luwian hieroglyphs. an indigenous anatolian syllabic script from 3500 years ago

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Oriental Ins,tute February 3, 2016 Petra Goedegebuure

Luwian Hieroglyphs

An indigenous Anatolian syllabic script from 3500 years ago

What, when and where?

•  Also known by early misnomer ‘HiGte Hieroglyphs’ •  WriIen in Anatolia and Northern Syria (ca. 95 different loca,ons; many more inscrip,ons)

•  1400-‐700 BCE (ca. 700 years) •  Language behind Luwian Hieroglyphs is …. Luwian •  Luwian is a sister language of HiGte, and forms together with Lycian, Lydian, Palaic and Carian the ex,nct Anatolian sub-‐group of the Indo-‐European language family

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Empire period

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http://www.hittitemonuments.com

Empire Period 1400 to 1200 BCE Neo-Hittite Period 1200 to 700 BCE

Neo-‐Hi5te period

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Text carriers

•  Stamp seals (and sealings) •  Rock reliefs/inscrip,ons, statues, orthostats (ver,cal slabs of stone) –  Commemora,ve (funerary, accomplishments by life)

•  Lead strips –  LeIers (Assur) –  Administra,ve texts: distribu,on of goods (Anatolia)

•  Wooden wri,ng boards 5

Text carriers: rock reliefs

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Fraktin: King Hattusili III and Queen Puduhepa (reign 1267-1239 BCE)


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Text carriers: rock reliefs

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Ivriz: King Warpalawa of Tuwana (738-710 BCE)

za-wa/i (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-u-za-sa MAGNUS+ra/i-za-sa || wa/i+ra/i-pa-la-wa/i-si-sa This (is) the great Tarhunzas of Warpalawas


Text carriers: orthostats

Karkamish, Yariris and his protégé Kamanis, end 9th c. BCE

Karatepe, Aza,wada, end 7th c. BCE

High relief style (early) Incised style (late)

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Text carriers: lead strips (Assur, late 8th c. BCE)

Leadstrips for transport Leadstrip for reading

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Text carriers: wooden wriFng boards

Uluburun shipwreck (14th c. BCE), south west coast of Turkey

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Text carriers: wooden wriFng boards

MARAŞ 9 (2nd half 8th c.): ᵐTONITRUS-‐hu-‐pi-‐ya-‐sa

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Stele of Bar-‐Rakib of Sam’al (730 BCE)

Discovery and decipherment

•  In 19th century observed by travelers in Hama (Syria) and Boghazköy (Turkey), and believed to be HiGte.

•  In the 1930s: Ignace J. Gelb, Emil Forrer, Helmut Bossert, Bedřich Hrozný and Piero Meriggi established the readings of quite a few symbols.

•  1940s: digraphic sealings: Hans G. Güterbock. •  1946: Karatepe text discovered: Luwian – Phoenician

bilingual, major breakthrough (Bossert and Halet Çambel).

•  1973: J. David Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo-‐Davies and Günther Neumann established the correct reading of a few signs, thus showing that Hieroglyphic Luwian was closely related to Cuneiform Luwian known from clay tablets found in the HiGte archives.

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Discovery and decipherment Ignace J Gelb, Hi#te hieroglyphic monuments. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1939. (University of Chicago Oriental Ins,tute publica,ons, v. 45.) Ignace J Gelb, A study of wri7ng. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1963.

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Ignace Jay Gelb (14 Oct 1907 - 22 Dec 1985)

Discovery and decipherment Siegel aus Boğazköy 1. Teil: Die Königssiegel der Grabungen bis 1938, (AfO Beihes 5) Berlin 1940. Siegel aus Boğazköy 2. Teil: Die Königssiegel von 1939 und die übrigen Hieroglyphensiegel, (AfO Beihes 7) Berlin 1942.

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Hetty Goldman and Hans Güterbock (27 May 1908 – 29 March 2000), in the Public Gardens at Tarsus. Photo Theresa Goell, Bryn Mawr College Archives

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Discovery and decipherment

J. David Hawkins (1940)

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Photograph by Takayuki Oshima, courtesy of the Middle East Cultural Centre of Japan.

Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions I: Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Volumes 1-3. Berlin - New York, 2000. with A. Morpurgo Davies and G. Neumann, “Hittite Hieroglyphs and Luwian: New evidence for the connection.” Nachrichten der Akade-mie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen I. Phil.-Hist. Klasse 6 (1973):143-197.

Discovery and decipherment The Tarkondemos seal, first read by A.H. Sayce in 1880. “Once sa,sfied of the correctness of the copy, we have liIle difficulty in reading the cuneiform legend. This runs: Tar-‐rik-‐,m-‐me sar mat Er-‐me-‐e Tarrik-‐,mme king of the country of Erme” From: THE BILINGUAL HITTITE AND CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTION OF TARKONDEMOS. By A. H. Sayce. Read 2nd November, 1880. hIp://www.masseiana.org/sayce2.htm

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© The Walters Art Museum

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“Tarkondemos” seal Cuneiform ring: I tar-‐kaš-‐ša!-‐na!-‐wa LUGAL KUR URUMe-‐ra “Tarkasnawa, King of the land of Mera” Luwian Hieroglyphs: TARKASNA-‐wà/ì REX Mi+ra/i-‐a REGIO Source: J. David Hawkins (1998). “Tarkasnawa King of Mira ‘Tarkondemos’, Boǧazköy Sealings and Karabel”. Anatolian Studies, Vol. 48, pp. 1-‐31

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Luwian (Anatolian) script

Logograms (word-‐signs): EGO ‘I’ REX ‘king’

DEUS ‘deity’ URBS ‘city’

DOMINUS ‘lord’ DARE ‘give’

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Syllabograms (syllable signs): u pa

7 sa

wa/i pi

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Syllabograms are used to spell out words ‘phone,cally’:

za-wa/i (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-u-za-sa MAGNUS+ra/i-za-sa || wa/i+ra/i-pa-la-wa/i-si-sa This (is) the great Tarhunzas of Warpalawas.


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The acrophonic principle

Luwian hieroglyphs: (logogram could become syllable, but)

HUMA 17100 - Q2W2

Source: Slava Gorbachov 2010 (presentation Language and the Human)

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The acrophonic principle: Hi5te values too!

HUMA 17100 - Q2W2 22

Source: Ilya Yakubovich (2008). “HiGte-‐luvian bilingualism and the development of anatolian hieroglyphs”. Acta Linguis7ca Petropolitana IV: 9-‐36 (p. 25).

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SomeFmes new readings

a > i ā > ya ta4 > la/i i > zi ta5 > lá/í ī > za

HUMA 17100 - Q2W2 23

Tell Tayinat (Amuq valley) Tell Tayinat 1 l.1 ... -‐ni-‐sá wa/i-‐la/i-‐sà-‐,-‐ni-‐‹za-‐sa›(REGIO)... l.2 ... x x x | x-‐wa/i-‐i ... l.3 ... x-‐pa-‐wa/i-‐ta-‐´ REL-‐a-‐za x x x ... l.4 ... FORTIS-‐li?-‐i-‐na |*273-‐i-‐na |x... l.5 ... x-‐ni(-‐)a+ra/i-‐li-‐ka SUPER+ra/i-‐´ ‹CAPERE?›-‐ta |*356-‐sù-‐ha(-‐)‹da›-‐mi-‐i...REL-‐sá REL-‐za(-‐)x...

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Tell Tayinat 2

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Who ‘invented’ it? Based on what language? And where? Who could read it?

Güterbock 1956: 518 (review in OLZ 1956: 512-‐522) Q: “von wem und für welche Sprache wurde die Bilderschris

entwickelt?” A: “von den Luwiern, für das Luwische, in Luwischen Landen”

Counterproposal Ilya Yakubovich (2008): Speakers of Luwian and HiGte, for Anatolian names, in HaIusa, fully fledged system ca. 1400 BCE.

Counterproposal Willemijn Waal (2013): Late 3rd/early 2nd millennium: pictographic script to record economic transac,ons, on wood. Willemijn Waal (2013), “Wri,ng in Anatolia. The Origins of the Anatolian Hieroglyphs and the Introduc,on of the Cuneiform Script”, Altorientalische Forschungen 39(2): 287-‐315.

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Where did the script evolve?

Assigning phone,c values to pictographic symbols: •  Güterbock: Luwian lands •  Yakubovich: HaIusa •  Waal: Central Anatolia

Yakubovich’s analysis shows …

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The acrophonic principle: Hi5te values too!

HUMA 17100 - Q2W2 28

We need a clearly bilingual area.

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Languages early second millennium

Hattic

Hittite

Palaic

Luwic

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Languages middle second millennium

Hattic

Hittite

Luwic

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Assigning phone,c values to pictographic symbols: Yakubovich’s analysis shows: HiGte – Luwian So: •  Did phone,za,on occur around Kültepe / Kanesh •  Or later, within the river bend, around HaIusa

Look at the stages of development.

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Development Stage I: 20th-‐19th century

Cappadocian seals (Old Assyrian karum period)

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karum Hattus

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Development Stage I: 20th-‐19th century

Signs on vessels (Old Assyrian karum period, Kültepe)

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PhoneFzaFon: already 17th century?

Old HiGte seal Name in middle: HaIusili, Old HiGte king (1650-‐1620 BCE) Dagger sign = li Phone,za,on started already in the 17th century?

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Stage II: as of 16th century

Seals of officials Royal seals

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Stage III: as of Tuthaliya I/II (ca. 1400 BCE)

Royal seals with cuneiform outer ring and hieroglyphs in center Les: Great Queen Sà-‐tà-‐tu-‐ha-‐pa Right: Great King dMONS+tu

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Seal of Tuthaliya III and Sadanduhepa (ca. 1350)

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Stage IV: Empire (ca. 1340-‐1180 BCE)

Stone Inscrip,ons: perhaps as of Suppiluliuma I (1340-‐1322 BCE) (SÜDBURG)

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© T

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Lys

en


Assigning phone,c values to pictographic symbols: Yakubovich’s analysis shows: HiGte – Luwian So: •  Did phone,za,on occur around Kültepe / Kanesh •  Or later, within the river bend, around HaIusa But as pictographic symbols: older

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Language of inscripFons: Luwian

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How would a local read it?

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Gate of stronghold, Karatepe (Cilicia), 8th or 7th century BCE


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How would a local read it?

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Luwian speaking educated person with knowledge of acrophonic principle and some basic symbols would be able to ‘read’ some of it:

GIVE pi(ya) -‐ ? ia – DONKEY ta(rkasna-‐) > pi-‐ia-‐ta “he gave”

Foreign influence?

Aegean scripts? Cretan hieroglyphs? Linear A? Linear B (Mycenean)?

Egypt?

J.D. Hawkins, “Wri,ng in Anatolia: imported and indigenous systems”, World Archaelogy, 1986, 17, pp. 363-‐376

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Foreign influence?

EgypFan hieroglyphs Anatolian hieroglyphs

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Foreign influence?

Linear A Anatolian hieroglyphs

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Linear B

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Who ‘invented’ it? Based on what language? And where?

Güterbock 1956: “von wem und für welche Sprache wurde die Bilderschris entwickelt?”

Tenta,ve answer: –  Phone,za,on based on Luwian and HiGte, in other words, the Indo-‐

European Anatolians –  First evidence of phone,za,on: Old HiGte period, but pictographs

much older (karum period) –  Phone,za,on took place in Central Anatolia (around HaIusa) –  Language of larger inscrip,ons: Luwian (popula,on) –  Read throughout Anatolia, visible for worshippers and travelers, not

just elite/class of scribes

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luwian hieroglyphs. an indigenous anatolian syllabic script from 3500 years ago

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