lucian's assembly of the gods

Lucianrsquos

Assembly of the Gods

An Intermediate Greek Reader

Greek Text with Running Vocabulary and Commentary

Evan Hayesand

Stephen Nimis

Lucianrsquos Assembly of the Gods An Intermediate Greek Reader Greek Text with Running Vocabulary and Commentary

First Edition

copy 2015 by Evan Hayes and Stephen Nimis

All rights reserved Subject to the exception immediately following this book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publisher Th e authors have made a version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 30 License Th e terms of the license can be accessed at wwwcreativecommonsorg

Accordingly you are free to copy alter and distribute this work under the following conditions

1 You must attribute the work to the author (but not in a way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work)

2 You may not use this work for commercial purposes

3 If you alter transform or build up this work you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one

ISBN-10 1940997143

ISBN-13 9781940997148

Published by Faenum Publishing Ltd

Cover Design Evan Hayes

Fonts Garamond GFS Porson

editorfaenumpublishingcom

iii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements vii

Introduction ix

Abbreviations xv

Text and Commentary 1

Grammatical TopicsPotential Optatives 5Th e Diff erent Meanings of αῦτόςαῦτός 6Defective Verbs 10Imperatives 11General or Indefi nite Clauses 14Circumstantial Participles 18Result Clauses 23

List of Verbs 37

Glossary 43

φίλῷφίλῷ εἰςεἰς ἀείἀεί

Peter W Rose

vii

AcknowledgmentsTh e idea for this project grew out of work that we the authors did with

support from Miami Universityrsquos Undergraduate Summer Scholars Program for which we thank Martha Weber and the Offi ce of Advanced Research and Scholarship Work on the series of which this volume is a part was generously funded by the Joanna Jackson Goldman Memorial Prize through the Honors Program at Miami University We owe a great deal to Carolyn Haynes and the 2010 Honors amp Scholars Program Advisory Committee for their interest and confi dence in the project

Th e technical aspects of the project were made possible through the invaluable advice and support of Bill Hayes Christopher Kuo and Daniel Meyers Th e equipment and staff of Miami Universityrsquos Interactive Language Resource Center were a great help along the way We are also indebted to the Perseus Project especially Gregory Crane and Bridget Almas for their technical help and resources We also profi ted greatly from advice and help on the POD process from Geoff rey Steadman All responsibility for errors however rests with the authors themselves

ix

IntroductionTh e aim of this book is to make Th e Assembly of the Gods by Lucian of

Samosata (c 120 CE ndash190) accessible to intermediate students of Ancient Greek Th e running vocabulary and grammatical commentary are meant to provide everything necessary to read each page so that readers can progress through the text improving their knowledge of Greek while enjoying one of the most entertaining authors of antiquity Th is short dialogue presents Momus the god of blame arguing that numerous gods and their entourages should be expelled from heaven for being fraudulent immigrants Th ese fi gures range from gods and heroes with a human parent to various ldquoeasternrdquo deities whose unhellenic appearance and behavior is objectionable A number of famous mythological stories are referred to as evidence of the unsuitability of various gods and goddesses to their home on Olympus but not without implying that the behavior of Zeus himself is often petty and hypocritical

Lucianrsquos Th e Assembly of the Gods is a great text for intermediate readers It is breezy and fun to read with relatively simple sentence structure Th e diatribe of Momus sounds some of Lucianrsquos favorite satirical and literary themes It delineates the pettiness of quarrels over status and the hypocrisy of the power-ful It also provides implicit and explicit criticism of the verisimilitude and logic of traditional accounts of the gods Th e language of Athenian democratic institutions is invoked throughout which also humourously humanizes the Olympian fi gures

Lucian of Samosata (c 120 ndash 190 ce)Little is known about the life of Lucian except what can be deduced from his

numerous surviving works By his own account he was a professional rhetor a ldquosophistrdquo trained in public speaking As such he is a good representative of the renaissance of Greek literature in the imperial period known as the ldquosecond sophisticrdquo His Greek prose is patterned on the best Attic authors a learned version of Greek that was more prestigious than the living lingua franca of the time koine Greek the Greek of the New Testament and public administration in the eastern half of the Roman Empire His seventy works were transmitted in many manuscripts indicating his continuous popularity in the Greek-speak-ing world In the renaissance he was reintroduced to the Latin west and was widely read up to the beginning of the 20th century when for various reasons

Lucian

x

he fell out of favor among classicists Interest in Lucian has grown again along with a greater interest in prose of the imperial period

Menippean Satire and Lucianrsquos DialoguesMenippus of Gadara (3rd C BCE) is the author of a number of satircal

works in a mixture of prose and verse all of which are lost As a Cynic philoso-pher he was famous for his biting wit and stinging criticism of contemporary society Th e Roman author Varro (116 BCE ndash 27 BCE) wrote a large number of works in a similar vein which he called Saturae Menippeae (Menippean Satires) also no longer extant except for a few fragments Lucianrsquos dialogues are a part of this tradition and he makes explicit mention of Menippus in many instances Dramatic settings in Olympus are a standard motif of Menippean satire and Th e Assembly is one of four Lucianic dialogues set there (the other three being Icaromenippus Zeus Confounded Zeus Rants) Th ere are also frag-ments of divine assemblies in the Roman satirists Lucilius and Varro as well as the Apocolocyntosis of Seneca (c 63 CE) Th is last work a mixture of verse and prose deals with the appropriateness of receiving the emperor Claudius into heaven where many of the themes of Lucianrsquos work can be found J Helm (1906) argued that all these examples stem from a work of Menippus of which Lucianrsquos Th e Assembly is an imitation However that may be there is no doubt that the general spirit of Menippusrsquo Cynic philosophy is present in Th e Assembly Th us while Momus rails humorously against various classes of suspect gods his own snobbiness is also part of the satire Schwartz (1965) fi nds evidence of more contemporary sources for Th e Assembly such as Celsus whose True Discourse (known to us only through later authors) suggests a view of the gods closer to the Epicurean school of philosophy

The Assembly and the Antonine Reform of the AreopagusMeanwhile James Oliver (1980) has argued based on epigraphical evidence

that the work has a more specifi c political inspiration Two imperial proclama-tions have been preserved that make changes to the requirements for member-ship in the Areopagus committee in Athens in the second century One is dated 165 CE and the second 174 CE Th e fi rst a letter from Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus restricts the membership based on birth representing this action as a restoration of the more traditional rules that had been abandoned the second a letter from Marcus Aurelius alone relaxes the rules that had been imposed in the fi rst instance Oliver speculates that the stricter rules for membership proved too diffi cult to impose due to an intervening plague and a new war against the Germans both of which impacted old aristocratic families in Athens


xi

In this context Lucianrsquos dialogue seems to parallel the earlier imperial dec-laration Th e revised rules responded to the infl ux of ldquounworthy elementsrdquo into the prestigious ranks of Areopagites and sought to reimpose an older standard and set up a committee to investigate the credentials of current members Th e diatribe of Momus in Th e Assembly presents a similar set of arguments against foreigners and half-breeds and his proposal at the end of the dialogue echoes the offi cial language of Athenian democratic institutions It is thus fair to as-sume that the impulse for writing Th e Assembly was this imperial decree and the reaction that it produced among Athenians at the time As usual it is diffi cult to be sure what Lucianrsquos specifi c political agenda is in this dialogue if any but its historical context suggests that Lucian has been motivated to write by current events not just by general philosophical interests or literary precedents

Lucianrsquos Gods and Greek PaideiaIn a recent evaluation of the evidence Spickerman (2010) concludes that

alluding to the contemporary imperial reform of the Areopagus is only one ob-jective of Th e Assembly and other dialogues that include divine assemblies Lu-cian is also making a conservative and moralizing critique of his contemporary world in comparison to the classical ideal Th is is reinforced by Spickermanrsquos analysis of Lucianrsquos view of religion and the traditional gods in Th e Assembly and related dialogues Spickerman (2009) observes a hierarchy among Lucianrsquos gods most important and universal are Homerrsquos gods along with their Roman equivalents next come the deities of Asia Minor and Syria reinterpreted in terms of Greek institutions and traditions among whom are the Egyptian dei-ties then follow Mithras Sabazios and other phenomena of Lucianrsquos time gods coming from outside the circle of Greco-Roman culture and rarely Hellenized Finally come those beyond the bounds of proper religion especially the oracle cults which were generally criticized in the Second Sophistic Spickerman concludes that Lucian maintains a philosopherrsquos scepticism about the effi cacy of the gods being particularly resistant to magic superstition and oracles At the same time Lucian sees the Homeric gods as as a central element of Greek identity and paideia despite his mockery of the contradictions and absurdities of that tradition it must be defended Th is paideia Spickerman notes is not just a techne but rather a way of life which harmonized philosophy rhetoric and sophistic performance

The Greek TextTh e Greek text is that of K Jacobitz (1896) which has been digitized by the Perseus Project and made available with a Creative Commons license as is our text Here and there we have made minor changes to the text in the name of

Lucian

xii

readability Th is is not a scholarly edition for that one should turn to the OCT of Macleod

Select BibliographyBranham R Bracht Unruly Eloquence Lucian and the Comedy of Traditions

Harvard University Press Cambridge 1987

Deferrari R J Lucianrsquos Atticism Hackert Amsterdam 1969

Follet S ldquoLettre de Marc-Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 13366) Nouvelles lec-tures et interpretationsrdquo Revue de Philologie 53 (1979) 29-43

Helm R Lucian und Menipp Leipzig G B Teubner 1906

Householder F W Literary Quotation and Allusion in Lucian Kingrsquos Crown Press Morningside Heights 1941

Oliver James H ldquoTh e Actuality of Lucianrsquos Assembly of the Godsrdquo Th e American Journal of Philology Vol 1013 (Autumn 1980) 304-313

Spickermann Wolfgang ldquoLukian von Samosata und die fremden Goumltterrdquo Ar-chive fuumlr Religionsgeschichte 11 (2009) 229-261

---------------- ldquoLukian von Samosata und die Volksversammlungenrdquo in edd Vera V Dementrsquoeva and Tassilo Schmitt Volk und Demokratie im Altertum (Goumlttingen Ruprecht 2010) 159-173

Schwartz J Biographie de Lucien de Samosate Latomus 83 Brussels 1965

Whitmarsh T Th e Second Sophistic Oxford Oxford University Press 2005

---------------- Beyond Th e Second Sophistic Berkeley University of California Press 2013


xiii

How to use this bookTh e page by page vocabularies gloss all but the most common words We

have endeavored to make these glossaries as useful as possible without becom-ing fulsome Words occurring frequently in the text can be found in an appen-dix in the back but it is our hope that most readers will not need to use this appendix often

Th e commentary is almost exclusively grammatical explaining subordinate clauses unusual verb forms and idioms Brief summaries of a number of gram-matical and morphological topics are interspersed through the text as well and there is a list of verbs used by Lucian that have unusual forms in an appendix Th e principal parts of those verbs are given there rather than in the glossaries

An Important DisclaimerTh is volume is a self-published ldquoPrint on Demandrdquo (POD) book and it has

not been vetted or edited in the usual way by publishing professionals Th ere are sure to be some factual and typographical errors in the text for which we apologize in advance Th e volume is also available only through online distribu-tors since each book is printed when ordered online However this publishing channel and format also account for the low price of the book and it is a simple matter to make changes when they come to our attention For this reason any corrections or suggestions for improvement are welcome and will be addressed as quickly as possible in future versions of the text

Please e-mail corrections or suggestions to editorfaenumpublishingcom

About the AuthorsEvan Hayes is a recent graduate in Classics and Philosophy at Miami University

and the 2011 Joanna Jackson Goldman Scholar

Stephen Nimis is an Emeritus Professor of Classics at Miami University and Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the American University in Cairo


xv

Abbreviations

abs absoluteacc accusativeact activeadj adjectiveadv adverbaor aoristattrib attributivecircum circumstantialdat dativedir directf femininefut futuregen genitiveie id est (ldquothat isrdquo)imper imperativeimpf imperfectind indirectinf infi nitivem masculine

mid middleneg negativeneut neuternom nominativeobj objectopt optativepart participlepass passiveperf perfectpl pluralplupf pluperfectpot potentialpres presentpred predicates singularsc scilicet (ldquosupplyrdquo)st statementsubj subjunctivevoc vocative

ΛΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥΛΟΥΚΙΑΝΟΥ

ΘΕΩΝ ἘΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΘΕΩΝ ἘΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ

LucianrsquosLucianrsquos

Assembly of the GodsAssembly of the Gods

3

ἀγανακτοῦντεςἀγανακτοῦντες pres part causal ldquobecause being annoyedrdquoεἰεἰ μετέχουσινμετέχουσιν noun clause after ἀγανακτοῦντεςἀγανακτοῦντες ldquoannoyed whether they share inrdquo +

genἀποδέδοταιἀποδέδοται perf of ἀποἀπο-δίδωμιδίδωμι ldquoif an assembly has been grantedrdquoλεγέτωλεγέτω pres imper 3 s ldquolet each speakrdquoοἱοἱ dat with δοκοῦνταδοκοῦντα ldquothe things seeming to himrdquo ie his opinions κατηγορείτωκατηγορείτω pres imper 3 s ldquolet each arguerdquoτὸτὸ κήρυγμακήρυγμα cognate acc ldquoproclaim the proclamationrdquoοἷςοἷς ἔξεστινἔξεστιν relative clause ldquoto whom it is permittedrdquo

ΘΕΩΝ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΘΕΩΝ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ

ΖΕΥΣ Μηκέτι τονθορύζετε ὦ θεοί μηδὲ κατὰ γωνίας ΖΕΥΣ Μηκέτι τονθορύζετε ὦ θεοί μηδὲ κατὰ γωνίας

συστρεφόμενοι πρὸς οὖς ἀλλήλοις κοινολογεῖσθε συστρεφόμενοι πρὸς οὖς ἀλλήλοις κοινολογεῖσθε

ἀγανακτοῦντες εἰ πολλοὶ ἀνάξιοι μετέχουσιν ἡμῖν ἀγανακτοῦντες εἰ πολλοὶ ἀνάξιοι μετέχουσιν ἡμῖν

τοῦ συμποσίου ἀλλrsquo ἐπείπερ ἀποδέδοται περὶ τούτων τοῦ συμποσίου ἀλλrsquo ἐπείπερ ἀποδέδοται περὶ τούτων

ἐκκλησία λεγέτω ἕκαστος ἐς τὸ φανερὸν τὰ δοκοῦντά ἐκκλησία λεγέτω ἕκαστος ἐς τὸ φανερὸν τὰ δοκοῦντά

οἱ καὶ κατηγορείτω σὺ δὲ κήρυττε ὦ Ἑρμῆ τὸ κήρυγμα οἱ καὶ κατηγορείτω σὺ δὲ κήρυττε ὦ Ἑρμῆ τὸ κήρυγμα

τὸ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου τὸ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου

ΕΡΜΗΣ Ἄκουε σίγα τίς ἀγορεύειν βούλεται τῶν τελείων ΕΡΜΗΣ Ἄκουε σίγα τίς ἀγορεύειν βούλεται τῶν τελείων

θεῶν οἷς ἔξεστιν ἡ δὲ σκέψις περὶ τῶν μετοίκων καὶ θεῶν οἷς ἔξεστιν ἡ δὲ σκέψις περὶ τῶν μετοίκων καὶ

ξένων ξένων

ἀγανακτέωἀγανακτέω to feel irritationἀγορεύωἀγορεύω to speak publiclyἀκούωἀκούω to hearἀλλήλωνἀλλήλων one anotherἀνάξιοςἀνάξιος -ονον unworthyἀποδίδωμιἀποδίδωμι to grant allowβούλομαιβούλομαι to wish (+ inf)γωνίαγωνία ἡ a corner angleδοκέωδοκέω to seemἐκκλησίαἐκκλησία ἡ an assemblyἐπείπερἐπείπερ seeing thatἙρμῆςἙρμῆς -οῦοῦ ὁ Hermesθεόςθεός ὁ Godκατηγορέωκατηγορέω to argue accuseκήρυγμακήρυγμα -ατοςατος τότό a proclamation

κηρύττωκηρύττω to proclaimκοινολογέομαικοινολογέομαι to take counsel withμετέχωμετέχω to partake ofμέτοικοςμέτοικος ὁ a metic foreigner living in

Athensμηκέτιμηκέτι no more no longerνόμοςνόμος ὁ custom law ordinanceξένοςξένος ὁ a foreignerσιγάωσιγάω to be silent σκέψιςσκέψις -εωςεως ἡ a viewingσυμπόσιονσυμπόσιον τότό a drinking-partyσυστρέφωσυστρέφω to curl upτέλειοςτέλειος -α -ονον fi nished completeτονθορύζωτονθορύζω to mutter babbleφανερόςφανερός -ά -όνόν visible manifest

4

Lucian

ἐπιτρέψειαςἐπιτρέψειας aor opt in future less vivid protasis ldquoif you would allow merdquo + infἐφίησινἐφίησιν pres of ἐπιἐπι-ἵημιἵημι ldquoalready allowsrdquoδεήσειδεήσει future of δεῖδεῖ ldquothere will be no needrdquoποιεῖνποιεῖν pres inf in ind st ldquoI say that some are doingrdquoοὐκοὐκ ἀλλἀλλ ldquonot (only) but (also)rdquoαὐτοῖςαὐτοῖς intensive agreeing with οἷςοἷς and the subject of γεγενῆσθαιγεγενῆσθαι ldquothat they

themselves becomerdquoγεγενῆσθαιγεγενῆσθαι perf inf after ἀπόχρηἀπόχρη ldquonot enough to have becomerdquoἀποφανοῦσινἀποφανοῦσιν fut instead of subj indicating something undesirable ldquounless they shall

show their followersrdquo ie cause them to beἡμῖνἡμῖν dat after ἰσοτίμουςἰσοτίμους ldquoequal in rank to usrdquoεἰργάσθαιεἰργάσθαι perf inf in ind st after οἴονταιοἴονται ldquothey suppose that they have done

nothingrdquoδοῦναιδοῦναι aor inf complementing ἀξιῶἀξιῶ ldquoI ask you to grantrdquoεἰπεῖνεἰπεῖν aor inf complementing δοῦναιδοῦναι ldquogrant me to speakrdquoδυναίμηνδυναίμην pres opt pot ldquoI would not be ablerdquo

ΜΩΜΟΣ Ἐγὼ ὁ Μῶμος ὦ Ζεῦ εἴ μοι ἐπιτρέψειας εἰπεῖν ΜΩΜΟΣ Ἐγὼ ὁ Μῶμος ὦ Ζεῦ εἴ μοι ἐπιτρέψειας εἰπεῖν

ΖΕΥΣ Τὸ κήρυγμα ἤδη ἐφίησιν ὥστε οὐδὲν ἐμοῦ δεήσει ΖΕΥΣ Τὸ κήρυγμα ἤδη ἐφίησιν ὥστε οὐδὲν ἐμοῦ δεήσει

ΜΩΜΟΣ Φημὶ τοίνυν δεινὰ ποιεῖν ἐνίους ἡμῶν οἷς οὐκ ΜΩΜΟΣ Φημὶ τοίνυν δεινὰ ποιεῖν ἐνίους ἡμῶν οἷς οὐκ

ἀπόχρη θεοὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων αὐτοῖς γεγενῆσθαι ἀλλrsquo ἀπόχρη θεοὺς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων αὐτοῖς γεγενῆσθαι ἀλλrsquo

εἰ μὴ καὶ τοὺς ἀκολούθους καὶ θεράποντας αὐτῶν εἰ μὴ καὶ τοὺς ἀκολούθους καὶ θεράποντας αὐτῶν

ἰσοτίμους ἡμῖν ἀποφανοῦσιν οὐδὲν μέγα οὐδὲ νεανικὸν ἰσοτίμους ἡμῖν ἀποφανοῦσιν οὐδὲν μέγα οὐδὲ νεανικὸν

οἴονται εἰργάσθαι ἀξιῶ δέ ὦ Ζεῦ μετὰ παρρησίας οἴονται εἰργάσθαι ἀξιῶ δέ ὦ Ζεῦ μετὰ παρρησίας

μοι δοῦναι εἰπεῖν οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἄλλως δυναίμην ἀλλὰ μοι δοῦναι εἰπεῖν οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἄλλως δυναίμην ἀλλὰ

ἀκόλουθοςἀκόλουθος -ονον followingἄλλωςἄλλως otherwiseἀξιόωἀξιόω to think worthy of askἀποφαίνωἀποφαίνω to show forth displayἀποχράωἀποχράω to be suffi cientδεῖδεῖ it is necessaryδεινόςδεινός -ή -όνόν fearful terribleδίδωμιδίδωμι to giveδύναμαιδύναμαι to be ableἔνιοιἔνιοι -α someἐπιτρέπωἐπιτρέπω to turn towards allow

ἐργάζομαιἐργάζομαι to work labourἐφίημιἐφίημι to send to allowἤδηἤδη alreadyθεράπωνθεράπων -οντοςοντος ὁ a attendantἰσότιμοςἰσότιμος -ονον held in equal honourκήρυγμακήρυγμα -ατοςατος τότό a proclamationΜῶμοςΜῶμος ὁ Momus god of scornνεανικόςνεανικός -ή -όνόν fresh newπαρρησίαπαρρησία ἡ freespokennessτοίνυντοίνυν therefore accordinglyφημίφημί to declare make known

5


τὴντὴν γλῶττανγλῶτταν acc of respect ldquoI am free with my tonguerdquoκατασιωπήσαιμικατασιωπήσαιμι aor opt pot ldquoI would not be silent aboutrdquo + genτὰτὰ δοκοῦντάδοκοῦντά pres part ldquothe things that seem true to merdquoὑπὑπ αἰδοῦςαἰδοῦς expressing cause ldquobecause of respectrdquoτὴντὴν φύσινφύσιν acc of respect ldquosycophantic in naturerdquoδημόσιόςδημόσιός τιςτις κατήγοροςκατήγορος nom pred ldquobeing called a popular prosecutorrdquoπλὴνπλὴν ἀλλἀλλ strong adversative ldquobutrdquoκεκήρυκταικεκήρυκται perf of κηρύττωκηρύττω ldquosince it has been proclaimedrdquoεἰπεῖνεἰπεῖν aor inf after δίδωςδίδως ldquoyou grant to speakrdquoὑποστειλάμενοςὑποστειλάμενος aor part mid of ὑποὑπο-στέλλωστέλλω ldquohaving held back not at allrdquo

πάντες με ἴσασιν ὡς ἐλεύθερός εἰμι τὴν γλῶτταν καὶ πάντες με ἴσασιν ὡς ἐλεύθερός εἰμι τὴν γλῶτταν καὶ

οὐδὲν ἂν κατασιωπήσαιμι τῶν οὐ καλῶς γιγνομένων οὐδὲν ἂν κατασιωπήσαιμι τῶν οὐ καλῶς γιγνομένων

διελέγχω γὰρ ἅπαντα καὶ λέγω τὰ δοκοῦντά μοι ἐς τὸ διελέγχω γὰρ ἅπαντα καὶ λέγω τὰ δοκοῦντά μοι ἐς τὸ

φανερὸν οὔτε δεδιώς τινα οὔτε ὑπrsquo αἰδοῦς ἐπικαλύπτων φανερὸν οὔτε δεδιώς τινα οὔτε ὑπrsquo αἰδοῦς ἐπικαλύπτων

τὴν γνώμην ὥστε καὶ ἐπαχθὴς δοκῶ τοῖς πολλοῖς καὶ τὴν γνώμην ὥστε καὶ ἐπαχθὴς δοκῶ τοῖς πολλοῖς καὶ

συκοφαντικὸς τὴν φύσιν δημόσιός τις κατήγορος ὑπrsquo συκοφαντικὸς τὴν φύσιν δημόσιός τις κατήγορος ὑπrsquo

αὐτῶν ἐπονομαζόμενος πλὴν ἀλλrsquo ἐπείπερ ἔξεστιν καὶ αὐτῶν ἐπονομαζόμενος πλὴν ἀλλrsquo ἐπείπερ ἔξεστιν καὶ

κεκήρυκται καὶ σύ ὦ Ζεῦ δίδως μετrsquo ἐξουσίας εἰπεῖν κεκήρυκται καὶ σύ ὦ Ζεῦ δίδως μετrsquo ἐξουσίας εἰπεῖν

οὐδὲν ὑποστειλάμενος ἐρῶ οὐδὲν ὑποστειλάμενος ἐρῶ

Potential OptativesTh e optative with ἂνἂν expresses potentiality with a range of possible meanings

ἡδέωςἡδέως ἂνἂν οὖνοὖν ἐροίμηνἐροίμην σεσε ldquoI would like to askrdquoοὐοὐ γὰργὰρ ἂνἂν ἄλλωςἄλλως εἴποιμιεἴποιμι ldquoI could not speak otherwiserdquoοὐδὲοὐδὲ γὰργὰρ ἂνἂν ἄλλωςἄλλως δυναίμηνδυναίμην ldquoI would not be able otherwiserdquo

αἰδώςαἰδώς -οῦςοῦς ὁ a sense of shameγλῶτταγλῶττα -αςας ἡ the tongueγνώμηγνώμη ἡ a thoughtδέδιαδέδια to fear (perf)δημόσιοςδημόσιος -α -ονον publicδιελέγχωδιελέγχω to refute chargeἐλεύθεροςἐλεύθερος -α -ονον freeἔξεστιἔξεστι it is allowedἐξουσίαἐξουσία ἡ power or authorityἐπαχθήςἐπαχθής -έςές heavy ponderous

ἐπείπερἐπείπερ seeing thatἐπικαλύπτωἐπικαλύπτω to cover upἐπονομάζωἐπονομάζω to name or callκατασιωπάωκατασιωπάω to be silent aboutκατήγοροςκατήγορος ὁ an accuserκηρύττωκηρύττω to proclaimσυκοφαντικόςσυκοφαντικός -ή -όνόν slanderousὑποστέλλωὑποστέλλω to hold backφανερόςφανερός -ά -όνόν visible evidentφύσιςφύσις ἡ nature

6

Lucian

ὅτιὅτι αὐτοὶαὐτοὶ μετέχουσιμετέχουσι noun clause after ἀγαπῶντεςἀγαπῶντες ldquonot content that they themselves participate inrdquo + gen

ἐπἐπrsquo ἴσηςἴσης (sc μοίραςμοίρας) ldquoaccording to an equal (share)rdquo ie equallyἐξἐξ ἡμισείαςἡμισείας (sc μοίραςμοίρας) ldquoof half (portion)rdquo ie ldquobeing half humanrdquoἀνήγαγονἀνήγαγον aor of ἀναἀνα-άγωάγω ldquoin addition they led uprdquoπαρενέγραψανπαρενέγραψαν aor of παραπαρα-ἐνἐν-γράφωγράφω ldquothey fraudulently registeredrdquoνέμονταινέμονται pres mid ldquothey distribute among themselvesrdquo ie they take possession ofκαταβαλόντεςκαταβαλόντες aor part ldquonot even having paid downrdquoτὸτὸ μετοίκιονμετοίκιον from μεταμετα-οἶκοςοἶκος the resident alien tax paid in Athens by foreigners

Πολλοὶ γάρ φημί οὐκ ἀγαπῶντες ὅτι αὐτοὶ Πολλοὶ γάρ φημί οὐκ ἀγαπῶντες ὅτι αὐτοὶ

μετέχουσι τῶν αὐτῶν ἡμῖν ξυνεδρίων καὶ εὐωχοῦνται ἐπrsquo μετέχουσι τῶν αὐτῶν ἡμῖν ξυνεδρίων καὶ εὐωχοῦνται ἐπrsquo

ἴσης καὶ ταῦτα θνητοὶ ἐξ ἡμισείας ὄντες ἔτι καὶ τοὺς ἴσης καὶ ταῦτα θνητοὶ ἐξ ἡμισείας ὄντες ἔτι καὶ τοὺς

ὑπηρέτας καὶ θιασώτας τοὺς αὐτῶν ἀνήγαγον ἐς τὸν ὑπηρέτας καὶ θιασώτας τοὺς αὐτῶν ἀνήγαγον ἐς τὸν

οὐρανὸν καὶ παρενέγραψαν καὶ νῦν ἐπrsquo ἴσης διανομάς οὐρανὸν καὶ παρενέγραψαν καὶ νῦν ἐπrsquo ἴσης διανομάς

τε νέμονται καὶ θυσιῶν μετέχουσιν οὐδὲ καταβαλόντες τε νέμονται καὶ θυσιῶν μετέχουσιν οὐδὲ καταβαλόντες

ἡμῖν τὸ μετοίκιον ἡμῖν τὸ μετοίκιον

Note the diff erent meanings of the word αὐτόςαὐτός1 Th e nominative forms of the word without the defi nite article are always intensive (= Latin ipse) αὐτόςαὐτός he himself αὐτοίαὐτοί they themselves

οὐκοὐκ ἀγαπῶντεςἀγαπῶντες ὅτιὅτι αὐτοὶαὐτοὶ μετέχουσιμετέχουσι ldquonot content that they themselves sharerdquo Th e other cases of the word are also intensive when they modify a noun or pronoun either without the defi nite article or in predicative position

εἰεἰ δὲδὲ ἐξῆνἐξῆν καὶκαὶ πρὸςπρὸς αὐτὸναὐτὸν σὲσὲ τῇτῇ παρρησίᾳπαρρησίᾳ χρῆσθαιχρῆσθαι ldquoif it were necessary to speak freely against you yourselfrdquo

2 Oblique cases of the word when used without a noun or a defi nite article are the unemphatic third person pronouns him them etc

ὑπrsquoὑπrsquo αὐτῶναὐτῶν ἐπονομαζόμενοςἐπονομαζόμενος ldquobeing named by themrdquo πρὸςπρὸς αὐτὸναὐτὸν ldquotoward himrdquo 3 Any case of the word with an article in attributive position means ldquothe samerdquo

τὸντὸν αὐτὸναὐτὸν τρόποντρόπον ldquothe same mannerrdquo

ἀγαπάωἀγαπάω to treat with aff ectionἀνάγωἀνάγω to lead upδιανομήδιανομή ἡ a distributionεὐωχέωεὐωχέω to entertain sumptuouslyἥμισυςἥμισυς -ειαεια-υ halfθιασώτηςθιασώτης -ουου ὁ a companionθνητόςθνητός -όςός -όνόν mortalθυσίαθυσία ἡ an off eringἴσοςἴσος -η -ονον equal to the same as

καταβάλλωκαταβάλλω to pay downμετέχωμετέχω to partake of (+ gen)μετοίκιονμετοίκιον τότό the tax paid by meticsνέμωνέμω to distribute dispenseξυνέδριονξυνέδριον τότό a councilοὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenπαρεγγράφωπαρεγγράφω to enroll illegallyὑπηρέτηςὑπηρέτης -ουου ὁ a servantφημίφημί to declare make known

7


προστιθεὶςπροστιθεὶς pres part ldquosupplying also the namerdquoἀπέρριπταίἀπέρριπταί perf of ἀπορρίπτωἀπορρίπτω ldquoyour account has been cast outrdquoὡςὡς πολλοὺςπολλοὺς εἰκάζεινεἰκάζειν καὶκαὶ ἐφαρμόζεινἐφαρμόζειν pres inf in result clause ldquoso that many are

guessing and cause to fi trdquoἄλλοτεἄλλοτε ἄλλονἄλλον object of ἐφαρμόζεινἐφαρμόζειν also in a result clause ldquomany fi t now one now

another to the wordsrdquoὄνταὄντα pres part causal agreeing with the acc subj of ὀκνεῖνὀκνεῖν ldquoyou since you are a free

speakerrdquoλέγεινλέγειν pres inf after ὀκνεῖνὀκνεῖν ldquoshrink from sayingrdquoβασιλικὸνβασιλικὸν μεγαλόφρονμεγαλόφρον acc adverbial ldquoroyally and generouslyrdquoΔιόνυσοςΔιόνυσος Dionysus was the son of Zeus and Semele the daughter of CadmusΣυροφοίνικοςΣυροφοίνικος although Cadmus founded Th ebes he was from the Phoenician city

of Tyre

ΖΕΥΣ Μηδὲν αἰνιγματῶδες ὦ Μῶμε ἀλλὰ σαφῶς καὶ ΖΕΥΣ Μηδὲν αἰνιγματῶδες ὦ Μῶμε ἀλλὰ σαφῶς καὶ

διαρρήδην λέγε προστιθεὶς καὶ τοὔνομα νῦν γὰρ ἐς διαρρήδην λέγε προστιθεὶς καὶ τοὔνομα νῦν γὰρ ἐς

τὸ μέσον ἀπέρριπταί σοι ὁ λόγος ὡς πολλοὺς εἰκάζειν τὸ μέσον ἀπέρριπταί σοι ὁ λόγος ὡς πολλοὺς εἰκάζειν

καὶ ἐφαρμόζειν ἄλλοτε ἄλλον τοῖς λεγομένοις χρὴ δὲ καὶ ἐφαρμόζειν ἄλλοτε ἄλλον τοῖς λεγομένοις χρὴ δὲ

παρρησιαστὴν ὄντα μηδὲν ὀκνεῖν λέγειν παρρησιαστὴν ὄντα μηδὲν ὀκνεῖν λέγειν

ΜΩΜΟΣ Εὖ γε ὦ Ζεῦ ὅτι καὶ παροτρύνεις με πρὸς τὴν ΜΩΜΟΣ Εὖ γε ὦ Ζεῦ ὅτι καὶ παροτρύνεις με πρὸς τὴν

παρρησίαν ποιεῖς γὰρ τοῦτο βασιλικὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς καὶ παρρησίαν ποιεῖς γὰρ τοῦτο βασιλικὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς καὶ

μεγαλόφρον ὥστε ἐρῶ καὶ τοὔνομα μεγαλόφρον ὥστε ἐρῶ καὶ τοὔνομα

ὁ γάρ τοι γενναιότατος οὗτος Διόνυσος ἡμιάνθρωπος ὁ γάρ τοι γενναιότατος οὗτος Διόνυσος ἡμιάνθρωπος

ὤν οὐδὲ Ἕλλην μητρόθεν ἀλλὰ Συροφοίνικός τινος ὤν οὐδὲ Ἕλλην μητρόθεν ἀλλὰ Συροφοίνικός τινος

αἰνιγματώδηςαἰνιγματώδης -εςες riddling darkἀληθῶςἀληθῶς trulyἄλλοτεἄλλοτε at another time at other timesἀπορρίπτωἀπορρίπτω to throw away put awayβασιλικόςβασιλικός -ή -όνόν royal kinglyγενναῖοςγενναῖος -α -ονον nobleδιαρρήδηνδιαρρήδην expressly distinctlyΔιόνυσοςΔιόνυσος ὁ Dionysusεἰκάζωεἰκάζω to make like toἝλληνἝλλην -νοςνος ὁ a Greekἐρῶἐρῶ I will say or speakἐφαρμόζωἐφαρμόζω to fi t toἡμιάνθρωποςἡμιάνθρωπος ὁ a half-man

μεγαλόφρωνμεγαλόφρων -ονον high-mindedμέσοςμέσος -η -ονον middle in the middleμητρόθενμητρόθεν from the motherὀκνέωὀκνέω to shrink from (+ inf)ὄνομαὄνομα τότό a nameπαροτρύνωπαροτρύνω to urgeπαρρησίαπαρρησία ἡ freespokenness franknessπαρρησιαστήςπαρρησιαστής -οῦοῦ ὁ a free speakerπροστίθημιπροστίθημι to put to supplyσαφήςσαφής -έςές clear plainΣυροφοῖνιξΣυροφοῖνιξ -ικοςικος ὁ a Syro-phoenicianτοιτοι surelyχρήχρή it is necessary

8

Lucian

ἠξιώθηἠξιώθη aor pass ldquohe was deemed worthy ofrdquo + genοἷοςοἷος ἐστινἐστιν ind question ldquosay what sort he isrdquoοὔτεοὔτε οὔτεοὔτε οὔτεοὔτε note the use of praeteritio to mention the things he says he will

not mentionτὴντὴν φύσινφύσιν acc of respect ldquofeminine in naturerdquoἀκράτουἀκράτου (sc οἰνοῦοἰνοῦ) gen after ἀποπνέωνἀποπνέων ldquosmelling of unmixed winerdquo ie having it

on his breathὁ δὲδὲ answering to οἷοςοἷος μὲνμὲν above ldquobut in addition he introduced his whole clanrdquoἀπέφηνεἀπέφηνε aor of ἀποἀπο-φαίνωφαίνω ldquohe made to appearrdquo ie caused to be seen as godsΠᾶναΠᾶνα sometimes represented as the son of Dionysus (or Zeus or Hermes) but

comparable in any case to other half-animals like the satyrsΣιληνὸνΣιληνὸν associated with Dionysus as well by his semi-bestial natureΣατύρουςΣατύρους the satyrs were regularly associated with Dionysus because of their

outlandish behavior

ἐμπόρου τοῦ Κάδμου θυγατριδοῦς ἐπείπερ ἠξιώθη ἐμπόρου τοῦ Κάδμου θυγατριδοῦς ἐπείπερ ἠξιώθη

τῆς ἀθανασίας οἷος μὲν αὐτός ἐστιν οὐ λέγω οὔτε τῆς ἀθανασίας οἷος μὲν αὐτός ἐστιν οὐ λέγω οὔτε

τὴν μίτραν οὔτε τὴν μέθην οὔτε τὸ βάδισμα πάντες τὴν μίτραν οὔτε τὴν μέθην οὔτε τὸ βάδισμα πάντες

γάρ οἶμαι ὁρᾶτε ὡς θῆλυς καὶ γυναικεῖος τὴν φύσιν γάρ οἶμαι ὁρᾶτε ὡς θῆλυς καὶ γυναικεῖος τὴν φύσιν

ἡμιμανής ἀκράτου ἕωθεν ἀποπνέων ὁ δὲ καὶ ὅλην ἡμιμανής ἀκράτου ἕωθεν ἀποπνέων ὁ δὲ καὶ ὅλην

φατρίαν ἐσεποίησεν ἡμῖν καὶ τὸν χορὸν ἐπαγόμενος φατρίαν ἐσεποίησεν ἡμῖν καὶ τὸν χορὸν ἐπαγόμενος

πάρεστι καὶ θεοὺς ἀπέφηνε τὸν Πᾶνα καὶ τὸν Σιληνὸν καὶ πάρεστι καὶ θεοὺς ἀπέφηνε τὸν Πᾶνα καὶ τὸν Σιληνὸν καὶ

Σατύρους ἀγροίκους τινὰς καὶ αἰπόλους τοὺς πολλούς Σατύρους ἀγροίκους τινὰς καὶ αἰπόλους τοὺς πολλούς

σκιρτητικοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ τὰς μορφὰς ἀλλοκότους σκιρτητικοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ τὰς μορφὰς ἀλλοκότους

ἄγροικοςἄγροικος -ονον rusticἀθανασίαἀθανασία ἡ immortalityαἴπολοςαἴπολος ὁ goatherdἄκρατοςἄκρατος -ονον unmixed sheerἀλλόκοτοςἀλλόκοτος -ονον strange monstrousἀξιόωἀξιόω to think worthy of (+ gen)ἀποπνέωἀποπνέω to breathe forthἀποφαίνωἀποφαίνω to show forth displayβάδισμαβάδισμα -ατοςατος τότό walk gaitγυναικεῖοςγυναικεῖος -α -ονον womanishεἰσποιέωεἰσποιέω to introduceἔμποροςἔμπορος -ονον a wayfarerἐπάγωἐπάγω to bring onἕωθενἕωθεν from morningἡμιμανήςἡμιμανής -έςές half-madθῆλυςθῆλυς -εῖαεῖα -υ feminine

θυγατριδοῦςθυγατριδοῦς -οῦοῦ ὁ a grandsonΚάδμοςΚάδμος ὁ Cadmusμέθημέθη ἡ strong drinkμίτραμίτρα ἡ a belt or girdleμορφήμορφή ἡ form shapeοἷοςοἷος -α -ονον such as what sortὅλοςὅλος -η -ονον whole entireΠάνΠάν ὁ Panπάρειμιπάρειμι to be presentΣάτυροςΣάτυρος ὁ a SatyrΣιληνόςΣιληνός ὁ Silenusσκιρτητικόςσκιρτητικός -ή -όνόν skittish unrulyφατριάφατριά ἡ a clanφύσιςφύσις ἡ natureχορόςχορός ὁ a round dance

9


ὧνὧν ὁ μὲνμὲν ὁ δὲδὲ οἱοἱ δὲδὲ ldquoof whom one etcrdquo taking up the three just mentioned in order

ἐξἐξ ἡμισείαςἡμισείας ldquofrom the middle downrdquoἐοικὼςἐοικὼς perf part ldquolooking like a goatrdquoκαθειμένοςκαθειμένος perf part of κατακατα-ἵημιἵημι ldquohaving sent down a beardrdquoὀλίγονὀλίγον acc of extent with adverbial force ldquodiff ering to a small degreerdquoτὴντὴν ῥῖναῥῖνα acc of respect ldquoa monkey in noserdquoτὰτὰ πολλὰπολλὰ acc of extent with adverbial force ldquomost of the timerdquoὀχούμενοςὀχούμενος pres part pass ldquobeing carriedrdquoτὰτὰ ὦταὦτα acc of respect ldquosharp in earsrdquo ie with pointed earsοἷαοἷα ὑποφύεταιὑποφύεται ldquohorned like those that growrdquoγεννηθεῖσινγεννηθεῖσιν aor part pass dat of γεννάωγεννάω ldquoto kids newly bornrdquoὁ γεννάδαςγεννάδας ldquothe noble onerdquo referring ironically to Dionysus

ὧν ὁ μὲν κέρατα ἔχων καὶ ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἐς τὸ κάτω ὧν ὁ μὲν κέρατα ἔχων καὶ ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἐς τὸ κάτω

αἰγὶ ἐοικὼς καὶ γένειον βαθὺ καθειμένος ὀλίγον τράγου αἰγὶ ἐοικὼς καὶ γένειον βαθὺ καθειμένος ὀλίγον τράγου

διαφέρων ἐστίν ὁ δὲ φαλακρὸς γέρων σιμὸς τὴν ῥῖνα διαφέρων ἐστίν ὁ δὲ φαλακρὸς γέρων σιμὸς τὴν ῥῖνα

ἐπὶ ὄνου τὰ πολλὰ ὀχούμενος Λυδὸς οὗτος οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ ὄνου τὰ πολλὰ ὀχούμενος Λυδὸς οὗτος οἱ δὲ

Σάτυροι ὀξεῖς τὰ ὦτα καὶ αὐτοὶ φαλακροί κεράσται Σάτυροι ὀξεῖς τὰ ὦτα καὶ αὐτοὶ φαλακροί κεράσται

οἷα τοῖς ἄρτι γεννηθεῖσιν ἐρίφοις τὰ κέρατα ὑποφύεται οἷα τοῖς ἄρτι γεννηθεῖσιν ἐρίφοις τὰ κέρατα ὑποφύεται

Φρύγες τινὲς ὄντες ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ οὐρὰς ἅπαντες ὁρᾶτε Φρύγες τινὲς ὄντες ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ οὐρὰς ἅπαντες ὁρᾶτε

οἵους ἡμῖν θεοὺς ποιεῖ ὁ γεννάδας οἵους ἡμῖν θεοὺς ποιεῖ ὁ γεννάδας

αἴξαἴξ αἰγόςαἰγός ὁ a goatἄρτιἄρτι just exactlyβαθύςβαθύς -εῖαεῖα -ύ deephighγένειονγένειον τότό a beardγεννάδαςγεννάδας -ουου ὁ a nobleγεννάωγεννάω to beget engenderγέρωνγέρων -οντοςοντος ὁ an old manδιαφέρωδιαφέρω to carry across diff erἔοικαἔοικα to seem (perf)ἔριφοςἔριφος ὁ a young goat kidἡμίσειαἡμίσεια ἡ a halfκαθίημικαθίημι to send down let fallκάτωκάτω down belowκέραςκέρας -ατοςατος τότό the horn of an animalκεράστηςκεράστης -ουου ὁ horned

ΛυδόςΛυδός ὁ a Lydianοἷοςοἷος -α -ονον such as what sortὀλίγοςὀλίγος -η -ονον few little scanty smallὄνοςὄνος ὁ an assὀξύςὀξύς -εῖαεῖα -ύ sharp keenὁράωὁράω to seeοὐράοὐρά ἡ the tailοὖςοὖς ὦτοςὦτος τότό the earὀχέωὀχέω to uphold sustain carryῥίςῥίς ἡ the noseσιμόςσιμός -ή -όνόν snub-nosed fl at-nosedτράγοςτράγος ὁ a he-goatὑποφύωὑποφύω to make to grow upφαλακρόςφαλακρός -ά -όνόν bald

10

Lucian

εἰεἰ καταφρονοῦσινκαταφρονοῦσιν ind question after θαυμάζομενθαυμάζομεν ldquowonder whether they despiserdquoἐῶἐῶ γὰργὰρ λέγεινλέγειν ldquoI allow to sayrdquo ie I pass over in silence another praeteritioἀνήγαγενἀνήγαγεν aor of ἀναἀνα-άγωάγω ldquothat he brought uprdquoἐρωμένηνἐρωμένην pres part acc pred ldquothe one being his belovedrdquoἈριάδνηνἈριάδνην after being abandoned by Th eseus Ariadne was rescued by Dionysus who

married herτὸντὸν στέφανονστέφανον the garland of Ariadne became the constellation Coronaτὴντὴν δὲδὲ ἸκαρίουἸκαρίου Erigone the daughter of Icarius to whom Dionysus taught the

secrets of making wine

Εἶτα θαυμάζομεν εἰ καταφρονοῦσιν ἡμῶν οἱ ἄνθρω-Εἶτα θαυμάζομεν εἰ καταφρονοῦσιν ἡμῶν οἱ ἄνθρω-

ποι ὁρῶντες οὕτω γελοίους θεοὺς καὶ τεραστίους ἐῶ γὰρ ποι ὁρῶντες οὕτω γελοίους θεοὺς καὶ τεραστίους ἐῶ γὰρ

λέγειν ὅτι καὶ δύο γυναῖκας ἀνήγαγεν τὴν μὲν ἐρωμένην λέγειν ὅτι καὶ δύο γυναῖκας ἀνήγαγεν τὴν μὲν ἐρωμένην

οὖσαν αὐτοῦ τὴν Ἀριάδνην ἧς καὶ τὸν στέφανον οὖσαν αὐτοῦ τὴν Ἀριάδνην ἧς καὶ τὸν στέφανον

ἐγκατέλεξε τῷ τῶν ἄστρων χορῷ τὴν δὲ Ἰκαρίου τοῦ ἐγκατέλεξε τῷ τῶν ἄστρων χορῷ τὴν δὲ Ἰκαρίου τοῦ

γεωργοῦ θυγατέρα καὶ ὃ πάντων γελοιότατον ὦ θεοί γεωργοῦ θυγατέρα καὶ ὃ πάντων γελοιότατον ὦ θεοί

Defective VerbsTh e principal parts of some verbs come from completely diff erent words Some-times there are more than one form for a specifi c tense in which case one will usually be preferred Here are some important examples

Present Future Aorist Perfect Aorist Passive Translationἔρχομαιἔρχομαι εἶμιεἶμι ἤλθονἤλθον ἐλήλουθαἐλήλουθα to go

ἐλεύσομαιἐλεύσομαι

φέρωφέρω οἶσωοἶσω ἤνεγκαἤνεγκα ἐνήνοχαἐνήνοχα ἠνέχθηνἠνέχθην to bear carryἤνεγκονἤνεγκον

λέγωλέγω ἐρέωἐρέω εἷπονεἷπον εἴρηκαεἴρηκα ἐρρήθηνἐρρήθην to speakλέξωλέξω ἕλεξαἕλεξα λέλεγμαιλέλεγμαι ἐλέχθηνἐλέχθην

ἀνάγωἀνάγω to lead upἈριάδνηἈριάδνη ἡ Ariadne daughter of Minosἄστρονἄστρον τότό the starsγέλοιοςγέλοιος -α -ονον laughableγεωργόςγεωργός ὁ a farmerγυνήγυνή -αικόςαικός ἡ a womanδύοδύο twoἐάωἐάω to allowἐγκαταλέγωἐγκαταλέγω to set X (acc) among Y (dat)

ἐράωἐράω to loveθαυμάζωθαυμάζω to wonder marvelθυγάτηρθυγάτηρ -τέροςτέρος ἡ a daughterἸκάριοςἸκάριος Icarianκαταφρονέωκαταφρονέω to despiseστέφανοςστέφανος ὁ that which surroundsτεράστιοςτεράστιος -ονον monstrousχορόςχορός ὁ a round dance

11


τὸντὸν κύνακύνα after Icarius was killed Erigonersquos dog led her to the site of the corpseὡςὡς μὴμὴ ἀνιῷτοἀνιῷτο pres opt in neg purpose clause ldquolest she be distressedrdquoεἰεἰ μὴμὴ ἕξειἕξει fut of ἔχωἔχω indicating an undesirable premise ldquounless she shall haverdquoὅπερὅπερ ἠγάπαἠγάπα impf ldquowhom she used to loverdquoταῦταταῦτα the subject of δοκεῖδοκεῖ ldquodo these things not seemrdquo

καὶ τὸν κύνα τῆς Ἠριγόνης καὶ τοῦτον ἀνήγαγεν ὡς μὴ καὶ τὸν κύνα τῆς Ἠριγόνης καὶ τοῦτον ἀνήγαγεν ὡς μὴ

ἀνιῷτο ἡ παῖς εἰ μὴ ἕξει ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τὸ ξύνηθες ἐκεῖνο ἀνιῷτο ἡ παῖς εἰ μὴ ἕξει ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ τὸ ξύνηθες ἐκεῖνο

καὶ ὅπερ ἠγάπα κυνίδιον ταῦτα οὐχ ὕβρις ὑμῖν δοκεῖ καὶ καὶ ὅπερ ἠγάπα κυνίδιον ταῦτα οὐχ ὕβρις ὑμῖν δοκεῖ καὶ

παροινία καὶ γέλως ἀκούσατε δrsquo οὖν καὶ ἄλλους παροινία καὶ γέλως ἀκούσατε δrsquo οὖν καὶ ἄλλους

Imperatives

Th ere are many more imperatives in Lucianrsquos dialogues so it is worth reviewing their forms Here is the regular conjugation of the present and fi rst aorist illustrated with λύωλύω

Th e imperatives of second aorist verbs regularly take the same endings as the present imperative λάβελάβε λαβέτωλαβέτω etcTh e perfect imperative is rare

Present Imperative

Number Person Active Middle Passive

Singular2nd λῦελῦε λύουλύου (from ε-σοσο)3rd λύετολύετο λυέσθωλυέσθω

Plural2nd λύετελύετε λύεσθελύεσθε

3rd λυόντωνλυόντων λυέσθωνλυέσθων

Aorist Imperative


Singular2nd λῦσονλῦσον λύσαιλύσαι λύθητιλύθητι

3rd λυσάτωλυσάτω λυσάσθωλυσάσθω λύθήτωλύθήτω

Plural2nd λύσατελύσατε λύασθελύασθε λύθητελύθητε

3rd λυάντωνλυάντων λύάσθωνλύάσθων λυθέντωνλυθέντων

ἀγαπάωἀγαπάω to love be fond ofἀκούωἀκούω to hearἀνάγωἀνάγω to lead upἀνιάωἀνιάω to grieve distressγέλωςγέλως ὁ laughterἨριγόνηἨριγόνη ἡ Erigoneκυνίδιονκυνίδιον τότό a little dog puppy

κύωνκύων κύνοςκύνος ὁ a dogξυνηθηςξυνηθης -εςες habitual customaryοὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenπαῖςπαῖς ἡ a childπαροινίαπαροινία ἡ drunken violenceὕβριςὕβρις ἡ wanton violence

12

Lucian

μηδένμηδέν εἴπῃςεἴπῃς aor subj in prohibition ldquospeak nothingrdquoἈσκληπιοῦἈσκληπιοῦ Asclepius was the son of Apollo and Coronis a humanἩρακλέουςἩρακλέους Heracles also had a mortal mother Alcmeneοἷοἷ dat expressing place to which ldquoI see whither you are goingrdquoπολλῶνπολλῶν ἀντάξιοςἀντάξιος ἄλλωνἄλλων ldquoworth as much as many othersrdquo said of Machaon the

healer in Iliad 11514οὐκοὐκ ὀλίγωνὀλίγων πόνωνπόνων gen of value ldquobought for not few painsrdquoμὴμὴ κατηγόρεικατηγόρει pres imper ldquoand so donrsquot accuserdquoεἰπεῖνεἰπεῖν aor inf after ἔχωνἔχων ldquobeing able to sayrdquoτοῦτοῦ πυρόςπυρός ldquosigns of fi rerdquo Heracles was consumed by fi re and Asclepius struck by

lightning Th ese σημεῖασημεῖα perhaps recall the branding of slavesἐξῆνἐξῆν impf in present contrafactual protasis ldquoif it were possiblerdquo + infπαρρησίᾳπαρρησίᾳ dat of means with χρῆσθαιχρῆσθαι ldquoto use free speechrdquoἂνἂν εἶχονεἶχον impf ind in present contrafactual apodosis ldquoI would be ablerdquo + inf

ΖΕΥΣ Μηδέν ὦ Μῶμε εἴπῃς μήτε περὶ Ἀσκληπιοῦ μήτε ΖΕΥΣ Μηδέν ὦ Μῶμε εἴπῃς μήτε περὶ Ἀσκληπιοῦ μήτε

περὶ Ἡρακλέους ὁρῶ γὰρ οἷ φέρῃ τῷ λόγῳ οὗτοι γάρ περὶ Ἡρακλέους ὁρῶ γὰρ οἷ φέρῃ τῷ λόγῳ οὗτοι γάρ

ὁ μὲν αὐτῶν ἰᾶται καὶ ἀνίστησιν ἐκ τῶν νόσων καὶ ἔστιν ὁ μὲν αὐτῶν ἰᾶται καὶ ἀνίστησιν ἐκ τῶν νόσων καὶ ἔστιν

laquoπολλῶν ἀντάξιος ἄλλωνraquo ὁ δὲ Ἡρακλῆς υἱὸς ὢν ἐμὸς laquoπολλῶν ἀντάξιος ἄλλωνraquo ὁ δὲ Ἡρακλῆς υἱὸς ὢν ἐμὸς

οὐκ ὀλίγων πόνων ἐπρίατο τὴν ἀθανασίαν ὥστε μὴ οὐκ ὀλίγων πόνων ἐπρίατο τὴν ἀθανασίαν ὥστε μὴ

κατηγόρει αὐτῶν κατηγόρει αὐτῶν

ΜΩΜΟΣ Σιωπήσομαι ὦ Ζεῦ διὰ σέ πολλὰ εἰπεῖν ἔχων ΜΩΜΟΣ Σιωπήσομαι ὦ Ζεῦ διὰ σέ πολλὰ εἰπεῖν ἔχων

καίτοι εἰ μηδὲν ἄλλο ἔτι τὰ σημεῖα ἔχουσι τοῦ πυρός εἰ καίτοι εἰ μηδὲν ἄλλο ἔτι τὰ σημεῖα ἔχουσι τοῦ πυρός εἰ

δὲ ἐξῆν καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν σὲ τῇ παρρησίᾳ χρῆσθαι πολλὰ δὲ ἐξῆν καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν σὲ τῇ παρρησίᾳ χρῆσθαι πολλὰ

ἂν εἶχον εἰπεῖν ἂν εἶχον εἰπεῖν

ἀθανασίαἀθανασία ἡ immortalityἀνίστημιἀνίστημι to make to stand up raise upἀντάξιοςἀντάξιος -ονον worth just as much asἈσκληπιόςἈσκληπιός ὁ Asclepiusεἶπονεἶπον to speak sayἔξεστιἔξεστι it is possibleἩρακλέηςἩρακλέης ὁ Heraclesἰάομαιἰάομαι to heal cureκατηγορέωκατηγορέω to accuse (+ gen)νόσοςνόσος ἡ sickness disease maladyὀλίγοςὀλίγος -η -ονον few little scanty small

ὁράωὁράω to seeπαρρησίαπαρρησία ἡ freespokennessπόνοςπόνος ὁ work laborπρίαμαιπρίαμαι to buyπῦρπῦρ πυρόςπυρός τότό fi reσημεῖονσημεῖον τότό a sign a mark tokenσιωπάωσιωπάω to be silentυἱόςυἱός ὁ a sonφέρωφέρω to bearχράομαιχράομαι to use (+ dat)

13


ΖΕΥΣ Καὶ μὴν πρὸς ἐμὲ ἔξεστιν μάλιστα μῶν δrsquo οὖν κἀμὲ ΖΕΥΣ Καὶ μὴν πρὸς ἐμὲ ἔξεστιν μάλιστα μῶν δrsquo οὖν κἀμὲ

ξενίας διώκεις ξενίας διώκεις

ΜΩΜΟΣ Ἐν Κρήτῃ μὲν οὐ μόνον τοῦτο ἀκοῦσαι ἔστιν ἀλλὰ ΜΩΜΟΣ Ἐν Κρήτῃ μὲν οὐ μόνον τοῦτο ἀκοῦσαι ἔστιν ἀλλὰ

καὶ ἄλλο τι περὶ σοῦ λέγουσιν καὶ τάφον ἐπιδεικνύουσιν καὶ ἄλλο τι περὶ σοῦ λέγουσιν καὶ τάφον ἐπιδεικνύουσιν

ἐγὼ δὲ οὔτε ἐκείνοις πείθομαι οὔτε Ἀχαιῶν Αἰγιεῦσιν ἐγὼ δὲ οὔτε ἐκείνοις πείθομαι οὔτε Ἀχαιῶν Αἰγιεῦσιν

ὑποβολιμαῖόν σε εἶναι φάσκουσιν ἃ δὲ μάλιστα ὑποβολιμαῖόν σε εἶναι φάσκουσιν ἃ δὲ μάλιστα

ἐλεγχθῆναι δεῖν ἡγοῦμαι ταῦτα ἐρῶ ἐλεγχθῆναι δεῖν ἡγοῦμαι ταῦτα ἐρῶ

Τὴν γάρ τοι ἀρχὴν τῶν τοιούτων παρανομημάτων Τὴν γάρ τοι ἀρχὴν τῶν τοιούτων παρανομημάτων

καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ νοθευθῆναι ἡμῶν τὸ ξυνέδριον σύ ὦ καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ νοθευθῆναι ἡμῶν τὸ ξυνέδριον σύ ὦ

Ζεῦ παρέσχες θνηταῖς ἐπιμιγνύμενος καὶ κατιὼν παρrsquo Ζεῦ παρέσχες θνηταῖς ἐπιμιγνύμενος καὶ κατιὼν παρrsquo

καὶκαὶ μὴνμὴν ldquolet me tell yourdquoξενίαςξενίας genitive of the charge ldquoaccusing me of being an alienrdquoμῶνμῶν ldquosurely notrdquo expecting a negative answer ΚρήτῃΚρήτῃ in the fusion of Minoan and Mycenean myth Crete became the site of Zeusrsquo

birth and deathἔστινἔστιν note the accent ldquoit is possiblerdquo + infΑἰγιεῦσινΑἰγιεῦσιν dat pl after πείθομαιπείθομαι ldquonor believe the Aegians of Achaeardquoὑποβολιμαῖόνὑποβολιμαῖόν acc pred ldquosay you are a foundlingrdquo a version of Zeusrsquo birth not

mentioned elsewhereφάσκουσινφάσκουσιν pres part agreeing with ΑἰγιεῦσινΑἰγιεῦσιν ldquothe Aegians who sayrdquoἐλεγχθῆναιἐλεγχθῆναι aor pass inf after δεῖνδεῖν ldquonecessary to be censuredrdquoτοῦτοῦ νοθευθῆναινοθευθῆναι aor pass inf articular gen ldquocause of the adulteratingrdquoπαρέσχεςπαρέσχες aor ldquoyou provided the beginningrdquoἐπιμιγνύμενοςἐπιμιγνύμενος pres part instrumental ldquoby mingling withrdquo + dat

ΑἴγιοιΑἴγιοι οἱοἱ the Aegiansαἰτίααἰτία ἡ a charge accusationἀκούωἀκούω to hearἀρχήἀρχή ἡ beginning sourceἈχαιόιἈχαιόι οἱοἱ the Achaeansδεῖδεῖ to be necessaryδιώκωδιώκω to pursue accuseἐλέγχωἐλέγχω to disgrace put to shameἔξεστιἔξεστι it is possibleἐπιδείκνυμιἐπιδείκνυμι to show proveἐπιμίγνυμιἐπιμίγνυμι to mix withἐρῶἐρῶ I will say or speakἡγέομαιἡγέομαι to thinkθνητόςθνητός -ή -όνόν mortal

κάτειμικάτειμι to go downΚρήτηΚρήτη ἡ Creteμόνονμόνον onlyνοθεύωνοθεύω to adulterateξενίαξενία ἡ status of an alienξυνέδριονξυνέδριον τότό a councilπαρανόμημαπαρανόμημα -ατοςατος τότό an illegal actπαρέχωπαρέχω to furnish provideπείθωπείθω to persuadeτάφοςτάφος ὁ a tombτοιτοι let me tell you surely verilyτοιοῦτοςτοιοῦτος -αύτηαύτη -οῦτοοῦτο such as thisὑποβολιμαῖοςὑποβολιμαῖος -α -ονον substituted by stealthφάσκωφάσκω to say affi rm assert

14

Lucian

ἐνἐν ἄλλοτεἄλλοτε ἄλλῳἄλλῳ σχήματισχήματι ldquoin one or another formrdquoδεδιέναιδεδιέναι perf inf in result clause ldquoso that we fearrdquoμήμή σεσε καταθύσῃκαταθύσῃ aor subj in clause of fearing ldquofear that someone will sacrifi ce yourdquo

Zeus became a bull to seduce Europaᾖςᾖς pres subj in general temporal clause ldquowhen(ever) you arerdquoκατεργάσηταικατεργάσηται aor subj in clause of fearing ldquofear that someone will work yourdquoὄνταὄντα pres part acc ldquoyou being goldrdquo Zeus became golden rain to seduce Danaeγένῃγένῃ aor subj of γίγνομαιγίγνομαι in clause of fearing ldquofear that you will becomerdquoπλὴνπλὴν ἀλλὰἀλλὰ strong adversative ldquobutrdquoἐμπέπληκάςἐμπέπληκάς perf of ἐμπίπλημιἐμπίπλημι ldquoyou have fi lled withrdquo + genεἴποιμιεἴποιμι aor opt pot ldquoI could not say it otherwiserdquoὁπότανὁπόταν ἀκούσῃἀκούσῃ aor subj in general temporal clause ldquowhenever someone hearsrdquo

αὐτὰς ἐν ἄλλοτε ἄλλῳ σχήματι ὥστε ἡμᾶς δεδιέναι μή αὐτὰς ἐν ἄλλοτε ἄλλῳ σχήματι ὥστε ἡμᾶς δεδιέναι μή

σε καταθύσῃ τις ξυλλαβών ὁπόταν ταῦρος ᾖς ἢ τῶν σε καταθύσῃ τις ξυλλαβών ὁπόταν ταῦρος ᾖς ἢ τῶν

χρυσοχόων τις κατεργάσηται χρυσὸν ὄντα καὶ ἀντὶ χρυσοχόων τις κατεργάσηται χρυσὸν ὄντα καὶ ἀντὶ

Διὸς ἢ ὅρμος ἢ ψέλιον ἢ ἐλλόβιον ἡμῖν γένῃ Διὸς ἢ ὅρμος ἢ ψέλιον ἢ ἐλλόβιον ἡμῖν γένῃ

πλὴν ἀλλὰ ἐμπέπληκάς γε τὸν οὐρανὸν τῶν πλὴν ἀλλὰ ἐμπέπληκάς γε τὸν οὐρανὸν τῶν

ἡμιθέων τούτων οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἄλλως εἴποιμι καὶ τὸ ἡμιθέων τούτων οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἄλλως εἴποιμι καὶ τὸ

πρᾶγμα γελοιότατόν ἐστιν ὁπόταν τις ἄφνω ἀκούσῃ πρᾶγμα γελοιότατόν ἐστιν ὁπόταν τις ἄφνω ἀκούσῃ

General or Indefi nite ClausesVarious kinds of subordinate clauses that are general or indefi nite (if ever whenever whoever etc) use the subjunctive with ἂνἂν in primary sequence the optative without ἂνἂν in secondary sequence

ὁπότανὁπόταν ταῦροςταῦρος ᾖςᾖς ldquowhenever you are a bullrdquoπᾶςπᾶς βωμὸςβωμὸς χρησμῳδεῖχρησμῳδεῖ ὃςὃς ἂνἂν ἐλαίῳἐλαίῳ περιχυθῇπεριχυθῇ ldquoany altar which is drenched in oil gives an oraclerdquo ὥστεὥστε οὐδrsquoοὐδrsquo ἢνἢν προπίῃπροπίῃ τιςτις ξυνίησιξυνίησι ldquoand so he does not understand if (ever) someone toasts himrdquo

ἄλλοτεἄλλοτε at another time at other timesἄλλωςἄλλως in another way or mannerἄφνωἄφνω unawares of a suddenγέλοιοςγέλοιος -α -ονον laughableἐλλόβιονἐλλόβιον τότό an earringἐμπίπλημιἐμπίπλημι to fi llἡμίθεοςἡμίθεος ὁ a half-god demigodκαταθύωκαταθύω to sacrifi ceκατεργάζομαικατεργάζομαι to eff ect by labour

ξυλλαμβάνωξυλλαμβάνω to captureὅρμοςὅρμος ὁ a cord chainοὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenπρᾶγμαπρᾶγμα -ατοςατος τότό a deed matterσχῆμασχῆμα -ατοςατος τότό formταῦροςταῦρος ὁ a bullχρυσόςχρυσός ὁ goldχρυσόχοοςχρυσόχοος ὁ a goldsmithψέλιονψέλιον τότό an armlet or anklet

15


ὅτιὅτι ἀπεδείχθηἀπεδείχθη aor pass in ind st ldquohears that Heracles was appointedrdquoἐπέταττενἐπέταττεν impf ldquowho used to command himrdquo Heracles was forced to serve

Eurystheus by the conniving of Heraτέθνηκεντέθνηκεν perf ldquoEurystheus has diedrdquo ie is deadοἰκέτουοἰκέτου pred agreeing with ἩρακλέουςἩρακλέους ldquoHeracles being the servantrdquoΔιόνυσοςΔιόνυσος μὲνμὲν οἱοἱ δ ἀνεψιοὶἀνεψιοὶ ldquowhile Dionysus is a god his relatives arerdquoΠενθεὺςΠενθεὺς ἈκταίωνἈκταίων ΛέαρχοςΛέαρχος the mothers of these men were the sisters of Semele

Pentheus was killed by his own mother Agave Actaeon was transformed into a bear by Artemis Learchus was killed by his father Athamas

ἀφἀφ οὗοὗ (sc χρόνῳχρόνῳ) ldquofrom the momentrdquoἀνέῳξαςἀνέῳξας aor ldquoyou once openedrdquoἐτράπουἐτράπου aor mid of τρέπωτρέπω ldquoyou turned your attention tordquoμεμίμηνταιμεμίμηνται perf of μιμέομαιμιμέομαι ldquoall have imitated yourdquoκαὶκαὶ οὐχοὐχ μόνονμόνον ldquoand not onlyrdquoἀλλἀλλ καὶκαὶ ldquobut alsordquo

ὅτι ὁ Ἡρακλῆς μὲν θεὸς ἀπεδείχθη ὁ δὲ Εὐρυσθεύς ὅτι ὁ Ἡρακλῆς μὲν θεὸς ἀπεδείχθη ὁ δὲ Εὐρυσθεύς

ὃς ἐπέταττεν αὐτῷ τέθνηκεν καὶ πλησίον Ἡρακλέους ὃς ἐπέταττεν αὐτῷ τέθνηκεν καὶ πλησίον Ἡρακλέους

νεὼς οἰκέτου ὄντος καὶ Εὐρυσθέως τάφος τοῦ δεσπότου νεὼς οἰκέτου ὄντος καὶ Εὐρυσθέως τάφος τοῦ δεσπότου

αὐτοῦ καὶ πάλιν ἐν Θήβαις Διόνυσος μὲν θεός οἱ δrsquo αὐτοῦ καὶ πάλιν ἐν Θήβαις Διόνυσος μὲν θεός οἱ δrsquo

ἀνεψιοὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Πενθεὺς καὶ ὁ Ἀκταίων καὶ ὁ Λέαρχος ἀνεψιοὶ αὐτοῦ ὁ Πενθεὺς καὶ ὁ Ἀκταίων καὶ ὁ Λέαρχος

ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων κακοδαιμονέστατοι ἀνθρώπων ἁπάντων κακοδαιμονέστατοι

Ἀφrsquo οὗ δὲ ἅπαξ σύ ὦ Ζεῦ ἀνέῳξας τοῖς τοιούτοις τὰς Ἀφrsquo οὗ δὲ ἅπαξ σύ ὦ Ζεῦ ἀνέῳξας τοῖς τοιούτοις τὰς

θύρας καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς θνητὰς ἐτράπου ἅπαντες μεμίμηνταί θύρας καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς θνητὰς ἐτράπου ἅπαντες μεμίμηνταί

σε καὶ οὐχ οἱ ἄρρενες μόνον ἀλλrsquo ὅπερ αἴσχιστον καὶ σε καὶ οὐχ οἱ ἄρρενες μόνον ἀλλrsquo ὅπερ αἴσχιστον καὶ

αἴσχιστοςαἴσχιστος -ή -όνόν most shamefulἈκταίωνἈκταίων ὁ Actaeonἀνεψιόςἀνεψιός ὁ a fi rst-cousin cousinἀνοίγνυμιἀνοίγνυμι to openἅπαξἅπαξ onceἀποδείκνυμιἀποδείκνυμι to display appointἄρσηνἄρσην ὁ maleδεσπότηςδεσπότης -ουου ὁ a masterΔιόνυσοςΔιόνυσος ὁ Dionysusἐπιτάττωἐπιτάττω to put upon commandΕὐρυσθεύςΕὐρυσθεύς ὁ EurystheusἩρακλέηςἩρακλέης ὁ Heraclesθεόςθεός ὁ a godΘῆβαιΘῆβαι -ῶνῶν αἱαἱ Th ebes

θνητόςθνητός -ή -όνόν mortalθύραθύρα ἡ a doorκακοδαίμωνκακοδαίμων -ονον unlucky miserableΛέαρχοςΛέαρχος ὁ Learchusμιμέομαιμιμέομαι to mimic imitateνεώςνεώς -ώ ὁ temple sanctuary οἰκέτηςοἰκέτης -ουου ὁ a house-slave menialπάλινπάλιν againΠενθεὺςΠενθεὺς ὁ Pentheusπλησίονπλησίον near (+ gen)τάφοςτάφος ὁ a tombτοιοῦτοςτοιοῦτος -αύτηαύτη -οῦτοοῦτο such as thisτρέπωτρέπω to turn

16

Lucian

ἈγχίσηνἈγχίσην etc all lovers of goddesses Anchises of Aphrodite Tithonus of Eos Endymion of Selene Iasion of Demeter

ἐάσεινἐάσειν fut inf after δοκῶδοκῶ ldquoI think I will allow theserdquo ie pass over them an example of praeteritio

τὸτὸ διελέγχεινδιελέγχειν pres inf articular ldquothe censuringrdquoγένοιτογένοιτο aor opt pot of γίγνομαιγίγνομαι ldquothe censuring would be longrdquoΓανυμήδουςΓανυμήδους Ganymede was a mortal lover of Zeusεἴπῃςεἴπῃς aor subj in prohibition ldquosay nothingrdquoχαλεπανῶχαλεπανῶ γὰργὰρ εἰεἰ λυπήσειςλυπήσεις both verbs are future indicating a threatening tone ldquoI

shall be angry if you grieve the boyrdquoὀνειδίσαςὀνειδίσας aor part instrumental ldquogrieve by disparagingrdquoεἴπωεἴπω aor subj in rhetorical question introducing yet another praeteritio ldquoam I not to

speakrdquoκαὶκαὶ οὗτοςοὗτος ldquoand that this one toordquo ie the eagle the form Zeus took to ravish

Ganymedeκαθεζόμενοςκαθεζόμενος ldquopres part ldquobeing seatedrdquo an eagle topped the scepter of Zeus and

Momus suggests that it is the very eagle that ravished Ganymede

αἱ θήλειαι θεοί τίς γὰρ οὐκ οἶδεν τὸν Ἀγχίσην καὶ τὸν αἱ θήλειαι θεοί τίς γὰρ οὐκ οἶδεν τὸν Ἀγχίσην καὶ τὸν

Τιθωνὸν καὶ τὸν Ἐνδυμίωνα καὶ τὸν Ἰασίωνα καὶ τοὺς Τιθωνὸν καὶ τὸν Ἐνδυμίωνα καὶ τὸν Ἰασίωνα καὶ τοὺς

ἄλλους ὥστε ταῦτα μὲν ἐάσειν μοι δοκῶ μακρὸν γὰρ ἄλλους ὥστε ταῦτα μὲν ἐάσειν μοι δοκῶ μακρὸν γὰρ

ἂν τὸ διελέγχειν γένοιτο ἂν τὸ διελέγχειν γένοιτο

ΖΕΥΣ Μηδὲν περὶ τοῦ Γανυμήδους ὦ Μῶμε εἴπῃς ΖΕΥΣ Μηδὲν περὶ τοῦ Γανυμήδους ὦ Μῶμε εἴπῃς

χαλεπανῶ γὰρ εἰ λυπήσεις τὸ μειράκιον ὀνειδίσας ἐς τὸ χαλεπανῶ γὰρ εἰ λυπήσεις τὸ μειράκιον ὀνειδίσας ἐς τὸ

γένος γένος

ΜΩΜΟΣ Οὐκοῦν μηδὲ περὶ τοῦ ἀετοῦ εἴπω ὅτι καὶ οὗτος ΜΩΜΟΣ Οὐκοῦν μηδὲ περὶ τοῦ ἀετοῦ εἴπω ὅτι καὶ οὗτος

ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ βασιλείου σκήπτρου ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ βασιλείου σκήπτρου

καθεζόμενος καὶ μονονουχὶ ἐπὶ κεφαλήν σοι νεοττεύων καθεζόμενος καὶ μονονουχὶ ἐπὶ κεφαλήν σοι νεοττεύων

ἈγχίσηςἈγχίσης ὁ Anchisesἀετόςἀετός -οῦοῦ ὁ an eagleβασίλειοςβασίλειος -α -ονον royalΓανυμήδηςΓανυμήδης ὁ Ganymedeγένοςγένος -ουςους τότό race stock familyδιελέγχωδιελέγχω to pass censureἘνδυμίωνἘνδυμίων ὁ Endymionθῆλυςθῆλυς -ειαεια -υ femaleἸασίωνἸασίων ὁ Iasionκαθέζομαικαθέζομαι to sit down onκεφαλήκεφαλή ἡ the head

λυπέωλυπέω to grieve vex annoyμακρόςμακρός -ά -ονον longμειράκιονμειράκιον τότό a boy ladμονονουχὶμονονουχὶ (=οὐοὐ μόνονμόνον) nearly all butνεοττεύωνεοττεύω to nest onὀνειδίζωὀνειδίζω to throw a reproach uponοὐκοῦνοὐκοῦν therefore then accordinglyοὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenσκῆπτρονσκῆπτρον τότό a sceptreΤιθωνόςΤιθωνός ὁ Tithonusχαλεπαίνωχαλεπαίνω to be angry

17


ἐάσομενἐάσομεν fut ldquoshall I pass over this toordquoἌττηςἌττης Momus now turns to various ldquoeasternrdquo deities Attis was the consort of the

Phrygian goddess Cybele his self-castration was a prominent feature of his storyΚορύβαςΚορύβας Th e Corybantes are usually a group of ecstatic dancers devoted to CybeleΣαβάζιοςΣαβάζιος a Th racian and Phrygian god identifi ed both with Zeus and Dionysusἐπεισεκυκλήθησανἐπεισεκυκλήθησαν aor pass of ἐπιἐπι-εἰσεἰσ-κυκλέωκυκλέω ldquohow have these been piled in upon

usrdquoΜίθρηςΜίθρης a Persian deity whose cult spread in the Roman empire albeit much revisedἑλληνίζωνἑλληνίζων pres part ldquobeing Hellenized in languagerdquo ie learning Greekὥστεὥστε οὐδοὐδ ξυνίησιξυνίησι pres in result clause ldquoso that he doesnrsquot understandrdquoἢνἢν προπίῃπροπίῃ pres subj of προπρο-πίνωπίνω in present general protasis ldquoif someone toasts

himrdquoοἱοἱ ΓέταιΓέται αὐτῶναὐτῶν ldquothe Getae among themrdquo but the Getae are Th racians not Scythiansεἰπόντεςεἰπόντες aor part ldquohaving said farewellrdquoοὓςοὓς ἂνἂν ἐθελήσωσιἐθελήσωσι aor subj in general relative clause ldquowhomever they wishrdquo

θεὸς εἶναι δοκῶν ἢ καὶ τοῦτον τοῦ Γανυμήδους ἕνεκα θεὸς εἶναι δοκῶν ἢ καὶ τοῦτον τοῦ Γανυμήδους ἕνεκα

ἐάσομεν ἐάσομεν

Ἀλλrsquo ὁ Ἄττης γε ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ ὁ Κορύβας καὶ ὁ Ἀλλrsquo ὁ Ἄττης γε ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ ὁ Κορύβας καὶ ὁ

Σαβάζιος πόθεν ἡμῖν ἐπεισεκυκλήθησαν οὗτοι ἢ ὁ Σαβάζιος πόθεν ἡμῖν ἐπεισεκυκλήθησαν οὗτοι ἢ ὁ

Μίθρης ἐκεῖνος ὁ Μῆδος ὁ τὸν κάνδυν καὶ τὴν τιάραν Μίθρης ἐκεῖνος ὁ Μῆδος ὁ τὸν κάνδυν καὶ τὴν τιάραν

οὐδὲ ἑλληνίζων τῇ φωνῇ ὥστε οὐδrsquo ἢν προπίῃ τις ξυνίησι οὐδὲ ἑλληνίζων τῇ φωνῇ ὥστε οὐδrsquo ἢν προπίῃ τις ξυνίησι

τοιγαροῦν οἱ Σκύθαι ταῦτα ὁρῶντες οἱ Γέται αὐτῶν τοιγαροῦν οἱ Σκύθαι ταῦτα ὁρῶντες οἱ Γέται αὐτῶν

μακρὰ ἡμῖν χαίρειν εἰπόντες αὐτοὶ ἀπαθανατίζουσι μακρὰ ἡμῖν χαίρειν εἰπόντες αὐτοὶ ἀπαθανατίζουσι

καὶ θεοὺς χειροτονοῦσιν οὓς ἂν ἐθελήσωσι τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ θεοὺς χειροτονοῦσιν οὓς ἂν ἐθελήσωσι τὸν αὐτὸν

ἀπαθανατίζωἀπαθανατίζω to aim at immortalityἌττηςἌττης ὁ AttisΓέταιΓέται οἱοἱ the Getae a Th racian tribeδοκέωδοκέω to seemἐθέλωἐθέλω to will wish purposeεἶπονεἶπον to speak say (aor)ἑλληνίζωἑλληνίζω to be Greekἕνεκαἕνεκα because of (+ gen)ἐπεισκυκλέωἐπεισκυκλέω to bring in one upon anotherκάνδυςκάνδυς -υοςυος ὁ a Median cloak with sleevesΚορύβαςΚορύβας ὁ a priest of Cybele in Phrygiaμακρόςμακρός -ά -ονον long

ΜῆδοςΜῆδος ὁ a MedeΜίθραςΜίθρας ὁ Mithras ξυνίημιξυνίημι to understandπόθενπόθεν whenceπροπίνωπροπίνω to toastΣαβάζιοςΣαβάζιος ὁ SabaziusΣκύθηςΣκύθης -ουου ὁ a Scythianτιάρατιάρα -ουου ἡ a tiaraτοιγαροῦντοιγαροῦν therefore accordinglyφωνήφωνή ἡ a languageχαίρωχαίρω to rejoice be glad be delightedχειροτονέωχειροτονέω to extend

18

Lucian

τὸντὸν αὐτὸναὐτὸν τρόποντρόπον acc of manner ldquoin the same mannerrdquoΖάμολξιςΖάμολξις Herodous IV 94ndash96 reports that Zalmoxis preached immortality to his

countrymen and hid in a cave for several years to fake a return from the dead hence his ldquofraudulent enrollmentrdquo among the gods

ὢνὢν pres part concessive ldquoalthough being a slaverdquoπαρενεγράφηπαρενεγράφη aor pass of παραπαρα-ἐνἐν-γράφωγράφω ldquohe was fraudulently enrolledrdquoοὐκοὐκ οἶδοἶδ ὅπωςὅπως parenthetical ldquoI donrsquot know howrdquoδιαλαθώνδιαλαθών aor part of διαδια-λανθάνωλανθάνω ldquohaving deceivedrdquoκυνοπρόσωπεκυνοπρόσωπε voc ldquooh dog-facerdquo ie Anubis the Egyptian god of mumifi cationἐσταλμένεἐσταλμένε perf part mid voc of στέλλωστέλλω ldquoO you who have donnedrdquo + acc

τρόπον ὅνπερ καὶ Ζάμολξις δοῦλος ὢν παρενεγράφη τρόπον ὅνπερ καὶ Ζάμολξις δοῦλος ὢν παρενεγράφη

οὐκ οἶδrsquo ὅπως διαλαθών οὐκ οἶδrsquo ὅπως διαλαθών

Καίτοι πάντα ταῦτα ὦ θεοί μέτρια σὺ δέ ὦ Καίτοι πάντα ταῦτα ὦ θεοί μέτρια σὺ δέ ὦ

κυνοπρόσωπε καὶ σινδόσιν ἐσταλμένε Αἰγύπτιε τίς κυνοπρόσωπε καὶ σινδόσιν ἐσταλμένε Αἰγύπτιε τίς

Circumstantial ParticiplesCircumstantial participles are added to a noun or a pronoun to set forth some circumstance under which an action takes place Th e circumstances can be of the following types time manner means cause purpose concession condition or attendant circumstance Although sometimes particles can specify the type of circumstance often only the context can clarify its force Here are some examples

Time θεοὶθεοὶ δόξαντεςδόξαντες ἐμπεπλήκασιἐμπεπλήκασι μὲνμὲν τὸντὸν οὐρανὸνοὐρανὸν ldquoafter having been deemed to be gods they have fi lled heavenrdquo

Means σύσύ ὦ ΖεῦΖεῦ παρέσχεςπαρέσχες θνηταῖςθνηταῖς ἐπιμιγνύμενοςἐπιμιγνύμενος ldquoyou Zeus provided the beginning by mingling with mortalsrdquo

Concession ΖάμολξιςΖάμολξις δοῦλοςδοῦλος ὢνὢν παρενεγράφηπαρενεγράφη Zamolxis although being a slave was fraudulently enrolledrdquo

Cause ΜηκέτιΜηκέτι τονθορύζετετονθορύζετε ὦ θεοίθεοί ἀγανακτοῦντεςἀγανακτοῦντες ldquoDonrsquot grumble Gods because you are annoyed

Manner ΖάμολξιςΖάμολξις δοῦλοςδοῦλος ὢνὢν παρενεγράφηπαρενεγράφη διαλαθώνδιαλαθών ldquoZamolxis although being a slave was fraudulently enrolled having escaped our notice (ie secretly)rdquo

Attendant Circumstance μετέχουσινμετέχουσιν οὐδὲοὐδὲ καταβαλόντεςκαταβαλόντες ἡμῖνἡμῖν τὸτὸ μετοίκιονμετοίκιον ldquoTh ey have a share not even having paid the metic taxrdquo

Th e circumstantial participle can also stand in the genitive absolute construction ἐκκλησίαςἐκκλησίας ἐννόμουἐννόμου ἀγομένηςἀγομένης ldquoa regular assembly being convenedrdquo

ΑἰγύπτιοςΑἰγύπτιος -α -ονον Egyptianδιαλανθάνωδιαλανθάνω to escape notice deceiveδοῦλοςδοῦλος ὁ a slaveΖάμολξιςΖάμολξις ὁ Zamolxis κυνοπρόσωποςκυνοπρόσωπος -ονον dog-faced

μέτριοςμέτριος -α -ονον within measureπαρεγγράφωπαρεγγράφω to enroll fraudulentlyσινδώνσινδών -όνοςόνος ὁ a fi ne clothστέλλωστέλλω to array donτρόποςτρόπος ὁ a turn manner

19


ὦὦ βέλτιστεβέλτιστε ldquoO best onerdquo ironicἀξιοῖςἀξιοῖς pres ldquohow do you seek tordquo + infὑλακτῶνὑλακτῶν pres inf of attendant circumstance ldquowith your barkingrdquoτίτί δὲδὲ βουλόμενοςβουλόμενος ldquowishing whatrdquo ie whyταῦροςταῦρος the Apis bull which was a manifestation of the Memphite god Ptah and a

frequent object of ridicule by Greeksπροσκυνεῖταιπροσκυνεῖται pres pass ldquowhy is he worshippedrdquoἴβιδαςἴβιδας καὶκαὶ πιθήκουςπιθήκους the ibis was a bird sacred to Egyptian Th oth who was often

depicted with the head of an ibis and sometimes with the head of baboonτράγουςτράγους a goat-headed deity worshipped at Mendes in the Nile delta region is

mentioned by Herodotus 242 46 and 166πολλῷπολλῷ dat of degree of diff erence ldquomore laughable by muchrdquoοὐκοὐκ οἶδοἶδ ὅπωςὅπως parenthetical ldquoI donrsquot know howrdquoπαραβυσθένταπαραβυσθέντα aor part pass of παραβύωπαραβύω ldquohaving been inserted into heavenrdquo ie

smuggled inὁρῶντεςὁρῶντες pres part supplementing ἀνέχεσθεἀνέχεσθε ldquohow do you endure seeingrdquo

εἶ ὦ βέλτιστε ἢ πῶς ἀξιοῖς θεὸς εἶναι ὑλακτῶν τί δὲ εἶ ὦ βέλτιστε ἢ πῶς ἀξιοῖς θεὸς εἶναι ὑλακτῶν τί δὲ

βουλόμενος καὶ ὁ ποικίλος οὗτος ταῦρος ὁ Μεμφίτης βουλόμενος καὶ ὁ ποικίλος οὗτος ταῦρος ὁ Μεμφίτης

προσκυνεῖται καὶ χρᾷ καὶ προφήτας ἔχει αἰσχύνομαι γὰρ προσκυνεῖται καὶ χρᾷ καὶ προφήτας ἔχει αἰσχύνομαι γὰρ

ἴβιδας καὶ πιθήκους εἰπεῖν καὶ τράγους καὶ ἄλλα πολλῷ ἴβιδας καὶ πιθήκους εἰπεῖν καὶ τράγους καὶ ἄλλα πολλῷ

γελοιότερα οὐκ οἶδrsquo ὅπως ἐξ Αἰγύπτου παραβυσθέντα ἐς γελοιότερα οὐκ οἶδrsquo ὅπως ἐξ Αἰγύπτου παραβυσθέντα ἐς

τὸν οὐρανόν ἃ ὑμεῖς ὦ θεοί πῶς ἀνέχεσθε ὁρῶντες ἐπrsquo τὸν οὐρανόν ἃ ὑμεῖς ὦ θεοί πῶς ἀνέχεσθε ὁρῶντες ἐπrsquo

ΑἴγυπτοςΑἴγυπτος ὁ Egyptαἰσχύνομαιαἰσχύνομαι to be ashamedἀνέχωἀνέχω to hold up endureἀξιόωἀξιόω to deem worthy seek toβέλτιστοςβέλτιστος -η -ονον bestβούλομαιβούλομαι to will wish be willingγέλοιοςγέλοιος -α -ονον laughableἴβιςἴβις -δοςδος ὁ an ibis ΜεμφίτηςΜεμφίτης ὁ a Memphiteὁράωὁράω to see

οὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenπαραβύωπαραβύω to stuff in insertπίθηκοςπίθηκος ὁ an ape monkeyποικίλοςποικίλος -η -ονον dappledπροσκυνέωπροσκυνέω to worshipπροφήτηςπροφήτης -ουου ὁ a prophetταῦροςταῦρος ὁ a bullτράγοςτράγος ὁ a he-goatὑλακτέωὑλακτέω to bark bay howlχράωχράω to declare oracles

20

Lucian

ὑμῶνὑμῶν gen of comparison ldquoor more than yourdquoπροσκυνούμεναπροσκυνούμενα pres part pass in ind st after ὁρῶντεςὁρῶντες ldquoseeing that they are being

worshippedrdquoἐπειδὰνἐπειδὰν φύσωσιφύσωσι aor subj in general temporal clause ldquowhenever they cause to

growrdquoκριοῦκριοῦ κέρατακέρατα ldquoramrsquos hornsrdquo with which Zeus-Ammon was representedἀμύητονἀμύητον ὄνταὄντα acc subj of καταγελᾶνκαταγελᾶν ldquofor one who is uninitiated to laughrdquoμυστηρίωνμυστηρίων gen after δεῖδεῖ ldquogreat need there is of mysteriesrdquo ironicὡςὡς εἰδέναιεἰδέναι perf inf in result clause ldquoso that we knowrdquo

ἴσης ἢ καὶ μᾶλλον ὑμῶν προσκυνούμενα ἢ σύ ὦ Ζεῦ ἴσης ἢ καὶ μᾶλλον ὑμῶν προσκυνούμενα ἢ σύ ὦ Ζεῦ

πῶς φέρεις ἐπειδὰν κριοῦ κέρατα φύσωσί σοι πῶς φέρεις ἐπειδὰν κριοῦ κέρατα φύσωσί σοι

ΖΕΥΣ Αἰσχρὰ ὡς ἀληθῶς ταῦτα φὴς τὰ περὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ΖΕΥΣ Αἰσχρὰ ὡς ἀληθῶς ταῦτα φὴς τὰ περὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων

ὅμως δrsquo οὖν ὦ Μῶμε τὰ πολλὰ αὐτῶν αἰνίγματά ἐστιν ὅμως δrsquo οὖν ὦ Μῶμε τὰ πολλὰ αὐτῶν αἰνίγματά ἐστιν

καὶ οὐ πάνυ χρὴ καταγελᾶν ἀμύητον ὄντακαὶ οὐ πάνυ χρὴ καταγελᾶν ἀμύητον ὄντα

ΜΩΜΟΣ Πάνυ γοῦν μυστηρίων ὦ Ζεῦ δεῖ ἡμῖν ὡς ΜΩΜΟΣ Πάνυ γοῦν μυστηρίων ὦ Ζεῦ δεῖ ἡμῖν ὡς

εἰδέναι θεοὺς μὲν τοὺς θεούς κυνοκεφάλους δὲ τοὺς εἰδέναι θεοὺς μὲν τοὺς θεούς κυνοκεφάλους δὲ τοὺς

κυνοκεφάλους κυνοκεφάλους

ΖΕΥΣ Ἔα φημί τὰ περὶ Αἰγυπτίων ἄλλοτε γὰρ περὶ ΖΕΥΣ Ἔα φημί τὰ περὶ Αἰγυπτίων ἄλλοτε γὰρ περὶ

τούτων ἐπισκεψόμεθα ἐπὶ σχολῆς σὺ δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους τούτων ἐπισκεψόμεθα ἐπὶ σχολῆς σὺ δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους

λέγε λέγε

ΑἰγύπτιοςΑἰγύπτιος -α -ονον Egyptianαἴνιγμααἴνιγμα -ατοςατος τότό a riddle mysteryαἰσχρόςαἰσχρός -ά -όνόν causing shameἀληθῶςἀληθῶς trulyἄλλοτεἄλλοτε at another time at other timesἀμύητοςἀμύητος -ονον uninitiatedγοῦνγοῦν at least then at any rate any wayδεῖδεῖ to be necessaryἐπισκέπτομαιἐπισκέπτομαι to look carefully at (+ gen)ἴσοςἴσος -η -ονον equal toκαταγελάωκαταγελάω to jeer or mock

κέραςκέρας -ατοςατος τότό the horn of an animalκριόςκριός ὁ a ramκυνοκέφαλοςκυνοκέφαλος -ονον dog-headedμυστήριονμυστήριον τότό a mystery or secret doctrineπάνυπάνυ altogether entirelyπροσκυνέωπροσκυνέω to worshipσχολήσχολή ἡ leisureφέρωφέρω to bearφύωφύω to bring forth produce put forthχρήχρή it is necessary

21


ΤροφώνιονΤροφώνιον Trophonius whose ldquocaverdquo in Boeotia was a famous oracle appears with Amphilochus in DMort 3 (10)

ἈμφίλοχονἈμφίλοχον Amphilochus the son of Amphiarus was an Argive hero who founded many oracles

ἐναγοῦςἐναγοῦς μητρολῴουμητρολῴου the ldquooutcastrdquo and ldquomatriciderdquo is Alcmaeon the brother of Amphilochus but Alcmaeon is the father of a second Amphilochus as well

ὢνὢν pres part concessive ldquowho although being the sonrdquoὁ γενναῖοςγενναῖος ldquotrue to his birthrdquo here ironic ldquothe miscreantrdquoτοῖντοῖν δυοῖνδυοῖν ὀβολοῖνὀβολοῖν gen dual after ἕνεκαἕνεκα ldquofor the sake of two obolsrdquoὃςὃς ἂνἂν περιχυθῇπεριχυθῇ aor subj pass of περιπερι-χέωχέω in general relative clause ldquoany altar

which is drenchedrdquo ἔχῃἔχῃ εὐπορήσῃεὐπορήσῃ subj also in general relative clauses ldquowhich possesses which

becomes furnished withrdquo + genΠολυδάμαντοςΠολυδάμαντος the statue of the famous champion Polydamas is mentioned by

Pausanias (651)

ΜΩΜΟΣ Τὸν Τροφώνιον ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ ὃ μάλιστά με ΜΩΜΟΣ Τὸν Τροφώνιον ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ ὃ μάλιστά με

ἀποπνίγει τὸν Ἀμφίλοχον ὃς ἐναγοῦς ἀνθρώπου καὶ ἀποπνίγει τὸν Ἀμφίλοχον ὃς ἐναγοῦς ἀνθρώπου καὶ

μητρολῴου υἱὸς ὢν μαντεύεται ὁ γενναῖος ἐν Κιλικίᾳ μητρολῴου υἱὸς ὢν μαντεύεται ὁ γενναῖος ἐν Κιλικίᾳ

ψευδόμενος τὰ πολλὰ καὶ γοητεύων τοῖν δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν ψευδόμενος τὰ πολλὰ καὶ γοητεύων τοῖν δυοῖν ὀβολοῖν

ἕνεκα τοιγαροῦν οὐκέτι σύ ὦ Ἄπολλον εὐδοκιμεῖς ἕνεκα τοιγαροῦν οὐκέτι σύ ὦ Ἄπολλον εὐδοκιμεῖς

ἀλλὰ ἤδη πᾶς λίθος καὶ πᾶς βωμὸς χρησμῳδεῖ ὃς ἂν ἀλλὰ ἤδη πᾶς λίθος καὶ πᾶς βωμὸς χρησμῳδεῖ ὃς ἂν

ἐλαίῳ περιχυθῇ καὶ στεφάνους ἔχῃ καὶ γόητος ἀνδρὸς ἐλαίῳ περιχυθῇ καὶ στεφάνους ἔχῃ καὶ γόητος ἀνδρὸς

εὐπορήσῃ οἷοι πολλοί εἰσιν ἤδη καὶ ὁ Πολυδάμαντος τοῦ εὐπορήσῃ οἷοι πολλοί εἰσιν ἤδη καὶ ὁ Πολυδάμαντος τοῦ

ἀθλητοῦ ἀνδριὰς ἰᾶται τοὺς πυρέττοντας ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ ἀθλητοῦ ἀνδριὰς ἰᾶται τοὺς πυρέττοντας ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ

ἀθλητήςἀθλητής a prizefi ghterἀνδριάςἀνδριάς -άντοςάντος ὁ a statueἈπόλλωνἈπόλλων -ωνοςωνος ὁ Apolloἀποπνίγωἀποπνίγω to choke throttleβωμόςβωμός ὁ an altarγενναῖοςγενναῖος -α -ονον suitable to onersquos birthγόηςγόης -ητοςητος ὁ a sorcerer enchanterγοητεύωγοητεύω to bewitch beguileἔλαιονἔλαιον τότό olive-oilἐναγήςἐναγής -έςές under a curse outcastἕνεκαἕνεκα on account ofεὐδοκιμέωεὐδοκιμέω to be honouredεὐπορέωεὐπορέω -ήσωήσω to prosper thriveἤδηἤδη alreadyἰάομαιἰάομαι to heal cure

ΚιλίκιαΚιλίκια Ciliciaλίθοςλίθος ὁ a stoneμαντεύομαιμαντεύομαι to divine prophesyμητρολῴοςμητρολῴος ουου ὁ a matricideὀβολόςὀβολός ὁ an obolοἷοςοἷος -α -ονον what sort or mannerὈλυμπίαὈλυμπία ἡ Olympiaπεριχέωπεριχέω to pour round or overΠολυδάμαςΠολυδάμας -αντοςαντος ὁ Polydamasπυρέττωπυρέττω to be ill of a feverστέφανοςστέφανος ὁ a garlandτοιγαροῦντοιγαροῦν therefore accordinglyυἱόςυἱός ὁ a sonχρησμῳδέωχρησμῳδέω to chant oraclesψεύδομαιψεύδομαι to lie

22

Lucian

ΘεαγένουςΘεαγένους the miraculous power of the statue of Th eagenes another Olympic champion is reported by Pausanias (6116-9)

ΠρωτεσιλάῳΠρωτεσιλάῳ the cult of the hero Protesilaus on the Th racian Chersonese is mentioned in several sources

ἀφἀφ οὗοὗ (sc χρόνῳχρόνῳ) ldquofrom which timerdquoγεγόναμενγεγόναμεν perf of γίγνομαιγίγνομαι ldquowe have become so numerousrdquo ἐπιδέδωκεἐπιδέδωκε perf ldquohave increasedrdquoμᾶλλονμᾶλλον ldquomore and morerdquoκαταπεφρονήκασινκαταπεφρονήκασιν perf ldquothey have come to despise usrdquoεὖεὖ ποιοῦντεςποιοῦντες pres part ldquodoing wellrdquo ie and so they shouldοὔτεοὔτε ὄντωνὄντων δυναμένωνδυναμένων pres part gen agreeing with τινῶντινῶν ldquonames of certain

ones neither existing nor being able tordquo + infσυστῆναισυστῆναι aor inf of συνσυν-ἵστημιἵστημι after δυναμένωνδυναμένων ldquoable to existrdquo ἢ ποῦποῦ γάργάρ ldquofor where indeedrdquo

καὶ ὁ Θεαγένους ἐν Θάσῳ καὶ Ἕκτορι θύουσιν ἐν Ἰλίῳ καὶ ὁ Θεαγένους ἐν Θάσῳ καὶ Ἕκτορι θύουσιν ἐν Ἰλίῳ

καὶ Πρωτεσιλάῳ καταντικρὺ ἐν Χερρονήσῳ ἀφrsquo οὗ δrsquo καὶ Πρωτεσιλάῳ καταντικρὺ ἐν Χερρονήσῳ ἀφrsquo οὗ δrsquo

οὖν τοσοῦτοι γεγόναμεν ἐπιδέδωκε μᾶλλον ἡ ἐπιορκία οὖν τοσοῦτοι γεγόναμεν ἐπιδέδωκε μᾶλλον ἡ ἐπιορκία

καὶ ἱεροσυλία καὶ ὅλως καταπεφρονήκασιν ἡμῶν -- εὖ καὶ ἱεροσυλία καὶ ὅλως καταπεφρονήκασιν ἡμῶν -- εὖ

ποιοῦντες ποιοῦντες

Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τῶν νόθων καὶ παρεγγράπτων Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τῶν νόθων καὶ παρεγγράπτων

ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ξένα ὀνόματα πολλὰ ἤδη ἀκούων οὔτε ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ξένα ὀνόματα πολλὰ ἤδη ἀκούων οὔτε

ὄντων τινῶν παρrsquo ἡμῖν οὔτε συστῆναι ὅλως δυναμένων ὄντων τινῶν παρrsquo ἡμῖν οὔτε συστῆναι ὅλως δυναμένων

πάνυ ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις γελῶ ἢ ποῦ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ πάνυ ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις γελῶ ἢ ποῦ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ

ἀκούωἀκούω to hearγελάωγελάω to laughδύναμαιδύναμαι to be ableἝκτωρἝκτωρ -οροςορος ὁ Hector the Trojan heroἐπιδίδωμιἐπιδίδωμι to give besides increaseἐπιορκίαἐπιορκία ἡ a false oathΘάσοςΘάσος ὁ the island of Th asosΘεαγένουςΘεαγένους ὁ Th eagenesθύωθύω to sacrifi ce to (+ dat)ἱεροσυλίαἱεροσυλία a sacrilegeἼλιοςἼλιος ὁ Troy

καταντικρύκαταντικρύ on the opposite sideκαταφρονέωκαταφρονέω to despiseνόθοςνόθος -η -ονον bastardξένοςξένος -η -ονον foreignὅλωςὅλως entirelyὄνομαὄνομα τότό nameπαρέγγραπτοςπαρέγγραπτος -ονον illegally registeredΠρωτεσίλαοςΠρωτεσίλαος ὁ Protesilaus whose hero cult

was prominent in imperial timesσυνίστημισυνίστημι to set togetherτοσοῦτοςτοσοῦτος -αύτηαύτη -οῦτοοῦτο so large so tallΧερρονήσοςΧερρονήσος ὁ the Chersonese or peninsula

23


ἀρετὴἀρετὴ καὶκαὶ φύσιςφύσις ldquoVirtue and Nature etcrdquo all equated with divine principles in various philosophies

ἐπινοηθένταἐπινοηθέντα aor part pass ldquohaving been inventedrdquoπέπεικενπέπεικεν perf of πείθωπείθω ldquothey have so persuadedrdquoὥστεὥστε βούλεταιβούλεται indic in result clause emphasizing actual result ldquoso that no one

wishesrdquo + infεἰδὼςεἰδὼς perf part in οἶδαοἶδα agreeing with οὐδεὶςοὐδεὶς ldquono one wishes since they knowrdquoκἂνκἂν παραστήσῃπαραστήσῃ aor subj of παραπαρα-ἵστημιἵστημι in future more vivid protasis ldquoeven if

they dedicate sacrifi cesrdquoπράξουσανπράξουσαν fut part in ind st after εἰδὼςεἰδὼς ldquosince they know that Chance will eff ectrdquo

πολυθρύλητος ἀρετὴ καὶ φύσις καὶ εἱμαρμένη καὶ τύχη πολυθρύλητος ἀρετὴ καὶ φύσις καὶ εἱμαρμένη καὶ τύχη

ἀνυπόστατα καὶ κενὰ πραγμάτων ὀνόματα ὑπὸ βλακῶν ἀνυπόστατα καὶ κενὰ πραγμάτων ὀνόματα ὑπὸ βλακῶν

ἀνθρώπων τῶν φιλοσόφων ἐπινοηθέντα καὶ ὅμως ἀνθρώπων τῶν φιλοσόφων ἐπινοηθέντα καὶ ὅμως

αὐτοσχέδια ὄντα οὕτω τοὺς ἀνοήτους πέπεικεν ὥστε αὐτοσχέδια ὄντα οὕτω τοὺς ἀνοήτους πέπεικεν ὥστε

οὐδεὶς ἡμῖν οὐδὲ θύειν βούλεται εἰδὼς ὅτι κἂν μυρίας οὐδεὶς ἡμῖν οὐδὲ θύειν βούλεται εἰδὼς ὅτι κἂν μυρίας

ἑκατόμβας παραστήσῃ ὅμως τὴν τύχην πράξουσαν τὰ ἑκατόμβας παραστήσῃ ὅμως τὴν τύχην πράξουσαν τὰ

Result Clauses ὥστεὥστε (sometimes ὡςὡς) introduces result clauses either with an infi nitive or with a fi nite verb ὥστεὥστε + infi nitive indicates a possible or intended result without emphasizing its actual occurrence Th e infi nitive does not express time but only aspect

ἐπιλέλοιπεἐπιλέλοιπε δὲδὲ ἡ ἀμβροσίαἀμβροσία καὶκαὶ τὸτὸ νέκταρνέκταρ ὥστεὥστε μνᾶςμνᾶς ἤδηἤδη τὴντὴν κοτύληνκοτύλην εἶναιεἶναι ldquoTh e ambrosia and nectar has run low so that now a cup costs one minardquo

ὥστεὥστε + indicative emphasizes the actual occurrence of the result Both time and aspect are indicated by the form of the verb

οὕτωοὕτω τοὺςτοὺς ἀνοήτουςἀνοήτους πέπεικενπέπεικεν ὥστεὥστε οὐδεὶςοὐδεὶς ἡμῖνἡμῖν οὐδὲοὐδὲ θύεινθύειν βούλεταιβούλεται ldquoTh ey have so persuaded the ignorant that no one wishes to sacrifi ce to usrdquo

ἀνόητοςἀνόητος -ονον ignorantἀνυπόστατοςἀνυπόστατος -ονον irresistibleἀρετήἀρετή ἡ goodness excellenceαὐτοσχέδιοςαὐτοσχέδιος -ονον improvisedβλάξβλάξ -κοςκος ὁ a stupid personβούλομαιβούλομαι to will wishεἱμαρμένηεἱμαρμένη ἡ necessityἑκατόμβηἑκατόμβη ἡ an off ering of a hundred oxenἐπινοέωἐπινοέω to contrive inventθύωθύω to sacrifi ceκενόςκενός -ή -όνόν empty

μυρίοςμυρίος -οςος -ονον numberlessὄνομαὄνομα τότό a nameπαρίστημιπαρίστημι to make to standπείθωπείθω to persuadeπολυθρύλητοςπολυθρύλητος -ονον well knownπρᾶγμαπρᾶγμα -ατοςατος τότό a matter businessπράττωπράττω to do eff ectτύχητύχη ἡ fortuneφιλόσοφοςφιλόσοφος ὁ a lover of wisdomφύσιςφύσις ἡ nature

24

Lucian

τὰτὰ μεμοιραμέναμεμοιραμένα perf part ldquothe things fatedrdquoἃ ἐπεκλώσθηἐπεκλώσθη aor pass ldquowhat has been spun outrdquo ie determined by Fateἂνἂν οὖνοὖν ἐροίμηνἐροίμην aor opt pot ldquoso I would like to askrdquoεἴεἴ πουπου εἶδεςεἶδες ind question ldquoask whether you knowrdquoὡςὡς μὴμὴ ἐπαΐεινἐπαΐειν inf in result clause ldquoso that you do not hearrdquo + gen

μεμοιραμένα καὶ ἃ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἑκάστῳ ἐπεκλώσθη ἡδέως μεμοιραμένα καὶ ἃ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἑκάστῳ ἐπεκλώσθη ἡδέως

ἂν οὖν ἐροίμην σε ὦ Ζεῦ εἴ που εἶδες ἢ ἀρετὴν ἢ φύσιν ἂν οὖν ἐροίμην σε ὦ Ζεῦ εἴ που εἶδες ἢ ἀρετὴν ἢ φύσιν

ἢ εἱμαρμένην ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἀεὶ καὶ σὺ ἀκούεις ἐν ταῖς τῶν ἢ εἱμαρμένην ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἀεὶ καὶ σὺ ἀκούεις ἐν ταῖς τῶν

φιλοσόφων διατριβαῖς οἶδα εἰ μὴ καὶ κωφός τις εἶ ὡς φιλοσόφων διατριβαῖς οἶδα εἰ μὴ καὶ κωφός τις εἶ ὡς

βοώντων αὐτῶν μὴ ἐπαΐειν βοώντων αὐτῶν μὴ ἐπαΐειν

Participles General PrinciplesParticiples fall into three broad classes of use with many other distinctions 1 Attributive participles modify a noun or pronoun like other adjectives Th ey can occur with an article in the attributive position or with no article

πλείουςπλείους γὰργὰρ οἶδrsquoοἶδrsquo ὅτιὅτι ἔσονταιἔσονται οἱοἱ μὴμὴ χειροτονήσοντεςχειροτονήσοντες ldquofor I know that those who will not raise their hands will be more numerousrdquo

2 Circumstantial participles are added to a noun or pronoun to set forth some circumstance under which an action takes place Although agreeing with a noun or pronoun these participles actually qualify the verb in a sentence indicating time manner means cause purpose concession condition or attendant circumstance Circumstantial participles can occur in the genitive absolute construction

οὐδὲνοὐδὲν ὑποστειλάμενοςὑποστειλάμενος ἐρῶἐρῶ ldquoI will speak having held back not at allrdquoFor more examples see p 183 Supplementary participles complete the idea of certain verbs Often it is the participle itself that expresses the main action

πῶςπῶς ἀνέχεσθεἀνέχεσθε ὁρῶντεςὁρῶντες ldquoHow do you endure seeing themrdquoTh e participial form of indirect discourse after verbs of showing and perceiving is a special class of supplementary participles

ὁρῶὁρῶ γοῦνγοῦν πολλοὺςπολλοὺς ἀχθομένουςἀχθομένους ldquoI see that many are becoming annoyedrdquo

ἀείἀεί always for everἀκούωἀκούω to hearἀρετήἀρετή ἡ goodness excellenceἀρχήἀρχή ἡ a beginningβοάωβοάω to cry aloud to shoutδιατριβήδιατριβή ἡ a diatribe sermonεἱμαρμένηεἱμαρμένη ἡ necessityἕκαστοςἕκαστος -η -ονον each each one

ἐπαίωἐπαίω to listen to hearἐπικλώθωἐπικλώθω to spin (a thread)ἐρωτάωἐρωτάω to ask enquireἡδέωςἡδέως sweetlyκωφόςκωφός -ή -όνόν blunt dull obtuseμοιράωμοιράω to distribute allocateφιλόσοφοςφιλόσοφος ὁ a lover of wisdomφύσιςφύσις ἡ nature

25


ἀχθομένουςἀχθομένους συρίττονταςσυρίττοντας pres part in ind st after ὁρῶὁρῶ ldquoI see that many are becoming annoyed and are whisperingrdquo

καθήψατοκαθήψατο aor mid of κατακατα-ἅπτωἅπτω ldquomy frankness has fi xed uponrdquo + genπέραςπέρας acc adverbial ldquoin conclusionrdquoἀναγνώσομαιἀναγνώσομαι fut ldquoI will read outrdquoξυγγεγραμμένονξυγγεγραμμένον perf part of ξυνξυν-γράφωγράφω ldquosomething already composedrdquoἀνάγνωθιἀνάγνωθι aor imper of ἀναἀνα-γιγνώσκωγιγνώσκω ldquoread outrdquoᾐτιάσωᾐτιάσω aor 2 sing mid ldquoyou accusedrdquoὡςὡς μὴμὴ ἂνἂν γίγνηταιγίγνηται pres subj in neg purpose clause ldquolest they becomerdquoἐπὶἐπὶ πλεῖονπλεῖον ldquomore sordquo

Πολλὰ ἔτι ἔχων εἰπεῖν καταπαύσω τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ Πολλὰ ἔτι ἔχων εἰπεῖν καταπαύσω τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ

γοῦν πολλοὺς ἀχθομένους μοι λέγοντι καὶ συρίττοντας γοῦν πολλοὺς ἀχθομένους μοι λέγοντι καὶ συρίττοντας

ἐκείνους μάλιστα ὧν καθήψατο ἡ παρρησία τῶν λόγων ἐκείνους μάλιστα ὧν καθήψατο ἡ παρρησία τῶν λόγων

πέρας γοῦν εἰ ἐθέλεις ὦ Ζεῦ ψήφισμά τι περὶ τούτων πέρας γοῦν εἰ ἐθέλεις ὦ Ζεῦ ψήφισμά τι περὶ τούτων

ἀναγνώσομαι ἤδη ξυγγεγραμμένον ἀναγνώσομαι ἤδη ξυγγεγραμμένον

ΖΕΥΣ Ἀνάγνωθι οὐ πάντα γὰρ ἀλόγως ᾐτιάσω καὶ δεῖ τὰ ΖΕΥΣ Ἀνάγνωθι οὐ πάντα γὰρ ἀλόγως ᾐτιάσω καὶ δεῖ τὰ

πολλὰ αὐτῶν ἐπισχεῖν ὡς μὴ ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἂν γίγνηται πολλὰ αὐτῶν ἐπισχεῖν ὡς μὴ ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἂν γίγνηται

αἰτιάομαιαἰτιάομαι to charge accuseἄλογοςἄλογος -ονον without reasonἀναγιγνώσκωἀναγιγνώσκω to read outἄχθομαιἄχθομαι to be loadedγοῦνγοῦν at least then at any rate any wayδεῖδεῖ to be necessaryἐθέλωἐθέλω to will wish purposeκαθάπτωκαθάπτω to fasten fi x or put upon

καταπαύωκαταπαύω to lay to rest put an end toξυγγράφωξυγγράφω to write or note downὁράωὁράω to seeπαρρησίαπαρρησία ἡ freespokennessπέραςπέρας -ατοςατος τότό an end limitπλείωνπλείων πλεῖονπλεῖον moreσυρίττωσυρίττω to whisperψήφισμαψήφισμα -ατοςατος τότό a proposal decree

26

Lucian

ἀγαθῇἀγαθῇ τύχῃτύχῃ dat in a common formula like many of the following phrases ldquomay there be good fortunerdquo

ἐκκλησίαςἐκκλησίας ἀγομένηςἀγομένης gen abs ldquoa regular assembly being convenedrdquoἑβδόμῃἑβδόμῃ (sc ἡμέρᾳἡμέρᾳ) ldquoheld on the seventh dayrdquoἱσταμένουἱσταμένου pres part pass agreeing with ἐκκλησίαςἐκκλησίας ldquobeing establishedrdquoἐπρυτάνευεἐπρυτάνευε προήδρευεπροήδρευε ἐπεστάτειἐπεστάτει ἐγραμμάτευεἐγραμμάτευε impf referring to the offi ces

of the prytaneis (executive committee of the assembly) proedros (president of the executive committee) epistates (chairman of the executive committee) and grammateus (secretary)

ΝυκτὸςΝυκτὸς (sc υἷοςυἷος) ldquoson of Nightrdquoτὴντὴν γνώμηνγνώμην εἶπενεἶπενrdquo Sleep made the resolutionrdquoκοινωνεῖνκοινωνεῖν inf epexegetic after ἄξιοιἄξιοι ldquoworthy to share inrdquo + genπαρεγγραφέντεςπαρεγγραφέντες aor part pass of παραπαρα-ενεν-γράφωγράφω ldquohaving been enrolled illegallyrdquoοὐκοὐκ οἶδαοἶδα ὅπωςὅπως parenthetical ldquoI donrsquot know howrdquoθεοὶθεοὶ nom pred ldquohaving been considered godsrdquoἐμπεπλήκασιἐμπεπλήκασι perf of ἐνἐν-πίμπλημιπίμπλημι ldquothey have fi lledrdquoὡςὡς εἶναιεἶναι inf in result clause ldquoso that the symposium is full ofrdquo + genταραχώδουςταραχώδους gen agreeing with ὄχλουὄχλου ldquofull of a disturbing crowdrdquo

ΜΩΜΟΣ Ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ Ἐκκλησίας ἐννόμου ἀγομένης ἑβδόμῃ ΜΩΜΟΣ Ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ Ἐκκλησίας ἐννόμου ἀγομένης ἑβδόμῃ

ἱσταμένου ὁ Ζεὺς ἐπρυτάνευε καὶ προήδρευε Ποσειδῶν ἱσταμένου ὁ Ζεὺς ἐπρυτάνευε καὶ προήδρευε Ποσειδῶν

ἐπεστάτει Ἀπόλλων ἐγραμμάτευε Μῶμος Νυκτὸς καὶ ὁ ἐπεστάτει Ἀπόλλων ἐγραμμάτευε Μῶμος Νυκτὸς καὶ ὁ

Ὕπνος τὴν γνώμην εἶπεν Ἐπειδὴ πολλοὶ τῶν ξένων οὐ Ὕπνος τὴν γνώμην εἶπεν Ἐπειδὴ πολλοὶ τῶν ξένων οὐ

μόνον Ἕλληνες ἀλλὰ καὶ βάρβαροι οὐδαμῶς ἄξιοι ὄντες μόνον Ἕλληνες ἀλλὰ καὶ βάρβαροι οὐδαμῶς ἄξιοι ὄντες

κοινωνεῖν ἡμῖν τῆς πολιτείας παρεγγραφέντες οὐκ οἶδα κοινωνεῖν ἡμῖν τῆς πολιτείας παρεγγραφέντες οὐκ οἶδα

ὅπως καὶ θεοὶ δόξαντες ἐμπεπλήκασι μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν ὅπως καὶ θεοὶ δόξαντες ἐμπεπλήκασι μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν

ὡς μεστὸν εἶναι τὸ συμπόσιον ὄχλου ταραχώδους ὡς μεστὸν εἶναι τὸ συμπόσιον ὄχλου ταραχώδους

ἄγωἄγω to leadἄξιοςἄξιος -ίαία -ονον worthyβάρβαροςβάρβαρος ὁ a barbarianγνώμηγνώμη ἡ a resolutionγραμματεύωγραμματεύω to be secretaryδοκέωδοκέω to seem to be consideredἕβδομοςἕβδομος -η -ονον seventhἐκκλησίαἐκκλησία ἡ an assemblyἝλληνἝλλην -ηνοςηνος ὁ a Greekἐμπίμπλημιἐμπίμπλημι to fi llἔννομοςἔννομος -ονον lawful legalἐπιστατέωἐπιστατέω to serve as chairmanἵστημιἵστημι to make to standκοινωνέωκοινωνέω to share of or take part in

μεστόςμεστός -ή -όνόν fullξένοςξένος ὁ a foreignerοὐδαμῶςοὐδαμῶς in no wiseοὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenὄχλοςὄχλος ὁ a throng mobπαρεγγράφωπαρεγγράφω to enroll illegallyπολιτείαπολιτεία ἡ citizenshipπροεδρεύωπροεδρεύω to act as presidentπρυτανεύωπρυτανεύω to serve as a member of the

executive committeeσυμπόσιονσυμπόσιον τότό a symposiumταραχώδηςταραχώδης -εςες disturbingτύχητύχη ἡ fortuneὕπνοςὕπνος ὁ sleep

27


ἐπιλέλοιπεἐπιλέλοιπε perf ldquothe ambrosia has run lowrdquoὥστεὥστε εἶναιεἶναι result clause ldquoso that a cup isrdquoμνᾶςμνᾶς gen of price ldquocosts a mnardquoτῶντῶν πινόντωνπινόντων pres part gen partitive ldquonumber of those drinkingrdquoὑπὸὑπὸ αὐθαδείαςαὐθαδείας the agency expression ldquoby their boldnessrdquoπαρωσάμενοιπαρωσάμενοι aor part of παραπαρα-ὠθέωὠθέω ldquohaving pushed asiderdquoἠξιώκασινἠξιώκασιν perf ldquothey have deemed themselves worthyrdquoαὑτοὺςαὑτοὺς (=ἑαυτοὺςἑαυτοὺς) refl exive ldquodeemed themselvesrdquoπροτιμᾶσθαιπροτιμᾶσθαι pres inf pass complementing θέλουσιθέλουσι ldquowish to be honoredrdquoδεδόχθαιδεδόχθαι perf inf pass of δοκέωδοκέω used as an imperative ldquobe it resolvedrdquo and

governing the infi nitives in the next several sentencesξυλλεγῆναιξυλλεγῆναι aor inf pass of ξυνξυν-λέγωλέγω after δεδόχθαιδεδόχθαι ldquoresolved that the assembly be

gatheredrdquoπερὶπερὶ τροπὰςτροπὰς χειμερινάςχειμερινάς ldquoin the winter solsticerdquoἑλέσθαιἑλέσθαι aor inf of αἱρέομαιαἱρέομαι also after δεδόχθαιδεδόχθαι ldquoresolved to chooserdquoἐπιγνώμοναςἐπιγνώμονας acc pred ldquochoose as arbitersrdquo

πολυγλώσσων τινῶν καὶ ξυγκλύδων ἀνθρώπων πολυγλώσσων τινῶν καὶ ξυγκλύδων ἀνθρώπων

ἐπιλέλοιπε δὲ ἡ ἀμβροσία καὶ τὸ νέκταρ ὥστε μνᾶς ἐπιλέλοιπε δὲ ἡ ἀμβροσία καὶ τὸ νέκταρ ὥστε μνᾶς

ἤδη τὴν κοτύλην εἶναι διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πινόντων οἱ ἤδη τὴν κοτύλην εἶναι διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πινόντων οἱ

δὲ ὑπὸ αὐθαδείας παρωσάμενοι τοὺς παλαιούς τε καὶ δὲ ὑπὸ αὐθαδείας παρωσάμενοι τοὺς παλαιούς τε καὶ

ἀληθεῖς θεοὺς προεδρίας ἠξιώκασιν αὑτοὺς παρὰ πάντα ἀληθεῖς θεοὺς προεδρίας ἠξιώκασιν αὑτοὺς παρὰ πάντα

τὰ πάτρια καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ προτιμᾶσθαι θέλουσι Δεδόχθαι τὰ πάτρια καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ προτιμᾶσθαι θέλουσι Δεδόχθαι

τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ξυλλεγῆναι μὲν ἐκκλησίαν ἐν τῷ τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ξυλλεγῆναι μὲν ἐκκλησίαν ἐν τῷ

Ὀλύμπῳ περὶ τροπὰς χειμερινάς ἑλέσθαι δὲ ἐπιγνώμονας Ὀλύμπῳ περὶ τροπὰς χειμερινάς ἑλέσθαι δὲ ἐπιγνώμονας

αἱρέομαιαἱρέομαι to choose electἀληθήςἀληθής -έςές unconcealed trueἀμβροσίαἀμβροσία ἡ ambrosiaἀξιόωἀξιόω to think worthy ofαὐθάδειααὐθάδεια wilfulness presumptionβουλήβουλή ἡ executive committeeγῆγῆ ἡ earthδῆμοςδῆμος ὁ the peopleἐκκλησίαἐκκλησία ἡ an assemblyἐπιγνώμωνἐπιγνώμων -ονοςονος ὁ an arbiterἐπιλείπωἐπιλείπω to leave behind run lowθέλωθέλω to will wish purposeκοτύληκοτύλη ἡ a cupμνᾶμνᾶ ἡ a mna (a measure)

νέκταρνέκταρ -αροςαρος τότό nectarξύγκλυςξύγκλυς -υδοςυδος ὁ promiscuous ξυλλέγωξυλλέγω to gatherὌλυμποςὌλυμπος ὁ Olympusπαλαιόςπαλαιός -ά -όνόν old in yearsπαρωθέωπαρωθέω to push aside X (acc) from Y

(gen)πάτριοςπάτριος -α -ονον of onersquos father traditionalπίνωπίνω to drinkπλῆθοςπλῆθος -εοςεος τότό a multitudeπολύγλωσσοςπολύγλωσσος -ονον many-tonguedπροεδρίαπροεδρία ἡ the privilege of the front seatsπροτιμάωπροτιμάω to honourτροπήτροπή ἡ a turn (of the sunrsquos course) solsticeχειμερινόςχειμερινός -ή -όνόν of winter

28

Lucian

τῆςτῆς ἐπὶἐπὶ ΚρόνουΚρόνου ldquothe committee from Cronusrsquo timerdquoἐκἐκ τῶντῶν δώδεκαδώδεκα ldquofrom the twelve (Olympians)rdquoκαθέζεσθαικαθέζεσθαι pres inf ldquo(resolved) that these sit downrdquo ie meetὀμόσανταςὀμόσαντας aor part agreeing with τούτουςτούτους ldquothese having swornrdquoτὴντὴν ΣτύγαΣτύγα swearing by the Styx was the most serious divine oathκηρύξαντακηρύξαντα aor part instrumental ldquothat Hermes by having proclaimedrdquoξυναγαγεῖνξυναγαγεῖν aor inf ldquo(resolved) that Hermes convenerdquoξυντελεῖνξυντελεῖν fut inf after ἀξιοῦσιἀξιοῦσι ldquowhoever demands to make pay the taxrdquo ie to be

counted among our community since paying taxes is the basis for inclusionτοὺςτοὺς δὲδὲ ldquoand that these comerdquoἐπαγομένουςἐπαγομένους pres part acc ldquobringing witnessesrdquoἀποδείξειςἀποδείξεις acc ldquodemonstrationsrdquo ie documentationοἱοἱ μὲνμὲν παρίτωσανπαρίτωσαν pres imper 3 pl of παραπαρα-έρχομαιέρχομαι ldquolet them advancerdquoἀποφανοῦνταιἀποφανοῦνται fut ldquothese will show forthrdquo

τελείους θεοὺς ἑπτά τρεῖς μὲν ἐκ τῆς παλαιᾶς βουλῆς τελείους θεοὺς ἑπτά τρεῖς μὲν ἐκ τῆς παλαιᾶς βουλῆς

τῆς ἐπὶ Κρόνου τέτταρας δὲ ἐκ τῶν δώδεκα καὶ ἐν τῆς ἐπὶ Κρόνου τέτταρας δὲ ἐκ τῶν δώδεκα καὶ ἐν

αὐτοῖς τὸν Δία τούτους δὲ τοὺς ἐπιγνώμονας αὐτοὺς αὐτοῖς τὸν Δία τούτους δὲ τοὺς ἐπιγνώμονας αὐτοὺς

μὲν καθέζεσθαι ὀμόσαντας τὸν νόμιμον ὅρκον τὴν μὲν καθέζεσθαι ὀμόσαντας τὸν νόμιμον ὅρκον τὴν

Στύγα τὸν Ἑρμῆν δὲ κηρύξαντα ξυναγαγεῖν ἅπαντας Στύγα τὸν Ἑρμῆν δὲ κηρύξαντα ξυναγαγεῖν ἅπαντας

ὅσοι ἀξιοῦσι ξυντελεῖν ἐς τὸ ξυνέδριον τοὺς δὲ ἥκειν ὅσοι ἀξιοῦσι ξυντελεῖν ἐς τὸ ξυνέδριον τοὺς δὲ ἥκειν

μάρτυρας ἐπαγομένους ἐνωμότους καὶ ἀποδείξεις τοῦ μάρτυρας ἐπαγομένους ἐνωμότους καὶ ἀποδείξεις τοῦ

γένους τοὐντεῦθεν δὲ οἱ μὲν παρίτωσαν καθrsquo ἕνα οἱ δὲ γένους τοὐντεῦθεν δὲ οἱ μὲν παρίτωσαν καθrsquo ἕνα οἱ δὲ

ἐπιγνώμονες ἐξετάζοντες ἢ θεοὺς εἶναι ἀποφανοῦνται ἢ ἐπιγνώμονες ἐξετάζοντες ἢ θεοὺς εἶναι ἀποφανοῦνται ἢ

ἀξιόωἀξιόω to demandἀπόδειξιςἀπόδειξις -εωςεως ἡ a proofἀποφαίνωἀποφαίνω to show fort displayβουλήβουλή ἡ executive committeeγένοςγένος -ουςους τότό race stock familyδώδεκαδώδεκα twelveεἷςεἷς μίαμία ἕνἕν oneἐντεῦθενἐντεῦθεν hence or thenceἐνώμοτοςἐνώμοτος -ονον bound by oathἐξετάζωἐξετάζω to examine closelyἐπάγωἐπάγω to bring onἐπιγνώμωνἐπιγνώμων -ονοςονος ὁ an arbiterἑπτάἑπτά sevenἙρμῆςἙρμῆς -οῦοῦ ὁ Hermesἥκωἥκω to have come be presentκαθέζομαικαθέζομαι to sit down

κηρύττωκηρύττω to proclaim offi ciallyΚρόνοςΚρόνος ὁ Cronusμάρτυςμάρτυς -υροςυρος ὁ a witnessνόμιμοςνόμιμος -η -ονον legalξυνάγωξυνάγω to bring together conveneξυνέδριονξυνέδριον τότό a councilξυντελέωξυντελέω to accomplishὄμνυμιὄμνυμι to swearὅρκοςὅρκος ὁ the witness of an oathπαλαιόςπαλαιός -ά -όνόν old in yearsπαρέρχομαιπαρέρχομαιrdquo to advanceΣτύξΣτύξ ἡ the Styxτέλειοςτέλειος -α -ονον fi nished perfectτέτταρεςτέτταρες -ωνων οἱοἱ fourτρεῖςτρεῖς τρίατρία three

29


καταπέμψουσινκαταπέμψουσιν fut ldquoor they will send awayrdquoἢνἢν δέδέ τιςτις ἁλῷἁλῷ aor subj of ἁλίσκομαιἁλίσκομαι in present general protasis ldquoif anyone is

caughtrdquo + partτῶντῶν ἐκκριθέντωνἐκκριθέντων aor part pass gen pl partitive with τιςτις ldquoif anyone of those

having been judgedrdquoἀδοκίμωνἀδοκίμων gen pred ldquojudged (to be) illegalrdquoἐπιβαίνωνἐπιβαίνων pres part after ἁλῷἁλῷ ldquois caught enteringrdquo + genἐμπεσεῖνἐμπεσεῖν aor inf also governed by δεδόχθαιδεδόχθαι ldquoresolved that he fallrdquoτὰτὰ αὐτοῦαὐτοῦ ldquoeach accomplish his own thingsrdquoμήτεμήτε ἰᾶσθαιἰᾶσθαι ldquo(resolved) that Athena not healrdquoμήτεμήτε χρησμῳδεῖνχρησμῳδεῖν ldquothat Asclepius not prophesizerdquoμήτεμήτε ποιεῖνποιεῖν ldquothat Apollo alone not dordquoἐπιλεξάμενονἐπιλεξάμενον aor part agreeing with ἈπόλλωἈπόλλω ldquohaving chosen onerdquoπροειπεῖνπροειπεῖν aor inf ldquo(resolved) to warnrdquo

καταπέμψουσιν ἐπὶ τὰ σφέτερα ἠρία καὶ τὰς θήκας τὰς καταπέμψουσιν ἐπὶ τὰ σφέτερα ἠρία καὶ τὰς θήκας τὰς

προγονικάς ἢν δέ τις ἁλῷ τῶν ἀδοκίμων καὶ ἅπαξ ὑπὸ προγονικάς ἢν δέ τις ἁλῷ τῶν ἀδοκίμων καὶ ἅπαξ ὑπὸ

τῶν ἐπιγνωμόνων ἐκκριθέντων ἐπιβαίνων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τῶν ἐπιγνωμόνων ἐκκριθέντων ἐπιβαίνων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ

ἐς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐμπεσεῖν τοῦτον Ἐργάζεσθαι δὲ τὰ ἐς τὸν Τάρταρον ἐμπεσεῖν τοῦτον Ἐργάζεσθαι δὲ τὰ

αὐτοῦ ἕκαστον καὶ μήτε τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν ἰᾶσθαι μήτε τὸν αὐτοῦ ἕκαστον καὶ μήτε τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν ἰᾶσθαι μήτε τὸν

Ἀσκληπιὸν χρησμῳδεῖν μήτε τὸν Ἀπόλλω τοσαῦτα Ἀσκληπιὸν χρησμῳδεῖν μήτε τὸν Ἀπόλλω τοσαῦτα

μόνον ποιεῖν ἀλλὰ ἕν τι ἐπιλεξάμενον μάντιν ἢ μόνον ποιεῖν ἀλλὰ ἕν τι ἐπιλεξάμενον μάντιν ἢ

κιθαρῳδὸν ἢ ἰατρὸν εἶναι τοῖς δὲ φιλοσόφοις προειπεῖν κιθαρῳδὸν ἢ ἰατρὸν εἶναι τοῖς δὲ φιλοσόφοις προειπεῖν

ἀδόκιμοςἀδόκιμος -ονον spuriousἈθήνηἈθήνη ἡ Athena goddess of craftsἁλίσκομαιἁλίσκομαι to be taken conqueredἅπαξἅπαξ onceἈπόλλωνἈπόλλων -ωνοςωνος -ω ὁ god of healing

prophecy and musicἈσκληπιόςἈσκληπιός ὁ god of healingεἷςεἷς μίαμία ἕνἕν oneἕκαστοςἕκαστος -η -ονον eachἐκκρίνωἐκκρίνω to chooseἐμπίπτωἐμπίπτω fall uponἐπιβαίνωἐπιβαίνω to go upon enterἐπιγνώμωνἐπιγνώμων -ονοςονος ὁ an arbiterἐπιλέγωἐπιλέγω to choose pick out selectἐργάζομαιἐργάζομαι to work accomplishἠρίονἠρίον τότό a mound tomb

θήκηθήκη ἡ a box chestἰάομαιἰάομαι to heal cureἰατρόςἰατρός ὁ a physicianκαταπέμπωκαταπέμπω to send downκιθαρῳδόςκιθαρῳδός ὁ a harperμάντιςμάντις -εωςεως ὁ a seer prophetμόνονμόνον only alone οὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenπρογονικόςπρογονικός -ή -όνόν parentalπροεῖπονπροεῖπον to tell or state beforeσφέτεροςσφέτερος -α -ονον their own theirΤάρταροςΤάρταρος ὁ Tartarusτοσοῦτοςτοσοῦτος -αύτηαύτη -οῦτοοῦτο so manyφιλόσοφοςφιλόσοφος ὁ a lover of wisdomχρησμῳδέωχρησμῳδέω to chant oracles

30

Lucian

μὴμὴ ἀναπλάττεινἀναπλάττειν pres inf after προειπεῖνπροειπεῖν ldquowarn not to fashionrdquoπερὶπερὶ ὧνὧν the relative is attracted into the case of its antecedent ldquoabout (that) which

they knowrdquoἠξιώθησανἠξιώθησαν aor pass ldquoas many as have been deemed worthy ofrdquo + genκαθαιρεθῆναικαθαιρεθῆναι aor pass inf of κατακατα-αἱρέωαἱρέω ldquo(resolved) that their statues be taken

downrdquoἐντεθῆναιἐντεθῆναι aor pass inf of ἐνἐν-τίθημιτίθημι that (others) be installedrdquoχῶσαιχῶσαι ἐπιστῆσαιἐπιστῆσαι aor inf ldquothat the city heap up a funeral mound set up a stelerdquoἢνἢν δέδέ τιςτις παρακούσῃπαρακούσῃ μὴμὴ ἐθελήσῃἐθελήσῃ aor subj in present general protases ldquoif

someone hears and does not wishrdquoἐρήμηνἐρήμην cognate acc with καταδιαιτησάτωσανκαταδιαιτησάτωσαν ldquorender a judgement by defaultrdquo ie a

forfeitκαταδιαιτησάτωσανκαταδιαιτησάτωσαν aor 3 pl imper serving as an apodosis ldquolet them make a

judgementrdquo

μὴ ἀναπλάττειν κενὰ ὀνόματα μηδὲ ληρεῖν περὶ ὧν μὴ ἀναπλάττειν κενὰ ὀνόματα μηδὲ ληρεῖν περὶ ὧν

οὐκ ἴσασιν ὁπόσοι δὲ ἤδη ναῶν ἢ θυσιῶν ἠξιώθησαν οὐκ ἴσασιν ὁπόσοι δὲ ἤδη ναῶν ἢ θυσιῶν ἠξιώθησαν

ἐκείνων μὲν καθαιρεθῆναι τὰ ἀγάλματα ἐντεθῆναι δὲ ἢ ἐκείνων μὲν καθαιρεθῆναι τὰ ἀγάλματα ἐντεθῆναι δὲ ἢ

Διὸς ἢ Ἥρας ἢ Ἀπόλλωνος ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τινός ἐκείνοις Διὸς ἢ Ἥρας ἢ Ἀπόλλωνος ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τινός ἐκείνοις

δὲ τάφον χῶσαι τὴν πόλιν καὶ στήλην ἐπιστῆσαι ἀντὶ δὲ τάφον χῶσαι τὴν πόλιν καὶ στήλην ἐπιστῆσαι ἀντὶ

βωμοῦ ἢν δέ τις παρακούσῃ τοῦ κηρύγματος καὶ μὴ βωμοῦ ἢν δέ τις παρακούσῃ τοῦ κηρύγματος καὶ μὴ

ἐθελήσῃ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐπιγνώμονας ἐλθεῖν ἐρήμην αὐτοῦ ἐθελήσῃ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐπιγνώμονας ἐλθεῖν ἐρήμην αὐτοῦ

καταδιαιτησάτωσαν Τοῦτο μὲν ὑμῖν τὸ ψήφισμα καταδιαιτησάτωσαν Τοῦτο μὲν ὑμῖν τὸ ψήφισμα

ἄγαλμαἄγαλμα -ατοςατος τότό a statueἀναπλάττωἀναπλάττω to remodel fashionἀξιόωἀξιόω to think worthy ofβωμόςβωμός ὁ an altarἐθέλωἐθέλω to will wishἐντίθημιἐντίθημι to put in or intoἐπιγνώμωνἐπιγνώμων -ονοςονος ὁ an arbiterἐρήμηἐρήμη ἡ a judgement by defaultἐφίστημιἐφίστημι to set or place uponθυσίαθυσία ἡ an off eringκαθαιρέωκαθαιρέω to take downκαταδιαιτάωκαταδιαιτάω to give a judgement against X

(gen)

κενόςκενός -ή -όνόν emptyκήρυγμακήρυγμα -ατοςατος τότό a proclamation public

noticeληρέωληρέω to speak or act foolishlyναόςναός ναῶναῶ ὁ a templeὄνομαὄνομα τότό nameὁπόσοςὁπόσος how manyπαρακούωπαρακούω to hear besideπόλιςπόλις ἡ a cityστήληστήλη ἡ a stele monumentτάφοςτάφος ὁ a funeral moundχόωχόω to throw or heap upψήφισμαψήφισμα -ατοςατος τότό a resolution

31


ἀνατεινάτωἀνατεινάτω aor imper 3 s ldquolet each raise his handrdquo ie to voteγιγνέσθωγιγνέσθω pres imper 3 s ldquolet it be sordquo ie the resolution is passedπλείουςπλείους nom pred ldquowill be morerdquoοἱοἱ μὴμὴ χειροτονήσοντεςχειροτονήσοντες fut part attrib ldquothose who will not stretch out the handrdquo

ie will vote againstἄπιτεἄπιτε pres imper ldquogo awayrdquoκηρύξῃκηρύξῃ aor subj in general temporal clause ldquowhenever Hermes makes the

proclamationrdquoἐναργῆἐναργῆ neut pl acc pred ldquotokens that are distinctrdquoσαφεῖςσαφεῖς f pl acc pred ldquoproofs that are clearrdquo

ΖΕΥΣ Δικαιότατον ὦ Μῶμε καὶ ὅτῳ δοκεῖ ἀνατεινάτω ΖΕΥΣ Δικαιότατον ὦ Μῶμε καὶ ὅτῳ δοκεῖ ἀνατεινάτω

τὴν χεῖρα μᾶλλον δέ οὕτω γιγνέσθω πλείους γὰρ οἶδrsquo τὴν χεῖρα μᾶλλον δέ οὕτω γιγνέσθω πλείους γὰρ οἶδrsquo

ὅτι ἔσονται οἱ μὴ χειροτονήσοντες ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν ἄπιτε ὅτι ἔσονται οἱ μὴ χειροτονήσοντες ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν ἄπιτε

ὁπόταν δὲ κηρύξῃ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἥκετε κομίζοντες ἕκαστος ὁπόταν δὲ κηρύξῃ ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἥκετε κομίζοντες ἕκαστος

ἐναργῆ τὰ γνωρίσματα καὶ σαφεῖς τὰς ἀποδείξεις ἐναργῆ τὰ γνωρίσματα καὶ σαφεῖς τὰς ἀποδείξεις

πατρὸς ὄνομα καὶ μητρός καὶ ὅθεν καὶ ὅπως θεὸς πατρὸς ὄνομα καὶ μητρός καὶ ὅθεν καὶ ὅπως θεὸς

ἀνατείνωἀνατείνω to stretch up hold upἀπόδειξιςἀπόδειξις -εωςεως ἡ a proofγνώρισμαγνώρισμα τότό a mark tokenδίκαιοςδίκαιος well-ordered justδοκέωδοκέω to seem goodἕκαστοςἕκαστος -η -ονον each each oneἐναργήςἐναργής -έςές visible palpableἥκωἥκω to have come be presentκηρύττωκηρύττω to proclaim

κομίζωκομίζω to take care of provide forμήτηρμήτηρ μητρόςμητρός ἡ a motherὅθενὅθεν from where whenceὄνομαὄνομα τότό a nameπατήρπατήρ ὁ a fatherπλείωνπλείων -ονον moreσαφήςσαφής -έςές clear plainχείρχείρ -ροςρος ἡ the handχειροτονέωχειροτονέω to stretch out the hand

32

Lucian

φυλὴνφυλὴν καὶκαὶ φράτοραςφράτορας a phratery is a subdivision of a phyle and was a requirement for citizenship in Athens

παράσχηταιπαράσχηται aor subj of παραπαρα-ἔχωἔχω in general relative clause ldquowhoever does not providerdquo

μελήσειμελήσει fut impersonal ldquoit will not matter tordquo + datεἰεἰ ἔχειἔχει νομίζουσιννομίζουσιν ind question after μελήσειμελήσει ldquomatter whether someone has

whether men believerdquoθεὸνθεὸν acc pred ldquohim to be a godrdquo

ἐγένετο καὶ φυλὴν καὶ φράτορας ὡς ὅστις ἂν μὴ ταῦτα ἐγένετο καὶ φυλὴν καὶ φράτορας ὡς ὅστις ἂν μὴ ταῦτα

παράσχηται οὐδὲν μελήσει τοῖς ἐπιγνώμοσιν εἰ νεών παράσχηται οὐδὲν μελήσει τοῖς ἐπιγνώμοσιν εἰ νεών

τις μέγαν ἐν τῇ γῇ ἔχει καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι θεὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι τις μέγαν ἐν τῇ γῇ ἔχει καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι θεὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι

νομίζουσιννομίζουσιν

γῆγῆ ἡ earthἐπιγνώμωνἐπιγνώμων -ονοςονος ὁ an arbiterμέλωμέλω to be an object of careνεώςνεώς -ώ ὁ a temple

νομίζωνομίζω to consider believe παρέχωπαρέχω to furnish provideφράτωρφράτωρ -οροςορος ὁ a clanφυλήφυλή ἡ a tribe

List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs

Th e following is a list of verbs that have some irregularity in their conjugation Contract verbs and other verbs that are completely predictable (-ίζωίζω -εύωεύω etc) are generally not included Th e principal parts of the Greek verb in order are 1 Present 2 Future 3 Aorist 4 Perfect Active 5 Perfect Middle 6 Aorist Passive 7 Future Passive We have not included the future passive below since it is very rare For many verbs not all forms are attested or are only poetic Verbs are alphabetized under their main stem followed by various compounds that occur in the Assembly of the Gods with a brief defi nition A dash (-) before a form means that it occurs only or chiefl y with a prefi x Th e list is based on the list of verbs in H Smyth A Greek Grammar

ἄγωἄγω to lead ἄξωἄξω 2 aor ἤγαγονἤγαγον ἦχαἦχα ἦγμαιἦγμαι ἤχθηνἤχθηνἀνάγωἀνάγω to lead upἐπάγωἐπάγω to bring on chargeσυνάγωσυνάγω to bring together

αἱρέωαἱρέω to take αἱρήσωαἱρήσω 2 aor εἷλονεἷλον ᾕρηκαᾕρηκα ᾕρημαιᾕρημαι ᾑρέθηνᾑρέθηνκαθαιρέωκαθαιρέω to take down reduce

ἀκούωἀκούω to hear ἀκούσομαιἀκούσομαι ἤκουσαἤκουσα 2 perf ἀκήκοαἀκήκοα ἠκούσθηνἠκούσθηνπαρακούωπαρακούω to hear beside

ἅπτωἅπτω to fasten (mid) to touch ἅψωἅψω ἧψαἧψα ἧμμαιἧμμαι ἥφθηνἥφθηνκαθάπτωκαθάπτω to fasten fi x or put upon

βαίνωβαίνω to step βήσομαιβήσομαι 2 aor ἔβηνἔβην βέβηκαβέβηκαἐπιβαίνωἐπιβαίνω to go upon trample

βάλλωβάλλω to throw βαλῶβαλῶ 2 aor ἔβαλονἔβαλον βέβληκαβέβληκα βέβλημαιβέβλημαι ἐβλήθηνἐβλήθηνκαταβάλλωκαταβάλλω to throw down proscribe

γελάωγελάω to laugh γελάσομαιγελάσομαι ἐγέλασαἐγέλασα ἐγελάσθηνἐγελάσθηνκαταγελάωκαταγελάω to laugh at jeer

γιγι(γ)νώσκωνώσκω to know γνώσομαιγνώσομαι ἔγνωνἔγνων ἔγνωκαἔγνωκα ἔγνωσμαιἔγνωσμαι ἐγνώσθηνἐγνώσθηνἀναγιγνώσκωἀναγιγνώσκω to read out

γίγί(γ)νομαινομαι to become γενήσομαιγενήσομαι 2 aor ἐγενόμηνἐγενόμην 2 perf γέγοναγέγονα γεγένημαιγεγένημαι ἐγενήθηνἐγενήθην

Lucian

38

γράφωγράφω to write γράψωγράψω ἔγραψαἔγραψα γέγραφαγέγραφα γέγραμμαιγέγραμμαι ἐγράφηνἐγράφηνπαρεγγράφωπαρεγγράφω to enroll illegallyσυγγράφωσυγγράφω to write note down

δοκέωδοκέω to think seem δόξωδόξω ἔδοξαἔδοξα δέδογμαιδέδογμαι

ἐθέλωἐθέλω to wish ἐθελήσωἐθελήσω ἠθέλησαἠθέλησα ἠθέληκαἠθέληκα

ἐλέγχωἐλέγχω examine confute ἐλέγξωἐλέγξω ἤλεγξαἤλεγξα ἐλήλεγμαιἐλήλεγμαι ἠλέγχθηνἠλέγχθην

ἐράωἐράω to love imp ἤρωνἤρων aor ἠράσθηνἠράσθην

ἐρωτάωἐρωτάω to ask ἐρήσομαιἐρήσομαι 2 aor ἠρόμηνἠρόμην

ἔρχομαιἔρχομαι to come or go to fut εἶμιεἶμι 2 aor ἦλθονἦλθον 2 perf ἐλήλυθαἐλήλυθαπαρέρχομαιπαρέρχομαι to advance

ἔχωἔχω to have ἕξωἕξω 2 aor ἔσχονἔσχον ἔσχηκαἔσχηκα imperf εἶχονεἶχονἀνέχωἀνέχω to hold backμετέχωμετέχω to partake ofπαρέχωπαρέχω to furnish provide supply

καλύπτωκαλύπτω to cover καλύψωκαλύψω ἐκάλυψαἐκάλυψα κεκάλυμμαικεκάλυμμαι ἐκαλύφθηνἐκαλύφθηνἐπικαλύπτωἐπικαλύπτω to cover up

κηρυττωκηρυττω to proclaim κηρύξωκηρύξω ἐκήρυξαἐκήρυξα -κεκήρυχακεκήρυχα κεκήρυγμαικεκήρυγμαι ἐκηρυχθηνἐκηρυχθην

κρίνωκρίνω to decide κρινῶκρινῶ ἔκριναἔκρινα κέκρικακέκρικα κέκριμαικέκριμαι ἐκρίθηνἐκρίθηνἐκκρίνωἐκκρίνω to choose

λαμβάνωλαμβάνω to take λήψομαιλήψομαι ἔλαβονἔλαβον εἴληφαεἴληφα εἴλημμαιεἴλημμαι ἐλήφθηνἐλήφθηνξυλλαμβάνωξυλλαμβάνω to capture

λανθάνωλανθάνω to escape notice λήσωλήσω ἔλαθονἔλαθον λέληθαλέληθαδιαλανθάνωδιαλανθάνω to escape notice

λέγωλέγω to speak ἐρέωἐρέω εἶπονεἶπον εἴρηκαεἴρηκα λέλεγμαιλέλεγμαι ἐλέχθηνἐλέχθην and ἐρρήθηνἐρρήθην

λείπωλείπω to leave λείψωλείψω ἔλιπονἔλιπον λέλοιπαλέλοιπα λέλειμμαιλέλειμμαι ἐλείφθηνἐλείφθηνἐπιλείπωἐπιλείπω to leave behind run low

ὁράωὁράω to see ὄψομαιὄψομαι 2 aor εἶδονεἶδον ἑώρακαἑώρακα ὤφθηνὤφθην imperf ἑώρωνἑώρων

πείθωπείθω to persuade πείσωπείσω ἔπεισαἔπεισα 2 perf πέποιθαπέποιθα πέπεισμαιπέπεισμαι ἐπείσθηνἐπείσθην

πίνωπίνω to drink πίομαιπίομαι 2 aor ἔπιονἔπιον πέπωκαπέπωκα -πέπομαιπέπομαι -επόθηνεπόθηνπροπίνωπροπίνω to toast

πίπτωπίπτω to fall πεσοῦμαιπεσοῦμαι 2 aor ἔπεσονἔπεσον πέπτωκαπέπτωκαἐμπίπτωἐμπίπτω fall upon

πλάττωπλάττω to form ἔπλασαἔπλασα πέπλασμαιπέπλασμαι ἐπλάσθηνἐπλάσθηνἀναπλάττωἀναπλάττω to remodel

πνέωπνέω to blow πνεύσομαιπνεύσομαι ἔπνευσαἔπνευσα -πέπνευκαπέπνευκαἀποπνέωἀποπνέω to breathe forth


39

πράττωπράττω to do πράξωπράξω ἔπραξαἔπραξα 2 perf πέπραχαπέπραχα πέπραγμαιπέπραγμαι ἐπράχθηνἐπράχθην

ῥιπτωῥιπτω to throw ῥίψωῥίψω ἔρριψαἔρριψα 2 perf ἔρριφαἔρριφα ἔρριμμαιἔρριμμαι ἐρρίφηνἐρρίφηνἀπορρίπτωἀπορρίπτω to throw away put away

στέλλωστέλλω to send arrange στελῶστελῶ ἔστειλαἔστειλα -έσταλκαέσταλκα ἔσταλμαιἔσταλμαι ἐστάληνἐστάληνὑποστέλλωὑποστέλλω to hold back

στρέφωστρέφω to turn στρέψωστρέψω ἔστρεψαἔστρεψα ἔστραμμαιἔστραμμαι ἐστρέφθηνἐστρέφθηνσυστρέφωσυστρέφω to curl up

τάττωτάττω to arrange τάξωτάξω ἔταξαἔταξα 2 perf τέταχατέταχα τέταγμαιτέταγμαι ἐτάχθηνἐτάχθηνἐπιτάττωἐπιτάττω to put upon establish

τείνωτείνω stretch τενῶτενῶ -έτειναέτεινα -τέτακατέτακα τέταμαιτέταμαι -ετάθηνετάθηνἀνατείνωἀνατείνω to stretch up hold up

τρέπωτρέπω to turn τρέψωτρέψω ἔτρεψαἔτρεψα τέτροφατέτροφα ἐτράπηνἐτράπηνἐπιτρέπωἐπιτρέπω to turn towards allow

φαίνωφαίνω to show to appear (mid) φανῶφανῶ ἔφηναἔφηνα πέφηναπέφηνα πέφασμαιπέφασμαι ἐφάνηνἐφάνηνἀποφαίνωἀποφαίνω to show forth display assert declare

φέρωφέρω to bear οἴσωοἴσω 1 aor ἤνεγκαἤνεγκα 2 aor ἤνεγκονἤνεγκον 2 perf ἐνήνοχαἐνήνοχα perf mid ἐνήνεγμαιἐνήνεγμαι aor pass ἠνέχθηνἠνέχθηνδιαφέρωδιαφέρω to be superior to

φύωφύω to bring forth φύσωφύσω ἔφυσαἔφυσα 2 aor ἔφυνἔφυν πέφυκαπέφυκαὑποφύωὑποφύω to make to grow up

χαίρωχαίρω to rejoice at χαιρήσωχαιρήσω κεχάρηκακεχάρηκα κεχάρημαικεχάρημαι ἐχάρηνἐχάρην

χαλεπαίνωχαλεπαίνω to be off ended χαλεπανῶχαλεπανῶ ἐχαλέπηναἐχαλέπηνα ἐχαλεπάνθηνἐχαλεπάνθην

χέωχέω to pour fut χέωχέω aor ἔχεαἔχεα κέχυκακέχυκα κέχυμαικέχυμαι ἐχύθηνἐχύθηνπεριχέωπεριχέω to pour round or over

ψεύδωψεύδω to lie ψεύσωψεύσω ἔψευσαἔψευσα ἔψευσμαιἔψευσμαι ἐψεύσθηνἐψεύσθην

ὠθέωὠθέω to push ὤσωὤσω ἔωσαἔωσα ἔωσμαιἔωσμαι ἐώσθηνἐώσθηνπαρωθέωπαρωθέω to push aside

Glossary


43

ΑΑ αἀγαθόςἀγαθός -ή -όνόν goodἄγωἄγω to lead or carry to convey bringἀείἀεί alwaysἀκούωἀκούω to hearἀληθήςἀληθής -έςές unconcealed trueἀλλάἀλλά otherwise butἀλλήλωνἀλλήλων one anotherἄλλοςἄλλος -η -ονον another otherἄλλωςἄλλως in another wayἄνἄν (indefi nite particle generalizes

dependent clauses with subjunctive indicates contrary-to-fact with independent clauses in the indicative potentiality with the optative)

ἀντίἀντί in return for instead of (+ gen)ἀξιόωἀξιόω to askἅπαςἅπας ἅπασαἅπασα ἅπανἅπαν all the wholeαὐτόςαὐτός ‐ή ‐ό he she it self sameἀπόἀπό from away from (+ gen)

Γ γγάργάρ forγεγε at least at any rate (postpositive)γίγί(γ)νομαινομαι to become happen occurγίγί(γ)νώσκωνώσκω to knowγοῦνγοῦν at least then at any rate any wayγυνήγυνή γυναικόςγυναικός ἡ a woman wife

Δ δδέδέ and but on the other hand

(preceded by μένμέν)δεῖδεῖ it is necessaryδιάδιά through (+ gen) with by means of

(+ acc)δίδωδίδωμι to giveδοκέωδοκέω to seem

Ε εΕ ε

ἐγώἐγώ μουμου I myἐθέλωἐθέλω to will wish purposeεἰεἰ ifεἶπονεἶπον to say (aor)εἷςεἷς μίαμία ἕνἕν oneεἶταεἶτα next thenἐκἐκ ἐξἐξ from out of after (+ gen)ἕκαστοςἕκαστος -η -ονον each everyἐκεῖνοςἐκεῖνος -η -ονον that that oneἐμόςἐμός -ή -όνόν mineἐνἐν in at among (+ dat)ἕνεκαἕνεκα ἕνεκενἕνεκεν for the sake of (+ gen)ἔοικαἔοικα to seem to be likeἐπίἐπί at (+ gen) on upon (+ dat) on to

against (+ acc)ἔρχομαιἔρχομαι to goἐςἐς to into (+ acc)ἔτιἔτι stillεὖεὖ well thoroughlyἔχωἔχω to have to be able (+ inf)

Η ηἤ or thanἤδηἤδη already nowἥκωἥκω to have come be present be hereἦλθονἦλθον to go (aor)ἡμεῖςἡμεῖς ἡμῶνἡμῶν ἡμᾶςἡμᾶς ἡμῖνἡμῖν we us

Θ θθεόςθεός θεοῦθεοῦ ὁἡ a god goddess

Ι ιἴσοςἴσος -η -ονον equal to the same as

Κ κκαίκαί and also evenκατάκατά καθκαθrsquo down along according to

(+ acc)

Lucian

44

ΛΛ λλέγωλέγω to speak say tellλόγοςλόγος ὁ a word

Μ μμάλισταμάλιστα very much especiallyμᾶλλονμᾶλλον more ratherμέγαςμέγας μέγαλαμέγαλα μέγαμέγα great largeμηδεῖςμηδεῖς μηδεμίαμηδεμία μηδένμηδέν no one

nothingμένμέν on the one hand (followed by δέδέ)μετάμετά with (+ gen) after (+ acc)μήμή not lest donrsquot (+ subj or imper) μηδέμηδέ but not and not norμήτεμήτε and not μήτεμήτεμήτεμήτε neitherhellip

norμόνοςμόνος -η -ονον alone only

Ν ννῦννῦν νυνίνυνί now at this moment

Ο οὁ ἡ τότό the (defi nite article)ὅςὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)οἶδαοἶδα to know (perf)οἷοςοἷος -α -ονον such as what sortὀλίγοςὀλίγος -η -ονον few little smallὅλοςὅλος -η -ονον whole entireὅμωςὅμως nevertheless all the sameὄνομαὄνομα -ατοςατος τότό a nameὀξύςὀξύς -εῖαεῖα -ύ sharp acute keenὅποτανὅποταν whenver (+ subj)ὅπωςὅπως as in such manner as howὁράωὁράω to seeὅσπερὅσπερ ἥπερἥπερ ὅπερὅπερ the very one whoὅστιςὅστις ὅτιὅτι anyone who anything whichὅτιὅτι that becauseοὐοὐ οὐκοὐκ οὐχοὐχ notοὐδέοὐδέ but notοὐδείςοὐδείς οὐδεμίαοὐδεμία οὐδένοὐδέν no one

οὐκοῦνοὐκοῦν therefore then accordinglyοὖνοὖν so thereforeοὐρανόςοὐρανός ὁ heavenοὔτεοὔτε and not οὔτεοὔτεοὔτεοὔτε neitherhellipnorοὗτοςοὗτος αὗτηαὗτη τοῦτοτοῦτο this

Π ππαῖςπαῖς παιδόςπαιδός ὁ a childπάνυπάνυ altogether entirelyπαράπαρά from (+ gen) beside (+ dat) to

(+ acc)πᾶςπᾶς πᾶσαπᾶσα πᾶνπᾶν all every wholeπερίπερί concerning about (+ gen) about

around (+ acc)πλήνπλήν unless butποιέωποιέω to make doπολύςπολύς πολλήπολλή πολύπολύ many muchπουπου somewhereποῦποῦ whereπρόςπρός to near (+ dat) from (+ gen)

towards (+ acc)πῶςπῶς how in what wayπωςπως somehow in some way

Σ σσύσύ σοῦσοῦ σέσέ σοίσοί you (singular)

Τ ττετε and (postpositive)τιςτις τιτι someone something (indefi nite)τίςτίς τίτί who which (interrogative)τοιοῦτοςτοιοῦτος -αύτηαύτη -οῦτοοῦτο such as thisτοσοῦτοςτοσοῦτος -αύτηαύτη -οῦτοοῦτο of such a kind

so large so great

Υ υὑμεῖςὑμεῖς ὑμῶνὑμῶν ὑμᾶςὑμᾶς ὑμῖνὑμῖν you (plural)υἱόςυἱός ὁ a sonὑπόὑπό ὑφὑφrsquo from under by (+ gen) under

(+ dat) toward (+ acc)


45

ΦΦ φφέρωφέρω to bear endureφημίφημί to say

Χ χχείρχείρ χειρόςχειρός ἡ a handχρήχρή it is necessary

Ω ωὦ oh (vocative)ὡςὡς (adv) as so how (conj) that in

order that since (prep) to (+ acc) as if as (+ part) as ____ as possible (superlative)

Lucianrsquos Assembly of the Gods An Intermediate Greek Reader Greek Text with Running Vocabulary and Commentary

First Edition

copy 2015 by Evan Hayes and Stephen Nimis

All rights reserved Subject to the exception immediately following this book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publisher Th e authors have made a version of this work available (via email) under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 30 License Th e terms of the license can be accessed at wwwcreativecommonsorg

Accordingly you are free to copy alter and distribute this work under the following conditions

1 You must attribute the work to the author (but not in a way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work)

2 You may not use this work for commercial purposes

3 If you alter transform or build up this work you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one

ISBN-10 1940997143

ISBN-13 9781940997148

Published by Faenum Publishing Ltd

Cover Design Evan Hayes

Fonts Garamond GFS Porson

editorfaenumpublishingcom

iii

Table of Contents


Introduction ix

Abbreviations xv



List of Verbs 37

Glossary 43


Peter W Rose

vii




ix






Lucian

x







xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





iii

Table of Contents


Introduction ix

Abbreviations xv



List of Verbs 37

Glossary 43


Peter W Rose

vii




ix






Lucian

x







xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45






Peter W Rose

vii




ix






Lucian

x







xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





vii




ix






Lucian

x







xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





ix






Lucian

x







xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





Lucian

x







xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45






xi





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





Lucian

xii















xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45






xiii











xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45






xv

Abbreviations







3

















4

Lucian















5
















6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

Lucian














λέγε λέγε



21








Pausanias (651)












22

Lucian

















23


















24

Lucian















25













26

Lucian
















27
















28

Lucian














29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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3

















4

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6

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7






of Tyre













8

Lucian





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9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





Aorist Imperative








12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

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17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

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21








Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








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Lucian

44














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4

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6

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7






of Tyre













8

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outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

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17

















18

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19















20

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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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5
















6

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7






of Tyre













8

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outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



Present Imperative





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12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

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17

















18

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19















20

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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







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44














so large so great




45





6

Lucian


















7






of Tyre













8

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outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

Lucian




















17

















18

Lucian


















19















20

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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







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44














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45





7






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8

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9














10

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11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

Lucian














15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







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44














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45





8

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outlandish behavior












9














10

Lucian

















11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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9














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11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














so large so great




45





10

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11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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11







Imperatives



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12

Lucian
















13

















14

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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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22

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23


















24

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26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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12

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13

















14

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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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22

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23


















24

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26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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15

















16

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17

















18

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19















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22

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23


















24

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26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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16

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17

















18

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19















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23


















24

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27
















28

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29
















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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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17

















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19















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22

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23


















24

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26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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19















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22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














so large so great




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19















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22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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20

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Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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21








Pausanias (651)












22

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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







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44














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23


















24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















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judgementrdquo










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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







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44














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45





24

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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

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List of Verbs

37

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38























39
















Glossary


43








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44














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25













26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

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44














so large so great




45





26

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27
















28

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29
















30

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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

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44














so large so great




45





27
















28

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29
















30

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judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

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44














so large so great




45





28

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29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

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44














so large so great




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29
















30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










(gen)



31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





30

Lucian






judgementrdquo










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31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

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44














so large so great




45





31













32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











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38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





32

Lucian











List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





List of Verbs

37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





37

List of Verbs











Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





Lucian

38























39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45






39
















Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





Glossary


43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45






43








Ε εΕ ε







(+ acc)

Lucian

44














so large so great




45





Lucian

44














so large so great




45






45





lucian's assembly of the gods

Documents