Bamako, 14 pp., I map.

ROLLAND, A. & VINET, M. R. (L972) Ltonchocercose en R6pubtique du Malr. Etat actueldes connaissances sur 1'end6mie et perspectives de lutte anti onchocerquienne.Typed document, LO.T.A., Bamako, 13 pp., 1 map.

SALVY, Dr. (1966) fuisultats drune enqu6te 6pid6miologique sur Lronchocercose dans1e Nord-Dahomey. Rapp. final 6e Conf . techn. O.C.C.O.E mimeographed document,O.C.C.G.E.,

SARKIES, J. W. R.Med. Parasit

Bobo-Droulasso, 1 , 19O-194.

(1952) onchocerciasis and trachoma in the Gold coast. Ann trop.,, 19, 2I4-2L7.

An VI-5page 36

SAWADOGO, R. C. (L972) Projet dt6radication de lfonchocercose et d,amdnagement desvallcie.s des Volta - I{aute-Volta - Etudes exploratoires sur le facteur humain,mimeographed document, CVRS, Ouagadougou, 59 pp.

SCHEFFEL, P. D. (197O) Assignment report, Onchocerciasis control pilot project inGhana, Upper volta and Togo. Mrmeographed document, WHo, AFR/oNCH/16 du 30Juin 19?O, Brazzavllle, 51 pp.

SCHLITTER, K. (197I) Commencement drune recherche syst6matique et statistique surI'onchocercose au Togo. Typed document, Centre National Hospi.talier, Lom6, 7 pp.

SENKER, C., NOAII'IESI, C. K. & McRAE, T. M. (1966) Onchocerciasis survey in the basinof the White Volta River and the Kulpawn River in Northern Ghana. Typeddocument, 16 pp., I pl., I map,7 tables.

SOw, C. (f!)?O) Campagnes de lutte FED-OCCCE contre 1'onchocercose. Bilan financier.Rapp. final lOe. 9o-nll-!-g-chq--Q-!-e--e^E-, mlmeographed document, O.C.C.G.E.,Bobo-Dioulasso, I, 2O1-2O8.

TANDOH, .J. E. (ftt761 Republrc of Ghana. Economic surveyl 1969. Central Bureau ofStatistics, Accra, l-13 pp.

TOURNIER & VO QUANC TRI (1972) Etude pour le contr6le de Itonchocercose dans lebassin des Voltas. Identification des zones susceptibles dtinterventions6conomiques. Vol. I, mimeographed document, SEDES, Paris, 226 pp., 4 maps.

TOUIINIER & VO QUANC TRI (1972) Etude pour le contr6le de lronchocercose dans Iebassin des VoItas. Identification des zones susceptibles dtinterventionsciconomiques. Vol. II, mtmeographed document, SEDES, Parisr 257 pp., 8 maps.

TOURNIER & VO QUANG TRI (1972) Etude pour le contr6le de lronchocercose dans Iebassin des VoItas. Identificatlon des zones susceptibles drrnterventionsrl'conomiques. Rtlsumi' et conclusions, mlmeographed document, SEDES, 75 pp., 12

maps.

TRAORE, ttl. (f97O) Programme triennal de redressement dconomique et financier, l97O-1972. R6pubtique du Mali, Pr6sidence du Gouvernement, Bamako, 251 pp.

VAN HECK, B. (1972) Dahomey. D6veloppement de ltutilisation des eaux souterraines.Sociologie rurale et facteurs humains, mimeographed document, FAO, Rome, ACL:SF/DAH 3, Technicat Report 4, 57 pp., 3 frgs

VIOLEINE, P.-A. (19?O) Nouvelles tables pour les calculs d'int6r6ts compos6s,drannuit6s et dtamortissement, Gauthier-VrlIars 6d., Paris, I90 pp.

vo QUANC TRI, HENDERICKX, .r. & VAN IIECK, B. (1972) Etude de pr6-factibilit6.R6publique de Haute-Volta. Esquisse du projet de mrse en valeur de Ia val16ede la Bougouriba, typed document' wHO, Parrs, 94 pp.

vo QUANG TRI, HENDERICKX, J. & VAN HECK, B. (1972) Etude de pr6-factibilit6.R6publique de C6te dtlvoire. Esquisse du projet de mise en valeur de la zoneBandama-Bou, typed document, WHO, Paris, 122 pp.

WADDY, B. B. (195f) Onchocerciasis and blindness in the Northern Territories of theGold Coast. Mimeographed document, JEII/I . 12 5 5t 36 pp., 3 maps

Annex V[-5page 3?

WADDY, B. B.special

(f96Sr) Prospects for the control of onchocerciasis in Africa withreference to the Vo1ta River basin. Bult WId Hlth Or ., 40, 843-858.

WILLIAIIIS, D. (f 97O) The probable economic ef fects of the eradication ofonchocerciasis in Northern and Upper Ghana. Mimeographed document, WHO,

PDf7O.l, restrlcted, GenEve, 18 pp., 3 maps

Annex VI-Spage 38

TABLE VI-5.I. EXAMPLES OF DISEQUILIBRIA IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Count ry

Densely populated zones Desertecl or almost de5erte(l zones

Name

Densi ty2per km

Name

Dens i ty2per km

Ivory Coast Korhogo zone over 50 Bandama vaIleyComo6 va1leyNzi valleyBank of the Black Volta

Less than I

Dahomey Boukomb6 districtNata districtDompago district

I 408052

M6krou valleyAlibori valleySota valleyPendjari valleyValley of the Oudmd' andits higher tributaries

[,ess than I

Ghana Fra Fra

Kassena-NankaniKusasiLawra

II6

75bt44

Valley of the WhiteVol ta

Valley of the Red voLtaMorago vallevAsibelika valleySissili valley

Less than I

Upper Volta Gourcy

YakoOuahigouya

KoudougouMangaZab16

Ti6b6r6

over 75

over 7550over

over 50over 50over 5O

over 50

VaIley of the WhiteVol ta

Valley of the Red VoltaValley of the Black

Vol taBougouriba valleySissili valleyValley of the Como6

andL6raba rivers

Less than ILess than I

o-5Less than ILess than 1

Less than I

Niger Canton of Say 32 Tapoa valleySirba valley

Less than I1-5

Ma 1i Kadiolo administra-tive district

14 for the wholeof the "cercle"but 381 per km2actuallyoccupied

Baould valley down-stream from BougouniOuassoulou valley overa width of ?-8 km;parts of the Bago6va I ley

Less than 5

1 I

2

Togo DapangoLama-Ka raPagouda

4Lr04

80

Oti val1eyKoumongou valleyKara valley

Less than I1-55 - 10, thenr-5

downstream

Annex VI-5page 39

TABLE VI-5.2. VARIATIONS IN YTELD PER HECTARE OF THREE FOOD CROPS AND ONE

INDUSTRIAL CROP IN THE OUAGADOUGOU REGION BETWEEN 1969 AND 197I

Yield in t<g/t a

CropYear

t 969 r 971

Sorghum

Groundnuts

Paddy (traditionalfarming )

Cot ton

?oo

400

400

250

700

400

600

150 - 200

@ap

H

Pcqoo..1 EE bO>rooo> lrdlrQo >,Eo.oopO O+rEOcooo>.dClio.d oLb0oooq boPo(!(s.d li C)no>h(g.O

r<o

ooC^ooO.dtr(o..{ o+)ooq)o60E(gb0=.dv

oc-N(?)

oo..{

lroq

d.d

..{c)

c-o(0 <rN$

4

+{O(doP '.{o>

t{oo..{ OP@dO ..{E>O.dac)

olc-@

oC)'dt{C)@

d.d

...{c)

ILooNPOC')codO@do..+r q)(to> ..t

kkqq)o

k OdO O'rlE.d>O k.a

= a()

qo)

c

.d

poo3oJ

otr'dob0 .do60ko

fr(sdo(!b0.r(O(!.q.O tr(!0Q:<

OC.)rr)@

C)^po

.dl{b0oo)+{l{octl)t{(g o)kEOP>li(s0vtroN

C)

^.d+rlrOP.do! ..1+rEo.doobt

cj4Ir3>(! (!AZ

.O rOO.l d

oIE!+)o>qbopOofaE(! (t-oo9o tF3dF(Il.dd'dvao

QOraOO; AE

^o6O(E(lY>(,6C/]FI

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oo.d'dbr b0

&&(oc)c.,t (7)

O)

ocood(!trodt, !

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(f) v sr$I

o(o

C)

otr(!io,t4(!kc0)oa"(!z

o(.Jot

F-

+J

.a(n

&oo&oo

$ON+)qr

o+{o

ol@

c-O).1

(dPdo

troAp.

t<oohooI

c-oP(H+{o

otO

loNd

!tr

oO

c-O)d

{Jth(!

C)

tr

H

c-(o(,)d

C)Eo(!a

@(oO)Fl

(n

(d

o

(o(oo)F{

f{obo..{z

(ooFl

.ddd

=

c-O)F{

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.Annex \:I-5page 40

trl&

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=

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ot\o@14JAExt4

c.j

rr)I

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14Jca

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626E

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a

ZGIG

I6

=Io

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a2o-IoEG62)

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5*Ei3EA

tto=

oz:6E6

e-oJ.t3

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o2o

6

6

EGI

6*5?g<

=i2:ozao

-a2

6I

o2Io(9

o

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ao

2o=)oo=292o

l

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o1;6d

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=z9!l6E

z92o

I2Eo

I

ozI

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;l

eld5l

Annex VI-5page 42

TABLE VI-5.5. EFFECT OF THE INTET'ISITY oF oNCHoCERCIASIS TRANSMISSTON ON THE MOVEMENT OF HUMAN POPULATIONS IN DIFFERENT

,.EPIDEMIOTOCICAL TANOSCAPES'' IN THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA' ACCORDING TO LE BERRE' ROLLAND ANO PflILIPPOI'I

(l) Large and P€rmanentwater courses wlthtwo maln lnfestatlonseasons: JulY-Octoberand Decenber-March.

Doserted bY about thet6nth Year.

Abandonnent of lnstallatronsafter ? year3 and desertlonof tho terrltory

Types $/ater courses Transmr s s ionlevels observed

Cl1nlcal slgnsobserved

Effect on thepopulat ron

Malr : Sankaranl,Ouassoulou, Baou16,Bago6, Ban1f1nB,I vory Coast :

Bandama, Como6, Nzlt pper Volta Btack!'olta, como6, L6rabaGhana: rtvers southof the Cambaga Scarp

- 15 OOO rnfectiv€tarvae/man/year atthe L6raba brrdge-l600at7kmfrom the bridge'

? km from the L6rababrrdge: 73% rnfect€dpersons,1O7o serrous eYe

leslons, 5.5% blrnd.

Valleys deserted

(2) Juventle, Permanentwater courses flowrngrn rugged countrywlth tvo lnfestatronseasons:- July-September- January-March.

West Upper Volta:upper valleys of theBlack Volta, Como6,

L6raba, NorthwestDahomey upper val-leys of the PendJarl,M6krou, Aliborl

4 2OO rnfectlvelarvae/man/year atou6na (Upper Volta)5 4OO rnfectlveLarvaefnanfyear atla Faya (Mali).

At GuSna:?8% lnfected persons52% eye teslons;7% blrnd.

Vall.eys deserted (a fewpeople are stopplng atCudna, because of the brldgeand at la FaYa, at theRrvers and Forestry statron)

(3) t{later courses ofaverage slze, notpermanent (flowrngfrom June to Novem-ber) llnes of breed-rng Places ln JulY-Augu st .

Red volta and tl,hlteVolta as well asthelr trlbutarlesas far as the Ganbaga

Scarp.

On the KourouBba(trrbutary of theRed volta)2 IOO lnfectiveLarvaefnatf!ear- at l.? kn : 72O

- at 3.2 kn : 45O

- at 4.5 kn : 25O

- at 6.0 kD : 160

At 3.2 km:

5?% lnfected persons;27% eye leslons,3.5% blrnd;at 4.5 ko:39% rnfected persons;ll% eye leslons;1.6% bIrnd.

Deserted valleYs wrthatteopts at reoccupatlonfollowed bY new retreats

(4) Banks of vater courseswhere there has been

spontaneous settle-ment wrthout Protec-t ron.

Examples:Sarnt-Plerre,Tanslla (Upper Volta)

I 4OO rnfectlvotarvaefnanflear

l% rnfected persons I

on tnstallatlon; I

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Annex VI -5page 44

TABLE VI-5.7. EVALUATIoN OF EFFECTS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS ON NATIONAL ECoNOMYI

Nature Extension or number

Evaluation ofthe cost of

onchocerciasi s

us$

I Effects on population

(a) Diminution in the productivecapacity of onchocerciasisaffected people (malady +

malnutri tion)

I million individualsin all zones

Not measurable

(b) Under utilization of PeoPIein dense zones

RDO. Ouagadougou,Upper VoIta

Upper Region, (Ghana)

2 too ooo

I 300 000

(c) Charge of blind PeoPle on thefami Iy

Upper Volta: 40 OOO

Ghana: 8 OOO

Ivory Coast: I OOO

Mali: 2 OOO

Dahomey: I 600Ni. ger: 2OO

Togo: not known

640 000160 00080 00048 00040 0008 000

(d) Relative aging of PoPulationdue to emigration of Youngadu I ts

Upper Volta: decreaseof O.16% per year

260 000

Other countries not known

(e) Costs of field treatmentteams

Ivory Coast (f97o)

Upper Volta

Other countries

160 000

60 000

380 000

2 Effects on production

(a) Inability to farm valleys Upper VoltaIvory CoastGhanaMaI iDahomeyTogo and Niger

12 800 0004 800 0004 800 0005 200 000r 400 000not known

800 000

228 000

170 000

50 000

(b) Soil degradation andsubsequent Yie1d reduction

RDO of Ouagadougoq andKoudougou (UpperVoIta)

RDO of Yatenga (UpperVol ta )

Bawku and Navrongodistricts (Chana)

Lama-Kara area (Togo)

t o., rn" basis of the most recent investigations' the total number ofpersons suffering from economic blindness would be about 70 OOO.

a

Annex VI-5page 45

TABLE VI-5.8. EVALUATION OF THE NUMBER OF PERSONS LTVING rN THE VOLTA RIVER IBASIN AREA AND SUFFERINC FROM ECONOMIC OR TOTAL BLINDNESS OF ONCHOCERCAL ORIGIN

Count ry

Dahomey

Ghana

Ivory Coast

lllaI i

Niger

Togo

Upper Volta

I According to the results of the most recent studies the total number ofr suffering from economic blindness in the Programme area amounts topersons

70 000.

Number of blindpersons

Sources

I 600

8 000

I OOO

I 200

200

Unknown

40 000

Directorate of Public Healthsurveys.

Report by J. Blanc.

Evaluation by the Directorate-General of Pub1ic Health (inreport by J. Blanc).

Report by J. Blanc.

Surveys by Drs Bru and Chamorin

Estinates of the Directorate-General of Rural Health (inLe Berre: La lutte contre1'onchocercose dans le cadrede I'6volution 6conomiquedes Etats de l'Afrique deI 'ouest ) .

Total 52 000

Annex VI-5page 46

TABLE VI-s.9. DISTRIBUTION OF ECONO{IIIC AND TOTAL BLINDNESS OF

ONCHOCERCAL ORIGIN, BY AGE GROUP, IN TIIE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA

Number ofpersons

examined

Number of blind persons by age group

Sourceso-4 5-9 10- 14 r5-29 30 and

overTotal

r 264 ll 51 62 Rollancl & Balay Brsa count ry

189 I6 T7 33 Rol land - Banforlr

Rolland - Banfora

Rolland - Carango

Roltand - Retl Volta

t97 2 3 5

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95 3 3 Rolland - Red Volttr

t62 5 5 Rolland - Recl Volta

509 3 47 50 Rolland - Red Volta

433 2 15 I7 Rotland - Red Volta

110 2 I 11 I4 Schlitter - Northern Togo

108 I 9 16 26 Schlitter - Northern Togo

3 309 o 2 I 52 19r 246 TOTALS

o% o.8% o.4% 2T.L% 77.7% lOQT, PERCH{TAGES

a

i

Annex VI-5page 47

TABLE VI.5.10. PROBABLE DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC AND TOTAL BLINDNESS OF

ONCHOCERCAL ORIGIN BY AOE GROUP AND BY SEX tN THE VOLTA RIV-ER BASIN AREAI

Agegroup Males Females TotaIs

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7 500

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2 500

15 700

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10 000

41 400

Totals 33 800 18 200 52 000

On the basis of the most recent investigations,the total number of persons suffering from economicblindness would be about 70 OOO.

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'ocPhqi",ooL6CaAO660:64eO14OqO;- ) . E O N ,. -cdooo!OO.TOOOC&OOol - o o - q - 4 L o oal r C P L F e O d G tEl c o r 6 L e d! o : o c9ldo:aq96l!qooo Eolk?o4e60lro;aotlc\ooEotocEko4ld60Loi@lt-Foo

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ao06c{uAa!E6aOc diadoo oe>6i@,qaooacD>o>roo o!do>o.cuul i C o x sdl s i t J ..slPaddiloq6loeoodlEdcl o > o e dI P dolo60lul q e o - ol c qalOCPOoljo

.!

E>

e

.I

F

)

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1

e

6

E

Resu I tsAc t lons Cont6nt and charact6rlstlcs ol the actlvltleS

LarSeI i ves tocklamrng

Foodcaops

Cas hcfops

Shal Illvestockfa rm1 nB

Tradr trona-taBrrculture,degradatlon ofsol l, drop 1noutput,1 nadequatep roduc tron

Product ofr odr fferen tquallty, outletsrrregular andvery lr[rted

Poor economlcoutput of theherd, health andfeedlng problemsNo actton

ExtreDely slowprogress that can

only after manyyea.s, so that therers a lack ofmotlvatron for thebreeders

Brg elforts greeonly poor resulta,so that there isa return to thet radr t lona I0ethods

Ret€nt1on olprrorlty for foodcrops and the ,

rnstabllrty ofproductlon con-stltute a brake on1t3 expansron

No solutron loroutlet probleo.Lrttle rEprov€nentln th€ quallty ofthe productSepaaa Ee

sec torac t rons

V€ry llmrtedprogres s.foLlryed bya return toearllercondrtl0ns

lnteractron of operatlons: actton on cashcrops leads to a gmall locrea3e ln tncomewhlch makes actlon on food crops acceptable(use of fertlllzer3 for example). Itrprovementrn the condltlons of productron of food cropsreleases posslbllltles ln farcur of cash crops(physrcal and 1nv€stment capaclty).

IEproveoent lnnutrltlon thank9 toan lncrease lnagrrcultural prod-ucttoo and lnprove-ment rn the qualltyof the product

Commencementof developmentof lamlngtechntques.S I lghtl0proveoen tln lncome

Awareness of theeconomlc value of cattle

Srou I taneou s

actlon on loodcrops, cashand smallllve9tockfarns

Better technlques leadlng to regeneratlon of the so11 (or at least a haltrn rts degradatlon). IDprovement 1n farErng condltrons and rncome oakesposslble the use of d.aught animals (one ol the natn leasons whlch so farhas stopped the adoptron of thls technlque has been the lnabrlrty to makethe necessary tnvestment). Thls rmproveoent also enables sDall lrve-stock farnlng to be developed,

Work fum-rshed bythe draughtanrma I s

Incooederlvedfrom resale

I mprovementrn techniquesand lncome,Commencementol a changern mentalat t1 tude

Instabrlrty ofproductlon owlngto need to grveprlorlty to foodcrop9,Poor outputs

Need for oalntenance of agrtcultural equlpnent and eoergence of desrre to lmprove housrng (recourse tocraftsoen for seRrc€s). Ne6d to dispoge of product at gtable and suffrclently profrtable prrces,Need to utllrze the monetary rncon6, etther for gnall rnvestments or for consumer goods.

{c ctotr onother sectors:handlcrafts,trader credl t It ransport

Entrmce offam1ly farhlnBlnto themone taryct rcul t

Actron tn thesoclal fleId( hea I th,teac hr ng I

communr tylrfe)

Deslre to loprove one's own llfe and that of one's chlldren, whlch emerges when rt ls found that 3uchan lmprovement has become posarble,Awarenes3 of the servrce rendered by the rural eorld to the natronal co@unlty and of the duty of theIatter to r[prove worklng condltlong and "qualrty of llfe".Local collectlve needs whlch become rncrgagrngly extonsrve and drversllled.

Settlnt rnDottm of therural worldand comence-ment of ltspartlclpatlonln the 11feof the natcomul ty

Annex vt-spaSe 5I

ANNEX VI.5.14 ORIENTATION OF THE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN WITH RESPECT TO FAJIIILY FARIUS

Stagnatlon

-\nrot \ l-:i

------+---

lAnlF rl-1.rs Tlnfs ot omioN [l{r eN nE coNstoEREo {\D THEIR (ONSEqt'EXaES

r\u\ of soltTloN llt^l cu trt- (\,NslDERlo

l).Ou.tu.t .rr.n\

Oil t({'u- (r.I rtron 1'r(xlu( tr.tr

tru( ((r! \olum(.l .. ,,, .

M,,,(r I l,,nrE lrrr,r,,\t' rr' l, rilr

rFsLt1. ro lrt lxPf,clt0

I r or (,'l u((- Pr ,nl',. I r ,rl.,

E

lr_!

lot1l2IJr4r5

t?tn

202l

212t

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llt2{3{1l5

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( ro-20D1 ffus(

Dr ffuse

Dr ffu5e

l)r f I u3e

Raprd0r ffuse

Or I fure

I I

01 ffuse

- t.l.--:

IA8LF vl_i.15. TYPFS OF OmION TflAT CN nF TNSIDnRFO NO THf,IR (ONsteLlN(ts (.or'trnq.,d)

elst 1,1 s ft) rnt t,\t{ ( I I I)rlPl\ ots \ot,l'Tlm T(AT (,AN trE afrstoLRE0

l)ct,drt'r.. ,rr. ,r

h on tropu- (rn

Poputatror' I rtrrnr t,ro(lu{lr,r .onttr((r.rr r\i(r(. lur.! \oluo,5

=

e

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!

ca

2l. : -rc-ac{ .-eoaa-z

50

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Raprd

Or ffuset

Dr frus.

RaprdO' ffuse

I

I Dr ffure

Sl@Or ffur€

P.oductlm IDr I f(5,I

All sectors ! r :

Dr fIus.I

Ior ffu\(-I

I

i'l

1'thnr( \( ((l! _1"'nhr! (,.n'r,,1("r. l',((l(, l-

Annex VI-5page 54

TABLE VI-S.}6. INDUSTRIAL JOBS CREATED IN UPPER VOLTA BY AN INCREASE

OF 37 15O METRIC TONS IN SEED COTTON PRODUCTION

Type of job Spinning WeavingAssociatedactivities Total

24

350

4 013

96

Engineers

Foremen

Workmen

Clerical staff

L2

145

I 535

t2

I2

r93

2 370

r2

I2

r08

72

TOTAL 4 483

TABLE VI-S.17. LIST OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS IMPORTED INTO UPPER VOL'TA

IN 197I WHICH COULD BE REPLACED BY LOCAL ONES

(values in thousands of US$ )

Cattle . .

Sheep, goats . .

Milk products and eBgs .

Meat and meat preparations . .

Cereals and products based on cereals other than

Vegetables (onions, garlic, potatoes) .

Sugar and its preparations

Textile fibres and waste . .

Paper, cardboard . .

Threads, fabrics, finished textiles

OiIs, fats, wax preparations . .

TOTAL

wheat

I O92

r52

855. 20

81.20

687.20

42

2 056

342

972

4 030

480

ro 889.60

Annex VI-5page 55

TABLE VI.5.T8. ESTIMATE OF BUDGET REVENUE CREATED IN THE IVORY COASTBY ECONOIUIC DEVELOPIVIENT PROJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ONCHOCERCIASIS

CONTROL PROGRAIIIME DURING THEIR IMPLEIvIEI\ITATION PERIOD(thousands of US$)

s66.22

2 064

25o-.20

62.52

480

320

I Value added tax

TABLE VI.5.19. ESTIMATE OF BUMET REVE.IUE CREATED IN THE IYORY COASTBY ECONOMIC DEVELOPIVIE{T PROJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ONCHOCERCIASIS

COT{TROL PROGRAMME IN A NORMAI YEAR(thousands of USg)

VAT1. 240

t20

80

60

Licences

Taxes on fuelsMisce I laneous

and vehicles .

Total 500

I Value added tax

15% service tax(3 774.8 x o. 15 )

?.5% VATI on commercial production

(27 52O x o.o75)

funount derived from licences .O.O54 x 3 3OO-(o.zeo x 3oo )

Proportional duties, national contributlon and

additional taxes on licences

Taxes on fuels and vehiclesMiscellaneous (contractual taxes, royalti.es, taxes

on wages and salaries, etc. )

Total over the 35 years of implementation of the projects 3 742.94

Annex \rl -5page 56

TAIJLE VI-5.20. RECURRINC COSTS ARISING FROM THE IIIIPLEMENTATIONoF THE BANDAI\IA ECONOT\IIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, IN A NORMAL YEAR

(in thousands of US$)

TAI]LE VI-S.21. ESTII\TATE OF BUDCET REVENUE CREATED IN UPPER VOLTA

I.}Y ECONOI\,IIC DEVEIOPI\IENT PROJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ONCHOCERCIASIS

CONTIi()L PITOGRAJ\III]r DURING THE II\'IPLEI\'IENTATION PERIOD(thousands of US$)

Turnover tax (I3'. of the works) .

I axes on r.orks (2": )

'I'axes on suppl ies ( 1 . 5f; )

30 OOO fourth class lrcences

2OOO frrst class licences . .

30 OOO seventh class lrcences . .

lO OOO sl.xth class licences (craftsmen) .

Transport: licences, taxes on vehicles, taxes on

Taxes on industrial and commerci'al proflts

Taxes on salaries and wages, contractual taxes on

Hotels and lrcensed premises: taxes and li.cences

l\lrscellaneous (taxes on bicycles, cattle, servl.ce

fuels.

income

taxes ,

6 007.56

924.24

8r. 30

r 536

480

320

2o8

5 600

12 000

I 400

640

800etc. ).

Ilzrintenance of tracks (O.O8O x 60O km)

funortrzatron of rnvestments .

Cost of supervisory staff (salaries etc. )

Publi,c services (73 teachers, 20 nurses or

midwives, 20 clerks or supervisors) .

48

32

52.40

r68

TOTAL 300. 40

Total over period of 35 Years 29 997.r

Annex VI-5page 57

TABLE VI-s.22. ESTIIUATE OF BUDCET REVENUE CREATED IN UPPER VOLTA

BY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL

PROCRAMME, IN A NORIvIAL YEAR

(thousands of US$)

TABLE VI-5.23. RECURRING COSTS ARISING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION

IN UPPER VOLTA OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE

ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAMME, IN A NORMAL YEAR

(thousands of US$)

Turnover taxes, works taxes .

Lrcenses for craftsmen and merchants

Transport (licences, taxes on vehicles and fuels)

Tax on industrral and commerci-al profits

HoteLs and licenced premises . .

Incomes, salaries and wages . .

Mrscellaneous.

140

260

500

I OOO

t20

r20

360

TOTAL 2 500

l\talntenance of tracks (O.O8O x 43OO km)

Cost of supervisory staff (salaries, etc.)

Public services (600 teachers, 80 nurses ancl

mrdrvives, 2OO clerks and supervisors)

Arnortization of investments .

344

792

760

L20

TOTAL 2 o-l-6

Annex VI-Spage 58

TABLE VT-5.24. II,ITERML RATE OF RETURN FOR IIIE FIVE MAJOR DEVEIOPMEI{T PROJECTS

Discounted at 6%

Benefi ts

952r7

1 08eI r552 5r94 5117 463

16 39819 34718 79526 76530 32433 49336 7883e 46641 91644 26745 2r245 76745 57044 58043 96143 00441 83640 48939 18835 53636 13934 69033 04731 46230 05428 61927 L3425 82U-

Year

Costs (thousands of US$) Benefits fromthe project( thousands

of US$)Project Control

measuresTotal Cos ts

I2

3

45

6

789

10I1L2

l3L41516

L7

1819202L2223242526272829303132333435

2 4422 226.43 556.84 508s 218.46 489.66 814.86 4526 942.46 8066 844.86 570.86 643.26 647.66 439.25 854.85 s?82 82U^

2 8722 474.4t 994r 828.4r 774.8t 660.8r 600.4

598 .8596590.8583 .2573 .6588 .457L.2571 .6570.8566.4

5 0614 9996 9356 3ro5 3525 L424 8384 8384 8384 8384 6694 6694 66e4 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 66e

7 5037 225.4

10 491.8ro 81810 570.411 631.61r 652.811 290Lr 780.4lt 64411 513.81r 239.8IL 312.211 316.6rt 108.210 523.8ro 2477 48e7 54r7 143.4L 944r 828.4L 774.81 660.8I 600.4

598 .85s6590. 8583 .2573 .6588 .457r.2571.6570. 8566 .4

12.430

159.2r79.24r4.4786

I 37e.63 20e.24 0r4.44 r40.86 23e.67 506.4I 7et.2

ro 219.2Lr 642.413 099.214 658.415 864.417 0r4r7 94L.218 653.219 452.820 Lgo..420 8r4.421 423.621 893.22L 33t.222 729.223 127.223 438.823 65623 853.224 o50.424 227.624 359.2

57 62352 38r71 75869 77664 26566 76163 03757 6e156 77es2 86349 39045 40543 09840 73737 65633 67330 e452L 34320 2a518 1434 6464 1313 7783 3363 o24r o70I OO1

93887480778271967e638599

Totals 118 820.4 100 216 2r9 036.4 470 501.6 980 631 997 016

I

Annex VI-Spage 59

TABLE VI-5.25. RATE OF RETURN FOR THE PROJECTS AS

A WHOLE II.rcLUDING THE SUPPLENIEIIIARY PROJECTS

I2

345

t)

7

8I

10IIL213L415I6L71819202I2223242526272A

29303132333435

Year

Costs (thousands of US$) Benefits fromthe projects

( thousandsof Us$)

Discounted at l@o

Projects Controlmeasures

Total Costs Benefi ts

4 9465 474.86 902.8? 334.88 146.4I 224.8s 43L.28 829.6I 414.8I 870.48 317.6I 025.2I 039.67 805.67 348.86 r8s.26 0023 2443 2962 898.42 3682 252.42 198.82 084.82 0.24.4L 022.8t o20I O14 .8L @7.2

99? .6r oL2.4

995.2995 .6994.8990.4

5 0614 9996 9356 3105 3525 r424 8384 8384 8384 8384 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 6694 669

10 00710 473.813 837.813 644.813 498.414 366.8L4 265.213 667.6L4 252.813 708.413 056.6L2 6e4.2L2 7o8.612 474.612 01?.810 854.2ro 6717 9137 9657 567 .42 3682 252.42 198.82 084.82 o24.4r 022.8r o20I 014.8r oo7.2

997.6r or2.4

995.2995.6994 .8990.4

12.4r52387 .2627.2

L 2L4.42 L663 447.66 161 .27 894.49 396.8

12 111 .614 518.416 983.219 599.222 25U..424 927 .227 546.429 592.431 34232 749.233 461.234 260.834 998.435 622.436 231.636 7U.r.237 L39.237 537 .237 935.238 246,838 46438 661.238 858.439 035.639 t67.2

281 r96267 48032r 295287 888259 0.26250 543226 242r97 078186 701163 262141 396124 908113 73610r 53888 92572 93A65 19943 91740 22334 762e 8748 5507 5836 6335 7682 6462 3972 169I 953r 764L 629L 452t 323r 2o2I O89

3483 8828 990

L3 24023 30437 77554 67988 844

103 416lrt eo6131 162L42 857151 997159 535164 650167 509168 306164 23sL58 277150 31713e 532129 845L20 743ltr 496103 25895 05587 27680 32973 59367 69561 92756 44551 68r47 23243 083

TotaIs 160 7a7.2 100 216 261 @3.2 819 339.6 3 324 285 3 231 146

e

Annex VI-Spage 60

ABLE VI-5.26. VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION (TRADITIONAL

SECTOR) IN TIIE VOLTA RI,VER BASIN AREA (IN MILLIONS OF US$)

Coun t r!'( programme

zone )

Dahomey

Ghana

I vory'Coas t

Mali

Niger

Togo

UpperVolta

Bases of calculationPresentannua Ivalue

II

32

66. 9

2A.8

27

roo

3.6

The total agricultural GDP is estimated at I3.7 thousand miIllonCFAF (LlS$ 54.8 mrllion) or 12 thousand million CFAI'(US$ 48

million) of traditional crops, while the value of other products(coffee, palm tree products) is estimated at I.7 thousand millionCFAF (US$ 6.8 milli.on). The agriculcural GDP per head

(traditional sector), which is 5t9O CFAF (US$ 20'76), is obtainedb.v drvidrng the total by 2 3I2 OOO rural inhabitants' The GDP

per head is multiplrecl by 533 OOO, the number of ruralrnhabitants in the zone.

Navrongo distrr.ct: production per farm US$ 86'4, or, for the

whole distr'ict (52 OOO farms): US$ 4.5 million'Bawku drstrlct: productron by farm US$ 167'7, or, for the whole

district (39 OOO farms): US$ 6.5 millron' This gives as an

average (29I ooo persons in Navrongo and 26I ooo in Bawku):

US 4.5 mrllion + U 6.5 million - US$ 20 per head and for the291 OOO + 261 OOO

whole zone (1 60() OOO persons): US$ 32 millron

There are 8OO OOO persons in the zone and the GDP per head in the

rural area is estimated tc.r be 20 9OO CFAF, or US$ 83.6 (1971-75

Plan).

Agricultural GDP per rural inhabitant: 12 OOO FM (US$ 24)'for the f 2OO OOO rural inhabitants in the zone: US$ 28'8

million.

or

Agrlcultural CDP per rural inhabitant US$ 40, or US$ 3'6 millionfor the 90 OOO Persons in the zone.

AgriculturalGDPUS$106million'less12millionforcashcropsin the central and southern part (palm tree products' coffee'cacao, copra), or an average of US$ 54 per person' and for the

whole of the zone (5OO OOO rural inhabitants): US$ 27 million'

value of the agricuttural GDp is indicated in the lg72f76 plan.

269.3Total

a

Annex VI-Spage 6I

OLoo't o6-.r.EESgu>r. i-' rno Y(')oE

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Annex VI-Spage 62

TABLE VI-s.28. ESTIMATE OF THE PROGRESSIVE DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF

BLIND SUFFERERS FROM ONCHOCERCIASIS ON THE ITYPOTHESIS OF ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL

(a) Men

Total

29 20,U.

23 100

17 500

(b) Women

No. of blind by age groupYears

under 15 years 15-60 yearsTotaL

o

5

o

o

o10

t6 000

12 7o,0

9 500

2 200

I 800

I 400

18 20c)

14 500

10 900

over 60 years

I- According to the most recent investigations the total number of persons sufferingfrom economic bllndness would be around 70 OOO.

YearsNo. of blind by age group

under 15 years I5-60 years over 6O years

o

5

10

600

350

o

4 000

3 350

2 50()

33 rloo

26 800

2() 000

a

Annex VI-Spage 63

APPEI,IDIX A

LIST, BY COUNTRY, OF PERSONS INTERVIE\TED

AND NATURE OF INFORMATION OBTAINED

DAHOMEY

Chlef, Statistics Service, Cotonou

Directorate General of Health, Cotonou

Deputy Director, Dahomey Institute of Applied Research(IRAD), Porto-Novo

Messrs Faure and Viennot, ORSTOM, Cotonou

Dr Gangbo, Director of Statistics, Documentation andHealth P1anning, Cotonou

High Commissioner for the Plan, Cotonou

Minister of Rural Development, Porto-Novo

Mr Plug, Controller, European Development Fund (FED),Cotonou

FAO Representative, Cotonou

Dr Yekp6, Director, Major Endemic Diseases Service,Porto-Novo

IVORY COAST

Mr Boutillie, Chief, Regional Action Service, Ministryof the PIan

Mr Bousquet, Bureau for Development and AgriculturalProduction (BDPA)

Mr Demoulin,Plan

Regional Action Service, Ministry of the

Departmental Director for Animal Production, Korhogo

Dr Kone, Director of Social Medicine, Ministry ofPubllc Health, Abidjan

Mlss Lecoin, Ivory Coast Society for Economic Studies,Management, Taxation and Accounting (SIGES)

Mr Lemaitre, Veterinarian, Ministry of the Plan

Dr l.ozachtMeur, Chief, Social Medicine Sector, Korhogo

xx

x

xx

x

x

x x

x

x x

x

x

x

X

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

q+)

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qoo

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oa

Arrtrex tII-5lrage ti-l

.\ppendix A

IVORY COAST (continued)

f\,lr ttlinard, National Bureau of Technical Stucli.es forDevelopment (BNETD)

Mr [!lontenez, Directorate of Devc,iopmental Studies,IUinistry of the Plan

Mr Mouni.er, Director, Institute of Tropical Geography

lVlr Ndri, Departmental Dlrector of Agriculture, Korhogo

[I1r Rombaut, Adviser to the Mlnlstry of AnimalProductron

I\lr Rossain, Technrcal Dlrector of the Society for theDevelopment of Rrce Crowing (SODERIZ)

Dr 56rie, Director-Ceneral of Health

Mr Trouchaud, Director, Centre of the Office forOverseas Scientific and Technical Research (ORSTOM),

Human Scrences, Abidjan

Mrs Verny, responsible for public health questions,Mrnistry of the PIan

MALI

Drrector, French Company for Textile Development(CFDT), Bamako

llr Caramd, Ministry of Production

i\lr Sery Coulibaly, Director of the Operation, UpperVal ley

Dr Sow, Director, MaSo r Endemrc Diseases Service

Production

LIST, By COUNTRY, OF PERSONS INTERVIE'IVEDAND NATURE OF INFORMATION OBTAINED (continued)

x

x

Director of the Plan

x

x

V

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x

x

x

xt\lr Touri, Ministry of

TOGO

Mr Adclrah, Assistant

Mr Bekri, FAO

Dr dtAlmeida, Director-General of HeaIth

x x

x

x

ooq)

qo.Fl ..{.{O.o(!

.d1.c)Ot{

S)ooootrEoodc60o€,titrA(B

o.d +)ptr(no-.{ E2(Dq>oop.E-t

o(U.d+r>6+,-l

.Fl

aooo&E

(gP(B

.AE

otl

o.d+Jo

otrA

C)tr

P

aliPtlt

tiqc

H

+J

o.F)

oLaP

oEao

-loC)o

ttoq)+{Ho

0)o

Annex VI-Spage 65

Appendix A

TOGO (continued)

Deputy Director, National Institute for ScientificResearch (INRS)

Mr Omer Koffl, Director of Rural Development

Minister of the Plan

Dr Prince AgbodJan, Director, Major Endemic Diseases

Mr Bloch, Resident IINDP Representatlve

UPPER VOLTA

Mr Bodin, Department of Missions for Town Planning andHousing (StruH) , Paris

Mr Bouchardy, Adviser to the Ministry of the Plan

Messrs Cartier and Schneider, International RuralDevelopment Company (CIDR), Di6bougou

Dr Compaor6, Director, Rural Health

Commanders ("Commandants") of the admlnistrativedistrlcts ("cercles") of Banfora, Bobo and Boromo

Chief, Statistics Service

Director and Technical Adviser, Oragadougou RegionalDevelopment Offlce

Director, International Bank of West Africa (BIAO),Ouagadougou

Director, National Bank of Paris (BI\[P), Ouagadougou

Mr Leperchey, Technical Adviser to the Ministry ofFlnance

Mr Marchal, ORSTOM, Ouagadougou

Chief Medical Officer of the Rural Health Sector,Ouagadougou

Mr R6my, ORSTOM Geographer

LIST, BY COIjNTRY, OF PERSONS INTERVIEII{ED

AND NAtlrRE OF INFORMATION OBTAINED (continued)

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

xx

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

o

oaohA

oli5+)oaFr

o(!t{q

+Joo

.F)

oka+J

oEao

i-{q)

oo

aPoo+{qiooq)o

trH

qqo)cEt,oF{O!dqoOf{

oooooCEoo.{C(l0o1,kcAd

co.Fl +)+rC(! q)HE5o)p.>ooo.E

trtro(d'd+r>(l+)F{ .'{

a6o.coo)AE

(r,+)(too.'{EoooH

Annex VI-Spage 66

Appendix A

LIST, BY COUNTRY, OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED

AND NATURE OF INFORMATION OBTAINED (continued)

ooo

co.d ..{-lO.o(!

.dHc)Ot{o

OC)ooooF{tr60ogA(t

+)

oEoo

ocl

+)..1oco)

o..{P(!

F{)qog

o.d+JdFl

ooA

(l+J(!

.'{Eooo

C4

tro

..1Pc)

oofrtr

olr+)q)

&Po(uf{H

H

+)

o.r-)ot<aP

oEp.o

F{

O)

C)n

o+Jc)o)+rHonC)

EtrH

UPPER VOLTA (continued)

Mr Sanon Salia, Assistant to the Director of RuralDevelopment

Messrs Chabrol, Gatain and Mesnil ' Society for Aid and

Cooperation (SATEC), Paris

Dr Sawadogo, Director-General of HeaIth

Dr Sentilhes' Adviser to the Directorate of RuralHeal th

Mr S6ri, Director of Rural Development

Mr Th6venin' Director of the Dedougou RDO and Chief ofthe Solenzo Sector

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Ar,nl^oLTtCAl LrsT oF t[E CHIEF DocUME{Ts Coilsut,ttsD ND TATUtE ot flrt (Nt'olrmrto\ EIT(A.rFo

Paavalanca otbl lndn.at and

Ii

I

I C. rncey, Erplorr.tlona .jrlcotc. an pry! Dlaill. 0J1trlnl, Oi8Tm.| 1969 (Ca!o d'(volre)I

I Annurl.c ltrttlt1qu€ du X.11, 1969I

I BOee. Cgs.1.rr.mnt de l. culturo du r1z drna l. rd3lon d. Slk...o,I tr?t (rrlr)

I uor^. "..o"

pour l. usc 6n v.l€ur d6 Ir vrtla. d. l,Ort, l9?l (Toao)I

I BOPA. La dalprrt.mn! dc Krtlol., r9?2 (cato d'Ivo(re)I

I I Atrnc, Ettet. dconoDlquet do l. lqtte contre liorch@a.cole, O*1,I tqeqI

I Bmm, ProJet de olle en valoqr dcr a1re. de dd3raeEnt d€ Xorhogo,I AordJ.n, 1969 aCat€ d'Ivol.€)I

I 8mTO, Proposrtron d'l.pl.nrrtlon d6a vllllScr pour le proJ6t !rcr16rI d€ Ferkca6ddouaou, 13,9,I9?2 (Cat6 d,lvolr€)

80PA, Lr rcdernt..r1on .uill. d.nr I. Hrut€-Vrlldc du Nra.., 1960

Ph. funnefond, 81lan do 1'op6rrtlon aetour! pllotaa €n IoyanncCale d'Ivolre, ORSrOI, 1968

A. l( Bildlcy, A cra6.tudy oi orch@€.cl..l.1n rha Hartl vrllcy,Ntgorl., 1972

Oo(t€ur! Bru 6t Ch.rcrrn, L onch@orcore au tr1ger. 1966-1968

EulIetlns et.t13tlqu€a Ensu6Ii d€ Hrcto-Voltr, l9?l ct l9?2Dr Chrrcrln, R.ppo.t ltnal I I. l{aD Cont6rerco .tnt!t6r1ette ln!.r-Et.t3 d€ li(ECOB, 25.tI .u 3.12.106?

CFm, Strtl.clque! l9?O-19?l Fur pr5t6cture d. ht1ol. (Car.d'lvo116)

C(op(€3 dcononlqu€. de f,.ut€-Voltr pour 1968

Compres 6conoolque3 du hlt, 1960

Conpte. nrtlonrux du to3o, 1968

Convontlon N' SiOfllV/ClfAL entrc 1r CEE! .t lc! Rapubllqucr d. H.ut6-Volt., C6t6 drlvolrc .t kll, dc 10.I.1966 er annexoa

Dtr€ctlon d6 la dd6clna .oc1rlo, AbldJan. Statl.tlquea, l9?O (CAtedr lvolr. )

Olr6ctton d6 lt lanta, Cotonou, L,orch@arcole au OrhoDy, 196{

olaecttoh d6 lr {nta .ural6, Ourgrdougou, Statlatlqua! par crnlon!do. porte'rra de kyst€3, .nqutte! 1966-I.,?O (Hrut.-Voltr)

Orrectlon des 3€rv1ce6 da l'6l€vagc ct dea loduatrtoa anloalas,prosr.@ 6l6v.ac, 2{.lO.l9?O (H.uGo-volt.)

Econoolc Survc/, (,h6n., I969

Fm, Proter d.to6na6eGnt et de olso on vrleur dos valla€a dorVoltas, fd!rler l9?2 (h.qt€-Volt.)

FAO, SvelJppeGnt deB o.ux louteril1n6s, Drhocy, lo?2

FED, Sltu.tron de! proJet! lln.nc6i p.r le FED en Rdpubllque de Hrut..VoIta or 1.9.19?2

X. F1€Iour, Etuds do! vlIIaS6! prlote3 da la 2one Kolodro-Blneda,mM. m.3 l9?I (C6t6 ditvolrc)

feddou Coudolan. Enqq8tca dana 32 vlllag€s de la r1v6 orlontrlo d6Ir 8.8e, f!lr, soptotrbE 19?l

Oeteur! Ou€rs6d, Sln3ar6 et Scrla, Etud6 3ur le3 a.pects 3oc10-lo81qu6s do le c6c1td d.ns 16 ftp.rtomnr d6 Boq.k6, Mrs l9?l(CAte d'Ivorr€)

B S. Hatrldu, An outllno of an orplorrtory 6eMI lurv€y lor th6Dlssron PAo/ffio, l9?2 (Chrne)

J. flend€atckx, Not63 sua 1€ nord Cham, 16 Boqourlba, la r63ton d€(o.hogo et le IaI1, 1972 (Ch.n., Cate d.lvol.e, H.utg-Volt., hlt)D. hunt6r, ceoSraphlcal rsFacts ol orch@€rc1.!r3 conrrol 1nNorth€rn Oh.na, .oot l9?2

O. Hunter, R1v6. Blrndncas 1n trangodl, Northem Ohao., th6Seoarrphrcal Revl*, N' 3, 1966

IoET-CECG, Enqugto sur lo3 s6rvlco! de ddecloe 3@ra16 en Cated'Ivo1re, evrtl l9?2

I0ET-CEC6, ProSrrG d,.ct1on co@rctrle €n Cat€ d,Ivo1!€,novenbre l9?2

IFAN. earte d6@Br.ph1qu€ d€ l,Afr1qu6 occldantelo, lOS3

INEE, C@!a.atton, &Dko, Eaquat6 ddrcgrrphique 1960-196I (ltalr)

IISEE, Coo#.rtlon, Enqug!6 ddmgr.phlquo prr .ond.g€! €n RdpuDItqu.de H.ute-volc., 1960-1961 (2 to@.)

INSEE, Coop6rrtlon, Enquot€ .g.rcot€ ru hl1, 1960

Prpu l{t 1oo.poPulatlondanrlty and dot a Produc t ron I nf.a-

- CoDuniut6 dconoorqu6 euaopdeme

a

4s!_.'1!}_]iAlfilABLll{Ar I tsT (rF 1r[ (]lIfr rx(trMFNTS (('\sl,tTEo {ND \ATURF 0t lilE tNl(,nuTkrN t\lxA(TEt] (,(trr(rr'ued)

lUI, vert16(,16 et sols bruns eutrophes, 25.lI.I9?o

or Jehl, L'(,nctrocercose huMlne dans le loyer de lc Boq&qrlbr,enquires lq6{ } l96li (Haute-volte)

,,onathan Jelnes, Re3er!otr Re3ettl€mnt lh Afrrca, septenbre IS6q

,, M Xohler, Actl!rtd3 a8r1col6s et transformtlons soclo{cononlqu€3dans une r€Br(,n dc l'oueBt du iloss1, ORSTfl, l96a (flrute_volta)

D,,v1 Kui.vr. Etude opdratlonrelle explorrtolre dens le Nord-To8o,I mS , Lod , lS?2

r. kellcrnenn, Etudes d6B poss1bl11t63 de dlverslflcatton de laproductron rurale en llaute_VolCa, 196?

J. P. Lahuec, Tal,ongo, Etude t6ographlque d'un vl1la8€ de lrest iloasl,Omrc{, re?I (Haute-volta)

Docteurs koerque et Rolland, Btlan d'un€ enquate cllntque et parasr_tol('g1que sur ltonchocercose dans Ie foyer de la volta No1r6, 1967(Haute-v,)1 ta )

Doctcurs tarlvlaro et S. Dlallo, L'onchocercose en Afrlque de l'Ouest,Ed€crne d'Afrlque Nolre, N' lO, octobr€ 196?

R k Berre, La Iutte contre l'onchocercose dan6 I€ cadre de lrdvo-Iutron 6cono6lque des Etats de I'Afr1qu6 de lrtu€st, 19.1.19?o

Dr R Lrndner, L'onch@ercose au To8o, .lutn 1968

M Lflmoqroux, Notlce e\pllcatlve de Ia carte p6dolo81quo du roSo au

r'r m om

Y. ilath1€q, 14s cultures tndustrlelles au centro a8rlcole polyvalahtde farourkou, Haqte_volta/FAo, 196?

Mdecln-chel des Crandes End6nles de Slka93o, R6sultstB Cconoolque3et 3@raux acqul3 dans Ie zone traltde du Farrko, 1968 (k11)

J. ksnll, b cas de 1'op6ratton centre Xos31 (9 volucs), Jullletl!'70 (Haute-volta)

Mrnrstere de I'Agrtculture et d€ l'ElevaS€ de Haute_volta,Progra[m d'6tudes pr6lrnlnerreB devant pel@ttre la [rse 6n valeurdes (aIl6es des Volta3, l97O

frnlstare de 1'Agrlculture 6t d€ 1'Elevag€ de Haute_voIte, RaPportd'.ctlvrtds, 1969, clDR

trnlstere de lrEconotre et des Flnances de Htut€_volta, k rdglmllrcal en flaute_voltr, 19?2

xlnlstdre de l'Econohl€ et des Flnance3 de cate drlvolre, kfrscrlrtd rvotrlenn€, 19?2

f1n16t+re de l'Econoole 6t de! Flnarces d€ C6te d'lvo1r6, R€fo.Ede la co6Brclrll3atlon des prodults vlvrlers, evrrl l9?l

{rnlstare du Davelopp€mnt du kll (hcrouts, Sr.nl8uet et Tyc),Exptoltqtlon du choptel bvln ru kl1, lS65

flnlstBr€ des Frnancesr d6 I'Econo[le 6t du Plan ru fo8o, Plrnpropos6 pour un€ rs3lstance du ruD l9?2_19?6, -lu1llet 19?l

Irntstare du Plan d€ Cate dilvo1re, Notes sur le proJet 3ucrlerde Fe.kessCdoqSou, l9?2

tlnrstire du Pl.n de Haute_volta, ProJet cotonnter (3 !olum3), r969

Ilnrste.e du Plan do Heqte-volce, ilote sur Ie urrage Bur la voltaNolre I Koulbl (sans d.to)

hnrstare de l! Prductron du &11, Eo.nd€ de f lnanc€ent au FED

pour un proJet de d6velopFcnt de la productlon du drh .u fl411,1972

Mrnlgter€ de la Prduccron du kll, hoande de frnancomnt eu FED

pour un proJet de d6veloppeEnt de la rlzlcultur€ dans la r6gton de

S€8ou, avrll lq71

Nlnrstere de la Productlon du k11, De@nde de frnancemnt rq FED

pour un proJet de d6v€loppe6nt de lr productlon cotonnlere, Jurn l97o

filnrstere de la Santd dq klr, lnfr.3tructure sanltalre au kll' I9?O

Mrnlsttsre do lrEcononle rurale du Togo, R.pport annu€I, 1969

P. C. hrel, bs plans de d6v€lopp€rent de I'6leve8e et desproductlons anlMles dens la zono du prolet PAC/ilS, septeDb'e 1c72

Ore, Reprdsentant OueSadougou, Etude coopentle€ du bud8et de lasant6 et du bqdgeG natlonal, 1960 a I9?2, 8.2.19?2 (ttaute_Volta)

ilS. Repr6sentant ouagedouSou, RenselSnenents Banl talrea, novembra

19?2 (Haute_volta)

ORD de MdouAou, RaPport d'€i6cutroo technlque, l9?O (Haut€_Volta)

ORo de D6dou8ou, Prolet de pro8ra@ pour le plan qutnquennal

l9?l_19?5 (Hauto_volta )

ORD de OuagedouSou. ilercurlale3 l9?2 (Heut6-volte)

ORD de ouaSadou8ou, Repport d'actlvltd 1969, l9?O, 19?l (H'ute_Volta)

a

I nI..r -EconomrL datr I'rdu!!rnt

t

ALPUBETICAL LtST oF THE frtEF mCUXEmS ONSULTED sD NATURE OF IIE INFOmTION ExTRAcrEo (conrrnued)A,{! r'(lr-" I

ofloc L s

t

Populat 1on,populelron

dcnsr ty md

Paovalonce olbl ldn6a. .nd konoarc data

t nl.a -

I oRSIlx, Atrei dc Cat. d'Ivolre, lg?tI

lORSm. Atrrs de H.ute-Volt., 1968I

I OEmI, Carto droccuprtlon des lols en H.ut6-VoItroslol, Etud6 cdoloSlque H.utG-volr., 1968-1969

Dr Ovazza, ProJ6t do lutte contre I.orchoccrcore drna h zodr6cound66, 23.1O.1966

Jrcov P.ppo, Anrlr3o dconoalquc de t5 prototyF.a do l.m. lrDll(a16,st lO f6r@3 tr.dltlonn.lloa pour lirma€ l9OS, .vrtl 1966 (Haut6-Vo1 ta )

racov PapF, NorE! d6 trAvall €t calculr dei rovonua d€t cultur€ssrvrl6r€3, tLtourkou (.rna d.tc) (fl.qta-volt.)

H, Patokldoos, L! clvlltlttlons patrlarcrlea d6! l(rbro lacc auxproar.@! @dc.nee de d6volopp.Dat 6cono.lq@ ct !e1.1. 1969( Toao )

PorsFctlves d6h3raph1qu66 pour 16 dcurlaF plan .n H.ctc-VottrD. J. P€tlc, Rrpport Bur l,onch@rco.a.u iogo, ml 1969

B. Phrlrppon, Etude cnroelotlquo du loyer d,onch@orcoe de laval160 du tu.33oulou, 22.1.19?l (t{.tr)

Oocteur3 Plcq 6t Altou &, L,endailc onch@orqqlenno dtnr I€corc16 d6 Yrnlolll., rrs l9?O (LIt)

Plan d6 d6v€1opp6cnt acorcolqu€ et !@1rl l9?l-19?S .u IoSo

Pl.n nrtronrl 1nt6r1rr.o d€ davolopp.Ent dconorlq@ ct selall9?l-t9?2, orho@y

Plrn qulnquonnal de davclopparnt 6coooa1qu6, i@trl et cqltur6l19?l-1975, C6te d. tvot16

Plrn quhquomrl do d4vgloppcDnt acononlqu€ ct 3@1al 19?2-10?6,H.uc€-vo1t.

PXUD, Donn6€s 86.16r.!€B €t .nalyre dconoolque rur le Toao, ul lo?lPr6slderc€ dc Oouvcrnomnt ac Xrl1, progaa@ trloonal dc rodr€!-scEnt acono!1quc et itnrrc1.r, l9?O-19?2

T Q@.nt et O. do Rouv1ll.. Asrtcult6ur.ctal.vaur! do la r{t1ondq Oondo-Sourou, CVRlt, Jutn 1060 (Hrut6-Volcr)

D. qu€lonnoc, Enqutt.. Draltllm1rc. .ur Slu!.lo d.no.o.tl'onche..co3. .u D.hocy. r6a.orm r.ooriFEiii.t-root 1962

Dr Quelcmoc, ProJg! d'ortrntr.tlon d. l. zona d. contrAle da BrDttutd Tbob.Id d.n! le nord-oue.c o.tloGy. cnqclro. lo€l I G;i=;sroE

Ra!y, La d1v€r! rap6ct! du (rvoloppaDnt dana h pttla voltalquc qub.!!1n do k Volt. Roq6 .t da la staatll (H.uto-Voltr)

Or Rrv€!, ProblaEB arnttrtro! d.B la r63(on dq lrc dc l(oaaou, lO?O(Cat€ d'Ieo116)

Det6ur. R1v€. cc 8611€, L,oEh@crco.e on C6re d.Ivolrc, !tE!,]!Ed'Alrloue l{0116, X' lO. @tobre 106?

Dr A. Rolland. La latrlona eulalFa caua6oa par l,onch@grcola drna1€ ,oycr d6 l. Volta Roua6, 196? (Hrqt.-Volta)

Dr Rolland, l., loyor dronchearcoaa & lr r{31on de ganlora(Hruto-Volt. )

0r Rol.lrnd, Eptdtt[1ologle d€! copllc.tlon3 ocul.lres cruaaer prrI'onchocercole en thut€-volta, 19€g

Dr Rollrnd, Evolutlon du r4B6rvo1r d6 paraalba h@1nB alcro-lllarron! dr&rchocarca volvulua dana la loyer dG glkaaso apraatrelt.mnt l.rvlcldc rntl.lEl1dl0o et una c.4,rgrc ttutrepautlquo

1prr bl r de 1966 I r9?r (hl1) |

Dr Rollrd, L loyer d,orch@6rcoae d. l. Dlalm rtzlcole do IBoukour., 19?l (hlf)

I

0. Rolland, lar cacltlt3 onchocorqulonnea drna laa aaaa coqvarte!p.r lc proJet r68lonal do lutte contre l.orchocarcorc .n Alrlq@dc I rtu€lt, l9?2

Dr tullrnd, R..ultrt. d,6e 6qutt. ophtrlElo3lquo.ur l.r6partltlon 6t h cauG d€a cacltaa dan! la t{llon de troanoao,I9?2 (Car dilvolF)

Or Rollad, h ioy.r dronch@ercorc d6 l. r{31d dc brko, 1y2(Lr1)

Doct€u.! RoIIrnd 6t Balay, L,onch@arcor€ dan! le loyaa Btaa,1969 (Hrut€-voltr)

(bctour! Rolland. Sanraarlcq at Cublan, L'orcheorcole en lllcta-voltr. Irnpo.t.@e, r6prrtttlon €t 3r.v1td d. I'cda.16, Ldffitroplcale. septeobr6-etobre 1969

fuctaur3 Rolland et Vln€t, Enqulto sur I€a catcltaa orchear-qu1em6! d.ni 1. r{G1on do Bouaounl, Jurllet lg?2 (&11)

x

a

I

I

4!rqlrj!-l-.!AI,HIANEI'I('AI, LTST OT TIIN (IItEF MCfrENTS (ONSULTED ANO NATURE OF THE INIIUATION EiTMCTTD ((ONtIN(d)

iII

Pooul at rdn -P..ret€h.e 6Ioooulat ronblrhd^6qe e.d '

d6n3r lv mdonchoceacraars

I nf ra-

Oocteu.s Rollrnd et Vrnet, L'onch@orcose en R6publtque du X411,

lulller Ilr?2

R C Saqadogo, Etudes exploratolr€3 sur le facteur hum1n,CVRS Our8rdouSoo, @tobre 19?2 (Haute_Vo1ta)

Dr SchelfeI. hch@6rc1a31s cont.ol p1lot proJect rn Ghane, Upp€r

volta and Toao, 30,6,1960

[6dec1n Ch6f Schlltter, Comnceent d'une rech€.che stat13tlqu6e! systdMtrque de l'onchoc6rco36 eu ToBo (9ans date)

Sect6ur de Dddecrne so.1a16 de KorhoSo, Onchoc€aco36. tableeu per!rllage des porteu.s de kyBt€s (C6te d'lvorre)

SEDES, Crd.tlon d'un berceau de lr ra.e tl'Dam, r681on de Yenlolll.(kll), novembre 19?I (talt)

SEDES, Etude pour le cont.6le de I'onchoaercoso dans l€ brsslo de3

voltas (3 volqGs), 1972

Servrc€ des statrstlques d€ Hrute_volta, Stat13tlqueB d6D8aaphrqu66

Servtce de3 statl3tlques du DahoEy, rBrdgets et statittlquos6conotrrques, statlstlques d6rc8raph1ques

SXUH, Protmc et .ctron de daveloPPornt 6t diadneseGnt de l.r681on d6 Ou.8.doutou, aoot 1966 (Heut6-Voltr)

Smfr, ProSra@rtlon pour le proJet sucrler de Banlor!, @tobre I9?2( Hau re-vol t. )

\o Quan8 Tr1. Esqulsse du proJet de o13e en valeur de le (all6e d€

la Bou8ourrba, aoot 19?2 (Haute_volaa)

vo Qu.n8 Tr1, E3qq13se du proJ€t &ndrm bu, aoat 19?2 (Cate

d' tvorre )

a

I

II

a