1

Meluhha drill used by Bharatiyo Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization Meluhha drill as a hieroglyph

Bharatiyo metalcasters (Gujarati) continued the lapidary traditions of processing stones to create beads

A gimlet worked with a bow-drill was used by the lapidaries to drill holes in beadstones

The gimlet is the principal constituent of the hieroglyph composition generally seen in front of a one-horned young bull calf (so-called unicorn)

That the bharatiyo were Meluhha artisans is validated by the rebus readings of the hieroglyph components including the gimlet Thanks to Kuldeep K Bhans article in Puratattva (2014) and VN Prabhakar et al article (2012) it is possible to posit the shape of the drill used by bharatiyo metalcasters (Gujarati) Various types of chert and jasper were used to drill different types of materials including stones such as agate or carnelian or lapis lazuli Kenoyer and Vidale note that two categories of drills that were used in antiquity tapered cylindrical drills and constricted cylindrical drills See Kenoyer JM and M Vidale 1992 A new look at stone drills of the Indus tradition In Material Issues in Art and Archaeology III eds PB Vandiver JR Durzik GS Wheeler and KC Freestone Pittsburgh

Phtanite drill-heads from the surface of MNSE area Moenjodaro (Massimo Vidale 1987 p 147)

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Prince of Wales Museum Mumbai Brahma holding a spear (possibly an inscribing instrument or a gimlet) and a water-pot and artisans holding tools

hams 1 m (sg gen hamsunu ampbelow in Śiv 897

1516) a swan (LV 86 Śiv 351 115) the soul (cf haṁs 2) In

Hindū mythology the swan is the vehicle of the god Brahmā (Śiv

16 81) See haṁs 2 hamsa-docircru - ampbelow or (Śiv

1177) hamsa-dwār - m the soul-door N of a holy

mountain spur passed by Hindū pilgrims on the route up the sacred mountain of Haramo kh in Kashmīr (Śiv 152 1177 1516 167

1891 Rām 249) Cf JRAS 191 p 1337 (Kashmiri)

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The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated perhaps by skilled bead craftsmen The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective Cavities of 35 mm depth with concentric grooves indicate use of a drill tool The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years httpswwwtumblrcomsearchbow20drilling

Flint drill bit attached to a bow drill is used to create the drill holes in molars shown above The possible use of the bow drill is demonstrated by the following photograph This bowdrill is comparable to the drill shown on an Egyptian mural

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Prince of Wales Museum Mumbai Brahma holding a spear (possibly an inscribing instrument or a gimlet) and a water-pot and artisans holding tools

hams 1 m (sg gen hamsunu ampbelow in Śiv 897

1516) a swan (LV 86 Śiv 351 115) the soul (cf haṁs 2) In

Hindū mythology the swan is the vehicle of the god Brahmā (Śiv

16 81) See haṁs 2 hamsa-docircru - ampbelow or (Śiv

1177) hamsa-dwār - m the soul-door N of a holy

mountain spur passed by Hindū pilgrims on the route up the sacred mountain of Haramo kh in Kashmīr (Śiv 152 1177 1516 167

1891 Rām 249) Cf JRAS 191 p 1337 (Kashmiri)

3

The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated perhaps by skilled bead craftsmen The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective Cavities of 35 mm depth with concentric grooves indicate use of a drill tool The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years httpswwwtumblrcomsearchbow20drilling

Flint drill bit attached to a bow drill is used to create the drill holes in molars shown above The possible use of the bow drill is demonstrated by the following photograph This bowdrill is comparable to the drill shown on an Egyptian mural

3

The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated perhaps by skilled bead craftsmen The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective Cavities of 35 mm depth with concentric grooves indicate use of a drill tool The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years httpswwwtumblrcomsearchbow20drilling

Flint drill bit attached to a bow drill is used to create the drill holes in molars shown above The possible use of the bow drill is demonstrated by the following photograph This bowdrill is comparable to the drill shown on an Egyptian mural

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Carpenters in Rekhmires tomb at Luxor A mural in the tomb of Rekhmire shows several scenes representing the types of labor carried out by craftsmen who worked for the Amon Temple in Karnak Here we see carpenters using a bow drill to make holes along the edge of a bed through which rope will be passed to weave a mattress Rekhmire was an 18th dynasty vizier (viceroy) of Southern Egypt mayor of Thebes and steward of the Amon Temple at Karnak during the reigns of Thutmosis III and Amenhotep II His tomb (TT 100) is located in the Sheikh Abd el Qurnah Necropolis on the Westbank at Luxor and is one of the socalled Tombs of the Nobles Photo Mick Palarczyk and Paul Smit Three drilled holes are vividly shown on a marble bull

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Black marble (formerly inlaid) found in Warka (ancient city of Uruk) Djemdet-Nasr period (ca 3000 BCE)

Similar sets of three holes constituting rosettes are seen on the shawl adorning a stone statue of a venerated person with neatly trimmed beard and fillet adoring the forehead Mohenjo-daro

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This drill is part of the standard device hieroglyph shown on a very large number of Indus writing inscriptions particularly on seals generally in front of a one-horned young bull and sometimes as an object hieroglyph by itself

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Ancient Indus shell and stone beads found at Harappa httpaharappacomcontentcontemporary-stone-beadmaking-khambhat-india-patterns-craft-specialization-and-organization

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Black marble (formerly inlaid) found in Warka (ancient city of Uruk) Djemdet-Nasr period (ca 3000 BCE)

Similar sets of three holes constituting rosettes are seen on the shawl adorning a stone statue of a venerated person with neatly trimmed beard and fillet adoring the forehead Mohenjo-daro

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This drill is part of the standard device hieroglyph shown on a very large number of Indus writing inscriptions particularly on seals generally in front of a one-horned young bull and sometimes as an object hieroglyph by itself

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Ancient Indus shell and stone beads found at Harappa httpaharappacomcontentcontemporary-stone-beadmaking-khambhat-india-patterns-craft-specialization-and-organization

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This drill is part of the standard device hieroglyph shown on a very large number of Indus writing inscriptions particularly on seals generally in front of a one-horned young bull and sometimes as an object hieroglyph by itself

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Ancient Indus shell and stone beads found at Harappa httpaharappacomcontentcontemporary-stone-beadmaking-khambhat-india-patterns-craft-specialization-and-organization

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Ancient Indus shell and stone beads found at Harappa httpaharappacomcontentcontemporary-stone-beadmaking-khambhat-india-patterns-craft-specialization-and-organization

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Agate jasper green serpentine beads made in different shapes and designs Mohenjo-daro

httpaharappacomcontentbead-technologies-harappa-3300-1900-bc-comparative-summary

Faience beads of different shapes and colors were found in a bead pot at Harappa Some of these appear to be imitations of the natural stones deep azure blue lapis lazuli blue-green turquoise and banded to imitate banded agate

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httpaharappacomcontentlapis-lazuli-beadmaking-afghanistan-and-pakistan

Bhan Kenoyer and Vidale reconstruct the drilling processes to create exquisite beads of the civilization The key tool is the drill-head

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

Massimo Vidale

Tubular drill hole in an unfinished bead found from the bead pot at Harappa Drilling technologies in general and more specifically the perforation of hard stones have been a major topic of research in South and West Asia since the discovery of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization in the 1920s and 30s The urban phase of this culture dates from between 2600 B C to 1900 BC and has technological roots that can be traced back to 6500 B C in the early Neolithic period Because of the fact that most of the tools raw materials and manufacturing residues of ancient bead makers are preserved archaeologically this craft may be efficiently used by archaeologists for reconstructing important aspects of the ancient organization of production Kenoyer1992_A new look at stone drills of the Indus Valley Tpdf httpaharappacomcontentnew-look-stone-drills-indus-valley-tradition

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After Fig 5 Stone beads and bead roughouts In httpaharappacomsitesgfilesg65461fExcavations-at-Shikarpur-2007pdf Kuldeep K Bhan and P Ajithprasad Excavations at Shikarpur 2007-2008A coastal port and craft production center of the Indus civilization in Kutch India Download Excavations at Shikarpur 2007

Now we have relatively detailed information from four sites with intensive manufacturing vidence -- Chanhu-daro Moneer South-east Area of Mohenjo-daro Nagwada and Gola Dhoro in Gujarat All the sites show efficient and very specialized technique for transformation of semiprecious stones into beads At Chanhu-daro one witnesses the application of standarized techniques for the production of large amounts of valuable beads of rar high quality transparent carnelian and refined chemical treatment were applied to obtain artificial patterns on the beads surface The study of the silicon impression from the holes of the long beads from Chanhu-daro revealed similarity to those found in the Ur graves and suggests direct trade or the presence of in the Mesopotamia cities of craft enclaves using same techniques and materials used in the subcontinent (Kenoyer JM 1997 Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley New insight from Harappa Pakistan World Archaeology 291 262-280) In contrast at Nagwada Gola Dhoro and in the Moneer site at Mohenjo-daro different techniques and materials were used on much more limited scale for producing smaller beads with wide range of raw materials and in some cases surface with white orange or white black contrasting patterns were sought for and obtained through a careful exploitation of the stones natural bandsjudging from the long bi-cone shaped beads and

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bead blanks and roughouts in bloodstone it appears that Dholavira might also have been a centre for the production of long bi-cone beads in bloodstone that was also a luxury item for export(Bhan Kuldeep K Past and present stone bead making in IndiaPuratattva Number 44 2014 p54)

(After Fig 6 Coding system for recording the state and surface of drills in VN Prabhakar et al 2012)

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Examples of chert drills Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 7a-7c in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

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Examples of constricted cylindrical ernestite drills Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 10c-d in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

Example of pointed ernestite drill Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 12 in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

A single pointed drill bit found at Dholavira is unique While its tip portion is sharp and triangular in section its base retains a cylindrical shape Working marks have been observed on its surface indicating that it has been used extensively Although its exact function is unclear it could have been used to produce conical holes in very small beads

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Prabhakar VN RS Bisht RW Law amp JM Kenoyer 2012 Stone Drill Bits from Dholavira -- a multi-faceted analysis Man and Environment XXXVII(1)8-25 httpswwwacademiaedu5876453Stone_Drills_of_Dholavira_A_Multi-Faceted_Analysis

See httpwwwtifrresin~archaeoFOPFOP20pdf20of20pptKenoyer20Harappa20Mangalore201apdf Randall Law ndash Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Gazetteer

I suggest that the top register of the standard device shown on hundreds of objects in Indus Script corpora is the pointed drill bit found at Dholavira

The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisans way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill

The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible

s gaḍ part of a turners apparatus (Marathi) satilde gāḍī lathe ( ulu) s ghāṛɔ m ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss

common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian speech

Many other Meluhha glosses are evoked by the hieroglyphs of Indus Script corpora and are appended in the context of the averment that Indus writing was a composition of metalwork catalogs using rebus principle of similar-sounding glosses to denote the hieroglyph and the metalwork sought to be indicated in the catalogs

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Examples of chert drills Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 7a-7c in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

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Examples of constricted cylindrical ernestite drills Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 10c-d in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

Example of pointed ernestite drill Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 12 in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

A single pointed drill bit found at Dholavira is unique While its tip portion is sharp and triangular in section its base retains a cylindrical shape Working marks have been observed on its surface indicating that it has been used extensively Although its exact function is unclear it could have been used to produce conical holes in very small beads

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Prabhakar VN RS Bisht RW Law amp JM Kenoyer 2012 Stone Drill Bits from Dholavira -- a multi-faceted analysis Man and Environment XXXVII(1)8-25 httpswwwacademiaedu5876453Stone_Drills_of_Dholavira_A_Multi-Faceted_Analysis

See httpwwwtifrresin~archaeoFOPFOP20pdf20of20pptKenoyer20Harappa20Mangalore201apdf Randall Law ndash Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Gazetteer

I suggest that the top register of the standard device shown on hundreds of objects in Indus Script corpora is the pointed drill bit found at Dholavira

The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisans way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill

The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible

s gaḍ part of a turners apparatus (Marathi) satilde gāḍī lathe ( ulu) s ghāṛɔ m ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss

common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian speech

Many other Meluhha glosses are evoked by the hieroglyphs of Indus Script corpora and are appended in the context of the averment that Indus writing was a composition of metalwork catalogs using rebus principle of similar-sounding glosses to denote the hieroglyph and the metalwork sought to be indicated in the catalogs

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Examples of constricted cylindrical ernestite drills Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 10c-d in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

Example of pointed ernestite drill Dholavira district Kachchh Gujarat After Fig 12 in VN Prabhakar et al 2012

A single pointed drill bit found at Dholavira is unique While its tip portion is sharp and triangular in section its base retains a cylindrical shape Working marks have been observed on its surface indicating that it has been used extensively Although its exact function is unclear it could have been used to produce conical holes in very small beads

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Prabhakar VN RS Bisht RW Law amp JM Kenoyer 2012 Stone Drill Bits from Dholavira -- a multi-faceted analysis Man and Environment XXXVII(1)8-25 httpswwwacademiaedu5876453Stone_Drills_of_Dholavira_A_Multi-Faceted_Analysis

See httpwwwtifrresin~archaeoFOPFOP20pdf20of20pptKenoyer20Harappa20Mangalore201apdf Randall Law ndash Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Gazetteer

I suggest that the top register of the standard device shown on hundreds of objects in Indus Script corpora is the pointed drill bit found at Dholavira

The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisans way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill

The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible

s gaḍ part of a turners apparatus (Marathi) satilde gāḍī lathe ( ulu) s ghāṛɔ m ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss

common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian speech

Many other Meluhha glosses are evoked by the hieroglyphs of Indus Script corpora and are appended in the context of the averment that Indus writing was a composition of metalwork catalogs using rebus principle of similar-sounding glosses to denote the hieroglyph and the metalwork sought to be indicated in the catalogs

14

Prabhakar VN RS Bisht RW Law amp JM Kenoyer 2012 Stone Drill Bits from Dholavira -- a multi-faceted analysis Man and Environment XXXVII(1)8-25 httpswwwacademiaedu5876453Stone_Drills_of_Dholavira_A_Multi-Faceted_Analysis

See httpwwwtifrresin~archaeoFOPFOP20pdf20of20pptKenoyer20Harappa20Mangalore201apdf Randall Law ndash Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Gazetteer

I suggest that the top register of the standard device shown on hundreds of objects in Indus Script corpora is the pointed drill bit found at Dholavira

The wavy lines shown on the drill bit are the artist-artisans way of denoting the use of the drill using a bow-drill

The bottom part of the hieroglyph is a portable furnace with flames emerging from the surface and the bead drilled through after heating in the furnace coals or crucible

s gaḍ part of a turners apparatus (Marathi) satilde gāḍī lathe ( ulu) s ghāṛɔ m ʻlatheʼ (Gujarati) -- a remarkable example of a gloss

common in the Indian sprachbund (speech area) cutting across Aryan-Dravidian speech

Many other Meluhha glosses are evoked by the hieroglyphs of Indus Script corpora and are appended in the context of the averment that Indus writing was a composition of metalwork catalogs using rebus principle of similar-sounding glosses to denote the hieroglyph and the metalwork sought to be indicated in the catalogs

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Bhan Pl 7 Different stages of manufacture for producing long

biconical carnelian beads Chanhu-daro

Bhan P 5 Beads and pendants third from Left shows copper wire

still intact in the bead perforation Gola Dhoro

Bhan Pl2 Constricted cylindrical drill from Dholavira

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Details of drilling apparatu presently used for Khambhat A is a coconut shell used for holding and pressing the drill operated with a bow B are the holes left by the upper pivot of the drill shaft C D is wooden stick bearing the traces E left by the wear of the string of the bow The extremity of the drill shaft is covered by string (F) The shape of the steel drill head G bearing on the tip two minute diamonds (H) closely rsembles the shape of ernestite drills used by Indus bead makers (K) In the Moneer workshop(s) broken drill-heads were probably recycled as upper pivot for the shaft (IJ) The tip of the drill heds have distinct circular depression L (After Fig 9 Bhan 2014) 2 the manufacturing sequence of ernestite drill heads (After Kenoyer amp

Vidale 1992) Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Harappa Excavations 1993 the city wall and inscribed materials in South Asian Archaeology Fig 4011 p 467 Harappa 1990 and

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1993 representations of standard 4011a H90-16873103-1 faience token 4011bH93-20925029-1 carved ivory standard fragment (split in half made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the Mughal Sarai located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road) 4011c H93-

20513808-2faience token)

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Phtanite drill-heads from the surface of MNSE area Moenjodaro

(Massimo Vidale 1987 p 147) Reconstruction of a drill based on analogical comparisons with the drills used nowadays at Nagara Gujarat India Upper pivot in copper is centered with the drill-head and inserted into a coconut shell Wooden haft is used with a bow-string to churn The phtanite drill-head is secured in the haft-hole with a thin coiling thread The tip of the drills working end shows the characteristic feature of the shallow hemispherical depression a dotted circle (After Vidale M 1987 Some aspects of lapidary craft at Moenjodaro in the light of the surface record of Moneer South east Area In M Jansen and G Urban (eds) Interim Reports Vol 2 113-150 Aachen) Piperno Marcello Micro-drilling at Shahr-i Sokhta the making and use of the lithic drill-heads in Hammond Norman Ed South Asian Archaeology 1973 Pl 92 and 93 granite drill heads used to perforate beads prepare stone seals use of the bow drill or the pump drill which revolved the point of the drill in an alternating rotary motionthe level of technical performance reached in this micro-drilling work was peculiar to a class of highly-specialized craftsmen who must have enjoyed a considerable social and economic position in the life of Shahr-i Sokhta (p128) [ca 2700-2300 BC]

Select Meluhha glosses

[ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu [Skt] n A tortoise a

female tortoise a small tortoise kamaṭhēndruḍu n The

father of tortoises or king of turtles 14361 karkaṭa -- 1 Md kakuni ʻ crab ʼ

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3000 kāṅkuka -- kāṅguka -- m ʻ a kind of corn ʼ Suśr [kaṅku -- ]S katilde gaṛu m ʻ Holcus saccharatus stubble ʼ katilde giṛī f ʻ wheat stalk seed of Abrus precatorius ʼ2605 kaṅku m ʻ a panic seed ʼ VarBr S 2 kaṅgu -- f ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ VarBr S deggū -- f lex degguka -- m deggukā -- f gaṅkuka -- m Suśr [A word of the Mlecchas for

Aryan yava -- according to Gotama Nyāya -- sūtra 2 56 quoted by Mayrhofer EWA i 138 who comparing priyaacuteṅgu -- as a pop

etymology of a form with initial plt-gt suggests Austro -- as origin This is further borne out by the form ṭaṅgunī -- sv kaṅkunī -- ]1 L kaṅgṛī f ʻ millet ʼ Or kaṅku ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ (larr Sk) H katilde k m ʻ P italicum ʼ katilde kṛā m ʻ cotton seed ʼ 2 Pa kaṅgu -- f ʻ millet ʼ Pk kaṁgu -- f n Or kaṅguʻ P italicum ʼ kāṅgu ʻ a kind of grain or pulse ʼ = kāṅgurā deggula G katilde g m ʻ a kind of grain ʼ katilde grɔ m ʻ dish of this grain and pulse ʼ M katilde g deggū m ʻ millet P italicum 2606 kaṅkunī ʻ a panic grain ʼ 2 kaṅgunī -- f ʻ Celastrus paniculatus ʼ Bhpr 3 ṭaṅgunī -- [kaṅku -- ]1 Paš kaṅgunī ʻ millet ʼ K kangnī ʻ the millet Setaria italica ʼ S kaṅgiṇī f ʻ the millet Panicum italicum ʼ P kaṅgaṇ m degṇī f H kākun degkan m katilde kunī f2 WPah bhal kōṇī f ʻ a minute rice -- like grain eaten by birds ʼ (lt kaṅuṇī) Ku kauṇī ʻ millet ʼ N katilde guni kāgdeg kā n kāgunu kāṅni kāmn Bi (SMunger) kāun degnī H katilde gan m katilde gnī k g f M katilde guṇī deggoṇī deggṇī f3 Pa -- ḍaṅgula -- (lt ṭaṅguna -- E H Johnston JRAS 1931 585) Bi (Gaya) ṭatilde gun ʻ Setaria italica Panicum italicum ʼ (SW) ṭ gunī 4 daggerkāgunī -- WPahkc kauṇe f ʻ millet ʼ kṭg kauṇi f J kauṇī f bhal kōṇī f N kāun Bi kāun HimI 14 (but rather dissim lt katilde gunī kāṅunī as in

N kā n )

1084 Ka kaṅki kaṅku an ear of jōḷa or sejje the grains of which have been removed Te kaṅki an ear or head of corn

2277 Kur caknā to sharpen an edge instrument whet Malt cake to sharpen whet

130 aṅgāri f aṅgār tā -- f ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex [aacuteṅgāra -- ] H gārī f 130a daggeraṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ [aṅgāri -- stha -- cf agniṣṭhaacute -- ]

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WPahkṭg garṭhɔ m ʻ charcoal ʼ J gārṭhā m ʻ a small burning coal ʼ

2999 kāgni m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop [ka -- 3 or kā -- agniacute -- ] K kang m ʻ brazier fireplace ʼ 3006 kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ [Cf kāgni -- m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop ka -- 3 or kā -- aṅgāri -- ]K katilde guumlruuml katilde gar f ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m ʻ large do ʼ (or lt kāṅgāra -- ) H katilde grī f ʻ small portable brazier ʼ

kangar 1 m a large portable brazier (El)

[ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu [Tel] n A portable furnace for

melting the precious metals

katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelow or katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelo

w or katilde gar f (sg

dat katilde gre or katilde gare abl katilde gri )

the portable brazier or kāngrī much used in Kashmīr (KPr kaacutengaacuter 129 131 178 kaacuteṅgriacute 5 128 129) For particulars

see El sv kaacutengri L 7 25 kangar and KPr 129 The word is a fem dim of kang qv (GrGr 37)

katilde gri-kho phuumlruuml - ampabove ampbelow f a

worn-out brazier -khocircru - ampbelow lt-gt m

the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed

see khocircru -ko nḍolu - ampabove ampbelow m the

circular earthenware bowl of a brazier which contains the burning

fuel -koumlntildeuuml - ampabove ampbelow f the covering of

woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashe ri-

katilde guumlruuml शampabove ampbelow- ampabove ampbelow f a kind of portable brazier or katilde guumlruuml (qv) of

which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs met a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes

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made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

16

Details of drilling apparatu presently used for Khambhat A is a coconut shell used for holding and pressing the drill operated with a bow B are the holes left by the upper pivot of the drill shaft C D is wooden stick bearing the traces E left by the wear of the string of the bow The extremity of the drill shaft is covered by string (F) The shape of the steel drill head G bearing on the tip two minute diamonds (H) closely rsembles the shape of ernestite drills used by Indus bead makers (K) In the Moneer workshop(s) broken drill-heads were probably recycled as upper pivot for the shaft (IJ) The tip of the drill heds have distinct circular depression L (After Fig 9 Bhan 2014) 2 the manufacturing sequence of ernestite drill heads (After Kenoyer amp

Vidale 1992) Carved ivory standard in the middle [From Richard H Meadow and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer Harappa Excavations 1993 the city wall and inscribed materials in South Asian Archaeology Fig 4011 p 467 Harappa 1990 and

17

1993 representations of standard 4011a H90-16873103-1 faience token 4011bH93-20925029-1 carved ivory standard fragment (split in half made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the Mughal Sarai located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road) 4011c H93-

20513808-2faience token)

18

Phtanite drill-heads from the surface of MNSE area Moenjodaro

(Massimo Vidale 1987 p 147) Reconstruction of a drill based on analogical comparisons with the drills used nowadays at Nagara Gujarat India Upper pivot in copper is centered with the drill-head and inserted into a coconut shell Wooden haft is used with a bow-string to churn The phtanite drill-head is secured in the haft-hole with a thin coiling thread The tip of the drills working end shows the characteristic feature of the shallow hemispherical depression a dotted circle (After Vidale M 1987 Some aspects of lapidary craft at Moenjodaro in the light of the surface record of Moneer South east Area In M Jansen and G Urban (eds) Interim Reports Vol 2 113-150 Aachen) Piperno Marcello Micro-drilling at Shahr-i Sokhta the making and use of the lithic drill-heads in Hammond Norman Ed South Asian Archaeology 1973 Pl 92 and 93 granite drill heads used to perforate beads prepare stone seals use of the bow drill or the pump drill which revolved the point of the drill in an alternating rotary motionthe level of technical performance reached in this micro-drilling work was peculiar to a class of highly-specialized craftsmen who must have enjoyed a considerable social and economic position in the life of Shahr-i Sokhta (p128) [ca 2700-2300 BC]

Select Meluhha glosses

[ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu [Skt] n A tortoise a

female tortoise a small tortoise kamaṭhēndruḍu n The

father of tortoises or king of turtles 14361 karkaṭa -- 1 Md kakuni ʻ crab ʼ

19

3000 kāṅkuka -- kāṅguka -- m ʻ a kind of corn ʼ Suśr [kaṅku -- ]S katilde gaṛu m ʻ Holcus saccharatus stubble ʼ katilde giṛī f ʻ wheat stalk seed of Abrus precatorius ʼ2605 kaṅku m ʻ a panic seed ʼ VarBr S 2 kaṅgu -- f ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ VarBr S deggū -- f lex degguka -- m deggukā -- f gaṅkuka -- m Suśr [A word of the Mlecchas for

Aryan yava -- according to Gotama Nyāya -- sūtra 2 56 quoted by Mayrhofer EWA i 138 who comparing priyaacuteṅgu -- as a pop

etymology of a form with initial plt-gt suggests Austro -- as origin This is further borne out by the form ṭaṅgunī -- sv kaṅkunī -- ]1 L kaṅgṛī f ʻ millet ʼ Or kaṅku ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ (larr Sk) H katilde k m ʻ P italicum ʼ katilde kṛā m ʻ cotton seed ʼ 2 Pa kaṅgu -- f ʻ millet ʼ Pk kaṁgu -- f n Or kaṅguʻ P italicum ʼ kāṅgu ʻ a kind of grain or pulse ʼ = kāṅgurā deggula G katilde g m ʻ a kind of grain ʼ katilde grɔ m ʻ dish of this grain and pulse ʼ M katilde g deggū m ʻ millet P italicum 2606 kaṅkunī ʻ a panic grain ʼ 2 kaṅgunī -- f ʻ Celastrus paniculatus ʼ Bhpr 3 ṭaṅgunī -- [kaṅku -- ]1 Paš kaṅgunī ʻ millet ʼ K kangnī ʻ the millet Setaria italica ʼ S kaṅgiṇī f ʻ the millet Panicum italicum ʼ P kaṅgaṇ m degṇī f H kākun degkan m katilde kunī f2 WPah bhal kōṇī f ʻ a minute rice -- like grain eaten by birds ʼ (lt kaṅuṇī) Ku kauṇī ʻ millet ʼ N katilde guni kāgdeg kā n kāgunu kāṅni kāmn Bi (SMunger) kāun degnī H katilde gan m katilde gnī k g f M katilde guṇī deggoṇī deggṇī f3 Pa -- ḍaṅgula -- (lt ṭaṅguna -- E H Johnston JRAS 1931 585) Bi (Gaya) ṭatilde gun ʻ Setaria italica Panicum italicum ʼ (SW) ṭ gunī 4 daggerkāgunī -- WPahkc kauṇe f ʻ millet ʼ kṭg kauṇi f J kauṇī f bhal kōṇī f N kāun Bi kāun HimI 14 (but rather dissim lt katilde gunī kāṅunī as in

N kā n )

1084 Ka kaṅki kaṅku an ear of jōḷa or sejje the grains of which have been removed Te kaṅki an ear or head of corn

2277 Kur caknā to sharpen an edge instrument whet Malt cake to sharpen whet

130 aṅgāri f aṅgār tā -- f ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex [aacuteṅgāra -- ] H gārī f 130a daggeraṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ [aṅgāri -- stha -- cf agniṣṭhaacute -- ]

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WPahkṭg garṭhɔ m ʻ charcoal ʼ J gārṭhā m ʻ a small burning coal ʼ

2999 kāgni m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop [ka -- 3 or kā -- agniacute -- ] K kang m ʻ brazier fireplace ʼ 3006 kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ [Cf kāgni -- m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop ka -- 3 or kā -- aṅgāri -- ]K katilde guumlruuml katilde gar f ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m ʻ large do ʼ (or lt kāṅgāra -- ) H katilde grī f ʻ small portable brazier ʼ

kangar 1 m a large portable brazier (El)

[ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu [Tel] n A portable furnace for

melting the precious metals

katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelow or katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelo

w or katilde gar f (sg

dat katilde gre or katilde gare abl katilde gri )

the portable brazier or kāngrī much used in Kashmīr (KPr kaacutengaacuter 129 131 178 kaacuteṅgriacute 5 128 129) For particulars

see El sv kaacutengri L 7 25 kangar and KPr 129 The word is a fem dim of kang qv (GrGr 37)

katilde gri-kho phuumlruuml - ampabove ampbelow f a

worn-out brazier -khocircru - ampbelow lt-gt m

the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed

see khocircru -ko nḍolu - ampabove ampbelow m the

circular earthenware bowl of a brazier which contains the burning

fuel -koumlntildeuuml - ampabove ampbelow f the covering of

woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashe ri-

katilde guumlruuml शampabove ampbelow- ampabove ampbelow f a kind of portable brazier or katilde guumlruuml (qv) of

which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs met a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes

21

made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

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be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

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gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

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sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

17

1993 representations of standard 4011a H90-16873103-1 faience token 4011bH93-20925029-1 carved ivory standard fragment (split in half made on a lathe and was probably cylindrical in shape note the incisions with a circle motif while a broken spot on the lower portion indicates where the stand shaft would have been (found in the area of the Mughal Sarai located to the south of Mound E across the Old Lahore-Multan Road) 4011c H93-

20513808-2faience token)

18

Phtanite drill-heads from the surface of MNSE area Moenjodaro

(Massimo Vidale 1987 p 147) Reconstruction of a drill based on analogical comparisons with the drills used nowadays at Nagara Gujarat India Upper pivot in copper is centered with the drill-head and inserted into a coconut shell Wooden haft is used with a bow-string to churn The phtanite drill-head is secured in the haft-hole with a thin coiling thread The tip of the drills working end shows the characteristic feature of the shallow hemispherical depression a dotted circle (After Vidale M 1987 Some aspects of lapidary craft at Moenjodaro in the light of the surface record of Moneer South east Area In M Jansen and G Urban (eds) Interim Reports Vol 2 113-150 Aachen) Piperno Marcello Micro-drilling at Shahr-i Sokhta the making and use of the lithic drill-heads in Hammond Norman Ed South Asian Archaeology 1973 Pl 92 and 93 granite drill heads used to perforate beads prepare stone seals use of the bow drill or the pump drill which revolved the point of the drill in an alternating rotary motionthe level of technical performance reached in this micro-drilling work was peculiar to a class of highly-specialized craftsmen who must have enjoyed a considerable social and economic position in the life of Shahr-i Sokhta (p128) [ca 2700-2300 BC]

Select Meluhha glosses

[ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu [Skt] n A tortoise a

female tortoise a small tortoise kamaṭhēndruḍu n The

father of tortoises or king of turtles 14361 karkaṭa -- 1 Md kakuni ʻ crab ʼ

19

3000 kāṅkuka -- kāṅguka -- m ʻ a kind of corn ʼ Suśr [kaṅku -- ]S katilde gaṛu m ʻ Holcus saccharatus stubble ʼ katilde giṛī f ʻ wheat stalk seed of Abrus precatorius ʼ2605 kaṅku m ʻ a panic seed ʼ VarBr S 2 kaṅgu -- f ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ VarBr S deggū -- f lex degguka -- m deggukā -- f gaṅkuka -- m Suśr [A word of the Mlecchas for

Aryan yava -- according to Gotama Nyāya -- sūtra 2 56 quoted by Mayrhofer EWA i 138 who comparing priyaacuteṅgu -- as a pop

etymology of a form with initial plt-gt suggests Austro -- as origin This is further borne out by the form ṭaṅgunī -- sv kaṅkunī -- ]1 L kaṅgṛī f ʻ millet ʼ Or kaṅku ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ (larr Sk) H katilde k m ʻ P italicum ʼ katilde kṛā m ʻ cotton seed ʼ 2 Pa kaṅgu -- f ʻ millet ʼ Pk kaṁgu -- f n Or kaṅguʻ P italicum ʼ kāṅgu ʻ a kind of grain or pulse ʼ = kāṅgurā deggula G katilde g m ʻ a kind of grain ʼ katilde grɔ m ʻ dish of this grain and pulse ʼ M katilde g deggū m ʻ millet P italicum 2606 kaṅkunī ʻ a panic grain ʼ 2 kaṅgunī -- f ʻ Celastrus paniculatus ʼ Bhpr 3 ṭaṅgunī -- [kaṅku -- ]1 Paš kaṅgunī ʻ millet ʼ K kangnī ʻ the millet Setaria italica ʼ S kaṅgiṇī f ʻ the millet Panicum italicum ʼ P kaṅgaṇ m degṇī f H kākun degkan m katilde kunī f2 WPah bhal kōṇī f ʻ a minute rice -- like grain eaten by birds ʼ (lt kaṅuṇī) Ku kauṇī ʻ millet ʼ N katilde guni kāgdeg kā n kāgunu kāṅni kāmn Bi (SMunger) kāun degnī H katilde gan m katilde gnī k g f M katilde guṇī deggoṇī deggṇī f3 Pa -- ḍaṅgula -- (lt ṭaṅguna -- E H Johnston JRAS 1931 585) Bi (Gaya) ṭatilde gun ʻ Setaria italica Panicum italicum ʼ (SW) ṭ gunī 4 daggerkāgunī -- WPahkc kauṇe f ʻ millet ʼ kṭg kauṇi f J kauṇī f bhal kōṇī f N kāun Bi kāun HimI 14 (but rather dissim lt katilde gunī kāṅunī as in

N kā n )

1084 Ka kaṅki kaṅku an ear of jōḷa or sejje the grains of which have been removed Te kaṅki an ear or head of corn

2277 Kur caknā to sharpen an edge instrument whet Malt cake to sharpen whet

130 aṅgāri f aṅgār tā -- f ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex [aacuteṅgāra -- ] H gārī f 130a daggeraṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ [aṅgāri -- stha -- cf agniṣṭhaacute -- ]

20

WPahkṭg garṭhɔ m ʻ charcoal ʼ J gārṭhā m ʻ a small burning coal ʼ

2999 kāgni m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop [ka -- 3 or kā -- agniacute -- ] K kang m ʻ brazier fireplace ʼ 3006 kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ [Cf kāgni -- m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop ka -- 3 or kā -- aṅgāri -- ]K katilde guumlruuml katilde gar f ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m ʻ large do ʼ (or lt kāṅgāra -- ) H katilde grī f ʻ small portable brazier ʼ

kangar 1 m a large portable brazier (El)

[ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu [Tel] n A portable furnace for

melting the precious metals

katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelow or katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelo

w or katilde gar f (sg

dat katilde gre or katilde gare abl katilde gri )

the portable brazier or kāngrī much used in Kashmīr (KPr kaacutengaacuter 129 131 178 kaacuteṅgriacute 5 128 129) For particulars

see El sv kaacutengri L 7 25 kangar and KPr 129 The word is a fem dim of kang qv (GrGr 37)

katilde gri-kho phuumlruuml - ampabove ampbelow f a

worn-out brazier -khocircru - ampbelow lt-gt m

the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed

see khocircru -ko nḍolu - ampabove ampbelow m the

circular earthenware bowl of a brazier which contains the burning

fuel -koumlntildeuuml - ampabove ampbelow f the covering of

woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashe ri-

katilde guumlruuml शampabove ampbelow- ampabove ampbelow f a kind of portable brazier or katilde guumlruuml (qv) of

which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs met a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes

21

made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

18

Phtanite drill-heads from the surface of MNSE area Moenjodaro

(Massimo Vidale 1987 p 147) Reconstruction of a drill based on analogical comparisons with the drills used nowadays at Nagara Gujarat India Upper pivot in copper is centered with the drill-head and inserted into a coconut shell Wooden haft is used with a bow-string to churn The phtanite drill-head is secured in the haft-hole with a thin coiling thread The tip of the drills working end shows the characteristic feature of the shallow hemispherical depression a dotted circle (After Vidale M 1987 Some aspects of lapidary craft at Moenjodaro in the light of the surface record of Moneer South east Area In M Jansen and G Urban (eds) Interim Reports Vol 2 113-150 Aachen) Piperno Marcello Micro-drilling at Shahr-i Sokhta the making and use of the lithic drill-heads in Hammond Norman Ed South Asian Archaeology 1973 Pl 92 and 93 granite drill heads used to perforate beads prepare stone seals use of the bow drill or the pump drill which revolved the point of the drill in an alternating rotary motionthe level of technical performance reached in this micro-drilling work was peculiar to a class of highly-specialized craftsmen who must have enjoyed a considerable social and economic position in the life of Shahr-i Sokhta (p128) [ca 2700-2300 BC]

Select Meluhha glosses

[ kamaṭhamu ] kamaṭhamu [Skt] n A tortoise a

female tortoise a small tortoise kamaṭhēndruḍu n The

father of tortoises or king of turtles 14361 karkaṭa -- 1 Md kakuni ʻ crab ʼ

19

3000 kāṅkuka -- kāṅguka -- m ʻ a kind of corn ʼ Suśr [kaṅku -- ]S katilde gaṛu m ʻ Holcus saccharatus stubble ʼ katilde giṛī f ʻ wheat stalk seed of Abrus precatorius ʼ2605 kaṅku m ʻ a panic seed ʼ VarBr S 2 kaṅgu -- f ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ VarBr S deggū -- f lex degguka -- m deggukā -- f gaṅkuka -- m Suśr [A word of the Mlecchas for

Aryan yava -- according to Gotama Nyāya -- sūtra 2 56 quoted by Mayrhofer EWA i 138 who comparing priyaacuteṅgu -- as a pop

etymology of a form with initial plt-gt suggests Austro -- as origin This is further borne out by the form ṭaṅgunī -- sv kaṅkunī -- ]1 L kaṅgṛī f ʻ millet ʼ Or kaṅku ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ (larr Sk) H katilde k m ʻ P italicum ʼ katilde kṛā m ʻ cotton seed ʼ 2 Pa kaṅgu -- f ʻ millet ʼ Pk kaṁgu -- f n Or kaṅguʻ P italicum ʼ kāṅgu ʻ a kind of grain or pulse ʼ = kāṅgurā deggula G katilde g m ʻ a kind of grain ʼ katilde grɔ m ʻ dish of this grain and pulse ʼ M katilde g deggū m ʻ millet P italicum 2606 kaṅkunī ʻ a panic grain ʼ 2 kaṅgunī -- f ʻ Celastrus paniculatus ʼ Bhpr 3 ṭaṅgunī -- [kaṅku -- ]1 Paš kaṅgunī ʻ millet ʼ K kangnī ʻ the millet Setaria italica ʼ S kaṅgiṇī f ʻ the millet Panicum italicum ʼ P kaṅgaṇ m degṇī f H kākun degkan m katilde kunī f2 WPah bhal kōṇī f ʻ a minute rice -- like grain eaten by birds ʼ (lt kaṅuṇī) Ku kauṇī ʻ millet ʼ N katilde guni kāgdeg kā n kāgunu kāṅni kāmn Bi (SMunger) kāun degnī H katilde gan m katilde gnī k g f M katilde guṇī deggoṇī deggṇī f3 Pa -- ḍaṅgula -- (lt ṭaṅguna -- E H Johnston JRAS 1931 585) Bi (Gaya) ṭatilde gun ʻ Setaria italica Panicum italicum ʼ (SW) ṭ gunī 4 daggerkāgunī -- WPahkc kauṇe f ʻ millet ʼ kṭg kauṇi f J kauṇī f bhal kōṇī f N kāun Bi kāun HimI 14 (but rather dissim lt katilde gunī kāṅunī as in

N kā n )

1084 Ka kaṅki kaṅku an ear of jōḷa or sejje the grains of which have been removed Te kaṅki an ear or head of corn

2277 Kur caknā to sharpen an edge instrument whet Malt cake to sharpen whet

130 aṅgāri f aṅgār tā -- f ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex [aacuteṅgāra -- ] H gārī f 130a daggeraṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ [aṅgāri -- stha -- cf agniṣṭhaacute -- ]

20

WPahkṭg garṭhɔ m ʻ charcoal ʼ J gārṭhā m ʻ a small burning coal ʼ

2999 kāgni m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop [ka -- 3 or kā -- agniacute -- ] K kang m ʻ brazier fireplace ʼ 3006 kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ [Cf kāgni -- m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop ka -- 3 or kā -- aṅgāri -- ]K katilde guumlruuml katilde gar f ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m ʻ large do ʼ (or lt kāṅgāra -- ) H katilde grī f ʻ small portable brazier ʼ

kangar 1 m a large portable brazier (El)

[ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu [Tel] n A portable furnace for

melting the precious metals

katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelow or katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelo

w or katilde gar f (sg

dat katilde gre or katilde gare abl katilde gri )

the portable brazier or kāngrī much used in Kashmīr (KPr kaacutengaacuter 129 131 178 kaacuteṅgriacute 5 128 129) For particulars

see El sv kaacutengri L 7 25 kangar and KPr 129 The word is a fem dim of kang qv (GrGr 37)

katilde gri-kho phuumlruuml - ampabove ampbelow f a

worn-out brazier -khocircru - ampbelow lt-gt m

the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed

see khocircru -ko nḍolu - ampabove ampbelow m the

circular earthenware bowl of a brazier which contains the burning

fuel -koumlntildeuuml - ampabove ampbelow f the covering of

woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashe ri-

katilde guumlruuml शampabove ampbelow- ampabove ampbelow f a kind of portable brazier or katilde guumlruuml (qv) of

which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs met a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes

21

made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

19

3000 kāṅkuka -- kāṅguka -- m ʻ a kind of corn ʼ Suśr [kaṅku -- ]S katilde gaṛu m ʻ Holcus saccharatus stubble ʼ katilde giṛī f ʻ wheat stalk seed of Abrus precatorius ʼ2605 kaṅku m ʻ a panic seed ʼ VarBr S 2 kaṅgu -- f ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ VarBr S deggū -- f lex degguka -- m deggukā -- f gaṅkuka -- m Suśr [A word of the Mlecchas for

Aryan yava -- according to Gotama Nyāya -- sūtra 2 56 quoted by Mayrhofer EWA i 138 who comparing priyaacuteṅgu -- as a pop

etymology of a form with initial plt-gt suggests Austro -- as origin This is further borne out by the form ṭaṅgunī -- sv kaṅkunī -- ]1 L kaṅgṛī f ʻ millet ʼ Or kaṅku ʻ Panicum italicum ʼ (larr Sk) H katilde k m ʻ P italicum ʼ katilde kṛā m ʻ cotton seed ʼ 2 Pa kaṅgu -- f ʻ millet ʼ Pk kaṁgu -- f n Or kaṅguʻ P italicum ʼ kāṅgu ʻ a kind of grain or pulse ʼ = kāṅgurā deggula G katilde g m ʻ a kind of grain ʼ katilde grɔ m ʻ dish of this grain and pulse ʼ M katilde g deggū m ʻ millet P italicum 2606 kaṅkunī ʻ a panic grain ʼ 2 kaṅgunī -- f ʻ Celastrus paniculatus ʼ Bhpr 3 ṭaṅgunī -- [kaṅku -- ]1 Paš kaṅgunī ʻ millet ʼ K kangnī ʻ the millet Setaria italica ʼ S kaṅgiṇī f ʻ the millet Panicum italicum ʼ P kaṅgaṇ m degṇī f H kākun degkan m katilde kunī f2 WPah bhal kōṇī f ʻ a minute rice -- like grain eaten by birds ʼ (lt kaṅuṇī) Ku kauṇī ʻ millet ʼ N katilde guni kāgdeg kā n kāgunu kāṅni kāmn Bi (SMunger) kāun degnī H katilde gan m katilde gnī k g f M katilde guṇī deggoṇī deggṇī f3 Pa -- ḍaṅgula -- (lt ṭaṅguna -- E H Johnston JRAS 1931 585) Bi (Gaya) ṭatilde gun ʻ Setaria italica Panicum italicum ʼ (SW) ṭ gunī 4 daggerkāgunī -- WPahkc kauṇe f ʻ millet ʼ kṭg kauṇi f J kauṇī f bhal kōṇī f N kāun Bi kāun HimI 14 (but rather dissim lt katilde gunī kāṅunī as in

N kā n )

1084 Ka kaṅki kaṅku an ear of jōḷa or sejje the grains of which have been removed Te kaṅki an ear or head of corn

2277 Kur caknā to sharpen an edge instrument whet Malt cake to sharpen whet

130 aṅgāri f aṅgār tā -- f ʻ portable brazier ʼ lex [aacuteṅgāra -- ] H gārī f 130a daggeraṅgāriṣṭha -- ʻ portable brazier ʼ [aṅgāri -- stha -- cf agniṣṭhaacute -- ]

20

WPahkṭg garṭhɔ m ʻ charcoal ʼ J gārṭhā m ʻ a small burning coal ʼ

2999 kāgni m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop [ka -- 3 or kā -- agniacute -- ] K kang m ʻ brazier fireplace ʼ 3006 kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ [Cf kāgni -- m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop ka -- 3 or kā -- aṅgāri -- ]K katilde guumlruuml katilde gar f ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m ʻ large do ʼ (or lt kāṅgāra -- ) H katilde grī f ʻ small portable brazier ʼ

kangar 1 m a large portable brazier (El)

[ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu [Tel] n A portable furnace for

melting the precious metals

katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelow or katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelo

w or katilde gar f (sg

dat katilde gre or katilde gare abl katilde gri )

the portable brazier or kāngrī much used in Kashmīr (KPr kaacutengaacuter 129 131 178 kaacuteṅgriacute 5 128 129) For particulars

see El sv kaacutengri L 7 25 kangar and KPr 129 The word is a fem dim of kang qv (GrGr 37)

katilde gri-kho phuumlruuml - ampabove ampbelow f a

worn-out brazier -khocircru - ampbelow lt-gt m

the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed

see khocircru -ko nḍolu - ampabove ampbelow m the

circular earthenware bowl of a brazier which contains the burning

fuel -koumlntildeuuml - ampabove ampbelow f the covering of

woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashe ri-

katilde guumlruuml शampabove ampbelow- ampabove ampbelow f a kind of portable brazier or katilde guumlruuml (qv) of

which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs met a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes

21

made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

20

WPahkṭg garṭhɔ m ʻ charcoal ʼ J gārṭhā m ʻ a small burning coal ʼ

2999 kāgni m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop [ka -- 3 or kā -- agniacute -- ] K kang m ʻ brazier fireplace ʼ 3006 kāṅgārikā ʻ poor or small brazier ʼ [Cf kāgni -- m ʻ a small fire ʼ Vop ka -- 3 or kā -- aṅgāri -- ]K katilde guumlruuml katilde gar f ʻ portable brazier ʼ whence kangar m ʻ large do ʼ (or lt kāṅgāra -- ) H katilde grī f ʻ small portable brazier ʼ

kangar 1 m a large portable brazier (El)

[ kamaṭamu ] kamaṭamu [Tel] n A portable furnace for

melting the precious metals

katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelow or katilde guumlruuml ampabove ampbelo

w or katilde gar f (sg

dat katilde gre or katilde gare abl katilde gri )

the portable brazier or kāngrī much used in Kashmīr (KPr kaacutengaacuter 129 131 178 kaacuteṅgriacute 5 128 129) For particulars

see El sv kaacutengri L 7 25 kangar and KPr 129 The word is a fem dim of kang qv (GrGr 37)

katilde gri-kho phuumlruuml - ampabove ampbelow f a

worn-out brazier -khocircru - ampbelow lt-gt m

the outer half (made of woven twigs) of a brazier remaining after the inner earthenware bowl has been broken or removed

see khocircru -ko nḍolu - ampabove ampbelow m the

circular earthenware bowl of a brazier which contains the burning

fuel -koumlntildeuuml - ampabove ampbelow f the covering of

woven twigs outside the earthenware bowl of a brazier khashe ri-

katilde guumlruuml शampabove ampbelow- ampabove ampbelow f a kind of portable brazier or katilde guumlruuml (qv) of

which the basket work portion is made of coarse twigs marked as if pitted by scabs met a term of abuse used in curses or evil wishes

21

made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

21

made to another (may you be) in the midst of scab-phe phur -

[ kamatamu ] or kamatamu [Tel n

Partnership The cultivation which an owner

carries on with his own farming stock Labour tillage or or a labourer or slave

employed in tillage

చ

చ ii

[ saṅgaḍamu ] sangaḍamu [from Skt ] n Dumb-

bells [ rālu ] or rālu [Tel plu

of ] n Stones diamonds 321 Ta aṟai rock

ledge grinding stone Ko ar flat rock To aṟ id Ka aṟe stone rock slab rāyi stone (lt Te) Te ṟāyi rāyi (stem ṟā- rā-) stone

rock ṟappa a small stone [ rā ] rā [Tel] n and adj Short

for a stone and also for చ (kindly adj) Pertaining to a

stone Pertaining to a king of the king royal చ ఆ

they built the well round with stone చ చ [ rāyasamu

] rāyasamu [for Skt ] n Authority Clerkship

secretaryship rāyasa-gāḍu n A

secretary [ rāyi ] rāy [Tel] n A stone

rock a brick [ rāyu ] rāyu [Tel] v n To rub to

be rubbed roughened or frayed 665 Ta urai (-v- -nt-) to

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

22

be reduced into a powder or paste wear away by attrition be indented or effaced by rubbing (-pp- -tt-) to rub into a paste wear away by rubbing grate test on the touchstone smear polish n rubbing friction attrition fineness of gold or silver as tested on the touchstone urai-kal touchstone small stone for rubbing pills into powder uraical friction uraicu (uraici-) to rub against (intr) chafe wear away by use rub hard (tr) scour waste away by rubbing uraintildecu (uraintildeci-) to rub (tr) uraippu rubbing assaying uracu (uraci-) to rub against urintildecu (urintildeci-) to rub oneself rub against to wear away by rubbing (tr) grind away scrape smear anoint urintildeu (urintildei-) to rub (intr) urintildecal rubbing chafing urāy (-v- -nt-) urāyntildecu (urāyntildeci-) to rub (intr as an animal against a tree as two branches together) urōcu (urōci-) urōntildecu (urōntildeci-) to rub (intr) Ma urasuka to rub come into contact contend form into a pill urasal friction contest ura rubbing a stroke ura-kallu uravu-kallu touchstone urayuka to rub wear by friction uravu rubbing touch urekka to rub grate polish grind assay metal uriyuka to be chafed uruṅṅuka urammuka

urummuka urattuka to rub against graze touch urusuka to wear off diminish Ko orv- (ort-) to rub into paste rub with a stone in making pot (ord-) to touch or stroke gently orj- (orj-) to rub uj- (uj-) to rub file sharpen To warf- (wart-) to rub into paste wipe wash ud- (udy-) to smear on body Ka urdu uddu ujju to rub make fine by rubbing ujjisu to cause to rub ujju urdike rubbing ore (orad-) to touch rub smear apply to a touchstone examine grind make thin or fine n rubbing etc orasu orisu orsu to touch rub gently stroke rub scour rub out crush separate by friction (as grain from the ears) smear n friction rubbing destroying ore-gal touchstone rubbu to grind in a mortar n grinding ruddu to beat soundly Koḍ udd- (uddi-) to

rub Tu urepuni to try metals by touchstone uresuni id to rub polish urduni to rub file polish ujjuni to rub ure-kallu ore-kallu touchstone orevuni to rub wipe oresuni to diminish (intr) wear off rub (tr) wipe orabelů rice once cleaned of its husk only (B-K) orabēlů work involving the removal of husk from paddy ocipuni to wipe off rub out clean occuni id to whet sharpen Te ora rubbing touch testing on a touchstone ora-

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

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Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

23

gallu touchstoneoracu to rub try by the touchstone orapu rubbing test by touchstone orapiḍi rubbing

friction orayu to rub test by touchstone touch be slightly bruised orayika rubbing friction (K) uriyu to be rubbed ruddu to rub scour clean rudduḍu rubbing scouring cleaning rubbu to grind in a mortar rubbu-guṇḍu stone pestle or

roller used in grinding things in a mortar ruttu to strike beat ro kali a large wooden pestle ( or cf 672 Ta ulakkai) Kol (SR) rubgunḍ stone pestle (lt Te) (SR) rokāl

(Kin) rōka pestle (lt Te) Nk rōkal pestle (lt Te) Pa urc- to skim off (cream) scrape (S) ujip- (ujit-)to wipe sweep Ga (Oll) urs- to wipe (sweat) Go (SR) uriyānā to powder (Tr) urīsānā to sprinkle or crumble salt sugar sandal-powder etc (Voc 260) (A SR Y S) rōkal pestle (Voc 3076 lt Te) (Mu) ūc- to scrape plane (Ko) us- to pare (Voc 226) (LuS) oochana a carpenters plane Konḍa rōs- (-t-) to touch

slightly stroke rub against Kui rūga- (rūgi-) to be smooth rūsa (rūsi-) to crush grindn crushing grinding pl action rūska (rūski-) rūseni press for grinding sugarcane Kuwi (F) rūbali to smear (S) rub(b)inai to smear rouge (Su) rub- (-it-) to rub on (oil etc) Cf 651 Ta ural Cf Skt untildech- to glean [ie scrape up gleanings] prontildech- (pra + untildech-) to rub wipe wipe out efface (Turner CDIAL nos 1680 9011) OMar (Master) orakalu vorakala touchstone 1680 uacutentildechati or untildechaacuteti ʻ gleans ʼ ŚāṅkhGr [radicuntildech deriva- tion lt ucci -- with P Tedesco JAOS 77 193 ff phonet unacceptable]Pa untildechati ʻ gleans ʼ Pk uṁcha -- m ʻ alms ʼ L hujjuṇ awāṇ hujhuṇ ʻ to sweep clean ʼ P ludh hu jhnā ʻ to collect ʼ Or untildech bā ʻ to scrape off leaves smooth ʼ H u chnā ʻ to comb the hair ʼ

Sangata [pp of sangacchati] 1 come together met Sn 807 1102 (=samāgata samohita sannipātita Nd2 621) nt sangataŋ association Dh 207 -- 2 compact tightly fastened or closed well -- joined Vv 642(=nibbivara VvA 275)

Sangati (f) [fr sangacchati] 1 meeting intercourse J iv98 v78 483 In defn of yajati (=service) at Dhtp 62 amp Dhtm 79 -- 2 union combination M i111 S ii72 iv32 sq 68 sq Vbh 138 (=VbhA 188) lt-gt 3 accidental occurrence D i53 DA i161

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

24

p p 1 Joined or united with come together associated with

श Rām 73658 -2 Assembled collected

convened met together -3 Joined in wedlock marrried -4Sexually

united -5 Fitted together appropriate harmonious श Ś3 -6 In conjunction with (as planets) -7 Shrunk up

contracted see with - Union meeting alliance - $ V524 Ś524 Ki1422 -2 Asso-

ciation company -3 Acquaintance friendship inti- macy Ku 539 -4 A harmonious or

consistent speech well- reasoned remarks -Comp - a having

shrivelled limbs - a peace concluded after friendship

saṅgatiḥ f 1 Union meeting conjunction च Ā L17 -2 Company society association

intercourse R715 Moha M6 -3 Sexual union -4 Visiting

frequenting -5 Fitness appropriateness applicability consistent relation -6 Accident chance accidental occurrence -

7 Knowledge -8Questioning for further knowledge -9 (In ) One of the five members of an

sup1 caṅkatam n lt saṃskṛta Sanskrit

( 858 2)

caṅkati n lt saṅgati 1 Affair news 2 Matter

fact 3 (Mus) Short flourishes introduced in a melody

4 Connection relation

( 4 6 )

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

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Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

25

sāga-lar - श f a necklace composed of beads and

pieces of glass or stone at intervals (El cf so ni-sāga-lar sv so n

1) sang 2 m a stone (Rām 199 143 1412 YZ 557)

L 65 gives a list of the most common local stones used for ornaments and other purposes These are (in his spelling) bilor a white crystal sang-i-baswatri a yellow stone used in medicine sang-i-daacutelamused by goldsmiths sang-i-farash (p 64) a kind of slate sang-i-Nadid of a dark coffee colour sang-i-Nalchan a kind of soap-stone from which cups and plates are made sang-i-Musaacute of a black coloursang-i-Ratel of a chocolate colour sang-i-Shalamar of a green colour sang-i-sumaacutek coloured blue or purple with green spots Takht-i-Sulimaacuten coloured black with white streaks sang-dil

sang-dil - adj cg stony hearted hard hearted obdurate

(Śiv 487 cf Rām 143) sang-i-khāra - or -khārah -

(= ) m a hard stone flint (Rām 1548 1624) sang-i-

marmar - m marble (GrM) sang-i-phāras - a

touch-stone of gems a philosophers stone (converting anything it

touches into gold) (Śiv 1616 192 KPr 184) -sār - ( श ) m stoning (to death) lapidation (H viii 8)

(in Ksh) public general abuse a shark a water-elephant a

Gangetic crocodile (the ghaṛ yāl of India) -sār gaʦhun - छampdotbelow minf to be stoned to suffer

lapidation to become the object of general public abuse -sār

karun - minf to stone to death to

make (a person) the object of general public abuse ي aʿī (Pashto) ي rā-ḳī sf (3rd) Cornelian a red gem Pl راق

P الل lāl sm (2nd) (corrup of عل ه A ruby Pl (ل ون lālūnah الل

(Pashto)

P ورد lāja-ward sm (6th) Lapis-lazuli Sing and Pl lāj-bar sm الج(6th) Azure lapis-lazuli (corrup of P ورد Sing and Pl(Pashto) (الج

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

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Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

26

[ maṇi ] maṇi [Skt] n A gem a precious

stone చ A pearl In compounds this

denotes Unrivalled excellence as a woman who is a gem

of her sex the noblest of Brahmins the loveliest of

women lovely women the gem of day ie the

sun nine precious stones

viz Onyx Sapphire Coral Topaz

Emerald Ruby

Carbuncle Pearl Cats eye lapis

lazuli Diamond

[ maṇiga ] or maṇiga [Tel] n A wholesale shop A

shop [ maṇiyagāḍu ] or maṇiya-gāḍu [Tel] n The

Superintendent of a village or temple [ maṇīvamu ]

or maṇi-vamu [Tel] n Authority

maṇiva-kāḍu n One who is in authority or

power a superior officer

mo har f a seal a seal-ring (El muhr GrM KPr 17)

the impression of a seal a stamp (Śiv 414 H x 3 1) a certain gold coin (current in India for about ₤1 16s in Kashmīr valued at 12 chilkī rupees) a gold mohur (El mo hur GrM W 21 KPr 36

78 181 243 Śiv 179 192 1285 K 953 H i 9 v 1 12) --

karuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to put a seal (on) to

seal to stamp (H x 3 1) -- trāvuumlntildeuuml -- ampabove ampbelow finf to seal a document (with ones own seal to

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

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Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

27

authenticate the signature) -zihar - f a

collective term for gold and silver ornaments mo hara-khonu

mo hara-khonu - ampabove ampbelow or (GrM) mo har-kan m a seal-engraver a lapidary (El mohar-kand) -

woumljuuml - ampabove ampbelow f a signet-ring

mo hara श m a shell a cowrie a bead (of glass or

coral) the bezoar stone a rubber shell pebble or the like used for giving smoothness and glossiness to paper cloth etc a polishing instrument Cf lāran-mo hara p 531b l 42

lāl 1 श m a ruby (KPr 123 YZ 75 213

Rām 217 569 643 744 1116 etc Śiv 2 163 194 428 713 793 818 etc H i 9 viii 3 11 x 2 5 12 xii 2 3 4 etc) the pupil of the eye (Rām 1139 1194 1293 1614 Śiv 77 121 125 1259) cf a chi-lāl p 8a l 43 lāl-e -koumlnī m a ruby of the mine a

ruby of great price (Rām 1141) met a precious and beautiful virgin (Rām 155) lālpharōsh = m a ruby-seller a jeweller (H xii

3) -she nākh -श = properly f understanding of rubies but in

H xii 4 5 etc used as a noun masculine with the meaning of lāl-

shinās bel (sg dat -she nākas -श H xii 4 5 6 etc) -

shinās - श m one who understands rubies an expert in jewels

a lapidary a ruby-seller (KPr 123) lāla-pholu

lāla-pholu - ampabove ampbelow m a single

ruby the pupil of the eye (Rām 115) met a darling son a perfect darling of a son Cf lāl 2

lāl 2

lāl 2 or (LV 15 KPr 64) lāla m a darling a beloved

(usually referring to a child or the like but in LV 15 referring to the Deity) (Rām 177 Śiv 138) a beloved person generally (Śiv

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

28

1691) the baby a name by which a woman refers to her child (KPr 64) Cf lāl 1 with which it is often confused

maṇi-y-āṭi n lt + - Family priest

(G Tp D I 91)

maṇiya-c-caṭṭam n lt + Official power

( 175)

maṇiyam

n perh mānya

maṇiya-k-kāraṉ n lt + [T maṇ yagāḍu

K maṇ yagāra M maṇ yakāran] Headman of a village

superintendent of a temple etc (R F)

( 1055)

maṇiya-kāraṉ n See (

323 )

maṇi n lt maṇi 1 Gem precious stone of which nine are

specified viz kōmēta- kam nīlam pavaḷam puṭparākam

marakatam māṇikkam muttu vaiṭūr yam vay ram

( ) 2 Sapphire

( ) (

148) 3 Ruby ( 50 23)

4 Pearl ( ) 5 A supernatural gem See ( 2) 6

Crystal ( 1273)

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

29

maṇi-kārakaṉ n lt maṇi- kāraka Worker in precious

stones ( )

manar or manuumlruuml ampabove ampbelow श m (his wife is manar-bāy - ) (see below) but a

female lapidary is manare ntilde qv (GrGr 39) a lapidary a

man who works on precious stones or on shells a shell-worker

(GrGr 148) -bāy - श f a lapidarys wife -koṭu -

ampabove ampbelow m the son of a lapidary (used with the idea of

praise) a true son of a lapidary (GrGr 132) hence a good or

skilled lapidary (GrGr 132) -thoumljuuml - ampabove ampbelowalso

written an r-thoumljuuml ampabove - ampabove ampbelow च m a lapidarys polishing wheel or lathe (worked with a

bow) -wān - श m a lapidarys shop or workshop

(Kashmiri) 9731 maṇiacute1 m ʻ jewel ornament ʼ RVPa maṇi -- m ʻ jewel ʼ NiDoc mani maṁni Pk maṇilt-gt mf Gy pal maacuteni ʻ button ʼ K man m ʻ precious stone ʼ muntildeu m muumlntildeuuml f ʻ pupil of eye ʼ S maṇi f ʻ jewel ʼmaṇyo m ʻ jewels ʼ P maṇī f ʻ jewel ʼ N mani Or maṇī Mth manī H man m manī f maniyatilde m M maṇī m ʻ pearl jewel ʼ Si miṇa pl miṇi ʻ jewel ʼ -- ext -- kk -- Gy gr minrikloacute m ʻ ornament ʼ rum mərənkloacute hung miriklo ʻ pearl coral ʼ boh miliklo germ merikle ʻ agate ʼ eng meacuterikli ʻ bead ʼ Kalrumb mŕ dotdotŕ k ʻ bead necklace ʼ K manka m ʻ snake -- stone ʼ L maṇkā m ʻ bead ʼ awāṇ miṇkā P maṇkā m ʻ bead jewel ʼ G maṇkɔ m ʻ gem bead ʼ M maṇkā m ʻ large gem or bead ʼ9733 maṇikāraacute m ʻ jeweller ʼ VS [maṇiacute -- 1 kāra -- 1] Pa maṇ kāra -- m ʻ jeweller ʼ Pk maṇ āra -- m K manar manuumlruuml m P man ār degrā maneārā m ʻ seller or maker of glass bangles ʼ Or maṇ hārī ʻ jeweller ʼ Biman hār ʻ glass bangle maker ʼ H man yār degrā man hār manh yār m ʻ bracelet maker and seller ʼ G maṇīyār degīhār m ʻ seller of bangles ʼ M maṇyar degṇer degṇerī mʻ jeweller ʼ Si miṇiyara miṇīr -- forms with -- h --

influenced by -- hār from cmpds in -- dhāra -- 1

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

30

1 Ku nak -- poṛ ʻ nostril ʼ N poro ʻ small hole ʼ (or lt 2) G poṛ n ʻ thin scaly crust ʼ (semant cf pōppa -- ) M poḷ degḷẽ n ʻ honeycomb ʼ (or lt 3 semant cf pōka -- )2 S poru m ʻ cavity ʼ poro m ʻ hollow ʼ (or lt 3) P por f ʻ hollow bamboo ʼ (or lt pōra -- 2) N see 13 S see 2 L polā ʻ hollow porous loose (of soil) ʼ M see 14 Pk polla -- degaḍa -- pulla -- ʻ hollow ʼ P pollā ʻ hollow ʼ pol m pulāī f ʻ hollowness ʼ Or pola ʻ hollow ʼ sb ʻ puffed -- up pastry ʼ polā ʻ empty ʼ G poli f ʻ cavity ʼ pol polr ʻ hollow ʼ polāṇ n ʻ hollowness ʼ M pol n ʻ empty tube or grain ʼ polā ʻ hollow ʼ -- altern lt 3 Woṭ pōl f pyēl ʻ light (in weight) ʼ Gaw pōlaacute f pōlī ʻ small ʼ K po lu ʻ weak ʼ po luru ʻ plump but unsubstantial ʼ Ku polo ʻ hollow weak ʼ m ʻ beehive ʼ (l or ḷ) N pol pwāl ʻ hole ʼ polo pwālo ʻ beehive ʼ A pola -- kaṭā ʻ burglar ʼ B polo ʻ basket open at both ends for catching fish ʼ H pol f ʻ hollowness ʼ polā ʻ hollow empty flabby ʼ5 B Or phorā ʻ hollow ʼ6 P pholuṛ m ʻ chaff ʼ H pholā m ʻ blister ʼ G pholv ʻ to husk ʼ M phol n ʻ hollow grain ʼ4 pōlla -- WPahkṭg pollɔ ʻ hollow ʼ J polā (CDIAL 8398) Ta poḷi (-v- -nt-) to chisel split (as a

stone) dig make holes open (as a blister) be perforated punctured become dented (-pp- -tt-) to bore perforate tear into strips (as fibre) n holes made with a chisel depression made by digging poḷivu chiselling hewing picking (as a millstone) poḷḷu (poḷḷi-) to bore make a hole hew chisel be rent or torn poḷḷal boring a hole chiselling hole rent fissure hollow in a tree poḷ poḷḷai hole Ma poḷi split chip what is torn (as a palm-leaf) poḷiyuka coverings or roof to break skin to be peeled off poḷikka to break open unroof undo poḷḷa tube pipe perforated empty bamboo puḷakka to be split open the mouth puḷappu piece splitpuḷaruka to split Ka poḷḷu hole in a tree hollow in the soil Koḍ poḷi- (poḷiv- poḷintildej-) to break (of a stick-like thing tree intr) (poḷip- poḷic-) id (tr) poḷa- (poḷap- poḷand-) to open the mouth Tu poliyuni to be broken polipuni to break (B-K) pori poḷi id Te poḍucu to pierce prick stab thrust gore bore perforate poḍupupiercing thrusting pōṭu a thrust stab pain ache Pe polka hole in

tree Kui blongu inba to be pitted holey Kuwi (Su) polŋga hole in tree (F) porongo hollow (Isr)poloṅg hollow in a

tree Br pōlō hollow empty (or lt IA Turner CDIAL no 8398)(DEDR 4560)4562 Ta pollu empty glume or husk of

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

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Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

31

grain Ma poḷḷu empty hollow poḷḷu kāyi abortive fruit or grain poḷḷu a lie poḷḷan liar (Tiyya) poḷi falsehood lie To wiumlḷ husk (lt Badaga) Ka poḷḷu hoḷḷu hollowness emptiness unsubstantialness trash poḷḷu- ātu an empty vain word Koḍ poḷḷenelliuml paddy ear with no grain inside poḷḷiuml empty (of a seed-pod) light in weight (of bad money) Tu poḷḷu pollu poḷḷa devoid of pulp or kernel (as a fruit) empty timid

spiritless Te pollu polla empty ears of corn chaff trash useless thing or word useless fruitless good-for-nothing bollu to lie tell lies n lie adj false bolli a lie false Nk (Chanda LSI 4 572) pollē husk Pa pol chaff polka hollow hollowness unsubstantiality Ga (S3) pollu husk Go (LSI Kanker) paṛk husks (Voc 2151) (G Ma S Ko) polle chaff

(Voc 2424) (Ko) bol- to lie speak falsehood (Voc 2643) Konḍa polu (BB) poṛu chaff Pe pol chaff empty

grain husk Kui polgu (pl polka) husk chaff bran Kuwi (F) porū husk chaff (Su P) poṛu chaff (Isr) pōṛu husks chaff Cf 4491 Ta poṭṭu Cf Skt pulāka-shrivelled grain Pali pulaka- id Pkt pulāga- pulāya- id (Turner CDIAL no 8350) Skt phalgu- weak pithless (ibid no 9064) Pkt polla- hollow (ibid no 8398pōlla- phōlla- eg Mar phol hollow grain Panj pholuṛ chaff Guj pholv to husk)

Cf DBIA 280 for reborrowings from IA M poḷ m ʻ bull dedicated to the gods ʼ Si pollā ʻ young of an animal ʼ 4 Pk pōāla -- m ʻ child bull ʼ A powāl ʻ young of animal or bird ʼ(CDIAL 8399)

32

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Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

32

httpswwwacademiaedu1546614The_Austroasiatic_numerals1to10from_a_historical_and_typological_perspective_Paul_Sidwell

Sangara [fr saŋ+gṛ1 to sing proclaim cp gāyati amp gīta] 1 a

promise agreement J iv105 111 473 v25 479 sangaraŋ karoti to make a compact Vin i247 J iv105v479 -- 2 (also nt) a fight M iii187=Nett 149 S v109 (Pali)

12852 saṁgraha m ʻ collection ʼ Mn ʻ holding together ʼ MBh

[radicgrah]

Pa saṅgaha -- m ʻ collection ʼ Pk saṁgaha -- m Bi satilde gah ʻ building materials ʼ Mth satilde gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ Bhoj har -- satilde ga H s gahā ʻ collection of materials (eg for building) ʼ lt-gt Si san gaha ʻ compilation ʼ larr Pa

saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ [gaḍha -- ]L s gaṛh m ʻ line of entrenchments stone walls for defence ʼ(CDIAL 12845)saṁghara ʻ living in the same house ʼ [Cf saacutegr halt-gt ĀpŚr -- ghara -- ]Pa saṅghara -- ʻ with ones own family () ʼ L sagghrā ʻ accompanied by ones own family ʼ H satilde ghar m ʻ wifes son by former husband ʼ(CDIAL 12858)

12829 saṁkr ta2 ʻ collected ʼ [~ saṁkīrṇa -- -- radickamprcirclemacr1]

M satilde kā sākā m ʻ straw ampc collected and blocking a stream dregs a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets ʼ

33

sangaRhe to support aid assist by taking hold of sangaRhekate ruakko dakko anuakoa they support sick people when they give them water to drink (Santali)

Sanghaṭṭa2 () bangle Sn 48 (˚yanta) thus Nd2 reading for ˚ āna (ppr med of sanghaṭṭeti)

śaacutekaṭa n (m R) ʻ cart ʼ ŚāṅkhŚr śakaṭīˊ -- f RV śakaṭikaacute -- adj Pāṇgaṇa degkā -- f ʻ small cart ʼ Mr cch 2 śaggaṭa -- 3 śakkaṭa -- or chakkaṭa -- [radicśak2] 1 Pa sakaṭa -- mn ʻ cart waggon cartload ʼ Pk sagaḍa -- sayaḍa -- n saaḍha -- mn sagaḍī -- degḍ yā -- f OSi (Brāhmī) hakaṭa hakaḍa yahaḍa ʻ a measure of capacity ʼ Si yāḷa ʻ cart ʼ2 K hagoru m ʻ cart ʼ B sagṛā ʻ bullock -- cart ʼ Or sagaṛa (sagaṛ ā ʻ driver of a cart ʼ) Bi sāgaṛ saggaṛā ʻ smaller cart ʼ Mth sagaṛ H saggaṛ sagaṛ m ʻ cart ʼsagṛī f ʻ small cart ʼ3 S chakiṛo m ʻ cart ʼ P chakṛā chikṛā m ʻ large two -- wheeled bullock -- cart ʼ B chakṛā śakṛā ʻ cart ʼ Or chakaṛa ʻ hackney carriage ʼ Bi chakaṛā ʻ large cart ʼ Mth chakkaṛ chakṛī H chakṛā m ʻ two-wheeled bullock -- cart ʼ G chakṛ n degṛɔ m ʻ cart ʼ M sākḍā m ʻ the box of a load -- cart ʼ(CDIAL 12236)Sakaṭa1 (m amp nt) [cp Sk śakaṭa Vedic śakaṭī] a cart

waggon a cartload D ii110 Vin iii114 J i191 Miln 238 PvA 102 VbhA 435 (simile of two carts) SnA 58 (udaka -- bharita˚) 137 (bīja˚) sakaṭāni pajāpeti to cause the carts to go on J ii296 -- gopaka the guardian of the waggon DhA iv60 -- bhāra a cart -- load VvA 79 -- mukha the front or opening of the waggon used as adj facing the waggon or the cart () at D ii234 of the earth -- that is India as then known -- and at D ii235 (comp Mahāvastu iii208) of six kingdoms in Northern India At the second passage B explains that the six kingdoms all debouched alike on the central kingdom which was hexagonal in shape This explanation does not fit the other passage Could sakaṭathere be

used of the constellation Rohinī which in mediaeval times was called the Cart Cp Dial ii269 -- vāha a cart -- load Pv ii75 -- vyūha the waggon array a wedge -- shaped phalanx J ii404 iv343 Vism 384 G s ghāṛɔ m ʻ lathe ʼ M s gaḍ f ʻ a body formed of two or more

34

fruits or animals or men ampc linked together part of a turners apparatus ʼ m (CDIAL 12859) saṁghāṭayati ʻ joins together ʼ Sarvad ʻ causes to collect ʼ Kathās [radicghaṭ]Or saṅghāṛ bā ʻ to mix

up many materials stir boiling curry tie two cattle together and leave to graze ʼ (CDIAL 12860)

Sanghaṭita [saŋ+ghaṭita for ˚ghaṭṭita pp of ghaṭṭeti] 1 struck sounded resounding with ( -- ˚) J v9 (v l ṭṭ) Miln 2 -- 2 pierced

together pegged together constructed Miln 161 (nāvā nānā -- dāru˚)

Sanghaṭṭa1 (adj) [fr saŋ+ghaṭṭ] knocking against offending

provoking making angry J vi295

saṁkaṭaacute ʻ contracted narrow dangerous ʼ n ʻ defile difficulty danger ʼ MBh [Prob lt saṁkr ta -- 1 cf saacuteṁkr ti -- connexion if any with sakuṭa --not clear -- radickr 1]

Pk saṁkaḍa -- degḍia -- ʻ narrow ʼ K sangur m ʻ steep hill ʼ WPahjaun satilde gaṛō ʻ narrow ʼ Ku satilde guṛo N satilde guro Or (Sambhalpur) satilde kur (or lt saṁkula -- ) H satilde kar ʻ narrow ʼ m ʻ narrow lane ʼ sakrā ʻ tight narrow ʼ OG sāṁkaḍauuml ʻ narrow ʼ G satilde kṛ M satilde kaḍ satilde kḍā ʻ tight narrow ʼ satilde kaḍ satilde kḍẽ n ʻ a difficulty ʼ Si sakuḷu ʻ hard fast massive ʼWPahkṭg saacuteṅgṛɔ ʻ narrow ʼ jaun satilde gaṛo (CDIAL 12817)

saṁghāṭa m ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R [radicghaṭ] Pa nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- dāru -- sdeg ʻ raft ʼ Pk saṁghāḍa -- degḍaga -- m degḍī -- f ʻ pair ʼ Ku sĩgāṛ m ʻ doorframe ʼ N saṅār siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ Or saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes two rolls of thread for twisting into

the sacred thread quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ Bi sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ Hsĩghāṛā m ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ G s ghāṛɔ m ʻ lathe ʼ M s gaḍ f ʻ a body formed of two or more

fruits or animals or men ampc linked together part of a turners apparatus ʼ mf ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus Tam śaṅgaḍam Tu jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ) satilde gāḍā m ʻ frame of a building ʼ degḍī f ʻ lathe ʼ Si san gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ han guḷa an gdeg ʻ double canoe raft ʼMd an goḷi ʻ junction ʼ (CDIAL 12859)

35

saṁghāṭī 12861 saṁghāṭī f ʻ a kind of garment ʼ Suśr ʻ monks waistcloth ʼ BHS ii 549 [radicghaṭ]Pa saṅghāṭī -- f ʻ one of the three garments of a monk ʼ Pk saṁghāḍī -- f ʻ outer garment ʼ Si san gaḷa hadeg ʻ double cloth of monks ʼ

saṁghātaacute 12862 saṁghātaacute m ʻ close union mass ʼ TS ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh [Cf saṁhatalt-gt with similar

range of meanings -- ghāta -- ] Pa saṅghāta -- m ʻ killing knocking together ʼ Pk saṁghāya -- m ʻ closeness collection ʼ Or saṅghā saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding

inside triangular thatch crossbeam of thatched house copulation (of animals) ʼ -- adj ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ lt saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā --

saṁghātayati ʻ strikes together kills ʼ MW [ghāta -- ]Pa saṅghātan ka -- in cmpd ʻ binding together ʼ Pk saṁghāyaiuml ʻ strikes together joins ʼ S saṅghāhaṇu ʻ to kill ʼ Or saṅghā bā ʻ to cause to meet or be joined put a cow to bull ʼ (whence ʻ (of a bull) to copulate ʼ) 12855 saṁghaṭayati ʻ strikes (a musical instrument) ʼ R ʻ joins together ʼ Kathās [radicghaṭ]

Pa saṅghaṭita -- ʻ pegged together ʼ Pk saṁghaḍialt-gt ʻ joined ʼ caus saṁghaḍāvē M satilde gaḍṇẽ ʻ to link together ʼA sāṅoriba (phonet x -- ) ʻ to yoke together ʼ AFD 333 sāṅor (phonet x -- ) ʻ yoking together ʼ (CDIAL 12863) saacuteṁgata 12844 saacuteṁgata ʻ united ʼ AV n ʻ union ʼ MBh [Cf saacuteṁgati -- f ʻ meeting ʼ RV -- radicgam]Pa saṅgata -- ʻ met ʼ Pk saṁgaya -- ʻ met ʼ n ʻ union ʼ A xāṅgī xdeg bhār ʻ burden suspended from one pole and carried by two or more persons ʼ Si aumln gaya ʻ three oxen yoked together ʼ -- LM 413 derives NIA ʻ with ʼ words listed sv saṅga -- from saacuteṁgata --

[ sagaḍī ] f (Commonly श ) A pan of live coals or

embers श [ śēgaḍī ] f A pan of live-coals or embers a chafing

dish

sup2 caṅkaṭam

36

n lt Port jangada Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform

thereon (J) [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f ( S) A float composed of two canoes or

boats bound together also a link of two pompions ampc to swim or float by 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together 3 That member of a turners apparatus by

which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied

To take into linkedness or close connection with lit fig [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of ) Linking or joining together

[ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c ( ) To link join or unite together

(boats fruits animals) 2 Freely To tie or bind up or unto

[p= 6501][L=129300] Purifier N of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice

(the assistant of the Brahman = श Sa1y ) RV Br S3rS Hariv

8404 pōtraacute1 ʻ cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr s soma vessel ʼ RV) [radicpū] Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ 8403 pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼPk pottī -- f ʻ glass ʼ S pūt f ʻ glass bead ʼ P pot f N pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ B pot ʻ glass bead ʼ puti p t ʻ small bead ʼ Or puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ H pot m ʻ glass bead ʼ G M pot f -- Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ rather than lt pōtraacute -- 1

4604 (a) Ta pōṟai hole hollow in tree cavern pōr hollow of a

tree Ko bor vagina To oṟ (obl ot -) hole woundKa pōr hole Te boṟiya boṟṟe hole burrow hollow pit boṟṟa hole hollow cavity in a tree Ga (S2) borra hole in tree Konḍa boṟo hole of a crab

etc Kuwi (P) borra hole in tree DED(S) 3765 (b) Ta pōl hollow object (Koll) hollowness in a tree Te bōlu hollow

4605 Ta pōṟṟu (pōṟṟi-) to praise applaud worship protect cherish nourish entertain n protection praise pōṟṟi praise

34

fruits or animals or men ampc linked together part of a turners apparatus ʼ m (CDIAL 12859) saṁghāṭayati ʻ joins together ʼ Sarvad ʻ causes to collect ʼ Kathās [radicghaṭ]Or saṅghāṛ bā ʻ to mix

up many materials stir boiling curry tie two cattle together and leave to graze ʼ (CDIAL 12860)

Sanghaṭita [saŋ+ghaṭita for ˚ghaṭṭita pp of ghaṭṭeti] 1 struck sounded resounding with ( -- ˚) J v9 (v l ṭṭ) Miln 2 -- 2 pierced

together pegged together constructed Miln 161 (nāvā nānā -- dāru˚)

Sanghaṭṭa1 (adj) [fr saŋ+ghaṭṭ] knocking against offending

provoking making angry J vi295

saṁkaṭaacute ʻ contracted narrow dangerous ʼ n ʻ defile difficulty danger ʼ MBh [Prob lt saṁkr ta -- 1 cf saacuteṁkr ti -- connexion if any with sakuṭa --not clear -- radickr 1]

Pk saṁkaḍa -- degḍia -- ʻ narrow ʼ K sangur m ʻ steep hill ʼ WPahjaun satilde gaṛō ʻ narrow ʼ Ku satilde guṛo N satilde guro Or (Sambhalpur) satilde kur (or lt saṁkula -- ) H satilde kar ʻ narrow ʼ m ʻ narrow lane ʼ sakrā ʻ tight narrow ʼ OG sāṁkaḍauuml ʻ narrow ʼ G satilde kṛ M satilde kaḍ satilde kḍā ʻ tight narrow ʼ satilde kaḍ satilde kḍẽ n ʻ a difficulty ʼ Si sakuḷu ʻ hard fast massive ʼWPahkṭg saacuteṅgṛɔ ʻ narrow ʼ jaun satilde gaṛo (CDIAL 12817)

saṁghāṭa m ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R [radicghaṭ] Pa nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- dāru -- sdeg ʻ raft ʼ Pk saṁghāḍa -- degḍaga -- m degḍī -- f ʻ pair ʼ Ku sĩgāṛ m ʻ doorframe ʼ N saṅār siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ Or saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes two rolls of thread for twisting into

the sacred thread quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ Bi sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ Hsĩghāṛā m ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ G s ghāṛɔ m ʻ lathe ʼ M s gaḍ f ʻ a body formed of two or more

fruits or animals or men ampc linked together part of a turners apparatus ʼ mf ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus Tam śaṅgaḍam Tu jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ) satilde gāḍā m ʻ frame of a building ʼ degḍī f ʻ lathe ʼ Si san gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ han guḷa an gdeg ʻ double canoe raft ʼMd an goḷi ʻ junction ʼ (CDIAL 12859)

35

saṁghāṭī 12861 saṁghāṭī f ʻ a kind of garment ʼ Suśr ʻ monks waistcloth ʼ BHS ii 549 [radicghaṭ]Pa saṅghāṭī -- f ʻ one of the three garments of a monk ʼ Pk saṁghāḍī -- f ʻ outer garment ʼ Si san gaḷa hadeg ʻ double cloth of monks ʼ

saṁghātaacute 12862 saṁghātaacute m ʻ close union mass ʼ TS ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh [Cf saṁhatalt-gt with similar

range of meanings -- ghāta -- ] Pa saṅghāta -- m ʻ killing knocking together ʼ Pk saṁghāya -- m ʻ closeness collection ʼ Or saṅghā saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding

inside triangular thatch crossbeam of thatched house copulation (of animals) ʼ -- adj ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ lt saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā --

saṁghātayati ʻ strikes together kills ʼ MW [ghāta -- ]Pa saṅghātan ka -- in cmpd ʻ binding together ʼ Pk saṁghāyaiuml ʻ strikes together joins ʼ S saṅghāhaṇu ʻ to kill ʼ Or saṅghā bā ʻ to cause to meet or be joined put a cow to bull ʼ (whence ʻ (of a bull) to copulate ʼ) 12855 saṁghaṭayati ʻ strikes (a musical instrument) ʼ R ʻ joins together ʼ Kathās [radicghaṭ]

Pa saṅghaṭita -- ʻ pegged together ʼ Pk saṁghaḍialt-gt ʻ joined ʼ caus saṁghaḍāvē M satilde gaḍṇẽ ʻ to link together ʼA sāṅoriba (phonet x -- ) ʻ to yoke together ʼ AFD 333 sāṅor (phonet x -- ) ʻ yoking together ʼ (CDIAL 12863) saacuteṁgata 12844 saacuteṁgata ʻ united ʼ AV n ʻ union ʼ MBh [Cf saacuteṁgati -- f ʻ meeting ʼ RV -- radicgam]Pa saṅgata -- ʻ met ʼ Pk saṁgaya -- ʻ met ʼ n ʻ union ʼ A xāṅgī xdeg bhār ʻ burden suspended from one pole and carried by two or more persons ʼ Si aumln gaya ʻ three oxen yoked together ʼ -- LM 413 derives NIA ʻ with ʼ words listed sv saṅga -- from saacuteṁgata --

[ sagaḍī ] f (Commonly श ) A pan of live coals or

embers श [ śēgaḍī ] f A pan of live-coals or embers a chafing

dish

sup2 caṅkaṭam

36

n lt Port jangada Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform

thereon (J) [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f ( S) A float composed of two canoes or

boats bound together also a link of two pompions ampc to swim or float by 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together 3 That member of a turners apparatus by

which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied

To take into linkedness or close connection with lit fig [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of ) Linking or joining together

[ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c ( ) To link join or unite together

(boats fruits animals) 2 Freely To tie or bind up or unto

[p= 6501][L=129300] Purifier N of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice

(the assistant of the Brahman = श Sa1y ) RV Br S3rS Hariv

8404 pōtraacute1 ʻ cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr s soma vessel ʼ RV) [radicpū] Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ 8403 pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼPk pottī -- f ʻ glass ʼ S pūt f ʻ glass bead ʼ P pot f N pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ B pot ʻ glass bead ʼ puti p t ʻ small bead ʼ Or puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ H pot m ʻ glass bead ʼ G M pot f -- Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ rather than lt pōtraacute -- 1

4604 (a) Ta pōṟai hole hollow in tree cavern pōr hollow of a

tree Ko bor vagina To oṟ (obl ot -) hole woundKa pōr hole Te boṟiya boṟṟe hole burrow hollow pit boṟṟa hole hollow cavity in a tree Ga (S2) borra hole in tree Konḍa boṟo hole of a crab

etc Kuwi (P) borra hole in tree DED(S) 3765 (b) Ta pōl hollow object (Koll) hollowness in a tree Te bōlu hollow

4605 Ta pōṟṟu (pōṟṟi-) to praise applaud worship protect cherish nourish entertain n protection praise pōṟṟi praise

35

saṁghāṭī 12861 saṁghāṭī f ʻ a kind of garment ʼ Suśr ʻ monks waistcloth ʼ BHS ii 549 [radicghaṭ]Pa saṅghāṭī -- f ʻ one of the three garments of a monk ʼ Pk saṁghāḍī -- f ʻ outer garment ʼ Si san gaḷa hadeg ʻ double cloth of monks ʼ

saṁghātaacute 12862 saṁghātaacute m ʻ close union mass ʼ TS ʻ closing (a door) ʼ VS ʻ dashing together ʼ MBh [Cf saṁhatalt-gt with similar

range of meanings -- ghāta -- ] Pa saṅghāta -- m ʻ killing knocking together ʼ Pk saṁghāya -- m ʻ closeness collection ʼ Or saṅghā saṅgā ʻ bamboo scaffolding

inside triangular thatch crossbeam of thatched house copulation (of animals) ʼ -- adj ʻ bulled (of a cow) ʼ lt saṁghātā -- or saṁhatā --

saṁghātayati ʻ strikes together kills ʼ MW [ghāta -- ]Pa saṅghātan ka -- in cmpd ʻ binding together ʼ Pk saṁghāyaiuml ʻ strikes together joins ʼ S saṅghāhaṇu ʻ to kill ʼ Or saṅghā bā ʻ to cause to meet or be joined put a cow to bull ʼ (whence ʻ (of a bull) to copulate ʼ) 12855 saṁghaṭayati ʻ strikes (a musical instrument) ʼ R ʻ joins together ʼ Kathās [radicghaṭ]

Pa saṅghaṭita -- ʻ pegged together ʼ Pk saṁghaḍialt-gt ʻ joined ʼ caus saṁghaḍāvē M satilde gaḍṇẽ ʻ to link together ʼA sāṅoriba (phonet x -- ) ʻ to yoke together ʼ AFD 333 sāṅor (phonet x -- ) ʻ yoking together ʼ (CDIAL 12863) saacuteṁgata 12844 saacuteṁgata ʻ united ʼ AV n ʻ union ʼ MBh [Cf saacuteṁgati -- f ʻ meeting ʼ RV -- radicgam]Pa saṅgata -- ʻ met ʼ Pk saṁgaya -- ʻ met ʼ n ʻ union ʼ A xāṅgī xdeg bhār ʻ burden suspended from one pole and carried by two or more persons ʼ Si aumln gaya ʻ three oxen yoked together ʼ -- LM 413 derives NIA ʻ with ʼ words listed sv saṅga -- from saacuteṁgata --

[ sagaḍī ] f (Commonly श ) A pan of live coals or

embers श [ śēgaḍī ] f A pan of live-coals or embers a chafing

dish

sup2 caṅkaṭam

36

n lt Port jangada Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform

thereon (J) [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f ( S) A float composed of two canoes or

boats bound together also a link of two pompions ampc to swim or float by 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together 3 That member of a turners apparatus by

which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied

To take into linkedness or close connection with lit fig [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of ) Linking or joining together

[ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c ( ) To link join or unite together

(boats fruits animals) 2 Freely To tie or bind up or unto

[p= 6501][L=129300] Purifier N of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice

(the assistant of the Brahman = श Sa1y ) RV Br S3rS Hariv

8404 pōtraacute1 ʻ cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr s soma vessel ʼ RV) [radicpū] Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ 8403 pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼPk pottī -- f ʻ glass ʼ S pūt f ʻ glass bead ʼ P pot f N pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ B pot ʻ glass bead ʼ puti p t ʻ small bead ʼ Or puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ H pot m ʻ glass bead ʼ G M pot f -- Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ rather than lt pōtraacute -- 1

4604 (a) Ta pōṟai hole hollow in tree cavern pōr hollow of a

tree Ko bor vagina To oṟ (obl ot -) hole woundKa pōr hole Te boṟiya boṟṟe hole burrow hollow pit boṟṟa hole hollow cavity in a tree Ga (S2) borra hole in tree Konḍa boṟo hole of a crab

etc Kuwi (P) borra hole in tree DED(S) 3765 (b) Ta pōl hollow object (Koll) hollowness in a tree Te bōlu hollow

4605 Ta pōṟṟu (pōṟṟi-) to praise applaud worship protect cherish nourish entertain n protection praise pōṟṟi praise

36

n lt Port jangada Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform

thereon (J) [ sāṅgaḍa ] m f ( S) A float composed of two canoes or

boats bound together also a link of two pompions ampc to swim or float by 2 f A body formed of two or more (fruits animals men) linked or joined together 3 That member of a turners apparatus by

which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied

To take into linkedness or close connection with lit fig [ sāṅgaḍaṇī ] f (Verbal of ) Linking or joining together

[ sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ ] v c ( ) To link join or unite together

(boats fruits animals) 2 Freely To tie or bind up or unto

[p= 6501][L=129300] Purifier N of one of the 16 officiating priests at a sacrifice

(the assistant of the Brahman = श Sa1y ) RV Br S3rS Hariv

8404 pōtraacute1 ʻ cleaning instrument ʼ (ʻ the Potr s soma vessel ʼ RV) [radicpū] Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ 8403 pōttī ʻ glass bead ʼPk pottī -- f ʻ glass ʼ S pūt f ʻ glass bead ʼ P pot f N pote ʻ long straight bar of jewelry ʼ B pot ʻ glass bead ʼ puti p t ʻ small bead ʼ Or puti ʻ necklace of small glass beads ʼ H pot m ʻ glass bead ʼ G M pot f -- Bi pot ʻ jewellers polishing stone ʼ rather than lt pōtraacute -- 1

4604 (a) Ta pōṟai hole hollow in tree cavern pōr hollow of a

tree Ko bor vagina To oṟ (obl ot -) hole woundKa pōr hole Te boṟiya boṟṟe hole burrow hollow pit boṟṟa hole hollow cavity in a tree Ga (S2) borra hole in tree Konḍa boṟo hole of a crab

etc Kuwi (P) borra hole in tree DED(S) 3765 (b) Ta pōl hollow object (Koll) hollowness in a tree Te bōlu hollow

4605 Ta pōṟṟu (pōṟṟi-) to praise applaud worship protect cherish nourish entertain n protection praise pōṟṟi praise

37

applause pōṟṟimai honour reverence Mapōṟṟuka to preserve protect adore pōṟṟi nourisher protector

purkha an ancestor elder patriarch bapa purkha ancestors (Santali)

pitŕ (nom sg p tāˊ acc pitaacuteram gen pituacuteḥ nom pl pitaacuteraḥ) m ʻ father ʼ RV p taacuterā du ʻ father and mother ʼ RVPa p tā nom pitaraṁ pituṁ acc ʻ father ʼ Aś p tā nom man

shah pituna inst Dhp pidara acc KharI pitaraṁ pidara acc pidu gen NiDoc pita nom Pk piu -- piua -- ʻ father ʼ p arā ʻ father and mother ʼ Gy as (Baluči orig a S or L dialect) piu ʻ father ʼ JGLS new ser ii 259 Ḍ p āra (pl of baba ʻ father ʼ) larr Sh piare Pryā yā S piu m (pl piura with u from sg) L peo m khet p ūˊ awāṇ pio mā -- pe ʻ mother and father ʼ lt p ā pērē ʻ parents ʼ (lt p arā with dir pl ending -- ē of m nouns) P piu peo m mā -- pe ʻ mother and father ʼ Or piara ʻ father ʼ H piu m OG pīya OSi pita (gen degtaha) Si p yā (CDIAL 8179)pitr ghara ʻ fathers house ʼ [pitŕ -- ghara -- ]Pk piuhara -- n ʻ fathers house ʼ (pēīhara -- n lt paitr kaghara -- ) Lawāṇ pērē loc sg H piuhar pīhdeg m ʻ wifes fathers house ʼ Marw pīhar

OG pīhara n Gpiyar degyer n (CDIAL 8180) 5530 Pa ve did (NE) ve diḍ god Ga (Oll) vēndiṭ id (S) vēndiṭ devil(s) spirit(s) Go (Mu) vanḍin in pēnḍra vanḍin the highest god of the Murias

(Voc 2363) 4438 Ta pēy devil goblin fiend madness (as of a dog) frenzy wildness (as of vegetation) pēyaṉ demoniac

madman pēytti pēycci pēcci demoness woman under possession of a demon Ma pē pēyi demon (fem pēcci) rage madness viciousness pēna ghost spirit pē-nāyi mad dog Ko pen pen possession of woman by spirit of dead pey demon Ka pē hē madness rage viciousness growing wild (as plants) worthlessness pētu hēde demon pēṅkuṇi pēṅkuḷi hēkuḷi demon madness fury (for -kuḷi cf 1918 Ta kūḷi) hēga a

mad foolish man Tu pēyi demon Go (Tr) pēn (pl -k) (Y D Mu S) pēn (Ph) pen ven (Ma) pēnu god (L) peṇ (pl peṇḍku) idol god (G) pēnvor priest (Voc 2364) Pe pen

38

(pl -ku) god Kui pēnu (pl pēnga) vēnu (pl vēnga) a god a spirit Kuwi (F)pēnū (Su) pēnu (pl pṇēka) (Isr) pēnu (pl pēṇkapṇēka) god (S) pēnu (pl pēnka) devil (S) pēneesi (Isr) pēneˀesi deceased person

Malt peypeyre to feel fervent or animated 5529 Ta vēntaṉ king Indra sun moon Bṛhaspati vēntu kingly position kingdom royalty king

Indra vēttiyal kingly nature Ma vēntan vēntu king vindhati ʻ pierces ʼ [radicvyadh] Pk viṁdhaiuml ʻ pierces ʼ S vindhaṇu ʻ to bore pearls ʼ P vinnhṇā ludh b nnhanā ʻ to pierce ʼ WPahcam binnhṇā jaun bindhṇo ʻ to drill holes ʼ A bindhiba ʻ to pierce ʼ B bĩdhā Or b ndh bā ʻ to pierce gore shoot an arrow ʼ intr ʻ to ache ʼ Mth bindhab ʻ to pierce ʼ H bī˜dhnā (whence intr bĩdhnā ʻ to be pierced ʼ and a new tr with substitution of e bẽdhnā) G vĩdhv M vĩdhṇẽ Ko v ndtā -- Pk viṁdhaṇa -- n ʻ piercing ʼ Or bindhaṇa ʻ mutual drawing together during coition ʼ degṇā ʻ given to goring ʼ sb ʻ chisel ʼ G vĩdhṇ n ʻ chisel ʼ M hĩdaṇ n ʻ butt for shooting at ʼ (lt ĩdhaṇ) vĩdhṇẽ n ʻ chisel ʼ -- Or bindha ʻ hole ʼ b ndhā ʻ goring ache of boils ʼ G vĩdh n ʻ hole ʼ vĩdhārɔ m ʻ borer ʼ M vĩdh n ʻ perforation bore ʼ vĩdhī f ʻ small

do ʼ vĩdhrū m(CDIAL 11784) [ vēdhaṇēṃ ] v c ( ) To

perforate or pierce To fix closely and piercingly (the mind) 3 To

affect deeply to pierce [ vēdhana ] n S Perforating boring

piercing puncturing pricking 2 An augre a gimlet a borer generally (Marathi)

barma m (H vii 24 baram) an auger drill a kind

of gimlet or borer worked with a string -- karun -- minf to

bore holes (H vii 24) -tuji - ampbelow or -tujuuml ampbelow f the metal point of an auger a drill-point -- tārun -

- minf to bore with an auger -tro pu-

ampabove ampbelow m joining together by

auger-holes as when two pieces of metal or leather have holes drilled along the edges through which string or wire is passed to

fasten them together -tro pal - cg sewed

39

through drill holes (of shoes or the like in which holes for the thread are first drilled with an auger) رمه barmah sf (3rd) A kind of gimlet or borer worked with a بstring an auger or centre-bit Pl ey (HI رما (Pashto) (ب

or [ baramā or mhā ] m ( H) A kind of auger gimlet or drill

worked with a string 2 The hole or eye of a rocket (Marathi) 9650 bhramara1 ʻ moving unsteadily revolving ʼ (m ʻ potters wheel ʼ lex) bhramaraka -- m ʻ spinning top ʼ Bālar ʻ whirlpool lock of hair ʼ lex [Cfbhramaacute -- m ʻ flame ʼ RV -- radicbhram]Pa bhamar kā -- f ʻ humming top ʼ Pk bhamarī -- bhamalī -- degl yā -- f ʻ dizziness ʼ K bambur m ʻ flurry ʼ S bha rī f ʻ curl ʼ L bh var m ʻ whirlpool ʼ bh varī f ʻ whirl of date -- palm leaves ʼ P bh var f ʻ whirlpool ʼ bha rī bhaurī f ʻ curl of hair ʼ Ku bha r bha ro m bha rī f ʻ whirlpool whirlwind tempest ʼ N bh war bhumari bha r ʻ whirlwind whirl whorl of hair crown of head ʼ Or bha ra ʻ turning lathe ʼ bha ra ʻ auger gimlet ʼ bha rā bhaiuml˜rā ʻ spinning top ʼ pāṇ bha ri ʻ whirlpool ʼ Bi bha r -- kalī ʻ iron link fastened to rope close to oilmill bullocks neck ʼ bha r yā ʻ ploughing a field round and round ʼ OAw bhaṁvara m ʻ whirlpool ʼ H bh war bha r bhaur m ʻ whirlpool ʼ bha rī f ʻ revolution lock of hair ʼ G bhamar f ʻ whirlpool ʼ bhamrɔ m ʻ large do ʼ bhamrī f ʻ giddiness ʼ bhamarṛɔ m ʻ spinning top ʼ M bhotildevrā m ʻ whorl of hair ʼ bhotildevrī f ʻ whirling round ʼ Ko bhotildevro ʻ spinning top ʼ Si bamaraya bamarē bam baraya ʻ humming top ʼ bam buru ʻ curled ʼ bam buru -- kes ʻ curl ʼ -- prob Pašar blaumlmuacuter kuṛ lāmbəl -- bṛak ʻ lightning ʼ Gaw Sv lāmaċuacutel k (IIFL iii 3 110 lt bhramala -- )Md bumaru ʻ spinning top ʼ

t s wurlaey sm (1st) A gimlet an auger Pl ī ورلي

(Pashto) Ta tura (-pp- -nt-) to tunnel bore turappu tunnel turappaṇam auger drill tool for boring

holes turuvu (turuvi-) to bore drill perforate scrape out as the pulp of a coconut n hole scraping scooping turuval scrapings as of coconut pulp boring drilling Ma turakka to bury undermine turappaṇam carpenters drill gimlet turappan a

bandicoot rat turavu burrowing mine hole tura hole

40

burrow Ka turi turuvu to hollow bore drill make a hole grate scrape as fruits scrape out as a kernel out of its shell n grating scraping out etc Tu turipini turipuni turupuni to bore perforate string as beads turiyuni turuvuni to be bored perforated be strung Te tuṟumu to scrape with a toothed instrument as the kernel of a coconut truṅgu to break fall in

pieces perish die t(r)uncu to cut to pieces tear break kill (or truṅgu truncu with 3305 Ta tuṇi) Pa turu soil dug out in a heap by rats Konḍa (BB 1972) tṟuk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth

with snout Kui trupka (lt truk-p- trukt-) to bore pierce truspa (trust-) tuspa (tust-) to pierce a hole breach trūva (trūt-) to be pierced holed trunga (trungi-) to become a hole be pierced Kur tūrnā to pierce through perforate Malt tuacutere to scratch out turge to bury the ashes of the dead tuṉga tuṉgṛa hollow of a bamboo or bridge tube tunnel(DEDR 3339)

Ta tamar hole in a plank commonly bored or cut gimlet spring awl boring instrument tavar (-v--nt-) to bore a hole n hole in a board Ma tamar hole made by a gimlet a borer gimlet drill Ko tav- (tavd-) to butt with both horns gore Tu tamirů gimlet Te tamire (VPK) tagire the pin in the middle of a yoke turup ʻ hem ʼ B turpā ʻ to pierce sew ʼ Or turp bā ʻ to make simple long stitches ʼ H turupnā ʻ to hem ʼ) G ṭupv ʻ to pierce prick ʼ M ṭupṇẽ ʻ to pierce enter thrust (eg a needle) into ʼ(DEDR 3078) trupyati or trupnāti ʻ pierces ʼ [radictrup]

Paškuṛ lupiyeacutem ʻ I sew ʼ Woṭ tuph -- Buddruss Woṭ 129 lt thup -- larr Gaw luumlpe -- Sv lup -- K trampotodhacekpu m ʻ stitching ʼ WPahbhal ṭḷupp f ʻ sewing ʼ Ptuppṇā ʻ to sew ʼ tarupṇā turpṇā turupṇā ḍog truppanī f ʻ needle ʼ (rarr Ku turpaṇo ʻ to sew a cloth double ʼ A TRUPH ʻ miscarry ʼ truphati -- radictrupWPahkṭg chuacutepṇotilde (cuacute -- ) ʻ to pierce prick ʼ choacutepṇotilde (coacute -- ) id(CDIAL 6068)

Stone-smithy guild on a Meluhha standard

41

Harappa Tablet Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession comparable to Tablet m0491 lsquoRaised handrsquo hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet er-aka lsquoupraised handrsquo (Tamil) Rebus eraka lsquocopperrsquo

42

m0491 Tablet Line drawing (right) This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standardCombined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs Rebus reading is dhatu kotildedā sangaḍa lsquomineral turner stone-

smithy guildrsquo Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons The hieroglyphs are 1 Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus mineral ore) 2 A young bull carried on a stand kotildedā Rebus turner 3 Portable standard device (Top part lathe-gimlet Bottom part portable furnace satilde gāḍ Rebus stone-cutter sangatarāśū ) sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo a

worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras श lit

lsquoto collect stones stone-cutter masonrsquo श ० [ ०] २ ए (Dasa Syamasundara Hindi sabdasagara Navina

samskarana 2nd ed Kasi Nagari Pracarini Sabha 1965-1975)

श श lsquomasonrsquo

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithyforge A sangatarāśū lsquostone-cutterrsquo or lapidary of neolithicchalolithic age had graduated into a metal turnerrsquos workshop (koḍ) working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of

the bronze age Three professions are described by four standards three of these standards are three hieroglyphs scarf young bull standard device dhatu kotildedās gāḍī Rebus words denote lsquo mineral worker

metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) On this tablet the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear It is surmised that this standard the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

38

(pl -ku) god Kui pēnu (pl pēnga) vēnu (pl vēnga) a god a spirit Kuwi (F)pēnū (Su) pēnu (pl pṇēka) (Isr) pēnu (pl pēṇkapṇēka) god (S) pēnu (pl pēnka) devil (S) pēneesi (Isr) pēneˀesi deceased person

Malt peypeyre to feel fervent or animated 5529 Ta vēntaṉ king Indra sun moon Bṛhaspati vēntu kingly position kingdom royalty king

Indra vēttiyal kingly nature Ma vēntan vēntu king vindhati ʻ pierces ʼ [radicvyadh] Pk viṁdhaiuml ʻ pierces ʼ S vindhaṇu ʻ to bore pearls ʼ P vinnhṇā ludh b nnhanā ʻ to pierce ʼ WPahcam binnhṇā jaun bindhṇo ʻ to drill holes ʼ A bindhiba ʻ to pierce ʼ B bĩdhā Or b ndh bā ʻ to pierce gore shoot an arrow ʼ intr ʻ to ache ʼ Mth bindhab ʻ to pierce ʼ H bī˜dhnā (whence intr bĩdhnā ʻ to be pierced ʼ and a new tr with substitution of e bẽdhnā) G vĩdhv M vĩdhṇẽ Ko v ndtā -- Pk viṁdhaṇa -- n ʻ piercing ʼ Or bindhaṇa ʻ mutual drawing together during coition ʼ degṇā ʻ given to goring ʼ sb ʻ chisel ʼ G vĩdhṇ n ʻ chisel ʼ M hĩdaṇ n ʻ butt for shooting at ʼ (lt ĩdhaṇ) vĩdhṇẽ n ʻ chisel ʼ -- Or bindha ʻ hole ʼ b ndhā ʻ goring ache of boils ʼ G vĩdh n ʻ hole ʼ vĩdhārɔ m ʻ borer ʼ M vĩdh n ʻ perforation bore ʼ vĩdhī f ʻ small

do ʼ vĩdhrū m(CDIAL 11784) [ vēdhaṇēṃ ] v c ( ) To

perforate or pierce To fix closely and piercingly (the mind) 3 To

affect deeply to pierce [ vēdhana ] n S Perforating boring

piercing puncturing pricking 2 An augre a gimlet a borer generally (Marathi)

barma m (H vii 24 baram) an auger drill a kind

of gimlet or borer worked with a string -- karun -- minf to

bore holes (H vii 24) -tuji - ampbelow or -tujuuml ampbelow f the metal point of an auger a drill-point -- tārun -

- minf to bore with an auger -tro pu-

ampabove ampbelow m joining together by

auger-holes as when two pieces of metal or leather have holes drilled along the edges through which string or wire is passed to

fasten them together -tro pal - cg sewed

39

through drill holes (of shoes or the like in which holes for the thread are first drilled with an auger) رمه barmah sf (3rd) A kind of gimlet or borer worked with a بstring an auger or centre-bit Pl ey (HI رما (Pashto) (ب

or [ baramā or mhā ] m ( H) A kind of auger gimlet or drill

worked with a string 2 The hole or eye of a rocket (Marathi) 9650 bhramara1 ʻ moving unsteadily revolving ʼ (m ʻ potters wheel ʼ lex) bhramaraka -- m ʻ spinning top ʼ Bālar ʻ whirlpool lock of hair ʼ lex [Cfbhramaacute -- m ʻ flame ʼ RV -- radicbhram]Pa bhamar kā -- f ʻ humming top ʼ Pk bhamarī -- bhamalī -- degl yā -- f ʻ dizziness ʼ K bambur m ʻ flurry ʼ S bha rī f ʻ curl ʼ L bh var m ʻ whirlpool ʼ bh varī f ʻ whirl of date -- palm leaves ʼ P bh var f ʻ whirlpool ʼ bha rī bhaurī f ʻ curl of hair ʼ Ku bha r bha ro m bha rī f ʻ whirlpool whirlwind tempest ʼ N bh war bhumari bha r ʻ whirlwind whirl whorl of hair crown of head ʼ Or bha ra ʻ turning lathe ʼ bha ra ʻ auger gimlet ʼ bha rā bhaiuml˜rā ʻ spinning top ʼ pāṇ bha ri ʻ whirlpool ʼ Bi bha r -- kalī ʻ iron link fastened to rope close to oilmill bullocks neck ʼ bha r yā ʻ ploughing a field round and round ʼ OAw bhaṁvara m ʻ whirlpool ʼ H bh war bha r bhaur m ʻ whirlpool ʼ bha rī f ʻ revolution lock of hair ʼ G bhamar f ʻ whirlpool ʼ bhamrɔ m ʻ large do ʼ bhamrī f ʻ giddiness ʼ bhamarṛɔ m ʻ spinning top ʼ M bhotildevrā m ʻ whorl of hair ʼ bhotildevrī f ʻ whirling round ʼ Ko bhotildevro ʻ spinning top ʼ Si bamaraya bamarē bam baraya ʻ humming top ʼ bam buru ʻ curled ʼ bam buru -- kes ʻ curl ʼ -- prob Pašar blaumlmuacuter kuṛ lāmbəl -- bṛak ʻ lightning ʼ Gaw Sv lāmaċuacutel k (IIFL iii 3 110 lt bhramala -- )Md bumaru ʻ spinning top ʼ

t s wurlaey sm (1st) A gimlet an auger Pl ī ورلي

(Pashto) Ta tura (-pp- -nt-) to tunnel bore turappu tunnel turappaṇam auger drill tool for boring

holes turuvu (turuvi-) to bore drill perforate scrape out as the pulp of a coconut n hole scraping scooping turuval scrapings as of coconut pulp boring drilling Ma turakka to bury undermine turappaṇam carpenters drill gimlet turappan a

bandicoot rat turavu burrowing mine hole tura hole

40

burrow Ka turi turuvu to hollow bore drill make a hole grate scrape as fruits scrape out as a kernel out of its shell n grating scraping out etc Tu turipini turipuni turupuni to bore perforate string as beads turiyuni turuvuni to be bored perforated be strung Te tuṟumu to scrape with a toothed instrument as the kernel of a coconut truṅgu to break fall in

pieces perish die t(r)uncu to cut to pieces tear break kill (or truṅgu truncu with 3305 Ta tuṇi) Pa turu soil dug out in a heap by rats Konḍa (BB 1972) tṟuk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth

with snout Kui trupka (lt truk-p- trukt-) to bore pierce truspa (trust-) tuspa (tust-) to pierce a hole breach trūva (trūt-) to be pierced holed trunga (trungi-) to become a hole be pierced Kur tūrnā to pierce through perforate Malt tuacutere to scratch out turge to bury the ashes of the dead tuṉga tuṉgṛa hollow of a bamboo or bridge tube tunnel(DEDR 3339)

Ta tamar hole in a plank commonly bored or cut gimlet spring awl boring instrument tavar (-v--nt-) to bore a hole n hole in a board Ma tamar hole made by a gimlet a borer gimlet drill Ko tav- (tavd-) to butt with both horns gore Tu tamirů gimlet Te tamire (VPK) tagire the pin in the middle of a yoke turup ʻ hem ʼ B turpā ʻ to pierce sew ʼ Or turp bā ʻ to make simple long stitches ʼ H turupnā ʻ to hem ʼ) G ṭupv ʻ to pierce prick ʼ M ṭupṇẽ ʻ to pierce enter thrust (eg a needle) into ʼ(DEDR 3078) trupyati or trupnāti ʻ pierces ʼ [radictrup]

Paškuṛ lupiyeacutem ʻ I sew ʼ Woṭ tuph -- Buddruss Woṭ 129 lt thup -- larr Gaw luumlpe -- Sv lup -- K trampotodhacekpu m ʻ stitching ʼ WPahbhal ṭḷupp f ʻ sewing ʼ Ptuppṇā ʻ to sew ʼ tarupṇā turpṇā turupṇā ḍog truppanī f ʻ needle ʼ (rarr Ku turpaṇo ʻ to sew a cloth double ʼ A TRUPH ʻ miscarry ʼ truphati -- radictrupWPahkṭg chuacutepṇotilde (cuacute -- ) ʻ to pierce prick ʼ choacutepṇotilde (coacute -- ) id(CDIAL 6068)

Stone-smithy guild on a Meluhha standard

41

Harappa Tablet Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession comparable to Tablet m0491 lsquoRaised handrsquo hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet er-aka lsquoupraised handrsquo (Tamil) Rebus eraka lsquocopperrsquo

42

m0491 Tablet Line drawing (right) This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standardCombined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs Rebus reading is dhatu kotildedā sangaḍa lsquomineral turner stone-

smithy guildrsquo Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons The hieroglyphs are 1 Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus mineral ore) 2 A young bull carried on a stand kotildedā Rebus turner 3 Portable standard device (Top part lathe-gimlet Bottom part portable furnace satilde gāḍ Rebus stone-cutter sangatarāśū ) sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo a

worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras श lit

lsquoto collect stones stone-cutter masonrsquo श ० [ ०] २ ए (Dasa Syamasundara Hindi sabdasagara Navina

samskarana 2nd ed Kasi Nagari Pracarini Sabha 1965-1975)

श श lsquomasonrsquo

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithyforge A sangatarāśū lsquostone-cutterrsquo or lapidary of neolithicchalolithic age had graduated into a metal turnerrsquos workshop (koḍ) working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of

the bronze age Three professions are described by four standards three of these standards are three hieroglyphs scarf young bull standard device dhatu kotildedās gāḍī Rebus words denote lsquo mineral worker

metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) On this tablet the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear It is surmised that this standard the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

39

through drill holes (of shoes or the like in which holes for the thread are first drilled with an auger) رمه barmah sf (3rd) A kind of gimlet or borer worked with a بstring an auger or centre-bit Pl ey (HI رما (Pashto) (ب

or [ baramā or mhā ] m ( H) A kind of auger gimlet or drill

worked with a string 2 The hole or eye of a rocket (Marathi) 9650 bhramara1 ʻ moving unsteadily revolving ʼ (m ʻ potters wheel ʼ lex) bhramaraka -- m ʻ spinning top ʼ Bālar ʻ whirlpool lock of hair ʼ lex [Cfbhramaacute -- m ʻ flame ʼ RV -- radicbhram]Pa bhamar kā -- f ʻ humming top ʼ Pk bhamarī -- bhamalī -- degl yā -- f ʻ dizziness ʼ K bambur m ʻ flurry ʼ S bha rī f ʻ curl ʼ L bh var m ʻ whirlpool ʼ bh varī f ʻ whirl of date -- palm leaves ʼ P bh var f ʻ whirlpool ʼ bha rī bhaurī f ʻ curl of hair ʼ Ku bha r bha ro m bha rī f ʻ whirlpool whirlwind tempest ʼ N bh war bhumari bha r ʻ whirlwind whirl whorl of hair crown of head ʼ Or bha ra ʻ turning lathe ʼ bha ra ʻ auger gimlet ʼ bha rā bhaiuml˜rā ʻ spinning top ʼ pāṇ bha ri ʻ whirlpool ʼ Bi bha r -- kalī ʻ iron link fastened to rope close to oilmill bullocks neck ʼ bha r yā ʻ ploughing a field round and round ʼ OAw bhaṁvara m ʻ whirlpool ʼ H bh war bha r bhaur m ʻ whirlpool ʼ bha rī f ʻ revolution lock of hair ʼ G bhamar f ʻ whirlpool ʼ bhamrɔ m ʻ large do ʼ bhamrī f ʻ giddiness ʼ bhamarṛɔ m ʻ spinning top ʼ M bhotildevrā m ʻ whorl of hair ʼ bhotildevrī f ʻ whirling round ʼ Ko bhotildevro ʻ spinning top ʼ Si bamaraya bamarē bam baraya ʻ humming top ʼ bam buru ʻ curled ʼ bam buru -- kes ʻ curl ʼ -- prob Pašar blaumlmuacuter kuṛ lāmbəl -- bṛak ʻ lightning ʼ Gaw Sv lāmaċuacutel k (IIFL iii 3 110 lt bhramala -- )Md bumaru ʻ spinning top ʼ

t s wurlaey sm (1st) A gimlet an auger Pl ī ورلي

(Pashto) Ta tura (-pp- -nt-) to tunnel bore turappu tunnel turappaṇam auger drill tool for boring

holes turuvu (turuvi-) to bore drill perforate scrape out as the pulp of a coconut n hole scraping scooping turuval scrapings as of coconut pulp boring drilling Ma turakka to bury undermine turappaṇam carpenters drill gimlet turappan a

bandicoot rat turavu burrowing mine hole tura hole

40

burrow Ka turi turuvu to hollow bore drill make a hole grate scrape as fruits scrape out as a kernel out of its shell n grating scraping out etc Tu turipini turipuni turupuni to bore perforate string as beads turiyuni turuvuni to be bored perforated be strung Te tuṟumu to scrape with a toothed instrument as the kernel of a coconut truṅgu to break fall in

pieces perish die t(r)uncu to cut to pieces tear break kill (or truṅgu truncu with 3305 Ta tuṇi) Pa turu soil dug out in a heap by rats Konḍa (BB 1972) tṟuk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth

with snout Kui trupka (lt truk-p- trukt-) to bore pierce truspa (trust-) tuspa (tust-) to pierce a hole breach trūva (trūt-) to be pierced holed trunga (trungi-) to become a hole be pierced Kur tūrnā to pierce through perforate Malt tuacutere to scratch out turge to bury the ashes of the dead tuṉga tuṉgṛa hollow of a bamboo or bridge tube tunnel(DEDR 3339)

Ta tamar hole in a plank commonly bored or cut gimlet spring awl boring instrument tavar (-v--nt-) to bore a hole n hole in a board Ma tamar hole made by a gimlet a borer gimlet drill Ko tav- (tavd-) to butt with both horns gore Tu tamirů gimlet Te tamire (VPK) tagire the pin in the middle of a yoke turup ʻ hem ʼ B turpā ʻ to pierce sew ʼ Or turp bā ʻ to make simple long stitches ʼ H turupnā ʻ to hem ʼ) G ṭupv ʻ to pierce prick ʼ M ṭupṇẽ ʻ to pierce enter thrust (eg a needle) into ʼ(DEDR 3078) trupyati or trupnāti ʻ pierces ʼ [radictrup]

Paškuṛ lupiyeacutem ʻ I sew ʼ Woṭ tuph -- Buddruss Woṭ 129 lt thup -- larr Gaw luumlpe -- Sv lup -- K trampotodhacekpu m ʻ stitching ʼ WPahbhal ṭḷupp f ʻ sewing ʼ Ptuppṇā ʻ to sew ʼ tarupṇā turpṇā turupṇā ḍog truppanī f ʻ needle ʼ (rarr Ku turpaṇo ʻ to sew a cloth double ʼ A TRUPH ʻ miscarry ʼ truphati -- radictrupWPahkṭg chuacutepṇotilde (cuacute -- ) ʻ to pierce prick ʼ choacutepṇotilde (coacute -- ) id(CDIAL 6068)

Stone-smithy guild on a Meluhha standard

41

Harappa Tablet Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession comparable to Tablet m0491 lsquoRaised handrsquo hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet er-aka lsquoupraised handrsquo (Tamil) Rebus eraka lsquocopperrsquo

42

m0491 Tablet Line drawing (right) This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standardCombined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs Rebus reading is dhatu kotildedā sangaḍa lsquomineral turner stone-

smithy guildrsquo Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons The hieroglyphs are 1 Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus mineral ore) 2 A young bull carried on a stand kotildedā Rebus turner 3 Portable standard device (Top part lathe-gimlet Bottom part portable furnace satilde gāḍ Rebus stone-cutter sangatarāśū ) sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo a

worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras श lit

lsquoto collect stones stone-cutter masonrsquo श ० [ ०] २ ए (Dasa Syamasundara Hindi sabdasagara Navina

samskarana 2nd ed Kasi Nagari Pracarini Sabha 1965-1975)

श श lsquomasonrsquo

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithyforge A sangatarāśū lsquostone-cutterrsquo or lapidary of neolithicchalolithic age had graduated into a metal turnerrsquos workshop (koḍ) working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of

the bronze age Three professions are described by four standards three of these standards are three hieroglyphs scarf young bull standard device dhatu kotildedās gāḍī Rebus words denote lsquo mineral worker

metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) On this tablet the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear It is surmised that this standard the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

40

burrow Ka turi turuvu to hollow bore drill make a hole grate scrape as fruits scrape out as a kernel out of its shell n grating scraping out etc Tu turipini turipuni turupuni to bore perforate string as beads turiyuni turuvuni to be bored perforated be strung Te tuṟumu to scrape with a toothed instrument as the kernel of a coconut truṅgu to break fall in

pieces perish die t(r)uncu to cut to pieces tear break kill (or truṅgu truncu with 3305 Ta tuṇi) Pa turu soil dug out in a heap by rats Konḍa (BB 1972) tṟuk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth

with snout Kui trupka (lt truk-p- trukt-) to bore pierce truspa (trust-) tuspa (tust-) to pierce a hole breach trūva (trūt-) to be pierced holed trunga (trungi-) to become a hole be pierced Kur tūrnā to pierce through perforate Malt tuacutere to scratch out turge to bury the ashes of the dead tuṉga tuṉgṛa hollow of a bamboo or bridge tube tunnel(DEDR 3339)

Ta tamar hole in a plank commonly bored or cut gimlet spring awl boring instrument tavar (-v--nt-) to bore a hole n hole in a board Ma tamar hole made by a gimlet a borer gimlet drill Ko tav- (tavd-) to butt with both horns gore Tu tamirů gimlet Te tamire (VPK) tagire the pin in the middle of a yoke turup ʻ hem ʼ B turpā ʻ to pierce sew ʼ Or turp bā ʻ to make simple long stitches ʼ H turupnā ʻ to hem ʼ) G ṭupv ʻ to pierce prick ʼ M ṭupṇẽ ʻ to pierce enter thrust (eg a needle) into ʼ(DEDR 3078) trupyati or trupnāti ʻ pierces ʼ [radictrup]

Paškuṛ lupiyeacutem ʻ I sew ʼ Woṭ tuph -- Buddruss Woṭ 129 lt thup -- larr Gaw luumlpe -- Sv lup -- K trampotodhacekpu m ʻ stitching ʼ WPahbhal ṭḷupp f ʻ sewing ʼ Ptuppṇā ʻ to sew ʼ tarupṇā turpṇā turupṇā ḍog truppanī f ʻ needle ʼ (rarr Ku turpaṇo ʻ to sew a cloth double ʼ A TRUPH ʻ miscarry ʼ truphati -- radictrupWPahkṭg chuacutepṇotilde (cuacute -- ) ʻ to pierce prick ʼ choacutepṇotilde (coacute -- ) id(CDIAL 6068)

Stone-smithy guild on a Meluhha standard

41

Harappa Tablet Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession comparable to Tablet m0491 lsquoRaised handrsquo hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet er-aka lsquoupraised handrsquo (Tamil) Rebus eraka lsquocopperrsquo

42

m0491 Tablet Line drawing (right) This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standardCombined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs Rebus reading is dhatu kotildedā sangaḍa lsquomineral turner stone-

smithy guildrsquo Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons The hieroglyphs are 1 Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus mineral ore) 2 A young bull carried on a stand kotildedā Rebus turner 3 Portable standard device (Top part lathe-gimlet Bottom part portable furnace satilde gāḍ Rebus stone-cutter sangatarāśū ) sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo a

worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras श lit

lsquoto collect stones stone-cutter masonrsquo श ० [ ०] २ ए (Dasa Syamasundara Hindi sabdasagara Navina

samskarana 2nd ed Kasi Nagari Pracarini Sabha 1965-1975)

श श lsquomasonrsquo

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithyforge A sangatarāśū lsquostone-cutterrsquo or lapidary of neolithicchalolithic age had graduated into a metal turnerrsquos workshop (koḍ) working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of

the bronze age Three professions are described by four standards three of these standards are three hieroglyphs scarf young bull standard device dhatu kotildedās gāḍī Rebus words denote lsquo mineral worker

metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) On this tablet the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear It is surmised that this standard the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

41

Harappa Tablet Pict-91 (Mahadevan) m0490At m0490B Mohenjodaro Tablet showing Meluhha combined standard of three standards carried in a procession comparable to Tablet m0491 lsquoRaised handrsquo hieroglyph on Pict-91 Harappa tablet er-aka lsquoupraised handrsquo (Tamil) Rebus eraka lsquocopperrsquo

42

m0491 Tablet Line drawing (right) This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standardCombined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs Rebus reading is dhatu kotildedā sangaḍa lsquomineral turner stone-

smithy guildrsquo Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons The hieroglyphs are 1 Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus mineral ore) 2 A young bull carried on a stand kotildedā Rebus turner 3 Portable standard device (Top part lathe-gimlet Bottom part portable furnace satilde gāḍ Rebus stone-cutter sangatarāśū ) sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo a

worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras श lit

lsquoto collect stones stone-cutter masonrsquo श ० [ ०] २ ए (Dasa Syamasundara Hindi sabdasagara Navina

samskarana 2nd ed Kasi Nagari Pracarini Sabha 1965-1975)

श श lsquomasonrsquo

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithyforge A sangatarāśū lsquostone-cutterrsquo or lapidary of neolithicchalolithic age had graduated into a metal turnerrsquos workshop (koḍ) working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of

the bronze age Three professions are described by four standards three of these standards are three hieroglyphs scarf young bull standard device dhatu kotildedās gāḍī Rebus words denote lsquo mineral worker

metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) On this tablet the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear It is surmised that this standard the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

42

m0491 Tablet Line drawing (right) This tablet showing three hieroglyphs may be called the Meluhha standardCombined reading for the joined or ligatured glyphs Rebus reading is dhatu kotildedā sangaḍa lsquomineral turner stone-

smithy guildrsquo Dawn of the bronze age is best exemplified by this Mohenjo-daro tablet which shows a procession of three hieroglyphs carried on the shoulders of three persons The hieroglyphs are 1 Scarf carried on a pole (dhatu Rebus mineral ore) 2 A young bull carried on a stand kotildedā Rebus turner 3 Portable standard device (Top part lathe-gimlet Bottom part portable furnace satilde gāḍ Rebus stone-cutter sangatarāśū ) sanghāḍo (Gujarati) cutting stone gilding (Gujarati) sangsāru karaṇu = to stone (Sindhi) sanghāḍiyo a

worker on a lathe (Gujarati) sangataras श lit

lsquoto collect stones stone-cutter masonrsquo श ० [ ०] २ ए (Dasa Syamasundara Hindi sabdasagara Navina

samskarana 2nd ed Kasi Nagari Pracarini Sabha 1965-1975)

श श lsquomasonrsquo

The procession is a celebration of the graduation of a stone-cutter as a metal-turner in a smithyforge A sangatarāśū lsquostone-cutterrsquo or lapidary of neolithicchalolithic age had graduated into a metal turnerrsquos workshop (koḍ) working with metallic minerals (dhatu) of

the bronze age Three professions are described by four standards three of these standards are three hieroglyphs scarf young bull standard device dhatu kotildedās gāḍī Rebus words denote lsquo mineral worker

metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) On this tablet the standard which is also a hieroglyph on the very front is not clear It is surmised that this standard the first hieroglyph of four hieroglyphs carried on the procession may be

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

43

comparable to the standard shown on Tukulti-Ninurta I altar discovered in the Ashur temple This fourth standard could be compared with this hieroglyph of the Tukulti-Ninurta altar

A spoked wheel is shown atop on the standard and the hieroglyph is also reinforced by depicting the hieroglyph on the top of the standard-bearers head This Meluhha hieroglyph is read rebus erakaknave of wheel Rebus moltencast copper āra spokes Rebus āra brass Thus the fourth profession is depicted as the smith working with metal alloys Thus together the four professions depicted on the Mohenjodaro-standard showing four hieroglyphs in procession are read rebus

Hieroglyph dhatu scarf Rebus dhatu mineral Hieroglyph kotildedā young bull calf Rebus kotildedā turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathe

Hieroglyph satilde gāḍī lathe (gimlet) portable furnace Rebus satilde gāḍī

metalsmith associates (guild) Hieroglyph eraka āra knave of wheel spokes of wheel Rebus eraka āra copper alloy brass Thus Rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs denote lsquo mineral worker metals turner-joiner (forge) worker on a lathersquo ndash associates (guild) copper alloy brass dhatu kotildedā satilde gāḍī eraka āra

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

44

Safflower hieroglyph adorns one side of Tukulti-Ninurta I

altar [ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower also its seed Rebus

karaḍa hard alloy of arka copper Rebus fire-god B27990

16671 Remo ltkarandigtE155 N ``^fire-^god(Munda)

Rebus Meluhha reading of safflower karaḍī as fire-

god karandi renders the hieroglyph sacred and could well have

denoted sacredness of the effulgent sun divinity

A bracelet with the face of a bull ḍangar bull Rebus ḍangar lsquoblacksmithrsquo (Hindi)

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015

45

httpswwwacademiaedu7783507Bronze_Age_writing_by_artisans_and_traders_on_the_Tin_Road_Meluhha_Aratta_-_Assur_-_Kanesh_Doc_

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

January 9 2015