Киммерийцы и скифы. Культурно-исторические и...

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STEPPENVÖLKER EURASIENSHerausgegeben von

Askold Ivantchik und Hermann Parzinger

INTERNATIONALES BERATUNGSGREMIUM

Vorsitzende: G. Bongard-Levin (Moskau), H. Kyrieleis (Berlin)

A. Askarov (Tashkent), K. Bajpakov (Alma-Ata)V. Bočkarev (Sankt-Petersburg), H.-P. Francfort (Paris), Gh. Gnoli (Rom),

B. Hänsel (Berlin), Th. Höllmann (München), K. Jettmar (Heidelberg), G. Kossack (München),C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (Cambridge, Mass.), B. Litvinskij (Moskau),

V. Molodin (Novosibirsk), M. Moškova (Moskau), R. Munčaev (Moskau), M. Piotrovskij (Sankt-Petersburg),

D. Raevskij (Moskau), P. Toločko (Kiew)

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STEPPENVÖLKER EURASIENS Band II

Askold I. Ivantchik

KIMMERIER UND SKYTHENKulturhistorische und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie

der osteuropäischen Steppen und Kaukasiens in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit

Moskau 2001

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Askold I. IVANTCHIK, Kimmerier und Skythen. Kulturhistorische und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie der osteuropäischen Steppen und Kaukasiens in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit. Moskau 2001

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N8HIQ 1

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Ah q_\ gb db _\ jZ abc kdbo kl_ i_c \i_j \u_ ih Y \ eY xl kY \ ih e_ aj_ gbY ibkv f_g guo bk lhq gb dh\ \h\lh jhc ih eh \b g_ VIII \. ^h g. w. F_j \u_ ^h k lh \_j gh gZf ba \_kl gu_ kh [u lbY bk lh jbb wlbo dh q_\ -gbdh\ — bo ih oh u \ F_ j_^ gxx b CZ emx 8abx, ]^_ hgb \klm ib eb \ g_ ih kj_^ kl \_g guc dhg lZdl kgZjh Z fb, h[ eZ Z\ rb fb ibkv f_g gh klvx (mjZj lZ fb, Zk kb jbc pZ fb, ]j_ dZ fb b ^j.), [eZ ]h Z jY q_ fm, kh[ -kl \_ggh, b klZ eb gZf ba \_kl gu. Fh oh u _\ jZ abc kdbo dh q_\ gb dh\ \ F_ j_^ gxx 8abx gZ qZ ebkv g_ iha`_714 ]. ^h g. w., dh ]^Z hgb \i_j \u_ mih fb gZ xl kY \ Zk kb jbc kdbo l_d klZo, b ijh he Z ebkv, \b b fh, \l_q_ gb_ \k_ ]h VII \. ^h g. w. <h k lZ lhq gh fgh ]h qbk e_g gu_ ibkv f_g gu_ bk lhq gb db ih a \h eY xl \ h[ sboq_j lZo j_ dhg kl jm b jh \Zlv bk lh jbx wlbo ih oh h\1. : lh `_ \j_ fY hgb hk lZ \b eb b fZ l_ jb Zev gu_ ke_ u,\u _ e_ gb_ b b^_g lb nb dZ pbY dh lh juo ij_^ klZ \ eY _l hkh [uc bg l_ j_k êY bk ke_ h \Z gbY jZa ebq guo klh -jhg bk lh jbb _\ jZ abc kdbo gh fZ h\. IZd, ZgZ eba wlbo ^Zg guo g_ h[ oh bf êY bam q_ gbY ijh [ e_ fu bo \aZ -b fh hl gh r_ gbc k gZ jh Z fb F_ j_^ g_c b CZ ehc 8abb, \dex qZY fZ eh Zabc kdbo ]j_ dh\, dh lh jZY ^he`gZj_ rZlv kY gZ hk gh \_ bk ihev ah \Z gbY \k_ ]h dhf i e_ d kZ ^h k lmi guo bk lhq gb dh\ — dZd ibkv f_g guo, lZdb Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo. Fjh bk oh Y sb_ ba CZ ehc 8abb Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdb_ ^Zg gu_ qj_a \u qZc gh \Z` gu b êY\u Y k g_ gbY dmev lmj gh ]h b wl gb q_ kdh ]h h[ eb dZ kZ fbo dh q_\ gb dh\, \ lhf qbk e_ kh hl gh r_ gbY f_ m^\mfY hk gh\ gu fb bo ]jmi iZ fb, mih fY gm lu fb \ ibkv f_g guo l_d klZo — dbf f_ jbc pZ fb b kdb nZ fb.E^gbf ba Zk i_ d lh\ wlhc ijh [ e_ fu Y\ eY _l kY b^_g lb nb dZ pbY Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc dmev lm ju j_Zev guo bklh -jb q_ kdbo dbf f_ jbc p_\ — ijh [ e_ fZ, fgh ]h ^bk dm lb jh \Z\ rZ Y kY \ gZ m d_, gh g_ ih em qb\ rZY ^h kbo ihjijb_f e_ fh ]h êY \k_o j_ r_ gbY. <jm ]hc qZ klvx lhc `_ ijh [ e_ fu Y\ eY _l kY b \h i jhk h dmev lmj_ jZg gbokdbnh\, ij_ _ \k_ ]h h ^Z lb jh\ d_ __ \ha gbd gh \_ gbY b oZ jZ d l_ j_ jZg gbo wlZ ih\ jZa \b lbY.

1 Ivantchik 1993; ?\Zg qbd 1996.

14

15

;B8 :8 1.1

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F_j \ZY ijh [ e_ fZ, dh lh jZY \klZ _l i_ j_^ gZ fb, dh ]^Z fu iu lZ _f kY \u Y\blv Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdb_ ke_ûij_ [u \Z gbY _\ jZ abc kdbo gh fZ h\ \ CZ ehc 8abb — wlh \h i jhk h lhf, d_f k Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc lhq dbaj_ gbY [u eb dbf f_ jbc pu, l. _. ijh [ e_ fZ dbf f_ jbc kdhc Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc dmev lm ju. ?^_g lb nb dZ pbYZj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc dmev lm ju dbf f_ jbc p_\ b mk lZ gh \ e_ gb_ __ kh hl gh r_ gbY k dmev lm jhc kdb nh\ fh _l^Zlv ^h ihe gb l_ev gu_ k\b _ l_ev kl \Z b ih ijh [ e_ f_ bo Yau dh \hc b wl gb q_ kdhc ijb gZ^ e_` gh klb. RlZijh [ e_ fZ ^he` gZ [u eZ [u, dh g_q gh, j_ rZlv kY \ i_j \mx hq_ j_^v gZ hk gh \Z gbb ebg ] \b k lb q_ kdbo ^Zg -guo. IZ db_ ^Zg gu_, h^ gZ dh, kebr dhf kdm^ gu b ^\m kfuk e_g gu. DZ ebq guc ebg ] \b k lb q_ kdbc fZ l_ jb Ze,k\Y aZg guc k dbf f_ jbc pZ fb, h] jZ gb qb \Z _l kY bo kZ fh gZ a\Z gb _f *Gimĕ/ir 1, Z lZd _ lj_ fY kh ojZ gb\ rb -fb kY \ Zd dZ^ kdbo bk lhq gb dZo bf_ gZ fb dbf f_ jbc kdbo pZ j_c. HZ fh gZa \Z gb_ dbf f_ jbc p_\ g_ bf_ _lm^h \ e_ l\h jb l_ev ghc wlb fh eh ]bb b g_ fh _l [ulv bk ihev ah \Z gh êY \u Yk g_ gbY wl gb q_ kdhc ijb gZ^ -e_` gh klb wlh ]h gZ jh Z. Ijb bf_ gb dbf f_ jbc kdbo pZ j_c lZd _ ^Z xl g_ \ihe g_ Yk gmx bg nhj fZpbx.F_j \h_ ba gbo, mTe-us-pa-a, \ha fh` gh, Y\ eY _l kY bjZg kdbf ih ijh bk oh _ gbx, h^ gZ dh ij_^ eZ]Z\rb_kY_]h wlb fh eh ]bb g_ gZ _` gu b bf_ xl l_ beb bgu_ nhj fZev gu_ g_ h k lZl db, ijb q_f b bgh_, g_bjZg kdh_(gZ ijb f_j, omj jbl kdh_), ijh bk oh _ gb_ ^Zg gh ]h bf_ gb lZd _ g_ bk dex q_ gh2. ?fY \lh jh ]h dbf f_ jbc -kdh ]h pZ jY, mDug-dam-me-i / Λύγδαμις, kdh j__ \k_ ]h bf_ _l fZ eh Zabc kdh_ ijh bk oh _ gb_, Z _]h bjZg -kdb_ wlb fh eh ]bb g_ m[_ b l_ev gu3. DZ dh g_p, lj_ lv_ bfY, mSa-an-dak-KUR-ru, bf_ _l \ i_j \hc qZklb bfYdb eb dbc kdh ]h [h _ kl \Z Sand/ta. ?g l_j ij_ lZ pbY \lh jhc qZ k lb bf_ gb aZ \b kbl hl ijh ql_ gbY ij_îh k -e_^ g_ ]h agZ dZ — a^_kv jZ\ gh \ha fh` gh dZd ql_ gb_ -kur-, lZd b -sad-. : i_j \hf kem qZ_ bfY dbf f_jbc -kdh ]h pZ jY hdZ au \Z _l kY em \bc kdbf ih ijh bk oh _ gbx. :h \lh jhf we_ f_gl -ksatru fh _l [ulv bklhe -dh \Zg dZd i_ j_ Z qZ bjZg kdh ]h xsaθra b lh ] Z bfY hdZ _l kY dhf ih abl guf ZgZ lh ebc kdh-bjZg kdbf4.Fhk e_^ gb_ ^\Z bf_ gb, \b b fh, hl jZ Z xl l_k gu_ ih eb lb q_ kdb_ b, \ha fh` gh, ^b gZ klb q_ kdb_ dhg lZ d luf_ m em \bc kdbf, b ki_ pb Zev gh db eb dbc kdbf, gZ k_ e_ gb _f 8gZ lh ebb b dbf f_ jbc pZ fb. IZdbf h[ jZ -ahf, gb h^ gh ba lj_o ba \_kl guo dbf f_ jbc kdbo bf_g g_ bf_ _l g_ kh f g_g ghc bjZg kdhc wlb fh eh ]bb, Z^\Z ihq lb gZ \_j gY dZ k\Y aZ gu k 8gZ lh eb _c.

1 8gZ eba kh ojZ gb\ rbo kY nb d kZ pbc gZ a\Z gbY dbf f_ jbc p_\ b

j_ dhg kl jmd pbx _]h i_j \h gZ qZev ghc nhj fu, Z lZd _ jZa [hj

jZa guo wlb fh eh ]bc wlh ]h gZ a\Z gbY, kf. Ivantchik 1993, 127–

154; ?\Zg qbd 1996, 132–159. >^_kv `_ kf. djb lb dm \u kdZ aZg -

gh ]h ?. C. <vY dh gh \uf ij_^ ih eh _ gbY h lhf, qlh gZ a\Z gb_

«dbf f_ jbc pu» [u eh g_ gZ klh Y sbf wl gh gb fhf, Z h[h agZ q_ -

gb _f kdbn kdbo fh [bev guo hl jY h\. DZ fhc \a]eY^ ibkv f_g -

gu_, ij_ _ \k_ ]h deb gh ibk gu_, bk lhq gb db k\b _ l_ev kl \m xl

h lhf, qlh dbf f_ jbc pu b kdb nu [u eb ^\m fY jZa gu fb, oh lY

b [eba db fb ih dmev lm j_ wl gh kZ fb.2 Ivantchik 1993, 61–62; ?\Zg qbd 1996, 64–65.3 Ivantchik 1993, 115–118; ?\Zg qbd 1996, 122–124.4 Ivantchik 1993, 120–124; ?\Zg qbd 1996, 127–131.

16

1.1.1 H:? <= I=BQ HI :8 F?HQ C=D DPL I=A HIE: E C8 I= G? 8BQ DE@ AJBQ IJ G=

A?C C= G?@ M=:

Hdm^ gu_ kh[ kl \_g gh ebg ] \b k lb q_ kdb_ fZ l_ jb Z eu, dZd fu \b _ eb, g_ ^Z xl gb q_ ]h hi j_ _ e_g gh ]hêY j_ r_ gbY ijh [ e_ fu dbf f_ jbc kdh ]h wl gh kZ b Yau dZ. : gZ r_f jZk ih jY _ gbb, ke_ h \Z l_ev gh, hk lZ -xl kY ebrv dh k \_g gu_ ^Zg gu_. NZklv ba gbo kh _j bl kY \ Zd dZ^ kdbo deb gh ibk guo bk lhq gb dZo5, mih -fb gZ x sbo «dbf f_ jbc kdb_» em db b klj_ eu b g_ db_ «dbf f_ jbc kdb_» j_f gb, ih-\b b fh fm, [u\ rb_^_lZ eY fb dhg kdhc mi jY b. 9hev rZY qZklv wlbo l_d klh\ ^Z lb jm _l kY Zo_ f_ gb^ kdhc wih ohc, h^ gZ dh g_dh -lh ju_ ba gbo hl gh kYl kY b d gh \h \Z \b ehg kdhc wih o_, ojh gh eh ]b q_ kdb [eba dhc ^_ Y l_ev gh klb bk lh jb -q_kdbo dbf f_ jbc p_\ \ F_ j_^ g_c 8abb. : gZ r_f jZk ih jY _ gbb bf_ _l kY, djh f_ lh ]h, bg \_g lZj guckib khd gh \h Zk kb jbc kdhc wih ob, \_ jh Yl g__ \k_ ]h, \j_ f_ gb ijZ \ e_ gbY 8kZj oZ^ h gZ beb 8r rmj [Z gb -iZeZ, \ dh lh jhf mih fb gZ _l kY «dbf f_ jbc kdZY h[m\v» (ADD 1039 = SAA 7, 120, II, 7–8). Ajh f_ lh ]h,qj_a \u qZc gh \Z` gh, qlh \ iha^ g_ \Z \b ehg kdbo l_d klZo gZ a\Z gb_ «dbf f_ jbc pu» bk ihev am _l kY êYh[hagZ q_ gbY kdb nh\ b kZ dh\. G_qv b^_l g_ lhev dh h ^_ eh \uo ^h dm f_g lZo, gh b h pZj kdbo gZ^ ib kYo8o_f_ gb h\, khklZ \ eY\ rbo kY iZ jZe e_ev gh gZ i_j kb^ kdhf b \Z \b ehg kdhf, Z lZd _ b ^jm ]bo (weZf kdhf,ZjZ f_c kdhf) Yau dZo. : wlbo gZ^ ib kYo ^j_\ g_ i_j kb^ kdh fm gZ a\Z gbx Saka, h[h agZ qZ\ r_ fm, km Y ih dhg -l_d klm, g_ lhev dh kj_ g_ Zab Zl kdbo kZ dh\, gh b k_ \_ jh ijb q_j gh fhj kdbo kdb nh\, j_ ]m eYj gh kh hl \_l kl -\m _l Zd dZ^ kdh_ Gimirraia 6.

:k_ wlh k\b _ l_ev kl \m _l h dmev lmj ghc [eb ah klb dbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\, ij_^ klZ \ eY\ rbo, hq_ \b^ -gh, h^bg b lhl `_, gh \uc êY F_ j_^ g_c 8abb, dmev lmj guc b \h _g guc lbi. H\Y aZg gu_ k wlbf lb ihfdmev lm ju gh \u_ ijh ]j_k kb\ gu_ nhj fu \hh jm _ gbY, ij_ _ \k_ ]h emd b klj_ eu, gZ a\Zg gu_ ]j_ dZ fb\ih k e_^ kl \bb «kdbn kdb fb», Z lZd _, \b b fh, b gh \uc \b^ dhg kdhc mi jY b (^\Z hk gh\ guo we_ f_g lZ«kdbn kdhc ljb Z u»), \i_j \u_, hq_ \b^ gh, klZ eb ba \_kl gu gZ jh Zf C_ kh ih lZ fbb bf_g gh hl dbf f_ jbc -p_\. Ihev dh wlbf h[ klh Y l_ev kl \hf fh` gh h[t Yk gblv aZ dj_ i e_ gb_ aZ gb fb gZ a\Z gbY «dbf f_ jbc kdbo», ZlZd _ b lh, qlh gh \u_ klZ gh \b\ rb _ kY ba \_kl gu fb `b l_ eYf C_ kh ih lZ fbb gZ jh u lh ]h `_ dmev lmj gh-oh aYc kl \_g gh ]h lb iZ (kdb nu \ rb jh dhf kfuk e_ keh \Z, kj_ g_ Zab Zl kdb_ kZ db) hlh ^_ kl \ eY ebkv bfb kdbf f_ jbc pZ fb. ?lZd, ^Zg gu_ Zd dZ^ kdbo ibkv f_g guo bk lhq gb dh\ ih a \h eY xl aZ dex qblv, qlh j_ Zev gu_dbf f_ jbc pu, k dh lh ju fb Zk kb jbc pZf ijb oh b ehkv klZe db \Zlv kY \ dhg p_ VIII–VII \\. ^h g. w., [u eb \dmev lmj ghf hl gh r_ gbb [eba db iha^ g_c rbf kdb nZf.

1.1.2 I=G C?D «A?C C= G?@ HA8T AJBQ IJ G8» ? FGE 9 B= C8 ?<=D I? K? A8 M??

8G L=E BE ;? N= HAE@ AJBQ IJ GP ?H IE G? N= HA?L A?C C= G?@ M=:

<Zg guc \u \h^ ih^ \h bl gZk d \h i jh km h dbf f_ jbc kdhc Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc dmev lm j_. I_j fbg «dbf -f_ jbc kdZY dmev lm jZ» rb jh dh jZk ijh kljZ g_g \ Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc eb l_ jZ lm j_. Eg [ue \\_ _g m`_ kZ fufbi_j \u fb bk ke_ h \Z l_ eY fb ij_^ kdbn kdbo dmev lmj H_ \_j gh ]h Fjb q_j gh fh jvY7 \ dZ q_ kl \_ bo gZ b f_ -gh\Z gbY. IZ dh_ bk ihev ah \Z gb_ ^Zg gh ]h l_j fb gZ hk gh \u \Z _l kY gZ g_ h] jZ gb q_g ghf ^h \_ jbb jZk kdZ am;_ jh h lZ h[ ba ]gZ gbb kdb nZ fb dbf f_ jbc p_\ ba H_ \_j gh ]h Fjb q_j gh fh jvY b ih k e_ m x s_f aZ k_ e_ gbbbo kljZ gu. <h k lh \_j ghklv wlh ]h jZk kdZ aZ g_ ih^ \_j ]Z eZkv gb kh f g_ gbx, gb ZgZ eb am, b \h i jhk h kh -

5 I_d klu kf. <Zg Z fZ _\ 1977, 30–39; Dandamayev 1979,95–109; Dandamayev 1992, 159–162.6 =^bg kl \_g guc Zd dZ^ kdbc l_dkl, \ dh lh jhf g_ kh f g_g gh

mih fb gZ _l kY l_j fbg Saka — CT 55, 93: 9 (Hbi iZj, wih oZ <Z -

jbY I).7 HZ fh d \Z kh\ 1908, 41 ke; Ebert 1921, 386 ff; Tallgren 1926;

;hjh^ ph\ 1928.

17

hl\_l kl \bb Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo ^Zg guo k\b _ l_ev kl \Zf ibkv f_g guo bk lhq gb dh\ h dbf f_ jbc pZo ih km s_ -kl\m ^Z _ g_ klZ \be kY8. : lh `_ \j_ fY kZ fh ih gY lb_ «dbf f_ jbc pu» ijb gZ^ e_ bl kn_ j_ ibkv f_g guol_dklh\ b ^he` gh, \g_ \kY dh ]h kh f g_ gbY, jZk kfZ l jb \Zlv kY ij_ _ \k_ ]h bf_g gh gZ bo hk gh \_. Hh hl -g_ k_ gb_ l_j fb gZ «dbf f_ jbc pu», h[h agZ qZ x s_ ]h j_ Zev guc gZ jh^, bk lh jbY dh lh jh ]h hl jZ _ gZ ibkv -f_g gu fb bk lhq gb dZ fb, k ^Zg gu fb Zj o_h eh ]bb m`_ ih qb k lh f_ lh b q_ kdbf kh h[ jZ _ gb Yf \ha fh` ghebrv ih k e_ ^_ lZev gh ]h bam q_ gbY ibkv f_g guo l_d klh\. GZ am f_ _l kY, lZ dh ]h jh Z bk ke_ h \Z gb_ g_ \oh^bl\ aZ Z qb Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo jZ [hl, lZd qlh g_ m^b \b l_ev gh, qlh ijb f_ gY _ fuc \ Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc eb l_ -jZlmj_ l_j fbg «dbf f_ jbc kdZY dmev lm jZ» klZe ebrv mk eh\ guf ljZ b pb hg guf gZ bf_ gh \Z gb _f ij_^ -kdbnkdbo dmev lmj. : lh `_ \j_ fY g_ \_j gh_ ih gb fZ gb_ mk eh\ gh ]h l_j fb gZ «dbf f_ jbc kdZY dmev lm jZ»dZd ih gY lbY, h[h agZ qZ x s_ ]h Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdmx dmev lm jm j_ Zev guo bk lh jb q_ kdbo dbf f_ jbc p_\, ijb \_ -eh d [_k ieh^ guf b [_k kfuk e_g guf ^bk dmk kb Yf h[ hlh ^_ kl \ e_ gbb lhc beb bghc dhg dj_l ghc ij_^ -kdbn kdhc dmev lm ju k bk lh jb q_ kdb fb dbf f_ jbc pZ fb9. : gZ klh Y s__ \j_ fY gZb [h e__ jZk ijh kljZ g_ gZlhq dZ aj_ gbY 8. ?. I_ j_ gh` db gZ k jZa ebq gu fb fh b nb dZ pb Y fb, kh ] eZk gh dh lh jhc dbf f_ jbc pZf ijb -gZ^ e_ Z eb ij_^ kdbn kdb_ iZ fYl gb db q_j gh ]h jh\ kdh ]h lb iZ b lb iZ Dh \h q_j dZk kdh ]h deZ Z10. : ih k e_^ -g__ \j_ fY [u eb knhj fm eb jh \Z gu k_jv _a gu_ \ha jZ _ gbY ijh lb\ ljZ b pb hg gh ]h mih l j_[ e_ gbY \ ebl_ -jZ lm j_ ^Z _ l_j fb gZ «kdbn kdZY dmev lm jZ» b hl f_ q_ gu Z[_j jZ pbb, d dh lh juf ih h[ gh_ mih l j_[ e_ gb_ijb \h bl11. : _s_ [hev r_c f_ j_ ^Zg gu_ \ha jZ _ gbY hl gh kYl kY d dbf f_ jbc pZf, ih kdhev dm lZd gZau -\Z _ fZY «dbf f_ jbc kdZY» dmev lm jZ bf_ _l agZ qb l_ev gh f_gv r_ ijZ\ gZ lh gZ a\Z gb_, dh lh jh_ hgZ gh kbl.

AZd dZ _l kY, f_ lh b q_ kdb \_j guf Y\ eY _l kY kh \_j r_g gh bghc ih^ oh^ d ijh [ e_ f_ b^_g lb nb dZ pbbZj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc dmev lm ju j_ Zev guo dbf f_ jbc p_\. F_j \uf wlZ ihf lZ dh ]h bk ke_ h \Z gbY ^he` gh [ulvih^ jh[ gh_ bam q_ gb_ ibkv f_g guo bk lhq gb dh\ b \u _ e_ gb_ gZ _]h hk gh \_ jZc hgh\ g_ kh f g_g ghc eh dZ -eb aZ pbb bk lh jb q_ kdbo dbf f_ jbc p_\. ?am q_ gb_ Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo ^Zg guo, ijh bk oh Y sbo ba wlbo jZc -hgh\, b ^he` gh ^Zlv hl \_l gZ \h i jhk h[ bo Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdhc dmev lm j_. Fjb bk ke_ h \Z gbb ibkv f_g guok\b _ l_evkl\ h dbf f_ jbc pZo ijb hjb l_l ijb gZ^ e_ bl Zd dZ^ kdbf l_d klZf, h[ eZ Z x sbf \u kh dhc kl_ i_ -gvx ^h k lh \_j gh klb b kh klZ \ e_g guf h^ gh \j_ f_g gh k dhg lZ d lZ fb Zk kb jbc p_\ b dbf f_ jbc p_\. Rlh g_ha gZ qZ _l, h^ gZ dh, qlh ^Zg gu_ Zg lbq guo bk lhq gb dh\ ^he` gu b] gh jb jh \Zlv kY. Egb lj_ [m xl ki_ pb Zev -gh ]h ZgZ eb aZ k p_ evx \u Y\ e_ gbY bk lh jb q_ kdhc bg nhj fZ pbb b __ hl _ e_ gbY hl iha^ gbo mq_ guo ih kljh -_ gbc b fb nh eh ]b aZ pbb, h^ gZ dh aZ qZ k lmx wlb bk lhq gb db kih kh[ gu hk \_ lblv l_ kh [u lbY dbf f_ jbc kdhcbk lh jbb, dh lh ju_ g_ ih iZ eb \ ih e_ aj_ gbY deb gh ibk guo l_d klh\. Fh^ jh[ gh_ bk ke_ h \Z gb_ Zd dZ^ kdbol_d klh\, ^Z x sbo bg nhj fZ pbx h dbf f_ jbc pZo, ijh \_ _ gh fghx \ ^jm ]hf f_ k l_12. IZf `_, Z lZd _ \^jm ]bo jZ [h lZo13 Y h[ km Ze b k\Y aZg gu_ k ijh [ e_ fhc deZk kb q_ kdb_ l_d klu, qlh ih a \h eY _l i_ j_c lb dkh ih k lZ \ e_ gbx wlbo ^Zg guo k Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdb fb fZ l_ jb Z eZ fb.

Fh k dhev dm gZ hk gh \Z gbb ibkv f_g guo bk lhq gb dh\ gZ fb mk lZ gh \ e_ gZ dmev lmj gZY [eb ahklv dbf -f_jbc p_\ b kdb nh\, dh lh jZY ^he` gZ [u eZ hl jZ ablv kY b \ Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo ^Zg guo, ba jZk kfh l j_ gbYke_ m _l bk dex qblv l_ jZc hgu, ]^_ dbf f_ jbc pu b kdb nu (Iskuzaia Zd dZ^ kdbo l_d klh\) gZ oh b ebkv\f_kl_. IZ db fb jZc hgZ fb [u eb \hk lhq gu_ ]jZ gb pu 8k kb jbb, jZc hgu Cb bb b CZg gu, ]^_ aZ ijh kupZ j_c 8kZj oZ^ h gZ b 8r rmj [Z gb iZ eZ d [h ]m OZ fZ rm nb d kb jm xl kh \ f_ kl gh_ ij_ [u \Z gb_ kdb nh\ bdbf f_ jbc p_\.

?. D. C_^ \_^ kdZY, jZa _ eY x sZY fg_ gb_ h dmev lmj ghc [eb ah klb dbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\ \iehlv ^hg_ jZa eb qb fh klb bo Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo dmev lmj, ih eZ ]Z _l, qlh iZ fYl gb db, gZc _g gu_ gZ l_j jb lh jbbJjZj lm, \ Cb bb b \h k lhq ghf Bm jb klZ g_, ke_ m _l hl gh kblv d dbf f_ jbc pZf, Z ijh bk oh Y sb_ ba ijb -

8 Fh eh _ gb_ a^_kv ba f_ gb ehkv ebrv \ kZ fh_ ih k e_^ g__ \j_ -

fY, kf. 8e_ d k_ _\ 1992; C_^ \_^ kdZY 1992; 8e_ d k_ _\, AZ qZ eh \Z,

Iho lZkv _\ 1993.9 ?k lh jbx \h i jh kZ kf. Sulimirski 1960, 45–65; I_ j_ gh` dbg

1973, 7–19; 8e_ d k_ _\ 1992, 70–77.10 I_ j_ gh` dbg 1976.11 Fh ] j_ [h \Z, GZ _\ kdbc 1992, 51–52. D_ k fh l jY gZ kijZ \_^ -

eb\hklv wlbo aZ f_ qZ gbc, \ ^Zg ghc jZ [h l_, aZ g_ bf_ gb _f emq -

r_ ]h, bk ihev am xl kY ljZ b pb hg gu_ l_j fb gu «jZg g_ kdbn kdZY

dmev lm jZ», «kdbn kdbc a\_ jb guc klbev» b ih^. Eq_ \b^ gh,

h^gZ dh, qlh wlb qb k lh Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdb_ l_j fb gu \h \k_ g_

b^_g lbq gu ih gY lb Yf «Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbY dmev lm jZ / a\_ jb guc

klbev j_ Zev gh ]h wl gh kZ kdb nh\».12 Ivantchik 1993; ?\Zg qbd 1996.13 Hf. hkh [_g gh ?\Zgqbd / Ivantchik, \ i_qZlb.

18

mj fbc kdh ]h jZc hgZ (CZg gZ) — kdb nZf14. IZ dh_ jZa _ e_ gb_ ^h k lZ lhq gh kljZg gh — \_^v ibkv f_g gu_bk lhq gb db nb d kb jm xl Zd lb\ gmx ^_ Y l_ev ghklv \ CZg g_ g_ lhev dh kdb nh\, gh b dbf f_ jbc p_\ (SAA 4,24; SAA 10, 111). : lh `_ \j_ fY gZ l_j jb lh jbb Cb bb aZ nb d kb jh \Z gZ ^_ Y l_ev ghklv dZd dbf f_ jbc p_\,lZd b kdb nh\ (SAA 4, 35, 36, 39, 40, 65, 66, 71). Nlh dZ kZ _l kY iZ fYl gb dh\ gZ l_j jb lh jbb JjZj lm, hkh[_g -gh gZ k_ \_ j_ b \hk lh d_ kljZ gu, lh a^_kv lZd _ fh` gh ij_^ ih eZ ]Zlv gZ eb qb_ h[h bo gZ jh h\, ijb r_^ -rbo \ F_ j_^ gxx 8abx q_ j_a AZ\ dZa. :h \kY dhf kem qZ_ h ijb kml kl \bb kdb nh\ gZ l_j jb lh jbb Lm[mr -dbb gZf ba \_kl gh (SAA 4, 23). GZc h gu CZg gu b Cb bb, Z lZd _ b \h k lhq ghc qZ k lb JjZj lm, ^he` gu[ulv ih w lh fm bk dex q_ gu ba jZk kfh l j_ gbY b h[t _ d lhf gZ r_ ]h \gb fZ gbY ^he` gu klZlv bf_g gh jZchgu8gZ lh ebb, ]^_ ij_ [u \Z gb_ dbf f_ jbc p_\ aZ nb d kb jh \Z gh Zd dZ^ kdb fb l_d klZ fb, Z kdb nu ibkvf_g gufbk lhq gb dZf g_ ba \_kl gu ih f_gv r_c f_ j_ \ l_ q_ gb_ i_j \uo lj_o q_l \_j l_c VII \. ^h g. w.15 Fj_ [u \Z gb_kdb nh\ \ CZ ehc 8abb g_ nb d kb jm _l kY deb gh ibk gu fb l_d klZ fb, Z Zg lbq gu_ Z\ lh ju agZxl h g_f ebrv^eY [h e__ iha^ g_c wih ob (k\_ _ gbY h ij_ [u \Z gbb kdbn kdh ]h hl jY Z \ Bb bb ijb 8eb Zl l_).

Fj_ _, q_f i_ j_c lb d ZgZ eb am dh q_\ gb q_ kdbo iZ fYl gb dh\ F_ j_^ g_c 8abb, ke_ m _l k^_ eZlv _s_h^ gh aZ f_ qZ gb_. <eY lh ]h, qlh [u bf_lv \ha fh` ghklv \u _ eblv Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdb_ iZ fYl gb db bk lh jb q_ -kdbo dbf f_ jbc p_\ b hl _ eblv bo hl iZ fYl gb dh\ bk lh jb q_ kdbo kdb nh\, gZ h [ulv m\_ j_g guf, qlh gbh^bg ba wlbo ^\mo l_j fb gh\ g_ ih dju \Z _l ^jm ]hc b g_ mih l j_[ eY _l kY \ deb gh ibk guo l_d klZo VII \.^h g. w. kh [b jZ l_ev gh (dZd gZ a\Z gb_ kdb nh\ \ Zg lbq ghc eb l_ jZ lm j_ beb l_o `_ dbf f_ jbc p_\ \ iha^ g_ -\Z \b ehg kdbo l_d klZo). Fh h[ gh_ ij_^ ih eh _ gb_ \u kdZ au \Z ehkv ?. C. <vY dh gh \uf16, ih fg_ gbxdhlh jh ]h \ l_d klZo, kh klZ \ e_g guo \Z \b ehg kdb fb (gh g_ Zk kb jbc kdb fb) ib k pZ fb, gZ a\Z gb_ Gimirraiafh] eh h[h agZ qZlv b j_ Zev guo kdb nh\, mih l j_[ eY Ykv jZk rb jb l_ev gh, dZd \ l_d klZo gh \h \Z \b ehg kdhc bZo_ f_ gb^ kdhc wih ob, ]^_ hgh h[h agZ qZ eh b kj_ g_ Zab Zl kdbo kZ dh\, b ijb q_j gh fhj kdbo kdb nh\. Fjbwlhf hg ih eZ ]Ze, qlh Zk kb jbc kdb_ ib k pu, \ hl eb qb_ hl \Z \b ehg kdbo, ih k e_ h \Z l_ev gh jZa eb qZ ebkdbnh\ b dbf f_ jbc p_\, ih kdhev dm ijh bk oh b eb ba H_ \_j ghc C_ kh ih lZ fbb b [u eb emq r_ agZ dh fuk wlb fb dh q_\ gb dZ fb. GY^ \ha jZ _ gbc ijh lb\ wlhc ]b ih l_ au Y m`_ ijb \h be17. Fh^ q_jd gm, h^ gZ dh,_s_ jZa, qlh Zd dZ^ kdb_ bk lhq gb db dhg pZ VIII–VII \\. ^h g. w. ih k e_ h \Z l_ev gh jZa eb qZ xl ^\_ ]jmi iugh fZ h\, gZ au \Z\ rbo k_ [Y «dbf f_ jbc pu» b «kdb nu». Ih, qlh \ h[h bo kem qZ Yo j_qv b^_l h kZ fh gZ a\Z -gb Yo, m^h klh \_ jY _l kY nb d kZ pb _c h[h bo keh\ \ ^h k lZ lhq gh [eba dhc nhj f_ \ ^\mo kZ fh klh Y l_ev guoljZ^b pb Yo, ]j_ q_ kdhc b Zd dZ^ kdhc (Κιμμέριοι / Gimir(r)aia b ih^., Σκύθαι / I/Askuzaia, k ijh l_ lb q_ -kdbf ]eZk guf, ^h [Z \ e_g guf \h ba [_ Z gb_ aZ ij_ s_g gh ]h \ Zd dZ^ kdhf ^\m kh ]eZk gh ]h gZ qZ eZ keh \Z); aZ -bf kl \h \Z gb_ wlbo wl gh gb fh\ ba h^ ghc ljZ b pbb \ ^jm ]mx bk dex q_ gh.

HZ fh ih Y \ e_ gb_ \ Zd dZ^ kdbo l_d klZo gZ a\Z gbY Iskuzaia k\b _ l_ev kl \m _l h lhf, qlh l_j fbgGimirraia \ VII \. ^h g. w. _s_ g_ klZe kh [b jZ l_ev guf h[h agZ q_ gb _f gZ jh h\ kdb nh-kZd kdh ]h dmev lmj -gh ]h h[ eb dZ, dZd wlh ijh bahr eh iha _, \ \Z \b ehg kdbo l_d klZo Zo_ f_ gb^ kdhc wih ob. <_c kl \b l_ev gh,]jmi iZ lh ]h `_ \h _g gh-dmev lmj gh ]h h[ eb dZ, qlh b dbf f_ jbc pu, klZ\ rb_ ba \_kl gu fb Zk kb jbc pZ fjZgv r_, [u eZ gZ a\Z gZ g_ bo bf_ g_f (dZd lh [u eh [u k^_ eZ gh gZ 150 e_l iha _, dh ]^Z gZ a\Z gb_ dbf -f_ jbc p_\ klZ eh kh [b jZ l_ev guf), Z kZ fh h[h agZ q_ gb _f wlbo \h b gh\. Jih l j_[ e_ gb_ l_j fb gh\ Gimirraiab Iskuzaia gZ jZ\ guo ijZ \Zo \ h^ gbo b l_o `_ l_d klZo (\ «Zg gZ eZo» 8kZj oZ^ h gZ, \ aZ ijh kZo d hjZ dm emOZ fZ rZ, kf. hkh [_g gh aZ ijhk SAA 4, 24, ]^_ hgb klh Yl jY hf) k\b _ l_ev kl \m _l h[ bo ijb gZ^ e_` gh klbd h^ gh fm mjh\ gx wl gb q_ kdhc gh f_g d eZ lm ju. =k eb ij_^ ih eh blv, qlh gZ a\Z gb_ «dbf f_ jbc pu» m`_ \wlh \j_ fY [u eh kh [b jZ l_ev guf, lZ dh_ bk ihev ah \Z gb_ ^\mo l_j fb gh\ [u eh [u klhev `_ g_ \ha fh` guf,dZd kh q_ lZ gb_ «les Allemands et les Brandebourgeois» \h njZg pma kdhf beb «die Franzosen und die Lyoner»\ g_ f_p dhf. DZ jY m k wlb fb ^\m fY dhg dj_l gu fb h[h agZ q_ gb Y fb \ihe g_ hi j_ _ e_g guo ]jmii \h bg kl -\_g guo \kZ^ gb dh\, Zd dZ^ kdb_ l_d klu VII \. ^h g. w. bk ihev ah \Z eb, ^_c kl \b l_ev gh, b kh [b jZ l_ev gu_ l_j -

14 C_^ \_^ kdZY 1992.15 Rlh h[ klh Y l_ev kl \h g_ h hp_ gb \Z _l ;. Ahk kZd (Kossack1994, 32). Eg g_ jZa _ eY _l jZa ebq gu_ j_ ]b h gu F_ j_^ g_c

8abb, \ dh lh juo ibkv f_g gu_ bk lhq gb db nb d kb jm xl ijb kml -

kl \b_ dbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\. Rlh hl gh r_ gb_ d F_ j_^ g_c

8abb dZd d g_ jZa _ eb fh fm _^bg kl\m b g_ h k lZ lhq gh_ \gb fZ -

gb_ d ^Zg guf deb gh ibk guo l_d klh\ ijb \h bl _]h d i_k kb fb -

klb q_ kdh fm \u \h m h g_ \ha fh` gh klb jZa eb q_ gbY Zj o_h eh ]b -

q_ kdbo ke_ h\ ij_ [u \Z gbY ^\mo ]jmii dh q_\ gb dh\ \ F_ j_^ g_c

8abb.16 <vY dh gh\ 1956, 265; Diakonoff 1981, 118–119.17 Ivantchik 1993, 79, 86–94; ?\Zg qbd 1996, 83, 90–97.

19

fb gu, lZ db_ dZd umman manda b zer halqati. Egb ih dju \Z eb g_ lhev dh dbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\, gh b^jm ]bo \jZ _[ guo 8k kb jbb \Zj \Z jh\, gZ ijb f_j fb bc p_\.

He_ m _l mqb lu \Zlv, djh f_ lh ]h, b oZ jZ d l_j Zd dZ^ kdbo l_d klh\: wlh g_ mq_ gu_ kh qb g_ gbY bk lh jbdh-wl gh ]jZ nb q_ kdh ]h oZ jZ d l_ jZ, dZd ]j_ q_ kdZY ijh aZ, Z \ hk gh\ ghf l_d klu \ihe g_ ijZ] fZ lb q_ kdh ]h kh^_j -`Z gbY (^h g_ k_ gbY jZa \_^ db, Z^ fb gb kl jZ lb\ gZY i_ j_ ib k dZ, aZ ijh ku d ]Z Z l_ eYf ih dhg dj_l guf \h _g -guf b ih eb lb q_ kdbf ijh [ e_ fZf b ih^.). Egb hib ku \Z xl Zd lm Zev gu_ kh [u lbY b bo jhev kh klh bl g_\ bgl_j ij_ lZ pbb b j_ dhg kl jmd pbb wlbo kh [u lbc, Z \ fZ d kb fZev gh lhq ghc i_ j_ Z q_ bg nhj fZ pbb. IZd,gZ i jbf_j, Z\ lh ju aZ ijh kh\ d hjZ dm em OZ fZ rZ, \ dh lh juo kh ojZ gb ebkv fgh ]h qbk e_g gu_ mih fb gZ gbYdbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\, klj_ fb ebkv ij_ _ev gh ^_ lZev gh b g_ \m kfuk e_g gh knhj fm eb jh \Zlv \h i jh ku,i_j_ qbk eYY ijb wlhf \k_ \ha fh` gu_ m] jh au, dh lh juo klj_ fb ebkv ba [_ Zlv (kj., gZ ijb f_j, êbg gu_ bf_ ehq gu_ i_ j_ qbk e_ gbY \k_o \ha fh` guo ebp, fh ]m sbo ij_^ klZ \ eYlv hiZk ghklv êY pZ jY, \ aZ ijh kZo,ih k\Y s_g guo _]h [eZ ]h ih em qbx, gZ ijb f_j SAA 4, 139). Jqb lu \ZY wlm `Zg jh \mx hkh [_g ghklv aZ i jh -kh\ d hjZ dm em, ljm gh ij_^ ih eZ ]Zlv, qlh bo kh klZ \b l_ eb ^h im k dZ eb g_ lhq ghklv \ gZ bf_ gh \Z gbb ih l_g -pbZev guo ijh lb\ gb dh\ 8k kb jbb, h[h agZ qZY j_ Zev guo kdb nh\ gZ a\Z gb _f dbf f_ jbc p_\, ^Z _ _k eb bkh] eZ kblv kY \ ijbg pb i_ k \ha fh` gh klvx jZk rb jb l_ev gh ]h mih l j_[ e_ gbY wlh ]h wl gh gb fZ \ klhev jZg -g__ \j_ fY. AZd gb ljZ d lh \Zlv gZ a\Zg gu_ l_d klu, gb m dh ]h g_ \u au \Z _l kh f g_ gbY, qlh h[_ ]jmi iu, dZdkdb nu, lZd b dbf f_ jbc pu, [u eb Zd lb\ gu fb ^_c kl \m x sb fb eb pZ fb \ ih eb lb q_ kdhc `ba gb wih ob8kZj oZ^ h gZ. Jih l j_[ e_ gb_ h^ gh ]h l_j fb gZ \f_ klh ^jm ]h ]h kh a Z \Z eh [u ^\m kfuk e_g ghklv, b djZc g_kh f gb l_ev gh, qlh Z\ lh ju aZ ijh kh\ d hjZ dm em fh] eb __ ^h im k lblv, ih^ \_j ]Z Ykv jb k dm ih em qblv hl [h`_ -kl\Z ^\m kfuk e_g guc beb g_ lhq guc hl \_l. Ajh f_ lh ]h, dZd m`_ mdZ au \Z ehkv, km s_ kl \m _l ih djZc g_cf_ j_ h^bg aZ ijhk d hjZ dm em, \ dh lh jhf gZ a\Z gbY dbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\ kh ojZ gb ebkv jY hf (\ g_ dh -lh juo ^jm ]bo l_d klZo gZ a\Z gb_ h^ gh ]h ba wlbo gZ jh h\ jY hf k ^jm ]bf \hk klZ gZ \ eb \Z_lkY k ^hklZ lhqgh[hev rhc m\_ j_g gh klvx). :Z` gh ijb wlhf, qlh bf_ gZ dbf f_ jbc p_\ b kdb nh\ \dex q_gu a^_kv \ kib khd\ha fh` guo ijh lb\ gb dh\, ijb q_f \ wlhf kib kd_ hgb klh Yl g_ jY hf: «[m^v lh dbf f_ jbc pu, [beb mjZj -lu], beb fZg g_b, beb kdb nu, [beb ...]pu, beb ex [hc \jZ]». IZ dhc ih jY hd i_ j_ qbke_gbY kh \_j r_g ghbk dex qZ _l \ha fh` ghklv lh ]h, qlh «kdb nu» êY Z\ lh jZ aZ ijh kZ Y\ eY ebkv ebrv ih^ ]jmi ihc «dbf f_ jbc -p_\»: \ lZ dhf kem qZ_ g_ \ha fh` gh h[t Yk gblv, ih q_ fm bo mih fb gZ gbY jZa _ e_ gu mih fb gZ gb Y fb fZgg__\b [mjZj lh\] (\hk klZ gh \ e_ gb_ gZ _` gh), oh lY gb l_, gb ^jm ]b_ g_ fh] eb, hq_ \b^ gh, h[h agZ qZlv kY kh [b -jZ l_ev guf gZ a\Z gb _f «dbf f_ jbc pu». DZ fhc \a]eY^ hq_ \b^ gh, qlh \k_ mih fY gm lu_ \ wlhf kibkd_gZa\Z gbY ijb gZ^ e_ Zl d h^ gh fm mjh\ gx wl gb q_ kdhc gh f_g d eZ lm ju b gb h^gh ba gbo g_ ih dju \Z_l^jm ]h_. D_l gb dZ dbo hk gh \Z gbc ij_^ ih eZ ]Zlv bgh_ keh \h mih l j_[ e_ gb_ \ ^jm ]bo l_d klZo [eba dhc ^Z lu,hl gh kY sbo kY d lh fm `_ `Zg jm b kh klZ \ e_g guo l_f `_ djm ]hf ebp.

GZ am f_ _l kY, jZk rb jb l_ev gh_ mih l j_[ e_ gb_ gZ a\Z gbY dbf f_ jbc p_\, \ i_j \mx hq_ j_^v êY h[h -agZq_ gbY kj_ g_ Zab Zl kdbo kZ dh\, gZ _` gh aZ k\b _ l_ev kl \h \Z gh qZ klvx Zd dZ^ kdbo l_d klh\. E^ gZ dh wlbl_d klu g_ lhev dh ^Z lb jm xl kY ]h jZa h [h e__ iha^ gbf \j_ f_ g_f (hgb hl gh kYl kY d gh \h \Z \b ehg kdhc bZo_ f_ gb^ kdhc wih oZf), gh b ijb gZ^ e_ Zl bghc ib k ph \hc ljZ b pbb. ?o Z\ lh ju ijb gZ^ e_ Z eb d \Z\b -ehg kdbf dZg p_ eY jb Yf, \ hl eb qb_ hl Z\ lh jh\ aZ ijh kh\ d hjZ dm em [h ]Z OZ fZ rZ, ib k_f pZj kdh ]h Zj ob\Zb [hev rbg kl \Z ^jm ]bo hl gh kY sbo kY d ijh [ e_ f_ l_d klh\, dh lh ju_ [u eb k\Y aZ gu ij_ _ \k_ ]h k ^\h jhfZk kb jbc kdbo pZ j_c (oh lY qZklv ba gbo b ihev ah \Z eZkv gh \h \Z \b ehg kdbf ibkv fhf). IjZ b pbb dZg p_ eY -jbc H_ \_j ghc b S` ghc C_ kh ih lZ fbb jZa eb qZ ebkv b jZgv r_, h^ gZ dh wlZ jZa gb pZ klZ eZ, hq_ \b^ gh, _s_j_a q_ k aZ \h _ \Z gb _f :Z \b eh ghf g_ aZ \b kb fh klb b ij_ \jZ s_ gb _f \ ]eZ\ gh ]h kh i_j gb dZ 8k kb jbb, \kdhj_ijb \_^ r_ ]h __ d ]b [_ eb. Fhk e_ iZ _ gbY 8k kb jbb \Z \b ehg kdb_ ib k pu klZ eb _^bg kl \_g gu fb gh kb -l_eYfb ljZ b pbc Zd dZ h Yauq guo dZg p_ eY jbc, b bf_g gh bo ljZ b pbb, Z g_ ljZ b pbb Zk kb jbc kdbo dZg -p_ eY jbc H_ \_j ghc C_ kh ih lZ fbb, gZ ke_ h \Z eb Zo_ f_ gb^ kdb_ ibkpu. ?a-aZ hl kml kl \bY ^Zg guo g_\ha -fh` gh mk lZ gh \blv, dh ]^Z gZ a\Z gb_ dbf f_ jbc p_\ klZ eh mih l j_[ eYlv kY jZk rb jb l_ev gh êY h[h agZ q_ gbYkj_ g_ Zab Zl kdbo kZ dh\, gh \_kv fZ \_ jh Yl gh, qlh lZ dh_ _]h agZ q_ gb_ [u eh oZ jZ d l_j gh ebrv êY \Z \b -ehg kdhc, gh g_ Zk kb jbc kdhc ib k ph \hc ljZ b pbb. :b b fh, hgh \ha gb d eh \ lhc kj_ _, \ dh lh jhc jZa -ebqb_ f_ m ^\m fY wlgbq_kdbfb ]jmi iZ fb [u eh g_ km s_ kl \_g gh b ]^_ \Z` g__ [u eh bo koh^ kl \h. :8kkb jbb VII \. ^h g. w. kb lm Z pbY [u eZ kh \_j r_g gh bghc — kdb nu b dbf f_ jbc pu [u eb g_ lhev dhZdlb\ gufb mqZ kl gb dZ fb ih eb lb q_ kdbo kh [u lbc, gh b eh dZ eb ah \Z ebkv, ih djZc g_c f_ j_ hl qZ k lb, gZ

jZa ebqguo l_j jb lh jb Yo b, ih \k_c \b b fh klb, g_ j_^ dh aZ gb fZ eb jZa gu_ ih ab pbb ih hl gh r_ gbx d g_c(_klv hkgh\Z gbY ih eZ ]Zlv, qlh kdb nu h^ gh \j_ fY [u eb kh xa gb dZ fb 8k kb jbb, lh ] Z dZd dbf f_ jbc pu,ih-\b b fh fm, \k_ ]^Z hk lZ \Z ebkv __ \jZ ]Z fb). DZ ijh lb\, êY \Z \b ehg Yg, hkh [_g gh gZ qb gZY k dhg pZVII \. ^h g. w., jZa eb qb_ f_ m dbf f_ jbc pZ fb, kdb nZ fb b kZ dZ fb [u eh g_ km s_ kl \_g guf, ihkdhev dm gbl_, gb ^jm ]b_, gb lj_ lvb g_ ij_^ klZ \ eY eb êY gbo hiZk gh klb, ^Z b \h h[ s_ g_ b] jZ eb kdhev dh-gb [m^vkms_kl \_g ghc jh eb \ bo `ba gb. He_ m _l hl f_ lblv, qlh dbf f_ jbc pu \ wlh \j_ fY _s_ g_ hdhg qZ l_ev ghbkq_a eb ba ih eY aj_ gbY i_ j_^ g_ Z ab Zl kdbo gZ jh h\ (bo «ba ]gZ gb_ ba 8abb» ijb ib ku \Z _l kY eb bc kdhfmpZ jx 8eb Zl lm), oh lY b g_ b] jZ eb lhc jh eb, qlh ij_ _. E^ gZ dh i_ j_ g_ k_ gb_ bf_ gb dbf f_ jbc p_\ gZjh^ kl \_g guo bf ih dmev lmj gh fm lb im kZ dh\ fh] eh ijh bahc lb b iha _: dbf f_ jbc pu g_ h[Y aZ l_ev gh^he` gu [u eb hk lZ \Zlv kY \ wlh \j_ fY `b \hc j_ Zev gh klvx — ^h k lZ lhq gh [u eh kh ojZ g_ gbY \hk ih fb -gZgbc h gbo. Fh h[ gu_ kem qZb ^he ]h ]h km s_ kl \h \Z gbY wl gh gb fZ ih k e_ bk q_a gh \_ gbY _]h j_ Zev gh ]hghkb l_ eY oh jh rh ba \_kl gu. IZd, \b aZg lbc pu gZ au \Z eb kdb nZ fb ]mg gh\, keZ \Yg b g_ dh lh ju_ ^jm ]b_gZ jh u kim k lY fgh ]b_ klh e_ lbY ih k e_ bk q_a gh \_ gbY j_ Zev guo kdb nh\ ba kl_ i_c Fjb q_j gh fh jvY. ?lZd,fg_ dZ _l kY gZb [h e__ \_ jh Yl guf, qlh gZ a\Z gb_ dbf f_ jbc p_\ klZ eh mih l j_[ eYlv kY jZk rb jb l_ev gh, \i_j \mx hq_ j_^v êY h[h agZ q_ gbY kj_ g_ Zab Zl kdbo kZ dh\, ib k pZ fb Dh \h \Z \b ehg kdh ]h pZj kl \Z \ kZ fhfdhg p_ VII beb VI \. ^h g. w. ;h \h jblv h ih h[ ghf mih l j_[ e_ gbb wl gh gb fZ \ [h e__ jZg g__ \j_ fY, b hkh -[_g gh \ Zk kb jbc kdbo dZg p_ eY jb Yo, g_l hk gh \Z gbc. : ex [hf kem qZ_ g_ dhj j_dl gh [u eh [u i_ j_ gh kblv\u \h u, k^_ eZg gu_ gZ hk gh \Z gbb ZgZ eb aZ keh \h mih l j_[ e_ gbY l_d klh\ gh \h \Z \b ehg kdhc ib k ph \hc ljZ -^b pbb, gZ l_d klu, ij_^ klZ \ eY x sb_ kh \_j r_g gh bgmx gh \h Zk kb jbc kdmx ljZ b pbx.

:k_ wlh ih a \h eY _l kqb lZlv, qlh, dh ]^Z Zd dZ^ kdb_ bk lhq gb db VII \. ^h g. w. ]h \h jYl h dbf f_ jbc pZobeb kdb nZo, hgb bf_ xl \ \b m ]jmi im dh q_\ gb dh\, dh lh jZY ^_c kl \b l_ev gh gZ au \Z eZ k_ [Y kh hl \_l kl \m -x sbf l_j fb ghf. Fh k dhev dm kdb nu b dbf f_ jbc pu \ wlbo bk lhq gb dZo jZa ]jZ gb q_ gu l_j jb lh jb Zev gh,\ha gb dZ _l \ha fh` ghklv jZa ]jZ gb q_ gbY Zj o_h eh ]b q_ kdbo iZ fYl gb dh\, hk lZ \ e_g guo dbf f_ jbc pZ fb bkdb nZ fb. Ah g_q gh, fh` gh [u eh [u ij_^ ih eh blv, qlh djh f_ wlbo ^\mo ]jmii _\ jZ abc kdbo dh q_\ gbdh\\ F_ j_^ g_c 8abb ijb kml kl \h \Z eb b ^jm ]b_, g_ gZ au \Z\ rb_ k_ [Y gb kdb nZ fb, gb dbf f_ jbc pZ fb. IZdh_ij_^ ih eh _ gb_, h^ gZ dh, kh \_j r_g gh mfh a jb l_ev gh b ij_^ klZ \ eY _l kY ba ebr gbf. :h \kY dhf kem qZ_,ba\_kl gu_ d gZ klh Y s_ fm \j_ f_ gb ^h k lZ lhq gh fgh ]h qbk e_g gu_ bk lhq gb db mih fb gZ xl lhev dh wlb ^\_]jmi iu, b lhev dh h gbo b fh` gh \k_ jv _a ]h \h jblv ijb ZgZ eb a_ gZ oh hd «kdbn kdh ]h lb iZ» \ ^Zg ghfj_]b h g_.

@H= ?= 1.2

��

1.2.1 GK TB? JE TB N GEB LK @MB >B JEY J= JKM UPJ OB LB

Je jn rn pne bpe l_ m` g`d a{ kn nosa kh jn b` mn we r{ pe wpeg b{ wì mn b`f m{u h b{ p` gh rek| m{u jnlo -kej q`, opn hq un d_ yhu q rep ph rn phh =m` rn khh. ?qe nmh _b k_ ~r q_ nq r`r j` lh jn web mh weq jhu g` un pn me -mhi. Ab` hg mhu na m` ps fe m{ m` `j pn on ke Jnp xsm re oe, me on d` ke js nr I` k` r|h b bepu mel re we mhhBbtp` r`1. Lep bne oped qr`b k_ er qn ani me on rpe bn fem mne jnm qjne g` un pn me mhe. G` lep`, b jnrn pni nmnqn bep xe mn, hle er p`g le p{ 3,50 × 2,20 l h b{ qn rs njn kn 3 l. Be qre m{ rnk yh mni 0,50–0,60 l qkn fem{hg j`l m_ bqs us~, ` onk qn qrn hr hg oknr mn sr p`l an b`m mn cn qkn_ ckh m{, ke f` ye cn on bepu c`kew mn cnqkn_. J` cks ah me njn kn 70 ql nr bepu me cn jp`_ j` le p{ ke f` kh qje ke r{ dbsu fe pea vnb h dbsu qn a`j,eye oph lep mn m` 20–30 ql cksa fe — qje ker jn a{ k{. Ch bnr m{e, nwe bhd mn, a{ kh sah r{ m` leqreoncpe ae mh_ — upe aer jn a{ k{ oe pe psa kem q on ln y|~ na m` ps fem mni gdeq| fe qe jh p{, ` ndhm hg fepea -vnb a{k sahr sd` pnl jn o|_ qn qrn pn m{ kn o`r jh we peg cpsd|2 (�"). 1; 2). Ln cpe ae mhe oe pe jp{rnqrpnemh el, jn rn pne d` rh ps er q_ on m` un d_ yei q_ b mel je p` lh je VII b. dn m. }. @. Gnq q`j on k` cèr, wrnp`g ps xe mhe on qe ke mh_, j jn rn pn ls oph m`d ke fhr d`m mne gd` mhe, qb_ g` mn q ch ae k|~ Pp`p rs bn brn pnion kn bh me VII b. dn m. }. h d` rh ps er on cpe ae mhe oep bni on kn bh mni hkh qe pe dh mni }rn cn qrnkerh_3. N`lbk` de kev on cpe aem m{u jn mei, nwe bhd mn, b d`m mni j` le pe on un pn mem me a{k, b qb_ gh q wel bng lnf m{dbe hm rep ope r` vhh d`m mn cn qn nps fe mh_. Nn ck`q mn nd mni hg mhu pew| ln fer hd rh n jemn r`te. =m` kn -chh r` jhl on cpe ae mh _l m` p`m me q jht qjhu o` l_r mh jù dn qr` rnw mn un pn xn hg be qr m{. O`j, m` oph lep,b onk mn qr|~ p`q jn o`m mnl p`m me q jht qjnl ln chk| mh je J`p r`m b G` a`p dh mn->`k j` phh nam` ps fe mn4 jemn r` t`, qn dep f`b xhu dn qr` rnw mn an c` r{i on cpe a`k| m{i hm bem r`p| h g` un pn me mh_ jnmei (b nd mnlhg mhu na m` ps fem qje ker nd mn cn jn m_, b dps cnl rpeu)4. Wrn oped on kn fe mhe ln fer naz _q mhr| h m` khwheb jnl okej qe oped le rnb bn nps fe mh_, me sle q rm{u b jnm qjnl on cpe ae mhh, qn opn bnf d`b xel nq mnb mnegùn pn me mhe, ` r`j fe h rn, wrn qje ke r{ jn mei on le ye m{ me m` on ks on cpe a`k| mni j` le p{, ` gm` wh -rek| mn b{ xe. Nn ck`q mn dps cni hm rep ope r` vhh, jn rn ps~ oped k` c` er `b rnp p`q jn onj R. R` sor l`mm,d`mmne qn nps fe mhe qb_ g` mn q dps chl, m` un d_ yhl q_ m` p`q qrn _ mhh 22 l j ~cn-~cn-bnqrn js nr oep bncn.Nb_g| dbsu qn nps fe mhi sq r` m`b kh b` er q_ b oep bs~ nwe ped| m` nq mn b` mhh qund mni nph em r` vhh hu qrpn -h rek| m{u nq r`r jnb.

21

1 Hauptmann 1983, 251–270; qp. Hauptmann 1972, 105–107;

Hauptmann 1976, 72–73; qp. Ied bed qj`_ 1992, 96–99, phq. 3.2 Np. eye qn na ye mhe n on cpe ae mhh rpeu jn mei b nr dek| mnl

qn nps fe mhh (bh dh ln, aeg we kn be we qjn cn qje ke r`) qpe dh sp`pr -

qjhu g` un pn me mhi bng ke de peb mh Hhw j qe be ps nr nge p` ?`m

(bng ke L`r mn q`). G qn f` ke mh~, mh j`jhu qbe de mhi n on cpe -

a`k| mnl hmbem r` pe hkh u` p` j re pe qn nps fe mh_ me oph bn dhr q_:

Öǧün 1978, 66; Öǧün 1978a, 648. Gnm qjhe g` un pn me mh_ me

u`p` j repm{ dk_ sp`pr qjhu on cpe ae mhi, un r_ b mhu w` q rn m` un -

d_r jnm qjs~ so p_f|.3 Kossack 1987, 63, qp. Hauptmann 1983, 269, Anm. 112.4 >`r w` eb 1985, 38–44, Oà. 44–46; 49; 51–53; I` unp r{u

1991, 40; =ke j qe eb 1992, 50.

?rn pne qn nps fe mhe oped qr`b k_ er qn ani jb` d p`r ms~ j` le ps p`g le pnl oph lep mn 6 × 7 l h scksa -kem ms~ oph lep mn m` 6 l (�"). 3). Km` a{ k` on qr pn e m` m` j` lem mnl tsm d` lem re qn qre m` lh xhph mninr 1,40 dn 2,50 l h nj psc k{ lh sc k` lh. Nre m{ q` lni j` le p{ qkn fe m{ hg q{p vn b{u jhp oh wei, ophwelm` spnb me oph lep mn 60–80 ql nr tsm d` lem r` b q{p vn bni qre me thj qh ps er q_ qkni, qn qrn _ yhi hgwepeo jnb oh tn q`, bh dh ln, sj peo k_ ~ yhi jnm qr psj vh~. Ln cpe a`k| m`_ j` le p` oe pe jp{ b` k` an kee p`m -m~~ cks an js~ _ls, bng lnf mn, oph le m_b xs ~ q_ b jsk| rn b{u ve k_u. Ns d_ on bqe ls, }r` _l` a{ k` hq -onk| gn b` m` dk_ qn nps fe mh_ noh q`m mni on cpe a`k| mni on qr pni jh. Lph }rnl ee bepu m__ w`qr| a{ k` p`q -xh pe m` h b mei on qr pn e m` sc ksa kem m`_ on cpe a`k| m`_ j` le p`. ? g` onk me mhh bepu mei w` q rh _l{ opn -qke fh b` ~rq_ rph qkn_ j` l{ x`, nwe bhd mn, qb_ g`m m{u q on cpe a`k| m{l qn nps fe mh el. Jhf mhi qknioph l{ j` er j j`lem mn ls tsm d` lem rs, brn pni p`q on kn fem m` 0,50–0,80 l b{ xe h rpe rhi m` 2,60 lb{xe brn pn cn. Je_q mn, onk mn qr|~ kh j` le p` a{ k` on le ye m` b _ls hkh sc ksa ke m` khx| w` q rhw mn.?epu m__ w`qr| qnnps fe mh_ me thj qh ps er q_ — bng lnf mn nm` a{ k` p`g ps xe m` on gd mei xh lh on qr pni -j`lh (_l` h mùnd_ y` _ q_ b mei j` le p` oe pe jp{ r{ jsk| rsp m{ lh qkn _ lh). Ln-bh dh ln ls, b j` le pemùn dh knq| gùn pn me mhe, onk mn qr|~ p`g cpà kem mne eye b dpeb mn q rh. ?ms r ph na m` ps fe m{ nq r`r jhwekn be we q jn cn qje ker` h lmn cn whq kem m{e ok` q rhm jh fe keg mn cn we xsi w` rn cn o`m vh p_, ` r`j fe tp`c -lem r{ fe keg m{u rnon p` h mn f`. ?me j` le p{ m` un dh khq| we xsi jh rn cn fe o`m vh p_ h apnm gn b{i rpeu -

22

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kn o` qr mni m` jn mew mhj qrpe k{ q an jn b{l xh onl qjht qjn cn rh o`5. Ln lme mh~ R. R` sor l`m m`, }r`j`le p` a{ k` opedm`g m` we m` dk_ g` un pn me mh_ bk` dek| v` kn x` dei, on cpe aem m{u nr dek| mn. A`m mne oped -onkn fe mhe, nd m` jn, me aeq qonp mn. Rn r_ b qjht qjhu on cpe ae mh _u qn opn bnf d` ~ yhe jnm qjhe gùnpn -memh_ h a{ b` ~r sd` ke m{ nr jn q r_ j` hu bk` dek| v` (w` q rn nmh ke f`r, m` oph lep, s bun d` b on cpe a`k| ms~j` le ps, un r_ w`qrn h bms r ph q` lni j` le p{), nmh bqe fe m` un d_r q_ b p`l jù nd mn cn on cpe a`k| mn cnqnnps fe mh_, jspc` m`. M`q qrn _ mhe fe lef ds dbs l_ g` un pn me mh _ lh m` Jnp xsm re oe, j`j oped qr`b k_ erq_,qkhx jnl bekh jn dk_ rn cn, wrn a{ hu lnf mn a{ kn nr mn qhr| j edh mn ls jnl okej qs. ? rn fe bpe l_ na`qn nps fe mh_, on-bh dh ln ls, dei qr bh rek| mn, a{ kh on qr pn e m{ b nwem| akhg jne bpe l_, eq kh me nd mn bpe -lem mn. J` kh whe b nan hu oped le rnb qjht qjn cn na kh j` (bn brn pnl qks wè pew| hder khx| n edhm qr bem -mnl m` jn mew mh je qrpe k{, mì dem mnl bng ke on cpe a`k| mni j` le p{) sqh kh b` er d`m mne oped on kn femhe.Ln }rn ls lnf mn dsl`r|, wrn pew| hder me n edh mnl jnl okej qe, ` n dbsu g` un pn me mh _u akhg jn cn bpe -lemh, nd mn hg jn rn p{u a{ kn je mn r` tnl.

Ka m` ps fem m{i oph jnm qjhu g` un pn me mh _u hm bem r`p| bjk~ w`k apnm gn b{e oped le r{ jnm qjni sop_-fh: jnk| w` r{e sdh k` q bh r{ lh qrepf m_ lh, o` knw js-g` qref js, jnk| vn q on dbhf mni lst rni (s qjeker`

23

Mhq. 2 Lk`m oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. Gnm| 3


5 Hauptmann 1976, 73, Taf. 47, 6.

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oep bn cn fe pea v`), qrpe lew jn bhd m{e sdh k` h dbe opn mh gh, sj p` xem m{e cn kn bj` lh cph tn a` p` mnb(s qje ke r` jn a{ k{). Gpn le rn cn, gdeq| fe mì de m{ fe keg m{e oped le r{ bn nps fe mh_: rn onp, db` dkhm -m{u m`jn mew mh j` jn o|_, db` hgn cms r{u mn f` (�"). 4). On onp h nd mn hg jn ohi, j`j sfe son lh m` knq|,a{ kh hq onk| gn b` m{ dk_ sahi qr b` on cpe aem m{u jn mei.

T`qr| hm bem r` p_ d`m mn cn on cpe ae mh_ m` un dhr akhg jhe `m` kn chh b sp`pr q jhu h g` j`b j`g qjhu l` re -ph kù. Wrn j`qèrq_ opef de bqe cn u` p`j rep m{u jnk| w` r{u sdhk q bh r{ lh qrepf m_ lh, p`q opn qr p` mem -m{u b D` j`b j` g|e, Ep` me, ` g` rel h Pp`p rs m` wh m`_ q IX b. dn m. }. h b re we mhe VIII–VII bb. dn m. }.(ql. mhfe). Jì dem m`_ ble q re q }rh lh sdh k` lh o` knw j`-g` qref j`, on lme mh~ R. R` sor l`m m`, m` un dhrdn qr` rnw mn akhg jhe `m` kn chh b qjht qjhu jnl okej qù. Km sj` g{ b` er `m` kn chw m{e m` und jh b jsp c` mùNr`p x`_ lnch k`6, Cs pnb j` 406, 432 h 4477, A` p| eb j`8, Me o_ un b` r`_ ln ch k` 1 h 29 (�"). 5). Nke ds er,ndm` jn, g`le rhr|, wrn sj` g`m m{e oped le r{ me bonk me qn nr ber qr bs ~r m` und je hg Jnp xsm re oe. Lpef debqe cn, bqe nmh qde k` m{ hg jn q rh, ` me hg apnm g{, h gm` wh rek| mn nr kh w` ~r q_ on tnp le. Bye b`f mee,on f` ksi, wrn nmh hle ~r hmne tsmj vh n m`k| mne m` gm` we mhe: bqe sj` g`m m{e R. R` sor l`m mnl oped le r{qks fh kh me }kelem r` lh jnm qjni qapsh, ` g` qref j` lh jnk w` mnb, qnb le qr mn q nq r`r j` lh jn rn p{u nmhh mì de m{ b oncpe ae mh _u10. Os fe tsmj vh~ b{ onk m_ kh h j` lem m{e g` qref jh qund mni tnp l{, jn rnp{ena m` ps fem{ b p_ de on cpe ae mhi Ne bep mn cn G`b j` g` (~f m`_ ln ch k` jsp c` m` 1 h jsp c`m 9 s us rn p` Gp`q -mne gm` l_)11. Ln dna m{e g` qref jh hg apnm g{ hkh j`l m_ hg be qr m{ h b Ep` me12. =m` kn chw m{e g` qref jh

24

6 Ikkimq|j` 1951, 201, rà. II, 1; Ikkimq|j` 1968, rà. 2, 1.7 Ek| hm qj`_ 1975, rà. 8, 7; 12, 4,14.8 Ek| hm qj`_ 1975, rà. 34, 16–17.9 Ek| hm qj`_, In gn keb qjhi, Oe pe mnf jhm 1980, 36, phq. 6, 38;

14, 10,20.10 Ikkimq|j` 1951, 201, rà. II, 1; Ek| hm qj`_ 1968, 25; Ek|hm -

qj`_ 1975, 23, 25, 26, rà. 8, 7; 12, 4,14; Ek| hm qj`_, Ingn -

kebqjhi, Oe pe mnf jhm 1980, 36, 43–44, phq. 6, 38; 14, 10,20.

@. Gnq q`j (Kossack 1987, Abb. 27, 33) nxh anw mn sj` g{ bèr, wrn

g` qref j` hg Nr`p xni ln ch k{ hg cn rn b ke m` hg apnmg{. Nl.

qbnd js on dna m{u g` qre fej nr cn ph rnb: Tep mem jn 1981, 36–42,

144–145, phq. 22–25.11 Le r pem jn 1983, 46, phq. 61–63.12 Ghirshman 1939, 59, pl. XXIX, 6,7; Herzfeld 1941, 142,fig. 258; Kossack 1989, 119. Np. r`j fe m` und js o` p{ `m` kn chw -m{u g` qre fej hg j`l m_ b qkne m` w` k` VII b. dn m. }. @np dh n m`:

Anderson 1980, 336, Nr. 151, fig. 21.

Mhq. 3 G`lep` brnpncn oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe

Ln Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 54, 2

25

Mhq. 4 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. 1–4, 10. Cekegn; 5–9. >pnmg`


1 2 3

4

56

7

8a

8b9

10

hq onk| gn b` khq| h dk_ jpeo ke mh_ le w` m` on _qe. Egn a p` fe mh_ r` jhu oped le rnb hg be qr m{ m` `q qh phi -qjhu pe k| etù N`p cn m` II (bqe hgn a p` fem m{e oep qn m` fh p` gn ps fe m{, on }rn ls g` qref j` h bhd m`)13(�"). 6). Gpn le rncn, r` jni oped ler hg qkn mn bni jn q rh mì dem ble q re q le wnl b cpna mh ve 3 q` k` lhm -qjn cn me jpn on k_ m` Gh o pe (bh dh ln, jn mev VII b. dn m. }.)14. Ln-bh dh ln ls, gm` wh rek| mn akh fe o` knwje-g` qref je hg Jnpxsm re oe apnm gn b{e g` qref jh q opn pe g|~, jn rn p{e a{ kh na m` ps fe m{ ble q re q sdh k`lhrn cn fe rho` (jnk| w` r{e q bh r{ lh qrepf m_ lh) b I` knl jsp c` me b Ihk| qjn-G` p` aù qjni qre oh15(�"). 7, 1, 5) h b Ihm ce w` sp qjhu jsp c` mù16 (�"). 73, 2, 3, 5, 6). Nke ds er ond wepj msr|, wrn o` knw jh-g`qref jh q opn pe g|~, hqonk| gs e l{e j`j }ke lem r{ qapsh, nqn aem mn xh pn jn p`q opn qr p` me m{ hlem mn bo` l_r mh jù D` j`b j`g|_, cde nmh bqrpe w` ~r q_ ble q re q jnm qjni sg dni q XIII b. dn m. }.17 Gpn le rn cn, bme jn rn p{u p`m meqjht qjhu jsp c` mù Ne bep mn cn G`b j` g` on dna m{e apnm gn b{e g` qref jh-o` knw jh r`jfehmn cd` hq onk| gn b` khq| b jnm qjni sg de (nmh na m` ps fe m{ ble q re qn qrpe lew jn bhd m{ lh sdh k` lh)18, wrn,

26

13 Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 106; 107; 123 –133; 136. Eg d`m m{egdeq| pek| e t{ hg dbnp v` N`p cn m` b Asp-U`p ps jh me bnq opn -

hg bn d_r q_ r`j fe b hg d` mhh Albenda 1986. ? nq mn be }rn cn hg -

d`mh_ ke f`r na m` ps fem m{e `b rn pnl nph ch m` k{ ph qsm jnb

W. Qk`m d` m`, b me jn rn p{u qks w` _u hle ~ yhe me gm` wh rek| m{e

p`q un f de mh_ q b{ onk mem m{ lh on mhl cp` b~ p` lh, bnq opn -

hgbe dem m{ lh b hg d` mhh 1849 c. Ddeq| fe nosa kh jn b` m{ tn rn -

cp` thh me lmn chu sve keb xhu pek| e tnb Asp-U`p ps jh m`

(nqr`k| m{e srnmskh b U`rr-}k|-=pà oph rp`mq onp rh pnb je

b 1855 c.).

14 Karageorghis 1967, 38, Nr. 96, pl. XLV; LXXIX.15 Eeq qem 1965, 27.16 =q k` mnb, ?` h dnb, En me 1959, rà. XXXIX, 2; XL, 1,5;

Kossack 1983, Abb. 20, 7.17 Kossack 1989, 119–121, qn qq{k jni m` on cpe ae mhe XIII b.

dn m. }. s G` pe kh akhg @n ph h an kee ongd mhe o` l_r mh jh (>ex -

r` xemh b Oph ke rh, G` k` jemr, G` p` as k`j, >`k ks j`_, Rnd f` -

k{). Np. mh fe.18 Le r pem jn 1983, 46, phq. 47; Tep mem jn 1981, 42, phq. 25, 8,9;

Le r pem jn 1990, 68; I` unp r{u 1991, 53.

Mhq. 5 M`mmeqjhtqjhe g`qrefjh cnphrnb. 1. Nr`px`_ lnchk`; 2. >eknckhmj`; 3. Lpsqq{; 4. Cspnbj` 447; 5, 16. Cspnbj` 432; 6, 19, 20. Cspnbj` 406;

7. Oph >p`r`; 8. Kqm_ch; 9, 10. A`p|ebj`; 11. Lepea{jnbv{; 12. Gniqsch; 13–15. Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 17. Hsjh; 18. Gnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj; 21. Wxj`jnm 4; 22. D`keq|e. Gnqr|

Ln Tepmemjn 1981, phq. 24

12 3

45 6

7

10

13

16

19

8

11

14

17

20

22

9

12

15

18

21

bng lnf mn, naz _q m_ er q_ g` j`b j`g qjhl bkh _ mh el. O` jhl na p` gnl, hq onk| gn b` mhe apnm gn bni o` knw jh-g` qref jh b sgde jn m_ hg Jnp xsm re oe _b k_ er q_ qjn pee g` j`b j`g qjni wep rni, un r_ nmn hg be qrmn h b p`m -me q jht qjni qpede.

Jì dem m{e gdeq| fe m` jn mew mh jh jn ohi R. R` sor l`mm r`j fe qwh r`k qjht qjh lh, sj` g{ b`_ bj`weqr be akh fì xei `m` kn chh m` und jh b Ge kep leq qjnl jsp c` me19. Lped qr`b k_ er q_, nd m` jn, wrn sj` -g`m m{e E. J. Ied bed qjni sp`pr q jhe jn o|_ hg On op`j j` ke (�"). 8, 1) h ln chk| mh j` Rpr` mn v` b =p le -mhh (nxh anw mn sj` g`m G`p lhp->ksp j`j le q rn m` und jh jn ohi)20 (�"). 8, 2) on opn onp vh _ l h tnp lepnl ah we q jn cn oe p` gm` wh rek| mn akh fe j m` und j`l m` Jnp xsm re oe. Kd m` jn son l_ ms r{i e~ m` jn mew -mhj jn o|_ hg >` q r` l`21 qkhx jnl l`k on p`g le ps h hle er qkhx jnl jn pnr js~ brsk js. =m` kn chw m{efekeg m{e jn o|_ q an kee hkh le mee _p jn b{ p` fem m{ lh sc k` lh oph oe pe un de nr oe p` jn brsk je un pn xnhg be qr m{, jpn le Rpr` mn v`, h b dps chu o` l_r mh jù m` rep ph rn phh =p le mhh, nr mn q_ yhu q_ j VII b.dn m. }. (J` bsp, Tn p` r`m, Ah kh f`m h dp.)22 (�"). 8, 3–6). Eg be qr m{ nmh b D` j`b j` g|e h qe bep mnl Ep`meh b ankee p`m mee bpe l_23. >khg jh on tnp le m` jn mew mh j`l jn ohi hg Jnp xsm re oe r`j fe m` jn mew mh jhhg G` k` jem r` (L` p` dh q te q rsmc, on cpe ae mhe 3), nd m` jn nmh lem| xe on p`g le ps24. M`m me q jht qjhejno|_, bjk~ w`_ je kep leq qjhe (lnf mn sj` g`r| eye jn o|_ hg jsp c` mnb Nr`p x`_ ln ch k`, Cs pnb j` 406,Me o_ un b` r`_ ln ch k` 1 h 2 h dp.) (�"). 8, 7–11), hle ~r an kee ok`b m{e nwep r` mh_ oe p` h an kee xh pn js~

27

19 Hauptmann 1983, 263 qn qq{k jni: Ie k~ jn b` 1964, 37 qk,

rà. 12, 14 (nr dek 1, rho 2). Np. @` k` mh m` /Galanina 1997, 102–

105, 224, rà. 12, 8,9.20 Ied bed qj`_ 1992, 99, qp. Wartke 1990, 123 –125, Abb. 31,Taf. XXXVIII, b,c; I`p rh pn q_m 1964, 270, phq. 105, 1,2, gdeq|

fe dps che `m` kn chh.21 Kroll 1988, 58, Abb. 2, 6, Taf. 37, 2.22 Bq` _m 1966, 18, ràk. I, 7,8; Bq` _m 1976, ràk. 116, 1–7.23 Ln c pe an b` 1977, 74–77.24 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 54, Taf. 5, 10,11.

Mhq. 6 =qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` N`pcnm` II b Asp-U`ppsjhme (onleyemhe 6)

Ln Albenda 1986, pl. 68– 69

28

Mhq. 7 >pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg oncpeaemh_ I`kncn jspc`m` (=gepa`idf`m). 1. Pdhk` h oq`khh; 2. Q`k`p; 3. Gnknjnk|whj; 4. J`jnmewmhj qrpek{; 5. D`qrefj`; 6. Gnmqjhi m`knamhj

Ln Eeqqem 1965, phq. 10–12

1

2

3

4 5

6

29

Mhq. 8 Cekegm{e m`jnmewmhjh jnohi. 1. Onop`jj`ke; 2. Rpr` mnv; 3. J`bsp; 4. Tnp`r`m; 5, 6. Ahkh f`m;

7. Nr`px`_ lnchk`; 8. Gekepleq; 9, 10. Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 11. I`jeebj` 491

Ln Wartke 1993, Taf. 24 (1); I`prhpnq_m 1964, 272, phq. 105, 2 (2); Bq`_m 1976, phq. 116, 1,2,4,6 (3–6); Iek~jnb` 1964, r`a. 12, 8,10 (7, 11); @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, O`a. 12, 9 (8); Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 247 (9, 10)

1 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11

3

0 9

0 6

2

0 6

0 6

30

Mhq. 9 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ B 10a, β 6 Ahmu`-reoe II

Ln Muscarella 1974, fig. 36

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

11

7

10

9

12

13

14

15

16

17

20

21

1918 0 5

0 10

31

Mhq. 10 Gnqr_m{e }kelemr{ jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhgh h m`jn mewmhjh oq`khi) hg Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2 ?eqeknbqjncn

Ln Kossack 1987, Abb. 18, 20, 21

12

3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 1516

17 18

1920 21

22 23 24

25 26

2728 29 30

3132 33 34 35 36

32

Mhq. 11 Embemr`p| ~fmncn oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 1 s usr. Gp`qmne Dm`l_. 1–11, 16, 20, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33. >pnmg`; 12, 13, 17, 22, 30. Gnqr|; 14, 15. G`lem|; 18, 19. Nepeapn;

21. M`jnbhm` j`sph; 23, 24, 27, 28. Dnknrn; 31. Gnqr| h gnknrn; 34. Cekegn; 35–38. @khm`

Ln Lerpemjn 1983, 47; Lerpemjn b oew`rh

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11

12 15

17

16

1824

23

27

28

3133

20

30

35 3637 38

34

32

2526

19

29

14

2221

9

13

33

Mhq. 12 Pgdewm{e m`anp{ h m`jnmewmhjh qrpek qjhtqjncn rho` hg G`plhp->ksp`. 1–6. Gnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 25; 7–10. Pgdewj` jnm_, onchaxecn oph xrsple jpeonqrh; 11–18. Gnm qj`_ sgdewj`

hg onleyemh_ 18; 19. J`jnmewmhjh qrpek. 1, 2, 16. Ce kegn; 3–9, 11–14, 17, 19. >pnmg`; 10. Nepeapn; 15, 18. Gnqr|

Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 37

1

4

6

3

7

5

2

11 12 13

8

9

1015

16

14

17

18

19

brskjs. Ln }rn ls oped qr`b k_ er q_, wrn jn o|_, j`j h sdh k` q bh r{ lh qrepf m_ lh, dnkf m{ a{r| nr me qe m{j sp`p rqjni hkh g` j`b j`g qjni w` q rh hm bem r` p_ on cpe ae mh_. J` un d_ yhi q_ b ln ch ke rnonp r`j fe m` un -dhr akh fì xhe `m` kn chh b g` j`b j`g qjn-hp`m qjhu, ` me qjht qjhu, l` re ph kù, b w`qr mn q rh, b nd mnl hgoncpe ae mhi m` Ahm u`- re oe II, jn rn pne, be pn _r mn, d` rh ps er q_ IX b. dn m. }. (on cpe ae mhe B 10a, β 6)25(�"). 9, 8). ? }rnl on cpe ae mhh, jpn le qe jh p{, na m` ps fe mn r`j fe jn o|e akhg jn cn jn o| _l hg Jnp xsm -re oe rh o`, ` r`j fe oped le r{ jnm qjni sg d{ h me onk m{i p`q wke mem m{i qje ker kn x` dh (�"). 9, 2, 21).Egn cms r{e mnfh r`j fe u`p`j rep m{ hlem mn dk_ sp`pr q jhu h g` j`b j`g qjhu o` l_r mh jnb h me m` un d_rqeae akhg jhu `m` kn chi b p`l jù p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{26.

Oel me le mee b hm bem r` pe hle ~r q_ h beq| l` u` p`j rep m{e oped le r{, oph m`d ke f` yhe qjht qjn lsjps cs be yei. Wrn opef de bqe cn apnm gn b{e qrpe lew jn bhd m{e sdh k` h apnm gn b{e opn mh gh, b{ onk memm{eb gbe ph mnl qrh ke. Lpn mh gh hle ~r tnp ls cph tn a` p` m` q jpsc k{l ck` gnl, na p`l k_ ~ yhl ecn qmh gspncnl, hle ~ yhl m` qe ae te q rnm w` r{i np m` lemr, h sunl, p`q on kn fem m{l bng ke ck` g`. ?qe de r` kh ry` -rek| mn opn p` an r` m{.

>pnm gn b{e sdh k` rn cn fe rh o`, wrn m` Jnp xsm re oe, na{w m{ m` p`m me q jht qjhu o` l_r mh jù: nmhna m` ps fe m{ b jsp c` mù s us rn p` =kej qe eb qjhi, b Ge kep leq qjhu jsp c` mù, p`q jn o`m m{u ?e qe knb qjhl hUsk| vel, ` r`j fe b C` an rhm qjhu 2 h 524, Oe me rhm j` 183, Nr`p x`_ ln ch k`, Me o_ un b`r`_ ln ch k` 1 h 2,@s k_i cn pnd 38 h lmn chu dps chu.

>pnm gn b{e opn mh gh b bh de cn knb cph tn a` p` mnb me hle ~r qrnk| akhg jhu `m` kn chi. Eu oph m`d kef -mnqr| p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs pe me b{ g{ b` er, nd m` jn, mh l` kei xhu qn lme mhi. Egn a p` fe mh_ cph tn a` -p` m`, on le y`b xh e q_, j`j op` bh kn, m` oped le rù jnm qjni sg d{ (opn mh g_u hkh njnm w` mh _u oq` kh eb),_b k_ ~r q_ nd mhl hg q` l{u _p jhu oph gm` jnb p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{. Lph }rnl nmh u` p`j rep m{ hlem -mn dk_ bnq rnw mn e b pn oei qjhu qre oei h ke qn qre oei, me p`q opn qr p` m_ _q| m` bnq rnj d` kee rep ph rn phhq`bpn l`r qjni jsk| rs p{27. Ln f` ksi, m` h an kee akhg jh j opn mh g_l hg Jnp xsm re oe opn mh gh h m` jn mew -mh jh oq` kh eb, opn hq un d_ yhe hg Ge kep leq qjhu jsp c` mnb 1 h 2, p`q jn o`m m{u ?e qe knb qjhl (�"). 10)28.Kmh akhg jh me rnk| jn on tnp le, mn h on nr dek| m{l de r` k_l, b w` qr mn q rh, on sj p` xe mh~ pn c` te q -rnm w` r{l np m` lem rnl. Lp`b d`, m` je kep leq qjhu be yù r` jni np m` lemr sj p` x` er bepu m~~ w`qr| pn c`cph tn a` p` m`, ` me m` un dhr q_ ond ecn ck` gnl, j`j m` opn mh g_u hg Jnp xsm re oe. J` h an kee qs ye qr bemm{lp`g kh wh el lef ds }rh lh be y` lh _b k_ er q_ hu l` re ph k — je kep leq qjhe be yh hg cn rnb ke m{ hg jn q rh,rnc d` j`j opn mh gh hg Jnp xsm re oe apnm gn b{e. Gn q r_ m`_ opn mhg| b bh de cn kn b{ cph tn a` p` m` na m` -psfem` r`j fe b jsp c` me 1 s us rn p` Gp`q mne Dm` l_ (~f mne on cpe ae mhe), jn rn p{i, bh dh ln, nr mn qhr q_j jekep leq qjn ls oe ph n ds (�"). 11, 22)29. >pnm gn b{e opn mh gh b bh de cph tn a` p` mnb hg be qr m{ m` an keeongdmhu o` l_r mh jù (Cs pnb j` 40730, @s k_i cn pnd 3831, D` u` pei jn b` ln ch k` 132, Ln onb j` 9 h 1033),ndm` jn hu tnp l` cn p`g dn que l` rhw mee. Ln dna m`_ que l` rhw m`_ apnm gn b`_ opn mhg| a{ k` mì de m` h m`G`p lhp->kspe34 (�"). 12, 6). Gpn le rn cn, on dna m`_ que l` rhw m`_ apnm gn b`_ opn mhg| up` mhr q_ b ls geeIe r pn on kh rem b J|~-Fnp je (�"). 13)35. Onw mne le q rn ee m` und jh me hg be qr mn — nm` a{ k` oph na pe rem`W. Repv tek| dnl b R` l` d` me b Ep` me. N opn mh g_ lh hg Jnp xsm re oe lnf mn qn on q r` bhr| r`j fe opn hqun -

34

25 Muscarella 1974, 64– 67, fig. 36; Ied bed qj`_ 1992, 99

(q nxh anw m{l sj` g` mh el m` oph m`d kef mnqr| on cpe ae mh_

qkn~ Ahm u` III).26 Lh n r pnb qjhi 1950, 37, phq. 17; Kroll 1988, 156, Abb. 1, 1;Wartke 1990, 103 –109, Abb. 24; I`p rh pn q_m 1964, 270,

phq. 105, 3–5; I`p rh pn q_m 1967, 232, phq. 6; Ae bed f_m 1981,

62, ràk. XXIII, 3,5; qp. Ied bed qj`_ 1992, 97–99.27 Ied bed qj`_ 1992, 88–90; Ln c pe an b`, M` eb qjhi 1992, 128–

135, q bng be de mh el d`m mn cn ln rh b` j ks ph qr`m qjhl apnm g`l.28 @` k` mh m` 1983, rà. 8, 1,2,5,6,22,23; 9, 8; Galanina 1985,

Taf. 8, 1,2,5,6,22,23; 9, 8; Kossack 1987, Abb. 18, 15,23,24,37;

@`k` mh m` / Galanina 1997, 124–129, rà. 21, 174–177,183,184;

22, 239. Pj` g{ b` e l{e R. R` sor l`m mnl b j` we qr be `m` kn chi

m` und jh m` G`p lhp->ks pe (Hauptmann 1983, 264) cn p`g dn

d`k| xe nr opn mh gei hg Jnp xsm re oe on tnp le h np m` lem -

r`vhh. G rn ls fe nmh hg cn rn b ke m{ hg jn q rh, ` me apnm g{.29 Le r pem jn 1983, phq. 20.30 Ek| hm qj`_ 1975, 24, rà. X, 10,11.31 Ek| hm qj`_ 1975, 14, rà. II, 30,31.32 Ek| hm qj`_, In gn keb qjhi, Oe pe mnf jhm 1980, 61, phq. 36,

1,2. 33 Ek| hm qj`_ 1968, 59–60, rà. LII, 1,11.34 Lh n r pnb qjhi 1952, 37.35 Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 503. Np. Herzfeld 1941, 271,fig. 374.

d_ ys~ hg G`p lhp->ks p` pn cn bs~ cn kn bjs cph tn a` p` m` q jk~ bnl, sj p` xem m{l te q rnm w` r{l np m` lem -rnl (�"). 14, 11)36. J` p_ ds q sdh k` lh qn qrpe lew jn bhd m{ lh njnm w` mh _ lh, apnm gn b{e opn mh gh b bh decn kn bnj cph tn a` p` mnb hg Jnp xsm re oe _b k_ ~r q_ m` h an kee _p jhl oph gm` jnl, ong bn k_ ~ yhl `r ph as rh -pn b`r| }rnr jnl okejq mn qh re k~ p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{. Ns d_ on bqe ls, d`m m{i }ke lemr l` re ph k| -mni jsk| rs p{ p`m mhu jn web mh jnb, b nr kh whe nr p_ d` dps chu, me a{k g` hl qr bn b`m oe ped me gh r qjh lhm` pn d` lh h ln fer qwh r`r| q_ m` def m{l dh cmn q rh ps ~ yhl oph gm` jnl hlem mn p`m me q jht qjni `p ue n -kn chweq jni jsk| rs p{. >n kee rn cn, b p`l jù q` lni }rni jsk| rs p{ nm r`j fe nc p` mh wem upn mn kn ch we q -jh — ondna m{e oped le r{ me hg be qr m{ m` o` l_r mh jù q` ln cn p`m me cn, f` an rhm qjn cn, }r` o` h bun d_r bsonrpea ke mhe khx| m` je kep leq qjnl }r` oe. Kmh hq onk| gn b` khq| h b qke ds ~ yhi oe ph nd p`g bh rh_p`mme qjht qjni jsk| rs p{ (rpe rhi }rò on que le @. Gnq q` j` –E. J. Ied bed qjni), ` g` rel b{ xkh hgson rpea ke mh_. Lph }rnl dk_ on qked me cn oe ph n d` u` p`j rep m{ qhk| mn que l` rh gh pn b`m m{e, w` q rn hgcn -rnb kem m{e hg apnm g{, cn kn bjh cph tn a` p` mnb, rnc d` j`j `m` kn chh de r` kh g` vhh cn kn bnj hg Jnp xsm reoeh hu np m` lem rs opn hq un d_r hlem mn hg je kep leq qjn cn }r` o` (un r_ nq r`k| m{e on dna m{e oped le r{ qde -k`m{ hg jnqrh). O` jhl na p` gnl, «qjht qj`_» w`qr| jnl okej q` be yei jnm qjn cn on cpe ae mh_ hg Jnp xsm -re oe lnfer a{r| nr me qe m` hlem mn j je kep leq qjn ls oe ph n ds p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{.

Gpn le oe pe whq kem m{u m` un dnj b on cpe ae mhh hg Jnp xsm re oe na m` ps fem eye ndhm oped ler jnm -qjni so p_ fh — apnm gn bne jnk| vn q na kn l` mni on dbhf mni lst rni. A`m m{i }ke lemr hm bem r` p_ —edhm qr bem m{i b on cpe ae mhh, jn rn p{i ln fer a{r| qb_ g`m q oped qjht qjni jsk| rs pni rh o` Jn bn wep j`q -qjn cn jk` d`. Aei qr bh rek| mn, on dna m{e jnk| v` bqrpe w` ~r q_ b jnl okej qù }rn cn rh o`, b rnl whq ke hb reu, jn rn p{e bjk~ w` ~r }ke lem r{ p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{. Kqn aem mn p`q opn qr p` me m{ on dna m{emùnd jh m` Ne bep mnl G`b j` ge. O`j, nmh na m` ps fe m{ b on cpe ae mh _u s Hep lnm rnb qjn cn p`gz eg d` hs usrn p` =kej qe eb qjhi37 (na` jnl okej q` hle ~r b qbn el qn qr` be p`m me q jht qjhe be yh), b Lxhx qjnljk` de38 (q dbs jnk| w` r{ lh sdh k` lh), b jsp c` me P`x uh rs39 h dps chu. ?qrpe w` ~r q_ nmh r`j fe h b on gd -memn bn wep j`q qjhu o` l_r mh jù m` rep ph rn phh He qn qre oh (>s rem jh h Gbhr jh)40 h oph wep mn lnp qjhuqreoei (Lpe na p` fem qjne, =j qì)41 (�"). 15; 16, 26–27). Bye b 60-e cn d{ =. J. Ie kem r| eb oped on kn fhk,wrn on dna m{e jnk| v` qks fh kh dk_ qjpeo ke mh_ jnm qjni so p_ fh q _p lnl jn keq mh v{. Lph }rnl, m`nqmn b` mhh u` p`j re p` hg mn q` jn kev, na m` ps fem m{u ble q re q dps ch lh oped le r` lh jnm qjni so p_ fh bqnqr` be =j qì qjn cn jk` d`, nm oped on kn fhk, wrn on dna m{e oped le r{ g` jpeo k_ khq| m` _p le b bep rh -

35

36 Lh n r pnb qjhi 1950, 96, phq. 64. @. Gnq q`j (Kossack 1987,Abb. 25, 4) nxh anw mn sj` g{ b` er, wrn nm` qde k` m` hg apnm g{.37 Eeq qem 1954, 117–123; Ek| hm qj`_, Oe pe mnf jhm 1987,

20–23.38 Wp khu 1991, phq. 5.

39 Wp khu 1990, 60; Wp khu 1994, 27, 32–33, rà. 5, 26–27.40 Gnb o` mem jn 1962, 67, phq. 2, 1,2; Gnb o` mem jn, @s o` kn

1984, 45, phq. 6, 12.41 Nbnd js m` un dnj ql. Wp khu 1994, 32–33, 46–47; ?`k| w`j

1997`, 40–56.

Mhq. 13 >pnmgnb`_ opnmhg| hg lsge_ Ierpnonkhrem, J|~-Fnpj

Ln Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 503

j`k| mnl onkn fe mhh jnk| vnl jbep us42. J` }rs hm rep ope r` vh~ me na p` y` knq| dnkf mn cn bmh l` mh_ dnreu onp, on j` ?. M. Wp khu me na m` ps fhk db` on dna m{u jnk| v` oph p`q jno jù jsp c` m` P`x uh rs b =d{ -cee, cde nmh a{ kh mì de m{ ble q re q wer bep jni kn x` dei h nq r`r j` lh jn keq mh v{. J` nq mn b` mhh }rnim` und jh ?. M. Wp khu bep msk q_ j oped on kn fe mh~ =. J. Ie kem r| e b` h, m` lni bgck_d, qn bep xem mn qop` -bed kh bn jnm qr` rh pn b`k, wrn on dna m{e apnm gn b{e jnk| v` qks fh kh w` q r|~ jn keq mhw mni so p_ fh, ` meqapsh bep un b{u jn mei43. Lph }rnl nm, nd m` jn, jn kea ker q_ b no pe de ke mhh tsmj vh n m`k| mn cn m` gm` we -mh_ }rhu jnkev. Me x` ~ yhl `p cs lem rnl b onk| gs hq rnk jn b` mh_ on dna m{u jn kev j`j de r` kei jn keq mhw -mni sop_ fh bn na ye (?. M. Wp khu) h hu hq onk| gn b` mh_ dk_ qjpeo ke mh_ qapsh q _p lnl b w` qr mn q rh(=. J. Ie kem r| eb) _b k_ ~r q_, j qn f` ke mh~, me hq onk| gn b`m m{e son l_ ms r{ lh `b rn p` lh m` und jh ope -jp`q mn qn up` mhb xhu q_ jn keq mhv q g` op_ fem m{ lh b mhu kn x`d| lh b me jpn on ke N` k` lh m` (Ghop).>nc` rei xhe oncpe ae mh_ q jn keq mh v` lh m` q` k` lhm qjnl me jpn on ke d` rh ps ~r q_ lef ds on qked mei wer -bep r|~ VIII h jnm vnl VII bb. dn m. }.44 Npe dh le r`k kh we q jhu de r` kei jn keq mhv, mì dem m{u ble q re qunpn xn qn up` mhb xh lh q_ b p_ de qks w` eb de pe b_m m{ lh de r` k_ lh, na m` ps fe mn ank| xne jn kh we qr bn jn -kev (j`j apnm gnb{u, r`j h fe keg m{u). Eu m` und jh ble q re q nq r`r j` lh _p l` jn keq mh v{ qbh de rek| qr -bs~r n rnl, wrn nmh jpe oh khq| j }rn ls _p ls, oph wel g` jpeo k_ khq| m` mel bep rh j`k| mn, j`j h oped -on k` c`k =. J. Ie kem r| eb. Lph }rnl jnk| v` _p l` hg be qr m{ b me qjnk| jhu p`g mn bhd mn q r_u. Je jn rn p{e hgmhu fe qr jn g` jpeo k_ khq| b bep rh j`k| mnl on kn fe mhh, nd m` jn b ank| xhm qr be qks w` eb jnk| v` hle ~rlst rs, g` bep x` ~ ys ~ q_ xr{ pel, jn rn p{i sj peo k_k q_ b de pe b_m mnl _p le. Gnk| vn, r` jhl na p` gnl, g`j -peo k_ knq| qbn and mn. ? me jn rn p{u qks w` _u jnk| vn hle er lst rs aeg xr{ p_, jn rn p`_, b qbn~ nwe ped|,qjpeo k_ k`q| q g` jpeo k_b xhl q_ m` _p le xr{ pel hkh cbng del — r` jhe jnk| v` m` h an kee akhg jh oph wep -mn lnp qjhl45 (�"). 17; 18).

Nke ds er, nd m` jn, nr le rhr|, wrn b me on rpe bn fem mnl on cpe ae mhh hg Jnp xsm re oe mer mh j` jhu qbh -de rek|qrb m` kh wh_ jn keq mh v{ hkh rn cn, wrn on cpe aem m{e gdeq| jn mh oped m`g m` w` khq| dk_ g` op_f jh bmee, ` me dk_ bep un bni eg d{. Gpn le rn cn, lst r` m` }rnl jnk| ve na kn l` m` h b jnl okej qe nmn oped qr`b -ke mn khx| b edhm qr bem mnl }j gelo k_ pe, rnc d` j`j b jnl okej qù, cde r` jhe jnk| v` hq onk| gn b` khq| dk_jn keq mhw mni so p_ fh, nmh bqe cd` bqrpe w` ~r q_ b o` pe 46. Inf mn oped on kn fhr| on }rn ls, wrn b on cpe ae -mhh hg Jnp xsm re oe d`m mne jnk| vn hq onk| gn b` knq| me on oep bn m` w`k| mn ls m` gm` we mh~, oph welr`jnls hq onk| gn b` mh~ me le x` kn nr qsr qr bhe m` mel nr kn l`m mni oph be q jh. Wrn oped on kn fe mhe naz_q -mh kn a{ h ecn an kee `p u` hw m{i na khj on qp`b me mh~ q nq r`k| m{ lh }ke lem r` lh jnl okej q`. J` qjnk|jnhg be qr mn, on cpe ae mhe m` Jnp xsm re oe _b k_ er q_ edhm qr bem m{l jnl okej qnl, cde on dna mne jnk| vn bqrpe -we mn ble q re q oped le r` lh je kep leq qjn cn }r` o` p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{. ?opn wel, m` und jh jn keq mhvm` Gh o pe on j` g{ b` ~r, wrn on dna m{e jnk| v` hq onk| gn b` khq| b so p_ fh jn keq mhv me rnk| jn b eb p` ghi -qjhu qre o_u, mn h b Le ped mei =ghh (op`b d`, on j` b dps chu pì n mù nmh me hdem rh th vh pn b` m{ j`jder` kh jn keq mhv), oph wel hg be qr m{ nmh gdeq| h b ope de kù VII b. dn m. }. Inf mn oped on k` c`r| on }rnls,wrn jnk| vn hg Jnp xsm re oe oph m`d ke fhr me qreo mni, ` le qr mni w` q rh hm bem r` p_ on cpe ae mh_. Qnp l`sjpeokem mni m` lst re de r` kh, jn rn p`_ lnc k` a{ srnw mhr| opn hq unf de mhe d`m mn cn oped le r`, me hg be -qr m`, onqjnk| js nm` me qn up` mh k`q|. O` jhl na p` gnl, bn bqe me na_ g` rek| mn qb_ g{ b`r| }rnr oped ler qjsk| rspni rh o` Jn bn wep j`q qjn cn jk` d`, h sf bn bq_ jnl qks wè ecn m` und j` b jnl okej qe oep bni on kn -bh m{ VII b. dn m. }. mh j`j me ln fer d` rh pn b`r| o` l_r mh jh }rn cn rh o` rel fe bpe le mel, j`j qwh r` er?. M. Wp khu47. Aei qr bh rek| mn, m` Jnp xsm re oe jnk| vn na m` ps fe mn b qn qr` be jnl okej q`, bjk~ w` ~ ye cnu` p`j rep m{e oped le r{ an kee on gd me cn, je kep leq qjn cn, na kh j`, h beq| jnl okejq dnk fem d` rh pn b`r| q_on qbn hl m` h an kee on gd mhl qn qr`b k_ ~ yhl.

36

42 Ie kem r| eb 1967, 42–44.43 Wp khu 1990, 59–60; Wp khu 1994, 38–41.44 Lsa kh j` vh~ ql. Dikaios 1963, 126–210 (cpna mh v` 1);Kara georghis 1967 (cpna mh v{ 2, 3, 47, 50); Karageorghis 1973,4–121 (cpna mh v` 79). Np. Karageorghis 1975, 32–154.45 O` jhe jnk| v` hq onk| gn b` m{, m` oph lep, b jn keq mh ve B

hg cpna mh v{ 79, g` op_ c`b xei q_ wer bep jni jn mei. Kmh a{ kh

sj pe o ke m{ m` jp` _u g` cms r{u jbep us jnm vnb _p l` h we peg mhu,

nwe bhd mn, opn un dhk on bnd oph qr_f m{u jn mei: Karageorghis1973, 30, Nr. 220 / 8A, pl. LXXIX; CCLIV, fig. 10. Np. Kara geor -ghis 1967, 82–84, 87, Nr. 66–69, 98–102, pl. LXXXV; CXLIII.46 Wp khu 1994, 41.47 Wp khu 1994, 91.

37

Mhq. 14 Egdekh_ «qjhtqjncn» rho` hg G`plhp->ksp`.1–6, 10, 11, 13. Gnqr|; 7–9, 12, 14. >pnmg`; 15, 16. Cekegn


2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

12

11

13

14

9

15 16

1

0 9

38

Mhq. 15 >pnmgnb{e jnk|v` q lstrni. 1, 2. «Lxhxqjhi jk`d» 1988 c.; 3. Rsrnp =kejqeebqjhi;

4. Hep lnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd; 5. Inchk|mhj Lxhx; 6. «=jq`iqjhi jk`d»; 7. Gbhrjh

Ln ?`k|w`j 1997a, phq. 1, 7,8 (1, 2), phq. 2, 2,3 (5, 6); Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 21, 23 (3, 4); Gnbo`memjn, @so`kn 1984, Mhq. 6, 12 (7)

1 2 3

4

5

6

7

39

Mhq. 16 Embemr`p| jspc`m` P`xuhrs b =d{cee. 36. Cekegn, nqr`k|mne apnmg`

Ln Wpkhu 1994, phq. 5

1

2

4 3 8

9

11 10

12 13 14756

15

16

18 19 2017

21

22

23 24 25

26 27

28 29

3130

343632

33

35

0 6

40

Mhq. 17 Mejnmqrpsjvh_ jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ N`k`lhm` (Ghop). 1. @pnamhv` 79, B; 2. @pnamhv` 2

Ln Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXV (1); Karageorghis 1973, fig. 10 (2)

1

2

0 1 m

0 1 m

41

Mhq. 18 Gnk|v` nr _pl` jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ N`k`lhm` (Ghop). 1–8. Gnkeqmhv` hg cpnamhv{ 47; 9. Gnkeqmhv` B hg cpna mhv{ 79

Ln Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXLII–CXLIII (1– 8); Karageorghis 1973, pl. CCLIV (9)

1 2

4

3

9

87

6

5

42

@n bn p_ n qn we r` mhh b on cpe ae mh _u hg Jnp xsm re oe qjht qjhu be yei q g` j`b j`g qjh lh (hkh sp`pr -qjh lh), qke ds er son l_ msr| n on dna mni fe j`p rh me b p`m mhu jn web mh we q jhu o` l_r mh jù, na m` ps -femm{u m` rep ph rn phh D` j`b j` g|_. ? j` we qr be oph le p` lnf mn oph be q rh I` k{i jsp c`m b Ihk| qjn-G`p` aù qjni qre oh48, me jn rn p{e on cpe ae mh_ cpsm rn bn cn ln chk| mh j` Ihm ce w` s p`49, Okhi qjn cn ln chk| -mh j`50 h lmn che dps che51. Gnl okej qs hg Jnp xsm re oe, on f` ksi, m` h an kee akh gnj jnl okejq I` kn cnjsp c` m`, cde r`jfe mì de m{ apnm gn b{e sdh k` q bh r{ lh qrepf m_ lh, o` knw j`-g` qref j` q opn pe g|~ hrpeu kn o` qr mni m` jn me mew mhj qrpe k{ «qjht qjn cn» rh o` (�"). 7, 1, 4, 5).

1.2.2 GKTB?JETBNGEB LK @MB >B JEY P EIEM HB M= E =I= NVE

Aps cni _p jhi jn web mh we q jhi jnl okejq, opn hq un d_ yhi hg =m` rn khh — on cpe ae mhe, na m` ps femmneb 1971 c. b pe gsk| r` re cp` ah rek| qjhu p`q jn onj s dep. Elhp kep akhg =l` q|h — bjk~ w` er rnk| jn oped -ler{ «qjht qjn cn» na kh j`52. Ddeq| r`j fe, j`j h m` Jnp xsm re oe, a{ k` na m` ps fe m` jb` d p`r m`_ on cpe -a`k| m`_ j` le p` (p`g le p{ njn kn 2,80 × 2,80 l), qre m{ jn rn pni oped qr`b k_ ~r qn ani me pe cs k_p ms~j`lem ms~ jk`d js aeg p`q rbn p`. G` le p` a{ k` oph lep mn m` 1,20 l sc ksa ke m` b qj`k| ms~ gm` wh rek| mnb{ be r phb xs~q_ on pn ds. Be onk qn qrn hr hg oknr mn sr p`l an b`m mni ckh m{. ?ms r ph j` le p{ oph ee dnqke -dn b` mhh a{ kh mì de m{ qhk| mn p`g ps xem m{e cp` ah rek| qjh lh p`q jno j` lh nq r`r jh qje ke rnb we kn be j`h on lem| xei le pe nd mni kn x` dh. ? d`m mnl jnl okej qe na m` ps fem dkhm m{i fe keg m{i53 lew (dkh m`78,8 ql) q qepd ve bhd m{l oe pe jpe q rh el h aps q jn bhd m{l m` bep xh el, jkh mnj jn rn pn cn qn cmsr on on k`l,ah le r`k kh we q jhi jke bev (fe keg m{i jkh mnj h apnm gn b`_ brsk j`), so kn yem m{i apnm gn b{i ph t ke m{ibrnj (bhdh ln, oph m`d ke f` yhi psw je rn cn fe jkeb v`), apnm gn b{e qrpe lew jn bhd m{e sdh k` h qel| apnm -gn b{u dbsu kn o` qr m{u m` jn mew mh jnb qrpek (we r{ pe kh q rn bhd m{u, b rnl whq ke ndhm q an jn b{l xh onl,db` ok`b mn pnl ah we q jhu h ndhm pnl ah we q jhi, bqe rph q an jn b{ lh xh o` lh) (�"). 19). Gpn le rn cn, boncpe ae mhh a{k mì dem r`j fe gn kn rni ap`q ker, jn rn p{i bqjn pe on qke cp` ah rek| qjhu p`q jn onj a{kopn d`m me hg be qr mn ls kh vs h nj` g`k q_ me dn qrs oem dk_ hq qke dn b` re kei, ` r`j fe eye 21 m` jn mew mhjqrpek, r`jfe opn d`m m{i w` qr mn ls kh vs (w` qnb yh js Is uhr rh ms T` khx j` ms hg =l` q|h) h on rn ls me n -osa kh jn b`m m{i.

Jì dem m{e b Elhp ke pe apnm gn b{e sdh k` oph m`d ke f`r j rn ls fe un pn xn hg be qr mn ls m` p`m me -qjht qjhu o` l_r mh jù rh os, wrn h sdh k` hg Jnp xsm re oe (ql. b{ xe). Je le mee u` p`j re pem h rh ohw m{idk_ p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{ lew q qepd ve bhd m{l oe pe jpe q rh el, aps q jn bhd m{l m` bep xh el h dkhm -m{l jkhm jnl54. Ln dna m{e le wh w` q rn bqrpe w` ~r q_ b p`m me q jht qjhu jnl okej qù. ?e pn _r mn, ndhm hgq` l{u p`m mhu }j gelo k_ pnb na m` ps fem b on cpe ae mhh s Hep lnm rnb qjn cn p`gz eg d` (m`bep xhe le w` meqnup` mh knq|) (�"). 20, 1) 55. ? }rnl jnl okej qe qn qjht qjhl le wnl qn we r` ~r q_ oped qjht qjhe beyh rh -o` Jn bn wep j`q qjn cn jk` d` (�"). 20). Eg dps chu p`m mhu jnl okej qnb lnf mn m` gb`r| on cpe ae mhe 27 hgln chk| mh j` N`l r` b pn56 (�"). 21, 13), on cpe ae mh_ 68, 85, 93, 94, 106, 128, 129, 164, 216 Okhi qjncnlnchk| mh j` (w`qr| hg mì dem m{u gdeq| le wei hle er dn qr` rnw mn dkhm m{i jkh mnj, dps che _bk_ ~r q_

48 Eeq qem 1965, 22–30.49 R` kh knb 1971, 185–187.50 Oe unb 1980, 219–257.51 Nbnd js g` j`b j`g qjhu o` l_r mh jnb, qn edh m_ ~ yhu b qe ae

}ke lem r{ p`m me qjht qjni h le qr m{u jsk| rsp ql. Bq` _m, Ln c -

pe an b` 1985, 21–37.52 Ünal 1983, 65–81; Hauptmann 1983, 268–269; Kossack1987, 67, Abb. 26; qp. @n pe khj 1987, 51–53; =ke j qe eb 1992,85–86; Ied bed qj`_ 1992, 95–96, phq. 2.

53 Nn ck`q mn sj` g` mh~ R. R` sor l` mm` (Hauptmann 1983, 268)

ps jn _r| le w` qde k` m` hg apnm g{, nd m` jn ?. Pm`k b qbn el noh -

q` mhh (Ünal 1983, 66) }rn cn me ond rbep fd` er, nr le w`_ khx|m` kh whe m` ps jn _ rh nq r`r jnb de pe b`.54 Njn phi 1981, 19–25; =ke j qe eb 1992, 85; @n pe khj 1993,

32–33, rà. XV, 12–15; XVI, 1,2.55 Eeq qem 1954, 122–123; Ek| hm qj`_, Oe pe mnf jhm 1987,

21–22.56 Ek| hm qj`_, Oe pe mnf jhm 1987, 28–29.

43

Mhq. 19 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Elhpkep`. 1. Cekegn; 2. Cekegn h apnmg`; 3–11. >pnmg`

Ln Kossack 1987, Abb. 26

5 6

4

87

3

9

10

11

2

1

0 4

44

Mhq. 20 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd`. 1, 11. Cekegn; 2–10. >pnmg`


2

3

4

5

6

7

9

10

1

11

8

45

Mhq. 21 J`undjh hg lnchk|mhj` N`lr`bpn (@psgh_). 1–11. Em bemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 106; 12–30. Embemr`p| oncpeae mh_ 27. 1–6, 9–11. Gnqr|; 7, 8, 14–30. >pnmg`; 12, 13. Cekegn


4

2 3

87

5

9

12

1110

14 1516 17 18 19 2120

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1

6

130 6

46

1

2

2

5

3

4

6 7

47

Mhq. 22 >neb{e jkebv{. 1. Ihmsqhmqj; 2. Nsk`j s Kpemaspc`; 3. =m`m|hmn; 4. Ieqrn mùndjh mehgbeqrmn, Isgei Ierpnon khrem, J|~-Fnpj;

5. Lep j`k|qjhi lnchk|mhj s L_rhcnpqj`; 6. Inchk|mhj @sm de kem; 7. Inchk|mhj Pic`p`j, jspc`m 84; 8. Lncpeaemhe s Elhp kep`;9. Mìnm Isx`; 10. Inchk|mhj N`j`p-w`c` 6, jspc`m 23; 11. Kpe unbn Hsc`mqjni nak.; 12. =m`rnkh_, =puenknchweqjhi lsgei

Nr`lask`. 1. >pnmg`; 4. Nepeapn h fekegn, nqr`k|m{e apnmg` h fekegn

Ln Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7 (1, 3, 9); Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 77, 16 (2); Q`pj`x 1992, phq. 2–3 (4); Gngemjnb` 1995, rà. XX, 4 (5);?hmncp`dnb 1972, phq. 30, 12 (6); ?hxmebqj`_ 1973, rà. XX, 1,2 (7); Kossack 1987, Abb. 26, 2 (8);

Yaknmqjhi 1991, phq. 10, 14 (10); G`r`knc 1993, phq. 53 (11); Müller-Karpe 1995, Res. 1 (12)

8

10

9

11 12

48

jnpnr jh lh jhm f` k` lh)57, gm` le mh r{e le wh hg Iek| cs mn b` h Ge kep le q` (oep b{i jsp c`m Usk| v`)58, hgNr`p xni ln ch k{59 h dp. O` jhl na p` gnl, apnm gn b`_ sg d` h dkhm m{i fe keg m{i lew hg Elhp ke p` hle~rakhg jhe `m` kn chh b ope de kù bqe cn p`m me q jht qjn cn oe ph n d`, nd m` jn me ong bn k_ ~r rnw mee no pe de khr|ecn on kn fe mhe bmsrph }rn cn jps c` o` l_r mh jnb. Ln f` ksi, r` jhe b{ bn d{ lnf mn qdek`r| m` nq mn b` mhhqn up` mhb xhu q_ b on cpe ae mhh m` jn mew mh jnb qrpek. Eg qe lh nosa kh jn b`m m{u m`jn mew mh jnb (eye db`d -v`r| ndhm m` jn mew mhj me n osa kh jn b`m h nq r` er q_ me dn qrso m{l) khx| ndhm oph m`d ke fhr q` ln ls p`m -me ls, r`j m` g{ b` e ln ls f` an rhm qjn ls, rh os pnl an bhd m{u apnm gn b{u dbsu kno` qr m{u m` jn mew mh jnb.?qe nq r`k| m{e nr mn q_r q_ j an kee on gd me ls rh os kh q rn bhd m{u hkh ok`b mn pnl ah we q jhu dbsu kn o` qr m{um` jn mew mh jnb r`j m` g{ b` e ln cn je kep leq qjn cn rh o`. Ka{w mn qwh r` er q_, wrn b{ req me mhe dbsu kn o` qr m{upnl ah we q jhu m` jn mew mh jnb f` an rhm qjn cn rh o` kh q rn bhd m{ lh h ok`b mn pnl ah we q jh lh oph un dhr q_ m`je kep leq qjs~ }on us h b q` lhu Ge kep leq qjhu jsp c` mù f` an rhm qjhe m`jn mew mh jh sfe nr qsr qr bs ~r 60.? rn fe bpe l_ b Ge kep leq qjhu jsp c` mù oph qsr qr bs ~r h on _b k_ ~ yheq_ me qjnk| jn on gd mee rpeu kn o`qr -m{e m` jn mew mh jh qrpek, jn rn p{e b jnl okej qe Elhp ke p` nr qsr qr bs ~r. Je qln r p_ m` rn, wrn jn kh we qrbnnosa kh jn b`m m{u qrpek hg Elhp ke p` me gm` wh rek| mn, nmh bqe fe ong bn k_ ~r qde k`r| me jn rn p{e b{ bn d{.Lpe na k` d` mhe kh q rn bhd m{u m` jn mew mh jnb ong bn k_ er on le q rhr| d`m m{i jnl okejq b je kep leq qjhioeph nd. ? rn fe bpe l_ m` kh whe b mel nd mni qrpe k{ f` an rhm qjn cn rh o` h onk mne nr qsr qr bhe rpeu kn o` -qr m{u m` jn mew mh jnb ong bn k_ er nr mn qhr| Elhp kep j p`m me ls }r` os je kep leq qjn cn oe ph n d`, bh dh ln,me qjnk| jn p`m| xe Ge kep leq qjhu jsp c` mnb ?e qe knb qjn cn.

?eq| l` qbn e na p`g mni de r` k|~ hlhp kep qjn cn jnl okej q` _b k_ er q_ na m` ps fem m{i b mel ah le r`k -khwe q jhi jke bev. Km hle er fe keg m{i jkh mnj h apnm gn bs~, nb`k| ms~ b p`g pe ge h p`q xh p_ ~ ys ~ q_jmhgs brsk js q nr bep qrh el dk_ cbng d_ b mhf mei w` q rh. ? bepu mei w` q rh brsk jh, ond jkhm jnl, hle er q_oer k_, ntnpl kem m`_ b bh de cn kn bjh uhy mni orh v{ q g` cms r{l jk~ bnl. ?rn pni qund m{i jke bev na m` -ps fem me qjnk| jn bnq rnw mee, b pì n me Is x` (j g` o` ds nr nge p` ?`m) (�"). 22, 9) 61. Bye ndhm ah le -r`kkhwe q jhi jke bev ble q re q apnm gn b{l ph t ke m{l brn jnl nr ecn psw jh, wpeg b{ wì mn akhg jhi hlhp -kep qjn ls, up` mhr q_ b Nr`l ask| qjnl `p ue n kn ch we q jnl ls gee (�"). 22, 12) 62. Km, nwe bhd mn, opn hq un dhrhg cp` ah rek| qjhu p`q jn onj m` rep ph rn phh Osp vhh, mn n le q re h na qrn _ rek| qr bù ecn m` und jh mh we cnmehg be qr mn. Ln dna m{e ah le r`k kh we q jhe jkeb v{ me n a{w m{ dk_ o` l_r mh jnb p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs -p{63. Tsf d{ nmh h dk_ Le ped mei =ghh, nd m` jn hu m` und jh hg be qr m{ b Lph p` k|e (Pi c` p`j, jsp c`m 84),~fmnl Lph sp`k|e h Ln bnk f|e (=m` m|h mn, Kpem aspc), Nh ah ph (Ih ms qhmqj h dps che) (�"). 22, 1–3,7) 64. Gkeb v{ q }rhu rep ph rn phi, j`j h jkeb v{ hg Elhp ke p`, Is x` h Nr`lask`, hle ~r `m` kn chw mnntnpl kemms~ p`q xh p_~ys ~ q_ jmh gs brsk js q nr bep qrh el dk_ cbng d_ h oer kei bng ke jkhm j`, ntnpl -kem mni na{w mn b bh de cnknbjh uhy mni orh v{, h qund ms~ tnp ls jkhm j`65. Ln-bh dh ln ls, d`m m{i bhd

57 Oe unb 1980, 219–257.58 Tep mem jn 1980, 7–30; @` k` mh m` / Galanina 1997, 92–101,

222–223, rà. 7–9.59 Ek| hm qj`_ 1968, 24, rà. I, 1.60 Ikkimq|j` 1973, 13–26; Lnkim 1987, 21–22, qp. Le r pem jn

1990, 62–74; =ke j qe eb 1992, 85–86. Ln on q ked mhl srnw mem -

m{l d`m m{l qpe dh rpeu qe phi je kep leq qjhu m` jn mew mh jnb

(70–75 qjh oeb xhu q_ b db` jnl j` m` jn mew mh j` hg jsp c` m` 2

?e qe knb qjn cn, 145 }j gel o k_ pnb hg p`q jn onj Usk| v` h 76 }j -

gel o k_ pnb hg p`q jn onj jsp c` m` 24 b 1980 c., nrn fde qr b k_ e lncn

q jsp c` mnl 3 hkh 4 Usk| v`) bqe fe hle er q_ edhm qr bem m{i

m`jn mew mhj f` an rhm qjn cn rh o`, wrn, nd m` jn, qs ye qr bem mn me

le m_ er j`p rh ms: @` k` mh m` 1995, 40–46, phq. 3; @` k` mh m` /

Galanina 1997, 104–115, phq. 27.61 Lh n r pnb qjhi 1989, phq. 7, 8.62 Inv. Nr. 7736, oph na pe rem b 1968 c. Nep dew mn ak` cn d` p~

@. Gnq q` j`, ope dn q r` bhb xe cn b lne p`q on p_ fe mhe phqsmnj

}rncn b rn bpel_ menosakhjnb`mmncn jkebv`. Lsakh j`vh~ ql.

reoep| Müller-Karpe 1995, 233–238, Leh. 14, C.63 Np. Ikkimq|j` 1961, 34–36; Ie k~ jn b` 1964, 68. Bdhm qrbem -

m{i jke bev }rn cn rh o`, opn hq un d_ yhi hg oph wep mn lnp qjhu

qre oei — me d`b mn nosa kh jn b`m m`_ qks wì m`_ mùnd j` hg pì -

nm` j bnq rn js nr An mev j` (q. Kpe un bn, =m r p` vh rnbqjhi pì nm

Hs c`m qjni na k` q rh): G` r` knc 1993, 45–46, phq. 53; Lndn aed

1994, 181–185 (�"). 22, 11). Nke ds er nr le rhr|, wrn h }r`

mùnd j` opn hq un dhr q bn q rnw mni oe ph te phh qnaqr bem mn

qjht qjni jsk| rs p{, me qkhx jnl sd` kem mni nr Lnbnk f|_.64 Hauptmann 1983, 269; Kossack 1983, 181, Karte 3; Lh n r pnb -

qjhi 1989, 9, phq. 7; =ke j qe eb 1992, 86; Gs pnw jhm, Nsa an rhm

1993, 59–64, phq. 1, qp. Q`p j`x 1992, 170, phq. 2–3.65 Daps e b` 1952, 104–107, rà. XXII; Nlhp mnb, Le r pem jn

1963, 29, rà. 14, 34; ?hx meb qj`_ 1973, 97–98, rà. XX, 1–2;

XXVII, 7; Tke mn b` 1981, 4–7, phq. 1–2; Gsg| lh m{u 1983,

140–142, rà. LVI (apnm gn b{e h ah le r`k kh we qjhe }j gel o -

k_p{); Lh n r pnb qjhi 1989, phq. 7.

49

nps fh_ on_ bhkq_ b pì n me O` c`p qjni jsk| rs p{ (Ih ms qhm qj`_ jnr kn bh m` h oph ke c` ~ yhe pì n m{ ~f -mni Nhahph), cde xh pn jn p`q opn qr p` me m{ apnm gn b{e opn rn rh o{ ah le r`k kh we q jhu jkeb vnb p`q ql` r ph -b` e ln cn rho`. ?onq ked qr bhh nmh p`q opn qr p` mh khq| m` g` o`d, b rnl whq ke b pì nm =m` m|hm qjni jsk| -rsp{, ` r`jfe b ~fmne Lph sp` k|e, Lph p` k|e h d` kee m` G`b j`g h b Le ped m~~ =gh~66. ?qe rph nam` -ps femm{u b I`kni =ghh jkeb v` (hg Elhp ke p`, Is x` h Nr`l ask| qjn cn ls ge_) rnw mn qn nr ber qr bs ~rnohq`m m{l, bjk~ w`_ h r` js~ u` p`j rep ms~ de r`k|, j`j oer k_ b bh de cn kn bjh uhy mni orh v{ s nq mn b` -mh_ jkhm j`. Je qjnk|jn nr kh w` er q_ nr mhu okn un qn up` mhb xhi q_ jke bev hg jsp c` m` 23 ln chk| mh j`N`j`p-w` c` 6 b ~f mnl Lph p` k|e — nm hle er oer k~ b mhf mei w` q rh apnm gn bni brsk jh (�"). 22, 10) 67.Ab` (` me rph, j`j hmn cd` sj` g{ b` er q_ b kh re p` rs pe) on dna m{u ah le r`k kh we q jhu jkeb v` opn hq un dhrq G`b j` g` — hg Lep j`k| qjncn ln chk| mh j` b nj pe qr mn q r_u L_ rh cnp qj`68 h hg @sm de ke m`69 (�"). 22, 5, 6).Ln qjnk| js d`m m{i bhd nps fh_ m` qna qr bem mn qjht qjhu o` l_r mh jù me hg be q rem, mn g` rn na m` ps fem breu pì n mù, cde ohq| lem m{e hq rnw mh jh thj qh ps ~r ope a{ b` mhe jhl le phi veb, lnf mn oped on kn fhr|,wrn b d`m mnl qks wè l{ hle el de kn q }ke lem rnl l` re ph k| mni jsk| rs p{ hlem mn hq rn ph we q jhu jhl -lephi veb. ? r`jnl qks wè hq onk| gn b` mhe ah le r`k kh we q jhu jkeb vnb a{ kn a{ nd mhl hg me lmn chuhgbeqr m{u }ke lem rnb, ong bn k_ ~ yhu b{ de khr| l` re ph k| ms~ jsk| rs ps jhl le phi veb hg qn qr` b` na yei«p`mme q jht qjni» jsk| rs p{. ?opn wel, m` khw m{i l` re ph k qkhx jnl nc p` mh wem h me ong bn k_ er qde k`r|njnm w` rek| m{e b{ bnd{. Inf mn r`j fe oped on kn fhr|, wrn m` und jh ah le r`k kh we q jhu jkeb vnb nr p` f` ~rosr| opn dbh femh_ jhl le phi veb (hkh nd mn cn hg }ke lem rnb, bun dhb xhu b qn qr`b jhl le phi qjhu cpsoo)hg Sem r p`k|mni =ghh hkh ~f mn cn Lph sp` k|_ we peg G`b j`g b Le ped m~~ =gh~, nd m` jn on dna m{i b{ -bnd m` nqmn be khx| ndmni j` re cn phh m` un dnj nq r` er q_ bqe fe me an kee wel ch on re gni.

Gpn le on cpe a`k| mn cn jnl okej q` s Elhp ke p` oph lep mn b rnl fe pì n me (dn kh m` lef ds O` xn b` hH_ dh jnl j qe be ps nr =l` q|h, rnw mne le q rn m` und jh me hg be qr mn) r`j fe oph cp` ah rek| qjhu p`q jno jùa{ kn na m` ps fe mn eye nd mn g` un pn me mhe jn web mh j`, nd m` jn nmn onk mn qr|~ p`g cpà ke mn. Bdhm -qrbemmne, wrn nq r` knq| nr on cpe a`k| mn cn hm bem r` p_ — m` anp hg 250 m` jn mew mh jnb qrpek (�"). 23);na nq r`k| m{u m` und jù hm tnp l` vh_ nr qsr qr bs er70. Wrnr m` anp, nd m` jn, me nq r`b k_ er qn lme mh_ mh bjsk| rsp mni oph m`d kef mn q rh, mh b d` rh pnb je on cpe ae mh_. ?qe opn hq un d_ yhe hg me cn m` jn mew mh jh, g`hq jk~ we mh el o_rh os ke bhd m{u, dbsu kn o` qr m{e apnm gn b{e. Ln d`b k_ ~ yee hu ank| xhm qr bn kh q rn bhd -m{e h ok`b mnpnl ah we q jhe, un r_ hle er q_ h me qjnk| jn pnl ah we q jhu m` jn mew mh jnb «f` an rhm qjn cn»rho`. ? rn fe bpel_ qn bep xem mn nr qsr qr bs ~r rpeu kn o` qr m{e m` jn mew mh jh qrpek. Wrn qbh de rek| qr bs ern rnl, wrn d`m mne oncpe ae mhe, be pn _r mn, nd mn bpe lem mn on cpe ae mh~ s Elhp ke p` h dnkf mn r`j fenrmnqhr| q_ j m`w`k| mnls oe ph n ds je kep leq qjn cn }r` o` p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{, bh dh ln, me qjnk| jnp`m|xe Ge kep leq qjhu jsp c` mnb ?e qe knb qjn cn. An onk mh rek| m{l `p cs lem rnl dk_ d` rh pnb jh }rn cnjnkw`m mn cn m` an p` _b k_ ~r q_ beq| l` u` p`j rep m{e pe k| et m{e ler jh b bh de «qke d` orh w| ei k` o{» m`meqjnk| jhu m` jn mew mh jù (�"). 24, 5–7) 71. Ln dna m{e ler jh hg be qr m{ m` m` jn mew mh jù qjht qjn cnrho` hg >n c`g j^_ (�"). 24, 8) 72, d` rh pn b`m m{u brn pni werbep r|~– qe pe dh mni VII b. dn m. }. (ql. mh fe),h hg p`m mhu o` l_r mh jnb qjht qjn cn na kh j` b Lph sp`k|e, m` wrn na p` rhk bmh l` mhe =. X. =kej qe eb(�"). 24, 1– 4) 73. H~ an o{r mn, wrn `m` kn chh }rn ls nph ch m`k| mn ls qon qn as np m` lem r` vhh m` jn mew mhjnbopn hq un d_r hg rn cn q` ln cn pìn m`, cde a{ kh p`q opn qrp` me m{ ahle r`k kh we q jhe jkeb v{ rh o` mì dem -m{u b Elhp ke pe h Is xe. Wrn naqrn _ rek| qr bn ln fer qks fhr| eye nd mhl sj` g` mh el m` kn j` kh g` vh~hq rn ph we q jhu jhl le phi veb dn hu oph un d` m` G`b j`g h b Le ped m~~ =gh~.

66 Nbnd js l` re ph k` h nanq mn b` mhe vem r p` opn hq un f de mh_

jkeb vnb ql. Gs pnw jhm, Nsa an rhm 1993, 59–64. Lpn rhb: Tke -

mn b` 1997, 15.67 Ya knm qjhi 1991, 81, phq. 10, 14; Ya knm qjhi 1996, 43,

phq. 19, 16. Ln lme mh~ ?. =. Ln dn ae d` (1994, 182), pew| hder

me n apnm gn bni brsk je jkeb v`, ` n jek| re.68 Bcn pnb 1955, 60, phq. 20, 3; Gpso mnb 1960, 205, rà. XXXVI,

4 (me rnw m{i ph qs mnj); Ie k~ jn b` 1964, 68, rà. 21, 4; Gn gem -

jn b` 1995, 75, rà. XX, 4. @. Gnq q`j nxh anwmn bjk~ w` er }rnr

jke bev db` f d{ b qbn~ qbnd js m` un dnj }rn cn rho`: Kossack

1983, 181 (q sj` g` mh el m` m` und jh b Ih me p`k| m{u bn dù h

L_ rh cnp qje).69 ?h mn cp` dnb 1972, 125, 346, phq. 30, 12; Gn gem jn b` 1995, 75,

rà. XX, 5.70 Ünal 1983, 70–78, Abb. 3–7.71 Ünal 1983, Abb. 7, 247,249,250.72 Boehmer 1972, Taf. XXXI, 902.73 Nlhp mnb 1964, phq. 8, 1; Eq l` ch knb 1988, phq. 6, 36,40,54;

=ke j qe eb 1992, 86.

50

Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpe aemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (1–50)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51


51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

52


100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124

125 126 127 128 129 130 132 133

134

131

135 136 137 138 139 140

143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

141 142

53


151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 168

169 170 171 172 173 174

157

167

178 179 180 181 182

177175 176

187 188 189 190

183 184 185 186

197 198 199 200 201 202 204 205

194 195 196193191 192

203

54


Ln Ünal 1983, Abb. 3 –7

206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213

214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221

222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229

230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237

238 239 240 241 242 243 244

245 246 250247 248 249

55

Mhq. 24 >pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek q pek|etm{lh lerj`lh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei kò{». 1–3. @sl`pnbn; 4. Jnb`_ >ekn cnpj`, jspc`m 2, oncpeaemhe 38;

5–7. M`gcpàkemmne oncpeaemhe lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl; 8. >nc`gjî

Ln Eql`chknb 1988, phq. 6, 36,40,54 (1–3); Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 8, 1 (4); Ünal, 1983, Abb. 7, 247,249,250 (5–7); Boehmer, 1972, Taf. XXXI, 902 (8)

1.2.3 =M RB K HK @E TB N G=Y GPHV OP M= EN OK ME TB N GER GEI IB MEF SB?

E BB NK KO JK UB JEB N «M=J JB N GEQ NGKF» GPHV OP MKF

D` bep x`_ p`g anp jn web mh we q jhu on cpe ae mhi b I` kni =ghh, qke ds er nq r` mn bhr| q_ m` hu on cpe a`k| -mnl na p_ de. ?n bqeu rpeu qks w` _u, jnc d` sd` er q_ ng m` jn lhr| q_ q on cpe a`k| m{ lh qn nps fe mh _ lh (db` bJnp xsm re oe h nd mn b Elhp ke pe, n on cpe a`k| mnl na p_ de wer bep rn cn qbe de mhi mer), b{ _q m_ er q_, wrnpew| hder n j` lem m{u sc ksa kem m{u b gel k~ qjke où (b dbsu qks w` _u), hkh n q{p vn bnl qn nps fe mhh m`j` lem mnl tsm d` lem re (bng lnf mn, nmn a{ kn me onk mn qr|~ nos ye mn b _ls, ` khx| sc ksa ke mn). Ln dna -m{e on cpe a`k| m{e qn nps fe mh_ b ve knl me u` p`j rep m{ dk_ p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{. Ak_ p`m me qjht -qjhu o` l_r mh jnb j`j qre oh, r`j h ke qn qre oh, u` p`j rep m{ on cpe ae mh_ b cpsm rn b{u _lù, w` q rn q depe -b_m m{ lh jnm qr psj vh _ lh, hkh b de pe b_m m{u qjke où74. G` lem m{e cpna mh v{ g` thj qh pn b` m{ b nqmnb -mnl m` rep ph rn phh Gp{ l`, mn gdeq|, j`j op` bh kn, pew| hder n j` lem m{u _yh jù75, me qn on q r` bhl{uq j` lem m{ lh qjke o` lh Jnp xsm re oe h Elhp ke p`. Bdhm qr bem m`_ cpso o` p`m me q jht qjhu o` l_r mh jnb,b jn rn pni m` un d_r q_ akhg jhe `m` kn chh l` kn ghi qjhl qn nps fe mh _l — }rn on cpe ae mh_ vem r p`k| mn cnLped j`b j` g|_, cde a{ kh p`q opn qr p` me m{ j` lem m{e qjke o{ jb` d p`r mni hkh ond jb` d p`r mni tnp l{. G`jop` bh kn, nmh qn nps f` khq| m` spnb me dpeb me cn cn ph gnm r`, nd m` jn hg be qr m{ qks w`h, jnc d` j` lem m{iqjkeo a{k sc ksa kem b gel k~ (Gp`q mne gm` l_ 4) hkh bn bqe qn nps fem b _le (Gp`q mne gm` l_ 2). G`j h bon cpe a`k| mnl qn nps fe mhh hg Jnp xsm re oe, oph ntnpl ke mhh b{ jh d` hq onk| gn b`k q_ j` l{x76. Lph le -w` rek| mn oph }rnl, wrn gn m` oph le me mh_ j` lem m{u qjke onb b p`m me q jht qjhu o` l_r mh jù Ne bep mn cnG`b j` g` beq| l` nc p` mh we m` kn j`k| mn. Kmh qn qpe dn rn we m{ b vem r p`k| mnl Lped j`b j` g|e, rnc d` j`j m`qe be pn-bnq rnw mnl G`b j` ge h b Lph js a` m|e nd mn bpe lem mn hq onk| gn b` khq| de pe b_m m{e qn nps fe mh_ hkhon cpe ae mh_ b cpsm rn b{u _lù. D` ope de k` lh vem r p`k| mn j`b j`g qjn cn pe ch n m` hg be q rem edhm qr bem m{ij`lem m{i qjkeo.

74 Kk| unb qjhi 1978, 83–97; Isp ghm 1984, 48–63. 75 Isp ghm 1982, 51; Isp ghm 1984, 52.

76 Le r pem jn 1983, 44–45; Le r pem jn 1989, 217–218; I` unp -

r{u 1991, 19–25.

1

23

4

5 6 78

56

J` nq mn b` mhh d`m m{u hg I` kni =ghh lnf mn oped on kn fhr|, wrn on cpe ae mh_ b j` lem m{u qjke où,m` p_ ds q hq onk| gn b` mh el ah le r`k kh we q jhu jkeb vnb q hgn a p` fe mh el orh w| ei cn kn bjh ond jkhm jnl,_bk_ ~r q_ eye nd mni kn j`k| mni nqn aem mn q r|~ `p ue n kn ch we q jni jsk| rs p{ jhl le phi veb, b{ de k_ ~ yeiee qpe dh dps chu o` l_r mh jnb p`m me q jht qjni jsk| rs p{. Lph le w` rek| mn, wrn m` bqei rep ph rn phh p`m me -q jht qjni jsk| rs p{ g` qbh de rek| qr bn b` m{ rnk| jn rph m` und jh ah le r`k kh we qjhu jkeb vnb hm re pe qs ~ yecnm`q rh o`, h dbe hg mhu opn hq un d_r j`j p`g hg rn cn pì n m`, cde a{ kh p`q opn qr p` me m{ j` lem m{e qjkeo{:ndhm a{k mì dem s L_ rh cnp qj`, dps cni me qjnk| jn ~f mee, s qe k` @sm de kem. ?qe }rn ong bn k_ er oped on -kn fhr|, wrn nr le wem m{e dbe wep r{ l` re ph k| mni jsk| rs p{ (hq onk| gn b` mhe ah le r`k kh we q jhu jkeb vnb,sj p` xem m{u oer kei b bh de orh w| ei cn kn bjh, h oph le me mhe b on cpe a`k| mnl na p_ de j` lem m{u hkhj`lem mn-q{p vn b{u qjke onb) nr kh w` kh hq rn ph we q jhu jhl le phi veb nr dps chu mn qh re kei «p`m me -qjhtqjni» jsk| rs p{. J` kh whe nd mn bpe lem mn nan hu }rhu oph gm` jnb b kn j`k| mn nc p` mh wem mni cpso oep`mme q jht qjhu o` l_r mh jnb vem r p`k| mn cn Lped j`b j` g|_ ong bn k_ er oped on kn fh rek| mn `r ph as rh pn b`r|jhlle phi v`l me rnk| jn na m` ps fem m{e b I` kni =ghh g` un pn me mh_, mn h }rs cpso os o` l_r mh jnb hkhee w`qr|.

Lped on kn fe mhe n oph m`d kef mn q rh «p`m me q jht qjhu» o` l_r mh jnb vem r p`k| mn cn Lped j`b j` g|_(hkh hu w` q rh) hlem mn hq rn ph we q jhl jhl le phi v`l m` un dhr ond rbepf de mhe h b ohq| lem m{u hq rnw mh -jù. «Nrp` m` @` lhp», rn eqr| na k`qr|, g` m_ r`_ jhl le phi v` lh bn bpe l_ hu jnm tkhj r` q Pp`p rs b 714 c.dn m. }., kn j` kh gn b` k`q| hlem mn b ~f mni w` q rh vem r p`k| mn cn D` j`b j` g|_77. ?`f mn nr le rhr| b qb_ gh q}rhl, wrn hlem mn b vem r p`k| mni w` q rh G`b j` g` hle er q_ p_d sdna m{u opn un dnb, b pe gsk| r` re we cn nmoe pe qr` er a{r| rni eq re qr bem mni ope cp` dni, p`g de k_ ~ yei Lped j`b j` g|e h D` j`b j` g|e, j` jni _b k_ er q_b dps chu le q rù. Je d` pnl h b an kee on gd mee bpe l_ hlem mn gdeq| G`b j`g me a{k cp` mh vei p`q qe ke mh_}r mn qnb — dn qr` rnw mn son l_ msr| nqe rhm, fh bs yhu on nae qrn pn m{ G`b j`g qjn cn upea r`. Em re peq mn bqb_ gh qn qj` g`m m{l, wrn g` j`b j`g qjhe o` l_r mh jh, hle ~ yhe }ke lem r{ qjht qjni jsk| rs p{, h m` und jhbe yei qjht qjn cn rh o` qn qpe dn rn we m{ j`j p`g b vem r p`k| mnl D` j`b j` g|e, nq r` b` _q| an kee ped jh lhb ecn bnq rnw mni h g` o`d mni w` q r_u (g` hq jk~ we mh el =a u` ghh)78. O` jhl na p` gnl, kn j` kh g` vh_ «qrp` m{@`lhp» jkh mn ohq m{u rej q rnb b vem r p`k| mnl D` j`b j` g|e jn q bem mn ond rbepf d` er qde k`m mne m` nq mn be`p ue n kn ch we q jhu d`m m{u oped on kn fe mhe n oph m`d kef mn q rh «p`m me q jht qjhu» o` l_r mh jnb vem r p`k| -mncn Lped j`b j` g|_ jhl le phi v`l. M` gs le er q_, me gm` wh rek| mne jn kh we qr bn hg be qr m{u me qn lmem mnnrmn q_ yhu q_ j jhl le phi v`l o` l_r mh jnb =m` rn khh d` er qkhx jnl l` kn l` re ph k`, wrn a{ qwh r`r| }rnoped on kn fe mhe dn j` g`m m{l, nd m` jn d`m m`_ ch on re g`, j` fer q_, m` h ksw xhl na p` gnl naz _q m_ er hle ~ -yh e q_ p`g mn u` p`j rep m{e d`m m{e.

M`q qln r pem m{e jnl okej q{ oph bn d_r j nd mn gm`w mn ls b{ bn ds n u` p`j re pe jhl le phi qjni `p ue n kn -ch we q jni jsk| rs p{. ? rnl, wrn l` kn ghi qjhe jnl okej q{ oph m`d ke f`r hlem mn jhl le phi v`l, Gimirraia`j j`d qjhu rej q rnb, ` me qjh t`l, Iskuzaia reu fe rej q rnb, mer mh j` jhu qn lme mhi. Lph qsr qr bhe qjh tnbm` d`m m{u rep ph rn ph _u, bn bq_ jnl qks wè b ope de kù oep b{u rpeu wer bep rei VII b. dn m. }., hq rnw mh j`lhme thj qh ps er q_79. J` opn rhb, de _ rek| mnqr| jhl le phi veb b pì n mù, akhg jhu j Elhp ke ps h Jnp xsm -reoe, dn qr` rnw mn on dpna mn noh q{ b` er q_ `j j`d qjh lh rej q r` lh m` wh m`_ q 670-u cc. dn m. }. Nn ck`q mn«`mm` k`l» =q`p u`d dn m`, b 679/8 c. dn m. }. jhl le phi v{, bng ck`b k_ e l{e v` pel Oe s x oni, a{ kh p`g cpnl -ke m{ `q qh phi v` lh b r` a`k| qjni na k` q rh Rs asx m`, bh dh ln, j ~cn-g` o` ds nr Jnp xsm re oe. M_d gòpn -qnb j np` js ks an c` U` l` x` qn na y` er na `j rhb mni de _ rek| mn q rh jhl le phi veb b 678–675 cc. dn m. }.b Ie kh de, pì n me, me on qped qr bem mn oph ke c` ~ yel j Jnp xsm re oe. Kjn kn rn cn fe bpe le mh d` rh ps er q_h g` opnq j np` js ks SAA 4, 1, jn rn p{i son lh m` er n qnb le qr m{u dei qr bh _u jhl le phi veb h lsxjnb, r. e.

77 Ivantchik 1993, 26–28; Eb`m whj 1996, 28–34.78 Bq` _m, Ln c pe an b` 1985, 20. Nbnd js r` jhu o` l_r mh jnb ql.

O`l fe, 21–37.79 Nn bep xem mn aeg nq mn b` rek| m{ on o{r jh @. J. Gs pnw jh m`

(1994, 119–120) oph oh q`r| `m` rn khi qjhe jn web mh we qjhe

o`l_r mh jh me jhl le phi v`l, ` qjh t`l }on uh hu «bk` d{ we qrb`

m`d =gh ei» h d` rh pn b`r| hu b qn nr ber qr bhh q }rhl oped on kn -

fe mh el brn pni on kn bh mni VII b. dn m. }. =b rnp hc mn ph ps er

`puen kn ch we qjhe d` r{ `m` rn khi qjhu m` un dnj, jn rn p{e b p_ de

qks w` eb me dbs ql{q kem mn sj` g{ b` ~r m` oep bs~ on kn bh ms VII b.

dn m. }. Gpn le rn cn, h q` lh p`q qs f de mh_ `b rn p` n «qjht qjnl

bk` d{ we qr be» nq mn b` m{ m` me jph rh we qjnl dn be phh p`q qj` gs

@e pn dn r`, jn rn pne b m` qrn _ yee bpe l_ b{ ck_ dhr m` qrn _ yhl

`m` upn mhg lnl (qp. n «qjht qjnl bk` d{ we qr be» Ivant chik, 1999).

tph chi veb, bh dh ln, b pì n me me d` ke jn nr Elhp ke p`. Lph qsr qr bhe jhl le phi veb bn Qph chh h qnqedmeiq mei ?h th mhh bonkme dn qrn bep mn thj qh ps er q_ h dn qr` rnw mn lmn cn whq kem m{ lh `mrhw m{ lh hq rnw mh -j` lh, on lem| xei le pe w` q rhw mn bnq un d_ yh lh j le qr mni sqr mni rp` dh vhh (Strabo I, 34,21; Eustath.Ad Od. XI, 14; Steph. Byz. s. v. Συασσός; Arr. Bith.: FGrHist 156, F76, qp. F 60; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I, 1126,qp. II, 140a, 723, 780/83a; Heracl. Pont. Fr. 129 Wehrli). Je qjnk| jn an kee on gd mhl bpe lemel, wel qn na -ye mh_ n dei qr bh _u jhl le phi veb b Ie kh de, d` rh ps er q_ g` opnq SAA 4, 18, jn rn p{i qn na y` er n bng lnf -mn q rh qnb le qr m{u dei qr bhi jhl le phi veb h sp`p rnb opn rhb `q qh phi veb b Us a phh, pì n me, p`q onkn -fem mnl j bnq rn js nr Jnp xsm re oe. Gqr` rh, Isx, cde a{k mì dem ah le r`k kh we q jhi jke bev, oped on -knfh rek| mn no pe de k_ e l{i j`j jhl le phi qjhi, p`q on k` c` er q_ b rni fe na k` q rh. =q qh phi qjhe hq rnw -mhjh }on uh op`b ke mh_ =x xsp a` mh o` k` r`j fe qn na y` ~r na `j rhb m{u dei qr bh _u jhl le phi veb b I`kni=ghh — nr Hh dhh m` g` o` de dn Gh kh jhh h g` o`d m{u cp` mhv =q qh phh m` bnq rn je80.

Er`j, jn web mh we q jhe on cpe ae mh_ b Elhp ke pe h Jnp xsm re oe ln csr a{r| hdem rh th vh pn b` m{ j`jjhl le phi qjhe. ? onk mnl qn nr ber qr bhh q jn q bem m{ lh d`m m{ lh `j j`d qjhu rej q rnb jhl le phi v{ oph -m`d ke f`r j rni fe `p ue n kn ch we q jni jsk| rs pe, wrn h p`m mhe qjh t{, bng lnf mn q me gm` wh rek| m{ lhknj`k| m{ lh nqn aem mn q r_ lh. Gsk| rs p` l` kn ghi qjhu jhl le phi veb ln fer a{r| rnw mee no pe de ke m` j`jje kep leq qjhi }rò «p`m me q jht qjni» jsk| rs p{. ?h dh ln, ee hg be qr m{e o` l_r mh jh me m` lmn cn an keep`m mhe, wel Ge kep leq qjhe jsp c` m{ ?e qe knb qjn cn. Lhq| lem m{e h `p ue n kn ch we q jhe hq rnw mh jh ong -bnk_~r d` rh pn b`r| }rs jsk| rs ps bpe le mel lef ds m` w` knl 70-u h m` w` knl 30-u cn dnb VII b. dn m. }. Jehq jk~ we mn h me jn rn pne p`q xh pe mhe d` rh pn bnj b nae qrn pn m{. O`j, bng lnf mn nln kn fe mhe bepu meicp` mh v{ d` rh pnb jh (mn me dk_ jnl okej qnb hg Jnp xsm re oe, nr mn qh l{u on sq kn bh _l m` und jh j oep bnion kn bhme VII b. dn m. }.), on qjnk| js nr qsr qr bhe son lh m` mhi jhl le phi veb b `j j`d qjhu rej q rù on qke639 c. dn m. }. ln fer naz _q m_r| q_ me hq weg mn be mh el q` ln cn m` pn d` q hq rn ph we q jni qve m{, ` aed mn q r|~h nr p{ bnwmnq r|~ q` lhu hq rnw mh jnb }rn cn oe ph n d`. >n kee rn cn, `m rhw mni rp` dh vhh hg be qr mn n ope a{ -b` mhh jhl le phi veb b I` kni =ghh eye b oe ph nd op`b ke mh_ kh dhi qjn cn v` p_ =kh r r`, jn rn pn ls oph -oh q{ b` er q_ hu njnm w` rek| mne hg cm` mhe (Herod. I, 16; Polyaen. VII, 2, 1). Yq mn, nd m` jn, wrn dn reu onp,on j` b I` kni =ghh me as dsr mì de m{ oped le r{ oped je kep leq qjn cn, f` an rhm qjn cn, }r` o` p`m me q jht -qjni jsk| rs p{ (r` jhe m` und jh h bn na ye nr qsr qr bs ~r b Le ped mei =ghh), m` w` kn je kep leq qjn cn }r` o`lnf mn d` rh pn b`r| bpe le mel me ong fe m` w` k` 670-u cc. dn m. }., ` qjn pee bqe cn h p`m| xe (qp. mh fe)81.

80 =m` khg m` gb`m m{u rej qrnb ql. Ivantchik 1993, 57–76, 95–

125; Eb`m whj 1996, 77–79, 100–131.

81 Np. upn mn kn ch~ p`m me qjht qjni jsk| rs p{, oped kn fem ms~

E. J. Ied bed qjni (1992, 86–107).

JRG IG 1.3

�� «�� » � ��

Tmt omz z� yu |m yl� zu wm yu u~ �r} |� om r� ~l ~|u ~{w w{ �ro zu �r ~wu� w{y | xr w ~{o zm zr ~{ y zrz z{wuyyr }uv ~w{v �r} }u �{ }uu. U~ �mx� z�r |m yl� zu wu �m w{ p{ }{ qm uxu |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut }mv {z{o, pqr |u~� -yrz z�r u~ �{� zu wu �u w ~u }� �� {q z{ o}r yrz z{r |}r n� om zur wuy yr }uv �ro u ~wu �{o (�r} }u �{ }uu Smz -z� u Su quu), uxu lo xl �� ~l ut{ xu }{ omz z� yu zm �{q wm yu ozr w{y | xr w ~{o. c�u zm �{q wu |{q �or} sqm ��~qr xmz z�v zm {~ z{ or ut� �r zul |{ p}r nmx� z�� w{y | xr w ~{o o� o{q { |}u zmq xrs z{ ~�u u~ �{ }u �r ~wu�wuyyr }uv �ro ~ m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~w{v �{� wu t}r zul «}mz zr ~wu� ~w{v» w�x� �� }r, m �{� zrr rr wr xr} yr~ ~w{ y��m|�, m �mw sr qm �u }{o w� ��{v w�x� �� }�. I ym x{ mtuv ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�, o �{y �u~ xr o �r� p{ }{ qm�, w{�{ -}�r n� xu, ~{ p xm~ z{ |u~� yrz z�y u~ �{� zu wmy, }mt }� �r z� wuy yr }uv �m yu, {n zm }� sr z{ tzm �u �rx� z{rw{ xu �r ~� o{ |}rq yr �{o ~wu� ~w{ p{ {n xu wm.

Tm u n{ xrr yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z{v wm �r p{ }u rv |{ q{n z�� zm �{ q{w, lo xl �� ~l, |{ sm x�v, zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx.Tm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m wmw o Sm x{v Gtuu, �mw u o q}� pu� }mv {zm� (J}r �uu, Xu }uu uVmxr ~�u zr, Sr ~{ |{ �m yuu, O}m zr u q}.) {n zm }� sr z� �� xu zr zm o~r� u~ ~xr q{ omz z�� |{ ~r xr zu l�1.Uq zm w{ ��u zm �{q wu |}m w �u �r ~wu zu �r p{ zr qm �� qxl zm �u� �r xrv, |{ ~w{x� w� «~wu� ~wur» ~�}r x� n�xuq{ ~ �m �{� z{ n� ~� }{ |}u zl �� zm o{{ }� sr zur zm }{ qm yu Vr }rq zr p{ I{ ~ �{ wm u u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� |{ o~r yr -~� z{, �mw ��{ u� zm �{q wm o �{y uxu uz{y yr ~ �r zr y{ sr� ~x� su�� ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y }r mx� z{ p{ |}r n� om -zul �my ~wu �{o uxu wuy yr }uv �ro2. I ~ol tu ~ ��uy �m }m w �r} zm, zm |}u yr}, ~u �� m �ul, }m~ w}� �ml |}u}m~ w{| wm� Xyu} z�. I{ o}r yl {~m q� p{ }{ qm xu quv �m yu {w{ x{ 600 p. q{ z. �. rp{ tm �u� zu wu |{x� t{ -omxu~� ~�}r xm yu ~ qo�� x{ |m ~� z� yu zm w{ zr� zu wm yu «~wu� ~w{ p{» {n xu wm, �m ~ �{ ~ n{ w{ o�y �u |{y, mzm |m qmo �ur xu quv �� — �}r� x{ |m ~� z� yu, «~wu� ~wu yu» sr, zm w{ zr� zu wm yu3. S{s z{ �|{ yl z�� mwsrzm �{q w� zr ~w{x� wu� �� ~l� (|{� �u o~r �}r� x{ |m ~� z�r) zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m o Vr} ~r -|{ xr4. X }r mx� z� yu z{ ym qm yu, |{ sm x�v, y{ p�� n�� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr z� xu�� ~m y�r }mz zur {n }mt �� m wu�~�}rx ut Sm x{v Gtuu, qm �u }� r y�r o�{ }{v �r� or} �� – ~r }r qu z{v VII o. q{ z. �. Tr ~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{wuy yr }uv ��, ou qu y{, zm �{ qu xu~� �my u |{t sr, |}u zr ~rz z�r uyu zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{»�u|m o ��{ o}r yl �sr q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �u }{ w{ u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� u q}� pu yu zm }{ qm yu.

1 Xo{q w� zm �{ q{w ~y. Sulimirski 1954, 282–318; Boehmer 1972,

111–115; ~}. �mw sr Cleuziou 1977, 187–199; Muscarella 1988,

107–108; Ökse 1994, 24–32.2 V{ |�� wu u~ |{x� t{ om�� m wur zm �{q wu wmw |}l y�r ~ou qr -

�rx� ~� om |}r n� om zul ~wu �{o uxu wuy yr }uv �ro o �{y uxu

uz{y yr ~ �r uz{ pqm o~�}r �m �� ~l q{ ~u� |{}, ~}. zm |}u yr}

Yamauchi 1982, 97– 99; Yamauchi 1983, 94– 95. I ��{v }m n{ �r

zm �{q wm zr~w{x� wu� ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m o Or }� ~m xu yr, o

w{z �rw ~�r, ~ol tmz z{y ~ rp{ {~m q{v om ou x{zlzmyu o 586 p.

q{ z. �., u~ |{x� t� r� ~l wmw ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ �{ p{, ��{ «~wu� ~wur

zm ry zu wu» ~x� suxu o o{v ~wr Tm o� �{ q{ z{ ~{ }m u qm sr n� xu

rp{ momz pm} q{y. Ymw{r �{x w{ om zur zm �{ q{w ��u� ~�}rx, wmw u

q}� pur |{ q{n z�r |{ ~� }{rzul, zr o� qr} su om r� zu wm w{v w}u -

�u wu: ~�}r x� «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u|m o w{z �r VII – zm �m xr VI o.

q{ z. �. n� xu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� o Vr }rq zrv Gtuu |{ o~r yr ~� z{

u u~ |{x� t{ om xu~�, w{ zr� z{, u z{o{ om ou x{z ~wu yu x�� zu wm yu.3 Nicholls 1958/1959, 128–134.4 Schmidt 1957, 99, Tab. IX, 76.

58

59

1.3.1 «XQO[ XQOL» TG \UK QO ON QGW SOW-HRZ WG O KWZ JO\ ZWGWY XQO\

VG SeY TO QUI

X{ ~� �r ~� o{ om zur o w{y | xr w ~r T{} ��z �r |r «}mz zr ~wu� ~wu�» or �rv ~ �}m}� ~wu yu ~ou qr �rx� ~� o�r�{ q{ ~ �m �{� z{ uz �rz ~uo z{y w�x� ��} z{y otm u y{ qrv ~� ouu wuy yr }uv �ro, |}u zmq xr smo �u� m} �r{ x{ pu �r -~wu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r, ~ u� ~{ ~r ql yu �}m} �m yu, ��{ |}u or x{ w tm uy ~� o{ om zu� uyu zr w{ �{ }��xr yrz �{o �}m}� ~w{v ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }�. U�r ouq z{, tm uy ~� o{ om zur �x{ u o {n }m� z{y zm |}m o xr -zuu, l} wuy ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y �r p{ ~x� sm� zm �{q wu zm Qm} yu}-Hx� }r.

Q}r |{~�� Yrv �r nm u zu (Qm} yu}-Hx�}) n� xm |{ ~�}{ r zm �}m}� ~wuy �m }ry W� ~{v II |}u yr} z{ {q z{ -o}r yrz z{ ~ zm �{ ql �rv ~l �s zrr w}r |{ ~�� Hm ~ �my. Unr {zu n� xu }mt}� �r z� |}u nxu tu �rx� z{ o {q z{o}r yl u n{ xrr zr o{~ ~�m zm o xu om xu~�. K{x p{r o}r yl pu nrx� Qm} yu}-Hx� }m qm �u }{ om xu zm �m x{y VI o.q{ z. �. Jxmo z�y {~ z{ om zu ry �m w{v qm �u }{o wu n� x{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur { �{y, ��{ ��m w}r |{~�� |{ pun xm{q z{ o}r yrz z{ ~ �}m}� ~wuy p{ ~� qm} ~� o{y. V{~ xrq zrr ~{ n� �ur qm �u }{ om x{~� o |r} o�� {�r }rq� zm {~ z{ -om zuu �|{ yu zm zul zm tom zul Z}m} �� o om ou x{z ~w{v �}{ zu wr Tm n{ |m xm ~m }m |{q 609/8 p. q{ z. �.5 u o |}{ -}{ �r ~� om� Or }r yuu (51, 27–28) 594 p. q{ z. �. V}rq |{ xm pm x{~�, ��{ Z}m} �� zr y{p x{ n�� zu� �{ sr z{}m zrr ��u� qm�6. Kmz zml qm �u }{o wm n� xm |{q �or} sqr zm }r w{z ~� }�w �u rv |}m o xr zul zr ~w{x� wu� �m }rvyr s q� |{ ~ xrq zuy ut or~� z�y �}m}� ~wuy �m }ry Xm} q� }u III, �|{ yl z� ��y o m~ ~u }uv ~wu� «mz zm xm�»}rqmw �uu G (�u xuzq} Wm~ ~m ym), ou qu y{, ~{ ~�m o xrz z�� o 643/2 p. q{ z. �., u |}rq |{ xm pm r y{v qm �{v|mqrzul Z}m} ��. Yr tu~ { ~� �r ~� o{ om zuu ��u� q{ |{x zu �rx� z�� m }rv, zr tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ omz z�� zu o{qz{v {�u �u mx� z{v zmq |u ~u, {n{~ z{ o� omx ~l �|{ yu zm zu ry }l qm �u |u� z�� qxl �}m}� ~w{ p{ �m} ~� o� � -�r p{ q{ym uyrz, lo z{ zr |}u zmq xr smo �u� ut or~� z�y �m }ly, o zmq |u ~l� zm |r �m �l� u |}rq yr �m�.X{o{ w�|z{r |}m o xr zur ��u� q{ |{x zu �rx� z�� }m}� ~wu� �m }rv q{xs z{ n� x{ tm |{x zu�� zr yr zrr �ry|l �uqr ~l �u xr� zuv |}{ yr s� �{w, {� qr xl � �uv |{ ~ xrq zrr q{ ~ �{ or} z{r �|{ yu zm zur �}m}� ~w{ p{ �m }l {�|}rq |{ xm pm r y{v qm �� zu� �{ sr zul �}m}� ~w{ p{ �m} ~� om7. Km �u }{o wm |m qr zul �}m}� ~w{ p{ �m} ~� om u }mt -}� �r zul Yrv �r nm u zu zm �m x{y VI o. q{ z. �. q{x p{r o}r yl n� xm {n �r |}u zl �{v. I ~o{� {�r }rq�, {zmn�xm pxmo z{v {|{ }{v qxl {| }r qr xr zul �}{ z{ x{ puu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�, |{ ~w{x� w� qm om xm �� xuzr rquz ~� orz z�� mn ~{ x�� z�� qm �� }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� or �rv, |{ t o{ xll |}u ol tm�� qm �u }{o w� ~wu� ~w{vm}�r{ x{ pu �r ~w{v w�x� �� }� w nxus zr o{ ~�{� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu. V{ ~� �r ~� o�, uyrz z{ zm qm �u }{o wm� ~wu� -~wu� or�rv ut Qm} yu}-Hx� }m u ~�}{ u xu~� o |r} o�� {�r }rq� �}{ z{ x{ pul wmw ~m y{v }mz zr ~wu� ~w{vw�x� �� }�, �mw u rr |{ l o xr zul o |}u �r} z{ y{} ~wu� ~�r |l�.

I |{ ~ xrq zrr o}r yl, {q zm w{, z{ o�r qmz z�r tm ~�m ou xu ~r}� rt z{ �~{y zu�� ~l o |}m oux� z{ ~�u �}m qu -�u {z z{v qm �� pu nr xu Yrv �r nm u zu u Z}m} �� o �r x{y. Wm ~ w{| wu �}m}� ~w{v w}r |{ ~�u Hm ~ �my, |}{ o{ -quo�u r ~l zr yr� w{v �w~ |r qu �u rv, |{ t o{ xu xu �~ �m z{ ou�� o}r yl rr }mt }� �r zul. Nqr~� n�x {n zm }� srz~wxmq |}{ q{ o{x� ~� orz z�� |}u |m ~{o, ~}r qu w{ �{ }�� zm �{ qu x{~� {w{ x{ 1200 n�xx, ~{ qr} smo �u� uyr zm�}m}� ~w{ p{ �m }l W� ~� II u zr ~w{x� wu� |}uz �ro8. Xwxmq ~p{ }rx o y{ yrz� pu nr xu w}r |{ ~�u. c�m zm �{qwm|{t o{ xl r� {� z{ ~u�� pu nrx� Hm ~ �m ym w{ o}r yr zu |}m o xr zul W� ~� II u qm �u }{ om�� rr ~m y{r |{tq zrr ~r}r -qu z{v VII o. q{ z. �. Uq zm w{ r�r oms zrr q}� p{v o� o{q. Qmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, n{x� �ml �m~�� {n zm -}�srz z�� o Hm ~ �m yr n�xx lo xl �� ~l �m} ~wu yu |r �m �l yu W� ~� II ~ �m }m w �r} z� yu uyrz z{ �m} ~wu yum�}u n� �m yu. Tm }l q� ~ zu yu o �{y sr ~wxm qr {n zm }� sr z�, {�r ouq z{, {q z{ o}r yrz z�r uy |r �m �uzr~w{x� wu� |}u zmq xr smo �u� w �m} ~w{ y� q{ y� |}uz �ro, tm zu ymo �u� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ o� ~{ wur |{ ~�� o p{~� -qm} ~� orz z{v mq yu zu ~� }m �uu. ^m~�� |}uz �ro y{ sr� n�� uqrz �u �u �u }{ om zm ~ �r yu |r} ~{ zm sm yu,w{�{ }�� |}rq xm pm x{~� ~�u �m�� «q{ |{x zu �rx� z� yu» �}m}� ~wu yu �m }l yu9. Ym wuy {n }m t{y, |{ w}mv zrvyr }r �m~�� r� �xr z{o �}m}� ~w{ p{ |}m ol �r p{ q{ ym, w{ �{ }�r }m zrr ~�u �m xu~� �m }l yu, o qrv ~� ou �rx� -z{~�u n� xu �{x� w{ |}uz �m yu u |{ n{x� �rv �m ~ �u ~{ o }r yrz zu wm yu, m zr ~xr q{ om xu q}�p tm q}� p{y.

5 Grayson 1975, 96, Chr. 3: 72; Chr. 4: 3.6 K�l w{ z{o 1951, 32–34; Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1959, 116.7 ZVK, 29.8 V�n xu wm �u� |r �m �rv ~y. Seidl 1979, 137–149; Seidl 1988,

145–154.9 Kroll 1984, 151–170, {~{n. 161–164, ~}. Srq orq ~wml 1992,

100–101.

60

I }r t�x� �m �r {� |m qm r� pxmo z�v m} p� yrz� o |{x� t� |}{ qxr zul ~� �r ~� o{ om zul �}m}� ~w{ p{ �m} ~� om. Ot|}rq |{ xm pm r y�� |{tq zu� �m }rv q{ ~ �{ or} z{ tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z{ xu�� |}m o xr zur W� ~� III, ~� zmc}uyr z�, �|{ yl z� �{ p{ o wm �r ~� or �m }l, zm |}u yr}, o zmq |u ~l� ZQT 287, 292, 293, 295, 296 u 458m. V{|}rq |{ x{ sr zu� X. Q}{ xl uyrz z{ {z, m zr W� ~m II, o}r yl |}m o xr zul w{ �{ }{ p{, �m wuy {n }m t{y, ~{w}m -�m r� ~l, �|{ yl z�� o zmq |u ~l� G� ��} nm zu |m xm {w{ x{ 655/654 p. q{ z. �.10, {q zm w{ o �m w{v �}m w �{owrzrx� tl n�� or }rz z�y. U~ �mx� z�r |}rq |{ xm pm r y�r |{tq zur �}m}� ~wur �m }u, ~w{ }rr o~r p{, zuw{ pqm zr|}m ou xu, m n� xu xu�� |}uz �m yu.

^�{ wm ~m r� ~l Xm} q� }u, ~� zm Xm} q� }u, �|{ yl z� �{ p{ ~ �m} ~wuy �u �� x{y o zmq |u ~u zm {n x{y wm�n}{z t{ o{ p{ �u �m ut Qm} yu}-Hx� }m (ZQT 459), �{ zr� {~ z{ om zuv qm �u }{ om�� rp{ |}m o xr zur o�{ }{v|{x{ ou z{v VII o. q{ z. �. X� ql |{ �zu wmx� z{ ~�u zmq |u ~u ��{ p{ �m }l, {z |}m oux or~� ym zr q{x p{, |}u -�ry zu ��{ zr yr �m r� {� z{ ~u�� rp{ r�r w VIII o. q{ z. �. Lp{ |}m o xr zur y{s z{ |{ yr ~ �u��, zm |}u yr},yr s q� Xm} q� }u II u W� ~{v I, |}u �{q w{ �{ }{ p{ w oxm ~�u, wmw ut or~� z{, n�x ~ol tmz ~ zr w{v ~y� �{v u nr~ -|{ }lq wm yu. Tr u~ w x� �r z{, ��{ W� ~m I n�x �t�} |m �{ }{y. V}rq x{ srz zml qm �u }{o wm |}m o xr zul Xm} q� }u,~� zm Xm} q� }u |{q �or} sqm r� ~l �ry, ��{ o~r {n zm }� srz z{r zm Yrv �r nm u zu |m }mq z{r {}� sur {� z{ ~u� ~l,~� ql |{ zmq |u ~ly zm zry, w{ o}r yr zu �m }rv VIII o. q{ z. �. — Sr z�m, G} pu� �u I, Xm} q� }u II uW�~� I. U}� sul, |}u zmq xr smo �r p{ n{ xrr |{tq zuy �m }ly, tqr~� zr {n zm }� sr z{. `u� Xm} q� }u, ~� zmXm} q� }u |}u zmq xr su� w �{v sr p}�| |r zm �{ q{w u, {�r ouq z{, q{x srz qm �u }{ om�� ~l �ry sr o}r yr zry.

Lquz ~� orz z�y {~ z{ om zu ry �}m qu �u {z z{v qm �� pu nr xu Z}m} �� {~ �m r� ~l, �m wuy {n }m t{y, �|{ yu zm -zur ��{v ~�}m z� o om ou x{z ~wu� �}{ zu wm� u |}{ }{ �r ~� om� Or }r yuu. Uq zm w{ X. Q}{x�, m o~xrq tm zuyO. T. Srq orq ~wml, �nr qu �rx� z{ |{ wm tm xu, ��{ zm tom zur Z}m} �� o ��u� u~ �{� zu wm� u~ |{x� t� r� ~l xu��wmw pr{ p}m �u �r ~w{r |{ zl �ur, m zr |{ xu �u �r ~wuv �r} yuz, {n{ tzm �m � �uv zr tm ou ~u y{r p{ ~� qm} ~� o{, wmw{z{ u~ |{x� t{ om x{~� u |{t sr, o mw wmq ~wu� or} ~u l� �m} ~wu� zmq |u ~rv G�r yr zu q{o11. Q}{ yr �{ p{, ~{ {� -or� ~� o� � �ml �}m tm o wzu pr Or }r yuu y{ sr� n�� xu�� xu �r }m ��} z�y �{ |{ ~{y, {� }m sm � �uy }r mx� z��~u �� m �u� |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� VII o. q{ z. �. u w{ o}r yr zu Or }r yuu n�o �uy �sr mzm �}{ zut y{y12.

Qm} yu}-Hx�} u Hm ~ �my, m �mw sr }lq q}� pu� �}m}� ~wu� w}r |{ ~�rv o ��{y }r pu { zr, o�{ qu xu o rquz��{n{ }{ zu �rx� z�� ~u ~ �r y�, o{t qoup z� �� W� ~{v II qxl {n{ }{ z� o{~ �{� z�� }� nr srv Z}m} ��. Iu qu y{, {zu|{ pun xu �mw sr |}u yr} z{ {q z{ o}r yrz z{13. Wm ~ w{| wu Hm ~ �m ym |{ t o{ xl �� qm �u }{ om�� }mt }� �r zur ��u�w}r |{ ~�rv |}m o xr zu ry W� ~� II, �. r. �{ p{ sr �m }l, w{ �{ }�v u� |{ ~�}{ ux14. Xw{ }rr o~r p{, ��{ ~{ n� �ur|}u �{ qu� ~l zm 650-r pp., �. r. w}r |{ ~�u Hm ~ �my u, o{t y{s z{, Yrv �r nm u zu ~� �r ~� o{ om xu zr n{ xrr qom q -�m �u xr�. Km sr r~ xu |}rq |{ xm pm��, ��{ Qm} yu}-Hx�} |{ pun |{t sr Hm ~ �m ym15, qom ~{ n� �ul zr y{p xu n��

10 Kroll 1984, 163.11 Kroll 1984, 166–167; Srq orq ~wml 1992, 100–102. Q ��{v

�{�wr t}r zul |}u ~{ r qu zux ~l o |{ ~ xrq zrr o}r yl O. S. K�l w{ -

z{o (1994, 115), w{ �{ }�v |{ xm pm r�, ��{ Z}m} �� o |}{ }{ �r ~� or

Or }r yuu {n{ tzm �m r� �sr |{q �u zrz z�� Su quu �r} }u �{ }u�

(om~ ~mx�z{r �m} ~� o{). V}u ��{y {z {� yr �m r�, ��{ �|{ � }rn xrz -

z�v o qmz z{y ~x� �mr �r} yuz ממ�לכה zr {nl tm �rx� z{ �wm t� omr�

uyrz z{ zm �m} ~� o{, z{ y{ sr� {n{ tzm �m�� o~l w{r p{ ~� qm} ~� -

orz z{r {n }m t{ om zur, zm |}u yr} z{ y� Lpu| �m (Is. 19, 2). Wr��,

�m wuy {n }m t{y, y{ sr� uq �u xu�� { zr w{v mq yu zu ~� }m �uo z{v

rqu zu �r o ~{ ~�m or Su quu, �{� z�v ~�m ��~ w{ �{ }{v �rw~� Or}r -

yuu {| }r qr xu�� zr |{ t o{ xl r�. X}. �mw sr Srq orq ~wml 1994,

132. Hxut w�� {� w� t}r zul o� ~wm t� om r� u c. G. J}mz �{o ~wuv

(1994, 45), w{ �{ }�v �ry zr yr zrr |{q qr} su om r� tqr~� �}m qu -

�u {z z{r yzr zur { qm �u }{o wr pu nr xu Z}m} ��. Uq zm w{, r~ xu �

Or }r yuu Z}m} �� {n{ tzm �m r� wm w��-�{ �r} }u �{ }u� o ~{ ~�m or

Su quu, �{ ��{� �rw~� zr y{ sr� u~ |{x� t{ om�� ~l qxl |{tq zrv

qm �u }{o wu pu nr xu Z}m} ��, |{ ~w{x� w� {� }m sm r� ~u �� m �u� �sr

|{ ~ xr ��{ p{ ~{ n� �ul.

12 Zawadzki 1988, 151–152. c�{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur, o|}{ �ry,

zr{nl tm �rx� z{; ~}. m} p� yrz �� |}{ �uo zr p{ K�l w{ z{o 1994, 115.13 Kroll 1976, 175; ~}. Srq orq ~wml 1992, 100–103.14 Tm �{q wu zm Qm} yu}-Hx� }r |u ~ry ~ |r �m �l yu Xm} q� }u,

~�zm W� ~� (ZVK 1, 2 = ZQT 333, 455), w{ �{ }�v, ou qu y{,

uqrz �u �rz �m }� Xm} q� }u III, zr y{ p�� qm �u }{ om�� pu nrx� w}r -

|{ ~�u, |{ ~w{x� w� n� xu ~{ ~�m o xr z�, ou qu y{, w{ pqm {z r�r n�x

�m }r ou �ry.15 K. X. Wm ro ~wuv (1993, 82–83) u S. T. V{ p }r n{ om (1993,

87–88) {� ~�m u om �� }m qu �u {z z�� qm �u }{o w� pu nr xu Qm} yu}-

Hx� }m, zr |}u o{ ql zu wm wu� z{ o�� m} p� yrz �{o o rr |{x� t� u zr

tm yr �ml �{ p{, ��{ �r m} p� yrz ��, zm w{ �{ }�� {zm ~�}{ u xm~� o

~o{r o}r yl, n{ xrr zr qrv ~� ou �rx� z�. Uzu {p }m zu �u om �� ~l |{

~� �r ~� o� xu�� |}rq |{ x{ sr zu l yu { �{y, ��{ p{ }{q y{p ~� �r -

~� o{ om�� u |{ ~ xr {n �rv pu nr xu Z}m} ��. I {q z{v ut ~o{u�

zrqmo zu� }m n{� O. S. K�l w{ z{o (1994, 114–115) �mw sr |{xm -

pm r�, ��{ Qm} yu}-Hx�} |r }r sux Hm ~ �my u �m} ~� o{ om zur W�~�

II, {q zm w{ ~{ p xm ~rz |}u ��{y, ��{ Yrv �r nm u zu, wmw u Hm~�my,

~� �r ~� o{ om x{ o �r �r zur sut zu {q z{ p{ |{ w{ xr zul.

61

}mt qr xr z� tzm �u �rx� z�y |}{ yr s�� w{y o}r yr zu. X~�x wu zm |}u ~�� ~� our o ~x{ l� Qm} yu}-Hx� }m or �rv,�u |u� z�� qxl |m yl� zu w{o VII–VI oo. q{ z. �.16, zu �r p{ zr q{ wm t� om ��, |{ ~w{x� w� mn ~{ x�� z�r qm �u }{o -wu ��u� |m yl� zu w{o ~�}{ u xu~� o tzm �u �rx� z{v ~�r |r zu zm qm �u }{o wm� Qm} yu}-Hx� }m. Tm xu �{, �mwuy{n }m t{y, tmyw z� ��v w}�p.

Qmw �sr p{ o{ }u x{~�, zm �{q wu �mw zm t� om r y�� ~wu� ~wu� or �rv zm Qm} yu}-Hx� }r ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� ��{n {| }r qr xrz z{y oxu l zuu ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }� w{ �ro zu w{o, ~w{ }rr o~r p{ wuy yr }uv �ro, zm �}m}� -~w{r zm ~r xr zur, o{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr zm zm ~r xr zur �}m}� ~w{v |r }u �r }uu. G} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wuv w{z �rw~�~ouqr �rx� ~� o� r� { �{y, ��{ pm} zu t{z Yrv �r nm u zu u~ |{x� t{ omx zr w{ �{ }�r «}mz zr ~wu� ~wur» (wuy -yr}uv ~wur) |}rq yr �� uxu |}rq yr ��, u� w{ |u }� � �ur, �{ �l o}lq xu o ��{y ~x� �mr y{ sr� uq �u }r�� {~wu� ~w{y (wuy yr }uv ~w{y) pm} zu t{ zr, wmw |{ xm pm r� G. d. Gxr w ~r ro17. Ymw, o wxm q{ o�� Yrv �r nm u zu{nzm }� sr z� n}{z t{ o�r zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m, |}u zl ��r �}m} �m yu zm o{{ }� sr zur zm }lq�~ u� �}m qu �u {z z� yu sr xrt z� yu �r }rz w{ o� yu zm w{ zr� zu wm yu (��. 12, 19)18. Q}{ yr ~�}rx, o �u �m qrxuzmv qrz �sr �|{ yu zmo �uv ~l qxuz z�v mwu zmw }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m (qxu zm 88 ~y) u zr ~w{x� w{ �}mp -yrz �{o yr �rv u wuz sm x{o ~wu� ~w{ p{ {n xu wm, m �mw sr w{ ~ �l z{v zm w{ zr� zuw z{ srz o ou qr ~or} z�o -�rp{~l su o{� z{ p{ (��. 14, 4, 15, 16)19. U~{ nrz z{ uz �r }r~ z{, ��{ zm Qm} yu}-Hx� }r {n zm }� sr z� zr�{x� w{ p{ �{ o�r |}rq yr �� o tor }u z{y ~�u xr, z{ u ~xr q� u� |}{ ut o{q ~� om. I �mw zm t� om r y{v «w{y zm �r|}u o}m� zu wm» zmv qr z� tm p{ �{o wu ut {xrz� r p{ }{ pm, ~qr xmz zml ut w{ ~ �u }� w{ l�� z{ sm u o� }r tmz zml utw{ ~ �u p{ x{o wm p}u �{nm }m zm20. I q}� pu� yr ~ �m� {n zm }� sr z{ r�r |l�� w{ ~ �l z�� p{ x{ o{w {} xm, nm }m zm up}u �{nm }m zm, {q zm ut w{ �{ }�� zm �{ qu xm~� o{t xr }m~ |u xr zz�� tm p{ �{ o{w (��. 14, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13)21.Q}{ yr �{ p{, zm �{q wm qo�� t qr� z�� zm n{ }{o «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m o wxm q{ o�� w}r |{ ~�u (|{ yr �r zul № 18u 25) ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r�, ou qu y{, { �{y, ��{ �}m} �� y{p xu tm uy ~� o{ om�� w{ �ro zu w{o zr �{x� w{ ~�}r x�,z{ u w{z ~w�� | }ls� (��. 12, 1– 6, 11–18)22.

I~r ��{ |{ wm t� om r�, ��{ zm ~r xr zur |r }u �r }uv z{v �}m}� ~w{v w}r |{ ~�u Yrv �r nm u zu zr �{x� w{u~|{x� t{ om x{ |}rq yr �� o wuy yr }uv ~w{-~wu� ~w{y ~�u xr, z{ u tm zu ym x{~� u� ut p{ �{ o xr zu ry. c�{, o~o{� {�r }rq�, tm ~�m o xl r� ~ {~ �{ }{s z{ ~�� |{q �{ qu�� w ut{ xu }{ omz z�y u ~qr xmz z�y ozr w{y | xr w ~{ozm �{q wmy ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m uxu |}rq yr �{o tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl. Uzu y{ p�� ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om�� zr�{x� w{ { |}r n� om zuu ~wu �{o uxu wuy yr }uv �ro o �{y uxu uz{y yr ~ �r, z{ u |}{ ~�{ {� }m sm�� oxu l zur~wu� ~w{v (wuy yr }uv ~w{v) ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }�. Q~�m �u, }m~ w{| wu �{ p{ sr Qm} yu}-Hx� }m p{ o{ }l�{ �{y, ��{ ~�}r x� ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m |}u yr zl xu~� zr �{x� w{ tm �u� zu wm yu w}r |{ ~�u, z{ u ��} y{ omo�uyrr |}{ �uo zu w{y. Q}{ yr �{ p{, ut }m~ w{ |{w Qm} yu}-Hx� }m |}{ u~ �{ qu� r�r {quz �t qr� z�v zm n{} ~wu� -~w{ p{ {n xu wm, w{ �{ }�v, o{t y{s z{, |}u zmq xr smx {q z{v ut x{ �m qrv zm |m qmo �u� (��. 12, 7–10)23. I{{ -}� sr zur u �t qm «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m y{p xu, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, o ��{ o}r yl |}u yr zl�� ~l }mt xu� z� yu, o �{y�u~ xr |}{ �u o{ n{} ~� o� � �u yu, zm }{ qmyu.

X}r qu |}{ �u� zm �{ q{w ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m zm Qm} yu}-Hx� }r n� xu {n zm }� sr z� w{ ~ �l z�r |xm ~�u z�,�w }m �rz z�r w{z �rz � }u �r ~wu yu w}� pm yu u o}rt z� yu �}r �p{x� zu wm yu u {wmz �u om � �u r ~l ut{ n}m sr -zury w{ |� �m, m �mw sr ut qr xul ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry �r �� }r� x� �r o{ p{ ~{ xl} z{ p{ tzm wm (��. 14, 1, 2)24. Gzm -x{ puu {} zm yrz �� o ou qr w{z �rz � }u �r ~wu� w}� p{o ut or~� z� wmw o |}rq ~wu� ~w{v, �mw u o zm �m xr }mz zr -

16 V{ p }r n{ om 1993, 88.17 Gxr w ~r ro 1992, 40.18 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 93, }u~. 63; Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1959, 241.

I|}{ �ry, zm G} pu� �u �u zu xu, zm |}u yr}, �}m} ��, or }{ l� z{,

|{x� t{ om xu~� xu�� ~o{ u yu �}m qu �u {z z� yu ~�}r xm yu, m zm -

�{qwu ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m (qo��- u �}r� x{ |m ~� z��) ~ol t� -

om �� ~l ~ o}m pm yu, }mt }� �uo �u yu w}r |{~��: Sm} �u }{ ~lz

1974, 171–173, }u~. 108. X}., {q zm w{, tqr~� sr zm �{q w� w{z -

~w{ p{ �t qr� z{ p{ zmn{ }m «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m, ou qu y{, |}u yr zlo -

�r p{ ~l su �r xl yu p{ }{ qm, u ym � }u �� qxl |}{ ut o{q ~� om ut qr -

xuv o tor }u z{y ~�u xr ~ ut{ n}m tu �rx� z�y y{ �u o{y, nxut wuy

uyr � �r y� ~l zm wr xr} yr~ ~w{v ~r wu }r: Yu }m �lz 1978, 106–

114; L~m lz, V{ p }r n{ om 1985, 27.19 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1959m, 177.20 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 95–96.21 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1954, 142; Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1959, 242.22 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 92–93, }u~. 61, 62; Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1954,

142–143; Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1959, 242–243.23 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 93; Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1954, 142–143,

}u~. 2.24 Vu { � }{o ~wuv 1955, 17–18, 43–46, }u~. 9; Ox� uz ~wml, Yr -

}r z{s wuz 1987, 34–35.

62

~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�, m o ou qr o}r tmz z�� }r �p{x� zu w{o — o |m yl� zu wm� sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{ |r }u { qm. Ymw{v{}zmyrz� tm~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ omz, zm |}u yr}, zm w{ ~ �l z�� |~m xu l� ut Mm n{ �uz ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm № 2(��. 25, 7, 8)25 u ut |{ p}r nr zul 106 y{ pux� zu wm Xmy �mo }{ (��. 21, 2, 3)26. Tm {~ z{ om zuu ��u� mzm x{ -puv O. T. Srq orq ~wml {� zr ~xm u� uyrz z{ w ��{ y�, ~m y{ y� }mz zry�, |r }u { q� }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�.V{ ~ w{x� w� ��u w{ ~ �l z�r |xm ~�u z� n� xu {n zm }� sr z� oyr ~�r ~ �m} ~wuy |m }mq z�y {}� su ryVIII o. q{ z. �., w{�{ }{r n� x{ |r }r zr ~r z{ zm Yrv �r nm u zu |}u rp{ |{ ~�}{v wr ut ~{ ~rq zrv w}r |{ ~�u c}r -n� zu, {zm |}rq |{ x{suxm, ��{ |xm ~�u z� |r} o{ zm �mx� z{ |{ |m xu zm c}r n� zu {w{ x{ 714 p. q{ z. �., w{ pqmwuy yr }uv �� o|r} o�r |{ l o xl �� ~l o |{xr t}r zul mw wmq ~wu� u~ �{� zu w{o27. c�{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur o|{x zro{t y{s z{: o ~ol tu ~ ��uy ~xr q� r� zm |{y zu��, ��{ {|u ~mz z{r o m~ ~u }uv ~wu� |u~� ym� ~�{xw z{ or zur�}m} �{o ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu o{ o}r yl zr �qm� z{ p{ |{ �{ qm W� ~� I o «~�}m z� wuy yr }uv �ro» (Gamir) |}{ -ut{� x{ o nxut w{y }mv {zr. Xm ym «~�}mzm Jm yu}», w{ �{ }ml, or }{ l� z{, �{ �l n� zm w}m� w{r o}r yl ~�m xmwuy yr }uv ~w{v nmt{v, x{ wm xu t� r� ~l |{ nxu t{ ~�u {� w}r |{ ~�rv c}r n� zu u Yrv �r nm u zu, w ~r or }� {�zu�28. Xxr q� r�, {q zm w{, tmyr �u��, ��{ |{ q{n z�r w{ ~ �l z�r |xm ~�u z�, �w }m �rz z�r o}rt z� yu �}r �p{x� -zu wm yu u tm or} �m � �ur~l ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{z ~w{ p{ w{ |� �m ({�r ouq z{, |~m xuu) o~�}r �m �� ~l u zm |m -yl� zu wm� wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m|m. Uzu {n zm }� sr z� o w{y | xr w ~r w�} pm zm 16 y{ pux� zu wm Tm} �mz29 oyr ~�r~ tr} wm x{y ~ }�� w{v zm {n{ }{�r, �u |u� z�y qxl wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m, u n}{z t{ o� yu �}r� x{ |m ~� z� yuu qo�� x{ |m ~� z� yu zm w{ zr� zu wmyu ~�}rx «wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{» �u |m (��. 26, 1– 9, 25, 28–30). Ym wuy {n -}m t{y, u zmv qrz z�r zm Yrv �r nm u zu |xm ~�u z� o|{x zr y{ p�� qm�u }{ om�� ~l, wmw u {~ �mx� z�r |}rq yr ��~wu� ~w{ p{ {n xu wm o Vr }rq zrv Gtuu, wr xr} yr~ ~wuy |r }u { q{y.

Q}{ yr Yrv �r nm u zu u G} pu� �u �u zu xu, zm �{q wu |}rq yr �{o «~wu� ~w{ p{» {n xu wm ut or~� z� u zmq}�pu� �}m}� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�. Kxl qm �u }{o wu «wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{» ��m |m }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }� {~{ n{rtzm �r zur uyr �� zm �{q wu n}{z t{ o�� qo�� x{ |m ~� z�� ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m, ~qr xmz z�r |}u }m~ w{| wm��}m}� ~w{v w}r |{ ~�u Hm ~ �my. Lr }mt }� �r zur, wmw �wm tm z{ o� �r, zm qrs z{ qm �u }� r� ~l ~r }r qu z{v VII o.q{ z. �. I~r {n zm }� srz z�r tqr~� zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx ��{v }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�u |}u zmq xr sm� «wr xr} yr~ ~w{y�»�u |� xu ~ �{ ouq z�� zm w{ zr� zu w{o. ^m~�� u�, {n zm }� srz zml o �}m}� ~w{y ~x{r30, nxm p{ qm }l w{z �rw ~��

25 Ilt� yu �u zm 1963, 158–170, }u~. 2–5; Ox� uz ~wml 1975, 19,

�mn. VI, 10,11; Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 234, 239; Kossack1987, Abb. 10, 14,15. I. d. N� ro (1993, 38–52) |}rq |}u zlx

|{|�� w� |r }r qm �u }{ om�� w{y | xrw~ o�{ }{ p{ Mm n{ �uz ~w{ p{

w�} pmzm u {� zr ~�u rp{ w �|{ �r n{ xrr |{tq zrv, �ry Qr xr} yr~ -

~wur w�} pm z�. Jxmo z�y {~ z{ om zu ry qxl }mz zrv qm �u }{o wu

��{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m lo xl r� ~l zm �{q wm o zry �qux ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ -

ouq z� yu {w{z �m zu l yu ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m ~{ o yr ~� z{ ~ �qu xm yu

~ qo� w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m, ��{

u |{ t o{ xl r� {� zr ~�u qmz z�v w{y | xrw~ w �|{ �r |r }r �{ qm {�

T{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{v w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r. I. d. N� ro |{q -

or} pm r� ~{ y zr zu� w{y | xrw~ z{~�� zm �{q wu, ~~� xm l~� zm zr o� -

~{ w{r wm �r ~� o{ q{ w� yrz �m �uu }m~ w{| �u wm w�} pm zm I. I. \o{v -

w{ u zm �{, ��{ o |r} o{v |�n xu wm �uu {� ~�� ~� o� �� }u ~�z wu

�qux, zmv qrz z��, ~{ p xm~ z{ rp{ ~{ {n �r zu�, o{ o�{ }{y w�} pm -

zr. V{ � �{ y� I. d. N� ro ~�u �m r� zr q{ ~ �{ or} z�y �mw� zm �{q wu

o |{ p}r nr zuu �qux ~ qo� w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu. Lp{ m} p� -

yrz �m �ul zr wm sr� ~l yzr q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �nr qu �rx� z{v.

I. I. \o{v w{, o ~m y{y qr xr, zr |}u o{ qu� }u ~�z wm �qux o ~o{ -

rv |�n xu wm �uu, {q zm w{ {z zr �{x� w{ ~{ {n �m r� {n u� zm �{q wr,

z{ u p{ o{ }u�, ��{ {zu n� xu ~�{q z� |{ ou q� ~ q}� pu yu �qu xm -

yu, }u ~�z wu w{ �{ }�� n� xu |{ yr �r z� o �{y sr ut qm zuu, ~~� -

xm l~� |}u ��{y zm ut{ n}m sr zur �qux zr �{x� w{ ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ -

ouq z� yu, z{ u qo� w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu. I. d. N� r o�

|}u �{ qu� ~l {� or} pm�� { |}l y{r �wm tm zur, |}rq |{ xm pml tqr~�

{�un w� uxu zr n}rs z{~�� mo �{ }m, qxl �r p{, zm y{v otpxlq, zr�

q{ ~ �m �{� z�� {~ z{ om zuv. I�{ }{v rp{ m} p� yrz� (N� ro 1993, 40):

{�~�� ~� our q}� pu� w{y | xr w ~{o, o w{ �{ }�� n� |{ q{n z�r �qu xm

o�}r �m xu~� oyr ~�r, |}{ ~�{ zr or }rz. «T{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wur» u }mz -

zr ~wu� ~wur �qu xm {n zm }� sr z� ~{ o yr ~� z{ o }mt y� �{y w�} pm -

zr o ^u� �{ (Gq� prl): Y{o 1989, }u~. 3–6, ~}. �mw sr V{ xuz

1994m, 147. K}� pur |}u or qrz z�r I. d. N� r o�y ~{ {n }m sr zul,

wm ~m � �ur ~l uw{ z{ p}m �uu ut{ n}m sr zuv zm }{ p{ o�� |~m xu l�,

zr wms�� ~l yzr q{ ~ �m �{� z{ or ~ wu yu qxl �{ p{, ��{ n� {� or}p -

z�� |}l y�r �wm tm zul }m~ w{| �u wm, wm ~m � �u r ~l ~{ ~�m om w{y -

| xr w ~m o�{ }{ p{ Mm n{ �uz ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm. Szr wm sr� ~l |{ � �{ y�,

��{ ��{� w�} pmz y{s z{ |{-|}rs zr y� {� z{ ~u�� w �u~ x� |}rq -

wr xr} yr~ ~wu� u |{ xm pm��, ��{ {z qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~{ qr} smx �qu -

xm z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m.26 Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 28–29, }u~. 3; ~}. Ox� uz -

~wml 1973, 12. 27 Srq orq ~wml 1992, 105, |}uy. 20.28 Gzm xut u~ �{� zu w{o ~y. Ivantchik 1993, 19–55; Oomz �uw

1996, 21–58.29 Hm� �m ro 1985, 36–37, �mnx. 41, 28–30.30 Kroll 1979, 166, Abb. 16, 30–31, Taf. 51, 1; Kroll 1988, 157,

Abb. 2, 3–4.

63

Wu~. 25 Ozorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul w�}pmzm 2 � ~. Mmn{�uz. 1, 2, 5–12 W{p; 3, 4 H}{ztm

V{ Ilt�yu�uzm 1963, }u~. 1–5

1 2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10

11

12

64

Wu~. 26 Ozorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul w�}pmzm 16 y{pux�zuwm Tm}�mz. 1–10, 18, 19, 25, 26. H}{ztm; 11, 16. N{x{�{; 12, 14, 17, 20–24, 27. Mrxrt{; 13. Mrxrt{ u t{x{�{; 15. Wmw{ouzm wm�}u; 28–30. Q{~��

V{ Hm��mro 1985, �mn. 41

1 2 311

16

14

15

1312

17

18

19

2423

222120

3029

2728

26

25

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 4

0 6

0 6

0 15

65

Wu~. 27 Q{~�lz�r |~mxuu «~wu�~w{p{» �u|m. 1, 2. \mtmzx� III; 3. Qm|xmz��; 4–5. ^mo��r|r; 6. T��-u Ksmz

V{ Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 5, 12–16 (1–5); Curtis 1984, fig. 16, Nr. 431 (6)

12 3

45

6

66

Wu~. 28 H}{zt{o�r zmw{zr�zuwu ~�}rx ut H{pmtwkl

V{ Boehmer 1972, Taf. XXX, XXXI

1 2 3 4

5 67 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15

1617

18 19 20

21

22 23 24 2526

27

28 29 30 31 33

40 41 42 43 44

39

46 47 48 49 50

45

3435 36 37 38

32

67

zm�{q wu �or }rz z{ qm �u }� r� ~l �|{ �{v |}m o xr zul W� ~� II ({w{ x{ 680–650 pp. q{ z. �.), w{ pqm ~� �r ~� o{ -omxm ��m w}r |{~��. V}u yr zl xu~� xu ��u zm w{ zr� zu wu pm} zu t{ z{y w}r |{ ~�u uxu rr }mt }� �u �r xl yu, uwry n� xu ��u |{ ~ xrq zur, {~ �m r� ~l zr l~ z�y, {q zm w{ u~ |{x� t{ om zur «wr xr} yr~ ~wu�» ~�}rx o |r} o{v|{x{ ou zr VII o. q{ z. �. |{ x� �m r� r�r {q z{ |{q �or} sqr zur. U~ �mx� z�r zm �{q wu ~�}rx ��{ p{ �u |m zmHm~�m yr |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut ~yr �mz z�� ~x{ ro u y{ p�� {� z{ ~u�� ~l wmw w |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VII o. q{ z. �., �mwu n{ xrr |{tq zr y� o}r yr zu31.

Q}{ yr �{ p{, ~xr q� r� �|{ yl z�� zm �{q w� �}r� x{ |m ~� z{ p{ zm w{ zr� zu wm ~�}r x� «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m|}u }m~ w{| wm� �}m}� ~w{v w}r |{ ~�u Qm l x� qr }r, }m~ |{ x{ srz z{v w tm |m q� {� {t. Imz (��. 30, 6). Nqr~��{� zm w{ zr� zuw n�x {n zm }� srz o �}m y{ o{y w{y | xr w ~r32. Go �{} }m~ w{ |{w ~wx{ zrz qm �u }{ om�� }mt }� -�r zur w}r |{ ~�u zm �m x{y VII o. q{ z. �. Uq zm w{, qm sr r~ xu {zm n� xm }mt }� �r zm u |{t sr, �}� q z{ |}rq -|{ xm pm��, ��{ w}r |{~�� |r }r su xm ~r }r qu z� ~�{ xr �ul. c�m zm �{q wm, �m wuy {n }m t{y, lo xl r� ~l r�r {q zuy~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y u~ |{x� t{ om zul �}r� x{ |m ~� z�� ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m» o |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr, m o{t y{s z{u zm �m xr VII o. q{ z. �.

Ixu l zur wuy yr }uv ~w{v (m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v) ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }� zm o{ rz z{r qrx{Z}m} �� zr {p }m zu �u om x{~� xu�� |r }u �r }u rv, �{ �l, o{t y{s z{, u n� x{ �my ~ux� zrr. Ymw, o �}m}� ~w{yp{ }{ qr ^m o�� r |r, }m~ |{ x{ srz z{y o �rz � }mx� z�� }mv {zm� Z}m} �� zr |{ qm xr w� {� ~�{ xu �� Y�� |�,{nzm }� sr z{ qom w{ ~ �l z�� |~m xul ~ {w{z �m zu l yu o ou qr p{ x{ o{w p}u �{nm }m z{o (��. 27, 4, 5) 33, q{ ~ �m -�{� z{ �u |u� z�� qxl wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�, m �mw sr qo��- u �}r� x{ |m ~� z�rzmw{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m34. V}u }m~ w{| wm� q}� pu� �}m}� ~wu� w}r |{ ~�rv, w{ �{ }�r |}{ o{ qu -xu~� o |{ ~ xrq zrr o}r yl zm �r} }u �{ }uu Y�} �uu, }r p� xl} z{ o~�}r �m �� ~l {� qrx� z�r zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx«~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m, tm �m ~ �� o w{z �rw ~�r VII o. q{ z. �.35 U~{ nrz z{ uz �r }r~ zm zm �{q wm 75 �m wu� zm w{ -zr� zu w{o, tm ~�}lo �u� o �s z{v ~�r zr w}r |{ ~�u Gl zu~ Qm xr, }m~ |{ x{ srz z{v zr |{ qm xr w� {� �}m}� ~w{v~�{ xu ��36. c�u zm w{ zr� zu wu ozr o~l w{ p{ ~{ y zr zul |}u zmq xr sm xu ~�}r xmy o}m p{o, ��} y{ omo �u� w}r -|{~�� u �m wuy {n }m t{y ~uz �}{z z� rr pu nr xu o ~r }r qu zr — o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou zr VII o. q{ z. �.

Tm �{q wu ~wu� ~wu� or �rv o O}m zr, owx� �ml \m tmz x� (��. 27, 1, 2) u �mw zmt�omry�v «wxmq utNuour», |}u zmq xr sm� �{ y� sr w}� p�, ��{ u }m~ ~y{ � }rz z�r |}rq yr ��, {n zm }� srz z�r zm «wuyyr}uv -~wu�» �r} }u �{ }u l� o Vr }rq zrv Gtuu. Uq zm w{ |{ ~w{x� w� |u~� yrz z�r u~ �{� zu wu �u w ~u }� �� tqr~�{qz{ o}r yrz z{r |}r n� om zur u wuy yr }uv �ro, u ~wu �{o, �{ o� l~ zu��, wm w{ y� ut qo�� zm }{ q{o |}u zmq -xr sm� ��u |m yl� zu wu, zr |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l o{t y{s z�y.

1.3.2 «XQO[ XQOL» TG \UK QO VII I. KU T. c. I GTG YU ROO O VG RL XYO TL

X}r qu mzm �{ xuv ~wu� zm �{ q{w «~wu� ~wu�» |}rq yr �{o {~{ n{r tzm �r zur uyr �� 50 zm w{ zr� zu w{o~�}rx ��{ p{ �u |m, {n zm }� srz z�� o H{ pmt wkr (��. 28). Y}u ut zu� �}r� x{ |m ~� z�r, {w{ x{ qr ~l �u qo�� x{ -|m ~� z�r }{y nu �r ~wur «sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{» �u |m, m n{x� �uz ~� o{ xu ~ �{ ouq z�r37. c�{ ~{ {� z{ �r zur |{� �u

31 Kroll 1979, 154, 158, 162, 164, Abb. 3, 1–2; 10, 8; 15, 1; 16,

30–32, Taf. 51, 2–4; Kroll 1988, 160, Abb. 3, 3–4.32 Burney 1966, 79, fig. 21, 10.33 Erzen 1978, 56, Abb. 41, Taf. 47 a,b; Kossack 1987, Abb. 10,

2,3.34 Erzen 1978, 53, Abb. 38.35 Xy. zm |}u yr} Oym y{p x� \� �w (}mv {z Sm xm ��u): Uzunoǧlu1988, 72, Abb. 4; dwm }� Gz tm� Qm xr ({w }r ~� z{ ~�u Im zm):

Belli, Yalçin 1993, 57, Zeichn. 6 b, Abb. 1, 2; Imz Qm xr: Tarhan,Sevin 1990, 438, Abb. 22, 8; Tarhan 1993, 282, ~}. �mw sr yz{ p{ -

�u~ xrz z�r zm �{q wu zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u|m u

wx� o{ ouq z{v �t qr� z{v |}{ zu tu o ~x{ l� IIa u IIb �}u puv -

~w{v w}r |{ ~�u Qm ymz-Qm xr \� �w, zm �{ ql �rv ~l o 100 wy {�

Gz wm }�. Q ~{ sm xr zu�, ��{� ~x{v uyr r� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �u }{ w��

qm ��. Xy. rsr p{q z�r {� �r �� { }m~ w{| wm� X. Uy� }� o KazıSonuçları Toplantısı 10–16, 1988–1994. Hxm p{ qm }� \. \m �|� -

ymz zm, �wmtmo �r p{ yzr zm ��u |�n xu wm �uu.36 Çilingiroǧlu 1990, 203.37 Boehmer 1972, 109–111, Taf. XXX; XXXI.

68

�{� z{ ~{ {� or� ~� o� r� ~{ {� z{ �r zu� �{}y o zm n{ }m� ~�}rx ut Oyu} -xr }m u ut {w }r ~� z{ ~�rv Gym ~�u. Jxmo z{r {� xu �ur ~{ ~�{ u� o |{ l o xr -zuu, |}mo qm, o zr tzm �u �rx� z{y w{ xu �r ~� or, �}r� x{ |m ~� z�� ~�}rx.c�{ y{sr� ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om�� { zr ~w{x� w{ n{x� �rv q}ro z{ ~�u �wm -tmz z�� |{ p}r nmx� z�� w{y | xr w ~{o |{ ~}mo zr zu� ~ zm �{q wm yu o H{ -pmt wkr. Xxr q� r� zm |{y zu�� o ~ol tu ~ ��uy, ��{ �}r� x{ |m ~� z{v zm w{ -zr� zuw ~�}r x� n�x {n zm }� srz �mw sr o }mt p}mn xrz z{y tm �{ }{ zr zuuo wm yrz z{-~�} �{ o{y ~wxr |r zm mw }{ |{ xr T{} ��z �r |r, m �mw sr ow}r |{ ~�u Qm l x�qr }r, {� z{ ~l �u� ~l w |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VII o. q{ z. �.(��. 30, 6). I ~ol tu ~ qm �u }{o w{v o}r yr zu |{ l o xr zul �}r� x{ |m ~� -z�� zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m ~xr q�r� �|{ yl z�� r�rzm �{q w� �r �� }r� |{ q{n z�� zm w{ zr� zu w{o o «yu quv ~w{y ~x{r» |{ ~r -xr zul T��-u Ksmz o tm |mq z{y O}m zr, w{ �{ }�v {� z{ ~u� ~l w{ o�{ -}{v |{ x{ ou zr VIII – |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VII o. q{ z. �. (��. 30, 1– 4)38.I~r ��u qmz z�r �wm t� om ��, �m wuy {n }m t{y, zm |{ l o xr zur zm w{ zr� -zu w{o ��{ p{ �u |m �sr o |}r qr xm� |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� VII o. q{ z. �.

H{x� �uz ~� o{ zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m n� xu zmv -qr z� zm H{ pmt wkr o ~x{r I u xu�� {� qrx� z�r �w try | xl }� o ~x{r IIu zm �m xr ~x{l I. c�u ~x{u qm �u }� �� ~l o�{ }{v �r� or} �� – ~r }r qu z{vVII o. q{ z. �.39, ��{ |{x z{ ~�� ~{ {� or� ~� o� r� ~ou qr �rx� ~� omy |u~� -yrz z�� u~ �{� zu w{o {n mw �uo z{~�u wuy yr }uv �ro o ��{y }r pu { zro qmz z�� |{ ��. S{s z{ |{ xm pm��, ��{ zmtomzz�r zm �{q wu lo xl �� ~lm}�r{x{ pu �r ~wu yu ~xr qm yu qr l �rx� z{ ~�u wuy yr }uv �ro — zr tm ou ~u -y{ {� �{ p{, |}u zmq xr sm xu xu ~zmn srz z�r uyu ~�}r x� ~m yuy wuy -yr }uv �my (��{ zmu n{ xrr or }{ l� z{), uxu n� xu yr ~� z� yu |{q}m sm -zu lyu. c�{, o ~o{� {�r }rq�, |{q �or} sqm r� �r tu~ { �{y, ��{ wuy yr -}uv�� ~ m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~w{v �{�wu t}rzul {� z{ ~u xu~� w }mz zr ~wu� -~w{v w�x� �� }r wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ |r }u { qm.

I �{y sr |r} o{y ~x{r H{ pmt wkl n�x zmv qrz �mw sr sr xrt z�v�}r� |r �rx� �m ��v |~m xuv (��. 29)40. V{ q{n z�r |~m xuu �u }{ w{ }m~ -|}{ ~�}m zr z� o }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�: {zu zmv qr z�, zm |}u -yr}, o Qr xr} yr~ ~wu� w�} pm zm� Ir ~r x{o ~w{ p{ 1 u 241, o w�} pm zm�X�m} �ml y{ pu xm42, X{ x{q wm 1 u 243, Gw ~� �uz �� 6 (1886 p.)44 u yz{ -

pu� q}� pu�. Km �u }{o wm sr xrt z{ p{ |~m xul ut H{ pmt wkl o�{ }{v �r� or} �� – ~r}r qu z{v VII o. q{ z. �. |{ t -o{ xl r� ~ol t� om�� rp{, wmw u zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx ut �{ p{ sr ~x{l, ~ wuy yr }uv �myu.

L�r {q zm �{ }{ �{ qm �u }{ omz zml zm �{q wm }mz zr p{ «~wu� ~w{ p{» zm w{ zr� zu wm ~�}r x� (qo�� x{ |m ~� -z{v }{y n{ ouq z�v) n� xm ~qr xm zm o �}r �� ry �}u puv ~w{y ~x{r (�u zmx� zml �m tm) Sm �m� \� � wm o �rz � -}mx� z{v Gzm �{ xuu (��. 30, 5) 45. V{ �~ x{ ou ly zm �{q wu zm w{ zr� zuw qm �u }� r� ~l zm�m x{y, ~m y{r |{tq -zrr |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z{v VII o. q{ z. �. Tmv qrz z�v tqr~� zm w{ zr� zuw ~�}r x�, �m wuy {n }m t{y, �mw sr y{ -sr� n�� ~{ {� zr ~rz ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu.

38 Curtis 1984, 22, 27–28, fig. 6, Nr. 259–262.39 Boehmer 1972, 111.40 Boehmer 1972, 162, Taf. LVIII, Nr. 1695.41 Jm xm zu zm 1983, �mn. 5, 5,7; 6, 6,7; 7, 1,8,9,10; 9, 21,22,35,36

u q}. = Galanina 1985, Taf. 5, 5,7; 6, 6,7; 7, 1,8,9,10; 9, 21,22,35,

36 u q}.; Jm xm zu zm / Galanina 1997, 120–121, Taf. 17, 86; 18,

113; 19, 127,141,142; 20, 160,243; 22, 274,278; 23, 284; 24,

401,414; 25, 338,346,372 u q}.

42 Ox� uz ~wml 1968, �mn. IV, 1.43 Ox� uz ~wml 1968, �mn. XII, 5,20.44 Ox� uz ~wml 1968, �mn. XVIII, 13.45 Özgüç 1982, 137, pl. 62, 10. I�{ }{v {n zm }� srz z�v tqr~�

zmw{ zr� zuw «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m zmv qrz o{ o�{ }{y �}u puv ~w{y

~x{r u qm �u }� r� ~l o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VII – ~r }r qu z{v V oo.

q{ z. �.

Wu~. 29 Y}r�|r�rx��m��v srxrtz�v|~mxuv ut H{pmtwkl

V{ Boehmer 1972, Taf. LVIII, 1695

Qmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, ~ }r mx� z� yu z{ ym qm yu y{ p�� ~ol t� om�� ~l xu�� ~m y�r }mz zur zm �{q wu oGzm �{ xuu zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m, w{ �{ }�r qm �u }� �� ~l zr |{t sr ~r }rqu z� VII o. q{ z. �.Q ~{ sm xr zu�, {zu qm �u }{ om z� ~�{x� �{� z{ w}mv zr }rq w{. I n{x� �uz ~� or ~x� �m ro zr �qm r� ~l �{� z{{|}r qr xu�� u� o}r yl u qxl zm w{ zr� zu w{o �m ~ �{ |}u zu ym r� ~l ~�y ym} zml qm �m VII–V oo. q{ z. �. I ��{y{� z{ �r zuu or~� ym �m }m w �r} z{ o� ~wm t� om zur mo �{ }m }m~ w{ |{w o Xm} qm� Ks. \mz� ymz zm46: «Tm u n{ xrror }{ l� z{, ��{ {zu (zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx) lo xl �� ~l ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y |r} ~uq ~w{v m�m wu o{ o}r yl |{ ~ xrq -zr p{ ~{ |}{ �u o xr zul Q}r tm o 547 p. q{ z. �., {q zm w{ zr u~ wx� �r z� zu wuy yr }uv ~wur ��} y� o VII o.q{ z. �., zu u{ zuv ~w{r zm |m qr zur o 499 p. q{ z. �.» Tm q}� pu� ym x{ mtuv ~wu� |{ ~r xr zu l� wm} �u zm mzm x{ -pu� zml, �{ �l �r uxu uz�r �u w ~u }� r y�r zm zu� ~x{u }mt }� �r zul �m ~ �{ ~ n{x� �uy uxu yrz� �uy {~ z{ -om zu ry |}u |u ~� om �� wuy yr }uv ~w{ y� o�{} sr zu�.

Ymw, ~x{v |{ sm }u �m J{} qu { zm ~ol t� om r� ~l ~ o�{} sr zu ry wuy yr }uv �ro47 zm �{y {~ z{ om zuu, ��{ o|r }r w}� om � �ry rp{ ~x{r, |}rq �r ~� o{ omo �ry m�r yr zuq ~wuy zm |xm ~�{ om zu ly, n� xu {n zm }� sr z� �}mp -yrz �� wr }m yu wu |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� – ~r }r qu z� VII o. q{ z. �. Uq zm w{ zm �{q wu «~wu� ~wu�» ~�}rx tqr~�uxu |x{ �{ ~�}m �u �u �u }{ om z�, uxu {� z{ ~l� ~l w |r} ~uq ~w{v �|{ �r48. Qm wu�-xu n{ zr ~{ y zrz z�� ym �r }u -mx� z�� ~xr q{o |}r n� om zul wuy yr }uv �ro o J{} qu { zr zr {n zm }� sr z{49. Oqrz �u �u wm �ul sr ~x{l |{ sm -}u �m ~ zm �r ~� ou ry wuy yr }uv �ro ~�}{ u� ~l u~ wx� �u �rx� z{ zm ~{ {n }m sr zu l� u~ �{ }u w{-�}{ z{ x{pu �r -~w{ p{ �m }m w �r }m. Uqzmw{ r~xu utyrzu�~l qm�u}{owm ��{p{ ~x{l, �{ qmzz{r }mt}��rzur n{xrr zr ~y{sr�|}u|u~�om��~l zm�r~�ou� wuyyr}uv�ro u rp{ |}uqr�~l ~olt�om�� ~ wmwuy-�{ q}�puy ~{n��ury50.

Hr t� ~x{o z{ {�u n{� zm |{ |�� wm ~ol tm�� ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu zm �{q wu qo�� x{ |m ~� z�� o��x� �m �� zm w{ -zr� zu w{o ~�}rx o «J{ }{ qr Su qm ~m» (Cité de Midas)51. c�u zm w{ zr� zu wu |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut ~x{l V–IV oo.q{ z. �. («notre ville»)52 u, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, qm �u }� �� ~l zm qom or wm |{t sr, �ry |}r n� om zur wuy yr }uv �roo Sm x{v Gtuu.

X wuy yr }uv ~wuy o�{} sr zu ry ~ol t� om xu~� u zm �{q wu «~wu� ~wu�» ~�}rx o{ �}u puv ~wu� ~x{ l� Gxu -�m }m. Qmw {� yr �m xu mo �{ }� }m~ w{ |{w, �m wur zm w{ zr� zu wu |{ l o xl �� ~l o IV ~x{r Gxu �m }m u o n{x� �{y�u~ xr o~�}r �m �� ~l o V ~x{r53. Uq zm w{ ��m uz �{} ym �ul ym x{ ��{ qm r� — |r} o{ zm �mx� z{ IV ~x{v qm �u -}{ omx ~l o}r yr zry {w{ x{ 1400–1200 pp. q{ z. �. (�r�� ~wuv |r }u {q), m o V ~x{v owx� �m xu~� o~r w�x� -

69

Wu~. 30 H}{zt{o�r zmw{zr�zuwu ~�}rx. 1–4. T��-u Ksmz; 5. Sm�m� \��w; 6. Qmlx�qr}r

V{ Curtis 1984, fig. 6, Nr. 259–262 (1– 4); Özgüç 1982, pl. 62, 10 (5); Burney 1966, 79, fig. 21, 10 (6)

46 Hanfmann 1961, 36.47 X}. Edwards 1959, 263–264; Young 1960, 243; McClellan

1975, 114–115; DeVries 1990, 388–389; Voigt 1994, 272–273.48 Young 1953, 164–165, fig. 10, ~ qm �u }{o w{v w{y | xr w ~m ~p{ -

}ro �r p{ tqm zul, o w{ �{ }{y zmv qr z� zm w{ zr� zu wu, ~r }r qu z{v

VI o. q{ z. �.49 X}. Young 1964, 55–56.

50 X}. {n~�sqrzur qm�u}{owu ��{p{ ~x{l u o{ty{sz{~�u rp{

�q}rozrzul Voigt, Young 1999, 201, 202, n. 4.51 Sm �{} �� 1994, 30.52 Haspels 1951, 3–5 (qm �u }{o wm), 97, pl. 42, a,b.53 Schmidt 1932, 264–265, fig. 348; Schmidt, Krogman 1933, 66,

fig. 89; von der Osten 1937, 287, 441, fig. 496 (|r} o�v }lq, o�{ -

}{v }lq ~|}m om); von der Osten 1937, 110, fig. 107.

1 2 3 4 5 6

70

��}z�r {~ �m� wu {� |m qr zul �r�� ~w{ p{ �m} ~� om q{ �x xu zut ym54. I|{~ xrq ~� ouu, {q zm w{, ��u qm �u }{o wun� xu |r }r ~y{ � }r z�: o� l~ zu x{~�, ��{ IV ~x{v {� z{ ~u� ~l w «|{ ~��r�� ~w{ y� u �}u puv ~w{ y�» |r }u { q�,m V ~x{v n�x �~ x{o z{ zm tomz «~x{v o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� I ��~. q{ z. �.», |}u �ry o zr p{ n� xu owx� �r z�w�x� ��} z�r zm |xm ~�{ om zul zm �u zml |}u yr} z{ ~ VII o. q{ z. �. q{ �x xu zut ym owx� �u �rx� z{55. Qmwouquy, ��{ ��{� zr zur qm r� zr yz{ p{. J}m zu �m yr s q� qo� yl ~x{ l yu n� xm |{ yr �r zm o |}r qr xm� VII o.q{ z. �. u ~ol tm zm ~ zm �r ~� ou ry wuy yr }uv �ro, zm {~ z{ om zuu �r p{ rr {� zr ~xu w zm �m x� or wm. Uq zm w{ |{~� �r ~� o� {zm {~ �m xm~� zr {| }r qr xrz z{v, |{ ~w{x� w� }mt p}m zu �r zur u qm �u }{o wm ~x{ ro o tzm �u �rx� z{v~�r |r zu {|u }m xu~� zr zm ~{n ~� orz z{ m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wur qmz z�r, m zm uz �r} |}r �m �uu u~ �{ }u �r ~w{ p{�m}mw �r }m. Xxr q� r� ��u �� om�� u �{ {n ~�{ l �rx� ~� o{, ��{ zr yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�r zm �{q wu «~wu� ~wu�» ~�}rxo IV ~x{r, qm �u }� r y{y XII–VII oo. q{ z. �., y{p xu |{ |m~�� qm u o }r t�x� �m �r zm }� �r zuv, zr tm �u w ~u -}{ omz z�� mo �{ }m yu }m~ w{ |{w, yr �{ q� w{ �{ }�� n� xu qm xr wu {� ~{ or} �rz ~� om. O�mw, zm �{q wu ~�}rx~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m o Gxu �m }r zr qm �� |}m w �u �r ~wu zu wm w{v uz �{} ym �uu |{ wuy yr }uv ~w{v |}{ n xr yr.Trx� tl u~ wx� �m�� { p{, ��{ ~m y�r }mz zur �w try | xl }� zm w{ zr� zu w{o ��u� ~�}rx ~ol tm z� ~ qr l �rx� -z{~�� wuy yr }uv �ro, {q zm w{ {� qr xu�� u zm w{ zr� zu wu {� n{ xrr |{tq zu�, |}u yr zlo �u� ~l �� zro~r yu m} yu l yu �{ p{ |r }u { qm, zr |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l o{t y{s z�y.

Tu �� zr x�� r ~u �� m �ul o wu xu wuv ~w{y p{ }{ qr Ym} ~r, o {w }r ~� z{ ~�l� w{ �{ }{ p{ mw �uo zml qr l -�rx� z{~�� wuy yr }uv �ro �mw sr zm qrs z{ �u w ~u }� r� ~l |u~� yrz z� yu u~ �{� zu wm yu. X{ pxm~ z{ qmz z�ymw wmq ~wu� �rw ~�{o, wuy yr }uv �� qrv ~� o{ om xu o ��{y }mv {zr, �m ~ �{ o ~{ � tr ~ yr ~� z� yu �m} ~� om yu\uxmw w� u Ym nmx, |{ yrz� �rv yr }r ~ 70-� q{ zm �m xm 30-� pp. VII o. q{ z. �., w{ pqm �|{ yu zm zul { zu�o{{n �r u~ �r tm �� ut wxu z{ |u~ z�� rw ~�{o. Xw�q z�r qmz z�r wuy yr }uv ~w{v {z{ ym ~�u wu �mw sr, o{t -y{s z{, ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� �� {n {~{ n�� ~ol tl� wuy yr }uv �ro ~ Qu xu wu rv56. Gz �u� zml �}m qu �ul �mw sr tzmxm{ wuy yr }uv ~w{y |}r n� om zuu o Qu xu wuu — uyrz z{ o ��u� yr ~ �m� X�}m n{z ~|}m orq xu o{ x{ wm xu t� r�punrx� wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ �m }l Ru p qm yu ~m (I, 3,21). V{ � �{ y� n� x{ n� x{ pu� z{ {su qm�� {� w}� �ul ym �r }u -mx� z�� ~xr q{o |}r n� om zul wuy yr }uv �ro o qmz z{y }mv {zr. Krv ~� ou �rx� z{, o Ym} ~r {n zm }� sr z� zm w{ -zr� zu wu ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m. O� }m~ |}r qr xr zur |{ ~x{ ly ~xr q� � �rr: «}mz zrr sr xr t{» ({w{ x{1100–850 pp. q{ z. �.) — 2, «~}r q zrr sr xr t{» ({w{ x{ 870–700 pp. q{ z. �.) — 5, «m~ ~u }uv ~wuv |r }u {q»({w{ x{ 700–600 pp. q{ z. �.) — 7, «m} �m u �r ~wuv |r }u {q» ({w{ x{ 600–520 pp. q{ z. �.) — 10, �x xu zu ~�u �r -~wuv |r }u {q (~x{v III – zm �m xm II o. q{ z. �.) — 2, zr ~�}m �u �u �u }{ om z{ — 257. U�r ouq z{, zm �{q wu«~wu� ~wu�» ~�}rx o qo�� zus zu� ~x{ l� {n� l~ zl �� ~l u� zm }� �r zu l yu, o }r t�x� �m �r �r p{ |}{ u~ �{ qu x{|r }r yr �r zur n{ xrr |{tq zu� ym �r }u m x{o o }mz zur zm |xm ~�{ om zul. ^�{ wm ~m r� ~l zm �{ q{w zm w{ zr� zu w{oo «m~ ~u }uv ~w{y» ~x{r VII o. q{ z. �., �{ �m~�� ut zu� y{ sr� o |}uz �u |r n�� ~{ {� zr ~r zm ~ wuy yr }uv -�m yu. Uq zm w{ zr� zu wm w{v �or }rz z{ ~�u o �{y, ��{ }r�� zr uqr� { }r t�x� �m �m� yr �m zu �r ~w{ p{ zm }� �r -zul w�x� ��} z�� ~x{ ro, wmw ��{ uyr x{ yr ~ �{ ~ n{ xrr zus zu yu zm |xm ~�{ om zu l yu. Q}{ yr �{ p{, ~xu� w{y�u }{ wml qm �u }{o wm ~x{l (or~� VII o. q{ z. �.) tm �}�q zl r� m� }u n� �u� {| }r qr xrz z{ y� zm }{ q� �r� zm w{ -zr� zu w{o, w{ �{ }�r zr n� xu |r }r yr �r z�, m ut zm �mx� z{ |}u zmq xr sm xu ~x{�. Wr�� tqr~� y{ sr� uq �u zr�{x� w{ { wuy yr }uv �m�, z{ u { x� n{y q}� p{y zm }{ qr, ��m ~� o{ omo �ry o n�} z�� ~{ n� �u l� w{z �m VII o.q{ z. �., ~ol tmz z�� ~ |m qr zu ry G~ ~u }uu (zm |}u yr}, { yu quv �m� uxu om ou x{ zl zm�). Q}{ yr �{ p{, n{ xrr�ry or }{ l� z{, ��{ ~m y{ zm ~r xr zur Qu xu wuu, q{x p{ w{z �m w �u }{ omo �rr ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu u ~{ ~�{ lo �rr~ zu yu o ~{ �t zu �r ~wu� {� z{ �r zu l�, tm uy ~� o{ om x{ wuy yr }uv ~w{r o{{ }� sr zur, wmw ��{ ~qr xm xu q}� pur|r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�r zm }{ q�. Sm �r }u m x� Ym} ~m, �m wuy {n }m t{y, �mw sr zr qm �� zu wm w{v zr ~{ y zrz z{vuz �{} ym �uu.

Xxr q� r� r�r �|{ yl z�� zm �{q wu «~wu� ~wu�» zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx o Xm ym }uu, w{ �{ }�� W. Hk yr}owx� �ux o �u~ x{ �r� zr yz{ pu� |�z w �{o, pqr ~�}r x� ~wu� ~w{ p{ {n xu wm ~ �or }rz z{ ~�� qm �u }� �� ~lVII o. q{ z. �.58 (q}� pur |�z w ��: H{ pmt wkv, Qm} yu}-Hx�}, Nrz qmz-u X� xrv ymz, G� ��}, Qm} �r yu�59).

54 Schmidt 1932, 25–27; Schmidt, Krogman 1933, 1.55 von der Osten 1937, 448 ff.56 Ivantchik 1993, 114–124; Oomz �uw 1996, 122–131.57 Goldman 1950, 389, fig. 264, 2; Goldman 1963, 14, 371– 374,

pl. 174.

58 Boehmer 1972, 114. 59 Tm �{q wu zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx o G� �� }r u Qm} �r yu �r,

�mw sr wmw o }l qr q}� pu� m~~u}uv~wu� p{ }{ q{o, ~� ql |{ o~r y�,

lo xl �� ~l ~ou qr �rx� ~� om yu o{v z�, |}u orq �rv w pu nr xu G~ ~u -

}uu. Xwu �� o ��{v o{v zr, ou qu y{, zr ��m ~� o{ om xu, m pxmo z�y

71

Nqr~� {zu {n zm }� sr z� o {~ z{o z{y o |}r qr xm� o{~� y{ p{ ~x{l, m �mw sr o �x xu zu ~�u �r ~wu� ~x{ l�, w� qm|{ |m xu o }r t�x� �m �r zm }� �r zuv n{ xrr q}ro zu� zm |xm ~�{ om zuv. Q}{ yr �{ p{, qom zm w{ zr� zu wm (qo�� x{ -|m ~� z{v xu ~ �{ ouq z�v u �}r� x{ |m ~� z{v, {nm ~ �u |{y) {n zm }� sr z� o |{-ou qu y{ y� zr zm }� �rz z��zm|xm ~�{ om zu l� ~rq� y{ p{ ~x{l (№�13 u 14), m r�r {quz |{ |mx o ��{� ~x{v o }r t�x� �m �r zm }� �r zul60.Km �u }{o wm qo�� zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m ut Xm ym }uu o}r yr zry VII ~x{l, ~� ql |{ o~r y�,q{~ �m �{� z{ zm qrs zm. Xmy VII ~x{v ~ol t� om r� ~l ~ qr l �rx� z{ ~�� z{ o{ p{ zm ~r xr zul Xm ym }uu, |{ ~r xrz -z{ p{ �my m~ ~u }uv ~wuy �m }ry Xm} p{ z{y II {w{ x{ 720 p. q{ z. �.61 |{ ~ xr qr |{} �m �uu ro }rv ~w{ p{ zm ~r xr -zul p{ }{ qm. Lp{ �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wml p}m zu �m ~{ ~xr q� � �uy, VIII ~x{ ry, w{ �{ }�v qm �u }� r� ~l VII–VI oo.q{ z. �., zr {| }r qr xr zm. e~ z{ xu��, ��{ VII ~x{v zr q{ �{ qu� q{ w{z �m VII o. q{ z. �., |{ ~w{x� w� wr }m -yu wm ��{ p{ o}r yr zu, o~�}r �m � �m l ~l o o{~� y{y ~x{r, o ~rq� y{y {� ~�� ~� o� r� 62. O�mw, qom zm tomz z��zmw{ zr� zu wm ~�}rx y{ p�� n�� qm �u }{ om z� |{ �~ x{ ou ly u� zm �{q wu w{z �{y VIII – {w{ x{ �}r�� rv �r� -or} �u VII o. q{ z. �. Xol t� om�� u� zm |}l y�� ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu, |{-ou qu y{ y�, zr o{t y{s z{, |{ ~w{x� w�|u~� yrz z�r u~ �{� zu wu zr ~{ qr} sm� zu wm wu� ~ou qr �rx�~�o { |}{ zuw z{ or zuu ��{ p{ zm }{ qm ~�{x� qmxrw{zm �p. L~ �r ~� orz z{, wm tm x{~� n�, ~ol tm�� u zm �{q wu ~{ ~wu �m yu, w{ �{ }�r, ~{ p xm~ z{ ~{ {n �rzulymz�u� z�� mo �{ }{o, ~{ or} �u xu |{ �{q o Vm xr ~�u z� o|x{�� q{ p}m zu� Lpu| �m. V{ �{q ~wu �{o, {qzmw{,�}� q z{ �{� z{ qm �u }{ om��, |{ ~w{x� w� qmz z�r mz �u� z{v �}{ z{ p}m �uu |{ ��{ y� |{ o{ q� w}mv zr zrzm -qrsz� u ~nuo �u o�, m |m }mx xrx� z�r u~ �{� zu wu qxl rr |}{ or} wu {� ~�� ~� o� �� 63. Y}�q z{, {q zm w{, ~rnr|}rq ~�m ou��, ��{ n� ��{� |{ �{q y{p |}{ ut{v �u o �{ o}r yl, w{ pqm G~ ~u }ul r�r ~� �r ~� o{ om xm u y{p xmw{z � }{ xu }{ om�� ~o{� �r} }u �{ }u�. Tm u n{ xrr or }{ l� z{ |{ � �{ y�, ��{ zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx ut Xmym }uuqm�u }� �� ~l o}r yr zry }mz� �r |{ l o xr zul ~wu �{o o Vm xr ~�u zr. S{s z{ |}rq |{ xm pm��, ��{ {zu lo xl ��~l{q zuy ut }mz zu� ~ou qr �rx�~�o }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul ~�}rx ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{y }r pu { zr uu� u~ |{x� t{ om zul nxus zr o{ ~�{� z� yu m} yu l yu. I �m w{y ~x� �mr }mz zur zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx ut Xm ym -}uu zr uyr �� |}l y{ p{ {� z{ �r zul zu w wuy yr }uv �my, zu w ~wu �my, m q{xs z� n� xu u~ |{x� t{ om�� ~l~m yu yu ~m ym }uv ~wu yu su �r xl yu.

1.3.3 GW \LU RU JO L XQOL XRL Ka VU \U KUI QU LI TO QUI

I OU TOO O RO KOO

Vr }rv qry w p{ }{ qmy Ru quu u O{ zuu, �m~�� ut w{ �{ }�� n� xm }mt }� �r zm wuy yr }uv �m yu64. ISuxr�r q{ ~u� |{} zr �qm r� ~l ~ q{ ~ �m �{� z{v �or }rz z{ ~�� |}{ ~xr qu�� m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wur {~ �m� wu wuy -yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym. U�{ s qr ~� o xr zur |{ sm }m q{ ym pr{ yr � }u �r ~w{v �|{ �u, }m~ |{ x{ srz z{ p{ w o{~ �{ w�{� �}m ym G�u z�, w{ �{ }�v |}{ ut{ �rx, ou qu y{, o zm �m xr VII o. q{ z. �., ~ wuy yr }uv ~wuy zm �r ~� ou ry65�u ~ �{ �y{ t }u �rx� z{ u zr {~ z{ om z{ zu zm wm wu� }r mx� z�� qmz z��.

Wm ~ w{| wu o Sr xuu, zr |{ qm xr w� {� Vm zu { zul zm tm |mq z{y |{ nr }r s�r Sm x{v Gtuu, �mw sr zr qm xuo ��{y {� z{ �r zuu o|{x zr {| }r qr xrz z�� }r t�x� �m �{o. Ot or ~� z{r |u~� y{ Ru ~u ym �m w p}m s qm zmy Xm y{~m(283/2 p. q{ z. �.) |{ |{ o{ q� �ls n� Xm y{ ~m u V}u r z� { |}m or oxm qr zul yr ~ �r� w{y Hm �u zr�uqm66 ~ou qr -�rx�~� o� r� { �{y, ��{ wuy yr }uv �� o{ pxm or ~ Ru p qm yu ~{y tm �om �u xu �� r} }u �{ }u� u oxm qr xu r�

|}{ �uo zu w{y m~~u }uv �ro n� xu yu quv ��, o{{ }� srz z�r x� wm -

yu u ~�}r xm yu «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m. Xy. |{q }{n z{: Zawadzki

1988. Km�u }{o w� zmw{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx ut Qm} �r yu �m 604 p.

q{ z. �. ~y. �sr Woolley 1921, 125, pl. 22 b. Nqr~� sr zmv qr zm

�{} ym qxl {� xuo wu |{ q{n z�� ~�}rx, ��{, {�r ouq z{, ~ou qr -

�rx� ~� o� r� {n u� |}{ ut o{q ~� or zm yr~ �r: Woolley 1921,

130–131, pl. 23 b.60 Kenyon 1957a, 452–453, fig. 110, 3–11,13,14.

61 Tadmor 1958, 33–40; ~}. Becking 1992.62 Kenyon 1957, 97–98.63 X}. Ivantchik, 1999, 497–520.64 Gzm xut |u~� yrz z�� u~ �{� zu w{o ~y. Ivantchik 1993, 95–

126; Oomz �uw 1996, 100–131.65 Hommel 1959/1960, 39.66 Welles 1966, 46–51, Nr. 7.

72

zr~w{x� w{ (�}u ?) xr�, |}u �ry zm ~r xlo �ur {n xm~�� p}r wu nr sm xu zm {~� }{ om. V{ � �{ y� mo �{ }� }m~ w{ -|{w m� }u n� �u }{ om xu qom zmv qrz z�� tqr~� n}{z t{ o�� zm w{ zr� zu wm «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m (qo�� x{ |m ~� z{v u�}r� x{ |m ~� z{v)67 wuy yr }uv �my. Un zm }� srz z�r zm w{ zr� zu wu tm ~�}l xu o ~�r zm� mw }{ |{ xl (Qm xr �r |r),w� qm {zu y{p xu |{ |m~�� |}u }mt }� �r zuu p{ }{ qm. I �m w{v uz �r} |}r �m �uu zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx zr�zu�rp{ zr o{t y{s z{ p{, {q zm w{ ~xr q� r� {� yr �u��, ��{ w}r |{~�� Sr xuu n� xm o{~ ~�m z{ o xr zm |{ ~ xr wuyyr -}uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym u |}{ q{x sm xm r�r q{x p{ {~ �m om�� ~l o �rz � }r }mt z{ {n }mt z�� o{{ }� srz z�� w{z �xu -w �{o wmw o VII o. q{ z. �., �mw u |{t sr68. V{ � �{ y� zm tomz z�r ~�}r x�, ~m y{ ~�{ l �rx� z�r {~ z{ om zul qxlqm �u }{o wu w{ �{ }�� {� ~�� ~� o� ��, y{p xu |}u zmq xr sm�� u x� n{ y� q}� p{ y� o}m p�, zm |}u yr}, xu quv �my.

Gz �u� z�r u~ �{� zu wu ~{ {n �m ��, ��{ wuy yr }uv �� o{ pxm or ~ Ru p qm yu ~{y ~{ spxu uxu |� �m xu~�~sr�� }my G} �r yu q� o c�r ~r (Callim. Ad Dian. (III), 251–258; Hesych. s. v. Λύγδαμις). U~ z{ o� om l~�zm ��{y ~{ {n �r zuu, mo �{} |r} o�� }m~ w{ |{w �}m ym G} �r yu q� c�r~ ~w{v |{ xm pmx, ��{ wuy yr }uv ��zu� �{ su xu {n zm }� srz z�v uy ~m y�v }mz zuv «�}my G» u ~ol t� omx ~ wuy yr }uv ~wuy }mt p}{ y{y tm �u -w ~u }{ omz z�v o{ o}r yl }m~ w{ |{w p{ }r x�v ~x{v69. X{y zr zul o |}m oux� z{ ~�u ��{v uz �r} |}r �m �uu o� -~wm t� om xu~� qmo z{70, m }r t�x� �m �� zr qmo zu� }m~ w{ |{w G} �r yu ~ul tm ~�m ou xu {w{z �m �rx� z{ {� zrr {� wm -tm�� ~l. V}r s qr o~r p{, n{ xrr |{tq zur u~ ~xr q{ om zul zr {n zm }� su xu zu wm wu� ~xr q{o }mt }� �r zul m} �m u -�r ~w{ p{ �}m ym o{v z{v uxu |{ sm }{y, xu n{ q}� pu� ~ou qr �rx�~�o wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ o�{} sr zul71. H{ xrr �{ -p{, z{ o�r }m~ w{| wu tm ~�m ou xu |r }r ~y{ � }r�� u u~ �{ }u� }mt ou �ul ~ol �u xu �m. X{ pxm~ z{ ��uy qmz z�y,}mz zuv �}my G} �r yu q� (w{ �{ }�y n�x zr «�}my G», {wm tmo �uv ~l |{ ~�}{v w{v �|{ �u Q}r tm) o ou qr |r -}u| �r }m, n�x |{ ~�}{ rz o{ o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou zr VIII o. q{ z. �. Uz |{ pun o }r t�x� �m �r wm �m ~� }{ �u �r ~w{ p{ zm -o{q zr zul o VII o. q{ z. �., o~w{ }r n�x o{~ ~�m z{ o xrz u |{q or}p ~l tzm �u �rx� z{v |r }r ~�}{v wr xu�� |{ ~ -xr 600 p. q{ z. �.72, �. r. wuyyr }uv ~w{r zm �r ~� our zm zry zu wmw zr {� }m tu x{~�. V{q ~�r }r{ nm �{y �}m ymG} �r yu q� w}r t{ o{v |{~�}{v wu qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ |}{ ~xr srz {� qr xrz z�v {� zr p{ |}{ ~x{v w{v |r ~ wm ~x{v�p xl u |r | xm, ~yr �mz z�� ~ tr y xrv. V{ yzr zu� mo �{ }m }m~ w{ |{w G. Hmy yr }m, zr l~ z{, {q zm w{, uqr� xu}r�� { ~x{r }mt }� �r zul, uxu { zm ~� |mz z{y |{q ��z qm yrz� w}r t{ om �}m ym |}u rp{ ~�}{ u �rx� ~� or �w }r -| xl � �ry ~x{r, { w{ �{ }{y �|{ yu zm r� Vxu zuv (Plin. N. h. 36, 25), uxu qm sr |}{ ~�{ {n {~ �m� wm� sr} � o{ -|}u z{ �r zuv, zr |{ yr �rz z�� |}{ �uo {n�w z{ or zul o n{ � }{~, wmw ��{ �sr n� x{ {� yr �r z{ |}u }m~ w{| -wm� mx �m }l G} �r yu q�73. H{ xrr �{ p{, qm sr r~ xu �{x w{ om�� |{ yl z� ��v ~x{v wmw ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ |{ sm }m,zr l~ z{ ~ wm wuy o�{} sr zu ry rp{ ~ol t� om�� — wuy yr }uv ~wuy, uxu ~ zm |m qr zu ry xu quv ~w{ p{ �m }l Gxu -m� �m, ou qu y{, o w{z �r VII o. q{ z. �.74 I ~ol tu ~ ��uy ~xr q� r� {� yr �u��, ��{ |}u }m~ w{| wm� }m~ |{ x{ srz -z{v zr |{ qm xr w� Xyu} z� zr {n zm }� sr z{ zu wm wu� ym �r }u mx� z�� ~xr q{o wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym, �{ �l~x{u, ~ol tmz z�r ~ }mt }� �r zu ry p{ }{ qm xu quv �m yu |}u Gxu m� �r u |r} ~m yu o 545 p. q{ z. �., �u w ~u }� -�� ~l q{ ~ �m �{� z{ {��r� xu o{. Un zm }� srz z�r o Xyu} zr zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m zmv qr z�o ~x{ l� 610–545 pp. q{ z. �. u, {�r ouq z{, {� z{ ~l� ~l uyrz z{ w ��uy qo�y ~{ n� �u ly75. Xou qr �rx� ~� om mz -�u� z�� mo �{ }{o {n �zu� �{ sr zuu wuy yr }uv �m yu �}m ym G} �r yu q� c�r~ ~w{v {~ �m �� ~l, �m wuy {n }m t{y,nrt m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wu� |{q �or} sqr zuv. Tm ��{y {~ z{ om zuu zrx� tl, {q zm w{, {� wm t� om�� uy o q{ or }uu, |{ -~w{x� w� ~xr q� wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym y{p xu |}u |{ ~ xr q� � �u� |r }r ~�}{v wm� u~ �rt z��. I|}{ �ry,~�{ u� tm yr �u�� o ~ol tu ~ ��uy, ��{ ut ~{ {n �r zul Qmx xu ym �m zr l~ z{, �qm x{~� xu Ru p qm yu ~� {~� �r ~� -ou�� ~o{v zr �r ~ �uo�v tm y� ~rx (ut w{z �rw ~�m y{s z{ |{ zl��, ��{ zr �qm x{~�). V}l y{ zm �zu� �{ sr zur

67 Kleiner, Hommel, Müller-Wiener 1967, 135–138.68 Kleiner, Hommel, Müller-Wiener 1967, 95– 96.69 Hogarth 1908, 239, 245.70 O~ �{ }u� o{ | }{ ~m ~y. Atzinger 1970, 1654–1657; Bammer

1983/4, 92–94; Bammer, Muss 1996, 33–38.71 Bammer 1983/4, 94; Bammer 1984, 74; Bammer 1988, 213;

Bammer 1991, 75, ~}. Brein 1978, 722–723. I |{ ~ xrq zrv |�n -

xuwm �uu (Bammer, Muss 1996, 32) G. Hmy yr} |{q �or} sqm r�

{�~�� ~� our wm wu�-xu n{ ~xr q{o |{ sm }m VII o. q{ z. �. o �rz � -

}mx� z{v �m ~ �u ~ol �u xu �m, {q zm w{ �|{ yu zm r� zm xu �ur p{ }r -

x{p{ ~x{l |}u yr} z{ 650/40 pp. q{ z. �. o o{ ~ �{� z{v �m ~ �u �}m -

y{ o{ p{ qo{ }m. L~ xu ��{ qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~xr q� |{ sm }u �m (��{

z�s qm r� ~l o q{ |{x zu �rx� z{y |{q �or} sqr zuu), �{ {z{ y{ sr�

n�� ~ol tm z{ ~ wuy yr }uv ~wuy o�{} sr zu ry.72 Bammer 1988b, 1–31; Bammer 1990, 137–160; Bammer 1991,

63–83; Bammer 1993, 137–161; Bammer, Muss 1996, 33–38.73 Bammer 1978, 517–521; Bammer 1973/1974, 57–58.74 Vetters 1989, 88.75 Nicholls 1958/59, 128–134; Akurgal 1983, 54, 72–76,

Taf. N, 3.

73

�}m ym G} �r yu q� Ru p qm yu ~{y �wm t� om r� xu�� Jr ~u �uv, mo �{} |{tq zuv, z{ {|u }m � �uv ~l zm �x xu zu -~�u �r ~wur u~ �{� zu wu.

Tr ~ w{x� w{ {� xu� zml ~u �� m �ul �u w ~u }� r� ~l |}u }m~ w{| wm� Xm}q. Tr ~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ tqr~� n� x{zmv qr z{ q{ ~ �m �{� z{ n{x� �{r w{ xu �r ~� o{ zm w{ zr� zu w{o ~�}rx «~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m76, ��u zm �{q wu, wmw�sr �wm t� om x{~�, |x{ �{ ~�}m �u �u �u }{ om z� u u� ~olt� ~ �ry uxu uz�y u~ �{ }u �r ~wuy ~{ n� �u ry {~ �m -r�~l zr l~ z{v. I �{ sr o}r yl ~x{v }mt }� �r zul Xm}q wuy yr }uv �m yu �u w ~u }� r� ~l u uqrz �u �u �u }� r� ~lq{ ~ �m �{� z{ �or }rz z{. Wr�� uqr� { q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �r� w{ o� }m srz z{y ~x{r |{ sm }u �m, lo xl � �ry ~l �m ~��}r ��r p{ xu quv ~w{ p{ ~x{l u {~{ nrz z{ l} w{ |}{ ~xr srz z{y o ~r w �{ }r «K{y n}{zt». V{ sm} n�x o�tomz,{�r ouq z{, ozr tm| z�y zm |m qr zu ry, u |}u }m~ w{| wm� {n zm }� sr z� {~ �mz wu |{ yrz� �rv yr }r |l� zm q �m�uuz qu ou q� � y{o, |{ pun �u� o }r t�x� �m �r ��{ p{ zm |m qr zul. I �{ sr o}r yl }mt }� �r zur Xm}q zr o� tom x{~w{x� w{-zu n�q� tm yr� z{ p{ w}u tu ~m p{ }{ qm, {z n�x n� ~� }{ o{~ ~�m z{ o xrz u, ~{ p xm~ z{ qmz z�y }m~ w{ |{w,|}{ q{x smx |}{ �or �m��. V{ sm }u �r o �}r �� ry xu quv ~w{y ~x{r qm �u }� r� ~l |{ zm �{q wmy o |r }r w}� om -��ry rp{ |xm ~�r {w{ x{ ~r }r qu z� VII o. q{ z. �.77 I~r ��u qmz z�r �{ }{ �{ ~{ p xm ~� �� ~l ~{ ~ou qr �rx� ~� -omyu |u~� yrz z�� rw ~�{o { }mt }� �r zuu Xm}q wuy yr }uv �m yu, �mw ��{ uqrz �u �u wm �ul ~x{l |{ sm }u �mo �}r �� ry xu quv ~w{y ~x{r Xm}q ~ wuy yr }uv ~wuy zm �r ~� ou ry |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �{}{ �{ {n{~ -z{ omz z{v.

Gzm xut |u~� yrz z�� u~ �{� zu w{o { otl �uu Xm}q wuy yr }uv �m yu |{ wm t� om r�, ��{ o }r mx� z{ ~�u ��{~{ n� �ur uyr x{ yr ~ �{ xu�� rqu z{ sq� u, ou qu y{, ~ol tm z{ ~ pu nr x�� Ju pm {� }�w wuy yr }uv �roo 644 p. q{ z. �.78 X{ {n �r zul mz �u� z{v �}m qu �uu { qo{v z{y otl �uu Xm}q o{~ �{ ql� w q{ ~ �m �{� z{ |{tq -zuy ��rz�y w{z ~� }�w �u ly u �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wuy o� wxmq wmy �x xu zu ~�u �r ~w{v �|{ �u, |}u zmq xr sm �uy|}rs qr o~r p{ Qmx xu~ �r z�. Jxmo z{v tm qm �rv ��u� o� wxm q{w n� x{ �~ �m z{ o xr zur �}{ z{ x{ puu sut zu }lqmmz�u� z�� |{ � �{o, o |r} o�� {�r }rq� Qmx xu zm u G} �u x{ �m. Jr }{ q{�, ~{ {n �m � �uv { }mt }� �r zuu Xm}qwuy yr }uv �m yu, ~�u �mx, ��{ ��{ ~{ n� �ur uyr x{ yr ~ �{ xu�� {q zm s q� u {� z{ ~ux rp{ w |}m o xr zu�zm~xrq zu wm Ju pm, �m }l G} qu ~m. c�m qm �u }{o wm �mw sr lo xl r� ~l }r t�x� �m �{y ~x{s z�� }{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wu�wmx� w� xl �uv u {n� l~ zl r� ~l u~ �{ ql ut |}u zl �{v Jr }{ q{ �{y {n �rv ~�r y� �}{ z{ x{ puu o{~ �{� z�� m} -~wu� qu zm ~�uv, tzm �u �rx� z{ tm o� �r z{v |{ ~}mo zr zu� ~ }r mx� z{ ~��. Xqr xmz z�v o }rt�x� �m �r mzm xutm|u~� yrz z�� rw ~�{o o� o{q { �{y, ��{ Xm} q� n� xu otl �� wuy yr }uv �m yu xu�� rquz{ sq�, wmw wm sr�~l,zm �{ qu� |{q �or} sqr zur o ym �r }u m xm� }m~ w{ |{w ��{ p{ p{ }{ qm. Go �{ }� ��u� }m~ w{ |{w {� yr �m ��, ��{ uyun�x tm �u w ~u }{ omz xu�� {quz ~x{v }mt }� �r zul o }my wm� VII o. q{ z. �. — zuwm wu� |}u tzm w{o o�{ }{ p{otl �ul p{ }{ qm m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wu zr �u w ~u }� r� ~l79.

K{ ~ �{ or} z{~�� ~ou qr �rx� ~� om Jr }{ q{ �m (I, 15) { �{y, ��{ wuy yr }uv �� tm �om �u xu Xm} q� tm u~ wx� -�r zu ry mw }{ |{ xl, o}lq xu y{ sr� n�� |}{ or }r zm qmz z� yu m} �r{ x{ puu. V}u }m~ w{| wm� zm mw }{ |{ xrXm}q zr {n zm }� sr z{ zu wm wu� ~ou qr �rx�~�o wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym, {q zm w{ u ~m yu ~x{u VII o. q{ z. �.�my o� }m sr z� {�rz� |x{ �{ u |}m w �u �r ~wu zr ~{ �}m zu xu~�80. c�{ {n ~�{ l �rx� ~� o{ tm ~�m o xl r� o{t qr} -sm�� ~l {� }r �u �rx� z{ p{ ~� s qr zul { q{ ~ �{ or} z{ ~�u ~{ {n �r zul Jr }{ q{ �m, �{ �l ut {n �u� ~{ {n }m sr zuv{z{ o|{x zr |}mo q{ |{ q{n z{.

76 Waldbaum 1983, 32–35, pl. 3.77 Hanfmann 1964, 14; Mitten 1966, 44; Hanfmann 1967, 32–

33; Hanfmann 1972, 185, 228–229, fig. 139; Hanfmann, Mierse,

Foss u. a. 1983, 28, 41, 63, 68, 235 n. 10, 238 n. 5. I |{~xrq zrr

o}r yl, {q zm w{, n� xm |}rq |}u zl �m |r }r qm �u }{o wm �}r ��r p{ xu -

quv ~w{ p{ ~x{l o ~r w �{ }r «K{y n}{zt» u {� z{ ~l �r p{ ~l w zr y�

|{ sm }u�m. Ks. _r� �r}, {~ z{ o� om l~� zm �}mp yrz �m� qo��

w{}uz� ~wu� ~{ ~� q{o, {n zm }� srz z�� o ��{y ~x{r, w{ �{ }�r {zm

qm �u }� r� 750–720 pp. q{ z. �. (Q{ }uz� ~wuv |{tq zr pr{ yr� }u �r -

~wuv, LG), ~�u �m r� zr {n �{ qu y�y {� zr ~�u or~� ~x{v w{ o�{ }{v

|{ x{ ou zr VIII o. q{ z. �.: Schaeffer 1997, 5–7, 17–20, ~}. �{ sr

yzr zur c. Wr yrq sm: Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 29 u

o{t }m sr zul Ks. \mz� ymz zm: Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983,

238, n. 5. I ��{y ~x� �mr ~x{v }mt }� �r zul, }m t� yr r� ~l, zr

y{sr� n�� ~oltmz ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu u q{x srz {n�l~ zl�� ~l

wm wuy-�{ uz�y o}m sr ~wuy zm nr p{y. Xxr q� r�, {qzm w{, tm yr -

�u��, ��{ o �{y sr ~x{r n� xm {n zm }� sr zm u n{ xrr |{tq zll

wr}m yu wm, o �m ~� z{ ~�u �}mp yrz �� ~}r q zr |}{ �{ w{ }uz� ~wu�

~{ ~� q{o 690–650 pp. q{ z. �., m o zr |{ ~}rq ~� orzz{ |r }rw}� om -

� �ry rp{ ~x{r — |{tq zr |}{ �{ w{ }uz� ~wur �}mp yrz �� 650–

630 pp. q{ z. �.: Schaeffer 1997, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, Nr. Cor 12, 13,

21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32 u �. q.78 Oomz�uw / Ivantchik, o |r�m�u. X}. Ivantchik 1993, 105–114;

Oomz�uw 1996, 110–121.79 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 28.80 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 43.

74

1.3.4 QOS SL WOP XQGe HZ YL WURb ON XGWK

Tr ~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ ~x{v wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym o Xm} qm� o� }m srz q{ ~ �m �{� z{ l} w{ u o}lq xuy{s z{ �~{y zu�� ~l o rp{ u~ �{ }u �r ~w{v uqrz �u �u wm �uu, o zry |{� �u {� ~�� ~� o� �� zm �{q wu, w{ �{ }�ry{p xu n� �m }m w �r }u t{ om�� ym �r }u mx� z�� w�x� �� }� ��} y{ omo �u� Xm} q� wuy yr }uv �ro.

V{-ou qu y{ y�, rquz ~� orz z�y |}rq yr �{y ut }m~ w{ |{w Xm}q, w{ �{ }�v y{ sr� n�� ~{ tzm �u �rx� z{vq{ xrv �or }rz z{ ~�u m� }u n� �u }{ omz wuy yr }uv �my, lo xl r� ~l w{ ~ �l zml |xm ~�uz wm o ou qr ~or} z�o �r p{ ~lw{x� �{y su o{� z{ p{ (��. 31; 32). Ot{ n }m sr zur ~ux� z{ ~�u xu t{ om z{, z{ }r�� uqr�, {�r ouq z{, { w{ �m -��ry �u� zu wr81. Tm rp{ p{ x{ or o� qr xr z� n{x� �{v w}�p x�v pxmt, {n or qrz z�v {n{q w{y, u |{q w{ o{ {n -}mt z{r ��{. U� w}� �ml |m~�� ut{ n}m sr zm o ou qr |{ x� {om xm, p}m zu �� w{ �{ }{ p{ {n{ tzm �r z� qo{v z{vxuzu rv. Sr s q� qo� yl xu zu l yu zm �{ qu� ~l zm ~r� wm. Gzm x{ pu� z�r qor xu zuu ~ zm ~r� wm yu yr s q� zu yu}m~ |{ x{ sr z� zm p{ x{ or tor }l ({� pxm tm q{ ��m) u zm rp{ su o{ �r. I{t y{s z{, ��{ ~�u xu t{ om z{r ut{ n}m -sr zur �r} ~�u. Tm �r xr su o{� z{ p{ ~�r ym �u� z{ zm yr �r zm x{ |m� wm u |{ wm tm z{ nrq }{, xm |� tm or} �m ��~l~|u }m xr ouq z�y uxu w{x� �r o�y {w{z �m zu ry. K{ ~ �m �{� z{ qxuz z�v �o{~� su o{� z{ p{, |}u y� wm � �uv wrp{ |m ~ �u, tm or} �m r� ~l �m wuy sr {w{z �m zu ry. c�m |xm ~�uz wm, ~w{ }rr o~r p{ ~x� suo �ml zm w{ zr� zu w{yz{ srz mwu zm wm, {n zm }� sr zm o ~x{r, zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z{ |r }r w}� om � �ry ~x{v wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym,~}r qu }m~ |u~ z{v wr }m yu wu, qm �u }� r y{v {w{ x{ ~r }r qu z� VII o. q{ z. �.82

81 Y}m w �{o wm tor }l mo �{ }m yu }m~ w{ |{w wmw p}u �{ zm o}lq xu

{n{~ z{ om zm — zu wm wu� ~xr q{o {} xu z{v p{ x{ o� zm |xm ~�uz wr

zr ouq z{. V}rq |{ x{ sr zur { �{y, ��{ tqr~� uqr� }r�� { �r xrz -

wr, wmw u m� }u n� �ul |}rq yr �m m�r yr zuq ~w{ y� uxu yu q{-|r} -

~uq ~w{ y� u~ w�~ ~� o� (Buchholz 1980/81, 66, Anm. 78), {~ z{ omz{

zm x{s z{y |}rq ~�m o xr zuu { |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu y{ �u om ~or} z�o -

�r p{ ~l tor }l o w{ �ro zu �r ~w{y tor }u z{y ~�u xr {� n� �r }{ xrv

m�r yr zuq ~wu� mwu zm w{o (~y. zu sr) u |}{ �u o{ }r �u� wmw nxut -

wuy mzm x{ pu ly ut ~wu �{-~u nu} ~w{ p{ yu }m, �mw u qm �u }{o wr

~x{l, o w{ �{ }{y {n zm }� srz qmz z�v |}rq yr�. X. X. X{ }{ wuz

(1978, 186–187) ~�u �m r�, ��{ tqr~� ut{ n}m sr zm ~{ nmwm. c�{

�{x w{ om zur zr wm sr� ~l {n{~ z{ omz z�y.

82 Detweiler, Hanfmann, Mitten 1967, 151, fig. 3; Hanfmann,

Swift 1966, 10–14, fig. 9; Mellink 1966, 13–15, pl. 41, 13; Hanf -

mann, Detweiler 1966, 92, fig. 2; Mitten 1966, 45, fig. 5; Schefold

1967, Abb. 342 a (�{ }{ �ml �{ �{ p}m �ul); Hanfmann 1972,

fig. 124; Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 68; ~}. X{ }{ wuz

1978, 186–187. Nqr~� ~{ qr} su� ~l zr or} z{r �wm tm zur zm zr wur

«yu quv ~wur �{} p{ o�r u }r yr~ xrz z�r |{ ~�}{v wu», lw{ n� ~{{ -

}� srz z�r o Xm} qm� o VII o. q{ z. �. I qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~�u o }mv -

{zr, { w{ �{ }{y uqr� }r��, }m~ w}� �� {~ �m� wu xu quv ~w{ p{

}�zwm. X}. �mw sr: Ghirshman 1979, 23, fig. 1 (zr �{� zml |}{ }u -

~{owm).

Wu~. 31 Q{~�lzml |xm~�uzwm ut Xm}q ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}z�o�rp{~l �u�zuwm

V{ Mitten 1966, fig. 5

75

I �{y sr ~r w �{ }r, {n zm }� sr z{ r�r �}u w{ ~ �l z�� w}�p x�� |xm ~�u z�, �}m w �� r y�� wmw {n }mt �� tor -}u z{ p{ ~�u xl (��. 32)83. Uq zm ut zu� |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~{ n{v, {�r ouq z{, �mw sr zm w{ zr� zuw z{ srz84. Q~{sm xr zu�, ��m |xm ~�uz wm {�rz� |x{ �{ ~{ �}m zu xm~� — {zm n� xm }m~ w{ x{ �m, u ut{ n}m sr zur ~or} z�o �r -p{ ~l tor }l zm ~{ �}m zuo �ry ~l �}mp yrz �r y{ sr� n�� o{~ ~�m z{ o xr z{ xu�� |{ mzm x{ puu ~ {|u ~mz z�yo� �r |}rq yr �{y. Tm zry, wm sr� ~l, }mt xu �m r� ~l tmq zll xm |m tor }l ~ �m }m w �r} z�y ~|u }m xr ouq z�y uxuw{x� �r ouq z�y {w{z �m zu ry, x{ |m� wm u zm �m x{ |r }rq zrv xm |�. V{ �wm tm zu� mo �{ }m |�n xu wm �uu, qmzzml|xm ~�uz wm zmv qr zm o ~x{r w{z �m VII – zm �m xm VI o. q{ z. �. Ot �{ p{ sr ~x{l |}{ u~ �{ qu� r�r {q zm tzm�u -�rx� z{ yrz� �ml |{ }mt yr }� w{ ~ �l zml |xm ~�uz wm, w{ �{ }�� rr |�n xu wm �{} uz �r} |}r �u }� r� wmw |�p{ou -��85. X� sr� zm zr ~rz z{ p{ zm zrr ut{ n}m sr zul �qm r� ~l }m~ |{ t zm�� u uqrz �u �u �u }{ om�� xu�� ~ n{x� -�uy �}� q{y u nrt �or }rz z{ ~�u o or} z{ ~�u uz �r} |}r �m �uu, �mw ��{ w |}rq yr �my w{ �ro zu �r ~w{ p{ ~�u xlrr y{s z{ {� zr ~�u xu�� ~ zm �ls w{v. Tm zrv y{s z{ }m~ |{ t zm�� ut{ n}m sr zur p{ x{ o� |�u ��. I�qr xl -r� ~l w}�| z�v pxmt, ut{ n}m srz z�v o ou qr �}r� w{z �rz � }u �r ~wu� {w }�s z{ ~�rv (o|{x zr {n�� z�v qxl~wu� ~w{ p{ u~ w�~ ~� om |}u ry) u, o{t y{s z{, wx�o, tm w}� �r z�v ~|u }m x��. Nzm �r zur r�r {q z{ p{ y{ �u om,zm �{ ql �r p{ ~l |{q wx� o{y, {q zm w{, zr l~ z{, ��{ ~�m ou� |{q ~{ y zr zur o~� uz �r} |}r �m �u�. Q}{yr �{p{,~xr q� r� tm yr �u��, ��{ }m~ |{ x{ sr zur ut{ n}m sr zul o �rz � }r |xm ~�u z� zr �}m qu �u {z z{ qxl ~wu� ~w{ p{u~ w�~ ~� om, qm u o{ {n �r o~r ut{ n}m sr zur y{ sr� n�� o{~ |}u zl �{ |}{ ~�{ wmw pr{ yr � }u �r ~wuv {}zm yrz�.

I�{ }ml w}�p xml |xm ~�uz wm, zr ~w{x� w{ n{x� �r p{ }mt yr }m, n� xm {n zm }� sr zm o �{y sr ~r w �{ }r, z{ o~yr �m z{y ~x{r86. Lr ut qm �rx� �{x w{ omx ut{ n}m sr zur wmw qor |}{ �u o{ |{ ~ �m o xrz z�� p{ x{o wu �u� z��

83 Greenewalt 1973, 33–34, fig. 11 (�{ �{ p}m �ul |x{ �{ p{ wm �r -

~�om); Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 166–167,

fig. 34–37.84 X�}mz z�y o� pxl qu� �� or} sqr zur |�n xu wm �{ }m ��{ p{ |}rq -

yr �m (Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 173, n. 50)

{ �{y, ��{ ut{ n}m sr zul ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l tor }l o w{ �ro zu �r ~w{y

u~ w�~ ~� or zr o~�}r �m �� ~l zm n� �r }{ xl�. c�{ o� ~wm t� om zur,

w{zr� z{, ~ol tm z{ zr ~ ym x�y �u~ x{y {n zm }� srz z�� u {|�n -

xu w{ omz z�� n� �r }{ xrv, wmw |{ xm pm r� mo �{}, m ~ rp{ |}u ~w{}n -

z�y zr tzm zu ry ~{ {� or� ~� o� � �rv zm �� z{v xu �r }m �� }� (qm xr -

w{ zr �{x� w{ }�~ ~w{ lt�� z{v). V}u yr }�, qm xr w{ zr u~�r} |� -

om � �ur o~r p{ yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z{ p{ ~|u ~wm �m wu� n� �r }{ xrv, ~y.

zu sr.85 Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 173, n. 49,fig. 34.86 Greenewalt 1973, 33–34, fig. 11.

Wu~. 32 Q{~�lz�r |xm~�uzwu ut Xm}q

V{ Greenewalt, Cahill u. a. 1990, fig. 34

76

|�u�. Krv ~� ou �rx� z{, zm |xm ~�uz wr zm �{ qu� ~l ut{ n}m sr zur qo�� ~uy yr� }u� z{ }m~ |{ x{ srz z�� w}�p x��«pxmt», �}mw�{omzz�� o �}m qu �u {z z{v qxl tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl ym zr }r wmw w}� s{w, {n or qrz z�v {n{q w{y.Sr s q� zu yu zm �{ qu� ~l ~|u }mx�, w{ �{ }ml y{ sr� n�� u~ �{x w{ om zm wmw wx�o {q z{v uxu {nr u� |�u�.Q}{ yr �{ p{, qom pxm tm ~{ rqu zr z� qo{v z{v |}l y{v xu zu rv.

Ot �r �� }r� {|u ~mz z�� |}rq yr �{o ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu n{ xrr uxu yr zrr �or }rz z{ nxm p{ qm }l �~ x{ oulyrp{ zm �{q wu y{ sr� n�� ~ol tmz |r} o�v, zmu n{ xrr o� }m tu �rx� z�v. L~ xu or} zm qm �u }{o wm ~x{l, o w{ �{ -}{y {n zm }� sr zm ��m |xm ~�u zm (o �ry zr� {~ z{ om zuv ~{ y zr om�� ~l), �{ {zm {� z{ ~u� ~l |}u yr} z{ w ~r }r -qu zr VII o. q{ z. �., �{ r~�� wmw }mt w �{ y� o}r yr zu, w{ pqm wuy yr }uv �� otl xu Xm} q� o 644 p. q{ z. �.U~�mx� z�r �}u |}rq yr �m zmv qr z� uxu o n{ xrr |{tq zry (w{ zr� VII – zm �m x{ VI o. q{ z. �.), uxu o zr qm -�u }{ omz z{y w{z �rw ~�r. Z~ x{ oul zm �{q wu, w{ zr� z{, zr u~ wx� �m �� o{t y{s z{ ~�u n{ xrr }mz zrv qm �u -}{owu ~m yu� |}rq yr �{o u u� m� }u n� �uu wuy yr }uv �my, {q zm w{ o qmz z{y ~x� �mr y� zr y{ sry n��or}r z�, ��{ u� zrx� tl |}u |u ~m�� u ~wu �my. X{ pxm~ z{ mz �u� z�y u~ �{� zu wmy, |}r n� om zur wm w{ p{-�{{� }l qm ~wu �{o o Xm} qm� qm �u }� r� ~l o}r yr zry Gxu m� �m, �{ r~�� wmw }mt w{z �{y VII – zm �m x{y VI o.q{ z. �. V{ � �{ y� n{ xrr {~ �{ }{s z�y |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l u~|{x� t{ om�� qxl uqrz �u �u wm �uu wuy yr }uv ~w{vw�x� �� }� xu�� |r} o�� |xm ~�u z�, qm �u }{ omz z�� ~r }r qu z{v VII o. q{ z. �. Tm ~�m ~��r, {zm lo xl r� ~l zmu -n{ xrr o� }m tu �rx� z{v ut �r �� }r� zm tomz z�� |}rq yr �{o u ~ zmu n{x� �rv �or }rz z{ ~�� y{ sr� n��{�zr~r zm w w{ �ro zu �r ~w{ y� tor }uz z{ y� ~�u x�. Oz �r} |}r �m �ul rr ut{ n}m sr zul wmw ut or~� z{ p{ y{ �uom~or} z�o �r p{ ~l �u� zu wm zr o� t� om r� ~{ y zr zuv.

Ot{ n }m sr zur ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l �u� zu wm, o n{x� �rv uxu yrz� �rv ~�r |r zu ~�u xu t{ om z{r, lo xl r� ~l,|{-ou qu y{ y�, {q zuy ut ~m y�� {}u pu zmx� z�� u �m }m w �r} z�� xr yrz �{o w{ �ro zu �r ~w{ p{ «~wu� ~w{ p{»tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl87. V}{n xr ym rp{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul ~x{s zm u qu~ w�~ ~u {z zm. Tm u n{ xrr or }{ l� z�y wm sr� -~l |}rq |{ x{ sr zur { |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu ��{ p{ ut{ n}m tu �rx� z{ p{ y{ �u om ut Qu �ml; rp{ |}{ �{ �u |�, ou quy{,y{s z{ zmv �u o q}ro z{ ~�l� �|{ �u tm |mq z{ p{ ^s{� (1027–771 pp. q{ z. �.)88. I|{~ xrq ~� ouu {z }m~ |}{ -~�}m zl r� ~l o �rz � }mx� z{ m tu m� ~w{y }r pu { zr (G} smz, Zv pm }mw u q}.) u ~�m z{ ou� ~l {q zuy ut {~ z{o z��y{ �u o{o «~wu� ~w{ p{» tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl. I� ~ wm t� om xu~� u q}� pur �{� wu t}r zul { rp{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu:o �m ~� z{ ~�u, { ~m y{ tm }{ s qr zuu y{ �u om o }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v ~}r qr wmo wmt ~w{ p{ }r pu { zm (o |m yl� zu wm�«~mw w�t ~w{-wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ w}� pm») u { zr tm ou ~u y{y |m }mx xrx� z{y }mt ou �uu o �rz � }mx� z{ m tu m� ~w{-~unu} ~w{y }r pu { zr89. Kmz z{r |}rq |{ x{ sr zur |}{ �u o{ }r �u�, {q zm w{, uw{ z{ p}m �u �r ~w{v nxu t{ ~�uyrsq� �sr ~m y� yu }mz zu yu ut{ n}m sr zu l yu ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l tor }l o u~ w�~ ~� or �rz � }mx� z{ m tu m� ~w{ p{u |}u �r} z{ y{} ~w{-wmo wmt ~w{ p{ }r pu { z{o, m �mw sr �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{ y� |}u {}u �r �� }mz zu� �rz � }mx� z{ -mtu m� ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o (w�} pmz G} smz) |r }rq |m yl� zu wm yu w}� pm Nu our u Qr xr} yr ~m.

Gzm x{ pu� z�r |xm ~�uz wr ut Xm}q ut{ n}m sr zul ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l �u� zu wm �}rt o� �mv z{ yz{ p{ �u~ -xrzz� o }mz zr ~wu� ~w{y u~ w�~ ~� or, �{ �l |{x z{v mzm x{ puu rv zmv �u zr �qm r� ~l (o|}{ �ry, |{x z{ ~��mzmx{ pu� z�r ut qr xul ��{ p{ �u |m o ~m yu� ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� �mw sr �}rt o� �mv z{ }rq wu)90. I~r {zu

87 Xy. {n ��{y y{ �u or ^xr z{ om 1967, 118–119, �mn. 27; _w�} -

w{ 1969, 31–39; Ox� uz ~wml 1971, 72–84; X{ }{ wuz 1972, 75–

78; Hm} w{ om 1983, 20–31; ^r su zm 1984, 61–64; V{ p }r n{ om,

Wmro ~wuv 1992, 104–122; Q� }{� wuz 1993, 92–98; ^xr z{ om

1993, 69–70, }u~. 13; Qu ~rx� 1994, 111–119; Vr }r o{q �u w{ om

1994, 29–32, 42–46; V{xu q{ ou� 1994, 63–78; Brentjes 1994,

147–164.88 Jettmar 1979, 155; Hüttel 1979, 11–12, Abb. 1, 4– 6; Kossack1987, 27–30, Abb. 2–3; Q� }{� wuz 1993, 96–98. I. G. Qu ~rx�

(1994, 116) |}rq |{ �u �m r� p{ o{ }u�� { �{} yu }{ om zuu ��{ p{

{n}m tm o }mv {zr o{ ~ �{� z{ p{ Qm tm� ~�m zm, Gx �ml, Y� o� u S{z -

p{ xuu.89 V{ p }r n{ om, Wm ro ~wuv 1992, 104–122, tqr~� sr {n t{} q}� pu�

yzr zuv |{ |}{ n xr yr.90 H. H}rz �� r~ (Brentjes 1994, 161) |{ xm pm r�, ��{ n� �r }{x� ut

Xm}q zm �{ qu� ~r nr mzm x{ puu xu�� o ~r or }{ wmo wmt ~wu� zm �{q -

wm�, z{ zr o ~�r| z�� u xr ~{ ~�r| z�� |m yl� zu wm�, w{ �{ }�r {z

|{ �ry�-�{ ~�u �m r� n{ xrr |{tq zu yu, �ry ~r or }{ wmo wmt ~wur u, o

{� xu �ur {� zu�, nr~ ~|{} z{ ~wu� ~wu yu. I{ {n �r o ~o{ rv ~�m��r

mo �{} u~�{ qu� ut |}r o}m� z�� |}rq ~�m o xr zuv {n {� z{ ~u �rx� -

z{v u mn ~{ x�� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu |m yl� zu w{o }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v

w�x� �� }� u {nzm }� su om r� zr tzm w{y ~� o{ ~ z{ o{v xu �r }m �� }{v

|{ ��{v �r ym �u wr. Qmw n� qr� ouq z{ ut qmx� zrv �r p{, n� �r }{x�

ut Xm}q zm �{ qu� mzm x{ puu zr �{x� w{ o ~r or }{ wmo wmt ~wu�, z{ u

o q}� pu� |myl� zu wm� wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v

w�x� �� }�. U�yr �� r�r, ��{ y{v otpxlq zm ~{ {� z{ �r zur wuy -

yr }uv �ro u ~wu �{o u u� w�x� ��} ut xm pm r� ~l H. H}rz �� r ~{y

(Brentjes 1994, 161) zr �{� z{. V}u �u zm ��{ p{, or }{ l� z{, o �{y,

��{ {z ~� qux { zry xu�� |{ �~� z{ y� ut x{ sr zu� o q{ w xm qr,

|}{ �u �mz z{y o 1994 p. o Hr} xu zr.

77

{n� r qu zl �� ~l {n �u yu ~�u xu ~�u �r ~wu yu �xr yrz �m yu o rqu z�� p}�| |�, {q zm w{ ��u �xr yrz �� zm }mt -z�� |}rq yr �m� |}u ~�� ~� o� �� o }mt z�� ~{ �r �m zu l�. Oz{ p qm zm zu� o{~ |}{ ut o{ qu� ~l zr o~r �r x{ tor }l,m xu�� rp{ zmu n{ xrr tzm �u y�r �xr yrz �� (xm |�, �o{~�, pxmt, ��{, |m~��). Jxmt u ��{, �m ~ �{ o� ~�� |m � -�ur tm w{z ��} |}rq yr �m, zm w{ �{ }{y zm �{ qu� ~l ut{ n}m sr zur, {n�� z{ (z{ zr o~r pqm) uyr �� ~{ {� or� ~� -orz z{ �{} y� w}� pm, {n or qrz z{ p{ {n{q w{y, u ~r}q �r ouq z�� uxu |{q w{ o{ ouq z�� {} y�. U� w}� �ml |m~��m ~ �{ uyr r� �{} y� |{ x� {om xm. Un�� z{ {zm zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z{ |}u y� wm r� w q{ ~ �m �{� z{ qxuz z{ y� �o{ -~��, tm or} �m � �r y� ~l w}�s w{y uxu ~|u }m x��. Ym w{r sr tm or} �r zur uyr �� m �r o~r p{ u xm |�. Rm||{wm tm z{ wmw |}m ou x{ �{x� w{ qor (tor}� ut{ n}m srz o |}{ �ux�), |}u �ry |}u o~rv u� �~ x{o z{ ~�u |{��uo~r pqm {� yr �r zm x{ |m� wm |}u |r }rq zrv xm |r u nrq }{ |}u tmq zrv.

I~r ��u �m }m w �r} z�r �xr yrz �� |}u ~�� ~� o� �� zm ut{ n}m sr zuu �u� zu wm ut Xm}q. Ir~� ym nxut wmry� w{ ~ �l zml n� �r }{x� ut w�} pm zm Km}� ro wm 2 nxut _|{ x� (��. 33, 6). Ot{ n }m srz z�v zm zrv ~ux� z{~�u xu t{ om zz�v tor}� �mw sr uyr r� w}�p x�v {n or qrz z�v {n{q w{y pxmt u |{q w{ o{ ouq z{r ��{ ({zu,|}moqm, zr o� ~�� |m �� tm w{z ��} n� �r }{ xu), rp{ xm |� ~ zm yr �r zz� yu nr q}{y u x{ |m� w{v �mw sr tm or} -�m �� ~l ~|u }m xl yu, m uyr � �uv �m w{r sr tm or} �r zur �o{~� �mw sr |{q �l z�� w |m ~ �u (w{ �{ }ml, o|}{ �ry,tm w}� �m). V{ p }r nr zur w�} pm zm Km}� ro wm 2 qm �u }� r� ~l |{ {n zm }� srz z{v o zry p{ x{o wr x�om ut ~x{ z{ -o{v w{ ~ �u o{~ �{� z{ p}r �r ~w{v }m n{ �� o |}r qr xm� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� VII o. q{ z. �.91

Xxr q� r� zm tom�� mw sr p}�| |� |}{ u~ �{ ql �u� ut wmo wmt ~w{ p{ }r pu { zm n}{z t{ o�� u w{ ~ �l z�� zm w{ -zr� zu w{o z{ srz, w{ �{ }�r {n zm }� su om �� r~ z{r }{q ~� o{ yr s q� ~{ n{v u n{ xrr {� qm xrz z{r — ~ zm �{q -w{v ut Xm}q. c�{v |{ ~ xrq zrv {~{ nrz z{ nxu t{w zm w{ zr� zuw ut w�} pm zm 21 Tm} �mz ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm(��. 33, 4)92, uyr � �uv mzm x{ pu� z�� }m w �{o w� ��m u xm| tor }l (u� {w{z �m zul, m �mw sr x{ |m� wm u nrq -}{) u |{ q{n z{r sr }m~ |{ x{ sr zur �o{ ~�m {� z{ ~u �rx� z{ (|}mo qm, tm w}� �{v) |m ~ �u. Q{y | xrw~ w�} pm zm 21Tm} �mz ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, ou qu y{, |}u yr} z{ {q z{ o}r yr zrz uxu zr ~w{x� w{ ~�m} �r Qr xr} yr~ ~wu� w�} -pm z{o Ir ~r x{o ~w{ p{ u y{ sr� n�� qm �u }{ omz {w{ x{ ~r }r qu z� – �}r�� rv �r� or} �u VII o. q{ z. �.93 Ot q}� -pu� wmo wmt ~wu� zm �{ q{w, o�{ ql �u� o �� sr p}�| |� (n}{z t{ o�r u w{~�lz�r n� �r }{ xu ut |{ p}r nr zuv 164,216 u 258 Yxuv ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, ut ~. W�w o ds z{v U~r �uu94, ut {w }r ~� z{ ~�rv Smv w{ |m95, ut[m~wm�96, ��. 33, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8), {~{ nrz z{ nxut wm ~m}q ~w{v |xm ~�uz wr n� �r }{x� ut |{ p}r nr zul 216 Yxuv -~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm (~�{ su |}r s qr o~r p{ �}m w �{o wm xm|, {~{ nrz z{ |r }rq zrv, u �o{ ~�m, m �mw sr }m~ |{ x{ -sr zur �o{ ~�m {� z{ ~u �rx� z{ |m ~ �u su o{� z{ p{), �{ �l u {~ �mx� z�r |r }r �u~ xrz z�r |}rq yr �� |{ ��uy|}u tzm wmy ~nxu sm �� ~l ~ zm �{q w{v ut Xm}q. K{ ~ �m �{� z{ nxut wm zm �{q wr ut Xm}q �mw sr n}{z t{ oml n��r -}{x� ut w�} pmz z{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul � ��. X�r| z{v nxut J� qr} yr ~m (��. 33, 9)97, {~{ nrz z{ |{ �}m w �{o wrxm| u �o{~�m. Tm �{q wu ut Qr xr} yr~ ~wu� w�} pm z{o �mw sr qm �� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ nxut wur mzm x{ puu |xm ~�uz wrut Xm}q. Nqr~� y{s z{ zm tom�� ut{ n}m sr zul ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l �u� zu wm zm n}{z t{ o{y tr} wm xr ut o�{ }{ p{w�} pm zm Ir ~r x{o ~w{ p{98 (�}m w �{o wm ��m u |m ~ �u, xm|, o �{y �u~ xr x{ |m� wu, u �o{ ~�m) (��. 33, 18), zmxm|m� u �o{ ~�r tzm yr zu �{v |mz �r }� ut |r} o{ p{ w�} pm zm _�x� �m (��. 33, 13)99 (~�{q ~� o{ o �}m w �{o wrpxm tm u |m ~ �u, {w{z �m zuv xm|, |{ x{ sr zul �o{ ~�m {� z{ ~u �rx� z{ |m ~ �u), zm w{ ~ �l z�� t qr� z�� |}{ zutl�ut w�} pm zm 24, �. r. �}r ��r p{ w�} pm zm _�x� �m (�}m w �{o wm ��m u pxm tm, xm|) (��. 34, 2–3)100. Q wr xr} yr~ -

91 Ox� uz ~wml 1973, 14–15, }u~. 5, 6; Ox� uz ~wml 1975, 53–54,

�mn. XXXIV, 3; Kossack 1983, 154, Abb. 34, 5; Kossack 1987, 76,

Abb. 31, 1a.92 Hm� �m ro 1985, �mn. 51, 20.93 X}. Vr � }rz w{ 1990, 65–73; Sm �{} �� 1991, 76; Gxr w ~r ro

1992, 48–50; Srq orq ~wml 1992, 93–95.94 Yr �{o 1980, 233, 235, 236, }u~. 15, 6; 17, 5; 19, 2–3; 21; 23;

Kossack 1983, 143, Abb. 28, 1; 34, 7–8.95 Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 53, }u~. 15–18, {~{ nrz z{

nxu t{w № 15 |{ �}m w �{o wr |r }rq zrv xm |�, pxm tm u ��m.96 Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 45, }u~. 3.97 Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 47, }u~. 3.98 Kossack 1987, Abb. 19, 1; Jm xm zu zm / Galanina 1997, 138–

143, 239, Taf. 31, 223.99 Jm xm zu zm / Galanina 1997, 116–121, 224–225, Taf. 3, 13.100 Jm xm zu zm, Gxr w ~r ro 1990, }u~. 6, 3–6; Schiltz 1994, 74,

Abb. 53, ~ {�u n{� z�y �wm tm zu ry zm yr ~ �{ zm �{q wu («Keler -

mes, Kurgan Nr. 1»); tqr~� sr (Abb. 53) |}u or qr zm �{ �{ p}m �ul

w{ ~ �l z{ p{ w{x� �m ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l tor }l ut

w�} pm zm Yr yu}-p{ }m o Q}� y� ~ {�u n{� z�y �wm tm zu ry zm rp{

|}{ u~ �{ s qr zur ut Qr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm 2. X}. |{ q{n z�r

|}{ zu tu ut o�{ }{ p{ w�} pm zm Ir ~r x{o ~w{ p{ (��. 10, 26, 31;

34, 1): Jm xm zu zm 1983, �mn. 9, 10,12 = Galanina 1985, Abb. 9,

10,12; Jm xm zu zm / Gala nina 1997, 240–241, 247, Taf. 16; 22, 258,

259,374–377.

78

1

2 3

54

68

7

911

13

10

12

79

Wu~. 33 Ot{n}msrzul ~or}z�o�rp{~l tor}l o w{�rozu�r~w{y tor}uz{y ~�uxr. 1. H��r}{x� ut ~. W�w, dszml U~r�ul; 2. H��r }{x� ut |{p}r nrzul 164 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux�zuwm; 3. Hxl�m ut w�}pmzm 482 � ~. Hm~{owm;4. H��r}{x� ut w�}pmzm 21 zrw}{|{xl Tm}�mz; 5. H��r}{x� ut |{p}rnrzul 216 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux�zuwm; 6. H��r}{x� ut w�}pmzm 2 � Km}�rowu; 7. H��r}{x� ut |{p }r nrzul 258 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux�zuwm; 8. H��r}{x� ut [m~wm�, U~r�ul; 9. H��r}{x� ut w�}pmzm � ��. X�r|z{v nxut J�qr}yr~m; 10. Hxl�m ut w�}pmzm 499 � ~. Hm~{owm; 11. Hxl�wm ut w�}pmzm 33 y{pux�zuwm Zvpm}mw; 12. Hxl�wmut w�}pmzm 27 y{pux�zuwm Zvpm }mw; 13. Kr�mx� nxl�u o ouqr |mz�r}� ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w�}pmzm 1 _�x��m; 14. Hxl�m ut w�}pmzmG}smz, Y�om; 15. W��wm tr}wmxm ut }mv{zm Q}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{ �}mzuxu�m; 16. Hxl�m ut Nuour, u}mz~wuv Q�}qu~�mz; 17. Hxl�m utXunu}~w{v w{x xrw�uu Vr�}m I; 18. W��wm tr}wmxm ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w�}pmzm 2 Ir~r x{o~w{ p{; 19. H��r}{x� ut w{xxrw�uu Hm}n�r-

S�xxr} o Mrzror, yr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~� z{. 1–3, 8–12, 14, 15, 18. H}{ztm; 4–7, 19. Q{~��; 13, 16, 17. N{x{�{

V{ Yr�{o 1980, }u~. 21, 1,2,4,5 (1, 2, 5, 7); Ox�uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 47; 45, 3; 331, 3,23 (3, 8–10); Hm��mro 1985, �mn. 51, 20 (4); Kossack 1987, Abb. 34, 5; 22, 1,2,4,9; 19, 1 (6, 13, 14, 16–18); Iu�zro~wml 1973, �mn. IX, 8,16 (11, 12);

V�lzw{o, Ym}mnmz{o 1997, }u~. 4 (15); Barbier 1996, fig. 7 (19)

14

16

15

17 19

18

~wuy or~� ym nxutw{ �mw sr ut{ n}m sr zur ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l tor }l zm n}{z t{ o{y tr} wm xr, |}{ u~ �{ ql �ry ut}mv {zm Q}m~ z{ qm} ~w{ p{ o{ q{ �}m zu xu �m (��. 33, 15)101.

Tm |xm ~�u zr ut Xm}q {� ~�� ~� o� r� ut{ n}m sr zur z{ ~m ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l �u� zu wm, ��{ q{ ~ �m �{� z{ }rqw{o~�}r �m r� ~l zm ~wu� ~wu� or �m�. Uq zm w{ mzm x{ puu u �m w{ y� ~|{ ~{ n� ut{ n}m sr zul p{ x{ o� su o{� z{ p{uyr �� ~l — w}{ yr �sr �|{ yl z� �� n� �r }{ xrv ut |{ p}r nr zuv Yxuv ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, ut ~. W�w u [m~ -wm� y{s z{ r�r zm tom�� |}{ zu tu u nxl �u ut w�} pm z{o Hm ~{o wm 482 u 499 (��. 33, 3, 10)102.

Gzm x{ puu |xm ~�uz wr ut Xm}q, |}{ u~ �{ ql �ur ut n{ xrr o{~ �{� z�� {n xm ~ �rv (Zv pm }mw, G} smz,Xunu}�) (��. 33, 11, 14, 17)103 tzm �u �rx� z{ qmx� �r, �ry |}u �r} z{ y{} ~w{-wmo wmt ~wur |}rq yr ��, �{ �l}{q~� o{ wmw {n �rv w{y |{ tu �uu, �mw u {� qrx� z�� qr �m xrv (�}m w �{o wm xm| u �o{ ~�m, |m ~ �u) {�r ouq z{.I|}{ �ry, {q z{ ut ut{ n}m sr zuv ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l tor }l, |}{ u~ �{ ql �rr ut Zv pm }m wm (uqrz �u� z�r n}{zt{ -o�r nxl� wu ut w�} pm z{o 27 u 28) (��. 33, 12), zr ~w{x� w{ nxu sr wmo wmt ~wuy zm �{q wmy u |xm ~�uz wr utXm}q104. Q}{ yr |r }r �u~ xrz z��, ~xr q� r� �|{ yl z�� r�r ~�{q z�� ~ |xm ~�uz w{v ut Xm}q w{ ~ �l z�� n��r -}{x� zr ut or~� z{ p{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul, w{ �{ }ml �}m zu� ~l o ~{ n }m zuu Hm} n�r-S�x xr} o Mr zr or (��. 33,19)105. Ot{ n }m srz z�v zm zrv tor}� {�rz� zm |{ yu zm r� ~m}q ~w{ p{ wmw |{ {n �rv w{y |{ tu �uu, �mw u�}mw �{o wr xm| u �o{~ �m. Uq zm w{ |{ ~w{x� w� zu yr ~ �{, zu {n ~�{ l �rx� ~� om zm �{q wu n��r}{xu zr ut or~� z�(y{s z{ |{ q{ t }r om��, ��{ }r�� uqr� { �r} }u �{ }uu Y�} �uu uxu O}m zm), ��{� |}rq yr� |}m w �u �r ~wu zu�rp{zr y{ sr� qm�� qxl zm �u� �r xrv. Xxr q� r� tm yr �u�� r�r, ��{ tzm yr zu �ml nxl �m ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry ~or} z�o -�r p{ ~l tor }l, w{�{}{v |}u|u~�omr�~l |}{u~�{sqrzur ut Nuour (��. 33, 16)106, tzm �u �rx� z{ qmx� �r {�n� �r }{ xu ut Xm}q, �ry |r }r �u~ xrz z�r ~wu� ~wur u �rz � }mx� z{ m tu m� ~wur or �u. Nor}� zm zrv ut{ n}m srzp{ }mt q{ n{ xrr }r m xu ~�u� z{ u, |{ sm x�v, rquz ~� orz zml qr �mx�, w{ �{ }ml {n� r qu zl r� rp{ ~ zm tomz z� yu|}rq yr �m yu — ��{ ~r}q �r ouq zml �{} ym ��m. V{q o{ ql u�{p, y{s z{ {� yr �u��, ��{, �{ �l u zr �qm r� ~lzmv�u |{x z{v mzm x{ puu |xm ~�uz wr ut Xm}q, o w{ �{ }{v {n� r qu zl xu~� n� o~r rr �m }m w �r }u ~�u wu, {n �mlw{y |{ tu �ul u o~r qr �m xu ut{ n}m sr zul ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l �u� zu wm zm zrv zm �{ ql� yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�r |m}mx-xr xu o }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�, {~{ nrz z{ |m yl� zu wm� wmo wmt ~w{ p{ }r pu { zm. G� }u n� �ul |xm ~�uzwuu~ w�~ ~� o� }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl zr o� t� om r�, �m wuy {n }m t{y, ~{ y zr zuv.

S{ �uo ~or} z�o �r p{ ~l tor }l, o {� xu �ur {� }l qm q}� pu� |}u zr ~rz z�� w{ �ro zu wm yu z{ om �uv, {~ �mx -~l ��sq zr �{x� w{ ym x{ mtuv ~w{ y�, z{ u |r} ~uq ~w{ y� u~ w�~ ~� o� u, ou qu y{, tm |}r qr xm yu ~wu �{-~mw{-~unu} ~w{ p{ w�x� ��} z{ p{ w}� pm zr n�x }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz107. V{ � �{ y� w{ ~ �l zml |xm ~�uz wm ut Xm}q o}lq xu y{ sr� |}u zmq xr sm�� w{ y�-zu n�q�, w}{ yr w{ �ro zu w{o ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�. Z�u �� oml, ��{ qmz zmlzm�{q wm �{ }{ �{ ~�}m �u �u �u }{ om zm u qm �u }{ om zm ({zm |}{ u~ �{ qu� ut ~x{l, zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z{ |r }r -w}�om � �r p{ ~x{v wuy yr }uv ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym u qm �u }� r� ~l |{ {w }� sm � �r y� ym �r }u m x� {w{ x{ ~r }r qu z�VII o. q{ z. �.), rr u~ �{x w{ om zur wmw ym �r }u mx� z{ p{ ~ou qr �rx� ~� om |}r n� om zul wuy yr }uv �ro o Xm} qm�~�m z{ ou� ~l n{ xrr �ry or }{ l� z�y. S� |{ x� �m ry, �m wuy {n }m t{y, r�r {q z{ ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ ym �r }u mx�z{vw�x� �� }� u~ �{ }u �r ~wu� wuy yr }uv �ro — o u� u~ w�~ ~� or, |{-ou qu y{ y�, u~ |{x� t{ omx ~l y{ �uo ~or} -z�o�r p{ ~l o w{x� �{ tor }l ~ {~ z{o z� yu �m }m w �r} z� yu u qxl }mz zr p{ ~wu� ~w{ p{ u~ w�~ ~� om ~�u xu ~�u -�r ~wuyu �xr yrz �m yu (w}�p x�r pxm tm, {n or qrz z�r {n{q w{y, |{q w{ o{ ouq z�r ��u, ~�u xu tm �ul xm| o ouqr~|u }m xrv uxu w}�s w{o u q}.).

101 V�lz w{o, Ym }m nm z{o 1997, 67–69, }u~. 4, 1.102 Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 331, }u~. 3, 20–23, zm ��u�

sr |}rq yr �m� mzm x{ pu� z{ ~m}q ~w{v |xm ~�uz wr ut{ n}m sr zm

�r}~�� su o{� z{ p{.103 Kossack 1987, Abb. 2, 3,5,6,8,9.104 Iu� zro ~wml 1973, 114–115, �mnx. IX, 8; X, 12.105 Schiltz 1994, Abb. 48; Barbier 1996, 12, 36–37, Nr. 6, fig. 7.106 Ghirshman 1964, fig. 158; Kossack 1987, Abb. 2, 4.107 Uz o~�}r �m r� ~l �mw sr zm m�r yr zuq ~wu� n� �r }{ xl� V o. q{

z. �., {q zm w{ �sr o ~ux� z{ qr p}m qu }{ omo �ry u ou q{ ut yr zrz -

z{y ou qr (�mw, �m ~ �{ zm n� �r }{ xl� ut{ n}m sm r� ~l zr �u� zuw, m

w{ |�� z{r, |}u �ry |{q w{ o{ ouq z{r ��{ �u� zu wm |}r o}m �m r� ~l

o }{ pm). V{ q{n z�r y{ �u o� zm m�r yr zuq ~wu� mwu zm wm� lo z{

lo xl �� ~l |}{ ut o{q z� yu {� w{ �ro zu �r ~wu� {n }mt �{o: Bernard

1976, 227–246, {~{n. 243 –246; X{ }{ wuz 1978, 75–78; Vr }r -

o{q �u w{ om 1983, 96–102; Vr }r o{q �u w{ om 1994, 173–179. X}.

Stucky 1976, 13–23, pqr |}rq |{ xm pm r� ~l zr tm ou ~u y{r }mt ou �ur

y{ �u om o m�r yr zuq ~w{y u~ w�~ ~� or u qm sr yuq{-|r} ~uq ~w{r

oxu lzur zm ~wu� ~wuv y{ �uo. Q}u �u w� ~y. Bernard 1976, 227–

246.

80

81

1.3.5 VXLI KU QU LI TO L XQOL VWLK SL Ya ON XGWK O KWZ JO\

SG RU GNOP XQO\ VG SeY TO QUI

V}u }m~ w{| wm� Xm}q n� xu zmv qr z� u q}� pur |}rq yr ��, o� |{x zrz z�r o tor }u z{y ~�u xr u ~ol t� -om r y�r mo �{ }m yu ��u� }m~ w{ |{w ~ ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }{v w{ �ro zu w{o, ~wu �{o uxu wuy yr }uv �ro.V}r s qr o~r p{, tqr~� n� x{ {n zm }� sr z{ qor n}{z t{ o�� |}{ zu tu, {q zm o �{} yr p{ x{ o� {} xm uxu l~ � }rnm,q}� pml — o ou qr ~�u xu t{ om zz{ p{ wx� om (��. 34, 4, 5)108. Tm |r} o{v ut zu� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ }r m xu ~�u� z{ut{n}m sr zm p{ x{ om �u� z{v |�u �� ~ w}�p x�y }rx� r� z�y pxm t{y. Nmp z� ��v wx�o uyr r� |}{ |{} �u { -zmx� z�r }mt yr }�, rp{ oz� � }rz zuv w{z ��} |{ wm tmz �r� w{ u }r m xu ~�u� z{. Tr ~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ o ��{vp{x{o wr zm |r} o�v otpxlq y{s z{ �ou qr�� oxu l zur ~wu� ~w{ p{ tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl, {zm zr zm �{ qu� ~r nrnxut wu� mzm x{ puv o |}u �r} z{ y{} ~wu� ym �r }u m xm�. Zwm t� om r y�r \. \m �|� ymz z{y109 mzm x{ puu qxl qmz -z{v |}{ zu tu |}u zmq xr sm� q}� p{ y�, q{ ~ �m �{� z{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z{ y� o }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� �u|�wx� o{ ouq z�� |}{ zu trv u zr y{ p�� n�� zm |}l y�� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr z� ~ zm �{q w{v ut Xm}q. Nm �{, qrv ~� ou -�rx� z{, zm �{q wr ut Xm}q or~� ym nxut wu �wm tmz z�r Ks. Imx�q nm �y u \. \m �|� ymz z{y |}{ zu tu, �}m zl -�u r ~l o S� trr utl� z�� u~ w�~~�o o H{ ~ �{ zr u o {q z{y zr yr� w{y �m ~� z{y ~{ n }m zuu (��. 34, 6, 7)110.Q ~{ sm xr zu�, zu �{� z{r yr ~ �{, zu {n ~�{ l �rx� ~� om zm �{q wu ��u� |}{ zu trv zr ut or~� z�; oms z{, {q zmw{,��{ {zu �mw sr |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut Sm x{v Gtuu. Q}{ yr �{ p{, r�r qor |{ q{n z�r |}{ zu tu �}m zl� ~l o S� trrSr �}{ |{ xu �rz o T��-P{} wr (��. 34, 8, 9)111. Uq zm ut |}{ zu trv (ut w{x xrw �uu c. \r}� �rx� qm) |}{ u~ -�{ qu� �mw sr ut Sm x{v Gtuu. K}� pml, |{ ~x{ omy rr |}rs zr p{ oxm qrx� �m H. Hr} }u — ut Xu nu }u, {q zm w{��m uz �{} ym �ul zr q{ ~ �{ or} zm u o Xu nu }u |{ q{n z�r |}rq yr �� zr ut or~� z�. I~r ��u |}{ zu tu {n� r -quzr z� {n �rv }r m xu ~�u� z{v �}m w �{o w{v p{ x{ o� |�u ��, {qu zm w{ o� yu rr |}{ |{} �u l yu u ~�{q z{v |}{ -}m n{� w{v qr �m xrv. Xxr q� r� tm yr �u��, ��{ zm qo�� ut zu� pxmt zr w}�p x�v u o� |� w x�v, wmw zm q}� pu�,m uyr r� yuz qm xr ouq z�� {} y�112. I~r ��{ zr zm �{ qu� nxut wu� |m }mx xr xrv o }my wm� }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl. Kxl }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ �t qr� z{ p{ zm n{ }m o o� ~ �rv ~�r |r zu �m }m w �r} z{ u~ |{x� t{ om zurw{ ~ �l z�� u n}{z t{ o�� |}{ zu trv o ou qr p{ x{ o� p}u �{ nm }m zm, o �{v uxu uz{v ~�r |r zu ~�u xu t{ om z��,{q zm w{ ut{ n}m sr zur p{ x{ o� �u� z{v |�u �� zm |}{ zu tl� zr ~�{x� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z{. I|}{ �ry, ��{�y{�uo q{ o{x� z{ �m ~ �{ o~�}r �m r� ~l zm |}rq yr �m� ~wu� ~w{ p{ tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl, {q zm w{ {z �}m w �� r� ~l ~{ -or} �rz z{ uzm �r. Kxl ~wu� ~w{ p{ u~ w�~ ~� om �m }m w �r} z{ p{ }mt q{ n{ xrr �~ x{o z{r ut{ n}m sr zur. Q}�p x�v,{n�� z{ {n or qrz z�v {n{q w{y pxmt |�u �� ~ux� z{ �or xu �rz u �m ~ �{ tm yr �m r� �� xu zr o~� p{ x{ o�.Qx�o r�r n{x� �r pu |r} �}{ �u }{ omz, |}u �ry tm pz�� {z p{ }mt q{ n{x� �r, �ry zm ym x{ mtuv ~wu� |}{ zu -tl�, u �m ~ �{ o{ o~r tm w}� �rz o ~|u }mx�. I wm �r ~� or |}u yr }m y{s z{ �|{ yl z�� n}{z t{ o�r |}{ zu tu utw�} pm zm №�9 � ��. V{ |{o wm (��. 35, 2)113, zmv qrz z�r �my ~{ o yr ~� z{ ~ sr xrt z� yu �qu xm yu, |}rq yr��t q� ut w�} pm zm Km}� ro wm 2 nxut _|{ x� (��. 35, 3)114, zm w{ zr� zu wu z{ srz yr �m ut |{ p}r nr zul 246Yxuv ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm (��. 35, 6)115, Tm} �m zm 6 (��. 35, 4)116, Wr |l �{ om �{v y{ pu x� 2 (��. 35, 7)117,|{ p}r nr zul 8 w�} pm zm T{ o{ m xr w ~mz q }{o wm 7 (��. 35, 1)118 u q}. V{ sm x�v, rquz ~� orz z�y |}rq yr �{y ut~wu� ~w{ p{ m}r m xm, ~{ |{ ~ �m ou y�y ~ ym x{ mtuv ~wu yu |}{ zu tl yu, lo xl �� ~l qor nxl �u ut w�} pm zm 2 �~. I{x w{o �� (}m~ w{| wu Sm tm }m wu 1897 p.) (��. 35, 5)119. c�{ }r m xu ~�u �r ~wu �}m w �{ om z�r u qr �m xu tu }{ -om z�r n}{z t{ o�r p{ x{o wu |�u�. Q{y | xrw~ |{ p}r nr zul, ou qu y{, {� z{ ~u� ~l w V o. q{ z. �. Uq zm w{ ��unxl� wu ~�{ l� {~{n zl w{y ~}r qu |}{ ut or qr zuv ~wu� ~w{ p{ tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl. I qmz z{y ~x� �mr zr u~ wx� -�r z{, ��u �� oml q{ ~ �m �{� z{ |{tq z�� qm �� |{ p}r nr zul, p}r �r ~w{r w�x� ��} z{r oxu l zur.

108 Waldbaum 1983, 40–41, pl. 6.109 Hauptmann 1983, 266, Anm. 90.110 Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9–10; Waldbaum 1983, pl. 6.111 Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 504, 505. X}. Herzfeld 1941, 271,

fig. 374.112 Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9; Muscarella 1988, 383.113 Ox� uz ~wml 1968, 59, �mn. LII, 1.

114 Ox� uz ~wml 1975, �mn. XXXIV, 4; Kossack 1987, Abb. 33, 10.115 Yr �{o 1980, 235, }u~. 18, 2–3; 21, 6.116 Hm� �m ro 1985, �mn. 21, 23.117 Ox� uz ~wml, S{ t{ xro ~wuv, Yr }r z{s wuz 1980, 42–43,

}u~. 11, 7; 12, 2.118 Q{ }r zl w{, R�w� l� w{ 1982, 156, }u~. 6, 3.119 Ox� uz ~wml, Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 321–322, 324.

82

Wu~. 34 1–3. Q{~�lz�r |}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}z�o�rp{~l �u� zuwm ut Qrxr}yr~~wu� w�}pmz{o. 4–9. H}{z t{o�r |}{zutu. 1. Q�}pmz 2, }m~w{|wu T. O. Ir ~rx{o~w{p{; 2, 3. Q�}pmz 24, }m~w{|wu R. Q. Jmxmzuz{v; 4, 5. Xm}q�; 6–9. Sr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{;

6. ^m~�z{r ~{n}mzur, Jr}ymzul; 7. S�trv utl�z�� u~w�~~�o o H{~�{zr; 8, 9. S�trv Sr�}{|{xu�rz, T��-P{}w

V{ Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, �mn. 16, 259,374,375 (1–3); Calmeyer 1985, Abb. 7 (4, 5); Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9,10 (6, 7);Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 504, 505 (8, 9)

1 2 3

4 5

6

7 8

9

83

Wu~. 35 1–7. Ot{n}msrzul p{x{o� �u�z{v |�u�� o w{�rozu �r~w{y tor}uz{y ~�uxr. 8–15. «Qx�o{ ouq z�r» u «w{p�rouqz�r» |}{ -zutu. 1. Tmw{zr�zuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 8 w�}pmzm 7 � ~. T{o{mxrw~mzq}{owm; 2. V}{zut� ut w�}pmzm 9 � ��. V{ |{owm; 3. Kr �mx��tq� ut w�}pmzm 2 � ~. Km}�rowm; 4. Tmw{ zr�zuw z{srz ut w�}pmzm 6 y{pux�zuwm Tm}�mz; 5. Hxl�wm ut w�}pm zm 2 � ~. I{xw{o��(}m~w{|wu 1897); 6. Tmw{zr�zuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 246 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux�zuwm; 7. Tmw{zr�zuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 2 w�}pmzmWr|l�{om�ml y{puxm; 8. Q�}pmz 466 � ~. Gw~��uz��; 9. Q�}pmz 478 � ~. I{xw{o��; 10. Q�}pmz 38 � ~. J�xlv p{}{q; 11. V{p}rnrzur 1w�}pmzm Nm�m}rvw{om y{puxm; 12. V{p}rnrzur 2 w�}pmzm Wr|l�{ om�ml y{puxm; 13. Qmyrzz{y{~�~wuv y{pux�zuw; 14, 15. Vr}~r|{x�.

1, 3, 4, 6. Q{~��; 2, 5, 7–11, 13. H}{ztm; 12. Q{p{�� yrqorql; 14, 15. Qmy rz�

V{ Kossack 1987, Abb. 32,1 (1); Ox�uz~wml 1968, �mn. XIII, 2; XXXIX, 24; LII, 1 (8, 9, 2); Ox�uz~wml 1975, �mn. XXXIV, 4 (3);Hm��mro 1985, �mn. 21, 23 (4); Ox�uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 21, }u~. 4; 243; 324 (13, 10, 5); Yr�{o 1980, }u~. 21, 6 (6); Ox�uz~wml,

S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, }u~. 11, 7; 19; 36, 1 (7, 12, 11); Schmidt 1957, pl. 79, 4–5 (14, 15)

1

2

3

4

6

7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

5

84

120 Jacobsthal 1951, fig. XXXIV, a – d.121 Hanfmann, Waldbaum 1970, 17–19; Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss

u. a. 1983, 36.122 Mitten 1968, 112.123 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 36.124 Waldbaum 1983, 40–41, pl. 6.125 Or~ ~rz 1941, }u~. 4, 4.126 Ox� uz ~wml 1968, �mn. XIII, 2; XIX, 8.127 Ox� uz ~wml 1968, �mn. XXXIX, 24.128 Ox� uz ~wml 1975, �mn. II, 32.

129 Ox� uz ~wml 1975, �mn. XIII, 16.130 Ox�uz~wml, S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, 59, }u~. 36, 1.131 Schmidt 1957, 100, pl. 79, 3–5; Muscarella 1988, 219–220,

~ xu �r }m �� }{v. Xy. �mw sr Omura 1991, 323, Res. 7, 2 (�}upuv -

~wml w}r |{~�� Qm ymz-Qm xr \� �w o 100 wy {� Gz wm }�).132 Xy. Calmeyer 1985, 125–144, Taf. 38–50. X}. Bernard 1965,

271–273; Özgüç 1982, 123, pl. 64, 1a – b; I (}m~ |u~ zml �m�m |{ -

~ xrq zrv �r� or} �u VI o. q{ z. �.); Muscarella 1988, 219–220;

Kos sack 1989, 118–119.

O�mw, zr ~y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ o uw{ z{ p}m �uu mzm �{ xuv ~wu� |}{ zu trv {�� m r� ~l zr w{ �{ }{r }{q ~� o{~ |}{ ut or qr zu l yu tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl, {� ~�� ~� our |}l y�� mzm x{ puv uy o ~{n ~� orz z{ ~wu� ~wu� |}u �r} -z{ y{} ~wu� uxu wmo wmt ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� u w{z �rz � }m �ul |{ q{n z�� or �rv o Sm x{v Gtuu |{ t o{ xl r�|}rq |{ xm pm��, ��{ o qmz z{y ~x� �mr }r�� uqr� { zr w{v yr ~� z{v p}�| |r ut qr xuv, o{ o~r zr {nl tm �rx� z{~ol tmz z{v pr zr �u �r ~wu ~{ ~wu� ~wuy (uxu wuy yr }uv ~wuy) u~ w�~ ~� o{y. Ot{ n }m sr zul �u� z{v |�u ��,{} xu z{ p{ x{ o�� p}u �{ z{o u �. q. n� xu or~� ym }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� o u~ w�~ ~� or }mt z�� zm }{ q{o Vr }rq zrvGtuu u cpr u q�. I ~ol tu ~ ��uy y{s z{ �|{ yl z�� mw sr yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�r ut{ n}m sr zul �u� z{v |�u ��ut ~x{ z{ o{v w{ ~ �u (w{ zr� VII – zm �m x{ VI oo. q{ z. �.), {n zm }� srz z�r |}u }m~ w{| wm� ��r~ ~w{ p{ G} �r -yu ~ul120. X wm wuy zm }{ q{y ~xr q� r� ~ol t� om�� qmz z�� p}�| |� |}{ zu trv, {~ �m r� ~l zr l~ z�y — }r�� tqr~�y{ sr� uq �u zr �{x� w{ { wuy yr }uv �m� uxu ~wu �m� (wm wml-�{ �m~�� u�, ou qu y{, zm �{ qu xm~� o Ru quu |}uGxu m� �r), z{ u { |r} ~m�, u { wm w{y-zu n�q� ~{n ~� orz z{ ym x{ mtuv ~w{y zm }{ qr, zm |}u yr}, ~m yu� xu quv -�m�, u~ |{x� t{ omo �ry ut{ n}m sr zul p{ x{ o{w �u� z�� |�u� o �| }l su w{ zrv.

I zr ym x{v ~�r |r zu �m w{r {� ~�� ~� our {| }r qr xrz z{ ~�u ~ol tm z{ ~ zr o{t y{s z{ ~�� n{ xrr uxu yr zrr�or }rz z{ qm �u }{ om�� or �u, { w{ �{ }�� uqr� }r��. Lquz ~� orz z�y {~ z{ om zu ry qm �u }{o wu y{p n� n��m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wuv w{z �rw~� zm �{q wu |}{ zu tu o Xm} qm�. Uzm n� xm {n zm }� sr zm o |{ yr �r zuu, zm �{ ql -�ry ~l }l q{y ~ mx �m }ry Qu nr x� u |}rq |{ x{ su �rx� z{ u~ �{x w{ omz z{y wmw q{y s}r �m121. Sm �r }u mx, zmv -qrz z�v oyr ~�r ~ p{ x{o w{v |�u ��, qm �u }� r� ~l o�{ }{v �r� or} �� – ~r }r qu z{v VI o. q{ z. �.122, {q zmw{~mym {zm y{ sr� {� z{ ~u�� ~l u w n{ xrr }mz zr y� o}r yr zu. I{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr, |}{ zut� u~ |{x� t{ om xm~�o Xm} qm� lo z{ o�{ }u� z{ u zr |{ zm tzm �r zu� — {zm n� xm tm xu �m ~ouz �{y, m rr zm �{q wm o w�x� �{ o{yw{y | xr w ~r, ~ol tmz z{y ~ mx �m }ry Qu nr x�, ��u �� oml }{x� l~ � }r nm o |}rq ~�m o xr zu l� { zrv123, qr xm r�|}rq |{ x{ sr zur { w�x� �{ o{y u~ |{x� t{ om zuu qmz z{v p{ x{o wu or~� ym or }{ l� z�y. \}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wuv }mt -}�o yr s q� o}r yr zry mw �uo z{ ~�u wuy yr }uv �ro o Sm x{v Gtuu u m}�r{x{pu�r~w{v qm �u }{o w{v, |�~�� uzr �{� z{v, p{ x{o wu l~ � }r nm, �~u xu om r� |}rq |{ x{ sr zur { rr |}u zmq xrs z{ ~�u, wmw u q}� pu� |{ q{n z��ut qr xuv, zr w{v ym x{ mtuv ~w{v �w{ xr, zr ~ol tmz z{v ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu uxu ~wu �m yu.

I�{ }ml |}{ zut� «~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m» ut Xm}q �mw sr zmv qr zm ozr o~l w{v ~ol tu ~{ ~x{ ry wuy yr -}uv~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym, o zr qm �u }� r y{y ~yr �m zz{y ~x{r124. Uzm, zm |}{ �uo, |}u zmq xr su� �u }{ w{ }m~ |}{ -~�}m zrz z{ y� �u |� wx� o{ ouq z�� |}{ zu trv, o �{v uxu uz{v yr }r ~�u xu t{ om z��. Uzu ut or~� z� o {�rz�yz{ pu� }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�, zm �u zml ~ |{ p}r nr zul 1921 p. Qm yrz z{ y{ ~� ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm oQm nm} qu z{-Hmx wm }uu, ~{ �r �m � �r p{ �xr yrz �� |}rq ~wu� ~w{v u }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� ��}125, m �mw sr ow�} pm zm� Gw ~� �uz �� 466 u 3 (1886 p.)126, I{x w{o �� 478127, J� xlv p{ }{q 38128, Q{z ~�mz �u z{o wm 244129,Nm �m }rv w{ om y{ pu xm 1130 u q}. (��. 35, 8–13).

c�{� �u| |}{ zu trv n�x, {q zm w{, tm uy ~� o{ omz � w{ �ro zu w{o u q}� pu yu zm }{ qm yu — ~zm �m xm �}m}�m -yu (~}. o� �r { zm �{q wr |{ q{n z�� or �rv o ~{ ~�m or �t qr� z�� zm n{ }{o ut Qm} yu}-Hx� }m) (��. 12, 3–5,7, 11–14), m tm �ry |r} ~m yu. V{ q{n z�r |}{ zu tu zr �{x� w{ {n zm }� sr z� |}u }m~ w{| wm� Vr} ~r |{xl u ozr w{ �{ }�� q}� pu� yr ~ �m� (��. 35, 14, 15)131, z{ u l~ z{ }mt xu �u y� zm yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�� ut{ n}m sr zul�w{ zrv |r} ~{o zm |r} ~r |{x� ~wu� }rx� r �m� u q}� pu� ut{ n}m sr zu l� m�r yr zuq ~w{v �|{ �u (��. 36)132.Ymwuy {n }m t{y, u ~{ {� zr ~r zur qmz z{v |}{ zu tu ~ wm wuy-xu n{ w{z w}r� z�y zm }{ q{y tm �}�q zr z{ u {zm

85

Wu~. 36 Ot{n}msrzul w{zrv m�ryrzuq~w{v �|{�u. 1, 2. Vr}~r|{x�, }rx�r�� m|mqmz�; 3. Wm~|u~zml �m�m ut Sm�m� \��wm

V{ Calmeyer 1985, Taf. 39, 41 (1, 2); Özgüç 1982, pl. 64, 1a (3)

2 3

1

86

�mw sr zr y{ sr� ~�u �m�� ~l zr ~{ y zrz z�y ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }� wuy yr }uv �ro uxu~wu �{o133.

Q}{ yr qo�� zm tom z�� n}{z t{ o�� |}{ zu trv o Xm} qm� n� x{ {n zm }� sr z{ r�r qor n}{z t{ o�� nxl�wu,~�ux� w{ �{ }�� mw sr zm |{ yu zm r� ~wu� ~wuv tor }u z�v ~�ux�. V}u }m~ w{| wm� mw }{ |{ xl ~}r qu zm �{ q{w|{tq zr ou tmz �uv ~w{v �|{ �u n� xm {n zm }� sr zm nxl �m ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry wm nm zm134, m zr ~w{x� w{ |{t sro �xxu zu ~�u �r ~w{y ~x{r — nxut wml w |r} o{v |{ ~�u x� nxl �m ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry p{}z{p{ w{t xm (��. 37,1, 2)135. V}u yr �m �rx� z{, ��{ |{ ~ xrq zll zr tm w{z �r zm u |{-ou qu y{ y� |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~{ n{v |}{ ut o{q -~�orz z�v n}mw, ��{ ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� { rr ut p{ �{ o xr zuu zm yr ~ �r, o Xm} qm�. Kmz zml zm �{q wm ~qr xm zmzr|{ qm xr w� {� �{ p{ yr ~ �m, pqr zr ~w{x� w{ }mz� �r n� xm {n zm }� sr zm q}� pml zr tm or} �rz zml n}m w{ om zmln}{z t{ oml |xm ~�u zm ~ {} zm yrz �{y o ou qr }{ tr �{w136. c�{ y{ sr� ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om�� { x{ wm xu tm �uu oqmz z{y }mv {zr yr �mx x�} pu �r ~w{v ym ~ �r} ~w{v.

Qm nmz zm n}{z t{ o{v |xm ~�uz wr }mt yr }{y 9,50 × 4,50 ~y ut{ n}m srz ~ |{q sm �� yu z{ pm yu, }m~ -|{x{srz z� yu |m }mx xrx� z{ |{q �r x{y. Iq{x� o~rv ~|u z� uqr� p}r nrz� �r} ~�u, y{} qm u �r x{ y{ qr -xu}{om z� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ qr �mx� z{ u }r m xu ~�u� z{. Vxm ~�uz wm ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm yrz� �r |{ }mt yr }�(5,30 × 4,20 ~y). Q{ trx ut{ n}m srz ~ |{ q{p z� �� yu |{q �� x{ ou �r z{ pm yu, |}u �ry w{ |� �{ ~ux� z{ ~{ pz� -�{v |r }rq zrv z{ pu }m~ |{ xm pm r� ~l zmq w{ |� �{y tmq zrv. J{ x{ om w{t xm |{ or} z� �m zm tmq, n{ }{ qm |m qmr� zm~|u z�. Kxu z�v, }mt qr xrz z�v zm ~rp yrz ��, }{p }rt w{ tm pu nm r� ~l zm tmq u |}u y� wm r� ~o{ uy w{z �{y wqxu z{v �rr su o{� z{ p{, {pu nml n{x��{r ��{. I �r x{y |{ ~o{ rv ym zr }r qor {|u ~mz z�r nxl� wu {n }m t� -�� {�r ouq z{r ~�u xu ~�u �r ~w{r rquz ~� o{. Unr {n ~� s qm r y�r nxl� wu ~ ut{ n}m sr zu l yu su o{� z�� uyr ��zm {n }m� z{v ~�{ }{ zr {q z{ �u| z�r |r� xu qxl w}r | xr zul. Uzu y{p xu u~ |{x� t{ om�� ~l o wm �r ~� or �xr yrz -�{o w{z ~w{v �t q�, {q zm w{ �m w{r u� |}u yr zr zur zu �ry zr q{ wm t� om r� ~l — zu {q zm ut |{ q{n z�� nxl�zr n� xm {n zm }� sr zm oyr ~�r ~ q}� pu yu �xr yrz �m yu w{z ~w{ p{ �n{ }m.

Hxu smv �ur mzm x{ puu nxl� wmy ut Xm}q |}{ u~ �{ ql� �mw sr ut tm |mq z{v Sm x{v Gtuu. c�{ |}r s qro~r p{ nxl� wm ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm ut Ot yu �m zm S}m y{} z{y y{ }r, lo xl � �m l ~l |{� �u �{� z{v w{ |u -rv nxl� wu ut Xm}q (��. 37, 3)137. K}� pml �}rt o� �mv z{ nxut wml nxl� wm zm �{ qu� ~l o {q z{y ��}u�~w{y�m ~� z{y ~{ n }m zuu. Sr ~ �{ rr zm �{q wu, w ~{ sm xr zu�, zr ut or~� z{ (��. 38, 1)138. X�{q zml nxl�wm ~ ut{ -n }m sr zu ry w{t xm (��. 37, 4)139 u qor n}{z t{ o�� |}{ zu tu zr ~w{x� w{ uz{v w{z ~� }�w �uu ~ ut{ n}m sr zu -ry w{t xm u wm nm zm zm �{ ql� ~l o w{x xrw �uu H}u �mz ~w{ p{ y� trl (��. 39, 1, 2)140. Q{ trx tqr~� ut{n}m srzo q}� p{v |{ tr — rp{ p{ x{ om zr }mt or} z� �m zm tmq, m ~y{ � }u� o|r }rq, {q zm w{ z{pu }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o|{x zrmzm x{ pu� z{ ut{ n}m sr zu� zm nxl� wr ut Xm}q. Q ~{ sm xr zu�, zu �{� z{r yr ~ �{, zu {n ~�{ l �rx� ~� omzm�{q wu ��u� nxl �rw zr ut or~� z�. Zwm t� om r� ~l xu��, ��{ {q zm ut zu�, ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm, n� xmw�| xr zm o Y}{ m qr, ��{ |{ t o{ xl r� |}rq |{ x{ su�� rr |}{ u~ �{ s qr zur ~ ~r or }{-tm |m qm Sm x{v Gtuu. L�r{q zm {�rz� nxut wml zm tomz z�y |}{ zut� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm n� xm zmv qr zm |}u }m~ w{| wm� q{ }u �r -~w{ p{ �}m ym V o. q{ z. �. zm mw }{ |{ xr Jr x� o �s z{v Xu �u xuu (��. 39, 3)141. V{ q{n zml sr |}{ zut�,|}{ u~ �{ ql �ml ut Y�} �uu, �}m zu� ~l o {q z{y myr }u wmz ~w{y �m ~� z{y ~{ n }m zuu, m q}� pml, zr ~w{x� w{{�xu �m � �m l ~l |{ �}m w �{o wr ut{ n}m srz z{ p{ su o{� z{ p{ u |}{ u~ �{ ql �ml ut Xu }uu — o R�o}r (��. 38,2, 3)142. Ir~� ym nxut w{ zm tom zz�y �mw sr ut{ n}m sr zur w{t xm zm n}{z t{ o{y |}rq yr �r zr l~ z{ p{ zm tzm -�r zul (}� w{ l�� ?), {n zm }� srz z{y o |{tq zry ~x{r (ou qu y{, VI o. q{ z. �.), |r }r w}� om � �ry �}upuv ~wur

133 V{ |�� wu |}rq ~�m ou�� zm �{q wu |{ q{n z�� |}{ zu trv wmw

~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ |}u ~�� ~� oul wuy yr }uv �ro uxu ~wu �{o (~y.

{~{ nrz z{ Ghirshman 1977, 27–37; Ghirshman 1983, 86–87),

�m wuy {n }m t{y, xu �r z� {~ z{ om zuv. 134 Hansen 1962, 27–36.135 Waldbaum 1983, 67–72.136 Hanfmann 1962, 11–12, fig. 8; Hanfmann, Detweiler 1964,

27, fig. 4.137 Otto 1941, 81–88, Abb. 1–2; Waldbaum 1983, 68, pl. 17,

5–6.

138 Stucky 1985, 120, Taf. 65, Nr. 22.139 Barnett 1962/1963, 99, pl. 50 a; Waldbaum 1983, 68–69, pl.

17, 7–8.140 Hogarth 1908, 177, fig. 33; Otto 1941, 83, Abb. 3–4; Kossack

1987, Abb. 5, 2,3 (~ {�u n{� z�y �wm tm zu ry zm |}{ u~�{s qr zur

ut c�r ~m u ~x{ z{ o�� w{~�� wmw ym �r }u mx).141 Orlandini 1956, 8–10, Tav. III, 1–2; Stucky 1985, 120,

Taf. 36, 5.142 Stucky 1985, 120, Nr. 17, 19, Taf. 37, 1–2, 3–4.

87

Wu~. 37 H}{zt{o�r |xm~�uzwu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z�� w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1, 2. Xm}q�; 3. Otyu�; 4. Y}{mqm (?), H}u�mz~wuv y�trv

V{ Waldbaum 1983, fig. 17, 1–8

2

3

1

4

88

Wu~. 38 H}{zt{o�r |xm~�uz� u |}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{} z�� w{tx{o. 1. Sr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{, ]�}u�~w{r �m~� z{r~{n}mzur; 2. Y�}�ul, �m~�z{r ~{n}mzur, X_G; 3. Xu}ul, R�o}

V{ Stucky 1985, Taf. 37, 1– 4; 65

1

2

3

89

Wu~. 39 Ot{n}msrzul p{}z�� w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1, 2. V}{zutu ut Smx{v Gtuu (?), H}u�mz~wuv y�trv; 3. V}{ zut� ut Jrx�, dszml Xu�uxul; 4. Vxm~�uzm ut H{pmtwkl; 5. V}rqyr� ut H{pmtwkl. 1–3, 5. H}{ztm; 4. Q{~��

V{ Hogarth 1908, fig. 33 (1, 2); Stucky 1985, Taf. 36, 5 (3); Boehmer 1972, Taf. IX, 172; LXVII, 1890 (5, 4)

1 2

3 4

5

90

|{ ~�}{v wu zm H{ pmt wkr (��. 39, 5)143. Nqr~� sr o ~yr �m zz{y ~x{r n�x {n zm }� srz {n x{ y{w w{ ~ �l z{v|xm ~�u z� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry nxut w{ p{ �u |m (��. 39, 4)144. L�r qor mzm x{ pu� z�� nxl� wu ~ ut{n}m sr zuryw{t x{o, {q zm ut w{ �{ }�� |}{ u~ �{ qu� ut Y�} �uu, m yr ~ �{ zm �{q wu q}� p{v zr ut or~� z{, �}m zl� ~l o n{ ~ -�{z ~w{y S� trr utl� z�� u~ w�~~�o (��. 40, 1, 2)145. Ot or ~�rz u r�r }lq |{ q{n z�� nxl� zr ut or~� z{ p{|}{ u~ �{ s qr zul ut n}{z t� uxu w{ ~ �u, ut{ n}m sm � �u� w{t x{o uxu wm nm z{o u �}m zl �u� ~l o }mt xu� z��~{ n }m zu l�146.

Q qmz z{v p}�| |r or �rv |}u y� wm �� yz{ p{ w}m� z{ �|{ yu zmo �u r ~l o xu �r }m �� }r nxl� wu ut ~x{ -z{o{v w{ ~ �u, zmv qrz z�r |}u }m~ w{| wm� G} �r yu ~ul o c�r ~r. Uq zm ut zu� ut{ n}m sm r� w{t xm, m q}� pmlwm nm zm (��. 40, 3, 4)147. Tm nxl� wr ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm uyr r� ~l {} zm yrz� o ou qr qo�� o|u ~mz z�� ow}�p yz{ p{ x� �r o�� }{ tr �{w, }m~ |{ x{ srz z�� zm nrq }r u x{ |m� wr su o{� z{ p{. c�r~ ~wur ut qr xul ut ~x{ -z{ o{v w{ ~ �u ~�u xu ~�u �r ~wu �}rt o� �mv z{ nxut wu �|{ yu zmo �uy ~l n}{z t{ o�y nxl� wmy, �{ �l o �}m w �{o -wr z{p wm nm zm tm yr� z{ {� xu �ur — {zu zr |{ q{p z� �� |{q �r x{, m }m~ |{ x{ sr z� |m }mx xrx� z{ q}�p w q}�p�|{q �p x{y w zr y�, �mw ��{ wm nmz wmw n� |}u |mx zm zu�. c�r~ ~wur nxl� wu, o {� xu �ur {� n{x��uz ~� omq}� pu�, y{ p�� n�� qm �u }{ om z� |{ m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~w{ y� w{z �rw ~�� ({nr nxl� wu ut Xm}q u nxl� wm ut Jrx�lo z{ zmv qr z� o{ o�{ }u� z{y w{z �rw ~�r). Uzu n� xu {n zm }� sr z� ~}r qu q}� pu� yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�� ut qrxuvut ~x{ z{ o{v w{ ~ �u |{q {~ z{ om zu ry ��z qm yrz �m G} �r yu ~ul, w� qm, ou qu y{, |}u w}r t{ o{v |r }r ~�}{v wr|{ |m xm �m~�� n{ xrr }mz zu� sr} � orz z�� qm }{o. Ir~� w{y | xrw~ {n zm }� srz z�� tqr~� |}rq yr �{o q{ ~ �m -�{�z{ �or }rz z{ qm �u }� r� ~l o�{ }{v �r� or} �� VI o. q{ z. �. — o}r yr zry, zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z{ |}rq �r ~� -o{omo �uy |r }r ~�}{v wr ~ol �u xu �m Q}r t{y, {q zm w{ �m~�� or �rv {� z{ ~u� ~l w n{ xrr }mz zr y� o}r yr zu —o {~ z{o z{y w |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VI o. q{ z. �.; uyr �� ~l u n{ xrr }mz zur |}rq yr ��148.

I |{ ~ xrq zrr o}r yl qmz zml p}�| |m or �rv |{ |{x zu xm~� qo� yl oms z� yu zm �{q wm yu, |}{ u~ �{ ql �uyuut qm �u }{ om z�� ~x{ ro c�r ~m. V}u }m~ w{| wm� mo ~� }uv ~w{v �w~ |r qu �uu o G} �r yu ~uu n� x{ {n zm }� sr z{r�r qom ut{ n}m sr zul w{ |�� z�� ut ~x{ z{ o{v w{ ~ �u (p{}z{p{ w{t xm u nm }m zm), {quz ut w{ �{ }�� or~�ymnxu t{w ~�m }{v zm �{q wr ut }m~ w{ |{w K. \{ pm} �m149. Q{ trx ut{ n}m srz o �{v sr |{ tr, ~ p{ x{ o{v, {n }m �rz -z{v zm tmq, u uyr r�, wmw u w{ trx zm ut or~� z{v |xm ~�u zr, w}� pu zm x{ |m� wr u nrq }r (��. 41, 1). I�{ }ml|xm ~�u zm ut ~x{ z{ o{v w{ ~ �u, ~ �m w{v sr «w{ }{n w{v» qxl w}r | xr zul zm tmq zrv ~�{ }{ zr, wmw u zm ~�m}��zm �{q wm�, ut{ n}m sm r� nm }m zm o q}� p{v �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z{v |{ tr, ~ p{ x{ o{v, ~y{ � }l �rv o|r }rq (��. 41,2)150. X�u xu ~�u �r ~wu, {q zm w{, ��m �u p� }m q{ o{x� z{ ~� �r ~� orz z{ {� xu �m r� ~l {� q}� pu� zm �{ q{w qmz z{vp}�| |�. c�u |}rq yr �� |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut ~x{l, |r }r w}� �{ p{ �{ }{ �{ �u w ~u }� r y{v srx �{v |x{� z{v |{ or}� -z{ ~�� |{ �u Q}r tm u |r }r w}� om � �r p{ ~x{v �{z w{ p{ |r ~ wm. Un zm }� srz z�r tqr~� zm �{q wu qm�u}� ��~lyr s q� w{z �{y VII u ~r }r qu z{v VI o. q{ z. �. u o {~ z{o z{y lo xl �� ~l sr} � orz z� yu qm }m yu G}�ryu qrc�r~ ~w{v, ~ol tmz z� yu ~ zm �{ ql �uy ~l tqr~� mx �m }ry. Xx{v �mw sr zm ~� �rz yz{ p{ �u~ xrzz�yu w{ ~ �l -yu sr} � orz z�� su o{� z�� u |r | x{y ~ �p xry, {~ �mo �u yu ~l {� sr} � o{ |}u z{ �r zuv151. Z�u�� oml zm �{qw�o H{ pmt wkr |}rq yr �m ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm o ~x{ l� VI o. q{ z. �., y{s z{ qm �u }{ om�� qmz z�� p}�| |�|}rq yr �{o |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z{v VI o. q{ z. �.

^�{ wm ~m r� ~l yr ~ �m |}{ ut o{q ~� om qmz z{v p}�| |� |}rq yr �{o, �{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur {n u� ~wu� ~w{y|}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu {~ z{ o� om r� ~l xu�� zm ozr� zry o|r �m� xr zuu nxu t{ ~�u |}rq yr �my ~wu� ~w{ p{ tor -

143 Boehmer 1972, 69–70, Taf. IX, Nr. 172.144 Schirmer 1969, 51, Taf. 39, Nr. 173; Boehmer 1972, 185–

186, Taf. LXVII, Nr. 1890.145 Waldbaum 1983, 69, pl. 18, 1–2, 7–8; Stucky 1985, 119–

120, Nr. 13, 18.146 Amandry 1965, 153; Stucky 1985, 119–121; Stucky 1987,

160–164.147 Hogarth 1908, 163–164, pl. 21, 5; 23, 2 (w{ trx); 26, 3

(wmnmz).148 Jacobsthal 1951, 85–95; Robinson 1951, 156–167; Robin son

1956, 1–8; Atzinger 1970, 1686–1688. I. G� �uz pr} qm �u }�r�

uz�r}r ~� � �ur zm~ |}rq yr �� yr s q� 560 u 550 pp. q{ z. �.,

{qzm w{ {~ z{ om zul ��{v qm �u }{o wu zr l~ z�. X}. Bammer 1990,

148–150.149 Bammer 1988, Abb. 54–55; Bammer 1988a, 12–15, Abb. 16;

Vetters 1989, 89, Taf. V; Bammer 1992, 186, 190, pl. 8 a – b. X}.

Ibid., pl. 8 c; Bammer, Muss 1996, 30, Abb. 26.150 Vetters 1973, 183, Taf. VI; Bammer 1973/1974, Taf. 5, 1;

Bammer 1984, Abb. 72, 104; Stucky 1987, 161, Taf. 19, 3–4;

Bammer 1988, Abb. 51; Bammer 1992, 186, 189, pl. 9 a – b;

Bammer, Muss 1996, 30, Abb. 27.151 Bammer 1988a, 1–4, 23; Bammer 1991, 66, ~}. Bammer

1973/1974, 53–54; Brein 1978, 721–723; Bammer, Brein, Wolff

1978, 126, 143.

91

Wu~. 40 V}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z�� w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1. Y�}�ul, S�trv utl�z�� u~w�~~�o o H{~�{zr; 2. Sr~�{ zm�{q wuzrutor~�z{, S�trv utl�z�� u~w�~~�o o H{~�{zr; 3, 4. c�r~~wuv G}�ryu~uv. 1, 2. H}{ztm; 3, 4. Xx{z{oml w{~��

V{ Waldbaum 1983, fig. 18, 1–2, 7– 8 (1, 2); Hogarth 1908, fig. 23, 2; 26, 3a (3, 4).

1

2

3

4

92

Wu~. 41 Vxm~�uz� ut ~x{z{o{v w{~�u ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z{p{ w{txm u nm}mzm. c�r~~wuv G}�ryu~uv

V{ Bammer, Muss 1996, Abb. 26, 27

1

2

93

Wu~. 42 Hxl�wu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu wmnmz{o u p{}z{p{ w{txm. 1. O}mz; 2. Q�}pmz � ~. G}�mzprx�~wml ~x{n{qm; 3. Q�}pmz 6 � ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm; 4. «Nuour». 1. H}{ztm; 2–4. N{x{�{

V{ Stucky 1985, Taf. 38, 2 (1); Schiltz 1994, fig. 292 B (2); Ox�uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 111 (3); Godard 1950, fig. 39 (4)

34

1

2

94

}uz{p{ ~�u xl. V}u ��{y ~xr q� r� {� yr �u��, ��{ mzm x{ puu o ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�, zm w{ �{ }�r y{s z{�wmtm��, tzm �u �rx� z{ qmx� �r {� ym x{ mtuv ~wu� nxl �rw, �ry {zu yr s q� ~{ n{v. Ymw, zm |}u yr}, y{s z{zm tom�� t{ x{ �� nxl �� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry wm nm zm, zmv qrz z�� o w�} pm zr №�6 � ~. Gxr w ~mz q }{o wm (�� {t«Xm ym} ~wuv») o Kzr |}{ |r � }{o ~w{v {n xm ~ �u (��. 42, 3)152. c�m nxl �m, {q zm w{, uyr xm q}� p{r ��zw �u -{zmx�z{r zm tzm �r zur u n� xm zr �m ~�� w{z ~w{v �t q�, m �w }m �r zu ry z{ srz yr �m. K}� pml mzm x{ pulqm�u }� r� ~l tzm �u �rx� z{ n{ xrr |{tq zuy o}r yr zry. Wr�� uqr� { �r ~ �u �w }m �mo �u� w{x �mz t{ x{ �� |xm -~�u zm� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry wm nm z{o, w{ �{ }�r n� xu {n zm }� sr z� o w�} pmz z{y tm �{ }{ zr zuu }� nr sm V–IV oo. q{ z. �. � ~. G} �mz prx� ~wml ~x{ n{ qm o \r} ~{z ~w{v {n xm ~ �u (��. 42, 2)153.

I �{ sr o}r yl r�r o 40-r pp. zm {~ z{ om zuu ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zul ��r~ ~wu� w{ ~ �l z�� |}rq yr �{o ~ zr w{ -�{}� yu xu quv ~wu yu }rx� r �m yu o� ~wm t� om x{~� |}rq |{ x{ sr zur {n u� xu quv ~w{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu154.Tm�{q wm n}m w{ om zz{v nxl� wu ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t xm o Xm} qm� |{q �or} sqm r� ��{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur. Tryrzrr oms zm w{z �rz � }m �ul |{ q{n z�� ut qr xuv o ~r or }{-tm |mq z{v Sm x{v Gtuu |}u zr tzm �u �rx� z{yw{xu �r ~� or ~w{x� w{-zu n�q� nxut wu� mzm x{ puv o ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� Xr or} z{ p{ V}u �r} z{ y{ }�l.Tmw{ zr�, zm }mz zu� xu quv ~w{-u{ zuv ~wu� �xrw � }{ o�� y{ zr �m� �u p� }u }� �� ut{ n}m sr zul su o{� z��,w{ �{ }�r y{ p�� n�� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr z� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu l yu zm |xm ~�u zm�155. Tm u n{ xrr or }{ l� zm qm �u }{o wm��u� |}rq yr �{o, wmw u |}{ zu trv o ou qr }r m xu ~�u� z{ u~ |{x zrz z�� p{ x{ o{w �u� z{v |�u ��, |r} o{v|{x{ ou z{v, or }{ l� z{ nxu sr w ~r }r qu zr, VI o. q{ z. �. Ym wuy {n }m t{y, qmz zml p}�| |m zm �{ q{w, ~w{ }rro~r p{, zr uyr r� zu wm w{ p{ {� z{ �r zul w ym �r }u mx� z{v w�x� �� }r wuy yr }uv �ro, o�{} sr zul w{ �{ }�� oRuqu� u O{ zu� qm �u }� �� ~l tzm �u �rx� z{ n{ xrr }mz zuy o}r yr zry. S{s z{ n� x{ n� ~ol t� om�� u|}rq yr �� ~ oxu l zu ry zm xu quv ~w{r u~ w�~ ~� o{ ~wu �{o, { |}r n� om zuu wm w{v-�{ p}�| |� w{ �{ }�� oRuquu o ~ol tu ~ xu q{-yu quv ~wuy w{z �xu w �{y |}u Gxu m� �r ~{ {n �m �� mz �u� z�r mo �{ }�. Ym w{r |}rq|{ -x{ sr zur, {q zm w{, zr {nl tm �rx� z{. O~~ xr q{ om zur V. Gymz q }u156 |{ wm t� om r�, ��{ zr w{ �{ }�r �mw zm t�om -r y�r «~wu� ~wur» y{ �u o� tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl, o �{y �u~ xr u ut{ n}m sr zur w{ |�� z{ p{, |}r s qr o~r p{ w{txm,~ |{ or} z� �{v zm tmq p{ x{ o{v, o qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~�u uyr �� px� n{ wur (~ III ��~. q{ z. �.) nxus zr o{~�{� z�rw{} zu u y{p xu o{v �u o xu quv ~w{r u~ w�~ ~� o{ nrt o~l w{ p{ ��m ~�ul ~wu� ~wu� uxu wuy yr }uv ~wu� w{ �ro -zu w{o. O~ �{� zu w{y oxu l zul zm xu quv ~w{r u~ w�~ ~� o{ y{p n�� u O}mz, ��u �� oml uz �rz ~uo z�r xu q{-yu quv ~wur, m tm �ry xu q{-|r} ~uq ~wur w{z �m w �� o �r �r zur VI o. q{ z. �. \m }m w �r} z{ |}u ��{y, ��{ o}mywm� ~wu� ~w{ p{ yu }m q{ ~ �m �{� z{ nxut w��, �{ �l u zr |{x z�� mzm x{ pu� ym x{ mtuv ~wuy |}rq yr �my,w}{ yr �|{ yu zmo �rv ~l nxl �u ut w�} pm zm №�6 � ~. Gxr w ~mz q }{o wm, ~{ ~�m o xl �� nxl� wu ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ryw{t xm ut tzm yr zu �{p{ «wxmqm � Nu our» o u}mz ~w{y Q�} qu ~�m zr (��. 42, 4)157. U~{ nml }{x� |r }rq zr o{ -~�{� z�� u u}mz ~wu� �}m qu �uv o ~�u xr |}rq yr �{o ut ��{v p}�||� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �{ }{ �{ ut or~� zm. L�roms zrr �{, ��{ uyr �� ~l �mwsr n}{z t{ o�r nxl� wu ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry wm nm z{o, �}rt o� �mv z{ ~�{q z�r ~ymx{ mtuv ~wu yu wmw |{ ~�u x�, �mw u |{ qr �m xly w}r | xr zul zm {n{ }{� z{v ~�{ }{ zr u |}{ u~ �{ ql �ur ~�r} }u �{ }uu O}m zm (��. 42, 1)158. I �{ sr o}r yl |{ q{n z�r |r }r �u~ xrz z�y ym x{ mtuv ~wuy ut qr xu lyn}{z t{ o�r nxl� wu ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{t x{o, |}{ u~ �{ ql �ur ut O}m zm, zm w{ �{ }�r ~~� xm �� ~l V. Gymzq -}u u W. _�� wu159, �{ �l u {n zm }� su om �� {| }r qr xrz z{r }{q ~� o{ ~ ym x{ mtuv ~wu yu zm �{q wm yu, {q zm w{{�xu �m �� ~l {� zu� n{x� �rv ~�r ym �u� z{ ~��, uz{v �}m w �{o w{v qr �m xrv u �. q. Uzu lo z{ ~{ ~�m o xl ��{n{ ~{n xrz z�� ~{ ~�u xu ~�u �r ~w{v �{� wu t}r zul p}�| |�.

152 Q{ om xr om, I{x w{ n{v, Sm }u zm u q}. 1978, 331–332, �{�{;

Q{ om xr om, I{x w{ n{v, Q{ ~ �rz w{ u q}. 1978, 13, }u~. 2, 1–2;

Q{om xr om, S� �{ |mq 1982, 98, 100–101, }u~. 5, 3; 6; Ox� uz ~wml,

Yr }r z{s wuz 1987, 99, 111 (}u~.); S�} tuz 1984, 29, }u~. 15.153 Rr ~ w{o 1972, 56–59, }u~. 35, 37; ^r} zrz w{ 1981, 55–56,

}u~. 36; Vr }r o{q �u w{ om 1986, 13, }u~. 3, 3. X}. �mw sr }rt z{r

ut{ n}m sr zur wm nm zm zm qr }r olz z{y ~m} w{ �m pr ut o�{ }{ p{ Hm -

�m qm} ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm zm Gx �mr: W� qrz w{ 1960, 46–51, }u~. 27m.

Qm nmz zm ~r }r n }l z{v |{ t{ x{ �r zz{v |xm ~�u zr ut |r} o{ p{

Zxl| ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm o Gq� prr (V–IV oo. q{ z. �.) ut{ n}m srz

~{o ~ry o q}� p{v |{tr: Leskov 1990, 28–29, Abb. 182; Katalog

1993, 69, Nr. 25.154 Barnett 1948, 18.155 Xy., zm |}u yr}, ut{ n}m sr zur p{ x{ o� wm nm zm zm y{ zr �r,

zmv qrz z{v o c�r ~r o {q z{y ~x{r ~ |xm ~�uz w{v ~ ut{ n}m sr -

zury w{t xm: Bammer 1988a, 18, Abb. 29; Bammer 1991, 66–67,

Fig. 5.156 Amandry 1965, 149–160.157 Godard 1950, fig. 39; Ghirshman 1979, pl. III.158 Amandry 1965, 153, pl. XXIX, 3,4,6,7; Stucky 1985,

Taf. 38, 2.159 Amandry 1965, 153; Stucky 1985, 119–121.

95

Wu~. 43 Tm�{qwu ut ��r~~w{p{ G}�ryu~ul. 1. N{x{�ml |{qor~wm o ouqr p{x{o� n�wm, �orz�mzz{v p{x{o{v x�om; 2. H}{zt{oml |{qor~wm-n�nrzr�;

3. X�m��wm n{puzu ut ~x{z{o{v w{~�u

V{ Bammer 1991, fig. 10 (1); Bammer, Muss 1996, Abb. 28, 29 (3, 2)

3

1

2

S{s z{ w{z ~�m �u }{ om��, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, ��{ ym x{ mtuv ~wur nxl �u, or }{ l� z{ xu quv ~w{ p{ |}{ u~ �{ s -qr zul, ~qr xmz z�r wmw ut n}{z t�, �mw u w{ ~ �u, |}rq ~�m o xl �� ~{ n{v {~{ n�� p}�| |�, ~�{ l �� {~{n zl -w{y wmw {� ~{n ~� orz z{ u}mz ~wu�, �mw u {� ~wu� ~wu� |}rq yr �{o. I{ |}{~ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul ��{ p{ ~�u xlq{ ~ �m �{� z{ ~x{ srz — tqr~� y{s z{ uyr�� o ou q� wmw }mt z{ {n }mt z�r oxu l zul, �mw u zm ~xr q{ om zur ymx{ -mtuv ~wu� �}m qu �uv. I �m ~� z{ ~�u, ~xr q� r� �|{ yl z�� w{ ~ �l z�� }rt� n� �mw zm t� om r y{ p{ «�}u puv ~w{ p{tor }u z{ p{ ~�u xl» VIII o. q{ z. �., }mt ou omo �� ~l u o n{ xrr |{tq zrr o}r yl, owx� �ml |r} ~uq ~w�� |{ ��,u o}lq xu uyr � �� wm w{r-zu n�q� {� z{ �r zur w w{ �ro zu �r ~w{ y� u~ w�~ ~� o�160. Ir }{ l� z{, yr ~� z{r |}{ -ut o{q ~� o{ ut{ n}m sr zuv }mt xu� z�� su o{� z�� o tm |mq z{v Sm x{v Gtuu n� x{ ~ol tm z{ tqr~� ~ w�x� �{yn{ pu zu, |{ �u �mo �rv ~l wmw πότνια θηρων, o �m ~� z{ ~�u G} �r yu q� c�r~ ~w{v. Wmt z{ {n }mt z�r ut{ n}m -srzul su o{� z��, {n zm }� srz z�r o ��r~ ~w{y G} �r yu ~uu, ~x� su xu o{ �uo z� yu {n� r w �m yu, w{ �{ }�r|{~ol�m xu~� o ~ol �u xu �r zm }l q� ~ }r mx� z� yu sr} � om yu161. c�u |}rq yr �� (owx� �ml zm �{q wu ut Xm}q,c�r ~m u Y}{ m q�, |}u zmq xr sm �ur }m~ ~ym � }u om r y{v p}�| |r), w{ �{ }�r ~ol tm z� ~ yr ~� z� yu }r xu pu {tz� -yu |}rq ~�m o xr zu l yu u yr ~� z{v ut{ n}m tu �rx� z{v �}m qu �u rv, o x� n{y ~x� �mr zr� zu wm wu� {~ z{ om zuv~�u �m�� wuy yr }uv ~wu yu uxu ~wu� ~wu yu.

O~ �{x w{ om zur ��u� |}rq yr �{o wmw wuy yr }uv ~wu� o zr qmo zrr o}r yl |}u or x{ w |{ l o xr zu� pu |{ -�rt� {n «��m ~�uu wuy yr }uv �ro o w�x� �r» G} �r yu q� c�r~ ~w{v u qm sr {n u� |}u �m ~� z{ ~�u w {~ z{ om zu�rr �}m ym162. I� �r �sr �wm t� om x{~�, ��{ zm �{q wu |xm ~�uz ~ ut{ n}m sr zu l yu w{t x{o zr y{ p�� |{q �or} -sqm�� r{ }u� wmw |{ �{ y�, ��{ {zu q{ ~ �m �{� z{ qm xr wu {� {n }mt �{o w{ �ro zu �r ~w{ p{ tor }u z{ p{ ~�uxl,�mw u |{ �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wuy ~{ {n }m sr zu ly — {zu ~w{ }rr o~r p{ {� z{ ~l� ~l w |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VI o.q{ z. �., w{ pqm wuy yr }uv �� sr |r }r ~�m xu up }m�� ~� �r ~� orz z�� }{x� o Sm x{v Gtuu. Q}{ yr ��u�|xm~�uz, G. Hmy yr} ~�u �m r� «wuy yr }uv ~w{v» �mw sr {n zm }� srz z�� tqr~� sr t{ x{ �� |{q or ~ w� o ou qrp{ x{ o� x�om, zm �{ ql �rv ~l zm p{ x{ or n� wm, ~~� xm l~� |}u ��{y zm ~�{q z�r zm �{q wu ut Qr xr} yr~ ~wu�w�} pm z{o (��. 43, 1)163. Zwm tmz z�r uy mzm x{ puu zr o� t� om �� ~{ y zr zul, {q zm w{ wr xr} yr~ ~wur |}rq -yr�� qmo z{ n� xu uqrz �u �u �u }{ om z� wmw qr �m xu yr nr xu m~ ~u }{-om ou x{z ~w{ p{ �u |m, w{ �{ }ml o�{ qu xm o~{~�mo q{ n� �u, zm p}mn xrz z{v ~wu �m yu o{ o}r yl u� |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ q{o. c�u |}rq yr �� ~{ or} -�rz z{ �� s q� ~�r| z{v �}m qu�uu u zm �{ ql� ~r nr mzm x{ puu ~}r qu ut qr xuv |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{v �{ }ro �u -wu164. Ym wuy {n }m t{y, t{ x{ �ml |{q or ~ wm �mw sr zr uyr r� {� z{ �r zul w ~�r| z�y w{ �ro zu wmy u q{xs zmn�� ~ol tm zm ~ Vr }rq zrv Gtu rv.

Tr o{t y{s z{ ~ol t� om�� ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu u qor n}{z t{ o�r |{q or ~ wu o ou qr n� nrz �{o, {q zm ut w{�{ -}�� w }m �r zm ~�u xu t{ omz z� yu p{ x{o wm yu |�u� (��. 43, 2)165. V}r s qr o~r p{ ~xr q� r� {� or ~ �u |}u o{ qu -y�r G. Hmy yr }{y mzm x{ puu. Tmv qrz z�r zm Xm y{ ~r w{ x{ w{x� �u wu, zm w{ �{ }�r {z ~~� xm r� ~l, zr uyr ��zu wm w{ p{ {� z{ �r zul w ��r~ ~wuy n� nrz �m y: {zu {� w}� ��r ~zu t� u uyr �� w{ zu �r ~w�� uxu o{~� yu -p}mzz�� {} y�166. ^m~�� u� w{ x{ w{x� �u w{o |}u zmq xr su� �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z{ y� �}m}� ~w{ y� �u |�. Tusrl |{q }{n z{ }m~ ~ym � }u om� o{ | }{~ { }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zuu u qm �u }{o wr w{ x{ w{x� �u w{o u n� nrz �{o, |{ � �{ y�tqr~� {p }m zu ��~� xu�� w}m� wu yu tm yr �m zu l yu (|{q }{n z{r {n{~ z{ om zur u ~~�x wu zm xu �r }m��}� �u �m -�rx� zmv qr� o pxm or 2.2.6). H� nrz �� zmv qrz z{ p{ o c�r ~r �u |m ~{ or} �rz z{ zr ut or~� z� o ~�r |l�. Hxut -wur mzm x{ puu uy y{s z{ zmv �u o u}mz ~wu� u o yrz� �rv yr }r o tm wmo wmt ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�, pqr {zu n�xu}m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� r�r o zm �m xr II ��~. q{ z. �. V}u yr} z{ ~ ~r }r qu z� VIII o. q{ z. �. |{ q{n z�r n� nrz ��}m~ |}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l o ]rz � }mx� z{v u ds z{v Lo }{ |r, ~zm �m xm o |m yl� zu wm� �. z. «�}m w{-wuy yr }uv -~w{p{» p{ }u t{z �m (Xr or} zml O�m xul, Irz p}ul, H{ pr yul, \{} om �ul), m tm �ry u zm tm |mq z�� Hmx wm zm�, o

160 Young 1963, 354–356; Kohler 1964, 58–62, pl. XVII–XX;

Boehmer 1972, 185–186, Nr. 1887, pl. LXVI; Young 1964, 283,

pl. 84, 14 (}rt z�r |xm ~�u z�, ut{ n}m sm � �ur l~ � }r nm, zm|mo �r -

p{ zm tmv �m, o{t y{s z{ �sr |r} ~uq ~w{v �|{ �u), ~}. �mw sr r�r

{q z� w{ ~ �l z�� |xm ~�u z� ut H{ pmt wkl: Beran 1962, 56–57,

Abb. 47–48; Boehmer 1972, 185–186, Taf. LXVII, Nr. 1891.161 Bammer 1988a, 12–18; Bammer, Muss 1996, 64, 80–82.162 Bammer 1991, 66–67; Bammer, Muss, 29–32.

163 Bammer 1988a, 15–17, Abb. 24–27; Bammer 1991, 66–67.164 Xy. Jm xm zu zm 1991, 17, }u~. 1, 1–3; Jm xm zu zm / Galanina

1997, 154–155, 227, 232, Taf. 4; 27, 91,92; 42, 35,36, ~ xu �r }m -

��}{v.165 Bammer 1988b, 23, Abb. 32; Bammer, Muss 1996, 32,

Abb. 29.166 Jantzen 1972, 81–84, Taf. 79, 80.

96

Sm wr q{ zuu u J}r �uu. U�r ouq z{, ~ {q z{v ut ��u� �r} }u �{ }uv u q{xs z� n�� ~ol tm z� n�nrz �� ut c�r -~m. Tm �{q wu q}� pu� |}rq yr �{o mzm �{ xuv ~w{ p{, |m xr ~�uz ~w{ p{, rpu |r� ~w{ p{ u q}. |}{ u~�{ s qr zul o ��r~ -~w{y G} �r yu ~uu q{ ~ �m �{� z{ yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�167. ^}rt o� �mv z{ ~�}mz z{ o� pxl qu� |{|�� wm |}u |u ~m��w{ �ro zu wmy srz ~w�� u p� }� ut ~x{ z{ o{v w{ ~ �u, ~�{ l �� zm nm tr, {�{}y xrz z{v o ou qr p{ x{ o� |mz -�r }� (��. 43, 3). c�m �u p� }m, uyr � �ml o|{x zr p}r �r ~wuv {n xuw168, ~{ or} �rz z{ �� sqm ~�r| z{ y�u~w�~ ~� o�. Tu {quz ut |}u or qrz z�� G. Hmy yr }{y |}rq yr �{o zr y{ sr� n��, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, ~ol tmz ~{~�r| z� yu w{ �ro zu wm yu. Tu �� zr �nr qu �rx� zrr u rp{ |{ |�� wm ~ol tm�� ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu xrprz q� {nmym t{z wm�, w{ �{ }�r |{ p}r �r ~w{v �}m qu �uu up }m xu }{x� o {~ z{ om zuu w�x� �m G} �r yu q� c�r~ ~w{v.Un}mt mym t{ z{w, �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z�v �sr mo �{ }� «Oxu m q�» (Γ 189, Ζ 186, ~}. Β 814)169, o~r pqm n�x ~ol -tmz ~ Sm x{v Gtu rv u |r} o{ zm �mx� z{ zr uyrx zu wm w{ p{ {� z{ �r zul w ~�r| z�y w{ �ro zu wmy. V{-ou qu -y{ y�, p}r wu ~�m xu m~ ~{ �u u }{ om�� mym t{ z{w ~{ ~wu �m yu zr }mz� �r V o. q{ z. �. (Hdt. IV, 117)170.

K}� pur or �u ut Sm x{v Gtuu, {�r ouq z{, zu wmw zr ~ol tmz z�r ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu uxu ~wu �m yu, o}ryl{� o}r yr zu �mw sr m� }u n� �u }� �� ~l uy. Ymw, zm |}u yr}, c. Gw�} pmx171 zm �rx o{t y{s z�y {| }r qr xu��~r}r n }l z�� m ��, {n zm }� srz z�� o Zzur w o{~ �{ w� {� Xmy ~� zm wmw «|{tq zr wuy yr }uv ~w{r» ut qr xur.U~ �m o xll o ~�{ }{ zr o{ | }{~ { tzm �r zuu ~�}mz z{ p{ �r} yu zm «|{tq zr wuy yr }uv ~wuv», ~xr q� r� tm yr �u��,��{ �m �m lo z{ |}u zmq xr su� w}� p� m�r yr zuq ~w{ p{ u~ w�~ ~� om ({ �ry ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� u �m~�� |}u or qrz -z�� ~m yuy c. Gw�} pm x{y mzm x{ puv) u zu wmw zr ~ol tm zm ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu uxu ~wu �m yu172.

V}u yr} z{ �{ sr y{s z{ ~wm tm�� u { ~qr xmz z{y zr qmo z{ S. T. V{ p }r n{ o{v tm yr �m zuu { zm xu �uu«�xr yrz �{o ~wu� ~w{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m o ~x{r II Kr or \� � wm nxut Qm} �r yu �m, qm �u }{ omz z{ p{ VI o.q{ z. �.»173 I qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~�u zr w }{ |{x� II Kr or \� � wm qm �u }� r� ~l o{ o~r zr VI o. q{ z. �., m o}r yr zryyr s q� 480 u 380 pp. q{ z. �.174 I zry {n zm }� sr z� zr �{x� w{ �}r� x{ |m ~� z�r zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx «~wu� -~w{ p{» �u |m175, z{ u �r~�� mwu zm w{o (�u |u� z{ |r} ~uq ~w{r {}� sur), |}u {q z{y ut w{ �{ }�� zmv qrzn}{z t{ o�v zm w{ zr� zuw z{ srz, lo xl � �uv ~l �� xu zr �{� z{v w{ |u rv zm w{ zr� zu wm, ut{ n}m srz z{ p{zm {q z{y ut |r} ~r |{x� ~wu� }rx� r �{o176. Oyrz z{ ��{� mwu zmw u zm �{ ql �m l ~l |}u zry n� �r }{x� �{ }{�{qm �u }{ om z� zmv qrz z�y ~ zu yu o {q z{y tm �{ }{ zr zuu �r} z{ xm w{ o�y m� �u �r ~wuy wu xu w{y, {� z{ ~l �uy -~l w{ o}r yr zu o~w{ }r |{ ~ xr 480 p. q{ z. �.177 I zr w }{ |{ xr Kr or \� �w II {n zm }� sr z� u q}� pur |{ q{n z�rn� �r }{ xu, ~�ux� w{ �{ }�� u |u �rz o{ o~r zr qxl ~wu� ~w{ p{, m qxl m�r yr zuq ~w{ p{ u~ w�~ ~� om. Oz �r} |}r -�m �ul qmz z{ p{ |m yl� zu wm zr o� t� om r� zu wm wu� ~{ y zr zuv. U�r ouq z{, }r�� uqr� { zr w }{ |{ xr, u~ |{x� -t{ omo �ry ~l qxl tm �{ }{ zr zul o{ u z{o {q z{ p{ ut pm} zu t{ z{o |r} ~uq ~w{v m} yuu. Wm t� yr r� ~l, o ~{ ~�m or��{ p{ pm} zu t{ zm y{p xu n�� u |}rq ~�m ou �r xu, zm |}u yr}, ~}r q zr mtu m� ~wu� ~m w{o, {q zm w{ zu ��{ o uzorz -�m }r tm �{ }{ zr zuv zr |{q �or} sqm r� ��{ p{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zul — }r�� y{ sr� uq �u u { ~m yu� |r} ~m�, u {|}rq ~�m ou �r xl� q}� pu� zm }{ q{o |r} ~uq ~w{v uy |r }uu. e~ z{, o{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr, ��{ zr w }{ |{x� zr uyrr�zu ym xrv �r p{ {� z{ �r zul zu w wuy yr }uv �m yu, zu w ~wu �my �|{ �u |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ q{o.

167 Bammer 1991/1992, 16–54.168 I n{ xrr }mz zrv |�n xu wm �uu ~my G. Hmy yr} zm t� om r� rr

«eine ionische Elfenbeinkore»: Bammer 1988a, 5, {� yr �ml o{ ~ -

�{�z{r oxu l zur o �{y, ��{ srz ~wml �u p� }m ~�{ u� zm p{ x{ or

�u� zuwm.169 X}. Huxley 1960, 122–124.170 K}� pur u~ �{� zu wu ~y. Gutschmid 1894, 113, pqr |}rq -

|{xmpm r� ~l, ��{ p}r wu ~ol tm xu qmo z{ ut or~� z�r uy xr prz q� {n

mym t{z wm� ~ ro }m tuv ~wu yu z{ ym qm yu |{ ~ xr �{ p{, wmw |{ t zm w{ -

yu xu~� ~ ~mo }{ ym �m yu, o {n �r ~� or w{ �{ }�� srz �u z�-o{u -

�rx� zu �� up }m xu oms z�� }{x�. c�{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur wm sr� ~l

or~� ym or }{ l� z�y. Un mym t{z wm� ~y. |{q }{n z{ Blok 1995,

~|r�u mx� z{ { |{tq zrv qm �r u� ~ol tu ~{ ~wu �m yu Blok 1995,

410–419.171 Akurgal 1967, 32–38.172 X}. Moorey 1980, 139.173 V{ p }r n{ om 1993, 87, |}uy. 3.174 Moorey 1980, 7–8, 10.175 Moorey 1980, 64–65.176 Stucky 1976, 19, Abb. 11; Bernard 1976, 234, Nr. 10; Moorey

1980, 54, fig. 9.177 Moorey 1980, 23.

CK@ B@ 1.4

� � � � � �� «� �� »

Qmg fu gt uqp na out} g{g ut dgr hfg oja, lp tp r|g drg na pt drg ng oj qrj wp fjt sa dstrg ybt} d mj tg -rbturg (qrj ygn yb s tp s og tpy o| nj ss|m lb nj ob qgr djy o|g quc mj lb xjj nb tg rj b mb), p tpn, ytp obnjidgst o| jip crb hg oja slj vpd jmj ljn ng rjk xgd drg ng oj qg rgf og b ij bt sljw qp wp fpd, sfg mbo o|g ng st -o| nj ob rp fb nj.

1.4.1 PEKY ET @X XSP M@ VHP O@ K@ II HG MHL PS D@

Org h fg dsg ep smg fu gt rbs snp t rgt} rgm} gv @z zur ob xjr qb mb II (884–858 ee. fp o. ~.) ji Mjn ru fb(��. 44, 1), lp tp r|k yb s tp js qpm} iu gt sa lbl sdj fg tgm} st dp qrp ojl op dg oja slj vpd jmj ljn ng rjk xgdd Og rgf o�� @ij� uhg d qgr dpk qp mp dj og IX d. fp o. ~. Mb ogn jip crb hg o| lb ljg-tp dsbf oj lj, dpp -ruhgo o|g mu lb nj1, lp tp r|w qrg smg fu �t bs sj rjk x| ob lp mgs oj xg. Z. @. Crbo tpd sljk uhg pt ng ybm, ytptpm lp db ojg fbo op ep rgm} g vb lbl jip crb hg oja slj vpd (fp cb djn, j ljn ng rjk xgd) og dpi nph op qp jstp -rj yg sljn sp pc rb hg oj an, b pt mj yja ~t op erb vj yg slp ep pc mj lb jip crb hgo o|w ob rgm} g vg dsbf oj lpd ptji dgst o|w fbo o|w p qrgf lbw ib qbf o|w jrbo xgd (qgr spd, nj fao j fr.) sjm} op qrg udg mj yg op2. No slmp -ogo syj tbt} jip crb hgo o|w ifgs} dsbf oj lpd qrgf stb dj tg ma nj tgw ib qbf op j rbo sljw qmg ngo, qrj sut -stdjg lp tp r|w d IX d. fp o. ~. d rbk pog xgo t rbm} op ep Jur fj stb ob j qrj mg eb � {jw pc mb s taw ob fgh opibsdj fg tgm} st dp db op pop nb stj yg slj nj fbo o| nj3 j s lp tp r| nj ifgs} stbm lj db mjs} bs sj rjk x| qrj@z zur ob xjr qb mg4. Qmg fu gt ib ng tjt} d sda ij s ~tjn, ytp jip crb hgo o|g ob rgm} g vg dsbf oj lj js qpm} -iu �t qrbd yjw, uq rb d ma � {jw fdu na jfu {j nj ra fpn lp oa nj, sj fa ob pf opn ji ojw j ps dp cp h fba tgnsb n|n ru lj sj fa {jw ob dtp rpn lp og dp j opd. Hs qpm} ip db ojg qrbd yjw c| mp wb rb l tgr op jngo op fmaqgrgf og b ij bt sljw dsbf oj lpd, d tp drg na, lbl jrbo sljg op nb f| (slj v| j ljn ng rjk x|) pt lb ib mjs} pt

1 B.M. 124559: Budge 1914, pl. XXIV, 2. Dbo o|k rgm} gv qgr -

dp ob ybm} op tpm lp dbm sa lbl jip crb hg ojg sj rjk xgd: Hall 1928,

35, pl. XVI, 2, dsmgf ib ojn: Bossert 1951, 75, Abb. 967. Gb tgn

c| mp qrgf mp hg op dj fgt} d ogn sb npg rbo ogg jip crb hg ojg

slj vpd: Sulimirski 1954, 290–293; Sulimirski 1970, 397, dsmgf ib

ojn: Dyson 1965, 208; Young 1967, 20; Meade 1968, 131; Yamau -

chi 1982, 70–71; Yamauchi 1983, 92, s og lp tp r|n ji ng og oj gn

(«ljn ng rjk x| drg ng oj ob ybm} o|w ob cg epd»): Hm}jo slba

1982, 45–47; Hm} jo slba, Rg rg oph ljo 1987, 75–77; pyg djf op,

tbl hg qpf dmj a oj gn R. Qu mj njr slp ep L. Bgv mgr epdp rjt

p «sg dgr o|w jrbo xbw»: Wäfler 1975, 266–267, Anm. 1356.2 Crbo tpd sljk 1970, 370–372.3 Crbo tpd sljk 1970, passim.4 Qwpf opg nog ojg (jrbo x| Gbe rp sb) sn. Winter 1983, 23,

fig. 13. B pquc mj lp dbo opk og slpm} lp rb ogg rb cp tg pob sp qp -

stb d ma gt jip crb hg ojg ~tjw dsbf oj lpd s og lp tp r| nj pc ob -

ruhgo o|nj ob Ub ibo mu IV dg {b nj, d yb st op stj lpo sljn

oberuf oj lpn j pf ojn ji zmg npd: Winter 1980, 4–5, 14, 24.

Mbsg mg ojg Ub ibo mu IV c| mp, pyg djf op, nbo ogk sljn (t. g. og

jrbo sljn).

98

99

Pjs. 44 Pgm}gv| @zzurobxjr qbmb II ji Mjnrufb.1. Pgm}gv B.M. 124559 (qpng{gojg B, qmjtb 27); 2. Pglpost rul xja rgm}g -vpd qpng{goja B fdprxb @zzur ob xjrqbmb II d Mjnrufg; 3. Pgm}gv obqmjtg 28 ji tpep hg qpng{goja

Op Budge 1914, Taf. XXIV, 2 (1); Meuszyński 1981, Taf. 3 (2); Meuszyński1975, 64, fig. 17a (3)

1

23

100

ojw j lb h f|k jw dp jo-muy ojl sbn uq rb d mam spc st dgo o|n lp ogn. Dbo opg ob cm� fg ojg smu hjt fp qpm -oj tgm} o|n br eu ngo tpn qrp tjd jfgo tj vjl xjj jip crb hgo o|w ob ojn ruf slpn rgm} g vg dsbf oj lpd sljn ng rjk xb nj jmj slj vb nj. Jrp ng tp ep, ob qrj n| lb � {gk l ~tpk yb s tj rgm} g vb qmj tg c|m jip crb -hgo ep rpf (jmj, dp dsa lpn smu ybg, lrg qpst}) ob cg rg eu rg lj, ib {jt oj lb nj lp tp rp ep c| mj lpo o|g muy -oj lj j lp tp r|k btb lp db mj bs sj rjk x| (��. 44, 2, 3). Jbl u stgo lrg qp stj, tbl j dou t rj ogg jip -crbhgo| qg zjg dp j o|, pfg t|g tbl hg, lbl lpo oj lj5. Braf mj ltp-oj cuf} rj sl ogt qrgf qp mp hjt}, ytpljnng rjk x| jmj slj v| d ~qp wu @z zur ob xjr qb mb og tpm} lp qrj sut st dp db mj ob erb oj xbw s @s sj rj gk,op j dmb fg mj ifgs} ep rp fb nj, lp tp r|g c| mj d| ou h fg o| ib {j {bt} d wp fg bs sj rjk sljw qp wp fpd. Mb lp -ogx, j tgw oj lb strgm} c| ob ibf, lp tp rba syj tb mbs}, ob qrj ngr, L. Bgv mg rpn embd o|n br eu ngo tpn dqpm} iu jfgo tj vj lb xjj jip crb hgo o|w ob rgm} g vg dsbf oj lpd sp slj vb nj jmj ljn ng rjk xb nj, og nphgtsda i| dbt} sa mjz} s oj nj. L. H. Pp s tpd xgd, qp sda tjd zjk ~tp nu tb l tj yg slp nu qrj g nu sqg xj bm} ou�rbcp tu, tbl hg qrj qj s| dbm gep jip crg tg ojg ljn ng rjk xbn j slj vbn, cmb ep fb ra lp tp r|n, lbl po syj -tbm, ~tpt qrj gn stbm ji dg s tgo d Og rgf ogk @ijj d lpo xg VIII–VII d. fp o. ~.6 Ztjn drg ng ogn po fbtj -rp dbm sb n|g rbo ojg, qp gep nog oj�, jip crb hg oja strg ma � {g ep ob ibf dsbf oj lb, ss| mb as} qrj ~tpn obobk fgo ou� d @z zu rg qg ybt} s jip crb hg oj gn pwp t| ob c| lb (��. 45, 1), j trj «vj oj ljk sljw» yb zj.Nquc mj lp dbd zjk js qpm} ip dbo ou� L. H. Pp s tpd xg d|n qg ybt} N. Bg cgr, pf ob lp, fb tj ru gt gg «plp mp1000 e. fp o. ~.»7. Og rg ji fbd zjk gg Z. Ugrx vgm}f pt op sjm qg ybt} l iob yj tgm} op cp mgg rbo og nu drg ng -oj — rb ogg qg yb tgk t. o. «quo l tjr op ep stj ma», t. g. g{g lp II t|s. fp o. ~.8 Bqrp ygn, su fa qp dsg nu, ~tbqg ybt} pt op sjt sa l eruq qg bs sj rjk sljw qg yb tgk IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~.9 Bstrg yb �t sa jip crb hg oja «qbr -vao slp ep d| st rg mb» j ob fru ejw ng sp qp tbn sljw qg yb taw, pt op sa {jw sa l IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~.10 Hop e fbstrg ma � {jg ob ibf dsbf oj lj jip crb hb �t sa qb rb nj, pf ob lp, qp lrbk ogk ng rg d pf opn ji ~tjw smu yb gdpcb dsbf oj lb qb r| — strgm lj, og js qpm} iu � {jg qrbd yjw11. J tp nu hg drg ng oj pt op sjt sa j raf qg yb -tgk s jip crb hg oj a nj dsbf oj lb, strg ma � {g ep yg rgi ep mp du lp oa ob slb lu12.

Rb ljn pc rb ipn, «qbr vao sljk d| st rgm» og c|m sp dgr zgo op og ji dg s tgo d Og rgf ogk @ijj j fpljnng rjk sljw j sljv sljw qp wp fpd. Dru epg fg mp, ytp lbl ~tpt qrj gn, tbl j strgm} cb s lp oa ob slb lu,pyg djf op, og qrj ng oa mjs} d tp drg na d nbs sp dpn qp raf lg, b npe mj fg npo st rj rp dbt} sa mjz} pt fgm} -o| nj djr tu p ib nj dpm} tj hj rpd lj, fb j tp slp rgg og d cjt dg, b ob pwp tg (og fb rpn rgf ljg jip crb hg ojastrg ma � {g ep s lp oa muy oj lb jng �t sa jngo op d sxg obw pwp t|, b og srb hg ojk).

5 Or. Dr. III, N.W. XXX (slab 28). Ztb ybst} rgm} g vb og c| mb

udg ig ob d Kpo fpo j ps tb mbs} d Mjn ru fg: Layard 1849, 392–

393; Gadd 1936, 136; Abu es-Soof 1963, 66; Meuszyński 1981,

24, Taf. 3, 2. Ouc mj lb xj� vp tp erb vjj sn. Meuszyński 1975,

64, fig. 17–17a.6 Rostovtzeff 1943, 181.7 Weber 1920, Nr. 514 (VA 5191).8 Herzfeld 1938, 37, 50, 53 –55, Nr. 134, Abb. 233.9 Parker 1955, 103; Moortgat 1966, 70, 144, Nr. 653, Taf. 77.10 Porada 1948, 74–75, pl. XC, Nr. 624: dsbf ojl strg ma gt ob -

ibf ob slb lu, xg mas} d lr| mb tp ep c| lb, u ope mp zb fj mg hjt

pcgi embd mgo o|k yg mp dgl; fb tj ru gt sa ~qp wpk Qbr ep ob II qp

swpf st du mpzb fjopk uq ra hj s jip crb hg oj a nj ob emb iu rp db -

o|w ljr qj ybw ji @z zu rb (��. 45, 2).11 Parker 1955, 103, pl. XIV, 3, ND. 2197: qb rb dsbf oj lpd d

sxg og pwp t| ob c| lb (?) (��. 45, 4). Qu fa qp fdpk op nu jip -

crb hg oj� mu lpd, pcb dsbf oj lb qb r| — strgm lj. A. Obr lgr

ibng yb gt, ytp lrp ng fdpk op ep jip crb hg oja ep mp d| mp zb fj ob

qg yb tj ogt oj lb ljw qrj iob lpd dtp rpk mp zb fj jmj dsbf oj lb,

pf ob lp ob vptp erb vjj as op rbi mj yb �t sa fdg mj ojj mu lpd, b

tbl hg, dg rp at op, fdg ep mp d| j fdb tg mb dsbf oj lpd. A. Obr lgr,

pyg djf op, syj tb gt dtp ru� ep mp du dsbf oj lb, ob wp fa {u � sa ib

qmg ypn qgr dpep, jip crb hg oj gn lpm yb ob. Op stj m� qg ybt}

fbtj ru gt sa VIII d. fp o. ~., pc ob ru hg ob d sng zbo opn lpo tgl -

stg — dng stg s ob wpf lb nj, pt op sa {j nj sa l ~qp wg pt @z zur -

ob xjr qb mb II fp @z zur cb oj qb mb; Doumet 1992, 77, Nr. 136:

dsbf ojl strg ma gt d c| lb, pcgr oud zjs} ob ibf ob slb lu

(��. 45, 3). Gb ep mp dpk gep mp zb fj jng gt sa jip crb hg ojg g{g

pf opk, pf ob lp fru ejg fg tb mj jip crb hg oja dtp rpk mp zb fj jmj

dsbf oj lb pt sut st du �t. Og ybt} pt op sjt sa l «mj og br op nu»

opdp bs sj rjk slp nu stj m� (d ps opd opn IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~.).12 Moortgat 1966, 75, 151, Taf. 87, Nr. 746 (VA 831): dsbf ojl

(xbr} ?) strg ma gt ob slb lu d m}dj op ep mp dp ep fg np ob (��. 45,

5). Og ybt} fb tj ru gt sa qp stj m� ~qp wpk Qbr ep ob II. Qr. qg ybt},

djfj np, tp ep hg drg ng oj Herzfeld 1938, 50, Nr. 135: dsbf ojl,

qrg smg fu � {jk rp eb tpg lp q|t opg, strg ma gt d og ep yg rgi ep mp -

du lp oa (��. 45, 6). Mj lb ljl smg fpd dtp rp ep lp oa jmj dsbf -

oj lb ogt. Og ybt} qrp js wp fjt ji rbs lp qpl Cg ig rb, efg pc ob -

ruhg ob d «ygt dgr tpn sg njt slpn» smpg (plp mp 1000–550 ee.

fp o. ~.): Maca li ster 1912, vol. II, 346; vol. III, pl. CCXIV, 24.

101

Pjs. 45 Hipcrbhgoja lpoo|w muyojlpd ob bssjrjksljw qgybtaw

Op Weber 1920, Nr. 514 (1); Porada 1948, pl. XC, Nr. 624 (2); Doumet 1992, Nr. 136 (3); Parker 1955, 103, pl. XIV, 3 (4); Moortgat 1966, Taf. 87, Nr. 746 (5); Herzfeld 1938, Abb. 234 (6)

1

2

3

4

5

6

102

Jrp ng ob idbo o|w smg fu gt uqp na out} g{g fp s tb tpy op nop ep yjs mgo o|g jip crb hg oja strg ma � {jwob slb lu dqg rgf, yg rgi ep mp du mp zb fj, jmj ob ibf («qbr vao sljk d| st rgm») dsbf oj lpd d sxg obw pwp t|ob urbrt sljw crpo ip d|w qp a sbw (��. 46)13. J sp hb mg oj�, ib gfjo st dgo o|n js lm� yg oj gn, ng s tp jpcstp a tgm} st db ob wpf lj dsgw ~tjw qp a spd og ji dgst o|; ogt ob ojw tbl hg j obf qj sgk, tbl ytp poj np eutc|t} fb tj rp db o| mjz} ob ps op db ojj sp qp s tb d mg oja s fb tj rp dbo o| nj ~l ign q ma rb nj j stj mj stj yg -slpep bob mj ib. U.-I. Jgmm} ogr fb tj ru gt tb ljg qp a sb dtp rpk qp mp dj opk VIII – dtp rpk qp mp dj opk VII dd.fp o. ~.14 Qda ib op mj qp a d mg ojg tb ljw jip crb hg ojk sp iob lpn st dpn sp stgq o| nj dsbf oj lb nj, ps tb gtsaog as o|n. Bp dsa lpn smu ybg, dsg lpo o|g strgm lj ob urbrt sljw qp a sbw qp sdp gk pfg h fg j pru hj� ojygnog pt mj yb �t sa pt sb njw urbr tpd, ob qrj ngr, ob wp fa {jw sa d lp mgs oj xbw, j ogt oj lb ljw ps op db ojkqrgf qp mb ebt}, ytp ifgs} jip crb hg o| yu hg ign x|. Htbl, ogt ps op db ojk qrj qj s| dbt} jip crg tg ojg «qbr -vao slp ep d| st rg mb» slj vb nj jmj ljn ng rjk xbn — nph op ep dp rjt} mjz} p tpn, ytp poj dqgr d|g stbmjqrj ng oat} gep d nbs sp dpn qp raf lg d cp�, stb mj js qpm} ip dbt} lbl tb l tj yg sljk qrj gn. Orj ~tpnZ. @. Crbo tpd sljk uhg pt ng ybm, ytp draf mj n| np hgn ep dp rjt} p np op qp mjj pf ojw mjz} slj vpd jljn ng rjk xgd ob js qpm} ip db ojg lpo o|w muy oj lpd — dqpm og dg rp at op, ytp ~tjn dj fpn dpksl zj rp lpqpm} ip db mjs} j fru ejg jrbo sljg ob rp f|, ob qrj ngr, nbr f|, ob idbo o|g Omu tbr wpn (Luc. 31, 9)ἱπποτοξόται15.

Nf ob lp smg fu gt qpf ygrl out}, ytp d fgk st dj tgm} op stj dsbf oj lj ob rgm} g vg @z zur ob xjr qb mb dpdsgog qrj ng oa �t ob stp a {jk «qbr vao sljk d| st rgm». B sb npn fg mg, «qbr vao sljk d| st rgm» — ~tp strgm}cbob ibf dsbf oj lb, lp tp r|k pt qu s lb gt qp dp f}a mp zb fj j uq rb d ma gt g� tpm} lp qrj qp np {j zgo lg mgk.Brb ej bs sj rjk xgd hg qp dp f}a og pt qu s lb �t — pfjo ji dsbf oj lpd strg ma gt ji mu lb, b fru epk uq rb d magtfdu na jfu {j nj ra fpn mp zbf} nj. Braf mj nph op ep dp rjt} j p sp i ob tgm} opn qrj ng og ojj tb l tj lj~tpep «qsgd fp qbr vao slp ep d| st rg mb»: bs sj rjk sljk rgm} gv jip crb hb gt, lbl pc|y op, rbi erp n mgo op ep jcgeu {g ep drb eb, lp tp r|k g{g q| tb gt sa pt cj dbt} sa. B ~tpn sn|s mg sp dgr zgo op bob mp ejy op jip crb hg -ojg rbi erp nb bs sj rjk xb nj brb cpd ob rgm} g vbw sg dgr op ep fdpr xb @z zur cb oj qb mb16: sj fa {jg qp fdpgob dgrc m� fbw brbc sljg dp j o| pt stu qb �t, pt strg mj db as} pt bs sj rjk xgd j, rb iu ng gt sa, strg maa qrj ~tpnob ibf (��. 47). Orj ~tpn tp hg pfjo ji brbc sljw dp j opd strg ma gt ji mu lb, b fru epk uq rb d ma gt dgrc m� -fpn: rbi oj xb mjz} d tpn, ytp brb c| ob rgm} g vg @z zur cb oj qb mb sj fat dfdp gn ob pf opn hj dpt opn, bdsbf oj lj ob rgm} g vg @z zur ob xjr qb mb — ob fduw jfu {jw ra fpn. Dp s tb tpy op cmji lpg jip crb hg ojgspwrb oj mps} g{g ob crpo ip dpn dg fgr lg, pyg djf op, bs sj rjk slpk rb cp t|, lp tp rpg qrp js wp fjt ji ib qbf -op ep Hrb ob (sp smpd dmb fgm} xb lpm mgl xjj, efg pop ob wp fjt sa) (��. 48). Mb ogn tbl hg jip crb hgob sqb -sb � {b a sa qb rb drb hg sljw dsbf oj lpd, lp tp r|w qrg smg fu �t strg ma � {jg ji mu lpd bssj rjk x| (?), ob stu -qb � {jg ob lp mgs oj xbw j dgr wpn. Nfjo ji qrg smg fu g n|w drb epd pcgr oum sa j qpf oam ru lu d tb lpn hghg s tg, lbl j dsbf ojl ob rgm} g vg @z zur ob xjr qb mb17. Op fpc o|g jip crb hg oja cg eu {jw drbepd jng �tsaj ob fru ejw bs sj rjk sljw rgm} g vbw, ob qrj ngr ob rgm} g vg ~qp wj @z zur cb oj qb mb ji qpng {g oja XXXIII�ep-ib qbf op ep fdpr xb Ju �o f hj lb18. Ddpg drb epd q| tb �t sa sqb stjs} dgr wpn; poj pcgr ou mjs} ob ibf jqpf oa mj ru lu d tb lpn hg hg s tg, lbl j pfjo ji cg eu {jw ob rgm} g vg @zzurob xjrqb mb (dg rp atop, hgstd| rb hb gt npm} cu, pt yb a ojg, strbw jmj qp fpc opg). Pbi oj xb ifgs} mjz} d tpn, ytp poj uhg qp tg ra mjpru hjg j fb hg og q| tb �t sa sp qrp tj d mat} sa, b pf op ep ji ojw ob stje bs sj rjk sljk dp jo. Qwpf opg jipc -rb hg ojg jng gt sa j ob rgm} g vg Qj obwwg rj cb ji �ep-ib qbf op ep fdprxb Ju �o f hj lb19.

13 Bsbf oj lj, strg ma � {jg dqg rgf: Kellner 1991, 30, 36–37,

43–44, 50, 51, 54–55, 82, Taf. 2–5, 12–13, 24–27, 35, 37, 43,

87, Nr. 11, 13, 14 (lr| mb t|g lgo tbd r|), 55 (lr| mb t|g lgo tbd -

r|: drgna @r ejz tj II), 95 (lp ogx VIII – sg rg fj ob VII d.

fp o. ~.), 97–98, 130, 140, 174, 445. Bsbf oj lj, strg ma � {jg ob -

ibf: Kellner 1991, 30–31, 33, 44, 47–48, 55, 59, 62, Taf. 4–9,

26–27, 32, 46–47, 51, 58–59, Nr. 12, 13, 19, 36, 99 (lp ogx

VIII – sg rg fj ob VII d. fp o. ~.), 115, 182 (VII d. fp o. ~.), 205,

224. Qr. g{g jip crb hg ojg strg ma � {jw ob ibf dsbf oj lpd d

sxgog pwp t| ob crpo ip dpn {j tg ji Hrb l mj p ob (Jrjt), ptop -

sa {gn sa, dj fj np, l VIII–VII dd. fp o. ~.: Kunze 1931, 8–12,

208–209, Taf. 10–20, Beil. 1, 4c.14 Kellner 1991, 19–20; Kellner 1991a, 145–147, Nr. 2, 4, 5.15 Crbo tpd sljk 1970, 371.16 Or. Dr. VII, 29 (prj ej obm og sp wrb ojm sa), B.M. 124925-6:Barnett 1976, pl. XXXII–XXXIII.17 Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 26.18 Paterson 1915, pl. 62– 64 (B.M. 124801).19 Smith 1938, pl. XXXVII.

103

Pjs. 46 Hipcrbhgoja lpoo|w muyojlpd ob urbrtsljw crpoipd|w qpasbw

Op Kellner 1991, Taf. 5, 27, 35, Nr. 12, 13, 97, 99, 130

1 2

3

4

5

104

Pjs. 47 Pbierpn brbcpd bssjrjkxbnj. Pgm}gv| Qgdgropep fdprxb @zzurcbojqbmb. 1. B.M. 124925-6; 2. Or. Dr. VII, 29

Op Barnett 1976, pl. XXXII–XXXIII

2

1

105

Htbl, drb ej bs sj rjk xgd, jip crb hgo o|g ob rgm} g vg @z zur ob xjr qb mb, og jng �t oj lb lp ep pt op -zgoja l slj vbn jmj ljn ng rjk xbn. Ztp lpo o|g muy oj lj, op qrj ng oa � {jg pc|y o|k fma qg rgf og dp -stpy o|w br njk ~tp ep qg rj p fb sqp spc uq rb d mg oja mp zb f}� s qp np {}� qrbd yg ep. Qtrgm} cu ob ibf(«qsgd fp qbr vao sljk d| st rgm») poj draf mj qrj ng oa �t lbl sp i ob tgm} ou� tb l tj lu — poj cg eut j strg -ma �t ob ibf, d| ou h fgo o|g l tp nu lrbk oj nj pc stp a tgm} st db nj. J tp nu hg rgy} jfgt og p lp ygd oj lbw,b pc psgf mpn ob rp fg, ib {j {b � {gn pt bs sj rjk xgd pf ou ji sdp jw lrg qp stgk. Orgf mb ebd zb a sa uhg dmjtg rb tu rg jfgo tj vj lb xja ~tjw dp j opd s jrbo sljn jmj lb ljn-tp jo|n (qp sb np nu rgm} g vu, lp ogyop,ogm} ia slb ibt} oj yg ep pq rg fg mgo op ep pc jw ai| lp dpk qrj obf mgh op stj) ob sg mg oj gn o| ogz og ep Jur -fjstb ob, lufb @z zur ob xjr qbm sp e mbs op qjs} ngo o|n js tpy oj lbn sp dgr zbm qp wp f|, np hgt c|t} qrj -iobob ucg fj tgm} opk.

1.4.2 DPS CHE HGN AP@ FE MH[ «MN L@ DNB»

B lb yg st dg qrj ng rb fru ejw jip crb hg ojk «slj vpd» jmj «ljn ng rjk xgd» qrj dp fat sa vj eur lj dsbf -oj lpd ji Lgn vj sb, Jbr wg nj zb, Mgk rb cb j fr.20. B tp hg drg na g{g Z. Ljoos, ji rb cp t| lp tp rp epd lp ogy opn jtp eg slj vp mp ej ib jn st dp db mj jip crb hg oja ~tjw dsbf oj lpd ji Lgn vj sb, fb tj rp dbm jwV d. fp o. ~. j syj tbm jip crb hg oj a nj sb lpd, dwp fjd zjw d lpo tjo egot rbs ldbr tj rp db oo|w d Eejq tg qgr -sjf sljw dpksl21. @ob mp ejy o|g stb tu ~t lj pc ob ru hg o| og tpm} lp d Mgk rb cg, op j dp nop hg st dg fru ejwquo l tpd Qj rjj, j dgi fg poj fb tj ru �t sa ~qp wpk @wg ng oj fpd j fb hg ~m mj oj stj yg sljn drg ng ogn22. E{gL. H. Pp s tpd xgd ib ng ybm qp jw qp dp fu: «Qpt oj qp fpc o|w stb tu ~ tpl bwg ng ojf slp ep qg rj p fb obk fg o|dp dsgw qp sg mg oj aw, lp tp r|g c| mj ib oa t| qgr sjf slpk br nj gk»23. Pgy}, tb ljn pc rb ipn, jfgt p dgs} nbnbs sp dpn nb tg rj b mg bwg ng ojf slpk j ~m mj oj stj yg slpk ~qp wj, og jng � {gn oj lb lp ep pt op zg oja l slj -vbn j ljn ng rjk xbn ~qp wj qg rgf og b ij bt sljw qp wp fpd. Bpinphop, ~tp jip crb hg oja dp j opd qgr sjf sljw(b qpi hg, dj fj np, j sg mgd ljf sljw) lpo tjo ego tpd, d sp stbd lp tp r|w dwp fj mj j srg f og bij bt sljg sb lj.Nf ob lp qrgf qp mp hg ojg p tpn, ytp uqp na ou t|g fp s tb tpy op swg nb tjy o|g vj eur lj jip crb hb �t jngo opjw, fpmh op c|t} g{g fp lb ib op24.

Gfgs} hg smg fu gt uqp na out} uqpr op qp dtp ra g npg d ra fg rb cpt ptp hfg st d mg ojg lpo o|w dp j opdlpygd oj yg slp ep pc mj lb, jip crb hgo o|w ob tgr rb lp tp d|w lmb ip ngo sljw sbr lp vb ebw (��. 49–51)25 j ob«~trus slpk» db ig ji Bb tj lbo slp ep nu iga (Nr. 231) (��. 52)26, s ljn ng rjk xb nj jmj slj vb nj ~qp wjqgrgf og b ij bt sljw qp wp fpd27. Rb lpg ptp hfg st d mg ojg oj ob ygn og ps op db op, b uyj t| dba, ytp dsg ob idbo -o|g jip crb hg oja pt op sat sa l trgt} gk ygt dgr tj VI jmj qgr dpk trg tj V dd. fp o. ~.28, j og dpi nph op qp

20 Qn., ob qrj ngr Sulimirski 1954, 305; Yamauchi 1982, 84,

96–97; Hm} jo slba 1982, 38–42; Hm} jo slba, Rg rg oph ljo

1987, 73–74.21 Minns 1913, Addenda et corrigenda, XXXVII–XXVIII, fig. 0,

1–5.22 Qn. ob qrj ngr Pézard 1922, 104, pl. XVI, 1–2; Carrière,Barrois 1927, 205–206, pl. LII, 43 – 45, 51–53; Woolley 1938,163, pl. X, sr. Woolley 1921, pl. 20; Woolley 1952, 257–258,pl. 70.23 Rostovtzeff 1935, 188.24 Qdpf lu nb tg rj b mb j js smg fp db ojg ~tpk eruq q| stb tu ~ tpl

sn. Elayi 1991, 181–206, Tab. I–X. Pb iu ng gt sa, oj p slj vbw,

oj p sb lbw rgy} ifgs} og jfgt. @d tpr qpf ygr lj db gt dp tjd o|k

wb rb l tgr ~tjw stb tu ~ tpl j ulb i| db gt ob jw sdai} s jip crb hg -

oj a nj @s tbr t|.25 Murray 1898, pl. I; Cook 1981, 31–34, 37–39, fig. 22, pl. 40,41, 52, 54 (G 1, G 11, G 13).26 Beazley 1947, 1, pl. I, 1–2; Albizzati s.a., fig. 25, 26. Qr.

swpfou� sxg ou ob bt tj yg slpn fj op sg dtp rpk ygt dgr tj VI d.

fp o. ~.: Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606 (Abb. 53–54).27 D}a lp opd 1956, 235, rjs. 41; Du fb rgd, Lb wpr t|w 1981, 37–

48; Hm} jo slba 1982, 45; Wmg op db 1984, 30; Du fb rgd 1991, 70–

71 j fr.28 Beazley 1947, 1; Cook 1981, 59–61, 148 (plp mp 500–470 ee.

fp o. ~.).

106

Pjs. 48 Abtbm}oba sxgob ob crpoipdpn bssjrjkslpn dgfgrlg (1, 2)

1

2

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48

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ba s

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b ob

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1985

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. 1, T

af. 25

, 26

3b3a

108

Pjs.

49

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109

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50

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110

Pjs. 51 Dgtbmj jipcrbhgojk ob lmbipngosljw sbrlpvbebw. 1. Hinjr, Basmahane 3493; 2. Obrjh, Kudr, CA 1024

Op Cook 1981, fig. 22, pl. 54

1

2

0 6

111

Pjs. 52 «Ztrusslba» bnvprb ji nuiga Bbtjlbob (№ 231)

Op Beazley 1947, pl. I, 1–2 (1, 2); Albizzati s.a., fig. 25, 26 (3, 4)

1 2

3

4

112

Pjs. 53 @ttjygsljk fjops

Op Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606

Pjs. 54 Dgtbm} tpep hg fjopsb

Op Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606

wrp op mp ej yg sljn sp pc rb hg oj an. Syj t| dba fb tj rpd lu ob idbo o|w jip crb ij tgm} o|w qb nat oj lpd, dsbf -oj lj ob ojw npe mj c| ptp hfg st d mat} sa slp rgg s dp j ob nj, dwp fjd zj nj d sp stbd qgr sjf slp ep dpk slb,dlm� ybd zg ep rbi mjy o|g ob xj p obm} o|g lpo tjo ego t|29. Mb xj p obm} oba qrj obf mgh opst} ~tjw dsbf oj lpdog as ob, op, dpi nph op, rgy} np hgt jf tj p srg f og bij bt sljw sb lbw, uyb stjg lp tp r|w d qgr sjf slpn dpk -slg wp rp zp ji dgst op.

B lb yg st dg lur} g ib nph op uqp na out} g{g tpm lp db oja db dj mpo sljw jip crb hg ojk strg ma � {jw jimu lb lr| mb t|w lgo tbd rpd XIII d. fp o. ~. lbl gd rb ijk sljw op nb fpd j qp q|t lj sda i| dbt} jw s frgd ogk -zj nj ljn ng rjk xb nj jmj slj vb nj30. Rb lpg tpm lp db ojg, rb iu ng gt sa og jng gt oj lb ljw ps op db ojk, bjip crb hg oja rbi o|w nj vj yg sljw su {gstd, js qpm} iu � {jw sb n|g rbi o|g dj f| pru hja, d tpn yjs mg jmul, c| mj fp s tb tpy op rbs qrp strb ogo | d ng sp qp tbn slpn js lus st dg II t|s. fp o. ~. Jr| mb t|k lgo tbdr,yb s tp s wdp stpn slpr qj p ob j fdu na ep mp db nj (yg mp dg yg slpk j m}djo pk) c|m, qp dsgk dj fj np stj jip -crb hg oj gn sp idgi fja, qrgf stb d ma � {g ep og lpg dtp rp stg qgo opg cp hg st dp db dj mpo slp ep qbo tg p ob. Eepjip crb hg oja, pc|y op s mu lpn, wp ta jop efb j cgi og ep, fp s tb tpy op yb s tp dstrg yb �t sa ob db dj mpo sljwj bs sj rjk sljw qg yb taw j rgm} g vbw kudurru (ng hg d|g lbn oj) XIV–XII dd. fp o. ~. (gst} j pf op jip crbhg -ojg g{g III t|s. fp o. ~., ~qp wj III fj ob stjj Srb – Hsj ob, cgi mu lb)31 j, rb iu ng gt sa, og jng �t oj ygeppc {g ep s gd rb ijk slj nj op nb fb nj.

29 Qdpf lu rbi mjy o|w nog ojk qp qp dp fu jo tgr qrg tb xjj ~tjw

dsbf oj lpd sn. Kirchner 1987, 123–125. Apm} zjo st dp bd tp rpd

slmp oa gt sa l tp nu, ytp ~tp qgr s| jmj erg lj d qgr sjf slpk pfg -

h fg.30 Sulimirski 1970, 395, fig. 90. Qr. Sorokin 1990, 145–147, lp -

tp r|k sda i| db gt s lpo o| nj op nb fb nj (ljn ng rjk xb nj j slj -

vb nj) lgo tbd rpd og dp s tpy opk, b bo tjy opk trb fj xjj. Ztb

sdai} stpm} hg og ps op db tgm} ob.31 Qn. sdpf lu nb tg rj b mb j gep jo tgr qrg tb xj� Seidl 1989,

176–178, sr. Herzfeld 1936/1937, 132–135; Porada 1948,

90–91, Nr. 749, pl. CXIII; Moortgat 1966, 68, 142, Nr. 617,

Taf. 74; Parker 1977, 264, Nr. 28; Matthews 1990, 82, 98.

R;LMU 2

�� :

��

= mnc by bq wcg uôpf jy `y ]o kf if, upl lo p^ ick kyc c` n^ efg ohf jf kl j^ b^ jf ` G^ ilg ;effm^j]p kf hf o ^n scl il af uc ohlg plu hf enc kf] lp kl o]p o] h hc icn jco ohl jq {p^ mq n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq -ny. J^ j]p kf hf, lp kl o] wf c o] h mcn yj pncj ucp cn p]j VII `. bl k. {., q`c nck kl o`] ey ^ |p o] o fo pl -nf uc ohf jf hfj jc nfg t^ jf; pc, upl lp kl o]p o] h ml o icb kcg ucp cn pf VII f k^ u^ iq VI `. bl k. {., ^ p^h dchl uc` kf uc ohfc m^ j]p kf hf VII `. bl k. {. fe B^ h^` h^ ez] f Cn^ k^, jl aqp _ypz lp kc oc ky h^h h hfj jc nfg -t^j, p^h f ohf r^j. L ^n scl il af uc ohlg plu hf enc kf] l_^ k^ nl b^ hn^g kc pnq b kl nê if uf jy.

=y lb l mnf k^b icd kl opf hfj jc nfg tc` f ohf rl` {ml sf mc ncb kc ef p ohfs ml sl bl` h hc icn jco -ohljq {p^ mq n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny fjc cp mnfk tf mf iz klc ek^ uc kfc kc pliz hl bi] snl kl il aff, klf bi] fo pl nf uc ohlg fk pcn mnc p^ tff mnf ucn kl jln ohfs hl uc` kf uc ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`. Ik kc ol jc o pfj opn^ bf tf lk klg fo pl nf uc ohlg h^n pf klg, opnl f` vcg o] k^ lo kl c {pfs m^ j]p kf hl` f, oic bl ^ pciz kl, pnc -_q cp mc nc ojl p n^ {plg h^n pf ky. Lle b^k k^] k^ lo kl c ^n scl il af uc ohfs b^k kys fo pl nf uc oh^] nc hlk op -nqh tf] lh^ ey ^ i^ ek^ uf pciz klc ìf ] kfc f k^ fk pcn mnc p^ tf| mfoz jck kys fo plu kf hl`. M^h, pn^ bf tf -lk k^] fbck pf rf h^ tf] fo pl nf uc ohfs hfj jc nfg tc` o Hl l ucn hô ohlg hqiz pq nlg f b^ pf nl` h^ `pl nlgml il f klg VII `. bl k. {. ojc ky {plg hqiz pq ny n^k kc ohfr ohlg mlb n^ eq jc ^ i^, upl ml ] ic kfc ohfr -ohlal k^ oc ic kf] ` Jnf ucn kl jl nzc, ol mnl l d b^` vc c o] `y pco kc kf cj hfj jc nfg tc`, mnl fo sl bf il uqpzif kc k^ ai^ e^s mcn ys anc uc ohfs hl il kf opl`. Vplp `y lb mnf l bfi h pl jq, upl ^k pfu k^] pn^ bf tf],ml c op q | w^] l_ {pfs ol _y pf ]s, mnc d bc òc al ol uf kc kfc >c nl bl p^, ouf p^ iôz ` `y o vcg opc mc kf eôiq -df ^ | wcg bl c nf], ml ohliz hq lk^ `lo mnf kf j^ iôz h^h `lo sl b] w^] h o`f bc pc i]j ol lp cp op q | wfsol_y pfg. Ib k^ hl, h^h qh^ ey ^ iloz, o^ j^ ^n scl il af uc oh^] pcl nf], lpl dbc op i] | w^] hfj jc nfg tc` okl of pc i] jf mncb ohfr ohfs hqiz pqn, ml ] f iôz ` kc j^ ilg opc mc kf mlb ìf ] kf cj >c nl bl p^. =le kf hî,p^ hfj l_ n^ elj, e^jh kq pyg hnqa: ^n scl il af ol e b^ ^ if o`lf nc hlk op nqh tff, ` ek^ uf pciz klg opc mc kflokl y ^ ]oz k^ >c nl bl pc, ` bl o pl cn kl opf o`c bc kfg hl pl nl al kc ol j kc ^ ifoz. Co pl nf hf f rf il il af,` o`l| luc ncbz, mlb p`cn db^ if bl o pl cn klopz ac nl bl pl` ohl al nô oh^ e^ pcj, upl lk ol lp cp op q cp nc hlk -op nqh tff fo pl nf uc ohfs ol _y pfg, ol e b^k klg ml b^k kyj ^n scl il aff.

114

115

>F; =; 2.1

��

2.1.1 ?; MC KI= E; H; R; F; «E@ F@K G@L LEI >I» VM; J;

K;H H@ LECO LEID ENFU MN KT

Hc pliz hl ` ;k^ pl iff, kl f ` n^g lk^s h `lo pl hq lp ;o of nff, f b^ dc ` B^ h^` h^ ezc, òpnc u^ |p o]mlu pf fo hi| uf pciz kl n^k kc ohfr ohfc `c wf hc icn jco ohl al mc nf l b^. =c wf _l icc n^k kc al, d^ _l pfk -ohlal {p^ m^ ebcoz mn^ h pf uc ohf kc fe cop ky. El o p] kyc mi^ opfk hf o ncez _lg fe Mcg vc _^ f kf, pli hl ^` -vf c o] h^h qh^ e^ kfc k^ {plp mc nf lb, k^ sl b]p ^k^ il aff ` m^ j]p kf h^s h^h d^ _l pfk ohl al, p^h f hcicn -jco ohl al {p^ m^ f, oic bl ^ pciz kl, `mli kc jl aqp _ypz lp kc oc ky h ml o icb kc jq. Vpl l_ opl ] pciz op l jlail_y o`f bc pciz op l ^pz l k^ u^ ic hc icn jco ohl al mc nf l b^ n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny qdc ` n^j h^s VIII `.bl k. {., hl ab^ fo pl nf uc ohfc fo plu kf hf rf h of nq |p mcn lc fe cop klc oplih kl c kfc mc ncb kc l oplu kystf f if e^ tfg o hfj jc nfg t^ jf (` 714 a. bl k. {.). Co plu kf hf ol l_ w^ |p ` {pl `nc j] kc pliz hl l ml -an^kfu klj oplih kl c kff k^ oc c nc Nn^n pq, kl f ml ] ic kff hfj jc nfg tc` al nê bl |d kcc, ` n^g lkcG^kky.

= o`] ef o `le jld kl opz| p^ hlg b^ pf nl` hf lol _yg fk pc nco mnf l_ nc p^ cp n^k kc ohfr ohfg hlj m ichohqn a^ k^ 15 q Lpc_ ic ^ ` Jl nl ozc, ^` pl ny mq_ if h^ tff hl pl nl al my p^ |p o] l_lo kl ^pz cal b^ pf nl` hqVIII `. bl k. {. (��. 55)1. Elj m icho `hi| u^ cp mncb jc py hlk ohlg qe by, pf mfu kyc bi] hc icn jco ohl al{p^m^ — dc ice kyc lb kl hliz u^ pyc qbf i^ f pncs mc pciz u^ pyc opcnd kc fb kyc mo^ iff o e^ akq pyj hlk tlj(^k^ il aff jkl al ufo ick ky, `hi| u^] l_^ Ec icn jco ohfs hqn a^ k^ =c oc il` ohl al), ^ p^h dc rnâ jck pydcice kl al uc vqg u^ pl al m^k tf n], bl o p^ plu kl u^ o pl òpnc u^ | wf c o] ` hlj m ic h o^s {pl al `nc jc kf2. K]bbnq afs mncb jc pl` hlj m ic h o^ (dc ice kyg k^ hl kcu kfh hl mz], hc n^ jf h^) p^h dc bl o p^ plu kl sl nl vl mncb -op^ ick ` m^ j]p kf h^s {pl al `nc jc kf, kl k^ sl bfp ^k^ il aff f ` hlj m ic h o^s mnc by bq wc al mc nf l b^.;pnf _q tf] b^k kl al hlj m ic h o^ h hc icn jco ohl jq {p^ mq n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny, p^ hfj l_ n^ elj, `n]bif jl dcp `y e`^pz ol j kc kfc. Iol _yg fk pc nco onc bf k^ sl blh mncb op^ i] |p dc ice kyg _l c lg jl ilpf _nlk el yc k^ hl kcu kf hf opnci i^` nl if op klg rln jy o `kq p nck kcg `pqi hlg. Vpf mncb jc py, lol _ck klk^ hl kcu kf hf opnci, mn^ h pf uc ohf kc fe cop ky ` m^ j]p kf h^s n^k kc ohfr ohlg f mncb ohfr ohlg hqiz pqnLc cn kl al Jnf ucn kl jl nz] f Jncb h^` h^ ez], lb k^ hl k^ sl b]p oc _c _ife hfc ^k^ il aff ` |d klg Lf _f nf,E^ e^s op^ kc f Lncb kcg ;eff3. Gy qdc lp jc u^ if k^ if ufc {ic jck pl` j^ pc nf iz klg hqiz pq ny pl al dc

1 Eilu hl, Lhl nfg 1993, 71–84.2 Kô mnl op n^ kc kfc uc vqg u^ pys m^k tf ncg `l oc kc l_] e^ -

pciz kl o`] ey ^pz o mc ncb kc ef p ohf jf ml sl b^ jf hfj jc nfg -

tc` f ohf rl`, h^h {pl u^ o pl bc i^ cp o]. M^ hfc m^k tf nf _y if

fe cop ky ` B^ h^` h^ ezc cwc `l II pyo. bl k. {., ^ k^ Lc cn klj

E^` h^ ec ml ] i] |p o] ` mncb ohfr ohq| {ml sq ` m^ j]p kf h^s kl -

`l ucn hô ohl al pf m^; lp o| b^ lkf nô mnl opn^ k] ifoz bîz vc k^

oc cn (oj. kf dc). Mcj o^ jyj okf j^ cp o] lb kl fe `le n^ dc kfg

mnl pf` n^k kcg b^ pf nl` hf opc_ ic` ohl al hlj m ic h o^, h^h f bnq -

afs m^ j]p kf hl`, ol bcn d^` vfs lo p^p hf m^k tf ncg (Eq nlu hfk

1994, 118).3 Eilu hl, Lhl nfg 1993, 80–81, o if pc n^ pq nlg.

116

1 2

7

4

5

8

6

109

11

12

13

14

15

16

3

117

Kfo. 55 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] hqna^k^ 15 q o. Lpc_ic`l. 1–5, 11–16. Acicel; 6–10. <nlke^; 17–22. >ifk^

Jl Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, nfo. 3–5

18

21

20

0 619

0 6

17

0 622

118

mnl fo sl d bc kf] (mnc d bc òc al, _f jc pî if uc ohfc hic` ty) ` hl uc` kf uc ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s G^ ilg ;efff Jncb h^` h^ ez], p^h dc lp kl o] wfs o] h hc icn jco ohl jq mc nf l bq n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny. Lpc_ ic` ohfghlj m icho ]` i] cp o] cwc lb kfj bl h^ e^ pciz op lj oq wc op l ^ kf] p^ hfs o`] ecg. H^ hl kcu kf hf o `kq p nck -kcg `pqi hlg, _if d^g vfc ^k^ il aff hl pl nyj =. C. Eilu hl f L. ;. Lhl nyg omn^ cb if l k^ sl b]p ` bl o -p^ plu kl jkl al ufo ick kys onc b kc ef p ohfs f h^ e^s op^k ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s IX–VIII ``. bl k. {., oiq d^pai^` kyj lo kl ^ kf cj bi] b^ pf nl` hf opc_ ic` ohl al hlj m ic h o^ `nc jc kcj kc mle dc VIII `. bl k. {. @o if {p^b^ pf nl` h^ omn^`cbif`^, lk^ jldcp oiqdfpz `^d kyj ^n aq jck plj ` mliz eq lp kc oc kf] k^ u^ i^ n^k kc ohfr -ohlg hqizpqny cwc h VIII `. bl k. {. = o`] ef o {pfj oic bq cp lp jc pfpz, upl onc bf j^ pc nf il` Ng a^ n^h -ohl al jl afiz kf h^ fe`co pck òc al lbfk k^ hl kcu kfh {pl al pf m^, k^g bck kyg ` hqn a^ kc 84 `jc opc o _nlk -el y jf opnc jcu hl fb ky jf qbf i^ jf f _f jc pî if uc ohfj hic` tlj4, pl a b^ h^h lo pîz kyc k^ hl kcu kf hfo `kq p nck kcg `pqi hlg mnf k^b ic d^p h _l icc mleb kc jq pf mq uc py ncs an^k kys fif nlj _f uc ohfs ` oc uc -kff k^ hl kcu kf hl`5. M^ dc h^n pf k^ s^ n^ h pcn k^ f bi] hli u^k kys k^ _l nl` n^k kc o^h ohfs jl afiz kf hl`L^ h^n-u^ a^ 5 f 66 f Wd kyg M^ af ohck7.

@wc lb kfj qh^ e^ kf cj k^ n^k k|| b^ pf nl` hq k^ u^ i^ hc icn jco ohl al {p^ m^ ]` i] |p o] k^ slb hf `hljm ic h o^s {pl al `nc jc kf (` u^ op kl opf, b`^ {h ecj m i] n^ ` hqn a^ kc 2 =c oc il` ohl al, lbfk ` hqn a^ kc 1Sqiz t^ Ecicnjcoohlal kchnlmli]) if pys _nlk el ys vic jl` «hq _^k ohl al» pf m^, hl pl nyc fo mliz eq -|po] ` pc uc kfc bl o p^ plu kl la n^ kfuck kl al mnl jc dqp h^ `nc jc kf f òhl nc `y sl b]p fe qml p nc_ ic kf]8.H^ f _l icc l_lo kl ^k klg ` k^ opl ] wcc `nc j] mncb op^ i] cp o] af ml pc e^ l mnl fo sl d bc kff {plg anqm myvic jl` fe oc cn kl al Ef p^], abc k^ slb hf luckz _ife hfs {h ecj m i] nl` fe cop ky ` {ml sq e^ m^b kl alRdlq, ^ e^ pcj, `f bf jl, p^ hfc vic jy mc nc op^ |p fo mliz el ^pz o]9. H^ slb hf vic jl` {pl al pf m^ fe copkyf k^ mnl jc dq plu kys pcn nf pl nf ]s — ` Jl li dzc, Lncb kcg ;eff f |d klg Lf _f nf, p. c. p^j dc, abcrfh of nq |p o] f k^ slb hf _f jc pî if ucohfs hic` tl` pf m^ k^g bck kys ` Cjfn ic nc f Gq vc. Jl o hliz hqlhlk u^ kfc {ml sf e^ m^b kl al Rdlq lpkl ofp o] h 771 a. bl k. {., `n]b if jld kl b^ pf nl ^pz e^ fj op l ^ kfc{pl al pf m^ vic jl` ` Lncb k|| ;ef|, ^ e^ pcj k^ Lc cn kyg E^` hê, jkl al mle dc {plg b^ py.

Jncb ml il dc kfc l_ lpl dbc op ic kff hfj jc nfg tc`, b^ f n^k kfs ohf rl`, o kl of pc i] jf mncb ohfr -ohfs hqiz pqn Lc cn kl al Jnf ucn kl jl nz], lol _ck kl Jncb h^` h^ ez], f ocg uô k^f _l icc nô mnl opn^ kc kl` if pc n^ pq nc. ?l o p^ plu kl oh^ e^pz, upl ml jckz vcg jc nc pnf jl kl an^ rff ml b^k klg pc jc, lmq_ if hl`^k -kyc ` ml o icb kcc `nc j], ^n aq jck pf nq |p fjck kl p^ hq| plu hq enc kf]10. Ib k^ hl qdc kc lb kl hn^p kl lp jc -u^ iloz lp oqp op fc ` Jc ncb kcg ;eff bnc` kl opcg mncb ohfr ohfs ^n scl il af uc ohfs hqiz pqn. Np cn d bc kfcL. =. G^ sln py s11 l plj, upl ` Jc ncb kcg ;eff fe cop ky k^ slb hf k^ hl kcu kf hl` opnci mncb ohfrohl alpf m^ lvf _lu kl. =l òcs oiq u^ ]s, ` plj ufo ic f ` pcs, k^ hl pl nyc lk ooy i^ cp o], ncuz fbcp l k^hl kcu -

4 =fv kc` oh^] 1973, 89, p^_. XX, 10.5 =fv kc` oh^] 1973, 90–91.6 X_ ilk ohfg 1991, 85–86, nfo. 6, 7, 10; X_ ilk ohfg 1996,

34–42, nfo. 35.7 Cpf k^, X_ ilk ohfg 1997, 46–53, nfo. 70.8 = ml o icb kcc `nc j] ml ] f ifoz b^k kyc, ml e l i] | wfc mncb -

ml il dfpz, upl vic jy {pl al pf m^ bl df ^ |p bl oc nc bf ky–

pncpz cg ucp cn pf VI `. bl k. {. Jnf nô hlm h^s hqn a^ k^ 9 q

o. Eq tc l il` h^ Ef nl l an^b ohlg l_ i^ o pf _y il l_ k^ nq dc kl

h^jck klc k^b anl_ klc fe ^ ] kfc, fel _n^ d^ | wcc `l f k^ ` al il` -

klj q_l nc, hl pl nyg pn^ h pq cp o] h^h vicj «hq _^k ohl al» pf m^.

?^ p^ lo kl` kl al e^ sl nl kc kf] hqn a^ k^ lm nc bc i] cp o] l_ k^ nq -

dck ky jf ` kcj anc uc ohf jf ^j rl n^ jf oc nc bf klg– pncpz cg

ucp cn pz| VI `. bl k. {. H^ f _l icc `c nl ]p kl, upl fe ^ ] kfc

lpkl ofp o] h {pl jq ml anc _c kf| f, oic bl ^ pciz kl, b^ pf nq cp o]

pcj dc `nc jc kcj, upl jla il _y e^ o`f bc pciz op l ^pz fo mliz -

el ^ kfc «hq _^k ohfs» vic jl` ` qh^ e^k klc `nc j]: <l hfg, Iiz -

sl` ohfg 1994, 151–163. =oc dc mncb ml il dc kfc l _y pl ^ kff

«hq _^k ohfs» vic jl` bl pncpz cg ucp cn pf VI `. bl k. {. kciz e]

ouf p^pz lhlk u^ pciz kl bl h^ e^k kyj bl k^ slb hf p^ hl al vic j^

` lb klj fe hlj m ic h ol` {pl al `nc jc kf.9 =^ nc kl` 1992, 100–104; ;ic h oc c` 1992, 37–38. Ln. El jfo -

o^ nl` 1988, 78–79. G. =. >l nc ifh (1993, 168–169) mncb ml uf -

p^ cp `le l bfpz {pq anqm mq vic jl` h e^ m^b kl f n^k ohfj f

qn^np ohfj mnl pl pf m^j, lb k^ hl lkf al nê bl bîz vc ml o`l cg

rln jc lp «hq _^k ohfs» vic jl`, ucj hf p^g ohfc, ` ucj q_c d b^cp

f ol _ n^k kyg o^ jfj ^` pl nlj j^ pc nf i, oj. >l nc ifh 1993,

p^_. LXII. Ln. Eq nlu hfk 1993, 98. Jncb ml il dc kfc l e^fj op l -

`^ kff {pfs vic jl` ` Ef p^g lp «k^ nl bl` jl n]» XIII–XII ``.

bl k. {. uc nce E^` hê f opc mf (>l nc ifh 1993, 171) h^ dcp o]

hn^g kc j^ il c nl ]p kyj. Ln. p^h dc Ric kl ^ 1993, 62–63;

>î^ kf k^ / Galanina 1997, 114–117. ;` pl ny {pfs n^ _lp ol if -

b^ nf eq |p o] o G. =. >l nc if hlj, kc mnf l b] bl mli kf pciz kys

^n aq jck pl` ` mliz eq cal af ml pc ey.10 ?q b^ nc` 1991; Vn ifs 1994; G^ sln pys 1994. 11 G^ sln pys 1994, 22, 29–30.

119

kf h^s opnci p. k. ohfr ohl al pf m^, b`qs il m^ op kys («hc icn jco ohfc», fkl ab^ «d^ _l pfk ohfc») fif pncs il -m^ op kys (on. `y vc). Ivf _lu kl f ol ml o p^ ic kfc k^ hl kcu kf hl` opnci, k^g bck kys «` ;j i^ vc», hl plnyc]hl _y ]` i] |p o] «ncb u^g vf jf bi] {pl al nc af l k^», o k^ hl kcu kf h^ jf fe Hl o^ uc ^ f <c il an^b t^. =l-mcn 7`ys, pncs il m^ op kyc k^ hl kcu kf hf opnci, fe ncb h^ k^ sl bf jyc ` hlj m ic h o^s pfm^ Hl l ucn hô ohl alhi^ b^, k^ mnf jcn ` Hl o^ uc c12, fjc |p ol cn vck kl fkq| rln jq f kc ol ml o p^ f jy o k^ hl kcu kf h^ jf feCn^ k^. =l-`pl nys, {pf pnf (^ kc b`^, h^h mf vcp L. =. G^ sln pys) pncs il m^ op kys k^ hl kcu kf h^, l_ k^ nq -dck kyc ` 9 ml anc _c kff q bc nc ckz Vj^j f Ml j^b d^k k^ |d klj ml _c nc dzc Eô mfg ohl al jl n]13 `l ockc ]` i] |p o] «ncb u^g vf jf» ` nc af l kc — k^ mnl pf`, lkf mnf k^b ic d^p h pf mq, unce y u^g kl vf nl hl nô -mnl opn^ kck kl jq ` Cn^ kc k^ uf k^] ol `pl nlg ml il f ky VII `. bl k. {. f mle dc. ?l o p^ plu kl qml j] kqpz,k^ mnf jcn, k^ slb hq lhl il uc py ncs py o]u p^ hfs k^ hl kcu kf hl` ` Jcn oc ml ic (oj. `y vc l k^ hl kcu kf h^s«ohfr ohl al» pf m^, ` plj ufo ic l pcs k^ slb h^s, k^ hl pl nyc ooy i^ cp o] L. =. G^ sln pys). Enl jc pl al,mlanc _c kfc fe Vj^ j^, l hl pl nlj fbcp ncuz, kcp lo kl ^ kfg b^ pf nl ^pz VIII–VII ``. bl k. {.; lkl `mlikcjl dcp mnf k^b ic d^pz f h ek^ uf pciz kl _l icc mleb kc jq `nc jc kf.

>. H. Eq nlu hfk mnf ci kc b^` kl cwc lbfk ^n aq jckp ` mliz eq mleb kcg b^ pf nl` hf n] b^ m^ j]p kf hl`hc icn jco ohl al {p^ m^ n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny (Lp^n v^] Gl af i^, =li hl` ty, ;h o| pfk ty f bn.)14.Loyi^ ]oz k^ nc eqiz p^ py ^k^ if el` jc pî i^ _nlk el ys fe bc ifg, mnl fo sl b] wfs fe k^ e`^k kys m^ j]p kf -hl`15, lk e^ hi| u^ cp, upl {pf mncb jc py «fe al pl ic ky k^ mnl fe lb op ck klg _^ ec ^k pfu kys al nl bl`Lc`cn kl al Jnf ucn kl jl nz]» f, oic bl ^ pciz kl, blid ky _ypz mnl fe c bc ky mle dc lo kl ^ kf] {pfs al nl -bl` f k^ u^ i^ fs «vf nl hfs bc il ys hlk p^ h pl`» ol ohf r^ jf k^ nq _c dc VII–VI ``. bl k. {., upl f lm nc -bc i] cp b^ pq ol lp cp op q | wfs hlj m ic h ol`. = bcg op f pciz kl opf jc pî il an^ rf uc ohlc fo oic bl ^ kfc=. ;. El of hl ^ `l oc kc ml e l i] cp obc i^pz p^ hfs e^ hi| uc kfg. Lbc i^k kyc fj `y l by h^ o^ |p o] kc jcop^mnl fe lb op ^ ^k^ if ef nq c jys fe bc ifg, ^ ifvz mnl fo sl d bc kf] jc pî i^, ml oiq df` vcal bi] fs fe al pl -ìc kf]. ;` pln `y bc i] cp kc ohliz hl anqmm nqb kys jc o pl nl d bc kfg (`li al-h^j oh^], `li al-qnîz oh^],h^n m^ pl-pn^k ofiz ^k oh^], oc c nl-h^` hê oh^], bkc m nl` ohl al Jn^ l _c nc dz]), onc bf hl pl nys fjc cp o] fanqm m^ lm nc bc i] c j^] h^h «oy nzc nqb kys _ê ^k pfu kys al nl bl` Lc cn kl al Jnf ucn kl jl nz]». Lic bq cpe^ jc pfpz, upl hlk hncp klc ol bcn d^ kfc ml o icb kfs lo p^ cp o] kc ]o kyj: kf abc kc lal ^ nf ^ cp o], l h^ hfs,ol_ op ck kl, jc o pl nl d bc kf ]s fbcp ncuz. Gld kl mncb ml il dfpz, upl ^` pln fjc cp ` `f bq, upl {pf fe bcif]fe al pl ic ky fe jc pî i^, osl dc al o jc pî ilj, fo mliz el ^` vfj o] ` jc pî iqn af uc ohlj mnl fe lb op canc uc ohfs j^ o pcn ohfs. Jl b^ i] | wcc _liz vfk op l mnl k^ if ef nl ^k kys ^` pl nlj mncb jc pl` fe al pl ic -kl mnf {plj fe jc pî i^, mnl fo sl b] wc al fe nê ifu kys fo plu kf hl` (luc fb kl, ` nc eqiz p^ pc `pl nfu klgmc nc mi^` hf jc pî if uc ohl al il j^). Lic bq cp l_ n^ pfpz lol _lc `kf j^ kfc k^ pl, upl ncuz kc fbcp l_ fe al -pl ic kff ol lp cp op q | wfs mncb jc pl` anc uc ohf jf nc jco ick kf h^ jf — `l òcs oiq u^ ]s, `hi| u^] f pc,hl ab^ {pf mncb jc py mnl fe c bc ky fe «nq by ^k pfu kys al nl bl`», lkf fe al pl ic ky `kc ò] hl al oljkc kf]ohfr ohf jf, ^ kc anc uc ohf jf j^ o pc n^ jf. Vpl kc qbf f pciz kl — anc hf `l oc kc _y if mcn l lp hny ^ pc -i] jf nqb kys jc o pl nl d bc kfg, hl pl ny jf lkf `ml o icb op ff mliz el ^ ifoz. Pl nl vl fe cop kl, upl k^ if -ufc nqb kys jc o pl nl d bc kfg _y il lb kfj fe oq wc op ck kys r^ h pl nl`, ìf ]` vfs k^ `y _ln ancuc ohf jfhl il kf op^ jf jcop bi] ml oc ic kfg (kc hl pl nyc fo oic bl ^ pc if b^ dc ouf p^ |p `le jld kyj al`l nfpz k^{plj lo kl ^ kff l «oynz c lg hl il kf e^ tff»), ` plj ufo ic f mnf hl il kf e^ tff Lc cn kl al Jnf ucn kl jl -nz]16. Vpl le k^ u^ cp, upl h jl jck pq lo kl ^ kf] anc uc ohfs hl il kfg Jnf ucn kl jl nz] pc jcopl nl d bc kf],hl pl nyc `ml o icb op ff op^ if «nqb klg _^ elg» fs nc jco ick kf hl`, _y if sl nl vl fe cop ky f nê n^ _^ py -`^ ifoz (f `c nl ]p kl qdc b^` kl) jc op kyj k^ oc ic kf cj. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, anc uc ohfc hl il kff kc _y if cbfk -op ck kyj fo plu kf hlj jc pî i^, mnl fo sl b] wc al fe {pfs jc o pl nl d bc kfg. Mlp r^hp, upl uôpz n^k kc -ohfr ohfs _nlk el ys fe bc ifg fe al pl ic k^ fe pl al dc jc pî i^, upl f mnl bqh tf] anc uc ohfs nc jco ick kf -hl`, kc ml e l i] cp ml { pl jq e^ hi| ufpz, _qb pl jc pîi bi] {pfs fe bc ifg ml op^ i]i o] ancuc ohf jf hl il kf -op^ jf. Lhl ncc òc al, lk mnl fo sl bfp fe nê n^ _l plh {pfs jc o pl nl d bc kfg, hl pl nyc `c ifoz jc op ky jf df -pc i] jf bl lo kl ^ kf] anc uc ohfs hl il kfg. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, ^n aq jckp >. H. Eq nlu hf k^ kc fjc cp of iy.

12 Ln. Mc nc kld hfk 1976, 80, 135, nfo. 45, 9.13 Lj. Samadi 1959, 40; Samadi 1959a, 190, fig. 26.14 Eq nlu hfk 1994, 118.

15 El of hl` 1992, 39–83.16 Lj. Treister 1996, 146–181, o if pc n^ pq nlg.

120

Hc k^j kl al _liz vc, ucj ` Jc ncb kcg ;eff, mncb ohfr ohfs k^ sl blh b^ dc f ` B^ h^` h^ ezc — ebcozjld kl k^ e`^pz ifvz cbf kfu kyc k^ slb hf bc p^ icg hlk ohlg o_nqf kl l ucn hô ohl al l_ if h^ k^ pcn nf -plnff >nq eff (Lqn jqv ohfg hi^b f Eo^k ohlc qwc izc) (��. 56, 1–5)17. Lpl nlk kf hf lpl dbc op ic kf]hfj jcnfg tc` o kl of pc i] jf mncb ohfr ohfs hqiz pqn opnl ]p o`lf mncb ml il dc kf] ` ek^ uf pciz klg opcmckfk^ bl mq wc kff pl al, upl o^ jyc n^k kfc mnl kfh kl c kf] opcm k] hl` ` n^g lky, `sl bf` vfc ` ml ic enc kf]^`pl nl` hif kl mfo kys pch opl`, jla if kc lo p^ fpz j^ pc nf iz kys oic bl`. B^ kc fjc kf cj k^ sl blh mncb -ohfr ohfs `c wcg ` Jc ncb kcg ;eff mncb mnf kf j^ ifoz ml myp hf l_ k^ nq dfpz, k^ mnl pf`, mc ncb kc ef p -ohfc mncb jc py ` mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s Jnf ucn kl jl nz] f fo pli hl ^pz fs h^h oic by hfj jc nfgohfsml sl bl`. Hc b^` kl =. K. Vn ifs o`ci `l cbf kl ml bl_ kyc ^n aq jck py18, lp op^ f ^] fbc| l plj, upl `l ck kycml sl by kl j^ bl` ` Jc ncb k|| ;ef| k^ u^ ifoz cwc ` kl l ucn hô ohlc `nc j] f, ol lp cp op ck kl, fbck pf -rf tf nq] hfj jc nfg tc` o kl of pc i] jf Hl l ucn hô ohlg hqiz pq ny. Enl jc pl al, pc dc o^ jyc b^k kyc ]ì] -|p o] f `^d kcg vfj lo kl ^ kf cj bi] b^ pf nl` hf m^ j]p kf hl` kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^. = o^ jlj bc ic, co ifqb^ op o] bl h^ e^pz, upl kl of pc if {plg hqiz pq ny mnf kf j^ if qu^ opfc ` ml sl b^s hfj jc nfg tc` ` Jc ncb k||;ef|, pl lp o| b^ _q bcp oic bl ^pz, upl lk^ oq wc op l ^ i^ `l `nc j] {pfs ml sl bl`, p. c. bl df ^ i^ ml jckz -vcg jc nc bl mcn lg ml il f ky VII `. bl k. {. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, ml ] f ifoz kl yc ^n aq jck py ` mlb bcnd hqpn^ bf tf lk klg fk pcn mnc p^ tff ^n scl il af uc ohl al j^ pc nf i^, hl pl n^] mnl pf l nc ufp h^h mncb il dck klg` mcn lg u^ o pf fbck pf rf h^ tff ^n scl il af uc ohlg hqiz pq ny hfj jc nfg tc`, p^h f mlb n^ eq jc ^ c jlg c|snl kl il aff n^k kc ohfr ohfs f mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`.

H^j mnf bcp o] omc tf iz kl lo p^ kl fpz o] k^ nê _l nc ^n aq jck pl` p^ hl al nl b^, pcj _l icc, upl qb nc` -kc kfc k^ u^ i^ hc icn jco ohl al {p^ m^ n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny o^ jlc mleb kcc bl k^ u^ i^ VII, ^ `le jld klf bl hlk t^ VIII `. bl k. {., pnc _q cp f mc nc ojl p n^ mnf k] pys b^ pf nl lh mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`, ùôpkl opf lp kl o] wfs o] h kl l ucn hô ohl jq hnq aq.

2.1.2 JKI< F@ GT IM HI LC M@FU HID PKI HI FI >CC JK@? LECO LECP J; GXM HC EI=

Jnl_ ic j^ lp kl of pciz klg f ^_ ol i|p klg b^ pf nl` hf mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` bl liz kl u^ o pl `ml o icb kcc `nc j] mnf ic h^ cp `kf j^ kfc fo oic bl ^ pc icg, lb k^ hl cc kciz e] ouf p^pz nc vck klg. Hc o jl p n]k^ oq wc op ck kyc qo mc sf ` lp bciz kys u^ op kl op]s, {pl omn^ cb if l b^ dc bi] lp kl of pciz kys b^ pf nl lhmncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`. =^d kcg vcg mnl _ ic jlg ebcoz, ml d^ iqg, lo p^ cp o] ol lp kl vc kfc jc d bqm^j]p kf h^ jf ucn kl al nl` ohl al f kl l ucn hô ohl al pf ml`. = o`lc `nc j] ;. ;. Cco ock, `y bc if` vfg {pfb`c anqm my, ouf pî kl l ucn hô ohfc m^ j]p kf hf _l icc bnc` kf jf, ^ n^k kc ohfr ohfc — kc ml oncb op ck -kyj mnl bli dc kf cj ucn kl al nl` ohfs19. Vpl jq oml ol_ op l ^ il ` mcn q| luc ncbz oslb op l jkl afs mncb -jc pl` fk ck p^ n], s^ n^ h pcn kys bi] ucn kl al nl` ohfs f n^k kc ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`, mnc d bc òc al hlk -ohlg qe by (qbf i^ ol opc jcu hl fb ky jf lhlk u^ kf ] jf f pncs byn u^ pyc mo^ iff). =mlo icb op ff, lb k^ hl,;. C. Mc nc kld hfk, mcn l k^ uîz kl ouf p^` vfg m^ j]p kf hf ucn kl al nl` ohl al f kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^lbkl nc jck ky jf, lp kco mcn yc h n^k kcg opq mc kf mncb ohfr ohlg {ml sf (o b^ pf nl` hlg 900–750 aa.bl k. {.), ^ `pl nyc — h mleb kcg (o b^ pf nl` hlg 750–650 aa. bl k. {.)20. >i^` kyj lo kl ^ kf cj p^ hl al

17 Cco ock 1953, 64, nfo. 8; =l nl kl` 1980, nfo. 2, 20; ;ic h oc -

c` 1992, 80. Np cn dbc kfc X. <l qec h^, upl ` E^n jfn-<iq nc

_yif k^g bc ky «qbf i^ f bnq afc mncb jc py pf m^ Rcn kl al nl` hf»

(Bouzek 1983, 151) lvf _lu kl. Hc ml k]p kl, upl lk fjc cp `

`fbq, qml jf k^] ebcoz dc k^ slb hf opnci «hfj jc nfg ohl al»

pfm^ ` ;k^ pl iff. I k^ slb h^s opnci «ohfr ohl al» pf m^ oj.

`yvc; mncb ohfr ohfc rln jy ebcoz kc e^ o`f bc pciz op l ^ ky.

Ln. Mls pôz c` 1993, 90.

18 Vn ifs 1994, 83–97. Lp^ pz] Vn ifs 1994a, 168–175 ]` i] cpo]

ifvz hn^p hfj fe il dc kf cj u^ o pf pncpz cg ai^ y k^ e`^k klg

jl kl an^ rff. Loyi hf k^ kcc ml { pl jq ` bîz kcg vcj kc b^|p -

o]. Ln. p^h dc Vn ifs 1994_, 134–150, abc hn^p hl fe i^ a^ |p o]

kc hl pl nyc ml il dc kf] jl kl an^ rff. Jnl pf`: Jl ifk 1994^,

147–148.19 Cco ock 1953, 99–102; Cco ock 1954, 119, 127–129.20 Mc nc kld hfk 1975, 3–4; Mc nc kld hfk 1976, 198–207.

121

Kfo. 56 1–5. Ei^b _nlkel`ys `cwcg fe Lqnjqvf, >nqef]. 6–11. <nlkel`yc mncbjcpy fe mlanc_ckf] 39 Eq_^kohlal jlafizkfh^

Jl Elnfbec 1965, nfo. 28 (1–5); ;krfjl` 1975, nfo. 2, 1,3; 3, 5,6; 4, 1,5 (6–11)

32

1

5

4

6

7

89

10

11

122

lmncbc ic kf] lp kl of pciz klg snl kl il aff m^ j]p kf hl` ucn kl al nl` ohl al f kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^ _y ifnceqiz p^ py nô hl mlh H. =. ;k rf jl ^ ` Jnf hq _^ kzc, abc fj _y il fo oic bl ^ kl b`^ jl afiz kf h^ —Hfhl i^ c` ohfg f Eq _^k ohfg21. Jl a nc _c kf] mcn l al fe kfs ol bcn d^ if mncb jc py qe by ucn kl al nl` ohl al(opnc jcu hl fb kyc qbf i^, pncs byn u^ pyc mo^ iff), `pl nl al — kl l ucn hô ohl al (b`q hliz u^ pyc qbf i^,pncs mc pciz u^ pyc mo^ iff) pf ml`. Jnf {plj ` ml anc _c kff 39 Eq _^k ohl al jl afiz kf h^ l_ k^ nq dc ky opnc -jcu hl fb kyc qbf i^ f pncs byn u^ pyg mo^ ifg o ell jlnr ky jf lhlk u^ kf ] jf ` ol uc p^ kff o nlj _l fb kyjk^ hl kcu kf hlj opnc iy «d^ _l pfk ohl al» pf m^, upl o`f bc pciz op q cp l mnf k^b icd kl opf {pl al ml anc _c kf]qdc n^k kc ohfr ohlg {ml sc (��. 56, 7, 10, 11)22. ;` pln nô hl mlh lm nc bc ifi, upl Hf hl i^ c` ohfg jl afiz -kfh kcohliz hl op^n vc Eq _^k ohl al, sl p] `nc j] fs oq wc op l ^ kf] u^ o pfu kl ol` m^ b^ il f l_^ jl afiz -kfh^ lpkl o]p o] h lb klg {ml sc. >i^` kyj lo kl ^ kf cj bi] p^ hl al `y l b^, k^ ohliz hl jld kl oq bfpz, _yilmncl_ i^ b^ kfc ` mcn lj _nlk el ys k^ hl kcu kf hl` hl mfg k^b dc ice ky jf mnf plj, upl `l `pl nlj jl afiz -kfhc òc hl mz] _y if dc ice ky jf.

Kc vc kfc ;. C. Mc nc kld hf kyj mnl _ ic jy ol lp kl vc kf] ucn kl al nl` ohlg f kl l ucn hô ohlg anqm mym^ j]p kf hl` lo p^ i] cp n]b mnl _ icj kc nc vck ky jf — lkl kc l_x ]o k] cp, k^ mnf jcn, opn^k kyg snl kl -ilaf uc ohfg nê ny` ` fo mliz el ^ kff lb kl pfm kys opnc jcu hl fb kys qbfi, ^ p^h dc _if elopz f bnq afshlj ml kck pl` ucn kl al nl` ohfs f n^k kc ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`. Vpf mnl _ ic jy op^ if cwc lop ncc ml o icmq_ if h^ tff j^ pc nf il` _l a^ pcg vc al hqn a^ k^ ;n d^k ` Mq c23. Jl n] bq ml h^ e^ pc icg (` plj ufo ic mls^n^ h pc nq hlk ohlg qm n] df) j^ pc nf i hqn a^ k^ o_if d^ cp o] o m^ j]p kf h^ jf ucn kl al nl` ohl al pf m^, uplml e l if il jkl afj fo oic bl ^ pc i]j (` plj ufo ic o^ jl jq ;. C. Mc nc kld hf kq) al l nfpz l ucn kl al nl` ohl-^n d^k ohlj mc nf l bc24. L bnq alg opl nl ky, lk ol bcn dfp n]b mncb jc pl`, `y mli kck kys ` e`c nf klj opf icf o_if d^ | wfs cal o n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq nlg.

= ml o icb kcc `nc j] op^ il k^ h^ m if ^pz o] òc _liz vc j^ pc nf il`, o`f bc pciz op q | wfs l ol oq wc op -`l ^ kff, ml hn^g kcg jc nc u^ o pfu klj, kl l ucn hô ohfs f ucn kl al nl` ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` f l pcn nf pl nf -îz klg nê an^ kf uck kl opf fs ^nc il`25. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, op^ fp o] mlb `l m nlo ^bc h ^p klopz mncb il -dckklg ;. C. Mc nc kld hf kyj osc jy f `le kf h^ cp `le jld klopz mncb ml i^ a^pz k^ if ufc mnc cj op ck kl opfjc d bq qe blg ucn kl al nl` ohl al f n^k kc ohfr ohl al pf m^ f bnq af jf h^ pc al nf ] jf k^ sl blh {pfs b`qs anqmmm^ j]p kf hl`. =mnl ucj, `y lb l u^ o pfu klj ol oq wc op l ^ kff ucn kl al nl` ohfs f kl l ucn hô ohfs m^ j]p -kf hl` kc l_] e^ pciz kl mnl pf l nc ufp pl jq, upl ` tc ilj ucn kl al nl` ohfc m^ j]p kf hf _l icc n^k kfc, ucjkl l ucn hô ohfc. Ib k^ hl lk ohl ncc òc al o`f bc pciz op q cp l plj, upl `pl nyc kc ]` i] |p o] mn] jyj mnl -bli dc kf cj mcn ys f, `f bf jl, mnf k^b ic d^ if kl of pc i]j bnq alg {p kf uc ohlg anqm my.

Hc o hliz hl fklg `^ nf kp nc vc kf] {plg mnl _ ic jy _yi mncb il dck =. C. Eilu hl f =. W. Gqn -efkyj. Ll aiô kl {plg af ml pc ec mncb ml i^ a^ cp o] k^ if ufc b`qs `lik hl uc` kf hl`, mnf kc o vfs ` Jnf ucn -kljl nzc ok^ u^ i^ ucn kl al nl` ohq|, ^ e^ pcj n^k kc ohfr ohq| hqiz pq nq. Lslb op l b`qs hqiz pqn l_x ]o k] -cpo] fs l_ wfj mnl fo sl d bc kf cj — l_c lkf ]` i] |p o] lp bc if` vf jf o] ` nê klc `nc j] lp cp` ic kf ] jfhqiz pq ny, kc mnc ny` kl oq wc op l ^` vcg ` Qck p nîz klg ;eff f mncb op^ ick klg, ` u^ op kl opf, hqn a^ klj;nd^k. Jnf {plj ucn kl al nl` ohfc m^ j]p kf hf, ` ol lp cp op ff o lp kl of pciz klg snl kl il af cg ;. C. Mcnc -kld hf k^, mnf ek^ |p o] _l icc n^k kf jf, ucj lo kl` k^] uôpz kl l ucn hô ohfs26. Jnl_ ic j^ è^ f jl lp kl vc -kf] ucn kl al nl` ohfs f kl l ucn hô ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` `l jkl alj lo p^ cp o] kc ]o klg. Xo kl, lb k^ hl, uplmnf k] p^] ;. C. Mc nc kld hf kyj if kcg k^] snl kl il af uc oh^] osc j^, ` hl pl nlg ucn kl al nl` ohfc m^ j]p kf -hf ojc k] |p o] kl l ucn hô ohf jf, ^ pc — n^k kc ohfr ohf jf, kc ol lp cp op q cp fe cop kyj ocg uô b^k kyj.?l h^ e^k kyj jl dcp ouf p^pz o] f ml hn^g kcg jc nc u^ o pfu klc ol oq wc op l ^ kfc m^ j]p kf hl` b`qs anqmm.

21 ;k rf jl` 1961, 103–126; ;k rf jl` 1971, 170–177.22 ;k rf jl` 1975, 41–42, 45–46, nfo. 2, 3; 3, 5–6.23 >n]e kl` 1980; Grjaznov 1984.24 Ln., lb k^ hl, ` ml o icb kcc `nc j] `le n^ dc kf] mnl pf` `y bc -

ic kf] {pl al mc nf l b^, ol mnl l d b^ | wf c o] ljl il dc kf cj b^ pf -

nl` hf ;n d^ k^: Ric kl ^ 1997.25 Fc o hl` 1984, 147–152; ?q _l` oh^] 1989, 63–69, o qh^ e^ -

kfcj k^ n]b hlj m ic h ol`, ol bcn d^ wfs lb kl nc jck kl mncb -

jcpy qe by kl l ucn hô ohl al f ucn kl al nl` ohl al pf ml` (mnl pf`

Lhl nfg 1991, 14–25); <l hfg, >ln _qi, Ip nl wck hl 1991,

173–183; G^ sln pys 1994, 48–50; Jl ifk 1994, 156–158.

I_eln oj. ;ic h oc c`, E^ u^ il ^, Mls pôz c` 1993, 51–76. 26 Eilu hl, Gqn efk 1987, 12–19; Eilu hl, Gqn efk 1989,

61–71; Gqn efk 1990, 15–28.

123

Jlb nl_ klc nô ojl p nc kfc {plg mnl _ ic jy kc `sl bfp ` k^ vq e^ b^ uq. ?i] `y ]o kc kf] b^ pf nl` hf rln -jf nl ^ kf] n^k kc ohfr ohlg f lhlk u^ kf] oq wc op l ^ kf] Hl l ucn hô ohlg hqiz pq ny bl o p^ plu kl b^ pf nl -`^pz ifvz o^ jyc mleb kfc mncb ohfr ohfc m^ j]p kf hf. >nqm m^ p^ hfs m^ j]p kf hl`, u^ o pl ol cbf k] | wfs{ic jck py mncb ohfr ohlg (Hl l ucn hô ohlg) f n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pqn, `y bc i] cp o] ` k^ opl ] wcc `nc j]bl o p^ plu kl q`c nck kl (@k b d^, <c il an^ bct, <q pck hf, E`fp hf, Hl o^ uc l, N^v sf pq, Rfv sl f bn.). Vpfm^j]p kf hf, luc fb kl, ofk snlk ky fif kc k^ jkl al op^n vc n^k kc ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` «d^ _l pfk ohl al»mc nf l b^, lp hl pl nys lp if u^ |p o] ifvz hl if uc op ck kyj ol lp kl vc kf cj «kl l ucn hô ohfs» f «n^k kc -ohfr ohfs» {ic jck pl`. H^ vcg e^ b^ ucg ]` i] cp o], p^ hfj l_ n^ elj, b^ pf nl` h^ {pfs m^ j]p kf hl`, ^ p^h dcnô ojl p nc kfc pcs ^n aq jck pl`, o ml jl wz| hl pl nys bl h^ ey ^ iloz qu^ opfc kl of pc icg hqiz pq ny kl l ucn -hô ohl al pf m^ ` mc ncb kc ef p ohfs ml sl b^s.

Vpf e^ b^ uf ` ek^ uf pciz klg opc mc kf ol` m^ b^ |p — ` o^ jlj bc ic, ^_ ol i|p kyc b^ pf nl` hf m^ j]p kf -hl` kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^ blid ky opnl fpz o] fjck kl k^ mncb jc p^s, hl pl nyj mnf mf oy ^ cp o] mc ncb kc -`l oplu klc mnl fo sl d bc kfc, ml ohliz hq fjck kl {pf mncb jc py ml e l i] |p mnf ] e^pz lp kl of pciz kyc b^py,ml iq uck kyc uf o pl ^n scl il af uc ohf jf jc pl b^ jf, h mc ncb kc l oplu klg ^_ ol i|p klg snl kl il aff. ?nq afjoml ol _lj mnf ]e hf ]` i] cp o] ofk snl kf e^ tf] mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` Jnf ucn kl jl nz] f Jncb h^` -hêz] o aîz vp^pp ohf jf j^ pc nf i^ jf. Ib k^ hl ` ml o icb kcj oiq u^c ncuz fbcp òc dc l ofk snl kf e^ tffjcd bq ol _lg b`qs of o pcj lp kl of pciz klg snl kl il aff. ;_ ol i|p k^] snl kl il af] >îz vp^pp ohlg hqiz pqny` hl kcu klj fpl ac, h^h f snl kl il af] opcm kys hqiz pqn, opnl fp o] k^ `kcv kfs b^k kys — k^ mnf ]e h^sh bnc` kc l o plu klg fif {acg ohlg snl kl il aff. Jlo icb k]] dc bi] mc nf l b^ jc d bq hlk tlj jf hck ohlg facl jc p nf uc ohlg {ml slg p^h dc mlu pf kc fjc cp ol_ op ck kys lo kl ^ kfg bi] ^_ ol i|p klg b^ pf nl` hf.

2.1.3 JKI< F@ GT ;< LI FWM HID PKI HI FI >CC JK@? LECO LECP J; GXM HC EI=

= lo kl c ^_ ol i|p klg snl kl il aff mncb ohfr ohl al mc nf l b^ bl ofs mln ic d^p mnc d bc òc al ol ml -op^` ic kf] ;. C. Mc nc kld hf kyj {pfs m^ j]p kf hl` o m^ j]p kf h^ jf Qck p nîz klg @` nl my27. Kcuz fbcp `lo kl` klj l ol ml o p^ ic kf ]s mncb jc pl` ucn kl al nl` ohl al pf m^ o p^h k^ ey ^ c jy jf «rn^ hl-hfj jc nfg -ohf jf» m^ j]p kf h^ jf28, hl pl nyc `le kf h^ |p ` mc nf lb Ha B2 f ` lo kl` klj lp kl o]p o] h mc nf l bq Ha B3.Lfk snl kf ef nq] k^ lo kl ^ kff {pfs ^k^ il afg m^ j]p kf hf ucn kl al nl` ohl al pf m^ o mc nf l b^ jf Ha B2 f3, ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk b^ pf nq cp fs IX– mcn lg ml il f klg VIII ``. bl k. {. Io kl y ^ ]oz k^ plj, upl oncbf«rn^ hl-hfj jc nfg ohfs» bnc` kl opcg lp oqp op q |p `c wf, ol ml o p^ f jyc o kl l ucn hô ohf jf, ^ p^hdc k^mnf c bck kys `y vc ol l_ n^ dc kf ]s lp kl of pciz klg snl kl il aff, ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk ml jc w^ cp òc m^ j]p -kf hf kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^ jc d bq ucn kl al nl` ohf jf f n^k kc ohfr ohf jf.

= o^ jlj bc ic, m^ j]p kf hf «rn^ hl-hfj jc nfg ohl al» mi^ op^ ` Qck p nîz klg @` nl mc jl aqp oiq dfpzbl o p^ plu kl `c ol jyj ^n aq jck plj mnf b^ pf nl` hc mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`. Jl o hliz hq fs mnf k^b icd -klopz h mc nf l bq Ha B (o^ jlc mleb kcc — h nq _c dq Ha B3 f Ha C) `n]b if jl dcp `y ey ^pz ol j kc kf]29,mc nc slb lp mc nf l b^ Ha B h mc nf l bq Ha C b^ cp k^ bcd kyg terminus ante quem bi] pcs hlj m ic h ol`,hlplnyc k^ sl b]p ^k^ il aff onc bf «rn^ hl-hfj jc nfg ohfs» bnc` kl opcg. Jc nc slb lp mc nf l b^ Ha B3 hmcnf l bq Ha C (>îz vp^pp ` qe hlj ojyo ic oil ^) l_yu kl b^ pf nq cp o] lhl il oc nc bf ky– pncpz cg ucp cn -pf VIII `. bl k. {., ^ o^j mc nf lb Ha B3 ml jc w^ cp o] ` mcn q| ml il f kq – oc nc bf kq VIII `. bl k. {.30 Vp^

27 Mc nc kld hfk 1965, 63–85; Mc nc kld hfk 1976, 197–208.28 Io kl` kyc j^ pc nf iy lmq_ if hl ^ ky: Gallus, Horváth 1939;Ln. Ec jck tcf 1986, 145–153, Chochorowski 1993, o if pc n^ pq -

nlg.29 Ln. Kossack 1986, 135; Chochorowski 1993, 181–202; Pl sl -

nl` ohf 1994^, 156–161.30 von Merhart 1969, 94–103; Pittioni 1954, 541; Müller-Karpe 1959, 227–228 (o l_l _wck klg b^ pf nl` hlg H^ =3 VIII `.bl k. {. Vp^ b^ p^ lo kl y ^ cp o] k^ b^ pf nl` hc opq mc kf Tarquinia

III VII `. bl k. {., hl pl n^] ` o`l| luc ncbz lo kl ^ k^ k^ k^ slbhc

124

b^ pf nl` h^ lo kl y ^ cp o] mnc d bc òc al k^ ofk snl kf e^ tff o mc nf l blj Ha C fp^ ifg ohfs m^ j]p kf hlàlnf elk pl` Benacci II, Este III, Bologna III, Tarquinia III. Vpf ml o icb kfc, ` o`l| luc ncbz, bl o p^ plu klk^ bcd kl b^ pf nq |p o] ml ol bcn d^ wfj o] ` kfs `lo plu kyj f anc uc ohfj fj mln p^j. Iol _lc ek^ uc kfcfjccp k^ slb h^ ` lb klj fe ml anc _c kfg mc nf l b^ Tarquinia III r^ ]k ol lg `^ ey o k^b mf oz| caf mcp ohl alr^n^ l k^ <lh sl nf o^, mn^ ic kfc hl pl nl al b^ pf nq cp o] lhl il 720–710 aa. bl k. {.31, upl lm nc bc i] cp ml o -icb kcc bc o] pf ic pfc VIII `. bl k. {. h^h k^ bcd kyg terminus ante quem bi] k^ u^ i^ mc nf l b^ Ha C. L mc nf -l blj Ha C ofk snl kf ef nq |p o] p^h dc kc h nl ml if n] b^ anc uc ohfs hl il kfg ` Cp^ iff, pl a b^ h^h bl a nc uc -ohfc ml anc _c kf], k^ mnf jcn, kc h nl ml i] Eqj, ol bcn d^ wfc onc bf mnl uc al anc uc ohq| fj mlnp kq| hc n^ -jf hq mcn lg ml il f ky VIII `. bl k. {., ofk snlk ky mc nf l bq Ha B3. Jl o hliz hq b^ p^ lo kl ^ kf] o^ jysn^k kfs anc uc ohfs hl il kfg ` Cp^ iff, ` plj ufo ic Eqj, m^ b^ cp mnf jcn kl k^ oc nc bf kq VIII `. bl k. {.,b^ pf nl` h^ lhlk u^ kf] mc nf l b^ Ha B3 jl dcp ouf p^pz o] bl o p^ plu kl sl nl vl l_lo kl ^k klg f `n]b ifjldcp _ypz ek^ uf pciz kl fe jc kc k^. Vp^ b^ pf nl` h^ _y i^ kc b^` kl mlb p`cn dbc k^ f nc eqiz p^ p^ jf fo oicbl -`^ kf] j^ pc nf il` o^ jl al {ml kfj kl al m^ j]p kf h^ >îz vp^pp ohlg hqiz pq ny — >îz vp^pp ohl al jlafiz -kf h^. ?i] n^k kcg anqm my fo oic bl ^k kys ebcoz m^ j]p kf hl` (H 1A), ol lp cp op q |wfs k^ u^ iq mcnf l b^Ha C, ml iq uc ky bck b nl snl kl il af uc ohfc b^ py, qh^ ey ^ | wfc k^ hl kct pncpz cg ucp cn pf VIII `. bl k. {.(b`c b^ py 727 f lb k^ 731 aa. bl k. {.), upl ml e l i] cp b^ pf nl ^pz kc jkl afc `y bc ick kyc ebcoz hlj m ic h oy_l icc n^k kc al `nc jc kf (H 0, hl kct Ha B3 — k^ u^ il Ha C) o^ jlc mleb kcc oc nc bf klg VIII `. bl k. {.32

I_lo kl y ^] ^_ ol i|p kq| snl kl il af| o`l cg ucn kl al nl` ohlg opq mc kf tck p nîz kl c` nl mcg ohf jfm^ nî ic i] jf, ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk kc mnf l bfi kf h^ hfs b^k kys pl al dc nl b^, hl pl nyc jla if _y l_lo -kl ^pz b^ pf nl` hq kl l ucn hô ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` oc nc bf klg VIII – oc nc bf klg VII ``. bl k. {. Hc o hliz hlmle dc >. C. Ljfn kl ^, nê f ^] cal nc eqiz p^ py f ` ek^ uf pciz klg jc nc lo kl y ^ ]oz k^ n^ _l pc >. Elo -o^ h^33, mnf c i^ kc hl pl nyc bnq afc b^k kyc, ml e l i] | wfc l_lo kl ^pz ^_ ol i|p kq| snl kl il af| mncb -ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`34. Ik^ `mli kc q_c bf pciz kl ofk snl kf ef nl ^ i^ mleb kfc m^ j]p kf hf ic ol opcm klgRcn kl ico ohlg hqiz pq ny, m^ j]p kf hf anqm my L^ s^n k^-Ll ilk uc ky (Gli b^ f]) f ucn kl al nl` ohl al pf mô tck p nîz kl c` nl mcg ohf jf mc nf l b^ jf Ha B1–2, ` jckz vcg opc mc kf Ha B3, ^ p^h dc o ofk snlk ky jf_î h^k ohf jf m^ j]p kf h^ jf. Ib k^ hl f ` cc n^ _l pc kf h^ hfs b^k kys bi] ^_ ol i|p klg b^ pf nl` hf m^ j]p -kf hl` kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^, hl pl nyc lk^ ouf p^ cp ofk snlk ky jf «d^ _l pfk ohfj» (mleb kcg vfj mncb -ohfr ohfj), kc mnf l bfp o].

;_ ol i|p k^] snl kl il af] ;. C. Mcn ckld hf k^ f cal ml o ic bl ^ pc icg, h^h jy f bc if, opnl fp o] mncdbcòc al k^ mncb op^ ic kff l plj, upl m^ j]p kf hf kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^ ]` i] |p o] kc ml oncb op ck kyj mnl -bli dc kf cj f nê f pf cj ucn kl al nl` ohfs f, oic bl ^ pciz kl, blid ky b^ pf nl ^pz o] mle dc fs. E^h qdcqh^ ey ^ iloz, {pl mncb op^ ic kfc kc ol lp cp op q cp fjc | wfj o] r^ h p^j. =pl nyj lo kl ^ kf cj cal snl kl -il af uc ohlg of o pc jy ]` i] cp o] qp cn dbc kfc, upl o «rn^ hl-hfj jc nfg ohf jf» bnc` kl op] jf (^ oic bl ^ -pciz kl, o mc nf l b^ jf Ha B2–3) jl aqp _ypz ofk snl kf ef nl ^ ky ifvz m^ j]p kf hf ucn kl al nl` ohl al pfm^,pl a b^ h^h kl l ucn hô ohfc onc bf kfs ^k^ il afg kc fjc |p. Jnf {plj ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk, luc fb kl, fjccp` `f bq mnc d bc òc al pncs byn u^ pyc mo^ iff (qbf i^ fe {pfs m^ j]p kf hl` ` lo kl` klj fjc |p hliz u^ pyc fifD-l_ nê kyc lhlk u^ kf] f opliz dc kcosl df o ucn kl al nl` ohf jf, h^h f kl l ucn hô ohf jf). Vpl qp cn d -bc kfc, lb k^ hl, ^_ ol i|p kl kc ol lp cp op q cp bcg op f pciz kl opf, f mnl pf l nc ufp f mnf l bfjyj fj

`^ ey <lh sl nf o^ (oj. kf dc). Ib k^ hl {p^ `^ e^ qh^ ey ^ cp k^

mloicb kfc b`^ bc o] pf ic pf] VIII `. bl k. {. f o`f bc pciz op q cp l

kû^ ic {p^ m^ Tarquinia III f ol lp cp op ck kl H^ L qdc ` n^j -

h^s VIII `. bl k. {.); Kossack 1959, 50–56 (b^ pf nq cp an^ kf tq

jcd bq H^ B f H^ C lhl il 720–700 aa. bl k. {., lp kl o] anl_ -

kftq o `^ elg <lh sl nf o^ h mcn lg ml il f kc VII `. bl k. {.);

Dehn, Frey 1962, 200 (p^ dc b^ pf nl` h^); Gabrovec 1966, 15–39,

on. Gabrovec 1975, 338–385 (mc nc slb lp H^ B h C mnl fo slbfi

` Lil c kff ml opc mck kl ` mnc bc i^s oc nc bf ky– `pl nlg ml il -

`f ky VIII `. bl k. {.); Kossack 1970, 118–119 (b^ pf nl` h^ an^ -

kf ty H^ B f H^ C lhl il 730–710 aa. bl k. {.); Parzinger 1988,

124–125 (b^ pf nl` h^ k^ u^ i^ al nf elk p^ 1, ol lp cp op`q | wc al

k^ u^ iq mc nf l b^ Ha C, lhl il 750/740 a. bl k. {.); Drack 1989,

59–62, 89 (b^ pf nl` h^ mc nc sl b^ h Ha C lhl il 750 aa. bl k. {.);

Pare 1992, 138 (o^ jyc n^k kfc hlj m ic h oy Ha C b^ pf nq |p o]

«n^ kcc ml o icb kcg ucp cn pf VIII `. bl k. {.»); Chochorowski

1993, 202–203; Pl sl nl` ohf 1994^, 159–160 (mc nf lb Ha B3

b^pf nq cp o] 880–750/740 aa. bl k. {.) f bn.31 Bywanck 1936/37, 181–188.32 Hodson 1990, 68– 69.33 Kossack 1980, 109–141.34 Ljfn kl ^ 1985, 33–53.

125

o^jfj b^k kyj. «On^ hl-hfj jc nfg ohfc» bnc` kl opf b^ |p kf uqpz kc jckz vc ^k^ il afg kl l ucn hô ohfj,ucj ucn kl al nl` ohfj m^ j]p kf h^j, k^ upl qdc b^` kl qh^ ey î >. Elo o^h35. Bbcoz jld kl kê`^pz f l_nê -ty pf mfu kl al «kl l ucn hô ohl al» ln k^ jck p^ (ol i]n kyc ekû hf, ` plj ufo ic k^ _nlkel ys _i]v h^s,omf n^ ic fb kyg ln k^ jckp), f hnc opl fb kyc mnl kf ef36, f pncs mc pciz u^ pyc mo^ iff, ` plj ufo ic k^ sl -bfjyc ` lb klj hlj m ic h oc o pncs byn u^ py jf «h^ jy vc ^s ohl al» f «tfj _îz ohl al» pfml`37, f «hlk kl -al il yc» ohf mc p ny38, f hliz t^ o mlb fd ky jf jqr p^ jf, luc fb kl, lp hl ico kfu klg qm n] df39, f _f jc -pî if uc ohfc jc uf f hfk d^ iy, hl pl nyc k^ sl b]p _if d^g vfc ^k^ il aff fjck kl ` oc c nl h^` hê ohfshljm ic h o^s kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^ (��. 57) 40, f bn. (oj. kf dc). M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, o «rn^hl-hfjjc nfg -ohf jf» _nlk e^ jf `mli kc jl aqp _ypz ofk snl kf ef nl ^ ky k^ slb hf kc pliz hl ucn kl al nl` ohlal, kl fkl`l ucn hô ohl al pf ml`. Vpl bl h^ ey ^ cp, upl ml o icb kfc qdc oq wc op l ^ if kc mle dc k^ u^ i^ mcnfl b^ HaB3, lb k^ hl j^ il upl b^ cp bi] b^ pf nl` hf mc nc sl b^ lp kl l ucn hô ohlg h n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqizpqnc.

Lic bq cp e^ jc pfpz mnf {plj, upl f o^j ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk mnf l bfi kc hl pl nyc b^k kyc, hl pl nycmnl pf l nc u^p cal ^_ ol i|p klg snl kl il aff. Enl jc qdc qh^ e^k kys mncb jc pl` o «kl l ucn hô ohfj» ln k^ -jck plj fe Qck p nîz klg @` nl my, _liz vlc ek^ uc kfc fjc cp hlj m icho fe oc i^ <q pck hf Jli p^` ohlgl_iô pf, ol bcn d^` vfg jkl al ufo ick kyc mncb jc py qe by (uc py nc m^ ny b`q hliz u^ pys qbfi o bl mli -kfpciz ky jf e`ckz ] jf f nfr ic kf cj b`q j] n] b^ jf h`^b n^ pf hl` k^ jqkb vpq h^s, 9 pncs mc pciz u^ pysilm^ op kys mo^ if c`, b`^ hliz t^ o mlb fd klg jqr plg, `l ocjz _i]s) f b`^ k^ hl kcu kf h^ opnci «kl l -ucnhô ohl al» pf m^ (��. 58, 1–27) 41. Vplp hlj m icho l_yu kl mnf ufo i] cp o] h ufo iq mleb kcg vfs kl l -ucn hô ohfs. = ol op^` hlj m ic h o^ `sl bf il b`^ dc ice kys k^ hl kcu kf h^ hl mz] ol oica h^ nô vf n] | wfj o]hkf eq if o pl fb kyj mc nlj f b`q j] lp cn opf ] jf k^ kcj. E^h omn^ cb if l qh^ ey ^ |p >. M. El` m^ kckhlf ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk, {pf k^ hl kcu kf hf kc k^ sl b]p _ife hfs ^k^ il afg onc bf mncb ohfr ohfs f n^k kc ohfr -ohfs k^ hl kcu kf hl` Lc cn kl al Jnf ucn kl jl nz], e^ pl lkf osl df o k^ slb h^ jf fe Cp^ iff42. Kcuz fbcp lk^ hl kcu kf h^s hl mfg fe kc h nl ml i] Eqj `pl nl al mnc b{i ifk ohl al mc nf l b^ f fe hi^ b^ ;bcn kl ` Lf tfiff(��. 58, 28, 32) 43, hl pl nyc ofk snl kf ef nq |p o] o mc nf l blj Ha B3 f b^ pf nq |p o] kc mle dc oc nc bf kyVIII `. bl k. {. @wc lb k^ ^k^ il af] k^ hl kcu kf h^j fe <q pc klh — k^ hl kcu kf hf fe `ck acn ohl al hi^ bÊlj ilb (��. 58, 29–31) 44, p^h dc lp kl o] wc al o] h mc nf l bq Ha B3. ;. C. Mc nc kld hfk lp jc u^ cp p^h dc_if elopz ml rln jc k^ hl kcu kf hl` hl mfg fe <q pc klh f fe hqn a^ k^ q o. @k b d^ ` ?l _ nqb dc, hl pl nygoplfp k^ an^ kf tc jc d bq kl l ucn hô ohlg f n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq n^ jf. Lic bq cp bl _^ fpz, upl k^ hl kcu -kf hf hl mfg p^ hlg rln jy o b`q j] lp cn opf ] jf ` kfd kcg u^ o pf mc n^ kc ncb hl òpnc u^ |p o] f ` Qck p -nîz klg @` nlmc ` m^ j]p kf h^s mc nf l b^ Ha B, ^ p^h dc f ` >nc tff45. Jl o hliz hq hlj m icho fe <q pc klhml l_ wc jq jkc kf| lp kl ofp o] h mleb kcg vc jq {p^ mq Hl l ucn hô ohlg hqiz pq ny f mnf jcn kl ofk snl kckp^ hfj ]n hfj hlj m ic h o^j, h^h @k b d^ f E`fp hf, qh^ e^k kyc b^k kyc ]` i] |p o] lb kfj fe o`f bc pcizop` `mliz eq b^ pf nl` hf {plg anqm my m^ j]p kf hl` kc mleb kcc oc nc bf ky VIII `. bl k. {.

35 Kossack 1980, 112–114; Kossack 1987, 35. Ln. G^ sln pys

1996, 224–225.36 Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XV, 1– 4; XXIV, 11–13; XXXVI,10; XLV, 1,2,3,8,9; XLVI, 2; LI, 4,7, LII, 2– 4; LIV, 4–5; LVI,1,3,5; LIX, A, 2–5; LX, 8 (Ugra, Ispánlak, Székesfehérvár,Somlyóvásárhely, Kisköszeg, Somlyóhegy, Vetropácz, Nagye -nyed); Pittioni 1954, Abb. 356, 3,8–10,12 (Stillfried); =fk ohf

1955, 33, 36–37, p^_. II, 6, oi. 16, 21–23 (;b^ vc` ty, Ll pfk,

Hl y <^ kl f ty). Ln. Mc nc kld hfk 1976, 174–181; Chocho -

rowski 1993, 95–97.37 Gallus, Horváth 1939, fig. 1, pl. XII, 4–5; XVIII, 3,4,9; XLI,5– 6; XLIII, 1; LXVI a – b (Csákberény, Ugra, Vácszentlászló,Gyula); Chochorowski 1993, 64– 66, Abb. 2, 16–19; 3.38 L`lb hq j^ pc nf i^ oj. Vn ifs 1990, 247–250. Ln. Cho -

chorowski 1993, 129–134, Abb. 15.39 Lj. omc tf iz kl Vn ifs 1994, 42–48.40 Podborsky 1970, 147–163; El eck hl ^ 1975, 65–70; Bukow -

ski 1976, 57–73; Kemenczei 1991, 65–68; ?q b^ nc` 1991, 40–46;

Chochorowski 1993, 113–122.41 El` m^ kck hl 1962, 66–72; Mc nc kld hfk 1976, 69–70.42 El` m^ kck hl 1962, 70; Mc nc kld hfk 1965, 78–79; Mc nc kld -

hfk 1976, 143–144.43 Müller-Karpe 1959, 28–29, 38, Abb. 54, 10; 55, 2; Taf. 8,1–2.44 Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XXI, 1–3; Chochorowski 1993, 127,Abb. 14, 1.45 Weber 1944, 147–148, 152, Taf. 57, a – d; 59, a; Sprockhoff1954, 34, Abb. 3, 7– 8,10–11; Bukowski 1976, 74–76, Ryc. 5.

126

Kfo. 57 <fjcpîifucohfc hfkdîy. 1–12. Lc`cnkyg E^`hê; 13–16. J^j]pkfhf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohlal» hnqa^ fe Qckpnîzklg @`nlmy

Jl Eleckhl`^ 1975, nfo. 10

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Kfo. 58 1–27. Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] q o. <qpckhf. 28–32. H^ hl kcukfhf hlmfg. 28. Ei^b ;bcnkl, Lftfif]; 29–31. Ei^b Eljilb, =ckanf]; 32. Hchnlmliz Eqj, Cp^if]. 1–24, 27, 28. <nlke^; 25, 26, 29–32. Acicel

Jl Mcnckldhfk 1976, nfo. 38 (1–27); Müller-Karpe 1959, Abb. 55; Taf. 8, 1 (28, 32); Gallus, Horváth 1939, Taf. XXI, 1–3 (29–31)

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46 Vn ifs 1991, 31–47; =îz u^h, Vn ifs 1993, 17–19; Vn ifs

1994, 52–73. Ln. pc mcnz =îz u^h 1997, 88–119, _ce l_lo kl ^ -

kf] ^_ ol i|p klg snl kl il aff `y bc i] c jys anqmm.47 Cco ock 1953, 52.

48 Mc nc kld hfk 1976, 149–150.49 Ln. Fld hfk, Jc p nck hl 1981, 70–71; =îz u^h 1994,

131–133; G^ sln pys 1994^, 123–124. 50 Vn ifs 1994, 56.

=. K. Vn ifs, h^h qdc qh^ ey ^ iloz, òicb e^ ;. C. Mc nc kld hf kyj ohil kck b^ pf nl ^pz mc nc slb lpmncb ohfr ohlg h n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq nc mnf jcn kl oc nc bf klg VII `. bl k. {., sl p] fo sl bfp mnf {plj fekc ohliz hl fkys mncb op^ ic kfg l_ lp kl of pciz klg snl kl il aff mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`. Vpf mncb op^ -` ic kf] lo kl y ^ |p o] mnc d bc òc al k^ ^k^ if ec hlk ohlg qe by fe B^ hq _^ kz], ` mcn q| luc ncbz è^ f jl -òpnc u^ c jl opf ` nê ifu kys hlj m ic h o^s qbfi f mo^ ifg nê ifu kys pf ml`. ;k^ il afu kyg ^k^ ife _yi fj`jc opc o L. <. =îz u^ hlj mnl bc i^k f bi] bnq afs n^g lkl` =l o plu klg @` nl my, lb k^ hl cal nc eqiz p^ pylmq_ if hl ^ ky ifvz ` o^ jlg hn^p hlg rln jc46. Jnf ^k^ if ec bi] mo^ ifg _y i^ nê n^ _l p^ k^ kl ^] pf ml -il af], ^ bi] qbfi fo mliz el ^ k^ pf ml il af] ;. ;. Cco oc k^47, lo kl ^k k^] k^ rln jc fs `kcv kfs mc pciz(b`q hliz u^ pyc, lb kl hliz u^ pyc f opnc jcu hl fb kyc). = {pq pf ml il af| _y il `kc oc kl ifvz kc _liz vlcfe jc kc kfc — `kq p nf anqm my opnc jcu hl fb kys qbfi _y il `y bc ic kl b`^ `^ nf k p^ — ucn kl al nl` ohfg fn^k kc ohfr ohfg. M^ hlc nê bc ic kfc, lb k^ hl, ` ek^ uf pciz klg jc nc lo p^ cp o] fo hqo op ck kyj f bf h pq cp o]kc nê if uf cj rlnj b`qs `^ nf k pl` qbfi, ^ pcj, upl lkf _y if l_ k^ nq dc ky ` b`qs anqm m^s m^ j]p kf -hl` — _l icc ^n s^ fu kys ucn kl al nl` ohfs f _l icc mleb kfs ol_ op ck kl n^k kc ohfr ohfs. @wc ;. C. Mc nc -kld hfk lp jc uî, upl lkf ` n] bc oiq u^ c` kc lp if uf jy, ^ jci hfc lp if uf], s^ n^ h pcn kyc bi] ucn kl al -nlòhfs {h ecj m i] nl`, òpnc u^ |p o] f k^ n^k kc ohfr ohfs qbf i^s48. Jl myp hf k^g pf ucp hfc hnf pc nff,mle l i] | wfc q`c nck kl lp if u^pz ucn kl al nl` ohfc qbf i^ lp n^k kc ohfr ohfs _y if bl ofs mln kc qbû ky49.Jncb il dck klc =. K. Vn if slj nê bc ic kfc pf m^ III Cco oc k^ k^ «pnc qaliz kl hl kcu kyc» (ucn kl al nl` ohfc)f «opnc jcu hl fb kyc» (n^k kc ohfr ohfc) qbf i^ p^h dc `mli kc qo il` kl50. =y bc ick kyg fj bi] n^k kc ohfr -ohfs qbfi mnf ek^h «lol _lc `y bc ic kfc mlb kld hf opnc jcu h^» ol cn vck kl oq_x c h pf ck, b^ f o^j ^` plnmnf ek^ cp, upl lk kc ]` i] cp o] ^_ ol i|p kyj.

H^ lo kl c ^k^ if e^ è^ f jl opnc u^ c jl opf hlk ohfs qbfi f mo^ ifg =. K. Vn ifs ml opnl fi osc jq nê -`f pf] rlnj hlk ohlg qe by ` mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s f, ol lp cp op ck kl, fs lp kl of pciz kq| snl kl -ilaf|. Vpf m^ j]p kf hf _y if nê bc ic ky k^ b`c snl kl il af uc ohfc anqm my. = mcn q|, ml jkc kf|=. K. Vn if s^, `sl b]p qe bcu kyc k^ _l ny, `hi| u^ | wfc lb kl hliz u^ pyc, pnc qaliz kl hl kcu kyc f b`q hliz -u^pyc qbf i^, fkl ab^ o ild kl f pyj nfr ic kf cj, ol cbf k] | wf c o] o pncs mc pciz u^ py jf mo^ if ] jf b`qsnê kl fb kl opcg — mn] jyjf opncd kc fb kyjf f il m^ op kyjf mi^ opfk u^ pyjf. = n^j h^s mcn lg anqmmy,p^ hfj l_ n^ elj, mnf ek^ cp o] ol oq wc op l ^ kfc òcs pncs `f bl` qbfi, p. c. m^ j]p kf hl` ucn kl al nl` ohl al fkl l ucn hô ohl al pf ml`, sl p] b`q hliz u^ pyc qbf i^, ml jkc kf| =. K. Vn if s^, lp kl o]p o] h mleb kcg u^ o pfanqm my. Jc nc slb hl `pl nlg snl kl il af uc ohlg anqm mc s^ n^ h pc nf eq cp o], mnc d bc òc al, fo uce kl c kf cjlbkl hliz u^ pys f pnc qaliz kl hl kcu kys (ucn kl al nl` ohfs) qbfi. = {pq anqm mq `sl b]p hlj m ic h oy, ol bcn -d^ wfc b`q hliz u^ pyc qbf i^, fkl ab^ fjc | wfc nfr ic kfc ` `f bc h`^b n^ pf hl` f ol uc p^ | wf c o] o _l iccmleb kf jf nê kl fb kl op] jf pncs mc pciz u^ pys mo^ ifg — mnc d bc òc al, opcnd kc fb ky jf il m^ op ky jf, ^p^h dc fel a kq py jf. = pnc pz| anqm mq `hi| u^ |p o] hlj m ic h oy, qdc ol bcn d^ wfc opnc jcu hl fb kyc qbf i^«n^k kc ohfr ohl al» pf m^ ` ol uc p^ kff o pncs mc pciz u^ py jf opcnd kc fb ky jf mo^ if ] jf o ell jlnr ky jflhlk u^ kf ] jf, ^ p^h dc pncs byn u^ py jf mo^ if ] jf «of i hl` ohl al» pf m^. =nc j] oq wc op l ^ kf] {plganqm my, ml jkc kf| =. K. Vn if s^, u^ o pfu kl ol` m^ b^ cp o ml o icb kfj mc nf l blj oq wc op l ^ kf] `pl nlganqm my, ^ lp if uf] jc d bq kf jf kc snl kl il af uc ohfc, ^ hqiz pqn kyc. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, ` n^j h^s mcn l almc nf l b^ lp jc u^ cp o] ol oq wc op l ^ kfc qe by ucn kl al nl` ohl al f kl l ucn hô ohl al (n^k kfc `^ nf k py) pf -ml`, ^ ` n^j h^s `pl nl al — oq wc op l ^ kfc hiô of uc ohlg kl l ucn hô ohlg qe by, hl pl n^] k^ mleb kcj {p^ -mc ol oq wc op q cp o n^k kc ohfr ohlg. Jnl c bck kyg ^k^ ife ]` i] cp o] kc ol j kck kyj v^ alj `mc ncb ` feq -uc kff lpkl of pciz klg snl kl il aff mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`, lb k^ hl, h ol d^ ic kf|, la n^ kf uf ^ cp o]ifvz lbklg h^ pc al nf cg j^ pc nf i^. Vp^ of o pc j^ fa kl nf nq cp kc pliz hl òc lo pîz kyc h^ pc al nff k^ sl -blh (k^mnf jcn, lnq dfc, hc n^ jf hq f p. b.), kl b^ dc f ml b^ i] | wcc _liz vfk op l hlj m ic h ol`, ol bcn d^ -wfs kc mc pciz u^ pyc, ^ byn u^ pyc mo^ iff. M^h, =. K. Vn ifs m^ n^ bl h oîz kyj l_ n^ elj kc `hi| u^ cp ` o`l|osc jq hlj m icho hqn a^ k^ N^v sf pq, mq_ if h^ tff hl pl nl al, ` mcn q| luc ncbz, f ml o`] wc k^ cal jl kl -

129

Kfo. 59 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 35 jlafizkfh^ O^no. 2, 5. Elopz; 6–8. E^jckz; lop^izklc _nlke^

Jl Vnifs 1994, p^_. 13

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51 Vn ifs 1994, 102–103.52 Kemenczei 1981, 29– 41; Kemenczei 1981a, 86– 88; Ljfn -kl ^ 1985, 34; Kossack 1986, 126–127; Kossack 1994, 21. Ln.Kemenczei 1984, 55–56, 95; Chochorowski 1993, 187–191.53 Vn ifs 1991, 38–39.

54 Vn ifs 1994, 63–64; Vn ifs 1997, 19–34. Ln. ?q b^ nc` 1995,

27–28.55 Ln. Kossack 1986, 127–135.56 El eck hl ^ 1996, 87–88.

an^rf]. Vplp hlj m icho ol bcn dfp pncs byn u^ pyc mo^ iff o il m^ op] jf (pfm «N^v sf pq-A^ _l pfk», ml pcn -jf kl il aff =. K. Vn if s^) `jc opc o b`q hliz u^ py jf qbf i^ jf. Jo^ iff {pl al pf m^ nô ojl p nc ky ^` pl nljlpbciz kl f _ce o`] ef o {plg osc jlg51.

;_ ol i|p k^] snl kl il af] `y bc ick kys =. K. Vn if slj anqmm l_lo kl ^ k^ al nê bl oi^ _cc, ucj lp kl of -pciz k^]. =coz o`lg mcn yg {p^m lk b^ pf nq cp k^ lo kl ^ kff hlj m ic h o^ ml anc _c kf] 35 jl afiz kf h^ O^no(��. 59), ` hl pl nyg `sl bfp mpf tc al il yg pl ml nfh-ohf mcpn. Io kl y ^ ]oz k^ _if el opf {pl al ohf mc p n^{h ecj m i] nq, l_ k^ nq dck kl jq ` ol op^ c hi^ b^ Jn|bz, lk ofk snl kf ef nq cp l_^ hlj m ic h o^. Ei^b feJn|bz, luc fb kl, lp kl ofp o] h mc nf l bq Ha B2 f b^ pf nq cp o] ` mnc bc i^s IX `. bl k. {. (��. 60)52. Licbqcplp jc pfpz mnf {plj, upl ml anc _c kfc O^no 35 ol bcn dfp ` o`l cj ol op^ c b`q hliz u^ pyc qbf i^ f, oic bl ^ -pciz kl, mnf k^b ic dfp h mleb kcg u^ o pf mcn lg anqm my (co if, ` o^ jlj bc ic, lb kl hliz u^ pyc f pnc qaliz -kl hl kcu kyc qbf i^ ` n^j h^s mcn lg anqm my mncb vc op q |p b`q hliz u^ pyj, h^h pl ouf p^ cp =. K. Vn ifs).?^ pf nl` h^ {pl al ml anc _c kf] ml e l if i^ _y, oic bl ^ pciz kl, b^ pf nl ^pz kc ò| anqm mq, ^ ifvz cc mleb -k|| uôpz.

Jcn l k^ uîz kl =. K. Vn ifs mnf kf jî ofk snl kf e^ tf| hi^ b^ fe Jn|bz o ml anc _c kf cj O^no 35 _celal l nlh f, ol lp cp op ck kl, lp kl ofi o`lg mcn yg {p^m, _l icc fif jc kcc ol lp cp op q | wfg ucn kl al -nl` ohl jq {p^ mq ;. C. Mc nc kld hf k^, fif `l ò] hlj oiq u^c cal k^ u^ il, h IX `. bl k. {.53 =mlo icb op ff,lb k^ hl, lk l_ n^ pfi `kf j^ kfc k^ pl l_ opl ] pciz op l, upl hi^b fe bc nc` kf Jn|bz ol bcn dfp _nlk el ychliz t^ o mnf c o h^ jf, hl pl nyc =. K. Vn ifs ouf p^ cp bc p^ i] jf hl ico kfu klg qm n] df f hl pl nyc ` mnf ucn -kl jln ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s òpnc u^ |p o] pliz hl o qe blg «hiô of uc ohl al» kl l ucn hô ohl al pf m^ (p. c. lp kl -o] wcg o] hl `pl nl jq mc nf l bq Vn if s^) fif ` m^ j]p kf h^s, mc nc slb kys h n^k kc ohfr ohfj. Enl jc pl al,lk e^ jc u^ cp, upl f ohf mcpn fe jl afiz kf h^ O^no fjc cp _l icc ^n s^ fu kyg l_ ifh, ucj cal ^k^ ila fe hi^b^ q bc nc` kf Jn|bz54. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, ` bcg op f pciz kl opf {plp hi^b bli dck _yi _y ofk snl kf ef -nl ^pz o] kc o mcn lg snl kl il af uc ohlg anqm mlg Vn if s^, ^ ol `pl nlg, mncb op^ ick klg «hiô of uc ohlg»kl`l ucn hô ohlg qe blg, `le jld kl, o cc k^ u^ ilj. Cp^h, `pl n^] snl kl il af uc oh^] anqm m^ Vn if s^ (hiô -of uc oh^] «kl l ucn hô oh^]» qe b^ o b`q hliz u^ py jf qbf i^ jf f pncs mc pciz u^ py jf opcnd kc fb ky jf il m^ -op ky jf mo^ if ] jf) blid k^ ml jckz vcg jc nc u^ o pfu kl ofk snl kf ef nl ^pz o] o aîz vp^pp ohfj mc nf l bljB2 f k^ uf k^pz o] cwc ` IX `. bl k. {.55

M^ hlg `y lb mlb ny ^cp mncb op^ ic kf] =. K. Vn if s^ l_ ^_ ol i|p klg snl kl il aff mncb ohfr ohfsm^j]p kf hl` f kc mnf c j icj bi] kc al. Jl { pl jq lk lp h^ ey ^ cp o] lp b^ pf nl` hf hi^ b^ q bcnc`kf Jn|bzmc nf l blj Ha B2 f lp kl ofp cal h hlk tq VIII – mcn lg ml il f kc VII `. bl k. {., p. c. qdc h mc nf l bq Ha C.Vpl mncb ml il dc kfc qdc _y il mlb cna kq pl omn^ cb if lg hnf pf hc =. C. El eck hl lg56, hl pl n^] lp jc -pfi^, upl ol op^` k^ sl blh {pl al hi^ b^, ` mcn q| luc ncbz hciz pl`, kf h^h kc jl dcp _ypz ol a i^ ol ^k op^hlg mc nc b^ pf nl` hlg f s^ n^ h pc nck fjck kl bi] mc nf l b^ Ha B2. =. K. Vn ifs kc lo m^ nf ^ cp {pl al,lbk^hl lpjc u^ cp, upl hi^b bli dck b^ pf nl ^pz o] ml o`l cjq o^ jl jq mleb kc jq {ic jck pq, h^ hl yj lkoufp^ cp bcp^ if hl ico kfu klg qm n] df, ` u^ op kl opf, hliz t^ o mlb c o h^ jf. Jl o hliz hq {pf mncb jc py lkb^ pf nq cp kc n^kz vc hlk t^ VIII `. bl k. {., pl h pl jq dc `nc jc kf lp kl ofp f `coz hi^b. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj,=. K. Vn ifs mlb n^ eq jc ^ cp, upl lo kl` k^] uôpz hi^ b^ (33 _nlk el ys hciz p^ f bnq afc mncb jc py), h^hf hc n^ jf uc ohfg ol oqb hqiz pq ny >^ ^, ` hl pl nlj lk k^ sl bfi o] (upl lol _ck kl kc mn^` bl ml bl_ kl),ml jckz vcg jc nc k^ `ch bnc` kcc, ucj cal «`lo plu kyc» {ic jck py, p. c. hliz t^ o mlb c o h^ jf f hlk kl -al il yg ohf mcpn. M^ hlc mncb ml il dc kfc h^ dcp o] jkc kc c nl ]p kyj, f ^` pln, k^ jlg èai]b, bli dck _yilh^ e^pz o] ebcoz mc ncb `y _l nlj: fif ml my p^pz o] ljl il bfpz «bnc` k||» uôpz hlj m ic h o^, ^ ek^ ufp fo`] e^k kyc o kfj hi^ by pf m^ <q h ockp iô il-H^bz e^kh f P^g bq _lo oln jc kf, fif qb nc` kfpz cal «`lo plu -kyc» {ic jck py. Ik, lb k^ hl, kc bc i^ cp kf pl al, kf bnq al al. <l icc pl al, ` o`l cj nô oq d bc kff lk fo sl -

131

Kfo. 60 Ei^b q bcn. Jn|bz, =ckanf]. <nlke^

Jl Vnifs 1997, nfo. 1

1

6 7 8

5432

9

10

11

132

bfp fe pl al, upl b^ p^ l_ k^ nq dck kys ` hi^ bc hl ict o mlb c o h^ jf qo p^ kl ic k^ ^_ ol i|p kl k^ bcd kl f lkfo^ jf jl aqp b^ pf nl ^pz bnq afc `c wf hlj m ic h o^. = bcg op f pciz kl opf {pl b^ ic hl kc p^h: ^_ ol i|p kycb^py «kl l ucn hô ohfs» k^ sl blh, `hi| u^] f k^ e`^k kyc hliz t^, ml-mncd kc jq ol op^ i] |p mnl _ ic jq.= oqw kl opf, mcn l k^ uîz kl f o^j =. K. Vn ifs, h^h jy `f bc if, fo mliz el î hi^b Jn|bz ` h^ uc op cai^` kl al snl kl il af uc ohl al nc mc n^ mnf lm nc bc ic kff `le nô p^ mcn lg fe `y bc ick kys fj anqmm mncb -ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl`. El a b^ dc `y ]o kf iloz, upl {plp nc mcn qh^ ey ^ cp k^ ol cn vck kl fkq| b^pf -nl`hq, ucj mncb ml i^ a^ i^ cal osc j^, mncb jc py «kl l ucn hô ohl al» pf m^ mnc n^ pf ifoz fe b^ pf nq c jys `b^ pf nq | wfc. <l icc pl al, =. K. Vn ifs pc mcnz ohil kck f `l oc lp nf t^pz ek^ uc kfc tck p nîz kl c` nl -mcgohfs j^ pc nf il` bi] b^ pf nl` hf mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` f qp cn db^ cp, upl lkf l_ i^ b^ |p ol_ op -`ck klg of o pc jlg mnf ] elh h ^_ ol i|p klg snl kl il aff f upl {pf b^ py mnf lnf pcp ky ml lp kl vc kf|h tck p nîz kl c` nl mcg ohfj57. M^ hlc qp cn dbc kfc mncb op^ i] cp o] uc nco uqn lm pf jf opfu kyj. Jl oq pf,ofo pc jlg mnf ] elh h mc ncb kc l oplu klg, ^ mle dc h anc uc ohlg, snl kl il aff l_ i^ b^ |p ifvz n^k kc ohfr -ohfc m^ j]p kf hf, pl a b^ h^h òc «kl l ucn hô ohfc» mnf ]e hf bl o p^ plu kl ol j kf pciz ky f bl mq o h^ |p mljckz vcg jc nc nê ifu kyc pli hl ^ kf], l ucj ncuz kf dc. H^ jlg èai]b, p^ hfj l_ n^ elj, hi^b Jn|bzbli dck ml-mncd kc jq b^ pf nl ^pz o] {ml slg Ha B2. Jl o hliz hq lk ol bcn dfp mncb jc py, mncb op^ ick kyc` kl l ucn hô ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s (bc p^ if hl ico kfu klg qm n] df f pl ml nfh-ohf mcpn), pl jl dcp fo mliz el -`^pz o] ` h^ uc op c snl kl il af uc ohl al nc mc n^ bi] b^ pf nl` hf {pfs m^ j]p kf hl` f qh^ ey ^ cp k^ fs u^ o pfu -kq| ofk snlk klopz o {ml slg Ha B2.

>i^` klg lml nlg bi] ^_ ol i|p klg b^ pf nl` hf o`l cg `pl nlg snl kl il af uc ohlg anqm my =. K. Vn ifsouf p^ cp hlj m icho lb kl al fe ml anc _c kfg Eif k-]n ohl al jl afiz kf h^, ol bcn d^ wfg qbf i^ kl l ucn hô ohlalpf m^ f vicj, hl pl nyg lk ouf p^ cp ô of nfg ohfj f b^ pf nq cp hlk tlj VIII `. bl k. {. (��. 61, 1–14). E^hlm nc bc ic kfc, p^h f b^ pf nl` h^ {pl al vic j^ mncb op^ i] |p o] _l icc ucj omln ky jf, lb k^ hl h nô ojl p nc -kf| {plg mnl _ ic jy jy `cn kcj o] kf dc. =cns k]] b^ p^ {plg anqm my, ml =. K. Vn if sq, lm nc bc i] cp o] hlj -m ich o^ jf hc icn jco ohl al pf m^, bi] hl pl nys lk mnf kf j^ cp b^ pf nl` hq pncpz cg ucp cn pz| VII `. bl k. {.58

@wc lb klg snl kl il af uc ohlg mnf ]e hlg, k^ {plp nê bi] o`l cg pncpz cg anqm my, s^ n^ h pc nf eq | wcgqdc fo mliz el ^ kfc qe by n^k kc ohfr ohl al pf m^ (qbf i^ ol opnc jcu hl fb ky jf lhlk u^ kf ] jf), =. K. Vn -ifs ouf p^ cp k^ slb hq pncs byn u^ pys mo^ if c`, òpnc u^ | wfs o] fkl ab^ ol opnc jcu hl fb ky jf qbf i^ jf,` ml anc _c kff 15 fn^k ohl al kc h nl ml i] Lf ih B. Lfk snl kf ef nl ^` {pl ml anc _c kfc ol o`l cg pncpz cganqm mlg, lk opnc jfp o] mc nc b^ pf nl ^pz cal, lp kc o] h hlk tq VIII – mcn lg ml il f kc VII ``. bl k. {. Eb^pf nl` hc ml anc _c kf] 15 kc h nl ml i] Lf ih B ] cwc `cn kqoz, ebcoz dc lp jc uq ifvz, upl mnf l bf jyc^n aq jck py kc q_c d b^ |p, ml ohliz hq ^` pl nq kc qb^ cp o] qh^ e^pz kf lb kl al mncb jc p^ fe of i hl` ohl alkchnl ml i], k^ bcd kl b^ pf nq c jl al VII `. bl k. {.59 Ckys lo kl ^ kfg bi] ^_ ol i|p klg b^ pf nl` hf mncb -ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf hl` =. K. Vn if slj kc mnf l bf iloz.

H^ kc hl pl nyc b^k kyc, ml e l i] | wfc k^g pf snl kl il af uc ohfc nc mc ny bi] n^k kfs kl l ucn hô ohfsm^ j]p kf hl` qh^ e^ if kc b^` kl =. C. Eilu hl f =. W. Gqn efk60. Ikf lp jc pf if b`^ hlj m ic h o^, ` hl pl nysb`q hliz u^ pyc qbf i^ ^n s^ f uc ohl al l_ if h^ k^g bc ky `jc opc o mncb jc p^ jf tck p nîz kl c` nl mcg ohl al mnl -fo sl d bc kf]. Ib klg fe p^ hfs k^ sl blh ]` i] cp o] ml anc _c kfc q o. K^ bf l kl` h^ ` ?kc mnl mc p nl` ohlg l_ i^ -opf (��. 61, 15, 16), abc p^ hfc qbf i^ l_ k^ nq dc ky `jc opc o k^ hl kcu kf hlj hl mz], hl pl nyg k^ sl bfp^kîl aff ` j^ pc nf i^s mc nf l bl` Ha A1–261. Lic bq cp, lb k^ hl, lp jc pfpz, upl ml bl_ kyc hl mz] fo mliz -el ^ ifoz ` h^n m^ pl-bq k^g ohlj nc af l kc f mle dc. ;k^ il aff fj onc bf j^ pc nf il` mc nf l b^ Ha B qdc qh^ -ey ^ ifoz62. Enl jc pl al, hl mzc f qbf i^ mnl fo sl b]p fe nê nq vck kl al hqn a^ k^ f fs mnf k^b icd klopzh lbkl jq f pljq dc ml anc _c kf| ol j kf pciz k^63. El mzc fe ml anc _c kf] q o. K^ bf l kl` h^, p^ hfj l_ n^ elj,kc lm nc bc i] cp lb kl ekû kl b^ pf nl` hq k^g bck kys ebcoz b`q hliz u^ pys qbfi.

57 Vn ifs 1997, 31.58 Vn ifs 1994, 64–65, 88–90. Cjck kl hif k-]n ohfg hlj m -

icho =. K. Vn ifs ouf p^ cp ai^` kyj «nc mc nlj», mnf ] ey ^ | wfj

kl l ucn hô ohfc m^ j]p kf hf h kl l o of nfg ohlg snl kl il aff:

Vn ifs 1997, 32.59 Vn ifs 1994, 67–68.

60 Eilu hl, Gqn efk 1989, 61–71. Ln. G^ sln pfs 1992, 25–26.61 Jc p nqkz 1969, 75–76, nfo. 3; Eilu hl, Gqn efk 1989, 67,

nfo. 1.62 El eck hl ^ 1975, 56–58.63 Ln. Jl ifk 1994, 156.

133

Kfo. 61 1–14. Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 186 jlafizkfh^ Eifk-]n III q Efoil`lboh^. 15, 16. H^slbhf fe n^enqvckklal hqna^k^ q o. K^bflkl`h^. 1, 5. Acicel; 3. E^jckz; 4. Acicel f _nlke^; lop^izklc бронза.

Jl Kossack 1994, Abb. 10 (1–14); Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, nfo. 1 (15, 16)

2

1

3

5

6

4

7

8

9 10

1412 1311

1615

0 9

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=pl nlc o`f bc pciz op l p^ hl al nl b^ — ml anc _c kfc 34 fe jl afiz kf h^, nô hny pl al k^ pcn nf pl nffEfoil lb ohlg jc _ciz klg r^ _ nf hf (��. 62). Bbcoz b`q hliz u^ pyc qbf i^ o bl mli kf pciz ky jf e`ckz ] jff ild kl f pyj nfr ic kf cj ` ol uc p^ kff o pncs mc pciz u^ py jf mi^ opfk u^ py jf il m^ op ky jf mo^ if ] jf(oluc p^ kfc, pf mfu klc bi] mcn lg snl kl il af uc ohlg anqm my Vn if s^) l_ k^ nq dc ky `jc opc o b`qs il m^ op -ky jf `pqiz u^ py jf k^ hl kcu kf h^ jf opnci o vf nl hfj mc nlj f vf ml fb ky jf lhlk u^ kf ] jf il m^ opcg(��. 62, 15, 16)64. H^ slb h^ opnci {pl al pf m^ qkf hîz k^ k^ Lc cn klj E^` h^ ec, lb k^ hl lkf fe cop ky `Qck p nîz klg @`nlmc, abc, ml ] f` vfoz cwc ` m^ j]p kf h^s _nlk el l al `c h^, fo mliz eq |p o] ` pc uc kfcòc al mc nf l b^ Ha A. = kc hl pl nys anqm m^s m^ j]p kf hl` (n^g lk ?nce bc k^, e^ m^b kl bq k^g ohl-j^gk oh^]anqm m^ f n^g lk Ibc n^-Hcgo oc) p^ hfc k^ hl kcu kf hf fo mliz el ^ ifoz f ` pc uc kfc mc nf l bl` Ha B1–2,hlab^ lhlk u^ pcizkl `y sl b]p fe qml p nc_ ic kf] (luc fb kl, ` X–IX ``. bl k. {.)65. H^ slb hf oslb kys opncife cop ky f ` bnq afs mncb ohfr ohfs m^ j]p kf h^s (G^ i^] Qfj _î h^, =y ol h^] jl af i^), lb k^ hl lkf ek^ -uf pciz kl bîzvc lp hf o il lb ohfs, ucj tck p nîz kl c` nl mcg ohfc. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, fjc |p o] lo kl ^ kf]mcn q| snl kl il af uc ohq| anqm mq Vn if s^, ` hl pl nq| `sl b]p hlj m ic h oy, ol bcn d^ wfc kl l ucn hô ohfcqbf i^ ^ns^ f uc ohl al l_ if h^, ^ p^h dc hliz u^ pyc f pnc qaliz kl hl kcu kyc (ucn kl al nl` ohfc) qbf i^, b^ pf nl -`^pz X, o^ jlc mleb kcc IX `. bl k. {. f ofk snl kf ef nl ^pz ml jckz vcg jc nc o mc nf l blj Ha B1, ^ `le -

64 =f kl an^ bl`, ?q b^ nc`, Kq kfu 1980, 188–191, nfo. 4, 6–7,14,

19; Eilu hl, Gqn efk 1989, 67–68. Jnl pf`: Jl ifk 1994, 156.

65 Mercer 1970, 173–185.

Kfo. 62 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 34 jlafizkfh^ k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf (1–10)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8 9

10

0 90

0 12

135

66 Ln. G^ sln pys 1994, 45. I_ {pfs k^ hl kcu kf h^s oj. p^h dc

El eck hl ^ 1995, 10.67 Dušek, M., S. 1984, Taf. 9, 3,22,24–26; 10, 9–11,13 –15; 15,7– 8; 20, 5,7; 24, 6; 31, 2– 4,6– 8; 32, 10–14,16–24,26–34,36–58; 35, 5,7,9,10,12,14,16,19,21,23; 37, 16; 45, 25,27,29–35,37–40,42,44; 50, 10,12; 53, 9–11; 68, 11–13,15; 69, 1– 9; 83, 17–19,

23,24; 90, 20,22; 94, 25,26; 97, 27,29–30; 100, 4; 104, 11–12,14–16; 114, 14,17; 116, 21–23,25,26; 118, 35–37; 129, 27–28,30;130, 20; 140, 26; 146, 31,33; 150, 2,3,5; 151, 10; 157, 3,16–19,23 –26,28–30,37– 41,43 – 45; 158, 12–16,18–20,27,35–37, 39–41,44– 46,50,53,54; 164, 12,15–17,22–29; 165, 23 –29; 177, 4,5,7; 181, 2,7; 182, 28. Ln. Pl sl nl` ohf 1994, nfo. 3–6.

jldkl, ml hn^g kcg jc nc u^ o pfu kl, f hlk tlj Ha A. =mnl ucj, mnl _ ic j^ mnl fo sl d bc kf] b^k kl al pf m^k^ hl kcu kf hl` opnci lo p^ cp o] omln klg66.

Qck p nîz kl c` nl mcg ohfc j^ pc nf iy b^ |p f cwc lb kq lmln kq| plu hq bi] snl kl il aff k^ u^ i^ n^k -kc ohfr ohl al mc nf l b^. Jnf nô hlm h^s qh nc m ick kl al ml oc ic kf] Ljl ic kf tc-Gliz mfn ` e^ m^b klg Lil -`^hff _y il l_ k^ nq dc kl ek^ uf pciz klc hl if uc op l k^ hl kcu kf hl` opnci ohfr ohl al pf m^, hl pl nyc ]` klfo mliz el ^ ifoz jc op kyj k^ oc ic kf cj ` pc uc kfc òc al mc nf l b^ oq wc op l ^ kf] ml oc ic kf]67. Lnc bfk^hl kcu kf hl` mnc l_ i^ b^ |p pncs il m^ op kyc, vf nl hl mncb op^ ic ky f b`qs il m^ op kyc f pncs an^k kyc k^ -hl kcukf hf, mnf ucj fs rln jy s^ n^ h pcn ky bi] mleb kfs hlj m ic h ol` n^k kc ohfr ohlg {ml sf. Jl oc ic kfcoqwc op l ^ il ` pc uc kfc mc nf l bl` Ha C2 f Ha D1, p. c. `l `pl nlg ml il f kc VII – k^ u^ ic VI ``. bl k. {.,

Kfo. 62 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 34 jlafizkfh^ k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf. 3. >ifk^; 12. E^jckz; 13. Ac icel; 4–11, 14–19. <nlke^

Jl Vnifs 1994, p^_. 19; Eleckhl`^ 1995, p^_. II, 2–4 (14–16), XX, 1 (13), XXV, 7 (10)

11

12

13

14 15

16

191817

0 6 0 3

68 Parzinger, Stegmann-Rajtár 1988, 162–178; Parzinger 1993,213 –214.69 X. Pl sl nl` ohf (1994, 50–51, ebcoz dc mnc by bq w^] if pc -

n^ pq n^) _ce bl o p^ plu kys lo kl ^ kfg o`] ey ^ cp òc l_ k^ nq dck -

kyc ebcoz k^ hl kcu kf hf o nê nq vc kf cj ml oc ic kf]. ?i] kc hl -

pl nys fe kfs (k^ mnf jcn, lphnypys k^ _lc lg mil w^b hc fif

q `l nlp) {pl jl dcp _ypz mn^ fiz kyj, lb k^ hl _liz vfk op`l

k^ hl kcu kf hl`, l_ k^ nq dck kys ` hqiz pqn kys k^ mi^ opl ^kf ]s

`kq p nf df ifw onc bf bnq afs mncb jcpl`, kc lejld kl o`] ey -

`^pz o `n^ dc ohfj k^ m^ bc kf cj — lkf ]` kl fo mliz el ^ ifoz

kôc ic kf cj al nl bf w^. =y ey ^ cp ol j kc kf] f mn] jlc lpl dbc -

op ic kfc k^ m^ b^ | wfs `n^ al` ol ohf r^ jf k^ lo kl ^kff pl al,

upl lkf fo mliz el ^ if k^ hl kcu kf hf opnci ohfr ohlal pf m^. =

Qck p nîz klg @` nl mc ` VI `. bl k. {. p^ hfc k^ hl kcu kf hf, luc -

`fb kl, _y if nô mnl opn^ kc ky kc jckz vc, ucj ` G^ ilg ;eff.

mnf ucj kf lbfk k^g bck kyg ebcoz mncb jcp kc b^ pf nq cp o] _l icc mleb kfj `nc jc kcj68. M^hfj l_ n^ elj,qdc `l `pl nlg ml il f kc VII `. bl k. {. k^ hl kcu kf hf opnci ohfr ohl al pf m^, mnf ucj kc o^ jys n^k kfspf ml`, bl o p^ plu kl vf nl hl fo mliz el ^ ifoz ml hn^g kcg jc nc u^ opz| k^ oc ic kf] Qck p nîz klg @` nl my69.=n]b if mnf sl bfp o] ol j kc ^pz o], upl lkf _y if e^ fj op l ^ ky fe opc mcg, abc, p^ hfj l_n^ elj, fs ml ] -` ic kfc oic bq cp b^ pf nl ^pz _l icc n^k kfj `nc jc kcj. M^ hfj l_ n^ elj, jy ml iq u^ cj cwc lb kl lo kl ^ kfcbi] b^ pf nl` hf k^ u^ i^ hc icn jco ohl al {p^ m^ n^k kc ohfr ohlg hqiz pq ny n^ kcc oc nc bf ky VII `. bl k. {.

Jc ncg bcj pc mcnz h nô ojl p nc kf| pcs mncb jc pl`, hl pl nyc oiq df if ^n aq jck p^ jf qu^ opf] kl l ucn -hôo tc` ` mc ncb kc ef p ohfs ml sl b^s.

IQF HF 2.2

�� :

��

W}r qu m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wu� ym �r }u m x{o, �m }m w �r }u t� � �u� wmw }mz zr ~wu� ~w�� w�x� �� }�, �mw u |}rq -~wu� ~w�� w�x� �� }� �u |m z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ wxm qm, {q zuy ut oms zrv �u� lo xl r� ~l w{z ~wml �t qm. Vmt xu� -z�r �{} y� w{z ~w{v �t q� ~x� sm� �mw sr {q zuy ut w}u �r }u ro qm �u }{o wu ~{ {� or� ~� o� � �u� w�x� ��} uo�l~ zr zul �m }m w �r }m u� ~ol trv ~ ~{ ~r ql yu. Xmw, |}u yr zr zur zr w{ �{ }�� zr �u |u� z�� qxl ~�r| z{v t{z�rr }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�rv |}rq ~wu� ~wuy zm ~r xr zu ry U}u �r} z{ y{ }�l ~x� su x{ {~ z{ om zu ry qxl �{ p{, ��{ n�|}rq|{xmpm�� u� tm uy ~� o{ om zur ut Ur }rq zrv Ftuu u }m~ ~ym � }u om�� wmw ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ ��m ~�ul ��{ p{zm~r xr zul o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm�.

Jxl qm �u }{o wu }mt xu� z�� |}rq ~wu� ~wu� u }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� ou q{o w{z ~w{v �t q� {~{ n{r tzm �r zuruyr �� ym �r }u m x� Mm wmo wm t�l u N}m zm. Yt qm ��{ p{ }r pu { zm uyr r� ~{n ~� orz z�r �}m qu �uu }mt ou �ul,{�xu� z�r {� ~�r| z��. Xry zr yr zrr {nr �}m qu �uu, ~�r| zml u tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~wml, zm �{ qux~� o |{~�{ -lz z�� w{z �m w �m� u oxu l xu q}�p zm q}� pm. Sm xu �ur ��u� ~ol trv, o �{y �u~ xr, o{t y{s z{, u tm uy ~� o{ -omzuv, |{ t o{ xl r� ~ol tm�� qor �}m qu �uu yr s q� ~{ n{v. W{ {� or� ~� orz z{, o{t zu wm r� o{t y{s z{~�� zmv �u�}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wur |}u olt wu qxl |}rq ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }� o |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu.

U{ |�� wu ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zul |}u �r} z{ y{} ~w{v �t q� ~ |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{v �sr |}rq |}u zu ym xu~�, {q zm -w{ {zu {p }m zu �u om xu~�, wmw |}m ou x{, u~ |{x� t{ om zu ry xu�� {� qrx� z�� |}u yr }{o ut |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu�ym �r }u m x{o. Tn �ml sr wm} �u zm }mt ou �ul |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{v �t q� |}u ��{y tm �m ~ �� up z{ }u }{ om xm~�,��{ |}u o{ qu x{ w {�u n{� z�y o� o{ qmy. Xmw, mzm xu tu }�l �t q� zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B o N}m zr, N. S. Rrq -orq ~wml {q z{ tzm� z{ ~�u �m xm w{z ~� }�w �u�, |}u yr zlo �� w{x� �m ��r �qu xm u {� qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z�r�}r� q�} �m ��r |~m xuu, ~w}r | xlo �u r ~l ~ zu yu |{ ~}rq ~� o{y }ry zrv, z{ om �u rv o N}m zr VIII o. q{ z. �. u~ol t� om xm u� ~ �rz � }mx� z{ ro }{ |rv ~wuy oxu l zu ry1. J}� p{v |}u yr} — �sr �|{ yu zmo �m l ~l }m n{ �mH. V. b} xu �m. Tz �qr xux o zrv {~{ n{r ozu ym zur |{ l o xr zu� o U}u �r} z{ y{ }�r �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz -z� yu |~m xu l yu �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm», }mt ouo �u� ~l zm {~ z{ or {n�� z�� qux z{ o{ �r} wm~ -~w{ p{ �u |m. U{ l o xr zur ��{v �{} y� �t q� {z ~�u �m r� }r t�x� �m �{y «uy |{} �m uqrv» ut Ur }rq zrv Ftuu u{q zuy ut ~ou qr �rx�~�o ��m ~�ul z{ ~u �r xrv w�x� �� }� �u |m z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ wxm qm o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu�|{ �{ qm� wuy yr }uv �ro2. Pmw y� �ou quy zu sr, {nm |}rq ~�m o xr zul zror} z�.

Jxl �{ p{, ��{ n� |}m oux� z{ |{ zl�� otm u y{ {� z{ �r zul yr s q� |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{v u ~�r| z{v �}m qu -�u l yu }mt ou �ul w{z ~w{v �t q�, zr {n �{ qu y{ }m~ ~ym � }u om�� wm s q�v {� qrx� z�v �mw� zr ut{ xu }{ omz z{,m o �{y w{z �rw ~�r, w w{ �{ }{ y� {z |}u zmq xr su�. X{x� w{ �m w{r }m~ ~y{ � }r zur ~|{ ~{n z{ qm�� zm qrs z�r{~ z{ om zul qxl ~uz �}{ zu tm �uu {� qrx� z�� lo xr zuv, {� z{ ~l �u� ~l w qo�y �}m qu �u ly, u u� qm �u }{o wu.U{ � �{ y�, |}u oxr wml |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�r mzm x{ puu qxl qm �u }{o wu �r� uxu uz�� {}y ~�r| z�� qux uxu

137

1 Rrq orq ~wml 1983, 64–72; Rrq orq ~wml 1994, 123–124. 2 b} xu� 1994, 85–86.

138

|~m xuv, zr {n �{ qu y{ uyr�� o ou q� {n �� wm} �u z� }mt ou �ul |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{v �t q�, �qr xll {~{ n{rozuym zur �ry }mv {zmy, pqr ~xr q� r� {su qm�� zmu n{ xrr �r~ z�� w{z �m w �{o ~ ro }m tuv ~wu yu ~�r |l yu —Mmwmo wm t��, N}m z� u Y}m} ��.

2.2.1 UVTG QK R` [VT ST QT INN MF PFH PFM WPN[ UF RdX SN PTH

HXT VTO UT QT HN S` II – SF ]F QF I X`W. JT S. b.,

WT JKV LF _N[ RK XFQ QN ]K WPNK UVKJ RK X` PTS WPTO YM J`

Sm ~ w{x� w{ y{s z{ ~� qu��, ~m y{v }mz zrv �{} y{v yr �mx xu �r ~w{v �t q�, |}u yr zlo �rv ~l o Mm wmo wm -t�r, n� xu qo�� m ~� z�r �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu qu~ w{ ouq z� yu |~m xu l yu, uyr � �u yu yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�rmzm x{ puu o |m yl� zu wm� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� II ��~. q{ z. �. o yu wrz ~w{v I}r �uu u Ur }rq zrv Ftuu. Jm �u -}{ omz z�r �w try | xl }� ��{ p{ �u |m �qux |{ yr �m �� ~l yr s q� XV u XII oo. q{ z. �. (Im tm, XV o.; ^m} wu�xmo o{ ~ �{� z{v Pm| |m q{ wuu, XV–XIV oo.; Xrx�-Fym} zm, zm �m x{ XIV o.; Vm~ ^my }m, XIII o.; Zu o�, XIII o.;Ru wr z�, XIII–XII oo., ~}. �mw sr ut{ n}m sr zul �m wu� |~m xuv zm �}r ~wm� XIII o. ut Ru wrz, Xu }uz �mu T} �{ yr zm) (��. 63, 1)3. Fzm x{ pu� z�r |{ �{} yr w{ ~ �l z�r u }{ p{ o�r qu~ w{ ouq z�r |~m xuu, |}u yr -zlo �u r ~l, {�r ouq z{, ~ }r yrz z� yu �qu xm yu, n� xu �u }{ w{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� u o ro }m tuv ~wu� ~�r |l� zm{p }{y z�� |}{ ~�}mz ~� om� {� U{ q� zm o�l q{ ~r or} z{ p{ Pm tm� ~�m zm ~{ o�{ }{v �r� or} �u II ��~. q{ z. �.u o �r �r zur rp{ o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� (��. 63, 2)4.

H Mm wmo wm t�r yr �mx xu �r ~wur �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu qu~ w{ ouq z� yu |~m xu l yu n� xu {n zm }� sr z� o{o�{ }{y (�r~�� w try | xl }{o) u o{~� y{y (qom �w try | xl }m) w�} pm zm� Q�m �r zm oyr ~�r ~ |}r w}m~ z{ ~{ �}m -zuo �u yu ~l qr }r olz z� yu |{ o{t wm yu (��. 63, 3–5)5. P}{ yr �{ p{, �r �� }r �w try | xl }m mzm x{ pu� z��qux o�{ qu xu o ~{ ~�mo wxm qm n}{z t{ o�� or �rv o Por y{-Wm ~u }r �u o I}� tuu (yr s q� Xnu xu ~u u I{ }u)(��. 64, 7, 9)6. W ym �r }u m x{y x�m �rz ~wu� w�} pm z{o or~� ym ~�{q z� ym �r }u m x� ut |{ p}r nr zuv |r} o{v�}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{v p}�| |� y{ pux� zu wm F} �uw, ��{ |{ t o{ xl r� u� ~uz �}{ zu tu }{ om��7. Hms z�y {~ z{ om -zury qxl qm �u }{o wu }mz zrv p}�| |� |{ p}r nr zuv F} �u wm u x�m �rz ~wu� w�} pm z{o lo xl�� ~l zm �{q wuo |m yl� zu wm� ��{ p{ w}� pm |r �m �rv yu �mz zuv ~w{ p{ u �xmy ~w{ p{ ~�u xl. H |{ p}r nr zu l� |r} o{v p}�| |�F} �u wm (№�53, 422, 625) n� x{ {n zm }� sr z{ �}u �m wu� |r �m �u, qor ut w{ �{ }�� qm �u }� �� ~l XV–XIII,m {qzm — XIII–XII oo. q{ z. �.8 P}{ yr �{ p{, ��} }u� ~wml |r �m�� ~�{q z{ p{ �u |m, ou qu y{, {� z{ ~l �m l ~l wXV–XIV oo. q{ z. �. n� xm {n zm }� sr zm u o x�m �rz ~w{y y{ pux� zu wr9. K�r {q zm |r �m�� ~}r q zr �xmy ~w{ p{�u |m, mzmx{pu� zml {n zm }� srz z{v o 625 |{ p}r nr zuu F} �u wm, n� xm zmv qr zm o |{ p}r nr zuu � Um} zu-pr �mo w{y | xrw~r, ~{ qr} sm �ry or �u, �m }m w �r} z�r qxl |m yl� zu w{o x�m �r z{-m} �uw ~w{ p{ �u |m10. P}{ yr �{p{,mzm x{ pu� zml |r �m�� n� xm {n zm }� sr zm o ~{ ~�m or w{y | xr w ~m �{ p{ sr �u |m o |{ p}r nr zuu 7 Q{ }u- nr}q ~w{p{

3 Potratz 1941–44, 10–18; Potratz 1966, 110–116 (�u| II);

Nagel 1963, 50–53, Taf. XXXVI–XXXVII, 68–71; Moorey 1971,

109–111; Bittel 1975, 301–311, Abb. 3–5, Taf. 56; Littauer,

Crouwel 1979, 87; Crouwel 1981, 102, 107, 158, pl. 90, 94, 101

(�}r ~wu); Muscarella 1988, 158–159.4 Qr ~ w{o 1964, 299–303; Wyu} z{o, P�t� yu zm 1977, 42–43;

P�t� yu zm 1980, 8–21; Hüttel 1981, 35–65, Taf. 2–4; Piggott

1983, 99–100 (~ {�u n{� z{v qm �u }{o w{v �}m� �r yu }{o ~wu� |~m -

xuv III ��~. q{ z. �.); U}l �uz, Gr ~r quz 1998, 22–34. T~{ n{r

tzm �r zur uyr r� zm �{q wm n{x� �{ p{ w{ xu �r ~� om �m wu� |~m xuv o

y{ pux� zu wr o�{ }{v �r� or} �u – ~r }r qu z� II ��~. q{ z. �. Wuz -

�m� �m o �s z{y Mm � }m x�r. Rz{ pur ut zu� {n zm }� sr z� |}u �r -

}r |m� |{ p}r nrz z�� w{ zrv: Ir zuzp, Mqm z{ ou�, Ir zuzp 1992,

111–332.

5 Rzm� wm zlz 1960, 151; Rzm� wm zlz 1961, 70, }u~. 25, 4–6;

Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 100, �mn. VIII, 6–8; Piggott 1974, 18, pl. V b;

Piggott 1983, 70–78.6 Nioradze 1932, 89–91, Abb. 9–10; Potratz 1941–1944,

12–14, Abb. 17–21; Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 100 (qm �u }� �� XIII–

X oo. q{ z. �.); P{ }uq tr 1965, 17–18, �mn. X (qm �u }� r� XIII–

XII oo. q{ z. �.); H{ }{ z{o 1980, 205, }u~. 2, 10–16 (nrt ~r}� rt -

z�� {~ z{ om zuv qm �u }� r� zm �m x{y I ��~. q{ z. �.).7 [m �m � }lz 1963, passim; Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 81–113; [m �m � }lz

1975, 156–198; [m �m � }lz 1979, 11–14; Kossack 1983, 103–108.8 Hrouda 1983, 170–177. W}. [m �m � }lz 1975, 157–158, 188–

189; [m �m � }lz 1979, 11–12.9 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1963, 11; [m �m � }lz 1975, 189.10 [m �m � }lz 1975, 15, 131, 188, }u~. 1.

139

Vu~. 63 Yquxm u |~mxuu. 1. Ju~w{ouqz�v |~mxuv ut Ruwrz; 2. Ju~w{ouqz�v |~mxuv ut y{pux�zuwm Wuz�m��m; 3–5. Yquxm ~ qu~w{ouqz�yu |~mxulyu

ut Q�m�rz~wu� w�}pmz{o; 6. Yquxm ~ |}ly{�p{x�z�yu |~mxulyu ut Ruwrz; 7. U~mxuv ut Zuo. 1, 3–7. G}{ztm; 2. P{~��

U{ Crouwel 1981, 215, pl. 1, 3 (1, 6, 7); Irzuzp, Mqmz{ou�, Irzuzp 1992, }u~. 75, 3 (2); Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, �mn. VIII, 6–8 (3–5)

3

4

1

2

5

6 7

140

Vu~. 64 G}{zt{o�r |}rqyr�� ut wxmqm o Pory{-Wm~u}r�u, I}�tul

U{ Schäffer 1948, fig. 299

3 4

1

2

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

141

Vu~. 65 Nzorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul 79 y{pux�zuwm F}�uw. 1, 2, 4. Ixuzm; 3, 5, 6. G}{ztm

U{ [m�m�}lz 1979, 142

4

5

1 2

6

3

142

y{ pux� zuwm11. Yw }m �rz z�r tup tm p{ {n }mt z�y {} zm yrz �{y |r �m �u ut ��u� |{ p}r nr zuv, ou qu y{, q{xs z�qm �u }{ om�� ~l, wmw u o m} �uw ~w{y |{ p}r nr zuu 625, XIII–XII oo. q{ z. �. Sm �� qm �� wm t� om r� zm �{q wmn{x� �{ p{ w{ xu �r ~� om �m wu� |r �m �rv o «�m ~{o zl�» 3 u 4 �xmy ~w{ p{ w�x� �{ o{ p{ �rz � }m ]{ pm Mmy nux,w{�{ }�r qm �u }� �� ~l ��uy o}r yr zry12. Wxr q� r� �|{ yl z�� r�r zm �{q w� |r �m �u ��} }{-yu �mz zuv ~w{ p{~�u xl, w{ �{ }ml {� z{ ~u� ~l w XV–XIII oo. q{ z. �., o |l �{y ^myu }my ~w{y w�} pm zr (F� �m }mw ~wuv }mv {zF}yr zuu). P ~{ sm xr zu�, ut w}m� w{v tm yr� wu {n ��{y w�} pm zr rp{ w�x� ��} zml |}u zmq xrs z{~�� zr l~ zm13.Sm�{q wu ��u� |r �m �rv �wm t� om �� zm qm �u }{o w� |m yl� zu w{o �u |m Q�m �r zm u }mz zrv p}�| |� F}�uwm{w{ x{ XIV–XIII o. q{ z. �., o{t y{s z{ {� �m ~ �u owx� �ml u XII o. q{ z. �.

T~{ n�v uz �r }r~ qxl zm �rv �r y� |}rq ~�m o xl r� w{y | xrw~ |{ p}r nr zul 79 y{ pux� zu wm F} �uw, pqr{nzm }� sr z� qo� �m ~� z�r �qu xm ~ qu~ w{ ouq z� yu |~m xu l yu u zm or} �ur o �{} yr w{t xm, �}rt o� �mv z{nxut w{r zm or} �u ly ut Q�m �r zm (��. 65)14. X. W. [m �m � }lz w{ xrn xr� ~l o qm �u }{o wr ��{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul.Ur} o{ zm �mx� z{ {z ~�u �mx rp{ {q zuy ut or q� �u� w{y | xr w ~{o }mz zrv p}�| |� F} �u wm15, {q zm w{ tm �ry{� w{} }r w �u }{ omx ��{ yzr zur. U{-|}rs zr y� ~�u �ml �qu xm u zm or} �ur ut ��{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m �m }m w �r} -z�yu qxl }mz zrv p}�| |� F} �u wm, {z {� yr �m r� o n{ xrr |{tq zu� |�n xu wm �u l� zm xu �ur tqr~� wr }m yu wu,�m }m w �r} z{v qxl o�{ }{v m} �uw ~w{v p}�| |�16. Q{ pu� z{ |{ � �{ y� ~�u �m��, ��{ |{ p}r nr zur 79 lo xl r� ~l|r}r �{q z�y {� |r} o{v w{ o�{ }{v p}�| |r. H ~m y{y qr xr, zr �{x� w{ n}{z t{ o�r ut qr xul o zry �wm t� om -�� zm |}u zmq xrs z{~�� w }mz zrv p}�| |r, z{ u wr }m yu �r ~wuv w{y | xrw~ |{ p}r nr zul uyr r� ~yr �mz z�v�m }m w �r}. Sm }l q� ~ �u |u� z� yu qxl o�{ }{v p}�| |� ~{ ~� qm yu, �w }m �rz z� yu oqm o xrz z� yu xu zu l yu,o zry uyr �� ~l u �m }m w �r} z�r qxl |r} o{v p}�| |� �r} z{ x{ �r z�r ~{ ~� q�, {} zm yrz �u }{ omz z�r x{ �r -zu ry17. U{ p }r nr zur 79, �m wuy {n }m t{y, y{ sr� n�� qm �u }{ om z{ XII o. q{ z. �.

H Ur }rq zrv Ftuu u yu wrz ~w{v I}r �uu {q z{ o}r yrz z{ ~� �r ~� o{ omx u q}� p{v �u| �qux — ~ ��zw -�u { zmx� z{ uqrz �u� z� yu |xm ~�uz �m �� yu zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, z{ zr qu~ w{ ouq z{v, m |{q |}l y{ -�p{x� z{v �{} y� (uyr �� ~l }mt z�r u� om }u mz �� — {� |}l y{ �p{x� zu wm q{ qo�� ~{ rqu zrz z�� or} �u zmyu�}r �p{x� zu w{o) (��. 63, 6, 7). U~m xuu �m ~ �{ ~zmn sm xu~� �u |m yu u {n�� z{ uyr xu �}u {� or} ~�ul({�rouq z{, qxl }m~ �}{ rz z{ p{ zm �r� z{ p{ }ry zl), |}u �ry uyr �� ~l u |r }r �{q z�r �{} y� {� ��{ p{ �u |m|~m xuv w qu~ w{ ouq z�y. Jm �u }{ omz z�r �w try | xl }� �m wu� �qux {� z{ ~l� ~l w |r }u { q� yr s q� XV u XII oo.q{ z. �. (Im tm, XV o.; Xrx�-Fym} zm, zm�mx{ XIV o.; Zu o�, |r}oml |{x{ouzm XIII o. (LH III B); Ruwr z�,XIII o.; Ru xr� (yu wrz ~wml p}{n zu �m), XIII–XII oo.; Ir tr}, XIII–XII oo.)18. H ~�r| z{v t{ zr |{q{n z�r|xm ~�uz �m ��r |~m xuu ut }{ pm u w{ ~ �u o �r �r zur o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� II ��~. q{ z. �. ~{ ~� �r ~� o{ om xu ~ qu~ -w{ ouq z� yu, ~{ rqu zl l~�, {�r ouq z{, ~ �ry sr �u |{y }r yrz z�� qux19. Jxl qm �u }{o wu or}� zrv p}m zu ��|}u yr zr zul ��{ p{ ou qm �qux oms z{ u� ut{ n}m sr zur zm pxm t� }{ om z�� wu} |u �m� �|{ �u X�w�x� �u-Su z�} -�� II (891–884 pp. q{ z. �.)20 u zm zr w{ �{ }�� }rx� r �m� F� ��} zm �u} |m xm II (884–858 pp. q{ z. �.), ��{~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� {n u� u~ |{x� t{ om zuu o F~ ~u }uu r�r o |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr IX o. q{ z. �. X{� sr �u| |~m -xuv ut{ n}m srz, {�r ouq z{, u zm n}{z t{ o{v w{z ~w{v |r w �{ }m xu m~ ~u }uv ~w{v }mn{ ��, �mw sr {� z{ ~l �rv~lw IX o. q{ z. �. (��. 66)21. b�u ut{ n}m sr zul, |{-ou qu y{ y�, u qm �� or}� z�� p}m zu �� u� }m~ |}{ ~�}m -zrzul, o{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr qxl F~ ~u }uu. Pm sr� ~l, rquz ~� orz z�y yr ~ �{y, pqr �mwur �qu xm |}{ q{x sm xuu~ |{x� t{ om�� ~l u |{t sr, n�x Pu|}. U}u }m~ w{| wm� }l qm wu |}u {� ~wu� zr w }{ |{ xrv, |}r s qr o~r p{

11 Jr orq slz 1981, 37, �mn. IX, 3.12 Porada 1970, 111–119, 129, pl. XII; ~}. Amiet 1972, 266–

267, pl. 183; Hrouda 1983, 173.13 F}r �lz 1983, 425–426, 425 (�{ �{).14 [m �m � }lz 1963, 134, �mn. 30, 3; [m �m � }lz 1975, 218; [m �m � -

}lz 1979, 13, 142, ~}. Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 109–110. W}. �mw sr

nxut w{r zm or} �ur ~ �u p�} w{v {xr zl, {n zm }� srz z{r ~}r qu

{~�m� w{o |{ o{t wu, tm |}l srz z{v |m }{v x{ �m qrv, o w�} pm zr 4 �

Gr }uw xqr r nu o I}� tuu. Q{ �m qu n� xu otz�t qm z� n}{z t{ o� yu

�qu xm yu ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu. P�} pmz qm �u }� r� ~l XIV–

XIII oo. q{ z. �. (~r }r qu zm II ��~. q{ z. �. |{ }m qu{ wm} n{z z�y

qm �my). Wy. Koridse 1995, 109–110, Abb. 97.

15 [m �m � }lz 1963, 30–31.16 [m �m � }lz 1975, 161, 218.17 [m �m � }lz 1963, 30–31; [m �m � }lz 1979, 13, 142.18 Potratz 1941–44, 2–9; Potratz 1966, 103–110 (�u| I);

Moorey 1971, 107–109; Bittel 1975, 301–311, Abb. 1–2, Taf. 55;

Littauer, Crowel 1979, 88; Donder 1980, 20–21, Taf. 1, 1–4;

Crowel 1981, 103–104, 158, pl. 3, 4,8.19 P�t� yu zm 1980, 16; Hüttel 1981, 24–35, Taf. 1.20 Andrae 1923, Taf. 7.21 Seidl 1986, Abb. 1–3, Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, 55–72,

Abb. 45–53.

143

Wmxmyu zm, Um xr-Um �{ ~m u Fym �{z �m, n� xu {n zm }� sr z� n{ pm ��r p}{n zu ��, tm �{ }{ zr zul w{ �{ }�� ~{ -|}{ o{ s qm xu~� {q z{v uxu zr ~w{x� wu yu w{ xr~ zu �m yu u tm |}l srz z� yu o zu� x{ �mq� yu. ]m~�� u�|{p}r nr zuv, ~� ql |{ u� uz orz �m }�, qm �u }� r� ~l o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VIII, �m~�� VII o. q{ z. �. («Pu |}{-m}�m u �r ~wuv |r }u {q I»), zmu n{ xrr |{tq zur — w{z �{y ~�{ xr �ul. U}u w{z ~wu� |{ p}r nr zu l� {nzm }� srz�{q z{ �u| z�r n}{z t{ o�r u sr xrt z�r �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |xm ~�uz �m �� yu |~m xu l yu, |}u �ry o VII o.q{ z. �. ut or~� z�, wm sr� ~l, �{x� w{ sr xrt z�r �w try | xl }�. Yqu xm, u~ |{x� t{ omo �u r ~l o ~r}r qu zr VIII o.q{ z. �. zu �ry zr {� xu �m �� ~l {� �r�, w{ �{ }�r �|{ � }rn xl xu~� o w{z �r VII o. q{ z. �. (��. 67, 1– 4)22.U~m xuu {n��z{ uyr �� ouq |}l y{ �p{x� z�� |xm ~�uz ~ �}r yl |r� xl yu ({� or} ~�ul wmw |}m ou x{ womq }m� -z�r uxu |}l y{ �p{x� z�r); uz{ pqm {zu zr ~w{x� w{ o� pz� ��. H{t y{s z{, �qu xm ��{ p{ �u |m |}{ q{x sm ��yu wrz ~wur �}m qu �uu, {q zm w{ ut-tm {� ~�� ~� oul |}{ yr s� �{� z�� zm �{ q{w o ��{y zrx� tl n�� or }rz z�y.Sm �{q wu �qux, {� z{ ~l �u � ~l w |r }u { q� yr s q� yu wrz ~w{v �|{ �{v u o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VIII o. q{ z. �.,tm u~ wx� �r zu ry �qux ut |{ p}r nr zul zm F�uz ~w{v mp{ }r (~y. zu sr), u o{ {n �r zr ut or~� z�, {q zm w{ ��{zr |{ t o{ xl r� p{ o{ }u�� { |r }r }� or �}m qu �uu: zm ~xr q{ om zur wu|} ~w{v w�x� �� }{v }l qm �}m qu �uv yu wrz -~w{v �|{ �u �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z{. H|}{ �ry, o{t y{s z{ u tm uy ~� o{ om zur ��{v �{} y� �qux o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu,pqr u� u~ |{x� t{ om zur tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z{ q{ |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� IX o. q{ z. �.

Jmz z�v �u| �qux, {q zm w{, n�x zr �m }m w �r }rz qxl Mm wmo wm t�l. Kquz ~� orz z�v �w try | xl} ��{ p{ �u|mzm qmz z{v �r} }u �{ }uu {n zm }� srz o F~��m q t{} ~w{y y{ pux� zu wr (��. 67, 5). F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~lz, {� yr �ml,��{ mzmx{ puu �m wuy �qu xmy zm Pmo wm tr {� ~�� ~� o� ��, ~|}m orq xu o{ ~�u �m r� u� m~ ~u }uv ~wuy uy |{} �{y,�ry n{ xrr, ��{ o �{y sr w{y | xr w ~r zmv qrz u wuzsmx, ou qu y{, m~ ~u }uv ~w{ p{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul23 (wuz sm -x� ��{ p{ �u |m ut or~� z� wmw zm }rx� r �m� F� ��} zm �u} |m xm, �mw u Wm} p{ zm II u n{ xrr |{tq zu�). U}u��{y {z qm �u }� r� �qu xm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �., o wm �r ~� or rquz ~� orz z{ p{ {n{~ z{ om zul �m w{v qm �u }{o wu|}u o{ ql xu�� ut{ n}m sr zul ~�{q z�� |~m xuv zm }rx� r �r F� ��} zm �u} |m xm24. F~ ~u }uv ~wur ut{ n}m sr -zul, wmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, {q zm w{, |{ t o{ xl �� {n{~ z{ om�� xu�� qm �u }{o w� �qux IX o. q{ z. �. R. S. U{p -}r n{om |}rq xm pm r� }m~ �u }u�� qm �u }{o w� F~� �mq t{} ~w{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul q{ VII o. q{ z. �., ~~� xm l~� zm ut{n -}m sr zur mzm x{ pu� z{v }� w{ l �u yr �m zm {q z{y ut }rx� r �{o F� ��} nm zu |m xm25. Xm wml qm �u }{o wm, {qzmw{,o}lq xu |}u r y xr ym, |{ ~w{x� w�, ~� ql |{ ut{ n}m sr zu ly zm }rx� r �m�, zm �u zml ~ �|{ �u Xupxm�|m xm ~m }mIII o{ o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou zr VIII o. q{ z. �. ��{� ouq �t q� o F~ ~u }uu �sr zr |}u yr zlx ~l. U{q{n z�� qux zrtm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z{ u ~}r qu |}rq yr �{o �}m}� ~w{v �t q�, �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z{v zm �u zml ~ �|{�u Rr z�m(w{ zr� IX – zm �m x{ VIII oo. q{ z. �.). R{s z{ |{ xm pm�� |{ � �{ y�, ��{ �qu xm ut F~� �mq t{} ~w{ p{ y{ pux� -zuwm, m ~xr q{ om �rx� z{ u w{y | xrw~, pqr {zu zmv qr z�, q{xs z� qm �u }{ om�� ~l zr |{t sr IX o. q{ z. �.

Hu qu y{, |}u yr} z{ o XII o. q{ z. �. �qu xm ~ qu~ w{ ouq z� yu |~m xu l yu o Mm wmo wm t�r o� �{ ql� ut �|{ -� }rn xr zul u tm yr zl �� ~l uz{v �{} y{v �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |{q ous z� yu |~m xu l yu. U~m xuu |}rq -~�moxl �� ~{ n{v |}l y�r |}� ��, {zu qo� q�} �m ��r, {n�� z{ ~ zr n{x� �u yu }m~ �u }r zu l yu o �r� yr ~ �m�,pqr zm �{ ql� ~l {� or} ~�ul. P{z �� |~m xuv �m ~ �{ uyr �� |x{ ~wur �xl| wu. Wm yu �qu xm uyr �� pxmq wur��mzpu u w}�| z�r w{x� �m qxl |{ o{ qm, {� or} ~�ul w{ �{ }�� }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o �{v sr |x{ ~ w{ ~�u, ��{ u{�or} ~�ul |~m xuv.

Yqu xm ��{ p{ �u |m �m }m w �r} z� qxl p}�| |� tm wmo wmt ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o, ym �r }u mx� zml w�x� �� }m w{ �{ -}�� {n zm }� su om r� {�r ouq z{r rquz ~� o{. H~xrq tm F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~l z{y ��m p}�| |m y{ sr� n�� {n{ tzm -

22 Dikaios 1963, 160, Nr. 163, fig. 12; Karageorghis 1963, 373–

378; Karageorghis 1963a, 265–300, fig. 20 a–b; Karageorghis

1965, 270–279; Karageorghis 1965a, 282–290, fig. 14; Karageor -

ghis 1967, 14, 33, 39, 49, 77–79, 83–84, 86, Nr. 54–55, 150,

151, 79, 80, 94–97, 120, 121, pl. XV; XLVII; LXXXIII; LXXXIV;

CXIV; CXXVIII; CXLI; Karageorghis 1973, 22, 24, 36, 39, 40, 82,

Nr. 156, 159 + 160, 167, 176, 186 + 214, 246, 320/16, 320/22,

pl. LXXX; LXXVI; CXIX; CXXIV; CCLXIII; Donder 1980, 22–

26, Taf. 1–5, Nr. 5–29; Chavane 1990, 43–44, Nr. 379–380,

pl. XII. W}. Gjerstad 1948, 146, 217, 399, fig. 26, 30–31; Donder

1981, 26–28, Taf. 5, Nr. 30–31.23 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 225, }u~. 87, 1. Mqr~� sr �|{ yl z� �� qu -

xm ut b� yu mq tuz ~w{ p{ y� trl, w{ �{ }�r, o{t y{s z{, uyr xu �� sr

�{} y�, {q zm w{ ut-tm {� ~�� ~� oul ux x� ~� }m �uu �~ �m z{ ou�� {

{| }r qr xrz z{ zr |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l o{t y{s z�y.24 Y� or} sqr zur F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~l zm (Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 145) {

�{y, ��{ |{ q{n z�r �qu xm «}m~ |}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l |}u Xup xm� |mxm -

~m }r III u ut{ n}m sr z� zm }rx� r �m� F� ��} nm zu |m xm» {�u -

n{�z{ — |~m xuu zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu� }rx� r �m� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z�

VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �. ~�r}s zr {n }mt z�r u |}u zmq xr sm� uz{ y�

�u |�. Sr{~ z{ om �rx� z{ u ~nxu sr zur ��{p{ ouqm �tq� ~ �tq{v ut

S{}-F}r �m, { w{ �{ }{v ~y. zu sr.25 U{ p }r n{ om 1984, 59.

144

1

0 6

2

145

Vu~. 66 G}{zt{oml w{z~wml |rw�{}mx� m~~u}uv~w{v }mn{�� ~ nm�mx�z{v ~�rz{v. Rr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{

U{ Seidl 1986, fig. 2–4

3

4

146

Vu~. 67 G}{zt{o�r �quxm ~ zm|�~wz�yu |~mxulyu. 1–4. Srw }{ |{x� Wmxmyuzm (Pu|}); 5. F~��mqt{}~wuv y{pux� zuw, F}yr zul;

6. U~mxuv ut |{p}rnrzul 46 y{pux�zuwm Xmw-Puxu~m, X}umxr�u

U{ Karageorghis 1973, pl. CCLXIII (1, 2); Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXLI (3, 4); Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 87, 1 (5); P��uz 1941, }u~. 56 (6)

3

1

5

6

2

4

147

Vu~. 68 G}{zt{o�r �quxm ~ zm|�~wz�yu |~mxulyu. 1. R{pux� zuw Juym� � Pu}{omwmzm; 2. U{p}rnrzur 9 zrw}{ |{xl Pmxmwrz� � Pu}{omnmqm; 3. U{p}rnrzur 49 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz�

� Pu}{omnmqm; 4. P�}pmz 1 � F}�mqt{}m; 5. Pxmq ut X{xm, I}�tul; 6. I}{n zu�m 50 (XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw, N}mz

U{ Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, �mn. XIII, 8 (1); Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 13, 23 (2, 3); P��zm}rom 1957, }u~. 2, 2 (4); P{}uqtr 1965, �mn. XVIII, 15 (5); Negahban 1977, fig. 134 (6)

3 4

1 2

5 6

148

4

1

2

3

5 6

7

9

10

11

12

8

13

149

Vu~. 69 Sm�{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu 1 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r� (b}rn�zu)

U{ Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, �mn. XXIV; XXVI; XXVII

14

15

150

Vu~. 70 Sm�{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r� (b}rn�zu). 1, 2, 4. G}{ztm; 3. Lrxrt{

U{ Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 93, �mn. XXV

2

4

3

1

151

�rzm |{ rr or q� �uy |m yl� zu wmy wmw �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~wml26. Yqu xm ��{ p{ �u |m {n zm }� sr z� zm }l qr|m yl� zu w{o p}�| |�, o �m ~� z{ ~�u o w�} pm zm� 1 (�r �� }r �w try | xl }m) u 2 (�}u �w try | xl }m) F} �mq t{ }m27,o y{ pux� zu wr Ju ym� (Pu }{ om wmz, qom �w try | xl }m)28, o |{ p}r nr zu l� 9 u 49 Pm xm wrz �m (Um }m qu~ -�r~��zp)29, o |{ p}r nr zuu 2 � ~r xm Pm �m pmz (}mv {z Fxm or} qu)30 (��. 68, 1– 4) u q}� pu�31. Nt or ~� z� urqu zu� z�r zm �{q wu �qux ��{ p{ �u |m o tm |mq z{y Mm wmo wm t�r, zm |}u yr} o ~{ ~�m or wxm qm ut X{ xm (��. 68,5)32, {q zm w{ tqr~� {zu lo z{ zr n� xu �mw }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z�.

P}{ yr Mm wmo wm t�l, zm �{q wu �m wu� �qux ut or~� z� xu�� zm �r} }u �{ }uu N}m zm. Xmw, {zu n� xu {nzm -}� sr z� o {q z{v ut p}{n zu� (50, XXI L) zr w }{ |{ xl Rm} xuw (��. 68, 6)33. H �{v sr p}{n zu �r n� x{zmv qr z{ �}u n}{z t{ o�� u p�} wu {xr zl (��. 71)34, w{ �{ }�r y{ p�� n�� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr z� ~ n}{z t{ o{v�up�} w{v {xr zl ut X{ x{}~ ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm o F} yr zuu (��. 72)35. Rm �r }u mx X{ x{}~ ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm zr qo� -~y�~ xrz z{ �wm t� om r� zm rp{ |}u zmq xrs z{~�� {q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{v p}�| |r |m yl� zu w{o. U{ q{n z�r�u p�} wu {xr zrv utor~� z� u o q}� pu� |m yl� zu wm� ��{v p}�| |�, zm |}u yr} o |{ p}r nr zuu � ~r xm R�rz36.W�{qz�r �up�}wu or~�ym �m~�{ o~�}r�m��~l �mwsr o |myl�zuwm� �rz�}mx�z{v I}�tuu (~}. zm|}uyr}��. 90, 5– 8 ). Sm �{q wm ~�{qz�� u p� }{w oyr ~�r ~ �qu xm yu m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m o zr w }{ |{ xr Rm} xuwlo xl r� ~l q{ |{x zu �rx� z�y �wm tm zu ry zm q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �r~ z�r ~ol tu �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{v p}�| |�|myl� zu w{o ~ N}m z{y.

Sm �{q wm �qux m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m o {q z{v ut p}{n zu� Rm} xuw ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl y{ sr� ~x� su��mwsr {q zuy ut }r |r }{o qxl {| }r qr xr zul mn ~{ x�� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu ��{v p}�| |� |m yl� zu w{o. U}mo qm,qm �u }{o wm ~m y{ p{ ��{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl ~x� su� |}rq yr �{y ~|{ }{o, {q zm w{, |{ sm x�v, {q zuy ut zmu n{ xrr~��r ~� orz z�� wm tm zuv zm rp{ �}{ z{ x{ pu� y{ sr� ~x� su�� zm �{q wm tqr~� �u xuz q }u �r ~wu� |r �m �rv��}}{-yu �mz zuv ~w{ p{ ~�u xl, qm �u }� r y�� {n�� z{ o |}r qr xm� XV–XII oo. q{ z. �., ��{ �wm t� om r� zm qm ��|{ w}mv zrv yr }r �m ~ �u tm �{ }{ zr zuv zr w }{ |{ xl. H|}{ �ry, zm zr w }{ |{ xr tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z� u |r �m�un{ xrr |{tq zr p{ o}r yr zu, {q zm w{ zu {q zm ut zu� zr qm �u }� r� ~l |{t sr IX o. q{ z. �.37 H �{y sr |{ p}r nr -zuu, ��{ u �qu xm m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m, n�x {n zm }� srz ~r }r n }l z�v ~{ ~�q o �{} yr «�mv zu wm» ~ t{ x{ ��yuzm wxmq wm yu, ut{ n}m sm � �u yu yu �u �r ~wu� su o{� z��38, w{ �{ }�r �mw sr zm �{ ql� ~r nr mzm x{ puu zm |r�m -

26 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 145.27 Rösler 1894, 231, Abb. 21; P�� zm }r om 1957, 137–140, 145,

165–169, }u~. 2, 2.28 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 144, �mn. XIII, 8–9.29 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 60, 78, Taf. 31, 1; 76, 1; 23, 1, ~}.

Belck 1893, 62, fig. 1; Potratz 1966, 187, Abb. 176 b, 78 c.30 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 141.31 P�� zm }r om 1957, 165–166; Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 145–146;

U{ p }r n{ om 1977, 79–81; Kossack 1983, 129, 179–180.32 P{ }uq tr 1965, 34, �mn. XVIII, 15 (qm �u }� r� X–VIII oo.

q{ z. �.); H{ }{ z{o 1980, 209, }u~. 2, 32.33 Negahban 1977, 12, 58, fig. 134. W}. Rehm 1997, 50, I 14,

Abb. 84 (ut N}m zm ?). S{o{r, |{xz{r, utqmzur Rm}xuw~w{p{

zrw}{|{xl, |{louo�rr~l �sr |{~xr {w{z�mzul }mn{�� zmq

��{v wzup{v (Negahban 1996), w ~{smxrzu� {~�mx{~� yzr

zrq{~��|z�y.34 Negahban 1977, 51, Nr. 96 b–d.35 Rzm� wm zlz 1954, 102, }u~. 42; Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 146–147,

�mn. XIV, 8.36 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 151, }u~. 62, 1–2.37 Negahban 1965, 311–315, fig. 1–2; Negahban 1977a, 81–102.38 Negahban 1965, 320–322, fig. 19–21; Negahban 1977,

53–54, Nr. 108, 137; Negahban 1983, 58–62, Nr. 21.

Vu~. 71 G}{zt{o�r �up�}wu {xrzrv ut p}{nzu�� 50 (XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw, N}mz

U{ Negahban 1977, fig. 96 b–d

152

Vu~. 72 G}{zt{oml �up�}wm {xrzl ut X{x{}~~w{p{ w�}pmzm, F}yrzul

U{ Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, �mn. XIV, 8

�l� yu �mz zuv ~w{ p{ ~�u xl39. Nt{ n }m sr zul, zm zr ~rz z�r zm ��{� ~{ ~�q, |{ �r� zu wr u~ |{x zr zul u ~�u x�{~{ nrz z{ nxut wu ~r }r n }l z{ y� w�n w� ~ �xrw � }{ o� yu zm wxmq wm yu ut [m tmz x� IV, w{ �{ }�v qm �u }� r� ~l zr|{t sr X–IX o. q{ z. �., m o{t y{s z{ u }mz� �r40. W{ {n �m r� ~l, w}{ yr �{ p{, { zm �{q wr n}{z t{ o�� qux or�r {q z{v n{ pm �{v p}{n zu �r Rm} xu wm (52–53, XXIII G), pqr {zu {n zm }� sr z� oyr ~�r ~ |{x z�y zmn{ -}{y w{z ~wu� t� n{o. Z{ �{ p}m �ul �qux, w ~{ sm xr zu�, zr {|�n xu w{ om zm, z{ y{s z{ |}rq |{ xm pm�� (|{�y{x �m zu� mo �{ }m), ��{ {zu |}u zmq xr sm xu �{ y� sr �u |�, ��{ {|�n xu w{ omz z�r41. H �{v sr p}{n zu �r 52n� xu {n zm }� sr z� {quz t{ x{ �{v u �r �� }r n}{z t{ o�� ~{ ~� qm, zr ~w{x� w{ n}{z t{ o�� yr �rv u wuz sm x{o,n}{z t{ o�r u �r} }m w{ �{ o�r ~�m �� wu u yz{ sr ~� o{ q}� pu� |}rq yr �{o, o {~ z{o z{y zr {|�n xu w{ omz z��.

Fo �{} }m~ w{ |{w, zm {~ z{ om zuu mzm x{ puv yr �mx xu �r ~wuy ~{ ~� qmy, zm �{ q{w |r �m �rv u }m qu{ wm} n{z -z�� qm�, qm �u }� r� zr w }{ |{x� Rm} xu wm XIII–X oo. q{ z. �.42 U}mo qm, zr w{ �{ }�r rp{ |{ p}r nr zul y{ p��{�z{ ~u� ~l u w n{ xrr |{tq zr y� o}r yr zu. Tq z{ ut ~m y�� n{ pm �� tm �{ }{ zr zuv, 36 (XVIII C), ~{ qr} su��u n� x� |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{ p{ �u |m. T. Rm ~ wm }rx xm ~|}m orq xu o{ �wm tmx, ��{ ��{� �mw� {| }r qr xl r� w{ zr�VIII o. q{ z. �. wmw terminus ante quem non qmz z{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul43. H ~m y{y qr xr, |{ {n �r |}u zl �{ y� yzr -zu� q� p{ {n }mt z�r �u n� x� o N}m zr u Y}m} �� |{ l o xl �� ~l zr }m zrr |{ ~ xrq zrv �r� or} �u VIII o. q{ z. �.44U}mo qm, ~xr q� r� o ~ol tu ~ ��uy tm yr �u��, ��{ qmz z�v terminus zr lo xl r� ~l ~�{x� mn ~{ x�� z�y, wmw ~�u -�m r� T. Rm ~ wm }rx xm. J� p{ {n }mt z�r �u n� x� �u }{ w{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� zm \rz � }mx� z{y Pmo wm tr, ou qu y{,�sr o XI o. q{ z. �., pqr lo xl �� ~l {q zuy ut �m }m w �r} z�� xr yrz �{o P{ nmz ~w{v w�x� �� }�: o {q z{y�{x�w{ Xxuv ~w{y y{ pux� zu wr {n zm }� sr z{ 120 �w try | xl }{o �m wu� �u n�x45. Y�u �� oml zm xu �ur ~ol trvyr s q� Mm wmo wmt� ry u N}m z{y zm }� nr sr II–I ��~. q{ z. �. u }mz� �r, zrx� tl u~ wx� �m�� o{t y{s z{~��|{|m qmzul rqu zu� z�� u n�x ~ Pmo wm tm o N}mz. H ~ol tu ~ ��uy ~xr q� r� {� yr �u�� w{y | xrw~ |{ p}r nr zul1 zrw }{ |{ xl S{}-F}r� (b}r n� zu), o w{ �{ }{y n� xu {n zm }� sr z�, zm }l q� ~ �u |u� z�y �}m}� ~wuy uzorz -

39 Negahban 1965, 321; Negahban 1983, 61; P� }{� wuz 1990, 47.40 Dyson 1960, 127; Winter 1977, 372, fig. 1.41 Negahban 1977, 14–15; Negahban 1983, 90.42 Negahban 1983, 95–96.43 Muscarella 1984, 413–419.44 Stronach 1959, 185–206; Vanden Berghe 1978, 35–74,pl. I–IV; Öǧün 1979, 178–188.45 Xr �{o 1977, 142–147; Kossack 1983, 97–102; P{ trz w{ om

1990, 78–79. Y� or} sqr zur G. T� zm (Öǧün 1979, 179) { �{y,

��{ wmo wmt ~wur, o �{y �u~ xr w{ nmz ~wur, �u n� x� q{xs z� qm �u -

}{ om�� ~l |{t sr |{ ~ xrq zrv �r� or} �u VIII o. q{ z. �. nrt {~ z{ om -

�rx� z{. Kquz ~� orz z�y m} p� yrz �{y o |{x� t� �m w{v qm �u }{o wu

lo xl r� ~l m| }u {} z{r |}rq |{ x{ sr zur { �{y, ��{ �u n� x� n� xu

tm uy ~� o{ om z� zm Pmo wmt ut Y}m} ��. H qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~�u |��

tm uy ~� o{ om zul, |{ w}mv zrv yr }r o zr w{ �{ }�� ~x� �m l�, n�x

|}{ �u o{ |{ x{s z�y.

153

�m }ry, qor n}{z t{ o�r �u n� x� w{ nmz ~w{ p{ �u |m (��. 69)46. U{ p }r nr zur y{ sr� n�� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �{� z{qm �u }{ om z{ nxm p{ qm }l zm �{q wr o zry n}{z t{ o{ p{ |{ l ~m, {� z{ ~l �r p{ ~l w }mz zrv p}�| |r ({w{ x{ 770–740 pp. q{ z. �.)47. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, �u n� x� ~ q� p{ {n }mt z{v ~|uz w{v u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� �}m} �m yu �sr o{o�{ }{v �}r �u VIII o. q{ z. �. u, o{t y{s z{, tm uy ~� o{ om xu~� ~ Pmo wm tm. X{, ��{ �u n� x� w{ nmz ~w{ p{ �u |mu~ |{x� t{ om xu~� zr �{x� w{ zm ~r or} z{v |r }u �r }uu Y}m} ��, pqr |}{ u~ �{ qu xu zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z�r w{z -�mw�� ~ tm wmo wmt ~wuy zm ~r xr zu ry, |{q �or} sqm r� ~l zm �{q w{v ~{ or} �rz z{ mzm x{ pu� z{v ~r }r n }l z{v�un�x� o p}{n zu �r A Pm l x� qr }r48. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, zrx� tl u~ wx� �m�� |{ l o xr zur �u n�x o N}m zr u tzm -�u�rx� z{ }m zrr w{z �m VIII o. q{ z. �. Tq zm w{ ��{ o}lq xu {� z{ ~u� ~l w ym} xuw ~w{v �u n� xr. U{ ~o{ ry�{�{}y xr zu� {zm q{ ~ �m �{� z{ ~ux� z{ {� xu �m r� ~l {� wmo wmt ~wu� {n }mt �{o. Gxu smv �ur mzm x{ puu rv |}u -zmq xr sm� w �u |� III, 7 |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� �u n�x |{ W�}{ zm ��, o~�}r �m � �u� ~l, wmw zm �{ �wm t� om r�T. Rm ~ wm }rx xm, zm �r} }u �{ }uu N}m zm. Y�u �� oml �{� �mw�, ��{ zu {q zm q}� pml �u n� xm o zr w }{ |{ xrRm} xu wm zr zmv qr zm, m �mw sr u �{, ��{ uz�r ym �r }u m x�, zr ~{ y zrz z{ {� z{ ~l �u r ~l zr �{x� w{ w VII, z{qm sr u VIII o. q{ z. �., ~}r qu rp{ ym �r }u m x{o zr ut or~� z�, y{s z{ |{ xm pm��, ��{ |{ p}r nr zur 36 lo xl r� ~l~m y�y |{tq zuy zm zr w }{ |{ xr u {� z{ ~u�� rp{ w{ o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou zr VIII o. q{ z. �. Jm �u }{o wm ��{ p{ |{ p -}r nr zul, {q zm w{, zu o w{ rv yr }r zr oxul r� zm qm �u }{o wu |{ p}r nr zuv 50 u 52, o w{ �{ }�� {n zm }� sr zmw{z ~wml �t qm. G{ xrr �{ p{, T. Rm ~ wm }rx xm tm yr �m r�, ��{ �{} ym ~{ qr} sm �u� ~l o ��u� w{y | xr w ~m� ~{~� -q{o («unbridged spouted vessels») �m }m w �r} zm qxl Lr xrt z{ p{ or wm I u ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� { zr {n �{ qu y{~�uqm �u }{ om�� u |{ p}r nr zul r�r XIII–XI oo. q{ z. �.49 Xm wuy {n }m t{y, p}{n zu �� 50 u 52 Rm} xuw ~w{ p{zr w }{ |{ xl, w{ �{ }�r, ou qu y{, nxut wu |{ qm �r |m yl� zu wmy m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m, y{ p�� n�� qm �u }{ om z�|{ ~{ o{ w�| z{ ~�u ~{ qr} sm �r p{ ~l o zu� ym �r }u m xm |}u yr} z{ XII–XI oo. q{ z. �.50

P}{ yr mzm x{ puv ut Rm} xuw ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl uz�r �wm tm zul zm �}{ z{ x{ pu� �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{vp}�| |� |m yl� zu w{o ~�}{ l� ~l o {~ z{o z{y zm ~{ {n }m sr zu l� {� z{ ~u �rx� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu. U}mo qm, ow�}pm zr 2 F} �mq t{ }m ~}r qu q}� pu� ym �r }u m x{o n� xm {n zm }� sr zm |r �m�� |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{ p{ {n xu wm,{qzmw{ {zm, w ~{ sm xr zu�, zr zm �{ qu� ~r nr nxut wu� ~{ {� or� ~� ouv o |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�� ym �r }u m xm�, m|{�{ y� zr qm r� �{� z{v qm ��. N~ �{ ql ut ~�u xu ~�u �r ~wu� ~{ {n }m sr zuv, G. [}{ �qm ~wx{ zrz {� z{ ~u�� rr|}u yr} z{ w X–IX oo. q{ z. �.51, {q zm w{ o �{� z{ ~�u ��{v qm �u }{o wu zrx� tl n�� ~{ or} �rz z{ �or }rz z�yu {zm qmr� ~xu� w{y ~xm n{r {~ z{ om zur qxl mn ~{ x�� z{v qm �u }{o wu �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{v p}�| |�|myl� zu w{o. F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~lz qm �u }� r� �� p}�| |� {w{ x{ w{z �m XI–X oo. q{ z. �., {� yr �ml, ��{ {zmq{xs zm |{ yr �m�� ~l yr s q� |m yl� zu wm yu o{} zmw ~w{v p}�| |� u F~� �mq t{ }{y52. Jm �u }{o wm |{ ~ xrq zr p{,wmw y� ouqr xu, {| }r qr xl r� ~l q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �or }rz z{ |{ zmv qrz z�y o zry �qu xmy m~ ~u }uv ~w{ p{ �u |m zr|{t sr IX o. q{ z. �.

H zr ~w{x� w{ n{ xrr }mz zrv }m n{ �r F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~lz n�x ~wx{ zrz qm �u }{ om�� |m yl� zu wu �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{v p}�| |� tzm �u �rx� z{ n{ xrr }mz zuy o}r yr zry — XIII–XII oo. q{ z. �.53 H|}{ �ry, |}u or -qrz z�r uy {~ z{ om zul qm �u }{o wu zr �nr s qm �� — ��{ o {~ z{o z{y {n �ur ~{ {n }m sr zul, o �m ~� z{ ~�u, {o}r yr zu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul sr xr tm, m �mw sr |m }mx xr xu, �m ~ �{ {� qm xrz z�r, ~ |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z� yu or �m -yu, uyr � �u yu �u }{ w�� qm �u }{o w�. R. S. U{ p }r n{ om qm �u }{ om xm zmu n{ xrr }mz zur |m yl� zu wu ��{vp}�| |� (Pu }{ om nmq ~wur u |r} o�v F} �mq t{} ~wuv w�} pm z� u q}.) XIII–XII oo. q{ z. �., Pm }m nm� ~wur w�} -pm z� — o {~ z{o z{y XII–XI, m zmu n{ xrr |{tq zur |m yl� zu wu p}�| |� (o�{ }{v [{q sm xuz ~wuv w�} pmz) —XI–X oo. q{ z. �.54 Ixmo z�r {~ z{ om zul qxl ��{ p{ — nxu t{~�� }l qm wm �r p{ }uv uz orz �m }l Pu }{ om nmq ~wu�

46 Barnett 1963, 194–198; Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 242–251,

�mn. XXIV; XXVI–XXVII; Muscarella 1965, 236, n. 25a; Salvatori1976, 87; Öǧün 1979, 180, Abb. 3.47 Kellner 1991, 3, 19, 48, Nr. 119.48 Burney 1966, 110–111, fig. 23, 7, pl. XXV, f.49 Muscarella 1984, 417; Muscarella 1988, 258.50 I. S. P� }{� wuz (1993m, 25–34) |}rq xm pm r� qxl Rm} xuw ~w{ -

p{ zr w }{ |{ xl n{ xrr }mz z�� qm �u }{o w� — XVII/XVI–XIII oo.

q{ z. �. U}u or qrz z�r uy mzm x{ puu q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �nr qu �rx� z�,

{q zm w{ {z zr ��u �� om r� o~r p{ {n zm }� srz z{ p{ o Rm} xu wr

uzorz �m }l. P}{ yr �{ p{, mo �{} up z{ }u }� r� o{t y{s z{~�� { p{,

��{ |{ p}r nr zul Rm} xu wm y{ p�� {� z{ ~u�� ~l w }mt z�y �|{ �my.51 Hrouda 1983, 176–177. Y� or} sqr zur F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~l zm

(1964, 145) { �{y, ��{ �qu xm ��{ p{ �u |m zr o~�}r �m �� ~l ~ |}rq -

yr �m yu |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{ p{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul, �mwuy {n }m t{y,

{�u n{� z{.52 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 145.53 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1961, 53–59.54 U{ p }r n{ om 1977, 115–126.

154

w�} pm z{o |m yl� zu wmy x�m �r z{-m} �uw ~w{v p}�| |�. Kr qm �u }{o wu, �m wuy {n }m t{y, wmw u � F. F. Rm} �u -}{ ~l zm, {~ z{ o� om �� ~l zm ~{ {n }m sr zu l� {� z{ ~u �rx� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu: zm |{ x{ sr zuu qmz z�� |m yl� zuw{oyr s q� |m yl� zu wm yu x�m �r z{-m} �uw ~w{ p{ �u |m u Ruz pr �m �} ~wu yu w�} pm zm yu. X{ sr y{s z{ ~wm tm�� u{ q}� pu� |}rq xm pmo �u� ~l qm �u }{o wm� ��{v p}�| |� |m yl� zu w{o — {zu ~{ qr} sm� }lq zm nx� qr zuv, wm ~m -� �u� ~l wmw {� z{ ~u �rx� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu oz� � }u p}�| |�, �mw u rr ~{ {� z{ �r zul ~ q}� pu yu |m yl� zu wmyu,{q zm w{ o mn ~{ x�� z�� qm �u }{o wm� zr uq�� qm xrr |}u nxu tu �rx� z�� {�r z{w55. I. P{~ ~mw qm �u }� r� F} �mq -t{} ~wur w�} pm z� IX o. q{ z. �., {~ z{ o� om l~�, |}r s qr o~r p{, zm u}mz ~wu� |m }mx xr xl�56. Wm y{ ~�{ l �rx� z�r{~ z{ om zul qxl mn ~{ x�� z�� qm �u }{ o{w, �m wuy {n }m t{y, {� ~�� ~� o� ��, m u}mz ~wur |m }mx xr xu qm �� zr yz{ -p{, |{ ~w{x� w� |{ x{ sr zur ~ mn ~{ x�� z{v �}{ z{ x{ pu rv u}mz ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o ��{ p{ |r }u { qm zu �� zrx�� r, �ry o Mm wmo wm t�r.

T�r zu oml mn ~{ x�� z�� }{ z{ x{ pu� ��{v p}�| |� |m yl� zu w{o, y� zr {�u nry ~l, r~ xu n� qry u�qm�u }{ om�� yr s q� XII u IX oo. q{ z. �. b�m qm �u }{o wm, }m t� yr r� ~l, ~xu� w{y �u }{ wml, �wm t� om r� zm |}r -qrx� z{ o{ y{s z�r qm ��. Sus zll p}m zu �m {| }r qr xl r� ~l qm �m yu x�m �r z{-m} �uw ~w{v (~�m} �rv) p}�| |�|m yl� zu w{o, w{ �{ }�r o}lq xu o{t y{s z{ qm �u }{ om�� |{t sr XII o. q{ z. �., m �mw sr zmu n{ xrr or }{ l� z{vqm �u }{o w{v ym} xuw ~wu� p}{n zu� 50 u 52, ym �r }u mx w{ �{ }�� nxu t{w �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~wuy |m yl� zu -wmy. Hr}� zll qm �m p}�| |� {| }r qr xl r� ~l zm �m x{y y{� z{ p{ �}m}� ~w{ p{ oxu l zul |}u yr} z{ ~ zm �m xmVIII o. q{ z. �., |}u tzm wu w{ �{ }{ p{ o ��u� |m yl� zu wm� {� ~�� ~� o� ��, ��{ tm ~�m o xl r� qm �u }{ om�� u� n{ xrr}mz zuy o}r yr zry57. P}{ yr �{ p{, or}� zll p}m zu �m {| }r qr xl r� ~l w{y | xr w ~m yu F~� �mq t{} ~w{ p{ y{ pux� -zu wm u Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o, o ~u ~ �r yr {� z{ ~u �rx� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu ~xr q� � �u yu tm �{q sm x�-m} �mq -t{} ~w{v p}�| |{v.

P�} pm z� Ruz pr �m � }m58, {�r ouq z{, |}u y� wm �� w �{v sr w�x� ��} z{v p}�| |r, z{ tm zu ym �� o zrv,|{ {n �r y� yzr zu�, zmu n{ xrr |{tq zrr |{ x{ sr zur. Jxl qm �u }{o wu yuz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o {~{ n{r tzm -�r zur uyr r� zm �{q wm tqr~� (w�} pm z� II u IV) pxm t� }{ om z�� ~{ ~� q{o m~ ~u }uv ~w{ p{ �u |m, ut p{ �{ o xrz z��ut nr x{v, {�r ouq z{, zr yr ~� z{v, pxu z�59. Sm �{q wu �m wu� ~{ ~� q{o, or~� ym }rq wur o Mm wmo wm t�r, {�r ouq -z{, lo xl �� ~l ~ou qr �rx� ~� om yu uy |{} �m ut F~ ~u }uu uxu N}m zm u ~{ ~�m o xl �� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ {q z{ }{q z��o �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{y {� z{ �r zuu p}�| |�. U{ q{n z�r pxm t� }{ om z�r ~{ ~� q� n� xu {n zm }� sr z� �mw sr o|{tq zu� |{ p}r nr zu l� [{q sm xuz ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl (w�} pmz 11 u |{ p}r nr zur 4 ut }m~ w{ |{w 1954 p.)60 u o|{ p}r nr zuu 11 Q{ }u -nr}q ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl61, w{ �{ }�r, ou qu y{, ~uz �}{z z� w�} pm zmy Ruz pr �m � }m. Jxlqm �u }{o wu qmz z{v p}�| |� |m yl� zu w{o �}rt o� �mv z{ om srz w{y | xrw~ w�} pm zm 11 zr w }{ |{ xl [{q sm x�,pqr |{ q{n z�v pxm t� }{ om z�v ~{ ~�q m~ ~u }uv ~w{ p{ �u |m n�x {n zm }� srz oyr ~�r ~ n� ~u z{v, zm w{ �{ }{vzm|u ~m z{ uyl m~ ~u }uv ~w{ p{ �m }l Fqmq zu }m }u. W� ql |{ �m }m w �r }� zmq |u ~u, }r�� y{ sr� uq �u {n {q z{yut qo�� |r} o�� m }rv ~ ��uy uyr zry (|}m ou xu {w{ x{ 1310–1281 u o 911–890 pp. q{ z. �.)62. Jm �u }{o wm|{tq zu� |{ p}r nr zuv zr w }{ |{ xl [{q sm x� u Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o XIII uxu qm sr XII–XI oo. q{ z. �.,

55 W}. zm |}u yr} P�� zm }r om 1957, 156–177 (o {~ z{o z{y

IX, o{t y{s z{, �m ~ �u� z{ VIII o. q{ z. �.); Ruz wr ou�-R� ~ �m -

�mrom 1962, 118–132 (o {~ z{o z{y XI–IX oo., [mz xm} ~wuv

w�}pmz 28 — IX–VII oo. q{ z. �.); Jm zu r xlz 1973, 102–112

(XI–X oo. q{ z. �.).56 Kossack 1983, 126–134; Kossack 1989, 114.57 P. [. P�� zm }r om (1957, 177) zu wmw zr {n{~ z{ o� om r� owx� -

�r zur VIII o. q{ z. �. o �}{ z{ x{ pu� ��{v p}�| |� |m yl� zu w{o.

Gr t{~ z{ om �rx� zm |{ |�� wm F. N. Xr }r z{s wu zm qm�u }{ om�� qu -

xm zr �{x� w{ ut Ruz pr �m � }m, z{ u ut F} �mq t{}m VIII–VII oo.

q{ z. �.: Xr }r z{s wuz 1971, 79. U}u o{ qu y�r uy o wm �r ~� or

mzmx{ puv �qu xm ut zr w }{ |{ xl b}r n� zu (S{}-F}r�), m �ry

n{xrr ut Xrv �r nm u zu, {� z{ ~l� ~l w uz�y, n{ xrr |{tqzuy,

�u|my, qm u {zu qm �u }� �� ~l zu wmw zr VII, m |r} o{v |{x{ ou -

z{v VIII o. q{ z. �. (~y. zu sr).58 U�n xu wm �ul: F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959.

59 F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959, 98, 112, �mn. XLI, 10–12.60 Um~ ~rw, Qm �� zuz 1926, 63–64, }u~. 5; P�� zm }r om 1959,

383–385. Kqu zu� z�r zm �{q wu �}mp yrz �{o �m wu� ~{ ~� q{o

utor~� z� �mw sr o }mv {zr [mz xm }m (W|u ��z 1902, 5) u zm Pm} -

yu}-Gx� }r (Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1955, 21, }u~. 15), m �mw sr o o{ ~ �{� -

z{v I}� tuu (Uu� �r xm � }u 1979, 41). Ixm t� }{ om zml wr }m yu wm

yr ~� z{ p{ |}{ ut o{q ~� om, uz{ pqm o~�}r �m � �m l ~l o Mm wmo wm t�r

(Xm x��, Wmy �mo }{, Rm }m x�z Jr }r ~u o X}u m xr �u, T�m wmz,

Jouz u q}.), {� xu �m r� ~l {� ��{v p}�| |� ~{ ~� q{o �ry, ��{

utp{�o xr zm ut w}m~ z{v pxu z�: Bayern 1885, 34; de Morgan

1896, 105, pl. V, 3,5,6, ~}. P�� uz 1941, 52–53, �mn. XX; Q{y -

�m �uq tr 1955, 54; Jr orq slz 1981, 54.61 Jr orq slz 1981, 53–55, }u~. 17.62 Rr �m zu z{o 1926, 52–57; Rr �m zu z{o 1926m, 107–111;

Rr �m zu z{o 1926n, 223–224; Meščaninov, Weidner 1931–1932,266–268 (K. Hmvq zr} ~wx{ zrz qm �u }{ om�� n� ~u z� �|{ �{v

155

{�r ouq z{, u~ wx� �r zm; �}� q z{ |}rq |{ xm pm�� mw sr, ��{ n� ~u zm ~�m} �r {~ �mx� z{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m |{ p}r nr -zul n{ xrr �ry zm �}u ~�m xr�. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, zmu n{ xrr or }{ l� z{, ��{ }r�� o qmz z{y ~x� �mr q{xs zm uq�u{n Fqmq zu }m }u II. Sm �{q wm n� ~u z� ~ rp{ uyr zry o 11 w�} pm zr [{q sm x� oyr ~�r ~ m~ ~u }uv ~wuy pxm t� -}{ om z�y ~{ ~� q{y �wm t� om r�, �m wuy {n }m t{y, zm qm �u }{o w� wmw ��{ p{ w�} pm zm, �mw u ~uz �}{z z�� ry�w�} pm z{o Ruz pr �m � }m, IX o. q{ z. �. Wol t� om�� zm �{q wu pxm t� }{ om z{v wr }m yu wu o Mm wmo wm t�r ~ �}m}� -~w{v �w~ |mz ~u rv63 o{ o~r zr {nl tm �rx� z{ — {zm o|{x zr y{p xm |{ |m~�� qm u q{ zm �m xm ��{v �w~ |mz ~uuo }rt�x� �m �r �{} p{ o�� u uz�� ~ol trv wmw �r }rt �{ sr Y}m} ��, �mw u �r }rt N}mz. N�mw, qxl Ruz pr �m �} -~wu� w�} pm z{o zmu n{ xrr or }{ l� z{v |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l qm �u }{o wm IX o. q{ z. �., ~w{ }rr nxu sr w rp{ o�{ }{v|{ x{ ou zr.

U{ |�� wu |}{ qxu�� u� qm �� q{ VII o. q{ z. �.64 ~{ or} �rz z{ zr {~ z{ om �rx� z� — o w�} pm zm� {� ~�� ~� -o� �� zr �{x� w{ or �u, �m }m w �r} z�r qxl VII o. q{ z. �., z{ u �m wur, w{ �{ }�r y{s z{ n� x{ n� nrt � ~ x{o z{qm �u }{ om�� VIII o. q{ z. �. ]�{ wm ~m r� ~l �}r� q�} �m �� |~m xu ro, w{ �{ }�r ~x� su xu R. S. U{ p }r n{ o{v{~z{ om zu ry qxl �{ p{, ��{ n� {� zr ~�u o�{ }{v w�} pmz Ruz pr �m � }m «~m y{r |{tq zrr w zm �m x� VII o. q{z. �.»65, �{ �m wur |~m xuu {n zm }� sr z� zr �{x� w{ o |{ p}r nr zuu 15 zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B (zr |{t sr o�{ }{v|{ x{ ou z� VIII o. q{ z. �.), z{ u o ~x{r }mt }� �r zul [m tmz x� IV B (w{ zr� IX o. q{ z. �., ~y. zu sr). Xm wuy{n }m t{y, zm xu �ur �m wu� |~m xu ro o w{y | xr w ~r o�{ }{ p{ Ruz pr �m �} ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm o{ o~r zr |}r |l� ~� o� r�rp{ qm �u }{o wr o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v IX o. q{ z. �.

K�r {q zuy oms z�y �wm tm zu ry zm qm �u }{o w� Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o, u ~|r �u mx� z{ w�} pm zm 2,qmo �r p{ }mt z�r ou q� w{z ~w{v �t q� (~y. zu sr), lo xl r� ~l w{y | xrw~ o|� ~w z{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul 1 ��{ p{ w�} -pm zm, {| }r qr xl � �uv terminus ante quem rp{ {~ z{o z{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul. b�{ {n ~�{ l �rx� ~� o{ n� x{ {� yr �rz{N. S. Rrq orq ~w{v66. Tzm �wm tm xm, ��{ o|� ~w z{r |{ p}r nr zur ~{ qr} su� n}{z t{ o�v wuz smx ~ }m y{� z{v}� w{ l��, w{ �{ }�v qm �u }� r� ~l zr |{tq zrr IX o. q{ z. �.67, m �mw sr zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx, o��rq �ur ut�|{ � }rn xr zul o w{z �r IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �. H qrv~�ou�rx�z{~�u, {qzmw{, qmzz{r |{p}rnr zur ~{qr}su�wuz smx uz{p{ �u|m — zr ~ }my{�z{v, m ~ }m~�}�nz{v }�w{l�� («x�}u~�mz~wuv» �u|) (��. 73, 1), w{�{ -}�v y{sr� {�z{~u��~l u w VIII o. q{ z. �. b�m qm �m u {| }r qr xl r� terminus ante quem {~z{oz{ p{ |{p}r nr -zul w�} pm zm, w{ �{ }{r q{xs z{, }m t� yr r� ~l, qm �u }{ om�� ~l n{ xrr }mz zuy o}r yr zry, �ry o|� ~w z{r.

H{ o~r� |l �u Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm zm� {n zm }� sr z� �qu xm m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m (��. 73, 7–10)68,zr w{ �{ }�r ut w{ �{ }�� zu �ry zr {� xu �m �� ~l {� �qux ut n{ xrr }mz zu� |m yl� zu w{o, m q}� pur {n zm }� su -om �� z{ o�r �r} �� — p{ }u t{z �mx� z{r }u� xr zur zm or}� zrv u zus zrv �m ~ �u |~m xuv u �mx x{ {n }mt z�r{w{z �m zul. T�rz� nxut wur yuz pr �m �} ~wuy �qu xm {n zm }� sr z� o y{ pux� zu wr � ~. \uz� wm }{ (X}u m xr �u),~� ql |{ ym �r }u m x�, ~uz �}{z z{y Ruz pr �m �} ~wuy w�} pm zmy (��. 74, 1)69. U{ l o xr zur }u� xr zul zm |~m -xu l� u �mx x{ {n }mt z�� u� {w{z �m zuv, {�r ouq z{, lo xl r� ~l z{ o{v �r} �{v o }mt ou �uu tm wmo wmt ~w{v �t q�,|{ l ouo �rv ~l tqr~�, zm ~w{x� w{ y{s z{ ~� qu��, o IX o. q{ z. �.

T�rz� nxut w{ w ��{ y� |{ ~ xrq zr y� om }u mz �� ~�{ l� �qu xm, |}rq ~�m o xl � �ur qmx� zrv �rr }mt ou �urqmz z{ p{ �u |m u {n zm }� srz z�r o |{ p}r nr zuu 2 zr w }{ |{ xl S{}-F}r� (zr w }{ |{x� b}r n� zu) (��. 70, 1)70.

Fqmq zu }m }u I). W}. P�� zm }r om 1959, 383–384; Rm} �u }{ ~lz

1961, 53–54. N. R. J�l w{ z{o, {~ z{ o� om l~� zm ~{ {n }m sr zu l�

u~ �{ }u �r ~w{ p{ �m }m w �r }m, ~wx{ zrz {� z{ ~u�� n� ~u z� w |}m -

o xr zu� Fqmq zu }m }u III ({w. 810–782 pp. q{ z. �.): J�l w{ z{o

1951m, 302–303.63 Rr �m zu z{o 1926m, 110–111; P�� zm }r om 1959, 385.64 Xr }r z{s wuz 1971, 71–84 (pxmo z{r {~ z{ om zur — ~{ |{ ~ �m o -

xr zur ~ �t q{v ~wu� ~w{ p{ u z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m, qm �u }{o wu

w{ �{ }{v ~ux� z{ tm o� �r z�); Jmzu r xlz 1973, 111–112; Abra mi -

schwili 1995a, 36–37. Tz qm �u }� r� VII o. q{ z. �. zr �{x� w{ w�} -

pm z� Ruz pr �m � }m, z{ �mw sr u }lq q}� pu� }mz zu� |m yl� zu w{o

(~}. zu sr).65 U{ p }r n{ om 1984, 45.66 Rrq orq ~wml 1983, 68.

67 F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959, 100, �mn. XIII, 7.68 F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959, 92, 96–97, 108–110, 115,

�mn. XXXIX, 5–8.69 P�� uz 1941, 58–59, }u~. 56; Schaeffer 1948, fig. 274, 6;Potratz 1966, 187, Abb. 78 a (~ {�u n{� z�y �wm tm zu ry zm |}{ -

u~ �{ s qr zur ut y{ pux� zu wm Xmw-Pu xu ~m).70 Barnett 1963, 194–198, fig. 45 (ut x{ sr zur |�n xu wm �uu |m -

yl� zu wm zm m} ylz ~w{y lt� wr: Rm} �u }{ ~lz, Rzm� wm zlz 1958,

63–84), ~ {�u n{� z�y �w tm tm zu ry zm �{, ��{ �qu xm n� xu zmv -

qr z� o |{ p}r nr zuu 1, w{ �{ }{r tm �ry o{~ |}{ ut o{ qu x{~� o n{xrr

|{tq zu� zr }�~ ~w{ lt�� z�� |�n xu wm �u l�); Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964,

213, 245, }u~. 93, 3; Salvatori 1976, 88–89, fig. 13, 17; Yıldırım1987, 475–476, Abb. 16.

156

Vu~. 73 Sm�{qwu ut Ruzpr�m�}~wu� w�}pmz{o. G}{ztm

U{ F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, �mn. XIII, 7 (1); XXXIX (2–4, 7–10); XL, 1, 5 (5, 6)

3

2

5 6

7

8

9 10

4

1

157

Vu~. 74 G}{zt{o�r �quxm. 1. R{pux�zuw � ~. \uz�wm}{, X}um xr�u; 2. [mtmzx� IV; 3. U{p}r nrzur 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B; 4, 5. N}mz, �{�z{r yr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{; 6. U{p}rnrzur 117 y{pux�zuwm X}rxu o Xnuxu~u

U{ P��uz 1941, }u~. 56 (1); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 15 (2); Ghirshman 1939, pl. LXXV, S. 924 (3);Potratz 1941–1942, Abb. 3, 7 (4, 5); Abramischwili 1995, Abb. 199 (6)

1

2

3

4

56

0 6

158

N� |~m xuu, wmw u � zr w{ �{ }�� qux ut Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o, �w }m �r z� ut{ n}m sr zu l yu �mx x{ ~{o.Kquz ~� orz z{r ~� �r ~� orz z{r {� xu �ur {� |}r q� q� �r p{ �u |m �qux ~{ ~�{ u�, |{ sm x�v, o �{y, ��{ |~m xuuq� p{ {n }mt z{ {�{ pz� �� zm }� s�, m zr uyr �� {} y� |}l y�� ~�r}s zrv. b�m {~{ nrz z{~��, ou qu y{, {n� l~ -zl r� ~l oxu l zu ry �}m}� ~w{v �t q�. Jm �m |{ p}r nr zul 2 zr w }{ |{ xl S{}-F}r� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �or }rz z{ {| }r -qr xl r� ~l nxm p{ qm }l zm �{q wr o zry �}mp yrz �{o n}{z t{ o{ p{ �}m}� ~w{ p{ |{ l ~m. Tz {� z{ ~u� ~l w |r} o{v,~m y{v }mz zrv, p}�| |r �}m}� ~wu� |{ l ~{o, w{ �{ }ml qm �u }� r� ~l |r} o{v �}r �� VIII o. q{ z. �.71 U{ p}r nr -zur, �m wuy {n }m t{y, ~w{ }rr o~r p{ n� x{ ~{ or} �r z{ o |r }u {q |}m o xr zul F} pu� �u I ({w{ x{ 786–764 pp.q{ z. �.), {~ z{ omo �r p{ b}r n� zu o zm �m xr ~o{ rp{ �m} ~� o{ om zul72. U{ p }r nr zur S{}-F}r �m zr �{x� w{ ~ou -qr �rx� ~� o� r� { |{ l o xr zuu z{o �r~�o o tm wmo wmt ~w{v �t qr (zmv qrz z�r tqr~� �qu xm, �{ �l u |{q or} pxu~��}m}� ~w{ y� oxu l zu�, |}{ q{x sm �� uyrz z{ yr ~� z�� }m qu �u�: �}m}� ~wur �qu xm ��{ p{ o}r yrzu q{ ~ �m -�{� z{ ~� �r ~� orz z{ {� zu� {� xu �m �� ~l), z{ u {| }r qr xl r� or}� z�� p}mzu�� qm �u }{o wu Ruz pr �m�}~wu�w�} pm z{o, zmu n{ xrr |{tq zu� |m yl� zu w{o �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m, w{ �{ }�r q{xs z� |{ ~{{n }m sr -zu ly {� z{ ~ �u �rx� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puu |{ yr �m�� ~l }mz� �r |{ p}r nr zul S{}-F}r �m u, �m wuy {n }m t{y, o}lqxu o� �{ ql� tm |}r qr x� IX o. q{ z. �.

P}{ yr {|u ~mz z{ p{, o Mm wmo wm t�r u N}m zr n� xu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� u q}� pur ou q� �qux ~ zm |� ~w z�yu|~m xu l yu, zr w{ �{ }�r {n }mt �� w{ �{ }�� zmv qr z�, zm |}u yr}, o �r� or} �{y ~x{r [m tmz x� (w{ zr� IX o.q{ z. �.) (��. 74, 2)73. H{t y{s z{, ��{� �u| |}{ q{x sm r� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�v }m zrr o Mm wmo wm t�r u N}m zr«m} �mq t{} ~wuv» �u| �qux, {q zm w{ tzm �u �rx� z{ {� xu �m r� ~l {� zr p{. Ixmo z{r {� xu �ur ~{ ~�{ u� o �{y, ��{|~m xuu (|{ |}rs zr y� o ou qr |}l y�� ~�r}s zrv) uyr �� zr {� or} ~�ul qxl w}r | xr zul }ry zrv, m |r� xu.Ur� xu }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o |x{ ~ w{ ~�u, |r} |rz qu w� xl} z{v |x{ ~ w{ ~�u w{x� �m qxl w}r | xr zul |{ o{ qm (~{ {� -or� ~� orz z{, o �{v sr |x{ ~ w{ ~�u, ��{ u {� or} ~�ur, �r }rt w{ �{ }{r |}{ �{ qu� ��mz pm �qux). H zr w{ �{ }��om }u mz �m� |~m xuu zr |}l y�r, m zr ~w{x� w{ {�{ pz� �� o|r }rq (o ~�{ }{ z�, |}{ �u o{ |{ x{s z�� {v, zm w{�{ -}{v zm �{ ql� ~l |r� xu) — �m wur �qu xm zmv qr z�, zm |}u yr}, o |{ p}r nr zuu 74 zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B (��. 74,3)74; ut or~� z� u q}� pur u� zm �{q wu zm �r} }u �{ }uu N}m zm, |}{ u~ �{ ql �ur ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{wu zr qm �u }{ omz z�r (��. 74, 4, 5)75.

2.2.2 YJN QF W PTQa ]F X` RN TPTS ]F SN d RN N TX JKQa S` RN UWF QN d RN

Vm~ ~y{ � }uy �r |r}� yzr zur { �{y, ��{ {q z{ w{x� �m ��r �qu xm u |}u yr zlo �u r ~l ~ zu yu {� qrx� z{ut p{ �{ o xrz z�r �}r� q�} �m ��r |~m xuu |{ l ou xu~� o Mm wmo wm t�r u N}m zr |{q oxu l zu ry ~�r| z{v �t q�.

Yqu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, }mt ou �ur w{ �{ }�� y{s z{ |}{ ~xr qu�� o Mm wmo wm t�r |{ yrz� �rv yr -}r ~ XIV |{ VIII oo. q{ z. �., zr n� xu o ��{ o}r yl rquz ~� orz z� yu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z� yu tqr~� �u |m yu.Um }mx xrx� z{ ~ zu yu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� n}{z t{ o�r qo� �m ~� z�r �qu xm ~ w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu, ut p{ -�{ o xrz z�r {� qrx� z{ {� |~m xuv u ~{ rqu zlo �u r ~l ~ zu yu, {�r ouq z{, ~ |{ y{ �� }ry zrv. Xm wur �qu xm{n zm }� sr z� wmw o �r� sr w{y | xr w ~m�, ��{ u �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, �mw u o ~uz �}{z z�� uy.

Hu qu y{, {q zm ut ~m y�� }mz zu� zm �{ q{w �qux �m w{ p{ �u |m o Mm wmo wm t�r |}{ u~ �{ qu� ut |{ p}r nr -zul 79 y{ pux� zu wm F} �uw, pqr {zu {n zm }� sr z� oyr ~�r ~ �qu xm yu ~ zm |� ~w z� yu qu~ w{ ouq z� yu |~m -

71 Kellner 1991, 2, 18, 31, Nr. 16.72 F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~lz ~{ {n �m r�, ��{ |{ q{n z�r �qu xm n� xu {n -

zm }� sr z� �mw sr o 1957 p. |}u }m~ w{| wm� Xrv �r nm u zu (zr {|�n -

xu w{ om z�): Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 213, 245. Tzu, {�r ouq z{, n�xu

|r }r zr ~r z� �� qm oyr ~�r ~ q}� pu yu |}rq yr �m yu ut b}r n� zu.73 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 69, fig. 15; de Schauensee 1989,

42–43, fig. 9–10.74 Ghirshman 1939, pl. XXV, 1; LXXV, S. 924; Potratz 1966, 136,

Abb. 58, a–b (~ {�u n{� z�y �wm tm zu ry, ��{ {quz ut �wtry | -

xl }{o ��u� �qux ut p{ �{ o xrz ut sr xr tm).75 Potratz 1941–42, 172, 174, Abb. 2–9; Gadd 1952, 12, pl. III;

Nagel 1963, 28, Taf. LII, 112; Potratz 1966, 136–137, Abb. 59

a–b, Taf.-Abb. 126–132; Moorey 1971, 111–112, Nr. 112–114,

pl. 14–15; de Waele 1982, 69, Nr. 75–76, fig. 51; Vanden Berghe

1983, 180, Nr. 121–122.

159

Vu~. 75 Nzorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul 433 y{pux�zuwm F}�uw. 1, 2. Ixuzm; 3. Tn~uqumz; 4–6. G}{ztm

U{ [m�m�}lz 1979, 302

5

1

6

4

2

3

160

xu l yu (��. 65, 3, 5)76. Jm �u }{o wm ��{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul, tm zu ym � �r p{ |}{ yr s� �{� z{r |{ x{ sr zur yr s q�|r} o{v u o�{ }{v p}�| |{v F} �u wm, q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �or }rz z{ {| }r qr xl r� ~l XII o. q{ z. �. (~y. o� �r). U}u -yr} z{ �ry sr o}r yr zry uxu zr ~w{x� w{ }mz� �r, XIII o. q{ z. �., qm �u }� r� ~l |{ p}r nr zur 117 y{ pux� zu wmX}r xu o Xnu xu ~u, pqr {n zm }� sr z� n}{z t{ o�r qo�� m ~� z�r �qu xm nrt |~m xuv, m �mw sr w}� wu {� �t q�(��. 74, 6)77. Gxut wur mzm x{ puu ��uy w}� wmy |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut }mz zr p{ wxm qm Por y{-Wm ~u }r �u (~y. o��r,��. 64, 9). Xm wuy {n }m t{y, �qu xm ~ w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu nrt |~m xuv zm �u zm �� u~ |{x� t{ om�� ~l oMmwmo wm t�r zr |{t sr XII o. q{ z. �.

P}{ yr zm tomz z{ p{, ~�{q z�r |}{ ~��r qo�� m ~� z�r �qu xm nrt |~m xuv zmv qr z� r�r o |{ p}r nr zuu 433F} �uw ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl, {� z{ ~l �ry ~l w rp{ o�{ }{v �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{v p}�| |r, |}u yr} z{ ~uz �}{z z{v}mz zrv �m ~ �u |m yl� zu w{o �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{v p}�| |�. Mqr~� {n zm }� sr z{ qom �w try | xl }m �qux,{w{z �m zul w{ �{ }�� uyr �� D-{n }mt z�� {} y�; }l q{y ~ {w{z �m zu l yu zm�{ql�~l w{x� �r o�r �mv n�(��. 75, 4, 5)78. Hu qu y{, ��zw �u { zmx� z{ ��u �mv n� mzm x{ pu� z� �ry, w{ �{ }�v uyr �� ~l zm zr w{ �{ }��~�}r yr� w{ ouq z�� qu xm� ut Yv pm }mw ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl o U}u m }m x�r79. Tzu, ou qu y{, ~x� su xu �|{ }{y qxl{�qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z�� |~m xu ro ~ �u }{ wuy �rz � }mx� z�y {� or} ~�u ry, �r }rt w{ �{ }{r |}{ |� ~ wm x~l w{ -zr� �qux. Wm yu |~m xuu, or }{ l� z{, qr xm xu~� ut zr ~�{v wu� ym �r }u m x{o (zm |}u yr}, qr }r om uxu w{ su) uzr ~{ �}m zu xu~�. U{ p }r nr zur, o ~{ ~�m or w{ �{ }{ p{ uyr r� ~l n}{z t{ oml ~r wu }m m} �m u� z{v �{} y�, ouquy{,qm �u }� r� ~l {w{ x{ XII–XI oo. q{ z. �.

Wxr q� r� �|{ yl z�� r�r |{ p}r nr zur 218, o w{ �{ }{y, |{ yzr zu� X. W. [m �m � }l zm, �mw sr {n zm -}�srz� n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm. U{ p }r nr zur, {�r ouq z{, |}u zmq xr su� yxmq �rv, �}r�� rv, p}�| |r |{ p}r nr zuvF}�u wm (X–IX oo. q{ z. �.), or }{ l� z{, nxu sr w rr w{z �� (��. 76)80. Vr�� uqr� { qo�� w}�| z�� n}{z t{o��zr tmyw z� �� w{x� �m�, ~{ rqu zrz z�� yr s q� ~{ n{v, w wm s q{ y� ut w{ �{ }�� |}u or �rz n}{z t{ o�v ou �{v~�r} sr zrw. X}m w �{o wm ��{ p{ |}rq yr �m wmw |~m xuv, ~{ rqu zlo �u� ~l }ry zl yu, or~� ym ~{ y zu �rx� zm. Ww{ -}rr, }r�� q{xs zm uqr� {n �w }m �r zu l�, �ry n{ xrr, ��{ o w{y | xrw~ |{ p}r nr zul 218, w}{ yr wr }m yu wu,o�{ql� xu�� w }m �r zul (n}m~ xr ��, |{q or ~ wu u n� ~�). Nyrz z{ �mw �}m w �{ omx zm �{q w� ~{ or} �rz z{ mzm -x{ pu� z�� |}rq yr �{o o ~{ ~�m or |{ p}r nr zul 8 Qr zu zm wmz ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl u F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~lz81.

P}{ yr F} �uw ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, n{x� �{v uz �r }r~ |}rq ~�m o xl �� mw sr zm �{q wu �qux ��{ p{ �u |m ozr w }{ |{ xr Pm xm wrz �m (Um }m qu~ �r ~��zp). Jom �w try | xl }m n}{z t{ o�� w{x� �m �� qux ~{ ��mz pm yu nrt}u� xr zul {n zm }� sr z{ o |{ p}r nr zuu 112 ��{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl (��. 77, 1, 2)82. Sm �{ quo �r r ~l o �{y srw{y| xr w ~r o{{ }� sr zur (~r wu }m, yr�, o�{w, zm w{ zr� zuw w{ |�l, ou x�) zm �{ qu� ~r nr nxu smv �ur ~{ {� or� -~� oul, ~{o |m qm � �ur o|x{�� q{ yrx wu� qr �m xrv, o |r} o{y u o�{ }{y F} �mq t{} ~w{y w�} pm zm�83. H}lq xuy{s z{ ~{ y zr om�� ~l o ~uz �}{z z{ ~�u ��u� w�} pm z{o ~ |{ p}r nr zu ry 112 zr w }{ |{ xl Um }m qu~ �r ~��zp. T~ -�mx� z�r |{ p}r nr zul ��{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl �mw sr ~{ qr} sm� uz orz �m}�, ~nxu sm � �uv u� ~ |m yl� zu wm yu �{q -sm x�-m}�mq t{} ~w{v p}�| |�.

Sm �{q wu n}{z t{ o�� w{x� �m �� qux ut or~� z� u zm q}� pu� |m yl� zu wm� Mm wmo wm t�l �{v sr �|{ �u: o|{ p}r nr zuu 13 o Gr� �m �r zu (X}u m xr �u), ou qu y{, ~uz �}{z z{y ~ F} �mq t{} ~wu yu w�} pm zm yu (~y. zu sr),oyr ~�r ~ }{ p{ o� yu |~m xu l yu (��. 78, 15–17, 19)84, o ~{ ~�m or w{x xrw �uu n}{zt ut Qr zu zm wmz ~w{ p{|{~r xr zul, {�z{ ~l �rv ~l o {~ z{o z{y w �{ y� sr o}r yr zu85, o zr w }{ |{ xr Wm qm� x{ (o 70 wy {� Xnu xu ~u)(��. 77, 4, 5)86. H P{x �u qr �qu xm ~ ou �� yu ~�r}s zl yu, m �mw sr �}mp yrz� �qux nrt }u� xr zul zm ��mz -pm�, {nzm }� sr z� o ~{ ~�m or wxm qm n}{z t{ o�� |}rq yr �{o ut Qmv xm �u, oyr ~�r ~ |l �� n}{z t{ o� yu �{ |{ -

76 [m �m � }lz 1975, 218; [m �m � }lz 1979, 13, 142.77 Abramischwili 1995, 192, 321, Nr. 350, Abb. 199.78 [m �m � }lz 1975, 203, }u~. 117; [m �m � }lz 1979, 15, 302.79 Hu� zro ~wml 1973, 101, �mn. XXVI, 9–11.80 [m �m � }lz 1975, 169–170, 236–237; [m �m � }lz 1979, 16–17,

51, 199. T� zr ~r zur ��{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul w{ o�{ }{v p}�| |r ([m �m -

� }lz 1975, 167; [m �m � }lz 1979, 15) — {�r ouq zml {�un wm.81 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1954, 110–112, }u~. 45, 2,3,6; Rm} �u }{ ~lz

1964, 283–284, }u~. 110, 3,4. U}u o{ qu y�r X. W. [m �m � }l z{y

o wm �r ~� or mzm x{ puu �qu xm ut 1-p{ Vmt yrz z{ p{ w�} pm zm nxut

~�m zu �� P{ ~� }{y ~w{v zr uyr �� zu wm w{ p{ {� z{ �r zul w ��{y�

|}rq yr ��: }r�� uqr� { �u |u� z�� ~wu� ~wu� ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z��

n}{z t{ o�� u sr xrt z�� w{x� �m �� qu xm�.82 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 117–118, Taf. 46–47.83 P�� zm }r om 1957, }u~. 2, 13; 7, 1,2,4; 8, 6.84 P�� uz 1941, 224, �mn. XLVI; Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 110.85 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 122, }u~. 49.86 de Morgan 1889, 74–75, 139, fig. 144; Potratz 1966, 187.

161

Vu~. 76 Nzorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul 218 y{pux�zuwm F}�uw. 1–4, 6, 7. G}{ztm; 5. Wr}q{xuw; 8–10. Ixuzm

U{ [m�m�}lz 1979, 199

3

4

1 2

6

5

7

8 910

162

}m yu u zr~w{x� wu yu w}�p x� yu nxl �m yu (��. 79)87. W� ql |{ �{} yr �{ |{ }{o, o �{y �u~ xr n}{z t{ o{ p{�{ |{ }uwm ~ �u |m yu zm {n� �r, wxmq y{ sr� n�� qm �u }{ omz {w{ x{ XII–X oo. q{ z. �. Sr ~ w{x� w{ |{t srqm�u }� �� ~l mzm x{ pu� z�r �qu xm ut |{ p}r nr zuv 10 u 67 (o |{ ~ xrq zry ~x� �mr ~ }{ p{ o� yu |~m xu l yu)y{pux� zu wm Xmw-Pu xu ~m (ou qu y{, IX o. q{ z. �.) (��. 77, 3, 6)88. Tq z{ w{x� �m ��r sr xrt z�r �qu xm �{ p{sr �u |m n�xu {n zm }� sr z� o |{ p}r nr zuu 4 o Qr zu zm wm zr (}m~ w{| wu 1931 p.), ou qu y{, VIII o. q{ z. �.89

W}r qu tm wmo wmt ~wu� zm �{ q{w w{z ~w{v �t q� {~{ n�v uz �r }r~ |}rq ~�m o xl r� w{y | xrw~ o�{ }{ p{ Ruz -pr �m �} ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm ({ qm �u }{o wr ~y. o� �r), pqr {n zm }� sr z{ qom �w try | xl }m |{tq zr p{ om }u mz �m �qux~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu oyr ~�r ~ �r ��}� yl {q z{ w{x� �m �� yu �qu xm yu nrt |~m xuv (��. 73, 2, 3, 7, 10).R�z q� �� wu �}r� ut zu� ~|xr �r z� ut n}{z t{ o{ p{ |}� �m; r�r {quz �w try | xl} uyr r� xu ��r pxmq wury�zq �� wu90, ��{ |{q �or} sqm r� ~{ ~� �r ~� o{ om zur o~r� �}r� �u |{o �t q� o Mm wmo wm t�r o IX o. q{ z. �.U}u �qu xm� ~ ou �� yu ~�r}s zl yu {n zm }� sr z� {� qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z�r |~m xuu, ~{ rqu zlo �u r ~l ~ zuyu|}u |{ y{ �u }ry zrv. Tzu uyr �� ouq ~�r}s zl ~ �}r yl {� or} ~�u l yu, }m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu o {q z{v |x{ ~ -w{ ~�u o ��{x �r zu l�, or}� zuv w{ zr� tm pz�� (��. 73, 4)91.

Jxl ut� �r zul u~ �{ }uu }mt ou �ul tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~w{v u ~�r| z{v �t q� {~{ nrz z{ oms z{r tzm �r zuruyr �� zm �{q wu |}rq yr �{o w{z ~w{v �| }l su o �r� or} �{y ~x{r [m tmz x�. Vr�� uqr� {n ��m x{z z{y |m yl� -zu wr, w{ �{ }�v qm r� zm qrs z�r {~ z{ om zul qxl mn ~{ x�� z�� qm �u }{ o{w q}� pu� |m yl� zu w{o zm tomz z��}mv {z{o. U}{n xr ym qm �� r� or} �{ p{ ~x{l [m tmz x�, |{ |{ o{ q� w{ �{ }{v o |{ ~ xrq zrr o}r yl o� ~wm t� om -xu~� }mt xu� z�r yzr zul, uyr r� n{x� �{r tzm �r zur qxl zm �u� tm qm�. Vm~ ~y{ � }r zu� ��{v |}{ n xr y�, m�mw sr pu |{ �r t� { �rz � }mx� z{ ro }{ |rv ~w{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu w{x� �m �� qux ~ {� qrx� z� yu |~m xu l yu,|{ ~ol �rz ~|r �u mx� z�v �w~ w�}~ (~y. zu sr). U}{ or qrz z�v mzm xut |{ t o{ xl r� |}u ~{ r qu zu�� ~l w |}rq x{ -srz z{v mo �{ }m yu }m~ w{ |{w [m tmz x� qm �u }{o wr ~x{l }mt }� �r zul |{ ~r xr zul IV B ~m y�y w{z �{y IX o.q{ z. �. u {� or}p z�� |}rq xm pmo �� ~l N. S. Rrq orq ~w{v rp{ qm �u }{o w� 714 p. q{ z. �.

W}r qu {n zm }� srz z�� zm [m tmz x� IV B 42 �w try | xl }{o �qux (24 n}{z t{ o��, 18 sr xrt z��)92|{qmoxl � �rr n{x� �uz ~� o{ ~{ ~�m o xl �� qu xm ~ w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu, |}u yr zlo �u r ~l ~ {� qrx� z{ut p{ �{ o xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu. U{� �u o~r n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm ��{ p{ �u |m uyr �� y�zq �� wu ut ~w}� �rz z��|}�� ro — xu�� zr w{ �{ }�� y�zq ��w pxmq wuv (��. 80, 1, 2)93. Y sr xrt z�� qux �{ p{ sr �u |m ~{ {� -z{ �r zur uz{r: 11 �w try | xl }{o uyr xu pxmq wur ~�r}s zu, qom — |r }r w}� �rz z�r, � |l �u �{} ym ~�r}s zrvzr �~ �m zm o xu om r� ~l ut-tm w{} }{ tuu. W ��uy �u |{y �qux |}u yr zl xu~� o {~ z{o z{y n}{z t{ o�r �}r� q�} -�m ��r |~m xuu ~ {�{ pz� ��y zm }� s� or}� zuy w{z �{y, or~� ym nxut wur {n zm }� srz z�y o Ruz pr �m �} ~w{yw�} pm zr (o~r p{ zmv qr z{ 15 �w try | xl }{o) (��. 80, 4); |{ w}mv zrv yr }r o {q z{y ~x� �mr n}{z t{ o�r|~mxuu ��{ p{ �u |m u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� ~ sr xrt z� yu �qu xm yu94. Sr w{ �{ }�r |~m xuu ut [m tmz x� IV uyr �� S-{n}mt z�� {} y� ~ {�{ pz� �� yu o }mt z�r ~�{ }{ z� w{z �m yu (��. 80, 3)95. G}{z t{ o�r |~m xuu, {n zm }� -srz z�r zm [m tmz x� IV, |}u zmq xr sm� �{ y� sr �u |�, ��{ u |~m xuu ut Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o u, {�rouq -z{, y{ p�� ~�u �m�� ~l {q z{ o}r yrz z� yu ~ zu yu. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, qm �u }{o wu, |m }mx xrx� z{ u zr tm ou~u y{�~ �m z{ o xrz z�r qxl Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o (IX o. q{ z. �., ~w{ }rr o�{ }ml |{ x{ ou zm) u qxl �uzmx� z{ p{~x{l [m tmz x� IV (~m y�v w{ zr� IX o. q{ z. �.) otm uy z{ |{q w}r | xl �� ~l. P}{ yr n}{z t{ o�� |~m xuv,zm [mtmz x� IV {n zm }� srz |{ w}mv zrv yr }r {quz �w try | xl} sr xrt z�� |}l y�� }r� |r �rx� �m �� |~m xuv.

87 Jsm |m }uq tr 1953, }u~. 2 (~ {�u n{� z�y �wm tm zu ry zm |}{ -

u~ �{ s qr zur ut W�} y� �u); P{ }uq tr 1965, 29, }u~. 21; H{ }{ z{o

1980, 208, }u~. 2, 24–30 (qm �u }� r� w{z �{y VIII – |r} o{v |{x{ -

ou z{v VII oo. q{ z. �.; ��m, wmw u {~ �mx� z�r qm �u }{o wu, zr{| -

}mo qm z{ tm o� �r zm, |{ ~w{x� w� mo �{} zr w}u �u �r ~wu ~xr q� r�

zr�qm� z{v |{ |�� wr F. N. Xr }r z{s wu zm |r }r qm �u }{ om�� Ruz -

pr �m �} ~wur w�} pm z� u {~ �mx� z�r ~ol tmz z�r ~ zu yu |m yl� -

zuwu).88 P�� uz 1941, 223, �mn. XXXI, 2; XXXIV, 6.89 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 211 (ym �r }u mx zr {|�n xu w{ omz, qm r� ~l

xu�� w}m� w{r {|u ~m zur).

90 F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959, 96–97, �mn. XXXIX, 2,4.91 F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959, 97, �mn. XXXIX, 1,3.92 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 68–70; Muscarella 1988, 64–65,

Nr. 92–93 (zm ~�u �� om r� n}{z t{ o�� qux zm qom �w try | xl }m

yrz� �r).93 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 68–70 (�wm t� om �� xu�� {quz

�w try | xl} ~ pxmq wu yu y�zq �� wm yu); Muscarella 1988, 65,

Nr. 93 (�wm t� om r�, ��{ u� n� x{ zr ~w{x� w{); de Schauensee 1989,

43–44, fig. 11.94 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 64.95 Muscarella 1988, 65, Nr. 94.

163

Vu~. 77 G}{zt{o�r �quxm. 1, 2. U{p}rnrzur 112 zrw}{|{xl Pmxm wrz� � Pu}{omnmqm; 3. U{p}rnrzur 10 zrw}{|{xl Xmw-Puxu~m; 4. Srw}{|{x� Wmqm�x{

o }mv{zr Xnuxu~u; 5. U{~rxrzur � Qrzuzm wmzm; 6. U{p}rnrzur 67 zrw}{|{xl Xmw-Puxu~m

U{ Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 46 (1, 2); P��uz 1941, �mn. XXXI, 2; XXIV, 6 (6, 3); de Morgan 1889, fig. 144 (4); Rm}u�}{~lz 1964, }u~. 49 (5)

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5 6

164

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57

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3

8 9

10

11

12

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165

Vu~. 78 Nzorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul 13 zrw}{|{xl Gr��m�rzu, X}umxr�u. 1, 14. P{~��; 8. Wr}q{xuw; 12. Pmyrz�; 15, 19. V{p; 20, 22. Ixuzm; {~�mx�z{r n}{ztm

U{ P��uz 1941, �mn. XLVI (15–18); XLVII (1–14); XLVIII (19, 20); XL (21); }u~. 81 (7); 72 n (5); 80, 5 (6)

16

17

18

19

15

20

21 22

166

Vu~. 79 Pxmq n}{zt{o�� utqrxuv ut Qmvxm�u, P{x�uqm

U{ P{}uqtr 1965, }u~. 21

3

4

1 2

5

67

8

9

12

11

10

167

Vu~. 80 P{z~wml �tqm ut [mtmzx� IV. G}{ztm

U{ Muscarella 1988, 65, Nr. 92, 94 (1, 4); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 12, 13, 14 (2, 3, 5)

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168

W sr xrt z� yu �qu xm yu tqr~� |}u yr zl xu~� u }{ p{ o�r �}r� q�} �m ��r |~m xuu. P}{ yr ��{ p{, zmu n{ xrr }m~ -|}{ ~�}m zrz z{ p{ zm [m tmz x� IV, �u |m �qux o~�}r �m �� ~l u q}� pur. X}u �w try | xl }m n}{z t{ o�� qux ~pxmq wu yu ��mz pm yu uyr �� zm |� ~w z�r |~m xuu ~ qo� yl |r� xl yu, }m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu o |r} |rz qu w� xl} z{v|{ {� z{ �r zu� w w{x� �� qxl |{ o{ qm |x{ ~ w{ ~�u (��. 74, 2, ~y. o� �r). Nyr r� ~l �mw sr rquz ~� orz z�v�w try | xl} n}{z t{ o�� qux, sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z�� ~ |~m xu l yu. ^�mz pu ��u� �qux, {� xu ��r oyr ~�r ~ |~m -xu l yu, uyr �� x{s z{ ou �{r }u� xr zur. U~m xuu qo� q�} �m ��r, ~ {�{ pz� ��y zm }� s� w{z �{y, �w }m �rz z�yt{{ y{}� z�y ut{ n}m sr zu ry (��. 80, 5).

X}r�� uy oms z�y |m yl� zu w{y, zm w{ �{ }{y {n zm }� sr z� ~�{q z�r �qu xm u |~m xuu, lo xl r� ~l zr w }{ -|{x� Wu mxw B. Nz orz �m}� �r �� }r� |{ p}r nr zuv zr w }{ |{ xl owx� �m r� n}{z t{ o�r u sr xrt z�r �qu xm ~pxmq wu yu ~�r}s zl yu u w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu u ~ol tmz z�r ~ zu yu |~m xuu: n}{z t{ o�r q� p{ {n }mt z{ut{ p z� ��r �}r� q�} �m ��r, {quz w{ zr� w{ �{ }�� tm {~� }rz, m q}� p{v tm or} �m r� ~l �u �r� w{v, m �mw sr~ux� z{ w{} }{ qu }{ omz z�r sr xrt z�r |}l y�r, {�r ouq z{, �}r� |r �rx� �m ��r, ~ {q zuy tm {~� }rz z�y w{z �{yu o�{ }�y uyr � �uy ��{x �r zur (��. 81, 10–12). H {q z{y ut |{ p}r nr zuv (15) uyr xu~� u w{ ~ �l z�r|~mxuu96. H~r |r }r �u~ xrz z�r |}rq yr �� t q� ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl {n zm }� su om �� nxu smv �ur mzm -x{ puu zm [m tmz x� IV.

U{ |{ o{ q� qm �u }{o wu zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B, u o {~{ nrz z{ ~�u rp{ |{ p}r nr zul 15 (��. 81), pqr {n zm -}� sr z� w{x� �m ��r �qu xm ~ {� qrx� z� yu �}r� q�} �m �� yu |~m xu l yu, o� ~wm t� om xu~� }mt z�r �{� wu t}r -zul. Sm u n{ xrr }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�y o zm ~�{ l �rr o}r yl lo xl r� ~l yzr zur U. Pmx� yrv r }m u V. Gk yr }m,w{�{ }�r {� zr ~xu |{ p}r nr zur 15 w |{tq zrv �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{v p}�| |r zr w }{ |{ xl u qm �u }{ om xu �� p}�||�o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VIII – zm �m x{y VII oo. q{ z. �.97 Ixmo z�y {~ z{ om zu ry qxl �m w{v qm �u }{o wu lo xl ��~l~xr q� � �ur |}rq yr �� — «nmz q s{ ouq z�r» nxl� wu u w{ x{ w{x� �u wu qxl w{z ~w{v �| }l su, m �mw sr ~{ ~� -q� �u |m Schnabelkopfkannen. Jxl qm �u }{o wu qo�� |r} o�� u~ |{x� t� �� ~l o |r} o�� {�r }rq� ut{ n}m sr zulzm m~ ~u }uv ~wu� }rx� r �m� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �., m qxl qm �u }{o wu �}r�� u� — zm �{q wm|{ q{n z{ p{ ~{ ~� qm zm Wm y{ ~r, pqr {z zr y{ sr� {� z{ ~u� ~l w{ o}r yr zu }mz� �r |{ ~ xrq zrv �}r �u VIII o.q{ z. �. Tnm m} p� yrz �m, {q zm w{, y{ p�� qm�� xu�� terminus ante quem ~� �r ~� o{ om zul wmw ~{ {� or� ~� o� � -�r p{ �u |m or �rv, �mw u ~m y{v w�x� �� }� ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ �u |m, zr {| }r qr xll rp{ zus zrv p}m zu ��. Rm �r -}u m x� [m tmz x� IV, pqr {n zm }� sr z� o~r ��u p}�| |� |}rq yr �{o, m �mw sr {n �rr ~�{q ~� o{ zm �{ q{w ut�r�or} �{ p{ ~x{l [m tmz x�, ut tm wmo wmt ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o �{q sm x�-m} �q t{} ~w{v p}�| |� u ut zr w }{ |{ xlWu mxw B, |{ t o{ xl r� ~�u �m��, ��{ w�x� �� }m o�{ }{v p}�| |� ��{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl zm �m xm ~� �r ~� o{ om�� r�r o|}r qr xm� IX o. q{ z. �. u zr u~ wx� �m�� qxl |{ p}r nr zul 15 u w{z �m ��{ p{ or wm o wm �r ~� or o{t y{s z{vqm��98. H �{ sr o}r yl n{x� �ml m} �m u� z{~�� wr }m yu wu [m tmz x� IV |{ ~}mo zr zu� ~ �{v, ��{ �m }m w �r }u -t� r� zr w }{ |{x� Wu mxw B, |{ t o{ xl r� ~�u �m�� rp{ {~ z{o z�� m~�� n{ xrr |{tq zrv, �ry |{ ~r xr zur �r� or} -�{ p{ ~x{l [m tmz x� u {� z{ ~u�� rr o {~ z{o z{y w VIII o. q{ z. �. R{s z{ |{ xm pm�� |{ � �{ y�, ��{ w{z ~wml�tqm ut zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B, �}rt o� �mv z{ nxut wml �t qr ut [m tmz x� IV u ut o�{ }{ p{ Ruz pr �m �} ~w{ p{w�} pm zm (o�{ }ml |{ x{ ou zm u w{ zr� IX o. q{ z. �.), qm �u }� r� ~l zr zm yz{ p{ n{ xrr |{tq zuy o}r yr zry o |}r -qr xm� VIII o. q{ z. �.

P}{ yr zm �{ q{w zm [m tmz x� u o zr w }{ |{ xr Wu mxw B, {q z{ w{x� �m ��r �qu xm ut or~� z� u zm q}� pu�u}mz ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�99. Xmw, n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm u �}mp yrz� �m wu� sr sr xrt z�� {n zm }� sr z� o {q z{y ut|{ p}r nr zuv zm Juz �m-�r |r (B 10a, β 6), oyr ~�r ~ |}rq yr �m yu o{{ }� sr zul u }m~ �xr zrz z�y ~wr xr �{yw{zl (��. 9). U{ p }r nr zur {� z{ ~u� ~l w |r }u { q� Juz �m II, |}u yr} z{ ~uz �}{z z{ y� [m tmz x� IV, u y{ sr�n�� qm �u }{ om z{ IX – zm �m x{y VIII oo. q{ z. �.100 Jo� �m ~� z�r w{x� �m ��r n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm {n zm }� sr z��mw sr o |{ p}r nr zuu 3 zr w }{ |{ xl Xr |r Iu lz. Tzu ~{ |}{ o{ s qm xu~� tqr~� �}r� q�} �m �� yu |~m xu l yu,~{or} �rz z{ mzm x{ pu� z� yu �ry, ��{ {n zm }� sr z� o 15 |{ p}r nr zuu zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B. P}{ yr �{ p{,tqr~� sr zmv qr z� nxl �u qxl w{z ~w{v �t q�, sr xrt z�v wuz smx, xmo }{ xu ~� z�r �r }r� w{ o�r zm w{ zr� zuwu

96 Ghirshman 1939, pl. LVI, S. 803 a–c, 835, 841, 588; LVII,

S. 791; LXII, S. 762; LXVIII, S. 715 d–e; LXXVII, S. 972.97 Boehmer 1965, 801–822; Calmeyer 1969, 99–108.98 W}. ~�{q z{r yzr zur Kossack 1983, 129–130.99 H |{ p}r nr zuu |{tq zr p{ n}{z t{ o{ p{ or wm zm I{ quz-�r |r,

~{ qr} smo �ry w{z ~wuv ~wr xr�, w{ �{ }{r {� z{ ~u� ~l, {�r ouq z{,

r�r w �}r�� rv �r� or} �u II ��~. q{ z. �., |}rq yr �� t q� zr

{nzm }� sr z�: Young 1969, 19–20, fig. 27–33.100 Muscarella 1974, 64–67, 78–79, fig. 36–37.

169

Vu~. 81 Sm�{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B. 2. Mrxrz�v wmyrz�; 4, 8. Pmnmzuv wx�w; 12. Lrxrt{; 13, 14. Ixuzm; {~�mx�z{r n}{ztm

U{ Ghirshman 1939, pl. LVI; Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 2

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910

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170

~�}rx (n}{z t{ o�r u sr xrt z�r), n}m~ xr �� u q}. (��. 82)101. W� ql |{ o~r y�, |{ p}r nr zur |}u yr} z{ ~uz -�}{z z{ zr w }{ |{ x� Wu mxw B u qm �u }� r� ~l o |}r qr xm� VIII o. q{ z. �.

U}u yr zr zur mzm x{ pu� z{v w{z ~w{v �t q� ({q z{ w{x� �m ��r �qu xm ~ {� qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z� yu �}r� -q�} �m �� yu |~m xu l yu «~u mx w{o ~w{ p{» �u |m) o Mm wmo wm t�r u N}m zr zm qrs z{ tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z{ u qxln{ xrr |{tq zr p{ o}r yr zu. Tn ��{y ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r�, o �m ~� z{ ~�u, w{y | xrw~ Rm x{ p{ w�} pm zm o Rux� ~w{-wm }m nm� ~w{v ~�r |u (��. 7)102. Mqr~�, w}{ yr n{ pm �{ p{ wr }m yu �r ~w{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m, {n zm }� srz �mw sr w{z -~wuv �t qr� z�v zm n{}, ~{ ~�{ l �uv ut n}{z t{ o�� |}rq yr �{o: �qux u |m }� {� qrx� z�� |~m xuv, |l �u |}{ -}rt z�� nxl�-�m xm }{o, zm x{n zu wm, w{ x{ w{x� �u wm u {n x{ ym z{v |mx{�wu-tm~�rswu. P}{ yr �{ p{, {nzm }� -sr z� {nx{y wu sr xrt z{ p{ zm w{ zr� zu wm w{ |�l u zr ~w{x� wu� z{ srv. Yqu xm ut Rm x{ p{ w�} pm zm ~ou �� utqo�� ~�r}s zrv u tm or} �m �� ~l w}�p x� yu w}�| z� yu w{x� �m yu. U~m xuu �}r� q�} �m ��r; {� or} ~�ul }m~ -|{x{ sr z� o ��{x �r zu l� o {q z{v |x{ ~ w{ ~�u, or}� zuv w{ zr� tm pz��, {nm w{z �m |~m xuv tm or} �m �� ~l�u�r� wm yu (��. 7, 1). Tzu or~� ym ~�{ su ~ |~m xu l yu ut o�{ }{ p{ Ruz pr �m �} ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm u q}� pu��wm tmz z�� o� �r |m yl� zu w{o. U}{ }rt z�r n}{z t{ o�r �m xm }� (��. 7, 2) zm �{ ql� ~r nr nxut wur ~{ {� or� -~� oul o �}m}� ~w{v �t qr — �m w{v �m xm} o�{ qux, zm |}u yr}, o w{z ~wuv zm n{} ut Xrv �r nm u zu, �qu xmw{�{}{ p{ zmq |u ~m z� uyr zry Wm} q� }u II103; ut or~� z� |{ q{n z�r zm �{q wu u o q}� pu� |m yl� zu wm�VIII o. q{ z. �. (Pm �m pmz ~wuv w�} pmz)104. X}m |r �u r ouq z�v zm x{n zuw u w{ x{ w{x� �uw (��. 7, 3, 6) �mw sro|{x zr �m }m w �r} z� qxl �}m}� ~w{ p{ w{z ~w{ p{ �n{ }m. Tq zm w{ qxl qm �u }{o wu w{y | xr w ~m Rm x{ p{ w�} pm zmzmu n{x� �rr tzm �r zur uyr r� zm �{q wm o zry n}{z t{ o{v �}r� x{ |m ~� z{v o��x� �m �{v ~�}r x�105 �u |m, �m }m -w �r} z{ p{ qxl wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }� (��. 7, 4). U{ �m }m w �r }� zm �{ q{w w{y | -xrw~ Rm x{ p{ w�} pm zm, wmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, uyr r� }lq {n �u� �r}� ~ |{ p}r nr zu ry w{ �ro zu wm zm mw }{ -|{ xr S{} ��z �r |r (~y. o� �r). Mqr~� �mw sr {n zm }� sr z� n}{z t{ o�r |r �rx� �m ��r �qu xm �{ p{ sr �u |m(o ~{ �r �m zuu ~ �u |u� z�yu ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z� yu �qu xm yu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m); o {n{ u� |{ p}r nr zu l�{n zm }� sr z� �mw sr srxrt z�r zm w{ zr� zu wu w{ |uv u z{ su. P}{ yr �{ p{, o }mt p}mn xrz z{y tm �{ }{ zr zuuzm S{} ��z �r |r, loz{ {q z{ o}r yrz z{y ~ w{z ~wuy |{ p}r nr zu ry, {n zm }� srz zm w{ zr� zuw �}r� x{ |m ~� z{v~�}r x� �{ p{ sr �u |m, ��{ u o Rm x{y w�} pm zr. U{ ~ w{x� w� |{ p}r nr zur zm S{} ��z �r |r �or }rz z{ qm �u }� -r� ~l |r} o{v |{x{ ou z{v VII o. q{ z. �., w �{ y� sr o}r yr zu y{ sr� n�� {� zr ~rz u Rm x�v w�} pmz.

W}r qu u}mz ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o y{s z{ zm tom�� w{z ~w{r tm �{ }{ zr zur (|}u tzm wu �r x{ or �r ~w{ p{ w{~ -�lwm {� ~�� ~� o� ��) zm �rz � }mx� z{y �{x yr Gm nm-Jsm zm, ~{ or} �rz z{r o~w{ }r |{ ~ xr |}r w}m �r zul ~��r -~�o{ om zul tqr~� |{ ~r xr zul (Gm nm-Jsmz III)106. W}r qu |{ p}r nmx� z{ p{ uz orz �m }l {n zm }� sr z{ qom n}{z -t{o�� ~{ ~� qm u |}u zmq xrs z{ ~�u w{z ~w{v ~n}�u — n}{z t{ o�r zm z{~ zuw u |l�� nxl �rw, m �mw sr sr xrt -z�r {qz{ w{x� �m ��r �qu xm. Tzu {�rz� ~ux� z{ w{} }{ qu }{ om z�, {q zm w{, zm ~w{x� w{ y{s z{ ~� qu��, u�y�zq �� wu ut p{ �{ o xr z� ut |r }r w}� �r zz�� |}�� ro. U~m xuu, �mw sr sr xrt z�r, n� xu {� qrx� z� yu, {q -zmw{ ut-tm ~ux� z{v w{} }{ qu }{ omz z{ ~�u u� �{} ym zr �~ �m zm o xu om r� ~l107. U{ p }r nr zur |{ ~o{ ry� uz orz -�m }�, ou qu y{, qm �u }� r� ~l |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z{v VII o. q{ z. �., o}r yr zry, zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z{ |{ ~ xr q{ omo �uytm |}r w}m �r zu ry ~� �r ~� o{ om zul |{ ~r xr zul zm �rz � }mx� z{y �{x yr zm }� nr sr VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �.108Tqw{ w{x� �m ��r sr xrt z�r �qu xm ~�{q z{ p{ �u |m n� xu {n zm }� sr z� u zm zr w }{ |{ xr Hm}-Pm n�q, w{ �{ }�v|}u yr} z{ ~uz �}{ zu tu }� r� ~l ~ [m tmz x� III B u n{ xrr |{tq zuv, �ry zr w }{ |{x� Wu mxw B. Kp{ y{s z{|}rq |{ x{ su �rx� z{ qm �u }{ om�� VII o. q{ z. �.109 K�r {quz �w try | xl} n}{z t{ o�� qux ~ pxmq wu yu y�zq -�� wm yu, |}u zmq xr sm �uv w ��{ y� �u |�, n�x {n zm }� srz |}u p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{| wm� zr w }{ |{ xl]r�yr�-Rm �u o Q� }u ~�m zr110; rp{ qm �u }{o wm zr l~ zm. Sm w{ zr�, zr ~w{x� w{ �w try | xl }{o {q z{ w{x� �m ��

101 Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, 18, pl. 8, V, 6; Potratz 1941–42,

175. W}. Nagel 1963, 53. U}rq x{ srz zml tqr~� qm �u }{o wm |{ p}r -

nr zul XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. �. nrt {~ z{ om �rx� zm.102 Nr~ ~rz 1965, 22–30.103 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1970, №�56.104 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 212.105 Nr~ ~rz 1965, }u~. 12, 2.106 Goff 1969, 123–126, fig. 6–7.107 Goff 1969, 126, fig. 7, 5.

108 Goff 1969, 123–126; Goff 1978, 40–42; ~}. Moorey 1971,

103.109 Vanden Berghe 1967, 57; de Waele 1982, 68.110 Maleki 1964, 17, pl. VIII, 1. N. S. Rrq orq ~wml (1983, 62)

{�u n{� z{ �wm t� om r�, ��{ ��u �qu xm n� xu zmv qr z� oyr ~�r ~

�qu xm yu ~ ut{ p z� �� yu zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu (~y. zu sr).

H qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ ~�u ut or~� z{ xu��, ��{ {zu |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut

{q z{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, ~or qr zul sr { �{y, w {q z{ y� uxu }mt z�y

|{ p}r nr zu ly {zu |}u zmq xr sm xu, {� ~�� ~� o� ��.

171

Vu~. 82 Sm�{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 3 zrw}{|{xl Xr|r Iulz

U{ Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, pl. 8

31 2 4

5 6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13

14 15

16

172

�qux nrt |~m xuv, |}{ u~ �{ ql �u� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w zm �r} }u �{ }uu N}m zm, �}m zl� ~l o }l qrro}{ |rv ~wu� ~{ n }m zuv, zm |}u yr} o Gr} xu zr (qom o w{x xrw �uu Srx� ~{ zm, {quz o R� trr |}rq- u |}m -u~�{ }uu)111, o w{x xrw �uu F. I{ qm }m112 u q}.

Yqu xm ��{ p{ �u |m u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� �mw sr u �}m} �m yu. Mzm �u �rx� z{r w{ xu �r ~� o{ u� n}{z t{ o�� usrxrt z�� w try | xl }{o, |}{ u~ �{ ql �u� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w, �}m zu� ~l o y� tr l� X�} �uu (Fz wm }m,bxl t�p, Fqm zm u q}.) (��. 87, 10, 11)113; tm zr uyr zu ry m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~w{ p{ w{z �rw ~�m u� zr o{t y{s z{~w{x� w{-zu n�q� �{� z{ qm �u }{ om��. Mqr~� sr ut or~� z� u zm �{q wu n}{z t{ o�� |~m xuv «~u mx w{o ~w{ p{»�u|m. Xmw, o y� trr Zu xm qrx� �uu �}m zu� ~l �}u �w try | xl }m q� p{ {n }mt z�� }r� q�} �m �� |~m xuv, |}{ u~ -�{ ql �u� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w, or }{ l� z{, o o{ ~ �{� z{v Fzm �{ xuu (�{� z{r yr ~ �{ zm �{q wu zr ut -or~�z{) (��. 87, 12)114. Lr xrt z�r u n}{z t{ o�r w{x� �m ��r �qu xm n� xu {n zm }� sr z� u |}u }m~ w{| wm�Xrv �r nm u zu115. Nyr �� ~l zm �{q wu �m wu� �qux u w tm |m q� {� �}m}� ~w{v �r} }u �{ }uu. Xmw, {quz �w try -|xl} w{x��m �� sr xrt z�� qux nrt |~m xuv {n zm }� srz o G{ pmt wkr, o ~x{r G� �w wm xr I (|r}oml|{x{ouzm – ~r}rquzm VII oo. q{ z. �.); o �{y sr ~x{r {n zm }� srz u sr xrt z�v �}r� |r �rx� �m ��v |~m xuv~wu� ~w{ p{ �u|m (��. 29)116. Wux� z{ w{} }{ qu }{ omz z�r w{x� �m ��r sr xrt z�r �qu xm zmv qr z� u o ~x{r|}u yr} z{ �{ p{ sr o}r yr zu o Fxu �m }r117.

P}{ yr zm tomz z�� }r pu { z{o, o t{ z� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul ��{ p{ ou qm �t q� o�{ qu xm u W}rq zll Ftul.Sm�{q wu {q z{ w{x� �m �� qux �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z� tqr~� zm |m yl� zu wm� ]� ~� ~w{v w�x� �� }�. Pmw �wm t�omr�zmv qrz zml zm p{ }{ qu �r Jmx� or} tuz o Zr} pmz ~w{v {n xm ~ �u xu �rv zml �{} ym qxl ut p{ �{ o xr zul |~m xul,{zu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� ~ |~m xu l yu �{v sr �{} y�, ��{ zmv qrz z�r o zr w }{ |{ xr Wu mxw B, [m tmz x� IV u o�{ -}{y Ruz pr �m �} ~w{y w�} pm zr118. Jm �u }{o wm ��u� zm �{ q{w, wmw u ~m y{v ]� ~� ~w{v w�x� �� }�, zr l~ zm. Tzm{| }r qr xl r� ~l |}r s qr o~r p{ |{ mzm x{ puu ~ u}mz ~wu yu |m yl� zu wm yu, o �m ~� z{ ~�u ~ zr w }{ |{ xry Wu mxw B,m �mw sr |{ }m qu{ �p xr }{q z�y qm �my, |}u yr} z{ XII–VIII oo. q{ z. �.119 U~m xuu ��{ p{ �u |m {n zm }� sr z��mw sr o }mz zr ~mw ~w{y |{ p}r nr zuu w�} pm zm 23 y{ pux� zu wm Wm wm}-�m pm 6 (��. 83, 9, 10)120. P}{ yr|~mxu ro ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ �u |m (�rz � }mx� z{r {� or} ~�ur }{y n{ ouq z{r, n{ w{ o�r — w}�p x�r; o~r �}u uyr ��{quzm w{o�v }mt yr}), tqr~� sr zmv qr z� n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm ~ |}l y{ �p{x� z{-~�}r yr� w{ ouq z� yu {w{z �m -zu lyu u qo�� }lq z�y t�n �m ��y }u� xr zu ry zm ~�r}s zl�, n}{z t{ o�r |}{ zu tu u |{q |}�s z�r |}ls wu, o�{y �u~xr o� |{x zrz z�r o tor }uz z{y ~�u xr u ~{ or} �rz z{ mzm x{ pu� z�r nxl� wmy ut w�} pm zm 33 Yv pm -}mw ~w{p{ y{pux� zu wm (��. 83, 1– 8, 11–15)121. Mqr~� sr {n zm }� srz zm n{} ut qr ~l �u n}{z t{ o�� zm w{ -zr� zu w{o ~�}rx, �}u ut w{�{ }�� r }r� w{ o�r �m }m w �r} z{ p{ ~mw ~w{ p{ �u |m ({quz qo��- u qom �}r� x{ |m -~� z�r), m {~ �mx� z�r o��x� �m ��r (}{y n{ ouq z�r, xmo }{ xu ~� z�r u |� xr ouq z�r) (��. 83, 19–28). Xm w{r~{ �r �m zur �u |{o zm w{ zr� zu w{o �m }m w �r} z{ qxl }mz zu� ~mw ~wu� w{y | xr w ~{o U}u m }m x�l, {� z{ ~l �u� ~l|{-ou qu y{ y�, w{ o}r yr zu zr |{t sr VII o. q{ z. �.122 P}{ yr �{ p{, o �{� sr w{y | xrw~ o�{ qux nu yr �mx xu -�r ~wuv wxr or� ~ n}{z t{ o{v o��x w{v u srxrt z�y n{v w{y, uyr � �uv nxut wur mzm x{ puu o w�} pm zr 84Yvpm }mw ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm (oyr ~�r ~{ ~�}ryr�w{ouq z� yu �qu xm yu u zm n{ }{y ~�}rx, o w{ �{ }{y |}r {n -xm qm �� r }r� w{ o�r zm w{ zr� zu wu)123, w{y | xrw ~r ut Nyu} xr }m u q}. (~y. o� �r). W� �r ~� orz z�y {� xu -�u ry {� ��u� wxro �{o lo xr� ~l �{, ��{ �w try | xl} ut Wm wm}-�m pm uyr r� |r� x� o zus zrv �m ~ �u o��x wu(��. 83, 34). H �r x{y y{s z{ |{ xm pm��, ��{ w{y | xrw~ w�} pm zm 23 y{ pux� zu wm Wm wm}-�m pm 6 |{ o}r yr zunxu t{w |{ p}r nr zu ly ut S{} ��z �r |r u Nyu} xr }m (wxr or�, ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z�r �qu xm, qo�� x{ |m ~� z�ro��x� �m ��r ~�}r x�) u ut Rm x{ p{ w�} pm zm o Rux�~w{-Pm }m nm� ~w{v ~�r |u (�{} ym |~m xu ro) uxu zr~w{x�w{~�m} �r u� u qm �u }� r� ~l zr |{t sr |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� VII o. q{ z. �. K~xu or} z{ |}rq x{ sr zur R. U. I}lt -

111 Nagel 1963, 27–28, 53–54, Taf. LII, 109–111.112 de Waele 1982, 68, Nr. 73, fig. 50.113 Yıldırım 1987, 490–491, Abb. 42–44.114 Özgen 1979, 126, fig. 15; Özgen 1984, fig. 27; Yıldırım 1987,476, Abb. 21.115 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 54, }u~. 32 (|{y. 13); Piotrovsky 1969,

pl. 77.116 Boehmer 1972, 162, Taf. LVIII, Nr. 1695 A, 1695.

117 von der Osten 1937, 115, fig. 114.118 Mmq zr |}{o ~wuv 1962, 30–31, �mn. XX, 3; XXI, 18.119 Mmq zr |}{o ~wuv 1962, 64–70.120 dn x{z ~wuv 1991, 80–81, }u~. 10–12; dn x{z ~wuv 1996,

43–44, }u~. 18–20.121 Hu� zro ~wml 1973, 114, �mn. IX, 15–16; XXVIII, 6–7.122 Rrq orq ~wml 1972, 83–85, 89; dn x{z ~wuv 1991, 86.123 Huz� zro ~wml 1973, �mn. XX.

173

Vu~. 83 Nzorz�m}� w�}pmzm 23 y{pux�zuwm Wmwm}-�mpm 6 (1–8)

1 2

3

4

6

5

7

8

174

Vu~. 83 Nzorz�m}� w�}pmzm 23 y{pux�zuwm Wmwm}-�mpm 6 (9–18)

9 10

12

13

14

18

16

15

17

11

175

Vu~. 83 Nzorz�m}� w�}pmzm 23 y{pux�zuwm Wmwm}-�mpm 6. 1–28. G}{ztm; 29. M{x{�m, nu}�tm; 30, 31. Lrxrt{; 32. Pmyrz�; 33. Gu}�tm; 34. G}{ztm, srxrt{

U{ dnx{z~wuv 1996, }u~. 18–20

19

20

21 2223

24

2526

27

28

29 30

31

32

33

34

176

z{ om ~uz�}{ zu tu }{ om�� y{ pux� zu wu Yv pm }mw u cs z�v Xm pu ~wrz ~ w�}pm z{y F} smz124, �{ {zu y{ p��n�� {�zr ~r z� r�r w VIII o. q{ z. �.125 u qm �u }{ om�� ~l }mz� �r, �ry wuy yr }uv ~wur (m}�r{x{pu�r~wu«}mz zr ~wu� ~wur») |m yl� zu wu Rm x{v Ftuu. W�{q z�r |~m xuu o w{y | xr w �r ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ouqz� yu �qu -xm yu ~ q{|{x zu �rx� z�y {� or} ~�u ry n� xu {n zm }� sr z� �mw sr o w{y | xr w ~r ut Gu sr (H{~ �{� z{r Wr yu -}r ��r)126.

Xm wuy {n }m t{y, o Mm wmo wm t�r {q z{ w{x� �m ��r n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm ~ {� qrx� z� yu |~m xu l yu |}u yr zl -xu~� |m }mx xrx� z{ ~ �qu xm yu ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu «m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{» �u |m |{ yrz� �rv yr }r ~ XII o.q{ z. �. (|{ p}r nr zur 79 F} �uw ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, |{ p}r nr zur 13 o Gr� �m �r zu u q}.). N~ |{x� t{ om zur��{ p{ ou qm �qux oyr ~�r ~ {� qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z� yu yr �mx xu �r ~wu yu |~m xu l yu zm qrs z{ tm ~ou qr �rx� -~�o{ om z{ zm �u zml ~{ o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� – w{z �m IX o. q{ z. �. ([m tmz x� IV, o�{ }{v Ruz pr �m �} ~wuv w�} -pmz), |}u �ry |}u yr} z{ �{ p qm sr zm �u zm �� |}u yr zl�� ~l u sr xrt z�r �qu xm u |~m xuu, w{ �{ }�r, o|}{ -�ry, zr o� �r~ zl �� n}{z t{ o�r o|x{�� q{ VII o. q{ z. �. Sm ~ w{x� w{ y{s z{ ~� qu��, ~|{ ~{n ut p{ �{ o xr zul�qux (o ou qr |r }r ou �� |}�� ro uxu xu ��r) zr uyr r� �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{ p{ tzm �r zul — u �r u q}� puru~|{x� t{ om xu~� {q z{ o}r yrz z{, ��{ tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z{ u� zr {q z{ w}m� z� yu zm �{q wm yu o {q zu� u �r�sr w{y | xr w ~m�. Tq z{ w{x� �m ��r �qu xm ~ �}r� q�} �m �� yu |~m xu l yu ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ �u |m |}{ q{x sm xu |}u -yr zl�� ~l tqr~� |{ yrz� �rv yr }r q{ VII o. q{ z. �.

U~m xuu ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ �u |m zr {q z{ w}m� z{ ~{ |{ ~ �m o xl xu~� ~ |~m xu l yu, �m }m w �r} z� yu qxl ~m y��}mz zu� w{y | xr w ~{o «}mz zr ~wu� ~w{v» w�x� �� }�, zm |}u yr}, ut w�} pm zm Lm n{ �uz 524, Xr zr �uz wm 183, �� { }m Fxr w ~r ro ~wuv o W�mo }{ |{ x�r u q}. (��. 84, 4; 85, 7)127. Pmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, H. V. b} xu� ~�u -�m r� �mwur |~m xuu �m }m w �r} z�yu qxl ~o{ rv �}r�� rv �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{v p}�| |�, pqr {zu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~�oyr ~�r ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z� yu �qu xm yu128. U~m xuu ��{v �{} y�, zm ~w{x� w{ y{s z{ ~� qu��, u~ |{x� t{ -omxu~� xu�� o |}r qr xm� }mz zr p{, «sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{», |r }u { qm }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�, m tm �ry o� �{ ql�ut �|{ � }rn xr zul129.

K~ xu |}rq |{ xm pm��, wmw ��{ qr xm r� ~l {n�� z{, tm uy ~� o{ om zur �}r� q�} �m �� |~m xuv «~u mx w{o ~w{ p{»�u |m o N}mz u Mm wmo wm t�r ut o{ ~ �{� z{ ro }{ |rv ~wu� ~�r |rv, ��{ y{ sr� qm�� zr w{ �{ }�r {~ z{ om zul qxlmn ~{ x�� z{v qm �u }{o wu |m yl� zu w{o «sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{» |r }u { qm. N� zm xu �ur, |}u �ry o q{ ~ �m �{� z{ n{x� -�u� w{ xu �r ~� om�, o u}mz ~wu� u tm wmo wmt ~wu� w{y | xr w ~m� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� – w{z �m IX o. q{ z. �. (o�{ -}{v Ruz pr �m �} ~wuv w�} pmz, [m tmz x� IV) qm x{ n� terminus ante quem u� |{ l o xr zul o ~�r |l�. Tq zm w{��{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur {~ �m r� ~l zu �ry zr |{q �or} sqrz z{v pu |{ �r t{v. Mqr~� zrx� tl u~ wx� �m�� zu {n}m� -z{ p{ zm |}m o xr zul tm uy ~� o{ om zul, zu zr tm ou ~u y{ p{ �{} yu }{ om zul zm {~ z{ or n{ xrr m} �m u� z�� }r� -q�} �m �� |~m xu ro, }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�� o |m yl� zu wm� �r} z{ p{ }{o ~w{ p{ �u |m. H{t y{s z{ u tm uy ~� o{ om zur��{v �{} y� |~m xuv wmw o N}mz, �mw u H{~ �{� z�� Ko }{ |� ut W}rq zrv Ftuu, {q zm w{ ut-tm {� ~�� ~� oul�my qm �u }{ omz z�� }mz zu� zm �{ q{w ��{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zur �mw sr {~ �m r� ~l nrt zm qrs z�� m} p� yrz �{o.

d~ z{, o x� n{y ~x� �mr, ��{ {q z{ w{x� �m ��r �qu xm ~ {� qrx� z� yu |~m xu l yu zr n� xu o Mm wmo wm t�r uN}m zr z{ om �u rv zu o VIII, zu qm sr o IX o. q{ z. �., �mw ��{ u� u~ |{x� t{ om zur tqr~� zr o{t y{s z{ ~ol -t�om�� ~ |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu yu |{ �{ qm yu ro }m tuv ~wu� z{ ym q{o. ]�{ wm ~m r� ~l n}{z t{ o�� }r� q�} �m ��|~m xuv «~u mx w{o ~w{ p{» �u |m, �{ u� u~ |{x� t{ om zur tqr~� zm qrs z{ q{ w� yrz �u }� r� ~l ~{ o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou -z� IX |{ |r} o�� |{ x{ ou z� VII oo. q{ z. �.

Jxl qm �u }{o wu |{tq zrv �u� |}rq ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o {~{ n�v uz �r }r~ |}rq ~�m o xl �� n}{z t{ o�r�qu xm, m �mw sr ~{ ~�m o xlo �ur ~ zu yu zm n{} |~m xuu, {n zm }� sr z�r o |{ p}r nr zuu 47 zr w }{|{xl Pm xm -wrz�m (Um }m qu~ �r ~��zp) (��. 85, 11–13)130. Yqu xm ~|xr �r z� ut n}{z t{ o{ p{ |}� �m u uyr �� w{x� �m��r

124 I}lt z{o 1980, 61; Grjaznov 1984, 83. W}. ~uz �}{ zu tm �u�

w�} pm zm F} smz ~ }mz zu yu y{ pu xm yu Yv pm }m wm u u� qm �u }{o w�

VIII o. q{ z. �.: P�t� yu zm 1975, 287. W}. �mw sr dn x{z ~wuv

1996, 51.125 Jm �u }{o wm F} smz ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm |{ qmz z�y qrz q }{ �}{ z{ -

x{ puu — 745 p. q{ z. �. ± 40 xr� (Rm} ~m q{ x{o 1988, 65–81), m

|{ }r t�x� �m �my w{} }r xl �uu qrz q }{ �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wu� u }m qu{ -

wm} n{z z�� qm �u }{ o{w — 820–740 pp. q{ z. �.: Rm} ~m q{ x{o,

Mmv �r om, Qr nr qr om 1994, 141–156. b�u qm �u }{o wu n� xu, {q zm -

w{, o |{ ~ xrq zrr o}r yl {~ |{ }r z�: ]xr z{ om 1997.126 Fwu �ro, Fwu �r om 1978, 39–40, }u~. 2.127 W}. zm |}u yr} Xr }r z{s wuz 1971, 74–75; b} xu� 1994,

102–103.128 b} xu� 1994, 65–69.129 Rrq orq ~wml 1992, 87; b} xu� 1994, 103.130 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 77, Taf. 19, 6; 76, 2.

177

Vu~. 84 Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm 524 � ~. Lmn{�uz. 1, 4, 6, 9. G}{ztm; 2. Pmyrz�; 3. Lrxrt{; 5, 10–12. Ixuzm; 7, 8. M{x{�{

U{ Nx�uz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 237

12

5

6

7 8

3

4

9

10

1112

178

{w{z �m zul. U~m xuu �}r� q�} �m ��r ({� or} ~�ul }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o {q z{v |x{ ~ w{ ~�u), ~ tm pz� �� yu w{z �m yu,uyr � �u yu �{} y� x{ |m ~�rv, ��{ {� xu �m r� u� {� {n�� z�� |~m xu ro «~u mx w{o ~w{ p{» �u |m. P{y | xrw~zm�{ q{w |{ p}r nr zul, |}r s qr o~r p{ n}{z t{ o�v |{ l~ ~ �m }m w �r} z� yu ut{ n}m sr zu l yu su o{� z�� u {} zm -yrz �mx� z� yu y{ �u om yu131, m �mw sr |{q or ~ wu o ou qr n� nrz �u w{o (~}. zu sr) u �m }m w �r} z�v zm w{ zr� zuw~�}r x� (��. 85, 9, 15, 16), |{ t o{ xl �� ~uz �}{ zu tu }{ om�� { |{ p}r nr zur (wmw, o|}{ �ry, u n{x� �uz ~�o{q}� pu� o zr w }{|{xr) ~ |m yl� zu wm yu �{q sm x�-m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m. Hz� � }u ��{v p}�| |� |{ p}r nr zury{sr� n�� ~uz�}{ zu tu }{ om z{ ~ Ruz pr �m �} ~wu yu w�} pm zm yu — {n }m �m r� zm ~r nl ozu ym zur, zm |}u -yr}, ~�{q ~� o{ w{x� �m �� qux ~ |xr �r z� yu y�zq �� wm yu ut ��{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m u ut o�{ }{ p{ w�} pm zmRuz pr �m � }m. Pmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, zr w }{ |{x� Pm xm wrz �m, wmw u Ruz pr �m �} ~wur w�} pm z�, o}lq xu y{p��n�� qm �u }{ om z� |{t sr w{z �m IX o. q{ z. �.

Tn }m �m r� zm ~r nl ozu ym zur �{} ym |~m xuv ut 47 |{ p}r nr zul Pm xm wrz �m. Tzu zr uyr �� nxut wu�mzm x{ puv ~}r qu tm wmo wmt ~wu� uxu u}mz ~wu� ym �r }u m x{o. Gxu smv �ml u rquz ~� orz zml mzm x{ pul uy |}{ -u~ �{ qu� ut w�} pm zm Ym� �u �� o Fq� prr, pqr ~�{q z�r |~m xuu n� xu zmv qr z� o w{y | xr w ~r ~ qo� w{x� �m -��yu �qu xm yu z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m (��. 16, 1–3, 8–10, 15–17, 21, 22)132. U~m xuu ut Ym� �u �� u utPm xm wrz �m or~� ym ~�{qz� — u �r, u q}� pur uyr �� {} y� ~�r}s zrv ~ �}r yl {� or} ~�u l yu, w{ �{ }�rtmor} �m �� ~l ~ {q z{v ~�{}{ z� ��{x �r zu ry o ou qr �u �r� wu, m ~ q}� p{v — tm pz� �{v x{ |m ~��. T� xu -�ul yr s q� zu yu zr tzm �u �rx� z� — pxmo z�y ut zu� lo xl r� ~l {�{}y xr zur {� or} ~�uv |~m xul. Y �w try| -xl }{o ut Ym� �u �� {� or} ~�ul w}�p x�r u zm �{ ql� ~l {zu o ~|r �u mx� z�� y�� m� (�}�n wm�). U~m xuu utPmxm wrz �m uyr �� {� or} ~�ul {omx�z{v �{} y�; y�� {� ~�� ~� o� �� u tm yr zr z� }m~ �u }r zu l yu, ~�{q -z�yu ~ �r yu, ��{ uyr �� ~l zm |~m xu l� ut Wu mx wm, Ruz pr �m � }m uxu zm |~m xu l� �r} z{ p{ }{o ~w{ p{ �u |m.H|}{ �ry, zm xu �ur uxu {� ~�� ~� our y�� o {�{}y xr zuu {� or} ~�uv |~m xuv zr ~�{x� �s oms z�v |}u -tzmw — ut or~� z� |~m xuu }mt z�� u |{o, |}uyrzlo�ur {nm ~|{ ~{ nm {�{}y xr zul {� or} ~�uv u u~ |{x� t{ -omo �u r ~l {q z{ o}r yrz z{. Xmw, ~}r qu |~m xu ro w�} pm zm F} smz |}rq ~�m o xr z� wmw �w try | xl }� ~ |}{ ~��yu{� or} ~�u l yu, {�{}y xrz z� yu ��{x �r zu ry ~�r}s zl, �mw u ~ y�� m yu, |}u �ry uyr �� ~l u |r }r �{q z�r�{} y� {� {q z{v }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�u w q}� p{v133. Pmw ~|}m orq xu o{ tm yr �m r� H. V. b} xu�, |~m xuu ut Ym� �u��lo xl �� ~l ~uz �r t{y «~u mx w{o ~w{ p{» �u |m �}r� q�} �m �� |~m xuv u z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m �}r� |r �rx� �m -�� ~ tm pz� �{v x{ |m ~��134. U}u ��{y {z {n� r qu zl r� u� o {quz �u| ~ �}r� q�} �m �� yu |~m xu l yu �u |mzmv qrz z�� o w�} pm zr Lm n{ �uz 524 u �m }mw �r} z�� sr qxl }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o. b�u |~m xuu,{q zm w{, uyr �� oms z{r {� xu �ur {� zmv qrz z�� o Ym� �u �� u Pm xm wrz �r — � zu� {� ~�� ~� o� r� tm pz� �mlx{|m~��, m w{ zr� {�{}y xrz uxu o ou qr tmpz��{ p{ ~�r}s zl (Lm n{ �uz 524), uxu |}{ ~�{ |}l y{v (Xr zr -�uz wm 183). P}{ yr �{ p{, o~r {zu zmv qr z� oyr~�r ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z� yu }mz zr ~wu� ~wu yu �qu xm yu.U~m xuu �u |m zmv qrz z�� o Ym� �u �� u Pm xm wrz �r |}rq ~�m o xl �� ~{ n{v }rq wuv |r }r �{q z�v �u|, ou qu y{,zr |{ x� �uo �uv �u }{ w{ p{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul u ~� �r ~� o{ omo �uv zr q{x p{. Tzu zmv qr z� o nxut wu�, �{ �lu }mt qr xrz z�� Pmo wmt ~wuy �}rn �{y, }mv {zm�, pqr ou qu y{, u ~x{ sux ~l ��{� �u|, {n� r qu zlo �uv �m }m w -�r} z�r qxl qo�� }mv {z{o �{} y� |~m xuv — }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�r w ~r or }� {� Pmo wm tm x{ |m ~� z�r |~m xuuz{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m, u }rq wur o U}rq wmo wm t�r, z{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�r o Mm wmo wm t�r u N}m zr �}r� q�} -�m ��r |~m xuu «~u mx w{o ~w{v» }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�u. U{ x{ sr zur w�} pm zm Ym� �u �� o ~u ~ �r yr {� z{ ~u �rx� z{v�}{ z{ x{ puu |m yl� zu w{o |}rq ~wu� ~w{ p{ u }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ |r }u { q{o �nr qu �rx� z{ {n{~ z{ om z{ H. V. b} -xu �{y — ��{� |m yl� zuw |}u zmq xr su� w ~m y{ y� |{tq zr y� ��m |� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{v p}�| |� u o�{ qu�o p}�| |� |r }r �{q z�� w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v �|{ �r |m yl� zu w{o135. Wuz �}{ zu tm �ul ��{ p{ |m yl� zu wm ~ 47 |{ -p}r nr zu ry Pm xm wrz �m qm r� r�r {q z� {|{} z�� {� w� qxl qm �u }{o wu |{tq zu� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wu� |m yl� zu -w{o — |{ p}r nr zur Pm xm wrz �m o}lq xu y{ sr� n�� qm �u }{ om z{ |{t sr }� nr sm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �.

131 J}� pur ~�{q z�r |{ l ~m {n zm }� sr z� �mw sr o |{ p}r nr zu l�

49 (oyr ~�r ~ wxm~ ~u �r ~wu yu �qu xm yu «m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m»),

95, 98, 189, 6 (Kalakent), ~y. Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 26,

41, 43. Tn ��{v p}�| |r |{ l ~{o ~y. Esayan 1984, 119–132.132 b} xu� 1994, 25–26, �mn. 5; Dietz 1998, 122, Nr. 461–467,

Taf. 33. U~m xuv ut Rrq ou zm, {� zr ~rz z�v Y. Q. Ju�� w �{ y� sr

�u |� (Dietz 1998, 122, Nr. 468, Taf. 33), ~� �r ~� orz z{ {� xu -

�mr�~l {� |~m xuv ut Ym� �u ��.133 I}lt z{o 1980, 47–49, }u~. 30; Grjaznov 1984, 65–67,

Abb. 30.134 b} xu� 1994, 102.135 b} xu� 1994, 29–33, 101–103.

179

Vu~. 85 1–8. Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm � ��. Fxrw~rro~wuv nxut W�mo }{|{xl. 9–17. Sm�{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 47 zrw}{|{xl Pmxm wrz� � Pu}{omnmqm. 9. Lrxrt{; {~�mx�z{r n}{ztm

U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 77 (1–8); Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 19; 76 (9–17)

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Pmw �sr p{ o{ }u x{~�, o xu �r }m �� }r {n�� z{ ~�u �m r� ~l, ��{ |{ l o xr zur �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu|~m xu l yu w ~r or }� {� Pmo wmt ~w{ p{ �}rn �m {n� l~ zl r� ~l u� tm uy ~� o{ om zu ry ut Ur }rq zrv Ftuu. Sm{~z{or ��{ p{ |}rq |{ x{ sr zul qr xm r� ~l o� o{q {n ��m ~�uu q{ ~ wu� ~w{ p{ zm ~r xr zul U}u �r} z{ y{ }�l o|r}rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm� u { qm �u }{o wm� |}rq ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�. Xm w{r |}rq ~�m o xr zur wm sr� ~l, {qzm -w{, or~� ym �| }{ �rz z�y.

U}r s qr o~r p{, ~{ or} �rz z{ zr |{ zl� z{, |{ �r y� |}uz �u| ut p{ �{ o xr zul �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� -yu |~m xu l yu ~�u �m r� ~l ~|r �u �u �r ~wu |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�y. H}lq xu u~ |{x� t{ om zur ��{ p{ |}uz �u |muyr r� rqu z�v �rz�} |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul u o{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z�r ~ |~m -xu l yu �qu xm |{ l o xl �� ~l q{ ~ �m �{� z{ |{tq z{. H ~o{r o}r yl O. U{ � }m� o� qr xux �m wur �qu xm o III yr ~{ -|{ �my {-rpu |r� ~wuv �u| u ~ol t� omx rp{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zur ~ Wr or} z�y Pmo wm t{y136. N~ |{x� t{ om zur ��{p{�u |m o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu {z qm �u }{ omx VII–V oo. q{ z. �. Tq zm w{ u~ |{x� t{ omz z�� uy qmz z�� ~{ or} �rz -z{ zr q{ ~ �m �{� z{ qxl �m w{v qm �u }{o wu. H wm �r ~� or rr pxmo z�� {|{} z�� |�z w �{o {z zm t� omx zm �{qwu�qux o Ur} ~r |{ xr u o ~x{r |r} ~uq ~w{ p{ }mt p}{ ym (480 p. q{ z. �.) o F�u zm�137. Tq zm w{ ��u zm �{q wu y{p��{n{~ z{ o� om�� o w}mv zry ~x� �mr or}� z�� qm �� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul �m wu� �qux, z{ zu wmw zr zus z��. X{sr or} z{ u qxl qmz z��, zm w{ �{ }�r {|u }mx ~l U. R� }u. T~ z{ o� om l~� |}r s qr o~r p{ zm zm �{q wm� �qux��{ p{ �u |m o zr w }{ |{ xr Jr or [� � wm (yr s q� 480 u 380 pp. q{ z. �.)138 u o Ur} ~r |{ xr (o {~ z{o z{y �|{ �mFxr w ~mz q }m Rm wr q{z ~w{ p{)139, {z ~ol tmx rp{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zur ~ |r} ~uq ~w{v m} yu rv, ~�u �ml, ��{ o~rqm�u }{ omz z�r zm �{q wu qmz z{ p{ �u |m {� z{ ~l� ~l uyrz z{ w |r} ~uq ~w{v �|{ �r (��. 86, 1– 4)140. Tz |{xm -pmx, w}{ yr �{ p{, ��{ o{ {n �r �qu xm, sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z�r ~ |~m xu l yu, |{ l o xl �� ~l o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu ow{z �r VII o. q{ z. �. u o� �r~ zl �� m }m w �r} z�r qxl n{ xrr }mz zr p{ |r }u { qm �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |{q ous -z� yu |~m xu l yu141. b�m qm �m, {q zm w{, zu wmw zr n� xm {n{~ z{ om zm. N. S. Rrq orq ~wml, {� yr �uo ~xm n{~��m} p� yrz �m �uu U. R� }u, |{ |� �m xm~� qm �u }{ om�� |r }r �{q {� �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu w �qu xmy ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r -| xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu. Tzm ~|}m orq xu o{ tm yr �u xm, ��{ o VII o. q{ z. �. �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu oMmwmo wm t�r �sr zr u~ |{x� t{ om xu~�. U}u ��{y N. S. Rrq orq ~wml ~�u �m xm, ��{ tm yr zm �qux ~ zm |� ~w z�yu�qu xm yu ~ �rx� z{ xu �� yu |~m xu l yu |}{ ut{� xm zm }� nr sr VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �. Tq zm w{ u rr {n{~ z{ om -zur ��{v qm �� |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l or~� ym ~xm n�y. Tzm {~ z{ o� om xm~� |{� �u u~ wx� �u �rx� z{ zm qm �u }{owrzm �{ q{w ~ �rx� z{ xu �� yu |~m xu l yu o |{tq zr z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� U}u �r} z{ y{ }�l, w{ �{ }�r{�z{ ~uxm, o ~{ {� or� ~� ouu ~ |}u zl �� yu �{ p qm |}rq ~�m o xr zu l yu, w |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VII o. q{ z. �.142 b�mqm�u }{o wm |{ ~x� su xm pxmo z�y {~ z{ om zu ry qm �u }{o wu |{ p}r nr zul 74 zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B, ~{ qr} sm �rp{�qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu. Xr |r}�, {q zm w{, N. S. Rrq orq ~wml q{xs zm n� tzm �u �rx� z{ �q }ro zu��~o{� qm �� { p{ |{ p}r nr zul, |{ ~w{x� w� zm �{q wu ut |}rq ~wu� ~wu� |{ p}r nr zuv o U}u �r} z{ y{ }�r qm �u -}� �� ~l ~rv �m~ (o{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr, r�) |}u yr} z{ zm orw }mz� �r, o ~{ {� or� ~� ouu ~ {n �uy �q }ro zr zu ry}mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�143.

Tq zm w{ ~yr zm �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu �qu xm yu ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu o Ur }rq zrv Ftuuy{sr� n�� ~ �m z{ o xr zm u |{ ~m yuy |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�y ym �r }u m xmy, nrt u~ |{x� t{ om zul |}u �r} z{ -y{}~wu� mzm x{ puv. T~{ n�� }{x� up }m �� tqr~� ~or qr zul {n �}m}� ~w{v w{z ~w{v �| }l su, ~� �r ~� orz z{{� xu�mo �rv ~l {� tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~w{v �t q�. Vmt ou �ur �}m}� ~w{v �| }l su y{s z{ |}{ ~xr qu�� zm �u zml|}uyr} z{ ~ }� nr sm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �. Sr ~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ tzm �u �rx� zml �m~�� }m}� ~wu� ym �r }u m x{o|}{ u~ �{ qu� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w u, ~{ {� or� ~� orz z{, zr y{ sr� n�� qm �u }{ om zm |{ �~ x{ ou lyzm�{q wu, {| }r qr xu�� qm �� zr w{ �{ }�� |}rq yr �{o y{s z{ |{ uyr � �uy ~l zm zu� zmq |u ~ly.

136 Potratz 1966, 116–117, ~}. Potratz 1941–1944, 14, 18–27.137 Potratz 1966, 123–124.138 Moorey 1980, 70–72, Nr. 227–230, fig. 10.139 Schmidt 1939, 49, fig. 30; Schmidt 1957, 100, pl. 78, 2–4; 79,

7–9. W}. Muscarella 1988, 213–214, Nr. 324.

140 Wo{q wu zm �{ q{w ~y. Moorey 1980, 71–72; Muscarella 1988,

213–214.141 Moorey 1971, 112, 127.142 Rrq orq ~wml 1983, 61–64.143 Rrq orq ~wml 1992, 86–107.

181

Vu~. 86 G}{zt{o�r �quxm |r}~uq~w{p{ �u|m. 1. Ur}~r|{x�; 2. F�uz�, ~x{v |r}~uq~w{p{ }mtp}{ym; 3, 4. Jror [��w; 5, 6. Rr ~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{, Puro~wuv u~�{}u�r~wuv y�trv

U{ Muscarella 1988, 213, Nr. 324 (1); Yıldırım 1987, Abb. 35 (2); Moorey 1980, fig. 10, Nr. 227, 228 (3, 4); Xu�rzw{ 1954, }u~. 2, 3 (5, 6)

1 2

3 4

5 6

0 6

182

Sm u n{ xrr }mz zrv ut or~� z{v �{} y{v �}m}� ~wu� �qux n� xu n}{z t{ o�r �qu xm ~ |{q ous z� yu zm |� -~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, wmw |}m ou x{ ~ {�{ pz� �� yu zm }� s� w{z �m yu («x� w{ ouq z�r») u |r� xl yu qxl }ry zrv�t q�, |}u �ry ut or~� z� u sr xrt z�r �w try | xl }� ��{ p{ �u |m. U{ qr �m xly {�{}y xr zul |~m xuv }mt xu �m -r� ~l zr ~w{x� w{ om }u mz �{o, ~� �r ~� o{ omo �u� {q z{ o}r yrz z{144. W}r qu �qux ��{ p{ �u |m uyr r� ~l qor zm q -�m�� w try | xl }{o ~ zmq |u ~l yu �m }l Rr z�m ({w{ x{ 810–785 pp. q{ z. �.): {quz ut zu� {n zm }� srz |}u}m~ w{| wm� Xrv �r nm u zu (��. 87, 1)145, {~ �mx� z�r |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w u �}m zl� ~l o}mt xu� z�� y� tr l� u �m ~� z�� ~{ n }m zu l� o X�} �uu u tm rr |}r qr xm yu (��. 87, 3, 4)146.

T� ��u� �qux |{ ~o{ rv w{z ~� }�w �uu }m qu wmx� z{ {� xu �m �� ~l �qu xm ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m -xulyu. H zm ~�{ l �rr o}r yl ut or~� z{ �}u �w try | xl }m �m wu� �qux, zmq |u ~m z�� uyr zry �m }l Wm} q� }u II({w. 760–730 pp. q{ z. �.). H~r �}u �w try | xl }m |}u zmq xr sm� w {q z{ y� �u |�, ozr o~l w{ p{ ~{ y zr zul,loxl� �r y� ~l }mt ou �u ry {|u ~mz z{ p{ o� �r �u |m �qux �|{ �u Rr z�m, w w{ �{ }�y {zu �}rt o� �mv z{nxutwu |{ �{} yr. H~r ut or~� z�r �qu xm ��{ p{ �u |m nu yr �mx xu �r ~wur — ~ sr xrt z� yu y�zq �� wm yusr~� w{ ~w}r | xr z� n}{z t{ o�r |~m xuu, zm w{ �{ }�r u zm zr ~r z� zmq |u ~u. Tquz �w try | xl} �m wu� �qux ~zmq |u ~�� Wm} q� }u {n zm }� srz oyr ~�r ~ q}� pu yu |}rq yr �m yu w{z ~w{ p{ �n{ }m |}u }m~ w{| wm� Xrv �r nmu -zu (ut-tm ~ux� z{v w{} }{ tuu ~{ �}m zu xu~� xu�� zr tzm �u �rx� z�r �}mp yrz �� y�zq �� wm) (��. 87, 2)147,qom q}� pu� |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w Ft zm o�} �r |r u �}m zl� ~l o y� trr Fqm z� (��. 87, 5)148.Jom |{ ~ xrq zu� �w try | xl }m, � w{ �{ }�� ~{ �}m zu xu~� y�zq �� wu, |{ wm t� om ��, ��{ {zu uyr xu �{} y�~w}� �rz z�� |}�� ro. P}{ yr zmq |u ~mz z{ p{ �w try | xl }m, zm Xrv �r nm u zu {n zm }� sr z{ r�r {quz zm q �m��|m} �qux �{ p{ sr �u |m nrt zmq |u ~rv149.

Xm wuy {n }m t{y, o~r ut or~� z�r q{ ~u� |{} qm �u }� r y�r zmq |u ~l yu �w try | xl }� �}m}� ~wu� �qux ~zm|� ~w z� yu |{q ous z� yu |~m xu l yu |}u zmq xr sm� �|{ �r Rr z�m, o~r ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu -lyu — �|{ �r Wm} q� }u II. Nt or ~� z� u |r }r �{q z�r �{} y� yr s q� ��u yu qo� yl ou qm yu �qux. Tzu uyr��{n�� z�r qxl �}m}� ~w{v �t q� |~m xuu q� p{ ouq z{v �{} y� ~ {�{ pz� �� yu zm }� s� w{z �m yu, z{ zr ~ �}ryluxu �r ��}� yl |r� xl yu, wmw o �|{ �� Rr z�m, m ~ qo� yl, wmw o �|{ �� Wm} q� }u (��. 87, 6, 7). Xu |{ x{ pu -�r ~wu ��u �qu xm ~�{ l� yr s q� �qu xm yu �|{ �u Rr z�m u Wm} q� }u II: u� |~m xuu |{ �{} yr uqrz �u� z�o�{}�y, {q zm w{ o zu� r�r u~ |{x� t� r� ~l m} �m u� z�v |}uz �u| zm |� ~w z�� qux, ��{ ~nxu sm r� u� ~ |r} -o� yu150. P ~{ sm xr zu�, o~r {zu |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w u zr uyr �� zmq |u ~rv, �mw ��{y{ p�� n�� qm �u }{ om z� xu�� ut �u |{ x{ pu �r ~wu� ~{ {n }m sr zuv. R{s z{ |}rq |{ x{ su��, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{,��{ |r }r �{q {� {q z{v w{z ~� }�w �uu �qux w q}� p{v o Y}m} �� |}u yr} z{ ~{ {� or� ~� o� r� |r }u { q� |}m o xr zulF} pu� �u I, �m} ~� o{ omo �r p{ yr s q� Rr z�m u Wm} q� }u II, �. r. |r} o{v �}r �u VIII o. q{ z. �.

b�{� o� o{q |{q �or} sqm r� ~l u ym �r }u m xm yu }m~ w{ |{w [m tmz x� IV. W}r qu yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�� zm �{ q{ww{z ~w{v �t q� o rp{ �u zmx� z{y ~x{r (w{ zr� IX o. q{ z. �., ~y. zu sr) {n zm }� srz rquz ~� orz z�v �w try | -xl} �qux, �rx� z{ xu �� ~ |~m xu l yu (��. 80, 5)151. U{ o~ry |}u tzm wmy ��u �qu xm |}rq ~�m o xl �� ~{ n{vy{ qu �u wm �u� zr �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, �mw sr zmv qrz z�� o �r� or} �{y ~x{r [m tmz x�, m w{x� -�m �� qux ~ {� qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu. R�z q� �� wu, wmw u zm n{x� �uz ~� or �qux ��{ p{ �u|mut [m tmzx�, uyr �� x{s z{ ou �� {} y�; �{} ym |~m xuv |}m w �u �r ~wu ~{o |m qm r� ~ �{} y{v �u |u� z�� qxl[m tmz x� {�qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z�� |~m xuv: {zu uyr �� ouq ~�r}s zrv ~ {q zuy tm pz� ��y w{z �{y. Sm ��u�

144 Yıldırım 1987, 470–482.145 K}r omz, N~ �{ }u �r ~wuv y� trv F} yr zuu, №�2010–77: Uu{ -

� }{o ~wuv 1955, 17, 43, }u~. 34 (�|{ yu zm r� ~l zm �{q wm qo�� qux

o p}�| |r n}{z t{ o�� m ~ �rv qo�� w{z ~wu� �n{ }{o ~ zmq |u ~l yu

Rr z�m; zr l~ z{ n� xu xu zmq |u ~u zm {n{ u� �qu xm� uxu zm {q -

z{y �w try | xl }r); Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1959, 155, }u~. 23; Uu {� }{o -

~wuv 1970, №�57; Yıldırım 1987, 470–471, Abb. 1.146 Yıldırım 1987, 471–473, Abb. 2–4, 6–10, ~}. Gropp 1981,

95–96, 99–102, Taf. I a; Belli 1983, 373–386; Vanden Berghe,

De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 146, Nr. 57–58;

Özgen 1984, 101, fig. 25–26. Sr�� rz z�r o ~o{q wr V. O�x q� -

}� ym �w try | xl }�: ut ~{ n }m zul Z{ }� pu o N}m zr: Ghirshman

1966, 219 u ut S��-O{} wm (Ariadne Galleries Inc.): Seidl 1991,

82, Nr. 31.147 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1970, №�56; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer,

Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 47, Nr. 59; Yıldırım 1987, 483,

Abb. 24.148 Taşyürek 1975, 153, pl. XXXII c; XXXIV a, b; Yıldırım 1987,

483, Abb. 25, 26.149 Y|{ yl z� ��: Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 217 (zr {|�n xu w{ om z�).150 Özgen 1979, 125, fig. 12–13; Özgen 1984, 101, fig. 24; Yıldı -rım 1987, 473–474, Abb. 11–13.151 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 69–70, fig. 14; de Schauensee

1989, 47, fig. 17.

183

Vu~. 87 Y}m}�~wml w{z~wml �tqm. 1, 3, 4. Yquxm ~ zmq|u~�� m}l Rrz�m; 2, 5. Yquxm ~ zmq|u~�� m}l Wm}q�}u II; 6–12. Ytqm nrt zmq |u~rv;

1, 2. Pm}yu}-Gx�}; 3, 8, 9. R�trv Imtumz�r|m; 4. R�trv Hmzm; 5. Ftzmo�}�r|r; 6, 7. R�trv bxlt�pm; 10, 11. R�trv Fqmz�; 12. Zuxmqrx� �uv~wuv y�trv. 2, 5. G}{ztm u srxrt{; {~�mx�z{r n}{ztm

U{ Uu{�}{o~wuv 1955, }u~. 34 (1); Yıldırım 1987, Abb. 2, 6, 26, 24, 13, 11, 14, 15, 21, 44 (2–12)

5

6 8

11

1 32

4

7

9

12

10

184

w{z �m� uyr �� ~l ~�u xu t{ om z�r p{ x{o wu su o{� z��, q}� p{v w{ zr� tm or} �m r� ~l }m~ �u }r zu ry. P}�p x�r{� or} ~�ul |~m xuv }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o }m~ �u }r zu l�, �rz � }mx� z{r {� or} ~�ur tm yr zr z{ w{x� �{y qxl w}r | xr -zul |{ o{ qm, tm or} �m � �uy y�zq ��w.

Xm wuy {n }m t{y, y{s z{ |{ xm pm��, ��{ zm }� nr sr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �. o }mv {zr Rmz z�, tm zu ymo �rv|r }r q{ o{r |{ x{ sr zur o {n xm ~ �u w{ zr o{q ~� om, ~�m xu |{ l o xl�� ~l |r} o�r �w try | xl }� w{z ~wu� �qux,�rx� z{ xu �� ~ |~m xu l yu. Ur} o{ zm �mx� z{ {zu o{~ |}{ ut o{ qu xu �u }{ w{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�r w �{ y� o}r -yr zu qo� �m ~� z�r �qu xm ~ w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu u ~w}r | xlo �u r ~l ~ zu yu ~ |{ y{ �� }ry zrv �}r� -q�} �m ��r |~m xuu ~ tm pz� ��y w{z �{y. Mm �ry ��{� |}uz �u| w{z ~� }�w �uu �t q� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zux ~l o ~{ ~rq -zrr Y}m} ��, |{ w{ }uo �rr �m~�� Rmz z�, u, ou qu y{, �sr w zm �m x� o�{ }{v �}r �u VIII o. q{ z. �. o� �r~ zux}m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�v tqr~� }m zrr |}uz �u| ~o{ n{q z{ p{ ~w}r | xr zul �qux ~ |~m xu l yu. U}u ��{y z{ o�r�}m}� ~wur sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z�r �qu xm |}{ q{x sm xu, wmw |}m ou x{, �{} y� n{ xrr }mz zu� �qux ~ |{q ous z� -yu zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu.

H Mm wmo wm t�r �mw sr ut or ~ �rz }lq zm �{ q{w �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu uz�� }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�rv, �ry{|u ~m z�r o� �r �qu xm m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m. ]m~�� ut zu� {n zm }� su om r� ~�{q ~� o{ ~ �}m}� ~wu yu �qu xm yu�{ p{ sr |r }u { qm, ��{, o{t y{s z{, {n� l~ zl r� ~l �}m}� ~wuy oxu l zu ry. Xmw, |{ q{n z�r �qu xm n� xu {n zm -}� sr z� o |{ p}r nr zuu � ~r xm Rm wm} �rz o F} yr zuu (��. 88, 1)152. U~m xuu ��u� �qux uyr �� qor |r� xu,}m~ |{ x{ srz z�r o |r} |rz qu w� xl} z{v w{x� �� |{ o{ qm |x{ ~ w{ ~�u, wmw u � }l qm q}� pu� }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�rvtmwmo wmt ~wu�, u}mz ~wu� u �}m}� ~wu� �qux. Tzu uyr �� q� p{ {n }mt z�� ~uy yr� }u� z�� {} y�, ~�{q z��~ �{}y{v |~m xu v {n�� z�� }m}� ~wu� �qux, z{ {� xu �� ~l �ry, ��{ u� w{z �� {�{ pz� �� zr zm }� s� ({��rw w{zl), m zm tmq, �. r. o �� ~�{ }{ z�, w w{ �{ }{v w}r |l� ~l |r� xu. Yqu xm ��{ p{ �u |m, w ~{ sm xr zu�,|}{u~�{ ql �ur ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w, ut or~� z� u zm �r} }u �{ }uu ~m y{ p{ Y}m} �� (�}m zl� ~l o y� trrImtumz �r |m) (��. 87, 8, 9)153. P{z �� u� |~m xu ro �w }m �r z� ut{ n}m sr zu l yu �mx x{ ~{o.

H ~{ ~�mo ym wm} �rz ~w{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m, w}{ yr n}{z t{ o�� qux, o�{ qu x{ qor w}�p x�� n}{z t{ o�� nxl�uo� |� w x{v �{} y�, tm or} �m � �ur ~l «�u �r� w{v»; ~ {n }m� z{v ~�{ }{ z� uyr r� ~l |r� xl (��. 88, 2, 3).Gxl �u mzm x{ pu� z{v �{} y� o�{ qu xu o ~{ ~�mo {n zm }� srz z{ p{ |}u }m~ w{| wm� Xrv �r nm u zu w{z ~w{ p{zmn{ }m ~ zmq |u ~l yu Rr z�m (�m wml zmq |u~� uyr r� ~l u zm {q z{v ut nxl�)154. Tq zm w{ |{ q{n z�r nxl �uo�{ qu xu u o ~{ ~�mo |}{ u~ �{ ql �r p{ {� �� qm sr w{z ~w{ p{ zm n{ }m ~ zmq |u ~l yu Wm} q� }u II (rp{ uyl �mw srzm zr ~r z{ zm {q z� ut nxl�)155. Nt or ~�rz �mw sr u }lq q}� pu� ~�{q z�� nxl�, o �{y �u~ xr u zmq |u ~mz z��uyr zm yu �}m}� ~wu� �m }rv, zm �u zml ~ N� |� u zu, {q zm w{ u� �{} ym n{ xrr uxu yr zrr {� xu �m r� ~l {�zmvqrz z�� o Rm wm} �r zr156. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, �{} ym nxl� zr |{ t o{ xl r� �{� zrr qm �u }{ om�� zmv qrz z�ro Rmwm} �r zr �qu xm. Sr �qm� z{ u� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zur ~ �qu xm yu ut Xrv �r nm u zu, zmq |u ~mz z� yu uyr zryRrz�m, w{ �{ }{r |}rq xm pm r� F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~lz157: ��u �qu xm |}u zmq xr sm� w uz{ y� �u |� (~y. o� �r). K�rqmx� �r {� zu� �qu xm ~ uyr zry Wm} q� }u ut Xrv �r nm u zu (~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zur u� ~ ym wm} �rz ~wuy �w try | xl -}{y �mw sr |}rq xm pm r� ~l F. F. Rm} �u }{ ~l z{y). Pmw y� ou qr xu, {zu zr �{x� w{ |}u zmq xr sm� uz{ y� �u|�,z{ u u~ |{x� t� �� uz{v, n{ xrr |{tq zuv, ~|{ ~{n ~w}r | xr zul �qux u |~m xuv.

Jom �w try | xl }m n}{z t{ o�� qux }m~ ~ym � }u om r y{ p{ �u |m n� xu �mw sr {n zm }� sr z� o |{ p}r nr zuu1961 p. zm tm |mq z{v {w }m u zr Pu }{ om wm zm (��. 88)158. N� |~m xuu, wmw u zm �}m}� ~wu� �qu xm� ut Im tumz -�r| ~w{ p{ y� trl, tm or} �m �� ~l ut{ n}m sr zu l yu �mx x{ ~{o. P}{ yr �qux, o ~{ ~�mo w{y | xr w ~m o�{ qu xun}{z t{ o�r nxl �u {� w{z ~w{v �t q� �{ p{ sr �u |m, ��{ u o |{ p}r nr zuu Rm wm} �r zm, m �mw sr zr ~w{x� w{w{ x{ w{x� �u w{o. P{ x{ w{x� �u wu w{ z� ~{ ouq z�r, ~ sr xrt z� yu lt�� wm yu. U{ q{n z�r w{ x{ w{x� �u wu �u}{ -w{ |}u yr zl xu~� o �}m}� ~w{v �t qr u u� zm �{q wu �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z�159. Jxl qm �u }{o wu �mwu� w{ x{ w{x� -�uw{o {~{ n{r tzm �r zur uyr r� �w try | xl}, zmq |u ~mz z�v uyr zry Wm} q� }u II160. Tq zm w{, ou qu y{, �m wurw{ x{ w{x� �u wu |}u yr zl xu~� u o n{ xrr }mz zrr o}r yl — {zu o�{ qu xu o ~{ ~�mo w{z ~w{ p{ �n{ }m ut Xrv�r -

152 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 212, }u~. 84, 1.153 Yıldırım 1987, 474, Abb. 14, 15.154 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1955, 43–44, }u~. 36, 37.155 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 212; Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1970, №�56.156 Wy. Belli 1976–77, 177–192; Özgen 1984, 104–107.157 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 212; U{ p }r n{ om 1984, 67.

158 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 213–217, �mn. XXI, 19–20.159 Vanden Berghe, de Meyer 1983, Nr. 62–73; Özgen 1984,

110–111; Seidl 1991, Nr. 20, 45, 60, 61.160 Kellner 1987, 22, Taf. 24, 1. P{ x{ w{x� �u wu, zmq |u ~mz z�r

uyr zry F} pu� �u (Belli 1976–77, 204–205, Res. 11, Taf. 27–

28) uyr �� n{ xrr o� �l z� �� {} y�.

185

Vu~. 88 1–3. U}rqyr�� w{z~w{v �tq� ut }mt}��rzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul � ~. Rmwm}�rz, F}yrzul. 4–16. Sm�{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul zm tm|mqz{v {w}muzr Pu}{omwmzm, }m~w{|wu 1961 p. 1–3, 5, 7, 9–16. G}{ztm; 4, 6, 8. Lrxrt{

U{ Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 84 (1–3); �mn. XXI (4–16)

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Vu~. 89 Sm�{qwu ut «o�{}{p{ w{y|xrw~m» ~ol�uxu�m Rrxmmzu, o{~�{�zml I}�tul. 1–12, 17–24. G}{ztm; 13–16. Lrxrt{

U{ Pizchelauri 1984, Abb. 53 –54

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188

nmuzu, �m~�� |}rq yr �{o w{ �{ }{ p{ ~zmn sr zm zmq |u ~l yu ~ uyr zry Rr z�m161. H ~{ ~�mo w{y | xr w ~m wu }{ -om wmz ~w{ p{ |{ p}r nr zul, w}{ yr |}rq yr �{o w{z ~w{v �t q�, o�{ qu xu �mw sr �}mp yrz �� u |u� z�� qxl�}m}� ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o ~r} |{ ouq z{ p{ sr xrt z{ p{ z{ sm, sr xrt z{ p{ zm w{ zr� zu wm w{ |�l u sr xrt z{ p{ yr�m,m �mw sr n}{z t{ o�r zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx �m }m w �r} z{v qxl ��{ p{ |r }u { qm �{} y� u n}{z t{ o�v |{ l~. H�rx{y w{y | xrw~, wmw u ym wm} �rz ~wuv, q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �or }rz z{ y{ sr� n�� qm �u }{ omz |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z{v,~w{ }rr |r} o{v �}r �� VIII o. q{ z. �. ]�{ wm ~m r� ~l N}m zm, �{ zm �{q wu �qux nxut w{v �{} y� tqr~� �mw srut or~� z�. Xmw, {zu n� xu {n zm }� sr z� |}u p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{| wm� zr w }{ |{ xl ]r� yr�-Rm �u o Q� }u -~�m zr162. P ~{ sm xr zu�, ~or qr zul { w{y | xr w ~r, o w{ �{ }{y n� xu zmv qr z� ��u �qu xm, {� ~�� ~� o� ��.

Nt or ~� z� zm �{q wu �m wu� �qux u zm �r} }u �{ }uu I}� tuu. Xmw, |~m xuv {� �m wu� �qux {n zm }� srz o~{~�m or wxm qm n}{z t{ o�� ut qr xuv ut Su p{ tr �u163. Jom �r x�� w try | xl }m o�{ qu xu o ~{ ~�mo «o�{ }{ p{w{y| xr w ~m» yr �mx xu �r ~wu� |}rq yr �{o ut o{ �{� z{p}�tuz ~w{ p{ ~ol �u xu �m Rr xm m zu (��. 89, 9, 12)164.U~m xuu {n{ u� �w try | xl }{o tm or} �m �� ~l �mx x{ {n }mt z� yu {w{z �m zu l yu. b�{� w{y | xrw~ �}rt o� �mv z{uz �r }r ~rz, �mw wmw ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� { ~{ ~� �r ~� o{ om zuu o �rz � }mx� z{y Mm wmo wm t�r zr ~w{x� wu� �u |{ow{z ~w{v �t q�. P}{ yr �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, o rp{ ~{ ~�mo o�{ qu x{ qr ~l�� n}{z t{ o�� u |l��srxrt z�� qux ~ w{x� �m �� yu {w{z �m zu l yu, w{ �{ }�r |}u yr zl xu~� ~ {� qrx� z{ ut p{ �{ o xrz z� yu |~m -xulyu. P}{ yr �{ p{, tqr~� sr |}rq ~�m o xr z� �qu xm ~ q�} �m �� yu zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, w{ �{ }�r |}{ -q{x sm �� «m} �mq t{} ~wuv» �u|. Tzu {� xu �m �� ~l {� }mz zu� {n }mt �{o �ry, ��{ |~m xuu uyr �� {} y� zr|}l y�� ~�r}szrv, m tm pz� �� ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z�. Sr w{ �{ }�r ut zu� ~ q}� p{v ~�{ }{ z� uyr �� }m~ �u }r -zur o �{} yr |x{ ~w{v �xl| wu. P}{ yr �qux, o �{� sr w{y | xrw~ o�{ qu xu n}{z t{ o�r nxl �u, ~{ or} �rz z{mzm x{ pu� z�r zmv qrz z�y o Rm wm} �r zr, n}{z t{ o�r u sr xrt z�r zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx �m }m w �r} z{ p{ qxlMm wmo wm t�l �u |m, n}{z t{ o�r |xm ~�u z� |{ l ~m, sr xrt z�v z{s (��. 89). P{y | xrw~ ~ol �u xu �m Rr xm m zuzr uyr r� �t w{v qm �� — ~ol�uxu �r u~ |{x� t{ om x{~� zm |}{ �l sr zuu zr ~w{x� wu� ~�{ xr �uv u n� x{ }mt -}��r z{, ou qu y{, o VII o. q{ z. �.165 Yqu xm ~�{q z{ p{ �u |m {n zm }� sr z� �mw sr o |{ p}r nr zuu 19 y{ pux� -zuwm Sm nm p }r nu nxut R��r ��166. Nz orz �m}� |{ p}r nr zul, w}{ yr n}{z t{ o�� |}rq yr �{o �t q� (n}{z t{ o�rnxl�u-�mxm}�, |m x{� wu-tm ~�rs wu) owx� �m r� �mw sr �m }m w �r} z�v n}{z t{ o�v yr�, sr xrt z�v wuz smx,n}{z t{ o�r ~�m �� wu {xr zrv, �u n� x� u q}. (��. 90). Zu n� xm |}u zmq xr su� w }mz zr y� �u |� ~ ~uy -yr�}u� z{v q� p{v |{��u nrt ��{x �r zul u ~xm n{ }m~ �u }rz z�y |}u ry zu w{y, w{ �{ }ml �m }m w �r} zm qxlp{}u t{z�m Tli C alt |{ �}{z{x{ puu I. P{~ ~m wm167. U{ ~{ ~�m o� uz orz �m }l w{y | xrw~, ou qu y{, y{ sr� n��qm�u }{ omz {w{ x{ X–IX oo. q{ z. �. Hr }{ l� z{, w �{v sr �|{ �r {� z{ ~u� ~l �}mp yrz �u }{ omz z�v |~m xuv ut|{p }r nrzul 46 y{pux� zuwm Xmw-Pu xu ~m (X}u m xr �u), w{ �{ }�v, o {� xu �ur {� |}r q� q� �u�, uyr r� �| x{ -�rz z{r {w{z �m zur (��. 67, 6)168. Nt or ~� z� o I}� tuu u zm �{q wu �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m -xulyu, zm |}u yr} o ~{~�m or wxm qm ut Rr� �u~-\u �r (n�o �ml Pm}c ~wml {n xm~��), pqr n}{z t{ o�v |~m xuv�m wu� �qux n�x zmvqrz oyr ~�r ~ zm n{ }{y n}{z t{ o�� { |{ }{o, �u |u� z�� wmw qxl o{ ~ �{� z{ wmo wmt ~w{ p{,�mw u tm |mq z{ wmo wmt ~w{ p{ }r pu { z{o (��. 91)169. W� ql |{ ��{v zm �{q wr, wxmq o}lq xu y{ sr� n�� qm �u -}{ omz }mz� �r o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII o. q{ z. �.

Sm w{ zr�, ~xr q� r� �|{ yl z�� }rt o� �mv z{ uz �r }r~ z�v w{y | xrw~ ut |{ p}r nr zul 16 y{ pux� zu wm X}r-xu II, }m~ w{ |mz z{ p{ zm �r} }u �{ }uu Xnu xu ~u (��. 92)170. b�{ |{ p}r nr zur, w}{ yr |}{ �r p{ uz orz �m}l, ~{ -qr} sm x{ 15 |m} w{z ~wu� �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu }mt xu� z�� u |{o, �m~�� ut w{ �{ }�� utp{�{ o xrzm�r xu w{y ut n}{z t�, m �m~�� uyr r� sr xrt z�r y�zq �� wu u n}{z t{ o�r |~m xuu. W}r qu zu� uyr r�~l qo{r�qux, nxut wu� �qu xmy ut Rm wm} �r zm u Pu }{ om wm zm. K�r |l�� w try | xl }{o �mw sr uyr �� |~m xuu, ~zmn -srz z�r qo� yl |r� xl yu, {quz w{ zr� w{ �{ }�� {�{ pz��, {n }m t�l |{ q{ nur t{{ y{}� z{v p{x{o wu. J}�pur

161 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1955, 43–46.162 Maleki 1964, 17, pl. VIII, 1.163 Fnr ~mq tr, Gm� �mq tr, Jom xu, Jsm |m }uq tr 1958, �mn. XX,

1–7; H{ }{ z{o 1980, }u~. 2, 57.164 Pizchelauri 1984, 66–68, Abb. 53–54.165 Uu� �r xm � }u 1979, 54–57.166 F|m wuq tr, Su w{ xmu �ou xu, Rr xu �m � }u, Wu �m }� xuq tr,

Wmq }mq tr 1982, 206–208, 216, }u~. 1575–1592.

167 Kossack 1983, 111.168 P�� uz 1941, 58, }u~. 56.169 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 125 (qm �u }� r� w{z �{y XII–XI oo.);

P{}uq tr 1965, 37–38, 154, }u~. 30 (qm �u }� r� X–VIII oo.);

H{}{ z{o 1980, 203–204 (qm �u }� r� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VIII–

VII oo. q{ z. �.).170 Abramischwili 1995a, 23–30, Abb. 1–11.

189

Vu~. 90 Nzorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul 19 y{pux�zuwm Smnmp}rnu nxut R��r��, I}�tul. 13, 15. Lrxrt{; {~�mx�z{r n}{ztm

U{ F|mwuqtr, Suw{xmu�ouxu u q}. 1982, }u~. 1576–1582

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�}u �w try | xl }m uyr �� mzm x{ pu� z{r {�{}y xr zur {w{z �m zuv |~m xuv, {q zm w{ |r� xu zm zu� tm yr zr z�w}�p x� yu {� or} ~�u l yu. b�u �qu xm nxut wu �qu xmy, {n zm }� srz z�y o Rr xm m zu. Sm w{ zr�, r�r �}u �w try -| xl }m ~�{q z� ~ �qu xm yu m} �mq t{} ~w{ p{ �u |m. H~r ��u �u |� �qux u~ |{x� t{ om xu~�, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, o qmz -z{y }r pu { zr {q z{ o}r yrz z{ o �r �r zur wm w{ p{-�{ |}{ yr s�� wm o}r yr zu. H �{y sr |{ p}r nr zuu {n zm }� sr -z� u q}� pur �xr yrz �� w{z ~w{v �t q�, mzm x{ pu� z�r {n zm }� srz z�y o �|{ yl z� �� w{y | xr w ~m�. b�{ n}{z -t{ o�r nxl �u, tm or} �m � �u r ~l �u �r� w{v u uyr � �ur |r� x� ~ {n }m� z{v ~�{ }{ z� u n}{z t{ o�r w{ z� ~{ -ouq z�r w{ x{ w{x� �u wu ~ sr xrt z� yu lt�� wm yu. Gxut wu w wu }{ om wmz ~wuy u zm w{ zr� zu wu ~�}rx u w{ |�l.N~ �{ ql ut nxu t{ ~�u uz orz �m }l, qmz z{r |{ p}r nr zur y{ sr� n�� |}u yr} z{ ~uz �}{ zu tu }{ om z{ ~ �wm tmz -z� yu o� �r w{y | xr w ~m yu. Sr u~ wx� �r z{, {q zm w{, ��{ {z{ qm �u }� r� ~l zr ~w{x� w{ }mz� �r, |{ ~w{x� w� rp{uz orz �m}� {n zm }� su om r� {| }r qr xrz z{r ~�{q ~� o{ ~ uz orz �m }ry Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o. Jmz z{r |{ p}r -nr zur tm zu ym r�, ou qu y{, |}{ yr s� �{� z{r |{ x{ sr zur yr s q� Ruz pr �m �} ~wu yu w�} pm zm yu u w{y | xr w ~myuRm wm} �r zm u Pu }{ om wm zm u {� z{ ~u� ~l, or }{ l� z{, w }� nr s� IX–VIII uxu zm�m x� VIII o. q{ z. �.

Fo �{} |�n xu wm �uu |{ p}r nr zul ~uz �}{ zu tu }� r� rp{ ~ n{x� �{v p}�| |{v |m yl� zu w{o, w{ �{ }�r, o~o{� {�r }rq�, |{ rp{ yzr zu� {q z{ o}r yrz z�. b�{ Ruz pr �m �} ~wur w�} pm z�, |{ p}r nr zur ut [m tmz x�,w�} pmz 2 � [{q sm x�, |{ p}r nr zul zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B, Rm x�v w�} pmz o Rux� ~w{-Pm}mnm�~w{v ~�r |uu q}. Ur }r �u~xrz z�r |m yl� zu wu o ~m y{y qr xr uyr �� yr s q� ~{ n{v zr w{ �{ }�r {n �ur �r} ��, {q zm w{,wmw �sr p{o{ }u x{~�, {n zm }� su om �� ~� �r ~� orz z�r �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wur }mt xu �ul u zr y{ p�� ~�u �m�� ~l{qz{ o}r yrzz� yu. ]�{ wm ~m r� ~l |{ p}r nr zul ut [m tmz x�, �{ ~~�x wm zr zr p{ o{ {n �r zr y{ sr� n�� |}u -zl �m o{ ozuym zul ut-tm {� ~�� ~� oul q{ ~ �{ or} z{v uz �{} ym �uu { ~qr xmz z�� o zry zm �{q wm� (~y. zu sr).W{ or} �rz z{ nrt {~ z{ om �rx� z� |{ |�� wu {n zm }� su�� o }m~ ~ym � }u om r y{y |{ p}r nr zuu ~wu� ~wur �r} ��171:w�} pmz z�r |{ p}r nr zul ~ qr }r olz z� yu w{z ~� }�w �u l yu, w{z ~wur u �r x{ or �r ~wur tm �{ }{ zr zul, ~{ |}{ o{ -s qm � �ur {~ z{o z{r |{ p}r nr zur, wmw u {~ �m� wu |{ yu z{w, o{ o~r zr lo xl �� ~l ~|r �u �u �r ~wu ~wu� ~wu yu�r} �m yu u ut or~� z� o n{x� �{y w{ xu �r ~� or w�x� ��} ~m y{ p{ }mt z{ p{ o}r yr zu. Su {q z{ p{ |}rq yr �m ~wu� -~w{ p{ {n xu wm o |{ p}r nr zuu zr {n zm }� sr z{ u {z{ ozr o~l w{ p{ ~{ y zr zul |}rq �r ~� o� r� �{} yu }{ om zu��{v w�x� �� }�. ]�{ wm ~m r� ~l mn ~{ x�� z{v qm �u }{o wu |{ p}r nr zul 16 y{ pux� zu wm X}r xu II, �{ V. Fn }m -yu �ou xu {� z{ ~u� rp{, wmw u q}� pur |m yl� zu wu, w{ �{ }�r {z ~ zuy ~uz �}{ zu tu }� r�, w VII o. q{ z. �.U}u ��{y {z |{x z{ ~�� ~xr q� r� tm F. N. Xr }r z{s wu z�y, zr |}u o{ ql z{ o�� m} p� yrz �{o o |{x� t� rp{qm �u }{o wu Ruz pr �m �} ~wu� w�} pm z{o. Tn {�u n{� z{ ~�u ��{v qm �u }{o wu �sr p{ o{ }u x{~� o� �r. Sr n{x� -�r q{ wm tm �rx� z{v ~u x� uyr �� u ~~�x wu zm u~ �{ }u �r ~w�� ~u �� m �u�, |{q w{ �{ }{v |{q }m t� yr om ��~l|{�{ q� wuy yr }uv �ro u ~wu �{o o Mm wmo wm t�r. Fo �{} u~ �{ qu� tqr~� ut |}rq |{ x{ sr zul { �{y, ��{ zmtomz -z{r |{ p}r nr zur {~ �m o xr z{ wuy yr }uv �m yu uxu ~wu �m yu, qxl �r p{, wmw �sr �wm t� om x{~�, zr� zuwm wu�{~ z{ om zuv: ~�r| z�r �xr yrz �� o zry {� ~�� ~� o� �� u uz orz �m}� uyr r� o|{x zr tm wmo wmt ~wuv {n xuw.

H{t o}m �m l~� w �qu xmy ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, ~xr q� r� tm yr �u��, ��{ {zu, o{t y{s z{, u~ |{x� t{ -om xu~� o Mm wmo wm t�r zr ~w{x� w{ q{x� �r, �ry o Y}m} ��, {q zm w{, ou qu y{, zr zm yz{ p{ u o� �{ ql� ut �|{ -� }rn xr zul r�r o |}r qr xm� VIII o. q{ z. �. H{ o~l w{y ~x� �mr, zu {q z{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m ~ �qu xm yu ��{ p{ �u|mo�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �. o Mm wmo wm t�r zr ut or~� z{.

H~r qm �u }{ omz z�r �}m}� ~wur �qu xm n{ xrr |{tq zr p{ o}r yr zu, �ry �|{ �m Wm} q� }u II, |}u zmq xr sm�qo�y �u |my — uxu ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu, uxu ~ {� qrx� z� yu |~m xu l yu. Su {q z{ p{ �w try | xl }m �qux~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �. o Y}m} �� u zm |}u xr pm � �u� �r} }u �{ }u -l� zr ut or~� z{; {zu, {�r ouq z{, n� xu |{x z{ ~�� o� �r~ zr z� �qu xm yu ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu.H ��{v ~ol tu uz �r }r~ z� ym �r }u m x�, {n zm }� srz z�r o �}r�� rv p}{n zu �r Fx ��z �r |r (��. 100). b�m p}{n -zu �m, {�r ouq z{, |}u zmq xr smo �ml yr ~� z{ y� |}m ou �r x�, n�o �r y� ~{ o }r yrz zu w{y �}m}� ~w{ p{ �m }lF}pu� �u II (714 – {w{ x{ 685 pp. q{ z. �.), zm qrs z{ qm �u }� r� ~l |{ zmv qrz z�y o zrv |}rq yr �my ~ zmq |u -~l yu172. Tzm ~{ qr} sm xm ~}r qu q}� p{ p{ uz orz �m }l |{ yrz� �rv yr }r �r~�� zm n{ }{o w{z ~w{v �t q�, ��{|{ t o{ xl r� ~{ ~�m ou�� q{ ~ �m �{� z{ |{x z{r |}rq ~�m o xr zur {n �}m}� ~w{v �t qr �|{ �u F} pu� �u II173. Nt ��u��r ~ �u zm n{ }{o � �r �� }r� �qu xm sr ~� w{ ~w}r | xr z� ~ |~m xu l yu, m � qo�� — ut p{ �{ o xr z� {� qrx� z{; zu{q z{ p{ �w try | xl }m �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu o p}{n zu �r zr {n zm }� sr z{.

171 Abramischwili 1995a, 32–33.172 Özgüç 1961, 274; Özgüç 1969, 68–74.

173 Özgüç 1989, 409–419.

191

Vu~. 91 Pxmq n}{zt{o�� utqrxuv ut Rr��u~-\u�r, I}�tul

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Vu~. 92 Nzorz�m}� |{p}rnrzul 16 y{pux�zuwm X}rxu II o Xnu xu~u. 1–15, 18–21, 25, 29–34, 39–41, 44–50. G}{ztm; 16, 35. Lrxrt{; 17, 22–24, 26–28, 36–38. P{~��; 42, 43, 51–60. G}{ztm u srxrt{

U{ Abramischwili 1995a, Abb. 1–6

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N�mw, |r} o�r {n }mt �� sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z�� ~ |~m xu l yu �qux |{ l o xl �� ~l o w{z �r IX o. q{ z. �.([mtmz x� IV). Sr w{ �{ }{r o}r yl {zu ~{ ~� �r ~� o� �� ~ �qu xm yu ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, m tm �ry, ou quy{,w zm �m x� o�{ }{v �}r �u VIII o. q{ z. �., o� �r~ zl �� u�. Ur }r �{q w �qu xmy ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu {� �qux~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, �m wuy {n }m t{y, |}{ ut{ �rx o |r} o{v �}r �u VIII o. q{ z. �. H Y}m} �� u o{ {n �ro Ur }rq zrv Ftuu, wmw u o Mm wmo wm t�r, zr ut or~� z� �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu, {| }r qr xrz z{ qm �u -}�� u r ~l |{t sr ��{v qm ��. Kquz ~� orz z�y u~ wx� �r zu ry lo xl r� ~l Pu|}, pqr r�r o VII o. q{ z. �. ~{�}m -zl xm~� m} �m u� zml �{} ym �qux ~ zm |� ~w z� yu |xm ~�uz �m �� yu |~m xu l yu, zm ~xr q� � �ml yu wrz ~wur�}mqu �uu, �{ �l {zu ut p{ �m o xu om xu~� o ��{ o}r yl {n�� z{ �sr ut sr xr tm. P{ ~ orz z�y |{q �or} sqr zu ry|{x z{ p{ |r }r �{ qm w �qu xmy ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu lo xl r� ~l �{, ��{ o m�r yr zuq ~w{r o}r ylo{ o~rv Ur }rq zrv Ftuu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� �qu xm uyrz z{ ��{ p{ �u |m (��. 86)174.

Tq zm w{ ~m y{ |}rq ~�m o xr zur { �{y, ��{ x� n�r zmv qrz z�r o Ko }{ |r �qu xm ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu|~m xu l yu — |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wur |{ |}{ u~ �{ s qr zu� (uxu |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{v lo xl r� ~l u� «uqrl», |{ �r} -yu z{ x{ puu H. V. b} xu �m), |}{ �u o{ }r �u� uyr � �uy ~l qmz z�y. [.-I. [�� rx� ~{ or} �rz z{ ~|}m orq xu o{{� or}p yzr zur O. U{ � }m �m { �{y, ��{ ��{� ~|{ ~{n ~w}r | xr zul �qux u |~m xuv |}{ u~ �{ qu� ~ Wr or} z{ p{Pmo wm tm175. Tz {� yr �ux |}u ��{y, ��{ �qu xm ut wxm qm o Gr xu zr (X}mz ~ux� om zul, V� y� zul), sr ~� w{~w}r | xrz z�r ~ |~m xu l yu (��. 93, 1), {� z{ ~l� ~l w{ o}r yr zu, n{ xrr }mz zr y�, �ry |{ q{n z�r qm �u -}{omzz�r zm �{q wu ut wmo wmt ~w{ p{ u |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{ p{ }r pu { zm. Pxmq Gr xu zm {� z{ ~u� ~l w �|{ �r |{tq -zrv n}{z t� I (~�� |rz� V{ p{q – Wrz �r�), ��{ |}u yr} z{ ~{ {� or� ~� o� r� |r }u { q� Ha B1, �. r. |}u yr} z{X – zm�m x� IX o. q{ z. �.176 H|}{ �ry, �m w{v ~|{ ~{n ~w}r | xr zul �qux u |~m xuv zr uyr r� o Ko }{ |r zu|}{�{ �u |{o, zu zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z�� |}{ q{x sr zuv, �{ �l ~m yu |~m xuu |}u zmq xr sm� �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z{ y� o~}rq zr ro }{ |rv ~w{-wm} |m� ~w{y }r pu { zr �u |�. Fzm x{ pu� z�v ~|{ ~{n w}r | xr zul |}u yr zrz u o w{ ~ �l z��qu xm� ut |}u {tr} z{ p{ |{ ~r xr zul o I}mz ~{ zr (wmz �{z H{, ^orv �m }ul), �{� zml qm �m w{ �{ }�� zr l~ zm(|{tq zll n}{z tm) (��. 93, 2)177. H zm tomz z�� ~x� �m l� }r�� uqr�, or }{ l� z{, {n �w~ |r }u yrz �u }{ om zuu —y� uyr ry tqr~� qr x{ ~ rqu zu� z� yu �w try | xl }m yu, ~�{} yu }{ omo �u yu ~l zm {~ z{ or }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z��yr ~� z�� u |{o u zr uyro �u� |}{ q{x sr zul. H|}{ �ry, {quz ut �w try | xl }{o |~m xuv, {n zm }� srz z�� o�{y sr {tr} z{y |{ ~r xr zuu zm nr}rp� Sr �m �rx� ~w{ p{ {tr }m178 (��. 93, 3) |{ wm t� om r�, ��{ yz{ p{ -�u~xrzz�r w{ ~ �l z�r |~m xuu n}{z t{ o{ p{ or wm ~ w}�| z�y �rz � }mx� z�y {� or} ~�u ry ut ��{ p{ }rpu { zm|}u zmq xr sm xu, or }{ l� z{, uyrz z{ �qu xmy, sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z�y ~ |~m xu l yu. N� p}�t xm ut p{ �m o xu omxu~�ut qr}r om u o~�m o xl xu~� o �rz � }mx� z{r {� or} ~�ur |~m xuv; o �|{ yl z� �{y �w try | xl }r {~ �m� wu p}�txm utqr}r om r�r ~{ �}m zu xu~� o �rz � }mx� z{y {� or} ~�uu |~m xul. Xmw ��{ zrx� tl u~ wx� �m�� u �{ p{, ��{ |}uz -�u| sr ~� w{ p{ ~w}r | xr zul �qux ~ |~m xu l yu �u }{ w{ u~ |{x� t{ omx ~l o mx� |uv ~w{y }r pu { zr �sr o n}{z -t{ o{y or wr, w{ pqm �m wur �qu xm ut p{ �m o xu om xu~� ut w{ ~ �u u qr }r om.

H x� n{y ~x� �mr yr �mx xu �r ~wur �qu xm ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z� zm �r} -}u �{ }uu Ko }{ |� o n{ xrr |{tq zrr o}r yl. Mqr~� o� qr xl r� ~l �r xml p}�| |m �m wu� �qux, w{ �{ }ml n� xm }m~ -|}{ ~�}m zr zm o mx� |uv ~w{y }r pu { zr (F} z{ mx� qu (Wror}zml N�m xul), U�m� �rz (Hm qr zm, cs z�v Xu}{x�),Rr }u prz (G�rzz ~w{r {t.), P{} ~r xr� (Sr �m �rx� ~w{r {t.), \� }u�-Fx� |rz wr u q}.) u Hrz p}uu (Yp }m,Z�p{q, |{ ~ xrq zur sr xrt z�r) (��. 93, 4– 6; 94, 1–3)179. Yqu xm ��{v p}�| |� |{ l o xl �� ~l o |}r qr xm�|r}u { qm Ha B3 (|}u yr} z{ w{ zr� IX–|r} oml |{ x{ ou zm VIII o. q{ z. �.) u u~ |{x� t� �� ~l o �r �r zur ~xr -q� � �r p{ |r }u { qm Ha C1. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wu |{ l o xr zur u }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zur yr �mx xu �r ~wu�

174 Wo{q w� zm �{ q{w ~y. Moorey 1980, 71–72. W}. �mw sr �}u

�w try | xl }m zr �� rz z�� o ~o{q wr n}{z t{ o�� qux ��{ p{ �u |m,

w{ �{ }�r �}m zl� ~l o Pu ro ~w{y u~ �{ }u �r ~w{y y� trr. Tquz |}{ -

u~ �{ qu� ut w�} pm zm � ~. Q�n z� U{x �mo ~w{v {n xm ~ �u (№ G 611),

yr ~ �{ zm �{q wu qo�� q}� pu� zr ut or~� z{ (ut w{x xrw �uu Xry zu� -

w{ p{, № G 1281, G 343): Xu �rz w{ 1954, 77–78, }u~. 1–3 (~ zr -

or} z{v qm �u }{o w{v VII o. q{ z. �.). Sm {q z{y ut �w try | xl }{o

{� or} ~�ul zm |~m xu l� tm yr zr z� |r� xl yu; |~m xuu tm or} �m ��~l

ut{ n}m sr zu l yu w{ |�� ~ {nr u� ~�{ }{z (��. 86, 5, 6). Wy. r�r

zm �{q w� �qux ��{ p{ �u |m zm X� }rzp Xr |r (N}mz): Besenval 1982,

177–178, pl. I (}mt z{ ouq z{~�� ~ |}l y� yu |~m xu l yu, �qu xm

�}r� �m ~� z�r).175 Hüttel 1981, 145–146.176 Petrescu-Dîmbovit a 1978, 92–97, 140, Nr. 213, Taf. 226;

Hüttel 1981, 144–147, Taf. 20, 216–217, ~ xu �r }m �� }{v.177 Hüttel 1981, 122, Taf. 16, 165.178 Hüttel 1981, 123, Taf. 16, 169.179 Balkwill 1973, 431–433, 441–443, fig. 3; 4; Hüttel 1981,

161–167; Chochorowski 1993, 72–78.

195

Vu~. 93 Yquxm. 1. Grxuz (V�y�zul); 2, 3. I}mz~{z (ôrv�m}ul); 4. P{}~rxr� (ôrv�m}ul);

5. Rr}uprz (ôrv�m}ul); 6. \�}u�-Fx�|rzwr (ôrv�m}ul). 1, 4–6. G}{ztm; 2. P{~��; 3. P{~�� u qr}ro{

U{ Hüttel 1981, Taf. 20, 216–217; 16, 165,169 (1–3); Balkwill 1973, fig. 2, 24A (5); 3, 25A,26 (4, 6)

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56

196

�qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu o tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~w{y u �rz � }mx� z{ ro }{ |rv ~w{y }r pu { zm�|}u yr}z{ ~{o |m qm ��. H {n{ u� ~x� �m l� �qu xm ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu �{} yu }� �� ~l zm {~ z{oryr ~� z�� |}{ �{ �u |{o — �qux ~ {� qrx� z� yu uxu zm |� ~w z� yu |~m xu l yu. R{s z{ n� x{ n� |{ � �{ y� |}rq -|{ x{ su�� zr tm ou ~u y{r }mt ou �ur o qo�� }r pu { zm�, |}u orq �rr w ~�{ q{ y� }r t�x� �m ��. Tq zm w{, wmw y�ouqr xu, o qo�� ~{ ~rq zu� |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� }r pu { zm�, zr ~{ y zrz z{ uyro �u� �r~ z�r w{z �m w �� yr s q�~{n{v, o Y}m} �� u ~r or} z{y N}m zr, zm nx� qm r� ~l �m sr wm} �u zm — {zu |}u yr} z{ {q z{ o}r yrz z{ |r }r -�{ ql� w �t qr ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu, |}u �ry z{ o�v �u| �{} yu }� r� ~l zm {~ z{ or yr ~� z��|}{ �{ �u |{o, m zr |}{~�{ tm uy ~� o� r� ~l � ~{ ~r qrv. Srx� tl |{ � �{ y� u~ wx� �m�� u wm w{v-�{ ~ol tu yr s q�|{ l o xr zu ry �t q� ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu u \rz � }mx� z{v Ko }{ |r. Tq zm w{,r~ xu ��{ �mw, |{ q{n z�v �u| �t q� q{x srz n�x }m~ |}{ ~�}m zu�� ~l u zm |}{ yr s� �{� z{v �r} }u �{ }uu.

H ~m y{y qr xr, �m wur �w try | xl }� zm ��{v �r} }u �{ }uu ut or~� z�. Tquz �w try | xl} �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w -}r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu, tm or} �m � �u yu ~l ut{ n}m sr zu l yu p{ x{ o{w su o{� z�� (w{ zrv), |}{ u~ �{ qu� utHr}� zr w{ nmz ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm (��. 94, 4). U~m xuu �}r� |r �rx� �m ��r, {quz ut zu� n�x {� x{ ymz o q}ro -z{ ~�u u |{ �u zrz |� �ry {� xuo wu q{ |{x zu �rx� z{ p{ w{x� �m, o w{ �{ }{r n�x o~�m o xrz {� x{ ymz z�v |~m -xuv180. P ~{ sm xr zu�, { w{y | xr w ~r, {� w� qm |}{ u~ �{ qu� qmz z�v �w try | xl}, zu �r p{ zr ut or~� z{. Yqu xm��{ p{ �u |m {~ �m �� ~l ut{ xu }{ omz z� yu o ~r or }{ wmo wmt ~w{y }r pu { zr, {q zm w{ |{ zr w{ �{ }�y ~o{ uy �r} -�my {zu ~nxu sm �� ~l ~ tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~w{v �}m qu �u rv. Nyrz z{ qxl ��{v �}m qu �uu �m }m w �r} z{ �w }m -�r zur {n{ u� w{z �{o |~m xuv p{ x{o wm yu su o{� z��. W}r qu �qux ~ ��uy ou q{y {} zm yrz �m �uu ut or~� z�wmw �u |� ~ |r �rx� �m �� yu zm |� ~w z� yu181, �mw u ~ q�} �m �� yu u |r �rx� �m �� yu sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu|~m xu l yu182 (��. 94, 5, 6). Y�u �� oml ut{ xu }{ omz z{~�� qmz z{ p{ �w try | xl }m zm Wr or} z{y Pmo wm tr,y{sz{ |}rq |{ xm pm�� rp{ |}l y{v uy |{}� ut tm wmo wmt ~w{-|r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{ p{ }r pu { zm. b�{ |}rq |{ x{ sr -zur |{q �or} sqm r� ~l |}{ u~ �{ s qr zu ry �qux ut y{ pux� zu wm P{ nmz ~w{v w�x� �� }�. S{ ~u �r xu P{ nmz ~w{vw�x� �� }�, ~� �r ~� o{ omo �rv zm \rz � }mx� z{y Pmo wm tr zr |}r }�o z{ |}u yr} z{ ~ XIV q{ zm �m xm IV o.q{ z. �., zm~r xl xu {nm ~wx{ zm Pmo wmt ~w{ p{ �}rn �m. Nyrz z{ {zu o �r �r zur o~r p{ ��{ p{ |r }u { qm w{z � }{ -xu }{ om xu �q{n z�r |}{ �{ q� \rz � }mx� z{ p{ Pmo wm tm, ~{ rqu zlo �ur Mm wmo wm t�r ~ U}rq wmo wmt� ry u qm xrr~ |}u �r} z{ y{} ~wu yu ~�r |l yu. P�x� ��} z�v u �{} p{ o�v {n yrz yr s q� qo� yl }r pu { zm yu, {~� �r ~� o xlo -�uv ~l, {�r ouq z{, o {~ z{o z{y uyrz z{ �r }rt ��u p{} z�r |}{ �{ q�, �m wuy {n }m t{y, o tzm �u �rx� z{v yr}r|}{ �{qux �r }rt |{ ~}rq zu �r ~� o{ w{ nmz ~w{ p{ zm ~r xr zul. Sr �qu ou �rx� z{ |{ � �{ y�, ��{ ~�r| z�r |}rq yr��(zm|}u yr}, ~wu� ~wur) o tzm �u �rx� z{y w{ xu �r ~� or zmv qr z� o |m yl� zu wm� zr �{x� w{ Wr or} z{ p{ Pmo -wmtm, z{ u w{ nmz ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� �s z{ p{ ~wx{ zm (Xxu) u o |}u xr pm � �u� w zr y� }mv {zm� (Wmy �mo }{).H �{ sr o}r yl zm �{q wu |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�� |}rq yr �{o ~ ~m y{ p{ }mz zr p{ o}r yr zu ut or~� z� zm ~r or} z{y~wx{ zr Pmo wm tm uyrz z{ o |m yl� zu wm� P{ nmz ~w{v w�x� �� }�. H wm �r ~� or |}u yr }m }mz zu� zm �{ q{w |r}rq -zr mtum�~w{ p{ �u |m o t{ zr }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul P{ nmz ~w{v w�x� �� }� zm Wr or} z{y Pmo wm tr y{s z{ zm tom��,zm|}u yr}, pr ym �u �{ o�� |r �m�� } }u� ~w{ p{ �u |m183, w{ �{ }ml qm �u }� r� ~l XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. �. P}{ yr�{p{, uyrz z{ ut y{ pux� zu w{o P{ nmz ~w{v w�x� �� }� (Zm ~ wm�, P�y n�x �m, Hr}� zll V�� m) |}{ u~ �{ ql� }rq -�mv �ur zm �r} }u �{ }uu w ~r or }� {� Pmo wmt ~w{ p{ �}rn �m zm �{q wu |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� (u}mz ~wu�) wuz sm -x{o ~ }m y{� z{v }� w{ l �� (o�{ }ml |{ x{ ou zm II ��~. q{ z. �., zr |{t sr IX o. q{ z. �.)184.

K~ xu �qu xm ut Hr}� zr w{ nmz ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm y{s z{ {� zr ~�u w |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wuy uy |{} �my (uxu|{q }m sm zu ly uy), �{ uzm �r {n ~�{ u� qr x{ ~ q}� p{v }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�� qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~mxu -l yu, |}{ u~ �{ ql �u� ut Wr or} z{ p{ U}u �r} z{ y{ }�l. Wo{q wm zm �{ q{w |{ q{n z�� qux zm �pr H{ ~ �{� z{vKo }{ |� n� xm zr qmo z{ {|�n xu w{ om zm H. V. b} xu �{y185. Tz zm ~�u �� om r� o{ ~ry� zm �{ q{w �m wu� �qux,�r�� }r ut w{ �{ }�� |}{ u~ �{ ql� ~ Wr or} z{ p{ Pmo wm tm (]u� �{, Rmv w{|, P}m~ z{ qm}), �}u — ut qzr | }{o -

180 Yom }{ om 1900, 31, }u~. 36; Nr~ ~rz 1953, 93–94, }u~. 26;

Dietz 1998, 169, Nr. 625, Taf. 44.181 Potratz 1941–1942, 172, 174, Abb. 5–6; Gadd 1952, 12,

pl. III; Potratz 1966, 137, Abb. 59 a–b, Taf.-Abb. 131; Vanden

Berghe 1983, 180, Nr. 222.182 Özgüç 1961, 272, fig. 17; Azarpay 1968, pl. 22; Jantzen 1972,

64–65, Taf. 61, B 95; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 31; Özgüç 1989,

410, pl. I, II a–c.183 Yom }{ om 1900, 324, �mn. CXXVII, 47; ~}. Ward 1910, 305,

fig. 955; Zxu�� zr} 1939, 21–42; Barnett 1963, 190.184 P}�| z{o 1951, 66, }u~. 25, 1–3; U{ p }r n{ om 1977, 34–36,

�mn. I, 3,4,8,10.185 b} xu� 1994, 85–86. W}. Dietz 1998, 162–166, Nr. 616–

621, Taf. 41–42.

197

Vu~. 94 Yquxm. 1. F}z{mx�qu (Wror}zml N�mxul); 2. Yp}m (Hrzp }ul); 3. Z�p{q (Hrzp}ul);

4. Hr}�zrw{nmz~wuv y{pux�zuw; 5, 6. N}mz, yr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{. 3. Lrxrt{; {~�mx�z{r n}{ztm

U{ Balkwill 1973, fig. 4, 29 (1); Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XIII, 2 (2); Chochorowski 1993, Abb. 41 (3); Nr~~rz 1953, }u~. 26 (4);Potratz 1966, 137, Abb. 59 a–b (5); Potratz 1941–1942, 175, Abb. 6 (6)

1 2

5 6

43

198

~w{v xr ~{ ~�r |u (Xr }ry ��, P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm 376, Pu }{ o{ p}mq ~wuv y� trv) u {quz ut G{x pm }uu (Kz q sm).H. V. b} xu� ~|}m orq xu o{ {� yr �m r�, ��{ qmz z�v �u| �qux ~x{ sux ~l zm {~ z{ or �t q� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{�u|m, { �ry ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� wmw �{} ym |~m xu ro ~ tm pz� �{v x{ |m ~��, {n�� zml qxl z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wu�|~mxu ro, �mw u qom {� or} ~�ul zm {w{z �m zu l� �qux, o{~ �{ ql �ur w {n�� z�y z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wuy �qu xmy. P~{ sm xr zu�, qm xr w{ zr o~r zm tomz z�r �qu xm |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut w{y | xr w ~{o. bw try | xl }� ut Rmv w{| ~w{ p{}mv {zm (~ q{ |{x zu �rx� z� yu torz� l yu)186, ~ {w }m u z� P}m~ z{ qm }m187, ut ~r xm Xr }ry ��188 u ut Pu }{ -o{p}mq ~w{ p{ y� trl189 (��. 95, 1, 2) lo xl �� ~l ~x� �mv z� yu zm �{q wm yu. H zm �ry }m~ |{ }l sr zuu, �m wuy{n}m t{y, uyr r� ~l �}u w{y | xr w ~m, ~{ qr} sm �u� �qu xm ��{ p{ �u |m (P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm, w�} pmz 376; Kz q sm,w�} pmz 2, |{ p}r nr zur 1, u ]u� �{). Jom |r} o�� w{y | xr w ~m qmo z{ ut or~� z� u o~r pqm ~�u �m xu~� l} wu yu|}rq ~�m ou �r xl yu |r }r �{q z{ p{ ��m |m {� |}rq ~wu� ~w{ p{ w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ y� |r }u { q� (��. 96)190. Tzu,ou qu y{, {� z{ ~l� ~l w{ o}r yr zu xu�� zr zm yz{ p{ n{ xrr }mz zr y�, �ry w�} pmz Lm n{ �uz 524, {|{} z�v|myl� zuw |r} o{ p{, sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{ |r }u { qm, }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�. Smv qrz z�v o w�} pm zr Kzqsm w{x -�m z�v zm n{}, owx� �m � �uv 52 n}{z t{ o�� zm w{ zr� zu wm ~�}rx, ~{ ~�{ lx o {~ z{o z{y ut qo� �x{ |m ~� z��zmw{ zr� zu w{o �q xu zrz z{-}{y nu �r ~wu� {�r} �m zuv, |}rq ~�m o xl � �u� ~{ n{v }mz zuv om }u mz� zm w{ -zr�zuw{o «sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{» �u |m (�. r. �sr }mz zr ~wu� ~wu�). P}{ yr �{ p{, tqr~� zmv qr z{ qom �}r� x{ |m ~� -z�� zmw{ zr� zu wm, ~�{ su� ~ }mz zr ~wu� ~wu yu. H |{ p}r nr zuu w�} pm zm 376 � ~r xm P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm {n zm -}� srz{ qom �}r� x{ |m ~� z�� sr xrt z�� zm w{ zr� zu wm ~�{q z{v �{} y�. T~ �mx� z�r zmv qrz z�r o {n{ u�w{y| xr w ~m� |}rq yr �� (wr }m yu wm, sr xrt z�v yr�, t{ x{ �ml qu m qr ym) �mw sr ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� �� { |r }r �{q -z{y �m}m w �r }r ��u� |m yl� zu w{o {� |}rq ~wu� ~w{v w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r u {n u� �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{vnxu t{ ~�u, |}u zr ~w{x� w{ n{x� �rv m} �m u� z{ ~�u, w |m yl� zu wmy sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{ ��m |m191.

b�{ |}rq ~�m o xr zur { �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{y |{ x{ sr zuu |m yl� zu w{o, ~{ qr} sm �u� �qu xm �u |m «Kz q sm–P{ ~ �mz �u z{o wm», |{q �or} qu x{~� |{ ~ xr |�n xu wm �uu r�r {q z{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m ~ |{ q{n z� yu �qu xm yu, zm��{� }mt |}{ u~ �{ ql �r p{ ut U}rq wmo wm t�l. Vr�� uqr� { |{ p}r nr zuu, }m~ w}� �{y zm o{t o� �r zuu ]u� �{o Fq� prr (��. 97)192. U{ p }r nr zur, w ~{ sm xr zu�, ~{ �}m zu x{~� zr |{x z{ ~��, |{ ~w{x� w� w�} pmz, o w{�{ -}{y {z{ zm �{ qu x{~�, n�x }mt y�� o{ q{v (}r t�x� �m� ~{ {}� sr zul P}m~ z{ qm} ~w{ p{ o{ q{ �}m zu xu �m), mm}�r{ x{ pu �r ~w{r {n ~xr q{ om zur |}{ o{ qu x{~� �sr zm }mt y� �{y y{ pux� zu wr. H }mt y� �{y |{ p}r nr zuu~{�}m zu x{~� q{ o{x� z{ n{x� �{r w{ xu �r ~� o{ n}{z t{ o�� |}rq yr �{o �t q�, xr smo �u� zm zr n{x� �{y {� qm -xr zuu ({� 0,35 q{ 0,65 y) q}�p {� q}� pm. Wwr xr ��, tm u~ wx� �r zu ry x{ �m qu z{v �r x� ~�u u t� n{o, zr~{�}m zu xu~�. Sr ~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ |{ p}r nmx� z{r ~{ {}� sr zur n� x{ �r xu w{y �zu� �{ sr z{ o{ q{v, o}lq xuy{ p�� n�� ~{ y zr zul o �{y, ��{ zmv qrz z�r tqr~� |}rq yr �� |}u zmq xr sm xu {q z{ y� w{y | xr w ~�. H w{y| -xrw~ o�{ qu xu: qom �w try | xl }m �qux �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm» ({quz �w try | xl} uyr r� zr qo�� -�m~� z�v, wmw {n�� z{, m �}r� �m ~� z�v y�zq ��w, m �mw sr q{ |{x zu �rx� z�r tor z�l zm {w{z �m zu l�), qo� -w{x� �m ��r �qu xm u �}r� |r �rx� �m ��r |~m xuu ~ x{ |m ~� z� yu {w{z �m zu l yu {n�� z{ p{ z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{�u|m, mzm x{ pu� z�r |~m xuu, zmv qrz z�r oyr ~�r ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z� yu �qu xm yu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m,nxl �u {� �t q� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m u n}{z t{ o�r w{x� �m, or }{ l� z{, lo xlo �u r ~l qr �m xl yu w{ xr~ zu�z{v�| }l su. Sm �{q wm o {q z{y w{y | xr w ~r �qux wxm~ ~u �r ~w{ p{ z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m ~{ ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z� yu�qu xm yu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m, |}u �ry u �r u q}� pur ~{ �r �m xu~� ~ {q z{ �u| z� yu �}r� |r �rx� �m �� yux{|m ~� z� yu |~m xu l yu, |{q �or} sqm r� |}u zmq xrs z{~�� { p{ w{y | xr w ~m w |r }r �{q z{ y� |r }u { q� yr s q�|}rq ~wu� ~w{v u }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }m yu. Jo� w{x� �m ��r u ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z�r �qu xm n� xu zmv qr z�oyr ~�r �mw sr o w�} pm zr №�2 � ~r xm Lm n{ �uz, w{ �{ }�v lo xl r� ~l {q zuy ut �m }m w �r} z�� |m yl� zu w{o |r} -o{ p{ ��m |m �sr ~{n ~� orz z{ }mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{ |r }u { qm u ~{ qr} su� }lq ut qr xuv o }mz zr ~wu� ~w{y tor }u -z{y ~�u xr (��. 25)193. N�mw, y{s z{ ~�u �m��, ��{ ~�{} yu }{ omo �u r ~l zm {~ z{ or wxm~ ~u �r ~w{v z{ o{ �r} -

186 Nr~ ~rz 1953, 92.187 b} xu� 1994, 85.188 I{}i�ziv 1978, 55–57, }u~. 1.189 Xu �rz w{ 1954, 78–80, }u~. 5.190 G{ n }uz ~w{v 1902, 32–33; U{ |{o 1932, 98–102, {n}. 87–

97; Nx� uz ~wml 1973, 16–17, }u~. 8, 6–10; Nx� uz ~wml 1975,

30–31, �mn. XVI, 6–10; Xr }r z{s wuz 1976, 42– 43, 77,

}u~. 15–16; 41, 3–4.191 Ixxiz~�wm 1973, 15–17; Nx� uz ~wml 1975, 65–66, 105;

Xr}r z{s wuz 1976, 138; Nx� uz ~wml, Xr }r z{s wuz 1987, 232.192 X{o 1989, 36–45, }u~. 1–7.193 Hlt�yu�uzm 1963, 158–170, }u~. 1–5; Nx� uz ~wml 1975,

19–20, 61–62, �mn. VI, 1–11.

199

Vu~. 95 G}{zt{o�r �quxm ~ sr~�w{~w}r|xrzz�yu |~mxulyu. 1. Wrx{ Xr}ry��; 2. Rr~�{ zm�{qwu zrutor~�z{, Pu}{o{ p}mq ~wuv y�trv;

3. P�}pmz 26 y{pux�zuwm Yvpm}mw; 4. P�}pmz 55 y{ pux�zuwm csz�v Xmpu~wrz

U{ I{}i�ziv 1978, }u~. 1 (1); Xu�rzw{ 1954, }u~. 5 (2); Hu�zro~wml 1973, �mn. VIII, 5 (3); N�uzm, dnx{z~wuv 1997, }u~. 71 (4)

1

2

3

4

200

Vu~. 96 1–13. Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm 2 � ~. Kzqsm (G{xpm}ul). 14–18. Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm 376 � ~. P{z~�mz�uz{owm. 1. M{x{�{; 2–8, 11, 16. G}{ztm; 9, 10, 18. Lrxrt{; 12–15, 17. Ixuzm

U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 16 (1–13); Nx�uz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 235 (14–18)

1

2

3 4

5

6 7

8

9

10

11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

201

Vu~. 97 Sm�{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul zm o{to��rzz{~�u ]u��{ o Fq�prr. G}{ztm

U{ X{o 1989, }u~. 1–7

1 2

3 4

6

7 9

5

8

202

wm~ ~w{v �t q� �qu xm ~ sr ~w � w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm» �m }m w �r }u t��~m y�r |{tq zur |m yl� zu wu z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ {n xu wm u {� z{ ~l� ~l w wm z� z� �{} yu }{ om zul }mz zr -~wu�~w{v w�x� �� }�. W� ql |{ {� z{ ~u �rx� z{v ym x{ �u~ xrz z{ ~�u zm �{ q{w �m wu� �qux u �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{vnxu t{ ~�u w{y | xr w ~{o, {� w� qm {zu |}{ u~ �{ ql�, qmz z�v �u| �t q� ~� �r ~� o{ omx zr q{x p{ u o~w{ }r o� �rxut �|{ � }rn xr zul.

Hr} zry ~l �r |r}� w o{ | }{ ~� { ~{ {� z{ �r zuu �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu o Ur }rq zrvFtuu, zm �pr H{ ~ �{� z{v Ko }{ |� u o \rz � }mx� z{v Ko }{ |r. U{ l o xr zur �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu|~m xu l yu, ~�{} yu }{ omo �u� ~l zm {~ z{ or yr ~� z�� {}y �t q�, wmw y� ou qr xu, n� x{ z{ om �u rv wmw qxlUr}rq zrv Ftuu, �mw u qxl \rz � }mx� z{v Ko }{ |�. H |}uz �u |r tqr~� o{t y{s z{ |}rq |{ x{ su�� zr tm ou -~uy{r ~m y{ ~�{ l �rx� z{r }mt ou �ur, zm ��{ y{p x{ n� �wm t� om�� ~|{ }m qu �r ~w{r |{ l o xr zur ~�{q z�� w~ |r -}u yrz �mx� z�� {}y �t q�, zr }mt ou omo �u� ~l o {~{ n�v �u|, o Ko }{ |r u o n{ xrr }mz zrr o}r yl (�quxm utGrxuzm). Tq zm w{ �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wml nxu t{~�� yr s q� ��u yu qo� yl {q z{ |{ }lq w{ o� yu z{ om �u l yu, o {n{u�~x� �m l� ~�{} yu }{ omo �u yu z{ o�v �u|, |{ t o{ xl r� |}rq |{ xm pm�� zm xu �ur wm w{v-�{ ~ol tu yr s q� zu yu.Sm xu �ur �m w{v sr z{ om �uu zm �pr H{ ~ �{� z{v Ko }{ |� q{ |{x zl r� �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{r rquz ~� o{ pr{ p}m �u -�r ~wuy. H ~m y{y qr xr, o{~ �{� zml p}m zu �m }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul �qux �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm»(Wror} z�v Pmo wmt) |}u y� wm r� w {n xm ~ �u }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz -z� yu |~m xu l yu, m tm |mq zml (o{~ �{� zml G{x pm }ul, {w }r ~� z{ ~�u ^� yr zm) — zr qm xr w{ {� ~�{ u� {� �rz � -}mx� z{p{ U{ q� zmo�l, pqr �mw sr n� xu }m~ |}{ ~�}r zr z� ~�{q z�r �qu xm. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, y{s z{ |{ xm pm��,��{ uqrl |}u yr zr zul �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu n� xm zr w{v w�x� ��} z{v z{ om �u rv, q{ ~ �m -�{� z{ n�~� }{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zuo �rv ~l zm {p }{y z�� |}{ ~�}mz ~� om� {� Fx�| q{ N}m zm (u qm xrr zm o{~ �{w,~y. zusr). U}u ��{y o wm s q{y ~x� �mr �t qm, |}u yr zlo �ml sr ~� w{r ~w}r | xr zur �qux u |~m xuv, �{} yu -}{ om xm~� zm yr ~� z{v {~ z{ or. Vm t� yr r� ~l, qxl }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul �m w{ p{ ut{ n}r �r zul o{ o~r zr z�s z{|}rq |{ xm pm�� |r }r yr �r zul wm wu�-�{ p}�|| zm ~r xr zul, �ry n{ xrr o{ rz z�� zm nr p{o. U}u zm xu �uu w�x� -��} z�� u �{} p{ o�� w{z �m w �{o, ~� �r ~� o{ omo �u� yr s q� ��u yu }r pu { zm yu, {z{ y{p x{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zu�� ~lq{ ~ �m �{� z{ n� ~� }{ u nrt �m wu� wm �m w xut y{o. T� z{ ~u �rx� z{ �{ p{, pqr |{ l ou x{~� qmz z{r ut{ n}r �r zuro|r} o�r, ~� qu�� }� q z{ — ��{ ~ }mo z�y �~ |r �{y y{ sr� n�� u Ur }rq zll Ftul, u \rz � }mx� zml Ko }{|m.H}lq xu ��{� �u| �t q� |{ l oux ~l o ~�r |l� — rp{ |}u yr zr zur zm �pr H{ ~ �{� z{v Ko }{ |� {~ �m x{~� w}m� -wuy �|u t{ q{y, |}u �ry {z |}u yr zlx ~l tqr~� zm }l q� ~ q}� pu yu, �}m qu �u {z z� yu qxl ��{ p{ }r pu { zmouqm yu �t q�.

U{ l o xr zur �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu qm r� r�r {q z� �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w�� |}u olt w� qxl}mz zr ~wu� ~w{v u |}rq ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�. Pmw y� ou qr xu, ��{� �u| �t q� |{ l o xl r� ~l zm o{~ �{ wrUr}rq zrv Ftuu zm }� nr sr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �. u �u }{ w{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zl r� ~l, o� �r~ zll �qu xm ~ zm |� ~w -z�yu |~m xu l yu, o |}r qr xm� |r} o{v �}r �u VIII o. q{ z. �. H mx� |uv ~w{-q� zmv ~w{y }r pu { zr �qu xm ~sr~�w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu |{ l o xl �� ~l o }my wm� |r }u { qm Ha B3 u }m~ |}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l |{t sr, ��{o mn ~{ x�� z�� qm �u }{o wm� qm r� �{� sr w{ zr� IX – |r} o�� |{ x{ ou z� VIII o. q{ z. �. b�u qm �� {| }r qr xl��u qm �u }{o w� �t q� �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm», u~ |{x� t� � �rv �{� sr |}uz �u| u ~x� sm �rv wmw n�~ol t� � �uy tor z{y yr s q� qo� yl }r pu { zm yu. K~ xu |}u tzm�� zm xu �ur ~ol tu yr s q� o~r yu �}r yl lo xr zu -l yu, m ��{, ou qu y{, �}� q z{ {� }u �m��, �{ �t qm �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm» qm �u }� r� ~l �ry sr o}r -yr zry — w{z �{y IX – |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z{v (m ~w{ }rr zm �m x{y) VIII o. q{ z. �. H ~o{� {�r }rq� ��{� ouq�tq� qm �u }� r� |m yl� zu wu �|{ �u |r }r �{ qm {� |}rq ~wu� ~w{v u }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r, w{ �{ }�r zry{p�� {� z{ ~u� ~l w{ o}r yr zu |{t sr |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII o. q{ z. �.

U}rq |{ x{ sr zur H. V. b} xu �m { �{y, ��{ |{ l o xr zur o ~�r |l� �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu -lyu lo xl r� ~l ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y |{ �{ q{o o Ur }rq z�� Ftu�, {� w� qm lw{ n� u n� xm tm uy ~� o{ om zm uqrlsr~� w{ p{ ~w}r | xr zul �qux u |~m xu ro, xu �m r� ~l o~l wu� {~ z{ om zuv. Sm ~r xr zur mx� |uv ~w{ p{ }r pu { zm,w{ zr� z{, o �m wu� |{ �{ qm� zr ��m ~� o{ om x{, {q zm w{ tqr~� ��{� ouq �t q� |{ l o xl r� ~l |{� �u {q z{ o}r yrzz{~ Ur }rq zrv Ftu rv. U}{ �u o{ }r �u� |}rq |{ x{ sr zur H. V. b} xu �m u qmz z�y �}{ z{ x{ puu — wmw y� ou qrxu,�t qm �u |m «Kz q sm – P{z ~�mz �u z{o wm» zr y{ sr� qm �u }{ om�� ~l |{t sr |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII o. q{ z. �., mqxl ��{ p{ o}r yr zu wm wur-xu n{ ~or qr zul { |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm� ro }m tuv ~wu� z{ ym q{o {� ~�� ~� o��.

Wxr q� r� r�r q{ nm ou��, ��{ {n xm~�� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zul �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu zmo{~ �{ wr zr {p }m zu �u om r� ~l N}m z{y. U{ q{n z�r �qu xm {n zm }� sr z� o ~{ ~�m or y{ pux� zu w{o cs z�v

203

Xmpu ~wrz u Yv pm }mw, }m~ |{ x{ srz z�� o zu t{o� l� W�} qm }�u (��. 95, 3, 4)194. Tzu ~�{} yu }{ om xu~��mwsr zm {~ z{ or yr ~� z{ p{ �u |m ~�}r yr� w{ ouq z�� qux, q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �m ~ �{ ~{ rqu zlo �u� ~l tqr~� ~ |~m -xu l yu, uyro �u yu �rz � }mx� z{r {� or} ~�ur, o w{ �{ }{r o~�m o xl xu~� w{z �� qux. Rm �r }u m x� ��u� zr w }{ -|{ xrv {n zm }� su om �� nxut w{r }{q ~� o{ ~ w�} pm z{y F} smz o X� or195. ]�{ wm ~m r� ~l |}u �r} z{ y{} ~wu�ym�r }u m x{o, �{ |{ zr w{ �{ }�y |}u tzm wmy {zu ~nxu sm �� ~l ~ }mz zr ~wu� ~wu yu |m yl� zu wm yu (nxm p{ qm}l�r y� |r} o{ zm �mx� z{ u qm �u }{ om xu~� }mz zr ~wu� ~wuy o}r yr zry), m |{ q}� puy — ~ |}rq ~wu� ~wu yu ym�r -}u m xm yu �r} z{ p{ }{o ~w{ p{ �u |m. Fn ~{ x�� z�r qm �� |}u m}mx� ~wu� w�} pm z{o {| }r qr xl �� ~l o {~ z{o z{y zm{~ z{ om zuu ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zul ~ |}u �r} z{ y{} ~wu yu |m yl� zu wm yu, qm �� w{ �{ }��, wmw y� ou qr xu, �mw srzrl~ z�. b|u t{ qu �r ~w{r u~ |{x� t{ om zur tqr~� �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu y{ sr� n�� }{ -z{ x{ pu �r ~wuy }r |r }{y u qxl ��u� |m yl� zu w{o, {q zm w{ qxl zu� ��{� o� o{q zr z{ ~u� ~�{x� {nl tm �rx� -z{ p{ �m }m w �r }m. Y�u �� oml ym x�� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z{~�� { p{ �u |m �t q� o U}u m }m x�r, o}lq xu y{sz{|}rq |{ xm pm��, ��{ qmz z�v |}uz �u| ~w}r | xr zul �t q� u |~m xu ro n�x ut{ n}r �rz tqr~� — ~w{ }rr {z o{t -zuw |{q oxu l zu ry ~{ ~r qrv. H �m w{y ~x� �mr }� nrs IX–VIII oo. q{ z. �. lo xl r� ~l terminus post quem qxl|{ p}r nr zuv, pqr �m wur �qu xm n� xu zmv qr z� (Yv pm }mw, w�} pmz 26 u cs z�v Xm pu ~wrz, w�} pmz 55). U{q -�or} sqr zu ry �m w{v qm �u }{o wu lo xl r� ~l �mw sr ~�{q ~� o{ w{x �mz z�� zm n{ }{o zr w{ �{ }�� |{ p}r nr zuv�mpu ~wrz ~w{ p{ u �v pm }mw ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu w{o ~ |m yl� zu wm yu |r }r �{q z{ p{ |r }u { qm {� |}rq ~wu� ~w{v w}mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r (Kz q sm, Gr x{ p}m qr�, Fxr w ~r ro ~wuv), m �mw sr ~ w{x �mz z�y zm n{ }{y |r} o{ p{I� ym }{o ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm o �s z{y U}u � }m x�r, uyr � �uy �sr }mz zr ~wu� ~wuv {n xuw196. H|}{ �ry, zrx� tlu~ wx� �m�� o qmz z{y ~x� �mr u ~m y{ ~�{ l �rx� z{ p{ o{t zuw z{ or zul qmz z{ p{ �u |m �qux, q{ ~ �m �{� z{ nxut -w{ p{ |}u yr zlo �r y� ~l tqr~� ~|{ ~{ n�, |}u w{ �{ }{y w{z �� qux |}{ |� ~ wm xu~� �r }rt �u }{ wur �rz � }mx� -z�r {� or} ~�ul |~m xuv. Jm �u }{o wm w�} pm zm F} smz {w{ x{ ~r }r qu z� VIII o. q{ z. �. o zm ~�{ l �rr o}r ylzmu n{ xrr }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr zm, u r~ xu |}u tzm�� { �l n� �m ~ �u� z�� ~uz �}{z z{~�� ~ zuy y{ pux� zu w{o cs -z�v Xm pu ~wrz u Ymv pm }mw, �wm tmz zml o� �r qm �m |{ x� �m r� |{q �or} sqr zur.

2.2.4 YVFVX WPFd N VFS SK WPNZ WPFd YM JF

SF ]F QF VII H. JT S. b.

Ysr �|{ yu zmo �m l ~l w{z ~wml �t qm ut �}r�� rv p}{n zu �� Fx ��z �r |r �mw sr y{ sr� qm�� {|{ }� qxlmn~{ x�� z{v qm �u }{o wu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }�. Pmw �sr p{ o{ }u x{~�, o ��{v p}{n zu �r, {� z{ ~l �rv ~lw }� nr s� VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �., {n zm }� sr z{ �r~�� }mt z{ �u| z�� zm n{ }{o w{z ~w{v �t q�. Tquz ut �w try| -xl }{o �qux |}u zm qr su� �}m qu �u {z z{ y� �}m}� ~w{ y� �u |�197 u or~� ym ~�{ qrz ~ �r yu, w{ �{ }�r zmq |u -~mz� uyr zry Wm} q� }u (��. 100, 1). T~ �mx� z�r {� z{ ~l� ~l w �u |my, o n{ xrr }mz z�� |{ �� o Y}m} ��zrut or~� z�y. Jom �w try | xl }m �}rt o� �mv z{ nxut wu� yr s q� ~{ n{v �qux uyr �� rx� z{ xu ��r ~ zu yu|~mxuu, {w{z �m zul w{ �{ }�� w }m �r z� |}{ �{ ym yu su o{� z��: w{ zrv ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z� u n� w{o ~ q}� -p{v198 (��. 100, 4). U~m xuu, o {� xu �ur {� n{ xrr }mz zu� �}m}� ~wu� �w try | xl }{o, u~ |{x� t� �� qxl w}r | -xr zul �r� z�� }ry zrv �t q� zr |r� xu, m qom {� or} ~�ul |{q |}l y{ �p{x� z{v �{} y�, }m~ |{ x{ srz z�r o{qz{v |x{ ~ w{ ~�u ~ n{x� �{v |r� xrv qxl w}r | xr zul |{ o{ qm. R�z q� �� wu �qux ut p{ �{ o xr z� o ou qr |r }r -w}� �rz z�� |}�� ro. Yqu xm ��{ p{ �u |m, ou qu y{, lo xl �� ~l {q zuy ut ~ou qr �rx�~�o oxu l zul tm wmo wmt ~w{-

194 X{x ~�{o, N�u zm 1966, 159, }u~. 8, 5; N�u zm, dn x{z ~wuv

1997, 23, 56, }u~. 47, 9; Hu� zro ~wml 1973, 102, �mn. VIII, 5;

XXVI, 8. W}. ]xr z{ om 1984, 39–41.195 I}lt z{o 1980, 61; Grjaznov 1984, 83–85; ~}. P�t� yu zm

1975, 287; dn x{z ~wuv 1996, 51.196 N~ ym pu x{o 1988, 29–47.

197 Özgüç 1989, 411, pl. IV (Fz wm }m, R� trv Fzm �{ xuv ~wu�

�uou xu tm �uv, Alt. 59-22-4; 99-95-64).198 Özgüç 1961, 272, fig. 17; Azarpay 1968, pl. 22; Yıldırım 1987,

485, Abb. 31; Özgüç 1989, 410, pl. I, II a–c (Fz wm }m, R�trv

Fzm �{ xuv ~wu� �u ou xu tm �uv, Alt. 59-21-79 u Alt. 59-22-46, 99-

148-64).

204

u}mz ~w{v �t q� zm �}m}� ~w��. Tzu u~ |{x� t� �� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z�r o Mm wmo wm t�r u N}m zr |~m xuu ~ qo�yl{� or} ~�u l yu, m zr |r� xl yu, wmw n{ xrr }mz zur �}m}� ~wur {n }mt ��. Yw }m �r zur {n{ u� {w{z �m zuv |~m xuvp{ x{o wm yu su o{� z�� mw sr �m }m w �r} z{ qxl tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~w{v �t q� (~y. o� �r) u zr o~�}r �m r�~l zmn{ xrr }mz zu� �}m}� ~wu� �w try | xl }m�. P ��uy �qu xmy �mw sr nxu t{w �w try | xl} �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz -z� yu |~m xu l yu, {n zm }� srz z�v zm Wm y{ ~r (|r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�v uy |{}�)199. U~m xuu q� p{ {n }mtz�r, ~{�{ pz� �� yu zm }� s� w{z �m yu, wmw ��{ �m }m w �r} z{ qxl �}m}� ~wu� �qux, u qo� yl |r� xl yu qxl �t qr� z��}ry zrv; ~ {nr u� ~�{ }{z {zu tm or} �m �� ~l p{ x{o wm yu nm }m z{o (��. 98; 99). Tn ~�{ l �rx� ~� om zm �{q wu(o tm |{x zr zuu wm zm xm ~m y{~ ~w{ p{ Ir }mv { zm) zr |{ t o{ xl �� {� z{ qm �u }{ om�� u �qu xm200, {q zm w{{n�ml qm �u }{o wm rpu |r� ~wu� u |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z�� uy |{} �{o zm Wm y{ ~r {| }r qr xl r� ~l wmw |{ ~ xrq zll�r� or}�� VIII–VII oo. q{ z. �.201 U{ mzm x{ puu ~ zm �{q wm yu zm �r} }u �{ }uu Y}m} �� y{s z{ |}rq |{ xm pm��,��{ }m~ ~ym � }u om r y�r �qu xm {� z{ ~l� ~l ~w{ }rr w zm �m x� ��{ p{ |r }u { qm. X{� z{r {| }r qr xr zur yr ~ �m u�|}{ ut o{q ~� om tm �}�q zu �rx� z{, {q zm w{, ��u �� oml zm �{q w� �}m}� ~wu� n}{zt zm Wm y{ ~r, o �{y �u~ xr uw{x{ w{x� �u w{o �m }m w �r} z�� qxl �}m}� ~w{v �t q� �{}y202, |}rq |{ x{ sr zur {n �}m}� ~w{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu��{v zm �{q wu wm sr� ~l or~� ym or }{ l� z�y.

]r� or} ��v �w try | xl} �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu ut Fx ��z �r |r {� xu �m r� ~l {� �}r�|}r q� q� �u�. N� y�zq �� wu uyr �� {} y� |r }r w}� �rz z�� |}�� ro; |~m xuu ~zmn sr z� qo� yl |r� xl yu,}m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu o |x{ ~ w{ ~�u, |r} |rz qu w� xl} z{v w{x� �� qxl w}r | xr zul |{ o{ qm. Tzu ~�r}s zr ouq z�r,|}l y�r, ~ {w{z �m zu l yu �w }m �r z� yu ut{ n}m sr zu ry p{ x{o wu {} xm ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z� u w{ |� �m — ~ q}� -p{v (��. 100, 2)203.

199 Jantzen 1972, 64–65, Taf. 61, B 951.200 Terminus ante quem — {w{ x{ 570 p. q{ z. �.: Donder 1980,

115.201 Jantzen 1972, 88–89.202 Jantzen 1972, 76–82, Taf. 77–80. W}. Muscarella 1978, 41,

pqr |}rq |{ xm pm r� ~l wmo wmt ~w{r uxu u}mz ~w{r |}{ u~ �{ s qr zur

w{x{w{x��uw{o.203 Özgüç 1969, 68, 106, pl. XXV, 2; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 32

({|�n xu w{ om zm xu�� p{ x{o wm {} xm zm or}� zrv �m ~ �u |~m xuv);

Özgüç 1989, 410–411, pl. II d, III (Fz wm }m, R� trv Fzm �{ xuv -

~wu� �u ou xu tm �uv, Alt. 59-22-30; 99-57-64). H |{ ~ xrq zrv |�n -

xu wm �uu zm {q z{v ut �{ �{ p}m �uv �qu xm o� pxl ql� |}m w �u -

�r~wu �r x� yu, zm q}� p{v — ~ux� z{ �}mp yrz �u }{ omz z� yu.

Sr l~ z{, uqr� xu }r�� { qo�� }mt z�� w try | xl }m�, uxu {n

{qz{y u �{y sr q{ u |{ ~ xr }r ~ �mo }m �uu (�r x�v �w try | xl} |{

�{ �{ p}m �uu zr |}{ ut o{ qu� o|r �m� xr zul }r ~ �mo }u }{ omz z{ p{).

H �rw ~�r zu wm wu� �wm tm zuv, |{ t o{ xl � �u� }mt }r �u�� { zr -

q{ �yr zur, zr� u {nr �{ �{ p}m �uu ~�u �m �� ~l {� z{ ~l �u yu ~l w

{q z{ y� �w try | xl }�. W}. Özgen 1984, 102, ~ {�u n{� z�y �wm -

tm zu ry, ��{ {nm w{z �m |~m xu ro tm or} �m �� ~l ut{ n}m sr zu ry

p{ x{ o{w {} x{o

Vu~. 98 Ur}rqzrmtum�~wur �quxm ut ~my{~~w{p{ Ir}mv{zm. G}{ztm

U{ Jantzen 1972, Taf. 61, B 95

205

Vu~. 99 Jr�mx� �r� sr �qux

b�{� |{ ~ xrq zuv �w try | xl} �qux o� t� om r� {~{ n�v uz �r }r~. Pmw y� ou qr xu, t{{ y{}� z�r |}{ �{ y�o~�}r �m �� ~l zm tm wmo wmt ~w{-u}mz ~wu� |~m xu l�, z{ |}u ��{y {zu {n�� z{ tmor}�m�� {nm u� w{z�m. U~m -xuu sr ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry p{ x{o wu {} xm zm or}� zrv ~�{ }{ zr u w{ |�� m zm zus zry |}rq ~�m o xl �� ~l ~{or} -�rz z{ �� s q� yu Ur }rq zrv Ftuu. Tq zm w{ �m w{v ~|{ ~{n {�{}y xr zul |~m xuv �u |u �rz qxl }mz zr ~wu� -~w{v w�x� �� }�, o {~{ nrz z{ ~�u qxl rr wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m. U~m xuu, �w }m �rz z�r p{ x{o w{v p}u �{ nm }mzmuxu �u� z{v |�u �� ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z� u w{ |�� ry ~ q}� p{v, �}rt o� �mv z{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� o ��{v w�x� -�� }r. Sm �{q wu |{ q{n z�� |~m xu v ut w{ ~ �u o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �{ }{ �{ ut or~� z� (Pm} yu}-Gx�}, ]m o�� r |r, [m tmz x� III B, S��-u Jsmz, Pm |xmz ��) (��. 27) u o~r pqm ~ol t� om xu~� ~ |{ �{ qm yuwuy yr }uv �ro uxu ~wu �{o. H ~m y{y qr xr, �m w{v ~|{ ~{n {�{}y xr zul |~m xu v lo xl r� ~l {q zuy ut {}u pu -zmx� z�� xr yrz �{o }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x �� }�, |}u �ry w{ ~ �l z�r |~m xuu (�}r� q�} �m ��r) ~ |{ q{n z�y{�{}y xr zu ry ut or~� z� zm |m yl� zu wm� u sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{, u wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m, m n}{z t{ o�r (�}r� |r -�rx� �m ��r) }m~ |}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l xu�� zm wr xr} yr~ ~w{y ��m |r204. H |}rq ~wu� ~wu� w�x� �� }m� �m w{v ~|{ ~{n{�{}y xr zul |~m xuv zr ut or ~ �rz. W|{ ~{n �w }m �r zul |~m xu v p{ x{o w{v {} xm ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z� u w{ |� -�{y ~ q}� p{v ~xu� w{y ~|r �u �u �rz, ��{ n� y{s z{ n� x{ q� ym�� { |}{ ~�{y ~{o |m qr zuu.

P}{ yr �r �� }r� �qux ~ sr ~� w{ ~w }r | xrz z� yu |~m xu l yu, o �{y sr w{y | xr w ~r n� xu {n zm }� sr z� r�rqom �t qr� z�� zm n{ }m, {� w{ �{ }�� ~{ �}m zu xu~� xu�� |~m xuu, ~w}r | xlo �u r ~l ~ �qu xm yu |}u |{ y{ �u}ry zrv. Ur} o�v |~m xuv (~{ �}m zux ~l xu�� {quz ut |m }�) tm or} �m r� ~l |}{ �{ ym yu x{ �m qu u n� wm u |{~�u x� u �{} yr �}rt o� �mv z{ nxu t{w |~m xu ly qo�� |r} o�� qux (��. 100, 5)205. J}� pur qom |m} z��|~mxul uyr �� tm pz� ��v or}� zuv w{ zr� u w}�p x{r tm or} �r zur, zm w{ �{ }{y ~ {nr u� ~�{ }{z zm zr ~rz}rx� r� z�v w}�p (~�u xu t{ omzml |}{ �{ ym su o{� z{ p{ uxu |�u ��?), �mw ��{ or}� zrr {w{z �m zur |~m xuluyr r� wm �� r� z{ {n }mt z�� {} y�. Sus zuv w{ zr� tm or} �m r� ~l zr n{x� �uy }m~ �u }r zu ry (~�u xu t{ -omz{r w{ |� �{ ?) (��. 100, 3)206. H{t y{s z{, �{} ym ��u� |~m xu v ~{ ~�u xu t{ omz z{v |}{ �{ y{v su o{� z{ -p{ uxu |�u �� zm or}� zry w{z �r u ut{ n}m sr zu ry w{ |� �m zm zus zrv, �mw sr o{~ �{ qu� w ~�r| z�y {n }mt -�myu. Nt or ~� z{ u r�r zr ~w{x� w{ �w try | xl }{o mzm x{ pu� z�� |~m xuv, {q zm w{ o~r {zu |}{ u~ �{ ql� utp}mnu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w u zr qm �u }{ om z� (��. 101, 1, 5)207. P zuy q{ ~ �m �{� z{ nxut wu r�r |~m xuu, �}m -zl �u r ~l o Yzu or} ~u �r� ~w{y y� trr Zu xm qrx� �uu (��. 101, 4). Tzu uyr �� sr �{} y� u �r sr �}u

204 Wo{q w� ym �r }u m xm ~y. Ixxiz~�wm 1961m, 45–53; Rrq orq -

~wml 1992, 86–95.205 Özgüç 1989, 411, pl. V (Fz wm }m, R� trv Fzm �{ xuv ~wu� �u -

ou xu tm �uv, Alt. 59-21-57; 99-164-64).

206 Özgüç 1989, 411–412, pl. VI a.207 Gropp 1981, 106, Taf. II b; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer,

Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 147–148, Nr. 60–61; Yıldırım1987, 475, Abb. 17–19; Seidl 1991, 83, Nr. 34.

206

1

2

0 3

207

Vu~. 100 P{z~wml �tqm ut p}{nzu�� 3 Fx��z�r|r, X�}�ul. G}{ztm

U{ Özgüç 1989, pl. I–VI; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 31

3

4

5

|{q |}l y{ �p{x� z�� {� or} ~�ul, {q zm w{ tm or} �m �� ~l zr «wm �� r� z�y» {w{z �m zu ry, m ~�u xu t{ om z{vp{x{o w{v }{ pm �{ p{ su o{� z{ p{208. Sr w{ �{ }�� nxu t{~�� ~ ��uy |{ ~ xrq zuy �w try | xl }{y {n zm }� su om ��n}{z t{ o�r �}r� q�} �m ��r |~m xuu, �}m zl �u r ~l o R� trr b� y{ xu rz o Tw~ �{} qr (��. 101, 7). N� {� or} -~�ul zm �{ ql� ~l o zr n{x� �u� }m~ �u }r zu l� }{y n{ ouq z{v �{} y�, or}� zuv w{ zr� {�{ pz�� u �w }m �rz~�u xu t{ om z�y ut{ n}m sr zu ry p{ x{o wu w{ zl (?). P ~{ sm xr zu�, {zu �mw sr |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu�}m~ w{ |{w, u zu yr ~ �{ zm �{q wu (pqr-�{ o ~r or }{-tm |mq z{y N}m zr), zu qm �u }{o wm ��u� |~m xuv zr l~ z�209.]}rt o� �mv z{ nxut wu uy |~m xuu, �}m zl �u r ~l o R� trr Rr �}{ |{ xu �rz: {zu uyr �� |}m w �u �r ~wu uqrz -�u� z�� {} y� ~ �}r yl {� or} ~�u l yu, }m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu o }{y n{ ouq z�� }m~ �u }r zu l�, ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z�{�{ pz� �� u tm or} �m �� ~l ~�u xu t{ om z� yu ut{ n}m sr zu l yu t{{ y{}� z�� p{ x{ o{w (��. 101, 6). Rr ~ �{|}{ u~ �{ s qr zul u� (~r or} z�v N}mz?) u qm �u }{o wm �mw sr, w ~{ sm xr zu�, zr ut or~� z�210. Sm w{ zr�, �}r -�uv �w try | xl} �m wu� |~m xuv, �mw sr |}{ u~ �{ ql �uv, |{-ou qu y{ y�, ut p}m nu �rx� ~wu� }m~ w{ |{w o u}mz -~w{y Ftr} nmv qsm zr, �}m zu� ~l o Rmvz �r; tqr~� sr zm �{ qu� ~l u |~m xuv uz{v �{} y� ut N}m zm, �mw sr�w }m �rz z�v p{ x{o w{v su o{� z{ p{ (��. 101, 2, 3)211.

Xm wuy {n }m t{y, o p}{n zu �r Fx ��z �r |r, {� z{ ~l �rv ~l w ~m y{ y� zm �m x� VII o. q{ z. �. {n zm }� sr z{qor }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�u |~m xuv, �w }m �rz z�� p{ x{o w{v {} xm ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z� u w{ |�� ry ~ q}� p{v: o {qz{y~x� �mr o� |{x zrz z�r q{ ~ �m �{� z{ }r m xu ~�u� z{ ut{ n}m sr zul zm �{ ql� ~l zm qo�� |r �rx� �m �� |~m xu l�,sr~� w{ ~w}r | xrz z�� ~ �qu xm yu, o q}� p{y — ~ux� z{ ~�u xu t{ omz z�r ut{ n}m sr zul �w }m �m �� {� qrx� z{ut p{ �{ o xrz z�r �r �� }r� q�} �m ��r |~m xuu (��zw �u { zmx� z{ qom ym xrz� wu� �rz � }mx� z�� {� or} ~�ul ~{ {� -or� ~� o� �� {q z{ y� �rz � }mx� z{ y� �}r� q�} �m �� ~�r| z�� |~m xuv). U{ l o xr zur �m wu� |~m xu ro lo xl r� ~l,~w{ }rr o~r p{, {q zuy ut ~ou qr �rx�~�o oxu l zul ro }m tuv ~wu� w{ �ro zu w{o zm �}m}� ~w�� t q�, w{ �{ }{r qxln{ xrr |{tq zr p{ o}r yr zu �u w ~u }� r� ~l u q}� pu yu qmz z� yu (zm �{q wu |}rq yr �{o �t q� ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m zm�}m}� ~wu� |{ ~r xr zu l�, |}r s qr o~r p{ zm Pm} yu}-Gx� }r, pqr {zu lo z{ u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� yr ~� z� yu su �r -xl yu). G{ xrr �{ p{, }r�� uqr�, or }{ l� z{, { ~m y{y }mz zry qm �u }{ omz z{y ~ou qr �rx� ~� or �m w{ p{ oxu l zul —wmw �sr p{ o{ }u x{~�, �t qr� z�r zm n{ }� ut �}r�� rv p}{n zu �� Fx ��z �r |r {� z{ ~l� ~l w �|{ �r F} pu� �u II,�. r. w{ o}r yr zu zr |{t sr |r} o�� |l� zm q �m �u xr� VII o. q{ z. �. R� |{ x� �m ry, �m wuy {n }m t{y, r�r {qz��}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w�� |}u olt w� qxl qm �u }{o wu }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }� wr xr} yr~ ~w{ p{ ��m |m — r~ xu rroxu l zur {�� m r� ~l o �}m}� ~w{v w{z ~w{v �t qr �sr o zm �m xr VII o. q{ z. �., tzm �u� {zm ~x{ su xm~� zr|{tsr ��{v qm ��. b�m zm �{q wm lo xl r� ~l r�r {q zuy |{q �or} sqr zu ry �{ p{, ��{ wuy yr }uv �� ~ m} �r{ x{ -pu �r ~w{v �{� wu t}r zul |}u zmq xr sm xu w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r. H ~m y{y qr xr, o ~�{x� }mz zrr o}r yl�}m} �� ~{ ~wu �m yu r�r zr ~�mx wu om xu~�, m su �r xu tm |mq z{v |r }u �r }uu Y}m} �� zr ~�mx wu om xu~� ~zuyu u p{ }mt q{ q{x� �r. U}u ~�� ~� our sr wuy yr }uv �ro o }mv {zm�, nxut wu� w }mv {z� Fx ��z �r |r, �u w -~u }� r� ~l |u~� yrz z� yu u~ �{� zu wm yu �sr ~ zm �m xm 670-� pp. q{ z. �.212, m |r} o�r ~�{xw z{ or zul �}m} �{o~ wuy yr }uv �m yu {� z{ ~l� ~l w |{ ~ xrq zuy qo�y qr ~l �u xr �u ly VIII o. q{ z. �.

T�r ouq z{, o �r �r zur VII o. q{ z. �. oxu l zur }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v �t q� zm �}m}� ~w�� zm }m ~ �m x{ o }r t�x� -�m �r |{ ~�{ lz z�� uz �rz ~uo z�� w{z �m w �{o ~ wuy yr }uv �m yu, m tm �ry u ~wu �m yu. Wou qr �rx� ~� o{y ��{ p{lo xl r� ~l, zm |}u yr}, zm �{q wm |}u }m~ w{| wm� Xrv �r nm u zu �}r� zm n{ }{o w{z ~w{v �t q� �u |u� z{ p{}mzzr~wu� ~w{ p{ {n xu wm, ut w{ �{ }�� |{ yrz� �rv yr }r qom u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� tm �u� zu wm yu w}r |{ ~�u(~y. o��r) (��. 12)213. K�r {quz �t qr� z�v zm n{} ~wu� ~w{ p{ �u |m {n zm }� srz |}u w{ ~ �l wr x{ �m qu,|{pun �rv o{ o}r yl ��} ym w}r |{ ~�u214. Hu qu y{, qom |r} o�� t qr� z�� zm n{ }m, u~ |{x� t{ omo �u� ~l�}m}� ~wuy pm} zu t{ z{y Xrv �r nm u zu, q{xs z� n�� qm �u }{ om z� |r }u { q{y ~� �r ~� o{ om zul w}r |{ ~�u. Sr -~ y{ � }l zm �{, ��{ o Xrv �r nm u zu uyr r� ~l q{ ~ �m �{� z{ yz{ p{ |}rq yr �{o, |r }r zr ~rz z�� ~� qm ut b}r n�zu

208 Özgen 1979, 125–126, fig. 14; Özgen 1984, 103, 144, fig. 28;

Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 20.209 Moorey 1971, 126, Nr. 131, pl. 23.210 Muscarella 1988, 264–265, Nr. 353.211 Dietz 1995, 429–433, Abb. 3, Taf. 35, 2,3.212 Ivantchik 1993, 57–61; Nomz �uw 1996, 60–64.213 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 57, 92–93, }u~. 61, 62; Uu { � }{o ~wuv

1954, 143, }u~. 2 (|{ yr �r zur 18: sr xrt z�r �qu xm, |x{ ~wur

w{~ �l z�r |~m xuu, �r �� }r n}{z t{ o�r |}ls wu o ou qr wx� om u

{qzm o ou qr nm }m nmz �u wm; |{ yr �r zur 25: sr xrt z�r w{x� �m ��r

�qu xm, sr xrt z�r �}r� |r �rx� �m ��r |~m xuu ~ tm pz� ��y w{z �{y,

�}u n}{z t{ o�� wx� o{ ouq z�� |}{ zu tu u {q zm o ou qr p{ x{ o�

p}u �{ nm }m zm).214 Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 93; Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1954, 143, }u~. 2

(srxrt z�r �qu xm, ~r }r n }l z�v �m xm}, |}ls wu qxl }ry zrv o

�{} yr wx� om u �}r� x{ |m ~� z{v ~om ~�u wu).

208

209

Vu~. 101 G}{zt{o�r |~mxuu ut p}mnu�rx�~wu� }m~w{|{w. 1. U}mu ~�{}u�r~w{r p{~�qm}~�orzz{r ~{n}mzur, R�z�rz; 2, 3. \rz�}mx�z�v Vuy ~w{-pr}ymz~wuv y�trv, Rmvz�;

4. Yzuor}~u�r�~wuv y� trv Zuxmqrx��uu; 5. R�trv bxlt�pm; 6. R�trv Rr�}{|{xu �rz, S��-O{}w; 7. R� trv b�y{xurz, Tw~�{}q

U{ Vanden Berghe, De Meyer 1983, Nr. 60 (1); Dietz 1995, 429– 433, Abb. 3 (2, 3); Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 17, 20 (5, 4); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 353 (6); Moorey 1971, 126, Nr. 131, pl. 23 (7)

1

3

4

5

6 7

2

u {� z{ ~l �u� ~l r�r w VIII o. q{ z. �., o}lq xu ��u qom �t qr� z�� zm n{ }m {� z{ ~l� ~l w ��{v p}�| |r zm �{ -q{w — {zu zr lo xl �� ~l }r xu w ou l yu uxu �rz z{ ~�l yu, wmw |}rq yr ��, |}{ u~ �{ ql �ur ut b}r n�zu, u,or}{ l� z{, |}rq zm tzm �m xu~� qxl ��u xu �m} z{ p{ u~ |{x� t{ om zul. N� y{s z{ {� zr ~�u, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, w ~r}r -qu zr – �}r�� rv �r� or} �u VII o. q{ z. �. Hr }{ l� z{, o�{ }{v – �}r�� rv �r� or} �� VII o. q{ z. �. qm �u }� �� ~l uq}� pur |}rq yr �� w{z ~w{v �t q� «}mz zr ~wu� ~w{ p{» �u |m, {n zm }� srz z�r o }mt xu� z�� }m}� ~wu� w}r |{ -~�l� u ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� � �ur { oxu l zuu w{z ~w{v �t q� wuy yr }uv �ro u ~wu �{o zm �}m}� ~w�� (~y. o� �r)215.

2.2.5 GQd^ PN PTS WPTO WGVYN NM ST WF ]KH WPT IT PYV IF SF

Tq zuy ut m} p� yrz �{o o |{x� t� �{ p{, ��{ o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm� wuy yr }uv �ro ��m ~� o{ om xuz{~u �r xu w�x� �� }� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m, ~�u �m �� ~l n}{z t{ o�r |}ls wu {� w{z ~w{v ~n}�u, zmv qrz z�ro S{ ~m �ro ~w{y w�} pm zr o qzr | }{o ~w{v xr ~{ ~�r |u (��. 102, 30–33). b�u sr nxl �u {q z{ o}r yrz z{u~|{x� t� �� ~l u qxl qm �u }{o wu ~{ {� or� ~� o� � �u� |m yl� zu w{o. I. X. P{o |m zrz w{, {|�n xu w{ omo �ml w{y|-xrw~ S{ ~m �ro ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm, ~{ |{ ~ �m ou xm u� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu l yu w{z ~wu� �w }m �r zuv zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu�}rx� r �m� o}r yr zu F� ��} nm zu |m xm u Wm} p{ zm II216, o|}{ �ry, o{ o~r zr qr xml ut ��{ p{ ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zulo� o{ qm { tm uy ~� o{ om zuu nxl� zm Ur }rq zry H{ ~ �{ wr. Tzm u~ |{x� t{ om xm rp{ xu�� qxl qm �u }{o wu wmw~my{ p{ S{ ~m �ro ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm, �mw u q}� pu� zm �{ q{w z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m. H ~{ {� or� ~� ouu ~ ut{ n}m -sr zu l yu zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu� }rx� r �m�, I. X. P{o |m zrz w{ ~�u �m xm ��u |}rq yr �� m ~�� w{z ~w{ p{ zm p}�q -zu wm o ou qr �u }{ w{ p{ }ry zl ~ zm �u �� yu nxl �m yu, w w{ �{ }�y y{p xu |}u or �u om�� ~l �w }m �r zul,zm|}u yr}, o ou qr wu ~ �rv (��. 103). H|{~ xrq ~� ouu ��{ ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zur |{ x� �u x{ �u }{ w{r }m~ |}{ ~�}m -zr zur, |}u �ry {n�� z{ u~ |{x� t{ om x{~� o wm �r ~� or ~ou qr �rx� ~� om ��m ~�ul z{ ~u �r xrv z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{vw�x� �� }� o zm nr pm� zm F~ ~u }u�, {� w� qm u n� xu lw{ n� tm uy ~� o{ om z� ��u nxl �u217.

215 Xrv �r nm u zu: Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1950, 95–96, }u~. 64; Uu { � -

}{o ~wuv 1954, 142; Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1959, 242; ]m o�� r |r: Erzen

1978, 56, Res. 41, Taf. 47 a, b; [m tmz x� III B: ~y. �w~ w�}~. W}.

zm �{q w� �}mp yrz �m mzm x{ pu� z{ p{ |~m xul zm |{ ~r xr zuu S��-

u Jsmz o tm |mq z{y N}m zr: Curtis 1984, 47–48, fig. 15, Nr. 431.

Tz |}{ u~ �{ qu� ut «~wo{� �r} ~w{ p{ ~x{l», w{ �{ }�v qm �u }� r� ~l

650–575 pp. q{ z. �. uxu zr ~w{x� w{ |{t sr: Curtis 1984, 22, VII

(oorqrzur J. W�}{zm�m). N. S. Rrq orq ~wml {�u n{� z{ qm �u }�r�

�� zm �{q w� 750–650 pp. q{ z. �.: Rrq orq ~wml 1992, 95.216 P{o |m zrz w{ 1966, 177–178, }u~. 2, 5–10. W{ |{ ~�m o xr z{ ~

}rx� r �m yu B.M. 118828 ut qo{} �m Wm} p{ zm o J�}-^m} }� wuzr

([{} ~m nmq), 713–707 pp. q{ z. �. (o}r yl ~�}{ u �rx� ~� om qo{} �m):

Smith 1938, pl. XXXII c; Barnett, Forman 1959, pl. 43; Barnett,

Lorenzini 1975, pl. 61, m �mw sr ~ }rx� r �m yu ut |{ yr �r zuv C

u S ({�{ �m zm x�o{o) ~r or} z{ p{ qo{} �m F� ��} nm zu|m xm o Su -

zr ouu B.M. 124859, 124882, 124886/7: Barnett, Forman 1959,

pl. 59, 87, 95, 99; Barnett, Lorenzini 1975, pl. 92, 124; Barnett

1976, pl. V, LIII, LVII, LIX. W� qm sr ~xr q� r� q{nm ou�� | }ls�

w{ zl �m} ~w{v w{ xr~ zu �� zm }rx� r �m� F� ��} nm zu |m xm �{v sr

~r }uu — ut |{ yr �r zul C (B.M. 124866, 124853) u �| }ls� or} -

�{ o{ p{ w{ zl m~ ~u }uv ~w{ p{ o{ u zm u �m} ~w{v w{ xr~ zu �� zm

}rx� r �m� ~ ut{ n}m sr zu ry wmy |m zuu |}{ �uo bxm ym 653 p.

q{ z. �. (Louvre AO 19909) u ut |{ yr �r zul V1/T1 (Or. Dr. V,

31): Barnett 1976, pl. VIII, XII, LXVII, LXIX, m �mw sr ut qo{ }m

XIX, |{ yr �r zuv XXVIII u XXXIII �p{-tm|mq z{ p{ qo{} �m

P��z q su wm: Paterson 1915, pl. 40–42, 46–47, 57–58, 65–66.

P}{ yr �{ p{, �{� sr ouq �w }m �r zul w{z ~w{v �t q� ut{ n}m srz

u zm q}� pu� yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�� }rx� r �m� �|{ �u Wm} p{ zm II:

Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 21, 39, 123–128, 131–136 (w{ zu qmz zu -

w{o), 56–59bis, 65, 76, 77, 92, 100 (w{ xr~ zu �� m~~u }uv ~wu�

o{u z{o u �m }l), 64, 67, 72, 73, 87, 99, 108, 109, 112, 143 (or} -

�{ o�r x{ �m qu m~ ~u }uv �ro), m �mw sr Wu zm��r }unm: Smith 1938,

pl. XXXIX, XLIV–XLVI; Russell 1991, fig. 33, 41, 81 (or} �{ o�r

w{ zu u w{ xr~ zu �m m~ ~u }uv �ro).217 Xr }r z{s wuz 1976, 159, 205; Qr ~ w{o 1981, 95, 98–99;

U{p}r n{ om, Vm ro ~wuv 1992, 184; Ww{ }uv 1991, 24; Vm ro ~wuv

1993, 81; b} xu� 1994, 83, 89. W}. Px{� w{, R�} tuz 1989, 68, pqr

|}rq |{ xm pm r� ~l {n }m� z�v |�� tm uy ~� o{ om zul, z{ ~m yu nxl �u

~�u �m �� ~l ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y ��m ~�ul z{ o{ �r} wm~~ �ro o |{ �{ qm�

wuy yr }uv �ro. Y� or} sqr zur W. Q. J� qm }r om { �{y, ��{ o S{ ~m -

�ro ~w{y w�} pm zr lw{ n� n� xu zmv qr z� «}rt z�r ut qr xul ut

w{~ �u, uyr � �ur mzm x{ puu zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu� qo{} �{ o�� }rx� r -

�m� �|{ �u Wm} p{ zm II u F� ��} nm zu |m xm» (J� qm }ro 1991,

33) — {�r ouq z{, }r t�x� �m� zr q{ }m t� yr zul. Smv qrz z�r o |{ -

p}r nr zuu S{ ~m �ro ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm w{ ~ �l z�r nxl �u |}u zmq xr sm�

{n�� z{ y� qxl z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o �u |�, u u� zu w�{

zu w{ pqm zr ~}mo zu omx ~ m~ ~u }uv ~wu yu }rx� r �m yu, zm w{ �{ }��

zr� ut{ n}m sr zuv zu �r p{ |{ q{n z{ p{.

210

211

Vu~. 102 Nzorz�m}� S{~m�ro~w{p{ w�}pmzm. 1–23, 30–33. G}{ztm; 24, 25. Lrxrt{; 26–29. P{~��

U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 45

12 3 4 5

6

7 8

9

10 11 1213

14

15

22

212019181716

23

24 25

26

27 28

29

30

31

32 33

212

Tq zm w{ �r sr ~m y�r m~ ~u }uv ~wur ut{ n}m sr zul (~ �wm tm zu ry zm }rx� r �� ut qo{} �m Wm} p{ zm o [{} -~m nm qr) V. Iu}� ymz r�r o 30-r p{ q� ~{ |{ ~ �m oux ~ nxl� wm yu ut |{ p}r nr zul 15 zr w }{ |{ xl Wu mxw B(��. 81, 8, 9)218. U}u yr} z{ {q z{ o}r yrz z{ �r sr ut{ n}m sr zul zm }rx� r �m� Wu zm��r }u nm u F� ��} nmzu -|m xm n� xu ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr z� ~{ ~�{q z� yu nxl� wm yu ut Q� }u ~�m zm u T} q{ ~m219. H|{~ xrq ~� ouu o wm �r ~�ormzm x{ puv ��{ y� �u |� zm �{ q{w, �m }m w �r} z{ y� qxl w�x� �� }� Wu mxw B (�. z. «nmz q s{ {n }mt z�r» u ~�{q z�r~ zu yu), n� xu �wm tm z� zr �{x� w{ q}� pur }rx� r �� |{ �u Wm} p{ zm II, Wu zm��r }u nm u F� ��} nm zu |m xm,z{ u ~�rz z�r }{~ |u ~u �|{ �u Xup xm� |m xm ~m }m III (745–727 pp. q{ z. �.) u n{ xrr |{tq zr p{ o}r yr zu utXux� Gm} ~u |m (��. 104), m ~m yu nxl� wu qm �u }{ om z� o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VIII o. q{ z. �.220

U{ |{ o{ q� u~ |{x� t{ om zul }{~ |u ~rv ut Xux� Gm} ~u |m qxl qm �u }{o wu o}r yr zu |{ l o xr zul qmz z{v�{} y� nxl �rw ~xr q� r�, {q zm w{, ~qr xm�� zr w{ �{ }�r {p{ o{} wu. Jr x{ o �{y, ��{ ��u }{~ |u ~u ~{ o ~ry zr�mw �{ }{ �{ qm �u }{ om z�, wmw wm sr� ~l u~ |{x� t� � �uy u� m} �r{ x{ pmy. W}r qu }{~ |u ~rv qo{} �m Xux� Gm} -~u |m r�r u� |r} o�v |�n xu wm �{} Z. X� }{-Jmz srz o� qr xux qom }mt z{ o}r yrz z�� ~�u xl, |}u �ry �. z.«|r} o�v ~�ux�» {� zr~ w �|{ �r Xup xm� |m xm ~m }m III uxu zr ~w{x� w{ n{ xrr }mz zr y� o}r yr zu, m «o�{ }{v~�ux�» — w �|{ �r F� ��} nm zu |m xm221. W �r� |{} ��{ }mt qr xr zur ~ zr w{ �{ }� yu ��{� zr zu l yu ~�m x{{n�r |}u zl ��y, {q zm w{ qm �u }{o wu {n{ u� «~�u xrv» n� xu |}rq yr �{y ~|{ }{o222. Sm~ tqr~� q{xs zm uz �r -

218 Ghirshman 1939, 109, pl. LV, LVI.219 Herzfeld 1941, 142, fig. 256.220 Calmeyer 1964, 40–42, Taf. 48, 99; Calmeyer 1969, 105–

108; Boehmer 1965, 805–811; Moorey 1971, 136–137, pl. 28,

151–152. V{~ |u ~u ~y. Thureau-Dangin, Dunand 1936, pl. XLIX,

LIII; Parrot 1969, pl. 118, 345, 347.221 Thureau-Dangin, Dunand 1936, 45–74.222 N~ �r} |� om � �� u~ �{ }u� u~ ~xr q{ om zul ~y. Nunn 1988,

108–122.

Vu~. 103 F~~u}uv~wuv }rx�r� ut qo{}�m Wm}p{zm II o J�}-^m}}�wuzr

U{ Albenda 1986, pl. 34

213

}r ~{ om�� |}r s qr o~r p{ qm �m ~m y{ p{ }mz zr p{, |r} o{ p{ ~�u xl, ~}r qu }{~ |u ~rv w{ �{ }{ p{, zm �{ ql �u� ~lo |{ yr �r zuu 24, ~{ �}m zu x{~� ut{ n}m sr zur qo�� x{ �m qrv ~ uz �r }r ~� � �uy zm~ �xr yrz �{y �| }l su({~�mx� z�r |{ q{n z�r ut{ n}m sr zul, ~{ �}m zuo �u r ~l o |{ yr �r zu l� 22 u 27, |}u zmq xr sm� «o�{ }{ y� ~�u -x�»). Fo �{ }�, u~ |{x� t{ omo �ur }{~ |u ~u ut Xux� Gm} ~u |m qxl qm �u }{o wu nxl �rw ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ �u |m,~xr q{ om xu tm qm �u }{o w{v, |}rq x{ srz z{v Z. X� }{-Jmz sr z{y, {q zm w{ {zm qm xr w{ zr nr~ ~|{} zm. Nt|}rq xm pmo �u� ~l o xu �r }m �� }r qm �u }{ o{w }{~ |u ~rv «|r} o{ p{ ~�u xl» ~m yml }mz zll nxut wm �{v, ��{ |}rq -xm pm xm~� mo �{ }{y u� |r} o{v |�n xu wm �uu — o}r yl ��} �m zm (o� ~ �ml |}u qo{} zml q{xs z{~�� o F~ ~u }uu)^my �u-ux�, |}m ou �r xl Xux� Gm} ~u |m ({w. 780–745 pp. q{ z. �.)223, m ~m yml |{tq zll (~ w{ �{ }{v, o|}{ -�ry, wm sr� ~l, zu w�{ zr ~{ p xm ~rz) — �|{ �m F~m} �mq q{ zm (681–669 pp. q{ z. �.) |}u {� }u �m zuu ~m y{ p{~��r ~� o{ om zul qo�� ~�u xrv o }{~ |u ~u qo{} �m224. Tnr w}mv zur qm �u }{o wu, {q zm w{, zr |{ x� �u xu |}u tzm -zul ~}r qu ~|r �u m xu ~�{o. H zm ~�{ l �rr o}r yl zmu n{ xrr m} p� yrz �u }{ omz z{v u }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z{v lo xl -r� ~l �{� wm t}r zul, ~{ p xm~ z{ w{ �{ }{v }{~ |u ~u «|r} o{ p{ ~�u xl» q{xs z� qm �u }{ om�� ~l {� |}m o xr zulXupxm� |m xm ~m }m III q{ Wm} p{ zm II, �. r. o�{ }{v |{ x{ ou z{v VIII o. q{ z. �., ~ |}u tzm zu ry zr o{t y{s z{ ~�u��{� zr zul ��{v qm �u }{o wu225. W� �r ~� orz z�v m} p� yrz� o |{x� t� ~� sr zul qm �u }{o wu }{~ |u ~rv «|r} o{p{~�u xl» q{ �|{ �u |}m o xr zul Wmx ym zm ~m }m V |}u orx R. Hr� xr} — {z �{x w� r� {q z� ut zu� wmw ut{ n}m -sr zur {~m q� Xu }m ��uy �m }ry226. Tq zm w{ ��m qm �m zr {t zm �m r�, ��{ }{~ |u ~u Xux� Gm} ~u |m �u w ~u }� ��o}r yl |{ l o xr zul uz �r }r ~� � �u� zm~ nxl �rw o F~ ~u }uu — {zu qm �� xu�� terminus ante quem ��{ p{~{n� �ul. H xu �r }m �� }r �sr {� yr �m x{~�, ��{ qxl �|{ �u yr s q� |}m o xr zu ry F� ��} zm �u} |m xm II (884–858 pp. q{ z. �.) u Xup xm� |m xm ~m }m III (745–727 pp. q{ z. �.) zmy zr ut or~� z{ |}m w �u �r ~wu zu {q z{ p{ m~ ~u -}uv ~w{ p{ }rx� r �m uxu }{~ |u ~u227. G}{z t{ o�r {n wxmq wu «nm xm om� ~wu� o{ }{�» Wmx ym zm ~m }m III (858–824 pp. q{ z. �.), �m~�� ut w{ �{ }�� ut p{ �{ o xr zm o 850, m �m~�� {w{ x{ 841/837 p. q{ z. �. (}r�� uqr� { qo��}mt z�� o{ }{ �m�)228, zr ~|m ~m �� |{ x{ sr zul — ut{ n}m sr zul zm zu� ~xu� w{y ~�r ym �u� z� u zr |{ t o{ -xl�� }mt xu �u�� r� qr �m xrv, w{ �{ }�r y{s z{ ou qr�� zm }rx� r �m� uxu ~�rz z�� }{~ |u ~l�. Xm wuy {n }m -t{y, y� y{ sry �� or} sqm�� xu�� {, ��{ nxl� wu ~{ {� or� ~� o� � �rv �{} y� o{ �xu o �|{ � }rn xr zur o

223 Moortgat 1967, 143–146; Nagel 1967, 50.224 Madhloom 1970, 23–26, 120–121.225 Nunn 1988, 121.226 Wäfler 1975, 108–109.

227 Hrouda 1965, 14; Hüttel 1981a, 40–41.228 Wäfler 1975, 247–251, 299–301, ~ u~ �{� zu wm yu u xu �r }m -

�� }{v.

Vu~. 104 W�rzz�r }{~|u~u ut qo{}�m Xux� Gm}~u|m

U{ Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 3, 4

214

F~~u }uu yrs q� o}r yr zry F� ��} zm �u} |m xm II u Wmx ym zm ~m }m V uxu Wm} p{ zm II (�{ �l zm �{ quo �u r ~l zmzm p}�q z{y }ry zr x{ �m qu ��zw �u { zmx� z{ mzm x{ pu� z�r nxl �u, z{ o �{} yr w}� p{o uxu }{ tr �{w, ut or~� -z� u zm }rx� r �m� F� ��} zm �u} |m xm).

Sm �{q wm yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�� nxl �rw ��{ p{ �u |m (~{ �}m zu x{~� 66 �w try | xl }{o }mt xu� z{v �{} y�)~}rqu |}rq yr �{o w{z ~w{v �t q� o wm yr }r 26 w�} pm zm F} smz229 |}u oxr w xm ozu ym zur w �{ y� {n ~�{ l �rx� -~� o�, ��{ |{ q{n z�r nxl� wu o~�}r �m �� ~l zr �{x� w{ o Ur }rq zrv Ftuu u N}m zr, z{ u, w}{ yr ~m y{ p{F}sm zm, o |}rq ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� ~�r| z{ p{ |{ l ~m, o �m ~� z{ ~�u o Lu} z{ w xr ro ~w{y w�} pm zr №�6o Sus zry U{ o{x s�r (21 nxl� wm, n{x� �uz ~� o{ w}�p x�r uxu {omx� z�r, �}u �u p�} z�r)230, o w�} pm zrW�}u sr zm y{ pu xm (Q� pmz ~w{r J{ zr� w{v {n xm ~ �u) (14 {omx� z�� u �}u «nm n{� w{ ouq z�r»)231, o |{ p}r nr -zuu 31 P{ nmz ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, m �mw sr u o Mm |mq z{v Ko }{ |r — o Rr }u pr zr (^orv �m }ul) u o Rrx -xrz �u zr (~r or }{-o{~ �{� zml Ir} ym zul) (��. 105, 1–11)232. P}{ yr �{ p{, zm n{} ut 35 mzm x{ pu� z�� w{ ~�l -z�� nxl �rw }mt z�� {}y, o �{y �u~ xr nm n{� w{ ouq z��, {n zm }� srz o w�} pm zr № 7 � ~. P}m~ zml qr }rozlo Mmo{x s�r233. Fzm x{ pu� z�r nxl� wu n� xu {n zm }� sr z� �mw sr o w{z ~w{y tm �{ }{ zr zuu 93 y{ pux� zu wmU�u� I o Mm w� nm z�r234. Vr�� uqr�, �m wuy {n }m t{y, { �u |r zm �{ q{w, }m~ |}{ ~�}m zrz z{y zm �u }{ �mv �u�|}{ ~�}mz ~� om�, {� ^orv �m }uu zm tm |m qr q{ X� o� zm o{~ �{ wr, owx� �m � �u� ro }m tuv ~wur ~�r |u, N}mz uRr ~{ |{ �m yu�. Rr ~ �{ o{t zuw z{ or zul ��{ p{ �u |m nxl� zr l~ z{, z{ [.-I. [�� rx� ~wx{ zl r� ~l w y�~ xu{n u� ~�r| z{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu235.

Hr~� ym oms zm zm �{q wm zm n{ }m �m wu� nxl�, ut p{ �{ o xrz z�� ut n}{z t�, oyr ~�r ~ q}� pu yu |}rq yr �myuw{z ~w{v ~n}�u o ~x{r �u zmx� z{ p{ |{ sm }m [m tmz x� IV B (Lower Courtyard) (��. 105, 12, 20, 21)236. U{ -q{n z�r nxl� wu n� xu {n zm }� sr z� u o q}� pu� yr ~ �m� ��{ p{ ~x{l. Jmz zml zm �{q wm |{ t o{ xl r� zr �{x� w{}r w{z ~� }� u }{ om�� ~|{ ~{n }m~ |{ x{ sr zul nxl� qmz z{ p{ �u |m q}�p {� z{ ~u �rx� z{ q}� pm (zr w{ �{ }�r ut zu�,zmv qrz z�r in situ, ~wu |r xu~� |}u {wu~ xr zuu), z{ u qm �u }{ om�� u�. K~ xu {n �r |}u zl �ml qm �u }{o wm }mt -}� �r zul �u zmx� z{ p{ |{ ~r xr zul [m tmz x� IV or} zm (~}. zu sr), {zu q{xs z� {� z{ ~u�� ~l w ~m y{ y� w{z��IX o. q{ z. �. Xm wuy {n }m t{y, u~ |{x� t{ om zur qmz z{ p{ �u |m nxl� o w{z ~w{v ~n}�r tm ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ om z{ zm�s z{y nr }r p� {tr }m Y} yul, o �}m}� ~w{-ymz zrv ~w{y }r pu { zr, �sr o w{z �r IX o. q{ z. �., �. r. tzm �u �rx� -z{ }mz� �r, �ry �{ y{s z{ n� x{ n� |}rq |{ x{ su�� zm {~ z{ om zuu m~ ~u }uv ~wu� qo{} �{ o�� }rx� r �{o.

Tq z{o }r yrz z{ ~ {�{ sqr ~� o xr zu ry ~u mx w{o ~wu� nxl� u nxl� ut w�} pm zm F} smz w �{ y� sr �u |�mo�{ym �u �r ~wu n� xu {� zr ~r z� u nxl �u ut S{ ~m �ro ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm — or }{ l� zrr o~r p{ |{ �{ y�, ��{I. X. P{o |m zrz w{ ~{ |{ ~ �m o xl xm u� ~ �r yu sr m~ ~u }uv ~wu yu }rx� r �m yu, ~}mo zr zur w{ �{ }�� ~ ~u mx w{o -~wu yu nxl �m yu n� x{ �sr �}m qu �u {z z�y237. Tq zm w{ r~ xu ~}mo zu om�� nxl �u �u |m zmv qrz z�� o F} sm zr(uxu ~u mx w{o ~wur) ~ z{ ~m �ro ~wu yu zr |{ ~}rq ~� orz z{, m zr �r }rt m~ ~u }uv ~wur }rx� r ��, �{ o}lq xuw{y�-zu n�q� |}u qr� o p{ x{ o� {� z{ ~u�� u� w {q z{ y� u �{ y� sr �u |�238. Sr qmo z{ F. c. Fxr w ~r ro, zr tm -ou ~u y{ {� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zuv nxl� ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{ �u |m ~ m~ ~u }uv ~wu yu }rx� r �m yu u ~ m} smz ~wu yu zm �{q -wm yu, �~{y zux ~l o w{} }rw� z{ ~�u ~}mo zr zul z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl �rw ~ ut{ n}m sr zu l yu zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu�}rx� r �m�239. U}u ��{y {z {� yr �ux, ��{, ~� ql |{ ~{ �}m zuo �uy ~l |}u ��u� nxl� wm� {n }�o wmy }ry zrv,m �mw sr u� �{} yr, {zu zr y{p xu |{ yr �m�� ~l zm zm p}�q z�� }ry zl� ~n}�u u, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, zr lo xl -��~l ��zw �u { zmx� z{v mzm x{ pu rv ut{ n}m srz z�y zm }rx� r �m� w{z ~wuy zm n{} z�y zm p}�q zu wmy. Nz �r -}r~ z{, ��{ F. c. Fxr w ~r ro ~{ |{ ~ �m oux ut{ n}m sr zul w{z ~wu� zm p}�q z�� w }m �r zuv zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu�

229 I}lt z{o 1980, 36, 55, }u~. 24, 2–7; Grjaznov 1984, 50, 74,

Abb. 24.230 Wyu} z{o 1961, 69–70, }u~. 13, 3–11; Wyu} z{o 1964, 29,

}u~. 2, 3n; Xr }r z{s wuz 1976, 42–43, 158–159, }u~. 14, 10–13.231 ^m |{ om x{o 1971, 191–193; Xr }r z{s wuz 1976, 49, 158–

159, }u~. 20, 4–7.232 Hüttel 1981a, 29–44.233 Q� wm �{o 1984, 157–161.234 Hmx� �mw, Rm y{z �{o, Wm t{ z{o 1996, 25, }u~. 1. Mqr~� sr ~}.

~o{q w� mzm x{ pu� z�� zm �{ q{w o H{ ~ �{� z{v Ko }{ |r.235 Hüttel 1981a, 42–44.

236 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 63–64, fig. 6, ~}. 70–71, fig. 18,

3; Muscarella 1988, 70–71, fig. 106, 107, 109, 110; de Schauensee

1989, 48, fig. 19. H [m tmz x� ��u nxl� wu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� o

wm�r~� or zm n{} z{ p{ �w }m �r zul }ry zrv �t q�, m zr zm p}�q zu wm.237 Kossack 1980, 123; Hüttel 1981a, 35, 39; Kossack 1989, 116.238 W}. zm |}u yr} Xr }r z{s wuz 1976, 158–159, pqr {nm �u |m

nxl� {|u ~m z� zm ~{ ~rq zu� ~�}m zu �m�, |}u �ry { z{ ~m �ro ~wu�

~wm tm z{, ��{ {zu zr uyr �� mzm x{ puv. 239 Fxr w ~r ro 1992, 80–81; Fxr w ~r ro, Pm �m x{ om, X{� �m~� ro

1993, 79–80. W}. U{ xuz 1994, 157–158; J� qm }ro 1995, 29–30.

215

Vu~. 105 1–12. Gxl�wu. 13–19. Mm~�r swu. 20, 21. Vrw{z~�}�w�ul w{z~w{v �tq� ut ~x{l }mt }� �rzul [mtmzx� IV. 1–6. P�}pmz F}smz,wmyr}m 26; 7. P�} pmz Lu}z{wxrro~wuv 6; 8. Rr}uprz, ^orv�m}ul; 9. Rrx xrz�uz, ~ror}{-o{~�{�zml Ir} ym zul; 10. P{nmz~wuvy{pux�zuw, |{p}r nrzur 31; 11. P�}pmz W�}u srzm y{puxm, J{ zr�wml {nxm~��; 12. [m tm z x� IV; 13–15. P�}pmz F}smz, wm yr }m 1; 16. P�}pmz F}smz, wmyr }m 31; 17. P�}pmz H�~{wml y{puxm, p}{nzu�m 2; 18. P�}pmz H�~{wml y{puxm, p}{nzu�m 5; 19. P�}pmz �

~. Hm~ux�rowm. 1–7, 10, 11. Pmnmzuv wx�w; 8, 9, 19. P{~��; 12. G}{ztm; 13–18. Pmyrz�

U{ Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 1 (1–11); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 110 (12); Grjaznov 1984, Abb. 2– 4 (13 –16); Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 5, 6; 6, 11;10, 3 (17–19); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 6 (20); de Schauensee 1989, fig. 19 (21)

1 2 3

4

5 6

7 8 9

10 11

12

13

14

15

1617 19

2120

18

216

}rx� r �m� �mw sr ~ zm �{q wm yu ut w�} pm zm F} smz, z{ zr ~ nxl �m yu ut wm yr }� 26, wmw ��{ ~qr xmx q{ zr p{[.-I. [�� rx�, m ~ sr x{n �m �� yu nxl �m yu ut �rz � }mx� z{v wm yr }� 1240. H �rz � }mx� z{v wm yr }r w�} pm zmF} smz {n zm }� sr z{ |l�� nxl �rw ��{ p{ �u |m (|{ ~w{x� w� w{z ~wur |{ p}r nr zul tqr~� zm }� �r z�, |r} o{ -zm�mx� z{ u� y{p x{ n�� u n{x� �r), ��{ wmw n�q �{ ~ou qr �rx� ~� o� r� { o{t y{s z{ ~�u |{ q{n z{ p{ u� u~ �{x -w{ om zul, �ry n{ xrr, ��{ u� �{} ym qrv ~� ou �rx� z{ or~� ym zm |{ yu zm r� ut{ n}m srz z�r zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu�}rx� r �m� nxl �u (��. 105, 13–16). U}rq yr �� mn ~{ x�� z{ �m w{v sr �{} y� o~�}r �m �� ~l u o |}u �r} z{ -y{} ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� |}rq ~wu� ~w{v �|{ �u (p}{n zu �� 2 u 5 w�} pm zm H� ~{ wml y{ pu xm o Mm |{ }{ s�r241,w�} pmz Hm~ux� ro wm o J{ zr� w{v {n xm ~ �u242) (��. 105, 17–19), {q zm w{ uyrz z{ ��u zm �{q wu tm ~�m o xl ��~{y zu��~l o {q z{ tzm� z{y u~ �{x w{ om zuu �m wu� |}rq yr �{o wmw �xr yrz �{o zm n{} z�� w{z ~wu� zm p}�q -zu w{o. H ~m y{y qr xr, o ��u� |{ p}r nr zu l� {zu lo z{ u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� wmw tm ~�rs wu |{ l ~m (qom ~x� �ml)uxu w{x �m zm ({quz ~x� �mv) u zmv qr z� nrt o~l w{v ~ol tu ~ |}rq yr �m yu �t q�. Pmw tm ~�rs wu, |}r s qr o~rp{{� p{}u �{o, z{, o{t y{s z{, |}u yr zlo �u r ~l u qxl q}� pu� �r xrv, �{x w� �� ~l u yz{ p{ �u~ xrz z�r |{ q{n -z�r zm �{q wu o ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�243.

Pmw n� �{ zu n� x{, {� yr �rz z�r F. c. Fxr w ~r r o�y }mt xu �ul yr s q� �xr yrz �m yu w{z ~wu� zm n{}z��w }m �r zuv u z{ ~m �ro ~wu yu nxl �m yu q{ ~ �m �{� z�, ��{ n� {� wm tm�� ~l {� u� ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zul ~ m~ ~u }uv -~wuyu }rx� r �m yu u {� uqru {n u� |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu244. P ��{ y� y{s z{ q{ nm ou�� r�r,��{ nxl� wu, ~x� suo �ur �m ~ �l yu zm n{} z�� zm p}�q zu w{o, r~ �r ~� orz z{, o~�}r �m �� ~l o w{y | xr w ~m� oouqr zm n{ }{o, ~{ ~�{ l �u� ut q{ ~ �m �{� z{ n{x� �{ p{ w{ xu �r ~� om |}rq yr �{o (66 o F} sm zr, 21 o Lu} -z{wxrro ~w{y, 17 o w�} pm zr W�}u sr zm y{ pu xm, zr ~w{x� w{ qr ~l� w{o o [m tmz x� IV, o ou qr zm n{ }{o {zu|}rq ~�m o xr z� u o N}m zr245). S{ ~m �ro ~wu� sr nxl� o~r p{ �r �� }r246, u {zu lo z{ lo xl �� ~l |m} z� yu |}u -zmq xrs z{ ~�l yu �t q�. Sm tzm �r zur z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl� ~�m x{, zm y{v otpxlq, l~ z{ |{ ~ xr |�n xu wm �uuw{y| xr w ~m ut w�} pm zm � ~. Pou� wu o U{ }{ ~�r (��. 106), |{ ~{ ~�m o� zm �{ q{w u �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wu {�rz�nxut w{ p{ z{~m �ro ~w{ y�247. H ~{ ~�m or ��{ p{ w{y | xr w ~m {n zm }� sr z{ �r~�� w try | xl }{o qo� w{x� �m ��n}{z t{ o�� qux ~ q{ |{x zu �rx� z� yu torz� l yu. J{ |{x zu �rx� z�r tor z�l {q z{v |m }� uyr �� {} y�,�}rt o� �mv z{ nxut w�� {} yr z{ ~m �ro ~wu� |}rq yr �{o248, ~ �{v xu�� }mt zu �rv, ��{ sr x{n �m ��r nxl �uzm zu� uyr ��~l xu�� ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z�, m ~ q}� p{v tm yr zr z� �w }m �r zu ry o ou qr }{ p{o (��. 106, 65).U{ ~ w{x� w� wou� w{o ~wur �qu xm lo xl �� ~l nxu smv �rv mzm x{ pu rv z{ ~m �ro ~wuy nxl �my, y{s z{ |{ xm pm��,��{ ��u nxl�u �mw sr ~x� su xu q{ |{x zu �rx� z� yu torz� l yu �qux, ~w}r | xlo �u yu ~l ~ zu yu ~ |{ y{ ��}ry zl, m zr zm px� �{, wmw zm �qu xm� ut w�} pm zm Pou� wu. W q}� p{v ~�{ }{ z� w zuy, wmw u w wou� w{o ~wuy,|}u w}r| xlx ~l }r yrz� |{ o{ qm. T~ �m� wu }ry zl zm z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl �m� o|{x zr ~{ {� or� ~� o� �� m w{v u�uz �r} |}r �m �uu. H |{q�or}sqrzur ��{p{ |}rq|{x{srzul ~xrq�r� tmyr�u��, ��{ zm {qz{v |m}r �qux, zmv -

240 I}lt z{o 1980, 25, 55, }u~. 12, 2–4; Grjaznov 1984, 29, 74,

81, Abb. 2–4. W}. ]xr z{ om 1975, 70–72; ]xr z{ om 1997, 35–36.241 Guq tu xl, dw{ orz w{ 1974, 148–158, }u~. 3; 5, 1; Xr }r z{s -

wuz 1976, 28–32, }u~. 5, 6; 6, 11.242 Xr }r z{s wuz 1976, 37, }u~. 10, 3.243 ]r} zrz w{ 1981, 38–42, }u~. 24–25.244 T�rz� ~�}mz z�� |{ tu �u� |{ qmz z{v |}{ n xr yr tm zu ym r�

W. H. Rm �{} �� (1994, 21, 23). H �rw ~�r ~o{ rv }m n{ �� {z ~{ p -

xm �m r� ~l ~ |}rq x{ srz z�y I. X. P{o |m zrz w{ ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zu ry

z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl� ~ m~ ~u }uv ~wu yu }rx� r �m yu u zm ��{y {~ z{ -

om zuu ~�u �m r� u� «m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wuy |{q �or} sqr zu ry ��m ~�ul

wuy yr }uv �ro o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm�». Tq zm w{ tqr~� sr,

o |}u yr �m zuu w |}{ �u �u }{ omz z{v �}m tr, o� }m sr z{ |}{ �u o{ -

|{ x{s z{r yzr zur: mo �{} {� yr �m r� ��zw �u { zmx� z{r zr ~{ {� -

or� ~� our qr �m xrv �t q�, zmv qrz z�� o S{ ~m �r o{ u Pou� wm� u

ut{ n}m srz z�� zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu� }rx� r �m�, u {� }u �m r� u� {�{s -

qr ~� o xr zur u uqr� { |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zuu nxl�.

Tn� r qu zu�� qor �{� wu t}r zul o x{ pu �r ~wu zr |}{ �u o{ }r �u o{y

o� ~wm t� om zuu zr |}rq ~�m o xl r� ~l o{t y{s z�y: r~ xu z{ ~m �ro -

~wur nxl �u zr {�{ sqr ~� o xl �� ~l ~ ut{ n}m srz z� yu zm m~ ~u -

}uv ~wu� }rx� r �m� qr �m xl yu �t q�, {zu, {�r ouq z{, zr y{ p��

~x� su�� «m} �r{ x{ pu �r ~wuy |{q �or} sqr zu ry» ��m ~�ul z{ o{ -

�r} wm~~ �ro o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm�. ]u �m �rx� {~ �m r� ~l o

zr q{ �yr zuu: wm w{r ut qo�� |}{ �u o{ |{ x{s z�� o� ~wm t� om -

zuv — o �rw ~�r uxu o |}u yr �m zuu w zr y� — {� }m sm r� �{� w�

t}r zul mo �{ }m? W�m }{r ~{ |{ ~ �m o xr zur z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl� ~ m~ -

~u }uv ~wu yu }rx� r �m yu |{ o�{ }r z{, nrt �wm tm zul uz�� uz �r} -

|}r �m �uv, o z{ orv �rv }m n{ �r Dietz 1998, 36.245 Herzfeld 1941, 142.246 F. N. Xr }r z{s wuz ~{ ~~�x w{v zm �� sr |�n xu wm �u�

I. X. P{o |m zrz w{ �wm t� om r�, ��{ u� n� x{ |l��: Xr }r z{s wuz

1976, 79.247 P{o |m zrz w{, I� |m x{ 1984, 39–58.248 P{o |m zrz w{, I� |m x{ 1984, 44–45, }u~. 5, 1; Dietz 1998,

44, Nr. 35, Taf. 5.

217

Vu~. 106 Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm � ~. Pou�wu o U{}{~�r (1–47)

1 2 3 4

5

6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 2526 27 28 29 30

31

32 33

34

3637

38

39

43 44

41 42

46

47

35

40

45 0 9

218

Vu~. 106 Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm � ~. Pou�wu o U{}{~�r (48–64)

48 49 50

51

53

57

54

58

55 56

59

63

62 64

52

61

60

219

Vu~. 106 Sm�{qwu ut w�}pmzm � ~. Pou�wu o U{ }{~�r. 1–35, 38, 39, 47–60, 65, 73–75, 77. G}{ztm; 36, 37, 40–46. Lrxrt{;

61. G}{ztm u qr}ro{; 62. G}{ztm, ~r}rn}{ u w{sm; 63, 64. Jr}ro{ u w{sm; 66–70, 72, 76, 78, 79, 80. G}{ztm u w{sm; 71, 81. P{sm

U{ P{o|mzrzw{, I�|mx{ 1984, }u~. 5, 6, 9

65

66

67

68

69

70

7172

73

74

75

76

77 78

79

81

80

220

qrz z�� o S{~m�ro~w{y w�}pmzr, u~|{x�t{omz uyrzz{ �mw{v ~|{~{n ~{rquzrzul ~ {qzuy ut q{|{x zu -�rx�z�� torz�ro (��. 102, 7). J}� p{v o{t y{s z�v om }u mz� u~ �{x w{ om zul z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl� n�x zrqmoz{|}rq x{ srz W. G. Hmx� �m w{y249. W{ pxm~ z{ rp{ yzr zu�, {zu lo xl �� ~l qr �m xl yu w{ xr~ zu� z{v �| }l su,mzm x{ pu� z�yu w{x� �my ~ |{q or ~ wm yu (~y. o� �r), ~ �{v }mt zu �rv, ��{ n}{z t{ o{r w{x� �{ tqr~� tm yr zr -z{ zm w{ sm z{r.

N�mw, |}u x� n{v uz �r} |}r �m �uu nxl �u ut S{ ~m �ro ~w{ p{ w�} pm zm zr uyr �� zu ym xrv �r p{ {� z{ �r -zul zu w m~ ~u }uv ~wuy }rx� r �my, zu w |r }rq zr m tu m� ~w{v �t qr o{ {n �r. Tzu zr y{ p�� u~ |{x� t{ om�� ~lzr �{x� w{ wmw ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ ��m ~�ul z{ o{ �r} wm~~ �ro o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm�, z{ qm sr u �{} p{ o��w{z �m w �{o ~ Ur }rq zrv Ftu rv. Sr y{ p�� {zu ~x� su�� u o wm �r ~� or {|{ }� qxl mn ~{ x�� z{v �}{ z{ x{ puuz{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wu� |m yl� zu w{o, |{ ~w{x� w� {�{ sqr ~� o xr zur ��u� nxl� ~ �xr yrz �m yu ~n}�u, ut{ n}m srz -z�yu zm m~ ~u }uv ~wu� }rx� r �m� u ut or~� z� yu |{ zm �{q wmy o }l qr yr~�, o �{y �u~ xr o [m tmz x� IV, {wm -t� om r� ~l {�u n{� z�y.

2.2.6 GY GKS \` NM PHNX PTH WPT IT PYV IF SF

P}{ yr z{ ~m �ro ~wu� nxl�, |}rq xm pm x{~� }m~ ~ym � }u om�� wmw ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{ ��m ~�ul z{ ~u �r xrv w�x� -�� }� S{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ wxm qm o |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ qm� u wmw q{ wm tm �rx� ~� o{ u� uqrz �u� z{ ~�u ~wuyyr }uv �m yu �mw sr n� nrz ��, zmv qrz z�r o �sr �|{yuzmo�ry~l |{ p}r nr zuu |{tq zr z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{o}ryr zu — w�}pmzr � ~. Pou� wu (��. 106, 48–50). U}u ��{y {� yr �m x{~�, ��{ nxut wur mzm x{ puu ��uyn� nrz �my zm �r} }u �{ }uu Wr or} z{ p{ U}u �r} z{ y{ }�l zr ut or~� z�, tm �{ {zu �u }{ w{ }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� oUr }rq zrv Ftuu, o �{y �u~ xr o ~r or }{-tm |mq z{y N}m zr, «zm |� �l� wuy yr }uv ~wu� |{ �{ q{o»250. W{ ~ �mouz orz �m }l wou� w{o ~w{ p{ |{ p}rnr zul o �r x{y q{ ~ �m �{� z{ �m }m w �r }rz qxl |r }r �{q z{v �|{ �u {� z{ o{ -�r}wm~ ~w{v w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r. Smv qrz z�r tqr~� �xr yrz �� w{z ~w{v �t q� |}u zmq xr sm� w wxm~ -~u �r ~w{v z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{v �|}lsu — qo� w{x� �m ��r �qu xm u �}r� |r �rx� �m ��r |~m xuu ~ x{ |m ~��; o w{x -�mz z{y zm n{ }r |}r {n xm qm�� ~�}r x� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ �u |m. Tq zm w{ o zry |}u ~�� ~� o� �� sr u zm w{ zr� -zu wu }mz zrv }mt z{ ouq z{ ~�u sm n{ �uz ~w{ p{ �u |m, mzm x{ pu� z�r zmv qrz z�y o w�} pm zr Kz q sm; zr w{ �{ }�rq}� pur �xr yrz �� |{ p}r nmx� z{ p{ uz orz �m }l (zm |}u yr}, wr }m yu wm) �mw sr ~nxu sm �� wou� w{o ~wuv w{y | -xrw~ ~ }mz zr ~wu� ~wu yu251.

Smv qrz z�r o Pou� wm� �}u n� nrz �m, ou qu y{, u~ |{x� t{ omo �u r ~l wmw �w }m �r zul w{z ~w{v �| }l su,u o ~m y{y qr xr zr ut or~� z� o q}� pu� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�. Tzu uyr �� ~�r }u �r ~w�� {} y�;~�rz wu ~zmn sr z� or} �u wmx� z� yu |}{ }r tl yu, }m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu o qom }l qm u }mt qr xrz z� yu |{ ~r }r quzr~|x{� z�y p{ }u t{z �mx� z�y |{ l ~w{y; zm zus zrv �m ~ �u uyr �� ~l |}{ }r tu �}r �p{x� z{v �{} y�, {n}m t� -� �ur �}r �uv }lq.

G� nrz �� u w{ x{ w{x� �u wu u o ~m y{y qr xr �u }{ w{ u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� o |r }rq zr o{ ~�{� z{v w{z ~w{v�|}l su, o �m ~� z{ ~�u {zu n� xu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� o Y}m} ��, F~ ~u }uu, N}m zr u Mm wmo wm t�r. Tq zm w{ yrsq�n� nrz �m yu, u~ |{x� t{ omo �u yu ~l o ��u� u q}� pu� }r pu { zm�, uyr �� ~l tzm �u �rx� z�r }mt xu �ul — �m~�u� -z{ �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~wur, �m ~ �u� z{ x{ wmx� z�r, u ~{ or} �rz z{ zr |}m o{ yr} z{ p{ o{ }u�� { zu� wmw { p{ y{ -przz{v ym~ ~r. W}m t� ~xr q� r� {� yr �u��, ��{ wou� w{o ~wur n� nrz �� zr uyr �� zu �r p{ {n �r p{ ~ w{ x{ w{x� -�u wm yu, |}u yr zlo �u yu ~l o F~ ~u }uu u Y}m} ��. H~r {zu {� w}� ��r ~zu t� u uyr �� uxu w{ zu �r ~w��{} y� }mt z�� |}{ |{} �uv, uxu o{~� yu p}mz z��. W�rz wu |r} o�� {n�� z{ ~|x{� z�r, �m ~ �{ ~ {q zuy or} -�u wmx� z�y }mt }r t{y (�{ �l uz{ pqm o~�}r �m �� ~l u w{ zu �r ~wur w{ x{ w{x� �u wu ~ |}{ }r tl yu), o�{ }�� —wmw |}m ou x{ uyr �� |}l y{ �p{x� z�r uxu womq }m� z�r {� or} ~�ul, }m~ |{ x{ srz z�r zm p}m zl� o{~� yu -

249 Hmx� �mw 1997m, 42–43.250 Ww{ }uv 1991, 24.

251 P{o |m zrz w{, I� |m x{ 1984, 39–58.

221

p}mzzu wm o {quz uxu qom }l qm. Y}m}� ~wur w{ x{ w{x� �u wu �m ~ �{ {} zm yrz �u }{ om z� u uyr �� zmq |u ~u,nxm p{qm }l �r y� �or }rz z{ qm �u }� �� ~l (ut or~� z� w{ zu �r ~wur w{ x{ w{x� �u wu ~ zmq |u ~l yu Wm} q� }u II uo{~�yu p}mz z�r ~ zmq |u ~l yu Rr z�m u F} pu� �u) (��. 107)252. Fzm x{ pu� z�r w{ x{ w{x� �u wu, |{ w}mv zrvyr }r �m~�� w{ �{ }�� uy |{} �u }{ om zm ut Y}m} ��, n� xu zmv qr z� u zm Wm y{ ~r, m �mw sr o zr w{ �{ }�� q}�pu�yr ~ �m� o I}r �uu253. U{ q{n z�r w{ x{ w{x� �u wu ut or~� z� u tm |}r qr xm yu F~ ~u }uu u Y}m} �� — o Fzm �{xuu(G{ pmt wkv, ~x{v G� �w wm xr I)254, Wu }uu (Muz q su} xu)255, Um xr ~�u zr (Qm �u�)256. H|{~ xrq ~� ouu {zu}m~|}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l u o }mz zr ~wu� ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�. Tq zm w{ zm ��u� �r} }u �{ }u l�, owx� �ml F~ ~u }u� uY}m} ��, zr ut or~� z� nxut wur mzm x{ puu n� nrz �my ut Pou �{w.

Sr ~ w{x� w{ nxu sr w zuy n� nrz �� ut N}m zm. Mqr~� n� xu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� ~�r }u �r ~wur uxuzr~w{x� w{ o� �l z� ��r n� nrz �� (uz{ pqm uy |}u qm zm �{} ym |x{ qm p}m zm �m), {q zm w{ |}{ }r tu zm u� ~�rz -wm� wmw |}m ou x{ }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o {quz }lq o{ o~� o� ~{ �� n� nrz �m u uyr �� ouq �r xrv. Sr ~ w{x� w{ �mwu�n� nrz �{o n� x{ {n zm }� sr z{, o �m ~� z{ ~�u, o ~x{r [m tmz x� IV257, ��{ �q{ ~�{ or }l r� u� u~ |{x� t{ om zur oIX o. q{ z. �. (��. 108, 1–3). Nt or ~� z� u u� zm �{q wu zm q}� pu� u}mz ~wu� |m yl� zu wm�, o �m ~� z{ ~�u, ozr w }{ |{ xl� Rm} xuw (|{ p}r nr zur 47, XXI E)258, Wu mxw B (|{ p}r nr zul 15 u 56)259 u q}� pu�260. Sr w{ �{}�rut �m wu� n� nrz �{o �w }m �m xu~� t{{ y{}� z� yu ut{ n}m sr zu l yu (��. 81, 3; 108, 4– 6). Sm }l q� ~ n� nrz -�myu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� �mw sr u w{ zu �r ~wur w{ x{ w{x� �u wu, ~�{q z�r ~ �}m}� ~wu yu u m~ ~u }uv ~wu yu(~ |}{ }r tlyu uxu nrt), {q zm w{ {zu o~�}r �m �� ~l tqr~� p{ }mt q{ }r sr (��. 81, 1)261. W}r qu u}mz ~wu�zm�{ q{w, {qzm w{, �mw sr zr ut or~� z{ |{x z�� mzm x{ puv n� nrz �my ut Pou �{w. Sr ~ w{x� w{ |}u nxu sm �� ~lw zuy n�nrz �� ut Xr |r Iu l zm (|{ p}r nr zur 105, �r� or} ��v ~x{v, zm �m x{ II ��~. q{ z. �.)262, � w{ �{ }��|}{ }rtu }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o qom }l qm, z{ {zu n� xu |}u ~|{ ~{n xr z� qxl |{q or �u om zul tm qom w{z �m, uyrxup{ }mtq{ n{ xrr o� �l z� �� {} y� u o}lq xu u~ |{x� t{ om xu~� o w{z ~w{v �| }l su (c}. ��. 108, 7, 8).

Gxu smv �ur mzm x{ puu wou� w{o ~wuy n� nrz �my |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut Mm wmo wm t�l. Xmw, |{ q{n z�r |{q or ~ wuo n{x� �{y w{ xu �r ~� or {n zm }� sr z� ~}r qu ym �r }u m x{o F} �uw ~w{ p{ zr w }{ |{ xl. ]m~�� |{q or ~{w �m }{ {n -}mt zml, zr w{ �{ }�r — o� �l z� �{v �{} y�, o~r {zu �w }m �r z� �}r �p{x� z� yu uxu |{q �}r �p{x� z� yu |}{ -}r tl yu, }m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu, wmw u zm wou� w{o ~wu� n� nrz �m� o qom l}� ~m; zr w{ �{ }�r uyr �� |}{ }r tu u zmzus zrv �m ~ �u. Tn }m �m r� zm ~r nr ozu ym zur �{, ��{ o~r |{q or ~ wu ��{ p{ �u |m |}{ u~ �{ ql� ut |{ p}r nr zuvo�{ }{v �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{v p}�| |� (|{ p}r nr zul 93, 120, 169, 180, 196, 203, 245, 248, 297, 314, 317, 322,327, 333, 346, 360, 361, 396, 398, 446, 466, 541, 549, 562, 571, 575, 576, 580, 608, 627, 637), w{ �{ }ml,ouquy{, qm �u }� r� ~l XII–XI oo. q{ z. �. (��. 109, 1–11)263. Hu qu y{, w �{ y� sr o}r yr zu {� z{ ~u� ~l |{p -}r nr zur 9 Q{ }u -nr}q ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm, pqr {n zm }� sr z{ �}u n� nrz �m }mt z�� {}y264. U{ q{n z�r n�nrz -

252 Thompson, Hutchinson 1931, 83, Taf. XXIII, 5–7; Uu { � -

}{o~wuv 1955, 43, }u~. 35; Uu { � }{o ~wuv 1970, №�56, 58;

Calmeyer 1971, 427–430; Belli 1976–1977, 198–208; Vanden

Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 149–153,

Nr. 62–77; Özgen 1984, 109–111, Fig. 34–36; Seidl 1991, 80,

Nr. 45, 56–61.253 Möbius 1938, 156–166; Jantzen 1972, 81–84, Taf. 79–80;

Muscarella 1978, 61–66, fig. 1–12.254 Boehmer 1972, 70, Taf. X.255 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 106, 167, Taf. 48, a–c (tqr~� sr �wm -

tm zur zm zm �{q w� mzm x{ pu� z�� w try | xl }{o o F� �� }r).256 Tufnell 1953, 395–396, pl. 54, 19; 58, 28 (ut w{z �rw ~�m }uy -

~w{ p{ o}r yr zu).257 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 71–72, fig. 19 a–c; Muscarella

1988, 67–68, Nr. 96–101; de Schauensee 1989, 45.258 Negahban 1977, 57, Nr. 132.259 Ghirshman 1939, 218, pl. XXV, 5–6; LVI (x{ �m q� o~mq zu -

wm, ut{ n}m srz z{p{ zm |r �m �u ut |{ p}r nr zul 15 ~u mx w{o ~w{ p{

zr w }{ |{ xl, �w }m �r zm |}{ }rt z� y n� nrz �{y ��{ p{ �u |m).260 Calmeyer 1969, 111; Moorey 1971, 137–138, Nr. 154–158,

pl. 28–29; Bouzek 1971, 80–81, 96; Muscarella 1988, 274–276,

Nr. 369–374.261 Ghirshman 1939, 218, pl. XXV, 7; LVI (|{ p}r nr zur 15); Cal -

meyer 1969, 111–112; Moorey 1971, 137, Nr. 153, pl. 28; de

Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 72, fig. 19 d; Muscarella 1988, 91–93,

Nr. 150.262 Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, 35, pl. 30; ~}. Muscarella 1988,

273, Nr. 366–368.263 [m �m � }lz 1979, 15, 148, 161, 179, 184, 189, 192, 211, 213,

238, 247, 248, 250, 253, 255, 261, 267, 283, 284, 309, 317, 349,

354, 360, 365, 369, 370, 385, 396, 401, ~}. [m �m � }lz 1963, 77–

78, �mn. 5, 4–8; [m �m � }lz 1975, 185, 214, }u~. 92 (~ �wm tm zu ry,

��{ �m~�� |{q or ~{w {� z{ ~u� ~l w |r} o{v �}{ z{ x{ pu �r ~w{v

p}�| |r). T~{ nrz z{ nxu t{w wou� w{o ~wuy n� nrz �uw ut |{ p}r nr -

zul 360. 264 Jr orq slz 1981, 45, �mn. XIII, 3–5.

222

Vu~. 107 Y}m}�~wur n}{zt{o�r w{x{w{x��uwu ut o{~�{�z{v Fzm�{xuu. 1. P{x{w{x��uw ~ zmq|u~�� Rrz�m; 2. P{x{w{x��uw ~ zmq|u~�� F}pu��u I; 3, 4. P{x{w{x��uwu nrt zmq|u~rv

U{ Özgen 1984, fig. 34–36 (1, 3, 4); Belli 1976–1977, fig. 10 (2)

1

2

3

4

223

Vu~. 108 G}{zt{o�r n�nrz�� ut N}mzm. 1–3. [mtmzx� IV; 4–8. I}mnu�rx�~wur }m~w{|wu

U{ Muscarella 1988, Nr. 96, 98, 100, 370, 371, 374, 367, 368

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

224

Vu~. 109 G}{zt{o�r n�nrz��. 1–11. R{pux�zuw F}�uw. 1. U{ p}rnrzur 92; 2, 3. U{p}rnrzur 180; 4, 5. U{p}rnrzur 196; 6, 10. U{ p}rnrzur 203;

7, 8. U{p}rnrzur 322; 9, 11. U{p}rnrzur 360; 12–21. R{ pux�zuw Q{}u-nr}q. 12–16. U{p}rnrzur 2; 17–21. U{p}rnrzur 7

U{ [m�m�}lz 1979, 148, 184, 189, 192, 250, 267 (1–11); Jrorqslz 1981, �mn. VI, 3–5,8,9,11,12,14–16 (12–21)

1 23 4

5

6

7 8

9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21

225

Vu~. 110 G}{zt{o�r n�nrz��. 1. Vmqmz�l, Rmwrq{zul; 2. [m� �u �m, Rmwrq{zul; 3. b�{~, N�mwm; 4. Quzq{~, V{q{~; 5. Yp}m, Hrzp}ul; 6. X}s�rz{, G{pryul;

7–10. R{pux�zuw Vrqwuz xmpr}�; 11. G{x{z�l-Wmorzm, |{p}rnrzur 296; 12, 16–18. Ruzpr �m�}, p}�z�{o�v y{pux�zuw u |r}o�v w�}pmz; 13–15. G{x{z�l-Wmorzm, |{p}rnrzur 94

U{ Bouzek 1974, fig. 18, 1,2,4,5 (1– 4); Chochorowski 1993, Abb. 6 B (5, 6); Rm}�u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 77 (7–10); Müller-Karpe 1959,Taf. 78, C 3 (11); 79, 7– 9 (13 –15); F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, �mn. XVIII, 5–7,16 (12, 16–18)

1

2 3 4

5 6

7

10 11

8 9

13 14 15

16

17

18

12

�� ut or~�z� o tm wmo wmt ~wu� |m yl� zu wm� u n{ xrr }mz zrv �|{ �u, zm |}u yr}, o Q�m �rz ~wu� w�} pm zm�265u o |{ p}r nr zul� 2 u 7 y{ pux� zu wm Q{ }u-nr} qm266. Nt or ~� z� {zu u o n{ xrr |{tq zu� |m yl� zu wm�, {� z{ -~l �u� ~l w X–IX oo. q{ z. �. — o y{ pux� zu wr Vrq wuz xm pr}�, |r} o{y Kxr zrz q{}� ~w{y w�} pm zr267, o|{p}r nr zuu 1 Pm} yu}-n x�} ~w{ p{ (q{ �}m}� ~w{ p{) zr w }{ |{ xl268, |{ p}r nr zuu 7 bxm} ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm269,|{p}r nr zul� 63 (1950 p.) u 102 Ruz pr �m �} ~w{ p{ p}�z �{ o{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm u |r} o{y Ruz pr �m �} ~w{y w�} -pm zr270, |{ p}r nr zu l� 47, 92 (Um }m qu~ �r ~��zp) u 12 Pm xm wrz� ~w{ p{ y{ pux� zu wm271 u q}� pu�272 (��. 85,16; 109, 12–21; 110, 7–10, 12, 16–18). Huqu y{, o VIII o. q{ z. �. |{ q{n z�r n� nrz �� o� �{ ql� ut �|{ � -}rn xr zul, o{t y{s z{, |{q oxu l zu ry �}m}� ~wu� �{}y w{ x{ w{x� �u w{o, w{ �{ }�r u� o� �r~ zl ��. H{ o~lw{y~x� �mr, w{y | xr w ~�, qm �u }� r y�r �}m}� ~w{v �|{ �{v, u� �sr zr ~{ qr} sm�.

K�r {q zm p}�| |m |}{ }rt z�� n� nrz �{o uxu |{q or ~{w mzm x{ pu� z{v �{} y� |}{ u~ �{ qu� ut Ko }{ |�.Tzu ut or~� z� ~}r qu �mw zm t� om r y�� «�}m w{-wuy yr }uv ~wu�» n}{zt, o�{ ql �u� o ~{ ~�mo wxm q{o |r }u{qmHa B3 (Yp }m o Hrz p}uu, X}s�r z{ u Vm �mvr o G{ pr yuu, ^m }rz p}mq o [{} om �uu) (��. 110, 5, 6)273. b�un�nrz �u wu, u~ |{x� t{ omo �u r ~l o {~ z{o z{y o w{z ~w{v �| }l su, {q zm w{, qmx� �r {� wou� w{o ~wu�, �rytmwmo wmt ~wur {n }mt �� — |}{ }r tu zm u� ~�rz wm� }m~ |{ x{ sr z� o {quz }lq u {n�� z{ �r xr ouq z�r, �mw��{ {zu ~�{ su ~w{ }rr ~ u}mz ~wu yu n� nrz �m yu. Mzm �u �rx� z{ nxu sr w wou� w{o ~wuy �}u n� nrz �m, {n zm -}� srz z�� o |{ p}r nr zuu 94 zr w }{ |{ xl G{ x{ z�l-Wm or zm. U{ p }r nr zur {� z{ ~u� ~l w ��m |� G{ x{ z�l II,w{�{ }�v ~uz �}{ zu tu }� r� ~l ~ |r }u { q{y Ha B3 u ~ �|{ yl z� �� yu o� �r wxm qm yu274. U{ q{n z�r n� nrz �u -wu, z{ n{ xrr o� �l z� �{v �{} y� {n zm }� sr z� �mw sr o |{ p}r nr zuu 296 �{ p{ sr zr w }{ |{ xl, w{ �{ }{r {�z{ -~u� ~l w ~x{� G{ x{ z�l I u ~uz �}{ zu tu }� r� ~l ~ n{ xrr }mz zuy |r }u { q{y Ha B2275, m �mw sr o q{p}r�r ~w{y|{ p}r nr zuu 21 zr w }{ |{ xl P�y |}u yr} z{ �{ p{ sr o}r yr zu (��. 110, 11, 13–15)276. U{t sr |{ q{n z�r|{q or ~ wu u n� nrz �u wu (o �{y �u~ xr ~ o� }r tm yu, }m~ |{ x{ srz z� yu o qom }l qm) }m~ |}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l zmq{~ �m �{� z{ �u }{ wu� �r} }u �{ }u l� — o I}r �uu, Rm wr q{ zuu, tm |mq z�� Gmx wm zm�, ^orv �m }uu, o{ ~ �{� -z{v Z}mz �uu, N�m xuu u N~ |m zuu (��. 110, 1– 4)277.

Xm wuy {n }m t{y, y{s z{ |{ xm pm��, ��{ yr ~ �{y |}{ u~ �{ s qr zul |{ q{n z�� n� nrz �u w{o n� x{ Mm wmo -wmt�r, pqr {zu, o �{y �u~ xr �w try | xl }�, or~� ym ~�{ sur ~ wou� w{o ~wu yu, n� xu }m~ |}{ ~�}m zr z� �srzm�u zml ~ XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. �. (Q�m �rz ~wur w�} pm z�). N~ |{x� t{ om xu~� |{ q{n z�r n� nrz �� u o N}m zr,{q zm w{ �my {zu uyr xu wmw |}m ou x{ uz�r �{} y�. H |r} o{v |{ x{ ou zr VIII o. q{ z. �., or }{ l� z{, nxu srw rr zm �m x�, n� nrz �� o Mm wmo wm t�r o� �{ ql� ut �|{ � }rn xr zul u |{x z{ ~�� o� �r~ zl �� ~l w{ x{ w{x� -�uwmyu }mt z{v �{} y�, w{ �{ }�r, o|}{ �ry, n� xu ut or~� z� tqr~� u }mz� �r. H{t y{s z{, ��m ~yr zm {n�l~ -zl r� ~l o{t }{ ~ �uy �}m}� ~wuy oxu l zu ry. H \rz � }mx� z{v Ko }{ |r n� nrz �� ~�{q z�� {}y }m~ |}{ ~�}m -zl�� ~l, wmw y� ou qr xu, o |m yl� zu wm� |r }u { qm Ha B3, ~m y�r }mz zur �w try | xl }� |{ l o xl �� ~l r�r o|r }u {q Ha B2. N� |{ l o xr zur �}� q z{ {n� l~ zu�� uzm �r, wmw wmo wmt ~wuy oxu l zu ry, u uyrz z{ ��m pu|{ -�r tm lo xl r� ~l o xu �r }m �� }r opinio communis278. U{ ~ w{x� w� |r }r �{q {� |r }u { qm Ha B w |r }u { q� Ha Czmqrs z{ qm �u }� r� ~l {w{ x{ ~r }r qu z� VIII o. q{ z. �. (~y. o� �r), tm uy ~� o{ om zur |}{ }rt z�� n� nrz �{o}m~ ~ym � }u om r y{ p{ �u |m ut Mm wmo wm t�l o \rz � }mx� z�� Ko }{ |� zr y{p x{ |}{ ut{v �u |{t sr ��{v qm�� uqm �u }� r� ~l, ~w{ }rr o~r p{, r�r w{z �{y IX o. q{ z. �. b�u qm �� {| }r qr xl �� ~l, ~ {q z{v ~�{ }{ z�, qm �u }{o -w{v |r }u { qm Ha B3, w{ pqm |{ q{n z�r n� nrz �� }m~ |}{ ~�}m zl �� ~l o \rz � }mx� z{v Ko }{ |r, m ~ q}� p{v —tm wmo wmt ~wu yu ym �r }u m xm yu, ~{ p xm~ z{ w{ �{ }�y zr |{t sr |r} o{v |{ x{ ou z� VIII o. q{ z. �. |{q{n z�r

265 [m �m � }lz 1963, 78.266 Jr orq slz 1981, 25, 33, �mn. VI, 3–19.267 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1964, 199, }u~. 77, 15–18; K~m lz 1976, 116.268 Rm} �u }{ ~lz 1961, 59, }u~. 26o.269 [mz tm qlz 1979, �mn. XXVIII.270 Z{ yrz w{ 1953, 67–80; F~ xm z{o, Hm u q{o, N{ zr 1959, 81,

162, 175–177, �mn. XVIII, 5–7, 16. T~{ nrz z{ nxut wu wou� w{o -

~wuy ~�r }u �r ~wur n� nrz �� ut |{ p}r nr zul 63.271 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 19, 8; 37, 7–8; 59, 10–11;

75, 4.272 W}. U{ p }r n{ om 1984, 107–122.

273 Gallus, Horváth 1939, 19, pl. XVIII B, 8; Richly 1894, 84,

Taf. XII, 24; Šolle 1950, 102–104, fig. 1, 12; Huz ~wu 1955, 37,

~x. 25; Bouzek 1971, 84–87, 98–99; Chochorowski 1993, 87–

88, Abb. 6 B.274 Müller-Karpe 1959, 216, Abb. 57, 27, Taf. 79, 9.275 Müller-Karpe 1959, Abb. 7, Taf. 78, 3.276 Müller-Karpe 1959, 38–39, Taf. 22, 3.277 Schüle 1969, 49–50, 203–205, Karte 14; Bouzek 1971, 87–

104; Bouzek 1974, 60–75.278 W}. Bouzek 1971, 94; Bouzek 1971a, 89–91; U{ p }r n{ om

1984, 120-121, ~ xu �r }m �� }{v.

226

|}rq yr �� o� �{ ql� tqr~� ut �|{ � }rn xr zul. Mm uy ~� o{ om zur n� nrz �{o, |{ {n �r y� yzr zu�, |}{ ut{� x{�r }rt |}u �r} z{ y{} ~wur ~�r |u, {q zm w{ o ~m y{y ��{y }r pu { zr {zu, ou qu y{, zr o{ �xu o {nu �{q u zrtmw}r |u xu~�, o {� xu �ur {� \rz � }mx� z{v u Mm |mq z{v Ko }{ |�. Pou� w{o ~wml zm �{q wm {~ �m r� ~l rquz ~� -orzz�y ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y }{ xu ~�r |rv o |r }r qm �r |}rq yr �{o ��{ p{ �u |m zm tm |mq u y{ sr� n�� {� zr ~r zmw |r }u { q�, w{ pqm {zm {~� �r ~� o xl xm~� ({ yr �m zut yr ��{v |r }r qm �u — n� x{ xu ��{ |r }r qou sr zur zm ~r -xr zul, �{} p{ o�r w{z �m w ��, w�x� ��} z�r oxu l zul, y{ qm u �. q. — ~� qu�� zr o{t y{s z{). G� nrz �� utPou�w{o, ~xr q{ om �rx� z{, qm �u }� �� ~l w{z �{y IX – ~r }r qu z{v VIII o. q{ z. �. Nt xu� zr p{ o{ }u��, ��{ {zuzr y{ p�� ~�u �m�� ~l ~ou qr �rx� ~� o{y |r }rq zr m tu m� ~wu� |{ �{ q{o — wmw |{ �{ y�, ��{ qxl ~�{x� }mz zrv�|{�u { �m wu� |{ �{ qm� zu �r p{ zr ut or~� z{, �mw u |{ �{ y�, ��{ |{ q{n z�r n� nrz ��, �m }m w �r} z�r qxlMmwmo wm t�l, o F~ ~u }uu u Y}m} �� zr |}u yr zl xu~�. U{ ~ w{x� w� |{ p}r nr zur � Pou� w{o lo xl r� ~l {q zuy utl} wu� w{y | xr w ~{o |{tq zr z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{ p{ o}r yr zu, ~{ qr} sm �u� o ~r nr �sr {� qrx� z�r }mz zr ~wu� ~wur�xr yrz ��, ��{� o� o{q om srz qxl qm �u }{o wu |r }r �{ qm {� z{ o{ �r} wm~ ~w{v w }mz zr ~wu� ~w{v w�x� �� }r.

228

JRG IG 2.3

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Qku |ms op }pv� |} mk usw wp {st |us� zy �y oym m Vp {po x�� Grs� s| zyv� ry mk vs|� }ku qp xk �yo us �vp -wym «k| |s {st |uy ny» }s zk m wy nsv� xs uk� Qy lkx |uyt u~v� }~ {� [k | uk~ (Jk vs k }) (��. 112, 1)1 s Ip{� xjjW~} �k (Q~w l~v }k)2 m Xp mp{ xyt U|p }ss s Qvsx-j{ III lvsr Qs |vy myo |uk (zy n{p lp xsj 186, {k| uyzus1988 n. s {kr {~ �px xyp zy n{p lp xsp 1987 n.)3. Kmk zp{ m�� vp wk z{y s| �y oj} sr n{k ls }pv� |us� {k| uy zyuxk �k vk mp uk s sx �y{ wk �sj y uyw z vp u |k� s� zy n{p lp xst y} |~} |} m~ p}. Tk z{y }sm, uyw z vp u |� om~� zy | -vpo xs� �vp wym, y|y lpx xy z{y s| �y oj �p ny sr {k| uy zyu 1988 n., sr mp|} x� oy | }k }y� xy zyv xy. U|y lkj�px xy|}� �}s� uyw z vp u |ym, uku |z{k mpo vs my y} wp �k vs km }y {� s� z~l vs uk �st, |y |}y s} m }yw, �}y yxsmuv� �k �} }s zs� x�p z{po wp }� xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny yl vs uk. Vy n {p lp xsp 186 ({k| uyz us 1988 n.) |y op{ qk vyom~ uyv� �k }�p ~os vk | {s� vp xs pw m ms op om~� {j oym umko {k }s uym, }{p� zp }pv� �k }�p |}p{q xp mso x�p sry -n x~ }�p z|k vss s lvj� us, ~u {k �px x�p |y vj{ x�w rxk uyw. Q{y wp }y ny, rop|� qp yl xk {~ qp x� ls wp }kv -vs �p |ust usx qkv | n{s ly mso x�w xk mp{ �s pw s z{j w�w zp {p u{p |}s pw, swp � �sw zyo z{j wy ~nyv� x�pm� |}~ z�, qp vpr x�p xk uy xp� xsu uy z�j s xyq, k }ku qp uk wpx x�t y|p vyu (��. 61)4. X~ oj zy �y{ wp xkt -opx xyt m zy n{p lp xss 186 uyx |uyt ~r o�, yxy |sx �{y xs rs {~ p} |j | xk �k vyw m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p |uytn{~z z� xymy �p{ uk| |uyt ~r o� zy |�p wp I. W. a{ vs �k. Ul xk {~ qpx x�p rop|� z|k vss z{s xko vp qk} u zp {p -�yo xy w~ }s z~ y} z|k vst, m|}{p �k � �s� |j | ~os vk ws zp{ myt �{y xy vy ns �p |uyt n{~z z�, u uvk| |s �p |uswxy my �p{ uk| |usw z|k vs jw m}y {yt n{~z z�. Ws� vp xsp ~osv umko {k }s uk ws xp m|}{p �k p} |j xk ~os vk� zp{ -myt s �k{k u }p{ xy ovj m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p |uyt n{~z z�5. Kvj «uvk| |s �p |us�» xy my �p{ uk| |us� zk wj} xs -uym �k{k u }p{ xk s �y{ wk xkt opx xy ny rop|� ls wp }kv vs �p |uy ny usx qk vk6.

^}y uk |k p} |j {kr {~ �px xy ny zy n{p lp xsj 1987 n., }y pny sx mpx }k{�, mp {y j} xy, sr mp | }px xkw xp zyv -xy |}��. Q{y wp l{yx ry my ny �vp wk, rop|� yl xk {~ qp x� qp vpr x�t xk uy xp� xsu uy z�j, ls wp }kv vs �p |ustwp� }y ny qp }s zk, �}y s m zy n{p lp xss 186, s l{yx ry mkj zp u }y {kv� (��. 111)7. Hvs ry|}� wp �pt, �vp wyms xk uy xp� xs uym uy zst sr om~� zy n{p lp xst rk |}k m vj p} z{po zy vk nk}� s� |sx �{yx xy|}�.

Q }y w~ qp }s z~ z{s xko vp qs} �{kn wpx }s {y mkx x�t �vpw, z{y s| �y oj �st sr {k| uy zyu I. O. Kyv lp -qp mk, z{y my osm �s� |j m 1887 n. xk uy lkx |uyw wy nsv� xs up ^ws m Xp mp{ xyt U|p }ss. Ux xp yz~l vs uy mkx

1 Zmk {y mk 1900, 276–277, {s|. 211; Xp wp xym 1955, 61–62.2 Hp{ vsx, S~ rpt z{po- s z{k s |}y {ss, Inv.-Nr. III d 4882:

Nagel 1959–1960, 144–147; Nagel 1963, 13–14, Nr. 9, Taf. IV;

Sulimirski 1970, 398, pl. L; Borchhardt 1972, 106–107 (Nr. 24,

VI), Taf. 35, 1–2; Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 138; Özgen 1979, 29;

Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 128,

Nr. 16.

3 Hp vsx |ust 1990, 190–195, {s|. 3, 1; K~ ok {pm 1991, 52–53,

}kl. 17.4 Hp vsx |ust 1990, 190–195, {s|. 3, 1–9.5 a{ vs� 1994, 65.6 Yp {p xyq usx 1976, 112–114, {s|. 69, 75, III; K~ ok {pm 1991,

41.7 K~ ok {pm 1991, 41, 44, }kl. 8, 15, 17.

229

Ws|. 111 Tk�yous sr {kr{~�pxxyny zyn{plpxsj wynsv�xsuk Qvsx-j{ III, {k|uyzus 1987 n. 1. Mpvpry s l{yxrk; 2, 3. Mpvpry; 4, 5. H{yxrk

Vy K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 8, 15, 17

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s �{k xs} |j m wy | uym |uyw O| }y {s �p |uyw w~ rpp8. Q |y qk vp xs�, uyw z vpu|, sr uy }y {y ny z{y s| �y os} okx -x�t �vpw, sopx }s �s �s {y mk}� xp ~ok p} |j. _vpw l�v |uvp zkx sr xp |uyv� us� vs | }ym l{yx r�, z{s �pwvs | }� {k| zy vk nk vs|� m omk |vyj. Sp q o~ |y lyt vs | }�, uku s m o{~ ns� |v~ �k j�, |u{p z vj vs|� l{yx ry m�wsrk uvpz uk ws.

Q }yt qp n{~z zp xk �y oyu yl�� xy z{s �s| vj p} |j s |�yo x�t, xy zvy �y |y �{k xsm �st |j �vpw, xkt -opx x�t u �n~ y} Qkm ukr |uy ny �{pl }k — m V{s wy{ |uyw m Gl �k rss (��. 112, 10)9. Xy �{k xs vs|� y| }k}usvs | }y myt l{yx r� s �{kn wpx} uy x~ |y mso xyt mp{ �~� us | z{y �s }�w l{yx ry myt }p|� wyt �myw. I|p qpzy �{kn wpx }kw wyq xy {p uyx |} {~ s {y mk}� uku �y{ w~ �vp wk, }ku s pny {kr wp {� (m� |y }k 30 |w).H. G. Q~� }sx |zp �s kv� xy y} wp �k p} |�yo |} my �}y ny �vp wk uku zy �y{ wp, }ku s |zy |y l~ sr ny }y m vp xsj, |~zy wj x~ }�w �vp wyw sr wy nsv� xs uk [k | uk~. Kvj sx }p{ z{p }k �ss uku |k wy ny �vp wk, }ku s m|pt n{~zz�xk �y oyu, |~ �p |} mpx xyp rxk �p xsp swp p} uyw z vpu|, m uy }y {yw yx xkt opx. _vpw z{y s| �y os} sr zy n{plp -xsj, {kr {~ �px xy ny z{s zy vp m�� {k ly }k�. Q{y wp xp ny, m |y |}km uyw z vp u |k m�y osv p�p {jo l{yx ry m��z{po wp }ym, m }yw �s| vp omk }y zy {k (| nmyr op yl {kr x�w yl~ �yw s k| |s wp} {s� x�w vpr ms pw s | m� z~ u v�w|sw wp} {s� x�w vpr ms pw s uvs xy mso x�w yl~ �yw). Ulk }s zk }y zy {ym �k {k u }p{ x� ovj Qy lkx |uyt s Qyv -�so |uyt u~v� }~{, z{s �pw xk m}y {yw sr xs� swp p} |j sry l{k qp xsp rmp {j, y�px� lvsr uyp sry l{k qp xs jwxk uy lkx |us� }y zy {k� (o{~ nsp y{ xk wpx }kv� x�p wy }s m� xk }y zy {p y} |~} |} m~ �}) (��. 112, 6). Q{y wp}yzy {ym, m zy n{p lp xss yl xk {~ qp x� l{yx ry m�t usx qkv | y{ xk wpx }s {y mkx xyt {~ uy j }�� (��. 112, 3),uy }y {�t xk �y os} |p lp lvs qkt �~� kxk vy ns� m zy n{p lp xss 66 s ly vpp y} ok vpx x�p — m zy n{p lp xs j� 16ks 249 Yvst |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk10, k }ku qp o~ ny yl {kr xkj �s l~ vk uy lkx |uy ny }s zk | pvy� x�w y{ xk wpx }yws {k| �s {px x�w z{s pw xs uyw (��. 112, 9). [s l~ vk swp p} wxy ny �s| vpx x�p kxk vy nss m uy lkx |us�zkwj} xs uk�, m }yw �s| vp m Yvst |uyw wy nsv� xs up, s y} xy |s} |j uy m}y {y w~ }s z~ zy uvk| |s �s uk �ssH. I. Yp �y mk11, uy }y {�t yx ok }s {~ p} uyx �yw XI – zp{ myt zy vy ms xyt X m. oy x. �. (ok }k, ms os wy, rk xs -qpxk). [s l~ v� �}y ny qp }s zk l� vs xkt op x� s m }vst |us� zy n{p lp xs j� 66 s 16k mwp |}p | ~zy wj x~ }�wsusx qk vk ws. Q{y wp }y ny, rop|� qp l� vk xkt op xk wk| |sm xkj l{yx ry mkj �pt xkj n{sm xk | rk u{~ �px x� wsuyx �k ws, ls uy xs �p |usp |zs {kv� x�p z{y xs rs (��. 112, 2, 7, 8) s uk wpx x�t l{~ |yu — m|p xk�y oj}lvsr usp |y y} mp} |} msj m zk wj} xs uk� Qy lkx |uyt u~v� }~ {� }yt qp �zy �s. I uyw z vpu| m�y os vs }ku qp }{sl{yx ry m�� xk uy xp� xs uk uy zst. Uo xy sr xs�, | ovsx xyt ~r uyt oy mp{ �k {k| �vp xpx xyt m}~v uyt s zy�}s}{p ~nyv� x�w | z{j w�w y| xy mk xs pw zp {yw (��. 112, 4), xk �y os} lvsr usp |y y} mp} |} msj m a�p{ |uywwynsv� xs up s o{~ ns� zk wj} xs uk� Qyv �so |uyt u~v� }~ {�. Kmk o{~ ns� swp �} ly vpp �s {y u~� {k| �p z -vpxx~� m}~v u~ s ly vpp ~r uyp vs | }y mso xyp zp {y s }ku qp oy | }k }y� xy �k | }y m|}{p �k �} |j m zk wj} xs uk��}yt u~v� }~ {� (��. 112, 5). I|}{p �k � �p p |j m vs }p {k }~ {p ~uk rk xsp, �}y m }y} qp uyw z vpu| m�yosv }kuqpu{� �pu (y�p mso xy, y} yop q o�) | os| uy mso x� ws |zs {k vj ws, y�s ly� xy — yx z{y s| �y os}, opt |} ms }pv� -xy, sr V{s wy{ |uy ny, xy sr o{~ ny ny wp | }k s l�v xkt opx mwp |}p | xp uy }y {� ws o{~ ns ws z{po wp }k ws xko{~ nyw ~�k |} up s rxk �s }pv� xy {kx� �p12. Ox mpx }k{� rk �y {y xp xsj sr V{s wy{ |uy ny oy | }k }y�xy }s zs �pxovj m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p |uyt n{~z z� Yvst |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk zy zp {s y os rk �ss H. I. Yp �y mk, uy }y {kjok}s {~ p} |j sw XII–X mm. oy x. �. a}y qp |�yo |} my y} wp �k p} s J. Qy| |ku, uy }y {�t |sx �{y xs rs {~ p}uywzvpu| V{s wy{ |uy ny | xk �k vyw |my pt n{~z z� Tli C alt13. I |s | }p wp �{y xy vy nss I. O. Qy rpx uymytuywzvpu| V{s wy{ |uy ny, y�p mso xy, oyv qpx l�}� yz {p op vpx uku z{s wp{ xy |sx �{yx x�t xk �k v~ zp {s yokQylkx III14 — {jo z{po wp }ym �}y ny uyw z vp u |k (�s l~ vk, y{ xk wpx }k �sj }y zy {k) xk �y os} lvs qkt �sp kxk -vy nss m xk �k vp �}y ny zp {s y ok. Vy vy qp xsp uyw z vp u |k sr V{s wy{ |uy ny m |s | }p wp y} xy |s}pv� xyt �{y -xy vy nss ~| }k xk m vs mk p} |j mzyv xp xk opq xy. Gl |y v�} xkj ok }s {ym uk zp {p �y ok y} II u III zp{s y o~ Qylkx -|uyt u~v� }~ {� (zy Qy rpx uy myt), z{s wp{ xy |y y} mp} |} m~ � �p ny zp {p �y o~ y} ny {s ryx }k Tli B u Tli C (zyQy| |k u~), y} uy }y {yt rk ms |s} ok }k z{s wy{ |uy ny uyw z vp u |k, y| xy mk xk xk |s | }p wp z{s mj ryu u �px} {kv� -

8 Oxm. № 25276, yz. № H 1746/631. Hvk ny ok {� G. Sy �sx -

|uyny, |y yl �sm �p ny wxp yl �}yw z{po wp }p s zy r my vsm �p ny |

xsw yr xk uy ws}� |j. 9 X}{k qpm 1926, 106–107 (non vidi); Q~� }sx 1949, 139–147,

}kl. X, 9; Iy {y xym 1969, 24–25, }kl. XLVI, 6; Iy {y xym 1980,

207, {s|. 1, 47; Kossack 1983, 111–114, Abb. 10, 9.

10 Yp �ym 1977, 101–103, 107, {s|. 89, 1,6; Yp �ym 1980k, 15, 22,

41, }kl. 34, 51, 106.11 Yp �ym 1977, 142–143.12 Q~� }sx 1949, 147; Iy {y xym 1969, 24.13 Kossack 1983, 111–114.14 Qy rpx uy mk 1990, 78–82; Qy rpx uy mk 1996, 96–99.

231

Ws|. 112 1. _vpw sr wynsv�xsuk [k|uk~ (Jkvsk}). 2–10. Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj m V{swy{|uyw, Gl�krsj. H{yxrk

Vy Zmk{ymk 1900, {s|. 211 (1); Q~�}sx 1949, }kl. X (2–10)

1 2

3 4 5

6

7

8

9 10

xy pm {y zpt |usw s rk ukm ukr |usw uyw z vp u |kw s }ku qp wy qp} |�s }k}� |j ~lp os }pv� xy yly| xy mkx xyt. Uxkyz {p op vj p} |j z{s wp{ xy zp{ myt zy vy ms xyt – |p {p os xyt X m. oy x. �. _vpw sr V{s wy{ |uy ny ok}s{~ p} |j,|vp oy mk }pv� xy, z{s wp{ xy m}y {yt zy vy ms xyt X – xk �k vyw IX m. oy x. �. V{po vy qpx xkj b. T. Iy {y xy m�wok }s {ym uk uyw z vp u |k sr V{s wy{ |uy ny uyx �yw VIII – zp{ myt zy vy ms xyt VII m. oy x. �. z{po |}k m vj p} |j|vs� uyw rk m� �px xyt15. Ip �s, xk uy }y {�p yx ||� vk p} |j m yly| xy mk xsp |my pt ok }s {ym us (uyxs �p |uspms }�p z{y xs rs, �s l~ v�), xk �y oj} |p lp ly vpp lvsr usp kxk vy nss m ly vpp o{pm xs� zk wj} xs uk�.

Q }yt qp n{~z zp yl�� xy y} xy |j} s �vpw sr zy n{p lp xsj 13 wy nsv� xs uk Hp� }k �p xs m Y{s k vp }s(J{~ rsj)16, uy }y {�t |y �{k xsv |j my �{kn wpx }s {y mkx xyw ms op (��. 78, 21). Uz~l vs uy mkm �st �vpwH. G. Q~� }sx zp{ m�w |y zy | }k msv pny | �vp wk ws sr [k | uk~ s sr V{s wy{ |uy ny. Ux y} wp }sv, �}y �vpwsr Y{s k vp }s y} vs �k p} |j y} om~� xk rmkx x�� vs�� «z{s |~} |} ms pw ly uy m�� y} {y |} uym, |v~ qsm �s� xk ~� -xs uk ws». V{s �}yw H. G. Q~� }sx y} {s �kv |mjr� m|p� }{p� �vp wym | G| |s {s pt s |�s }kv s� {y os xytylvk|}� Qylkx |uyt u~v� }~ {�, zy vk nkj, �}y k| |s {st |usp �vp w� swp vs o{~ n~� �y{ w~. V{km ok, |~ osv yxyl k| |s {st |us� �vp wk�, uk qp} |j, zy posx |} mpx xy w~ �u rpw z vj {~ sr {k| uy zyu Tsw {~ ok, �{k xj �p w~ |jm H{s }kx |uyw w~ rpp17. Izy| vpo |} mss, yo xk uy, H. H. Vs y } {ym |ust |y zy | }k msv xk rmkx x�p xk �yo us |ylxk {~ qpx x� ws xk Ypt �p lk s xs ~{k{} |us ws y|} {y uy xp� x� ws �vp wk ws, k �p {pr xs� | k| |s {st |us ws18.Vy|vp H. H. Vs y } {ym |uy ny y}y qop |} m vp xsp ukm ukr |us� �vp wym | zp {po xp k rs k} |us ws |}k vy yl �p z{s xj -}�w s |y w xp xs� xp zyo mp{ nk vy|�.

Owp �} |j, yo xk uy, |p{� pr x�p y| xy mk xsj ~|yw xs}� |j m uy{ {pu} xy |}s y} xp |p xsj �vp wk sr Hp� }k -�p xs u k| |s {y-~{k{} |uy w~ }s z~. I |k wyw op vp, uyw z vpu| zy n{p lp xsj 13, m uy }y {yw yl xk {~ qpx okx x�t�vpw, ok s m|p ny Hp� }k �px |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk, m� nvj os} ny {kr oy k{ �k s� xpp, �pw }y z{po zy vk nk p} pnyy}y qop |} m vp xsp | �}sw }s zyw (��. 78). Hp� }k �px |ust wy nsv� xsu l�v y} xp |px H. G. Q~� }s x�wu �zy�p zyro xpt l{yx r�, s m �}yt ok }s {ym up m{jo vs wyq xy |y w xp mk}� |j. Wjo yl xk {~ qpx x�� rop|�z{po wp }ym swp p} lvsr usp kxk vy nss m }k us� �}k vyx x�� zk wj} xs uk� �}y ny m{p wp xs, uku R�k �px |uspu~{ nk x�, G{ }su |ust wy nsv� xsu (zp{ mkj s m}y {kj �{y xy vy ns �p |usp n{~z z�) s G{ �ko ry{ |usp u~{ nk x�.I |y |}k mp zy n{p lp xsj 13 l� vs yl xk {~ qp x� oy | }k }y� xy �k {k u }p{ x�p z{po wp }�, uy }y {�p xp zy r my vj �}|y w xp mk}� |j m pny ok }s {ym up19: zy |y |}k m~ sx mpx }k {j yx oyv qpx l�}� |sx �{y xs rs {y mkx p| vs xp | R�k -�px |us ws u~{ nk xk ws, }y my m|j uyw |v~ �kp | G{ �ko ry{ |us ws. Ul xk {~ qpx xkj rop|� l{yx ry mkj l~ vk mkn{~ �p mso xyt �y{ w� | zj }�� m� |}~ zk ws xk �y os} |p lp lvs qkt �sp kxk vy nss, u{y wp zy n{p lp xsj 20 }ynyqp xp u {y zy vj, m o{pm xpt �s� zy n{p lp xs j� xp u {y zy vj Xkw }km {y20, m R�k �px |us� u~{ nk xk�21 s m |sx -�{yx xyw sw zy n{p lp xss 109 wy nsv� xs uk G{ }su, y} xy |j �pw |j u zp{ myt �{y xy vy ns �p |uyt n{~z zp(mwp|}p | l{yx ry m�w uvsx uyw lvsr uyt xkt opx xy w~ m zy n{p lp xss 13 Hp� }k �p xs �y{ w�)22, �y }jzyoylx�p l~ vk m� s| zyv� ry mk vs|� s zyr qp (Gvk mp{ os)23. [y{ wk l{yx ry my ny uvsx uk }ku qp oy | }k }y� xy�k {k u }p{ xk s swp p} {jo kxk vy nst, xk z{s wp{, m zy n{p lp xs j� zp{ myt s m}y {yt n{~z z� G{ }su |uy nywynsv� xs uk s o{~ ns� |sx �{yx x�� zk wj} xs uk�24. I ly vpp zyro xpp m{p wj zy oyl x�p uvsx us m� �y oj} sr~zy } {pl vp xsj. Tk {kx x�� ok }~ ~uk r� mk p} }ku qp xk �yo uk m �}yw zy n{p lp xss mp|� wk |myp yl {kr x��u{�uym, lvsr u~� kxk vy ns� uy }y {�w z{po |}k m vj �} u{� us sr uvk ok Qmp wy-Xk |s {p }s (��. 64, 9), uy }y -{�t |y op{ qkv ~os vk | os| uy mso x� ws z|k vs j ws s, ms os wy, ok }s {~ p} |j xp xk wxy ny zyr qp R�k �px |us�u~{ nk xym (|w. m� �p). Xy mp{ �px xy kxk vy ns� x�p u{� us mwp |}p | om~� �k |} x� ws l{yx ry m� ws ~os vk wslpr z|k vst, l� vs yl xk {~ qp x� m zy n{p lp xss 117 wy nsv� xs uk Y{p vs, y} xy |j �pw |j u XIV–XIII mm.oy x. �. (��. 74, 6) 25. ^}y uk |k p} |j uyv� �k }�� ~osv, uy }y {�p xkt op x� m okx xyw zy n{p lp xss mwp |}p |{y ny m� ws z|k vs j ws, }y oy | }k }y� xy lvsr ukj kxk vy nsj sw swp p} |j m zy n{p lp xss 79 wy nsv� xs uk G{ }su,

15 Iy {y xym 1980, 207–208.16 Q~� }sx 1941, 68, }kl. XL.17 Hunger, Lamer 1912, 54, Abb. 169.18 Vs y } {ym |ust 1955, 25–26.19 Q~� }sx 1941, 68, 74, {s|. 72 l; 80, 5; 81; }kl. XL, XLVI,

XLVII; Schaeffer 1948, fig. 279.20 ^~ lk xs �ms vs 1957, }kl. XVII; Qk vkx oko rp 1980, 84–85,

{s|. 891–892.

21 Sk{ }s {y |jx 1964, 104, }kl. IX, 6; \k �k } {jx 1975, 178.22 \k �k } {jx 1975, 181, {s|. 88; \k �k } {jx 1979, 36, 156.23 Sk{ }s {y |jx 1964, 104; L|k jx 1966, 54; yo xk uy l~ vk mk sr

Xs kv uk (Ghirshman 1939, pl. XXIX, 10) xp l{yx ry mkj, k uk wpx -

xkj.24 \k �k } {jx 1975, 174–175, 199; L|k jx 1966, 60–62.25 Abramischwili 1995, 192, 321, Nr. 350, Abb. 199.

232

233

rk xs wk � �p ny z{y wp q~ }y� xyp zy vy qp xsp wp q o~ zp{ myt s m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p |us ws n{~z zk ws (��. 65,5) (|w. m� �p). Tk uy xp�, s l{yx ry m�p |p{ z� s l~ vkm us xk �y oj} |p lp lvsr usp kxk vy nss m zy n{p lp xs j�m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p|uyt n{~z z� G{ }su |uy ny xp u {y zy vj26. Yk usw yl {k ryw, zy n{p lp xsp 13 Hp� }k �px -|uy ny wy nsv� xs uk wy qp} l�}� |sx �{y xs rs {y mk xy | xk �k vyw m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p |uyt n{~z z� G{ }s uks, ms os wy, | G{ �ko ry{ |us ws u~{ nk xk ws s ok }s {y mk xy, mp {y j} xpp m|p ny, XIII–XII mm. oy x. �.27 Q |y qk -vp xs�, swp � �k j |j z~l vs uk �sj lp� }k �px |uy ny �vp wk (k myr wyq xy s pny |y �{kx xy|}�) xp zy r my vj p}yz {p op vpx xy |~ os}� yly m|p� op }k vj� pny �y{ w� s |zy |y lp sr ny }y m vp xsj: xs �y }y n{k �sj, xs {s |~ xyu�vp wk xp yz~l vs uy mk x�. Owp p} |j vs�� zy vp mkj �y }y n{k �sj zy n{p lp xsj, xk uy }y {yt, mz{y �pw, �vpwms opx oy | }k }y�xy �y {y �y. a}k �y }y n{k �sj, yzs |k xsp H. G. Q~� }s xk s }k ~mp {px xy|}�, | uy }y {yt yxy}y qop |} m vj p} lp� }k �px |ust �vpw |y �vp wk ws sr [k | uk~ s V{s wy{ |uy ny, zy r my vj p}, yo xk uy, z{po -zy vk nk}�, �}y |zy |yl sr ny }y m vp xsj s �y{ wk m|p� }{p� �vp wym l� vs m |k wyw op vp lvsr us: yxs l� vs|yn x~ }� m ms op uy x~ |k sr vs | }ym l{yx r� s «|�s }�» xp |uyv� us ws rk uvpz uk ws.

Xvp o~ p} y} wp }s}� m |mj rs | �}sw, �}y s| zyv� ry mk xsp l{yx ry my ny �vp wk m lp� }k �px |uyw zy n{p lp -xss xp jm vj p} |j sry vs {y mkx x�w |{p os zk wj} xs uym �}y ny u~v� }~{ xy ny u{~ nk. I |sx �{yx xyw s u~v� }~{ -xy lvsr uyw zy n{p lkv� xyw uyw z vp u |p zp{ my ny G{ �ko ry{ |uy ny u~{ nk xk xk �p {p zk� }{y s� zy �y {y xpx x��|y �{k xs vs|� l{yx ry m�p �vp w�28. X~ oj zy |�p wk }s �p |uy w~ {s |~x u~ a. Wp| vp {k, yxs }ku qp swp vs uyxs -�p |u~� y|} {y uy xp� x~� �y{ w~ (��. 113)29. Iy s x�, sry l{k qpx x�p xk l{yx ry m�� wy op vj� uy vp| xs� srly vpp {kx xs� R�k �px |us� u~{ nk xym s sr zy n{p lp xsj 7 Ry {s-lp{ ok swp �}, z{km ok, �vp w� o{~ nyt �y{ -w� — �s �k us | n{pl xpw30.

26 \k �k } {jx 1975, 207, 213.27 X{. ok }s {ym u~ �}y ny zy n{p lp xsj ok qp {~ lp qyw XIV–

XIII mm. oy x. �.: Gl {k ws �ms vs 1961, 318; Vs� �p vk ~ {s 1969,

181; Qy }y ms�, Kk m~ oym 1980, 48.

28 Q~� xk {p mk 1957, 137.29 Q~� xk {p mk 1957, 137, {s|. 1.30 L|k jx 1966, 96–97, }kl. XVI, 7–10; Kp mpo qjx 1981, 27–28.

Ws|. 113 X�pwk}s�p|ust zvkx zyn{plpxsj m u~{nkxp 1 ~ |. G{�kory{, {s|~xyu a. Wp|vp{k

Vy Q~�xk{pmk 1957, {s|. 1

U| } {y uy xp� x�t �vpw, |uvp zkx x�t sr vs | }ym l{yx r�, yl xk {~ qpx s m p�p yo xyw rk ukm ukr |uywzyn{p lp xss, y} xy |j �pw |j u ly vpp zyro xp w~ m{p wp xs. Ux m�y osv m |y |}km sx mpx }k {j zy n{p lp xsj 16wynsv� xs uk Y{p vs II, {k| uy zkx xy ny xk }p{ {s }y {ss Yls vs |s (��. 92, 19)31. Vy n {p lp xsp, zy m|pt msos -wy |}s, y} xy |s} |j u {~ lp q~ IX–VIII svs xk �k v~ VIII m. oy x. �. (|w. m� �p). Q |y qk vp xs�, �}y} �vpwzvy �y |y �{k xsv |j s pny �y{ wk xp my| |}k xk m vs mk p} |j.

Xvp o~ p} |zp �s kv� xy y} wp }s}� sopx }s� xy|}� �y{w, z{y zy{ �st s |zy |y lk sr ny }y m vp xsj xk rmkx x��vp wym. Q |y qk vp xs�, ovj �u rpw z vj {ym sr zp{ my ny G{ �ko ry{ |uy ny u~{ nk xk okx x�p z{k u }s �p |us y} |~} -|} m~ �}. I |v~ �kp | �vp wyw sr Hp� }k �px |uy ny xp u {y zy vj xkw z{s �y os} |j zy vk nk}� |j xk ~uk rk xspH. G. Q~� }s xk, y} wp �km �p ny pny yo xy }sz xy|}� | xk �yo uk ws sr V{s wy{ |uy ny s sr [k | uk~. _vpw srY{p vs |vs� uyw zvy �y |y �{k xsv |j s pny }y� x�p {kr wp {� xp ~| }k xk m vs mk �} |j. c| xy vs��, �}y yx l�vsr ny }y m vpx sr vs | }y myt l{yx r� s swpv rk y|} {px x�t mp{�. Kvj y| }kv� x�� w� {k| zy vk nk pw ly vpp uyx -u{p} x� ws okx x� ws. O� {kr wp {� sopx }s� x�: m� |y }k yly s� �vp wym sr Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk s sr[k | uk~, k }ku qp sr V{s wy{ |uy ny, 30–31 |w. I|p yxs rk y|} {px x�p, m mp{� xpt �k | }s swp �} �y{ w~ zy�}sz{k msv� xy ny uy x~ |k, m xsq xpt m� nx~ }� zy �y{ wp ny vy m�. I|p xk rmkx x�p �vp w� swp �} m xsq xpt�k|}s y} mp{ |}sj, mp {y j} xy, |v~ qsm �sp ovj z{s u{p z vp xsj zyo uvko us sr myt vy uk svs uy qs. _vp w sr zy n{p lp xsj 186 Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk sr ny }y m vp x sr yo xy ny vs | }k l{yx r� s |u{p z vp x zy �m~rkuvpz uk ws, �vpw� sr zy n{p lp xsj 1987 n. s sr [k | uk~ sr ny }y m vpx� }pw qp |zy |y lyw, xy xp sr yo xyny,k om~� vs | }ym l{yx r�. Yku qp sr ny }y m vpx s �vpw sr V{s wy{ |uy ny (sr yo xy ny svs om~� vs | }ym sr-rkpny �{kn wpx }s {y mkx xy |}s xp j| xy). _vpw sr Y{p vs }ku qp sr ny }y m vpx sr om~� vs | }ym l{yx r�. Ulk �vp -wk sr Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk s lp� }k �px |ust swp �} xk �p� xs us, m� u{y px x�p sr }y ny qp vs | }kl{yx r�. Z y| }kv� x�� xsq xjj �k|}� |y �{k xs vk|� xp zyv xy |}��, �}y xp zy r my vj p} |~ os}� y xk vs �ss svsy}|~} |} mss xk �p� xs uym. Tk �vp wp sr zy n{p lp xsj 1987 n. Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk |y �{k xsv |j z~ kx -|yx x�t y{ xk wpx} m ms op om~� zy j |uym, uk q o�t sr uy }y {�� yl {k ry mkx om~ wj {j ok ws }y �pu, s rsn rk nkwp q o~ xs ws. Tk xk �p� xs uk� swp p} |j }k uyt qp y{ xk wpx} m ms op yo xy ny {j ok }y �pu. K{~ nsp �vp w�n{~z z�, |~ oj zy z~l vs uk �s jw, xp y{ xk wpx }s {y mk x�.

O}ku, m|p xk rmkx x�p �vp w� yo xy }sz x�. Uosx sr xs� ok }s {~ p} |j z{s wp{ xy XII m. oy x. �.,m}y{yt — X–IX mm. oy x. �. Hvsr ust sw �vpw sr Y{p vs y} xy |s} |j u {~ lp q~ IX–VIII mm. oy x. �. a}sok}�, ~�s }� mkj myr wyq xy|}� oy | }k }y� xy ovs }pv� xy ny |y �{k xp xsj }{k os �ss, uy xp� xy, xp yz {p op vj �}ok }s {ym u~ uvs x-j{ |us� �vp wym, yo xk uy, |~ oj zy s� |�yo |} m~ | �vp wyw sr V{s wy{ |uy ny, yxs m{jo vsxk wxy ny zyrqp pny. Iy m|j uyw |v~ �kp, �}y} mso yly {y xs }pv� xy ny myy {~ qp xsj xs uku xp wy qp} |�s }k}�|jxy mk �spt xk Qkm uk rp, |mj rkx xyt | usw wp {st |us ws svs |us� |us ws zy �y ok ws uyx �k VIII–VII mm.oy x. �. O� zy j m vp xsp xk Xp mp{ xyw Qkm uk rp y} {k qk p} vs�� |mj rs wp q o~ V{po ukm ukr� pw s Nk ukm ukr�pw,sr mp|} x�p s zy o{~ nsw xk �yo ukw m k{p k vp Qy lkx |uyt u~v� }~ {�, z{s �pw |mj rs ny {kr oy ly vpp {kx xsp,�pw �}s zy �y o�.

V{po vk nkm �s p |j ovj uvs x-j{ |us� �vp wym ok }s {ym us z{po |}k m vj �} |j u{kt xp |vk ly yly| xy mkx x� -ws. Tp | wy } {j xk }y, �}y �vp w� sr Hp� }k �p xs s sr V{s wy{ |uy ny z{s my oj} |j uku lvs qkt �sp kxk vy -nss uvs x-j{ |usw �vp wkw32, |y mp{ �px xy sn xy {s {~ �} |j uyw z vp u |�, m uy }y {�� yxs l� vs yl xk {~ qp x�.I uk �p |} mp posx |} mpx xy ny y| xy mk xsj ovj s� ok }s {ym us z{s mvp uk �} |j sry l{k qp xsj |�yo x�� zy mxp� -xpt �y{ wp �vp wym xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k�. G. H. Hp vsx |ust, k rk xsw X. R. K~ ok {pm s X. I. Sk �y{ -}��, uku s s� z{po �p |} mpx xs us (u{y wp H. G. Q~� }s xk), xp |y w xp mk �} |j m z{y s| �y q op xss ukm ukr |us��vp wym sr G| |s {ss svs Z{k{ }~ s |�s }k �} s� p| vs xp zp {po xp my |}y� x� ws sw zy{ }k ws, }y zyo {k qk xs -j ws �}sw sw zy{ }kw. Uxs y} xy |j} m|p ukm ukr |usp xk �yo us }k us� �vp wym u {~ lp q~ VIII–VII – |p {p osxpVII m. oy x. �. xk y| xy mk xss s� |y zy | }k m vp xsj | sry l{k qp xs j ws xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k� �zy �sXsxk��p {s lk s G� �~{ lk xs zk vk33. I. W. a{ vs�, z{s wp xjj }y} qp wp }yo, ~o {pm xj p} s� ok }~, y} xy |juvsx-j{ |usp s o{~ nsp �vp w� �}y ny }s zk uy m}y {yt zy vy ms xp VIII m. oy x. �., z{s �pw lvs qkt �sp kxkvy -nss sw xk �y os} xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k� �zy �s Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k III s Xk{ ny xk II34. Jvkm x�w y| xy mk -

31 Abramischwili 1995a, Abb. 3, 1.32 Hp vsx |ust 1990, 194; K~ ok {pm 1991, 54.33 Hp vsx |ust 1990, 194–195; K~ ok {pm 1991, 53; Gvp u |p pm

1992, 82–83; Sk �y{ }�� 1994, 17, 23; K~ ok {pm 1995, 32.34 a{ vs� 1994, 64–65.

234

235

xs pw ovj }k uyt ok }s {ym us jm vj p} |j xk vs �sp ~ �vp wym sr Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk xk �p� xs uym —xk �p vs uyw |y �{k xsm �pw |j �u rpw z vj {p sr zy n{p lp xsj 186 yxs m� u{y p x� sr }y ny qp vs | }k l{yx r�, �}ys |kw �vpw, xk �u rpw z vj {p sr {k| uy zyu 1987 n., ms os wy, }y qp.

I. W. a{ vs� |�s }k p}, yzs {k j|� xk {k ly }~ Y. S�o v~ wk35, �}y ovj �zy �s Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k III s Xk{ ny -xk II l� vy �k {k u }p{ xy s| zyv� ry mk xsp �vp wym | �pv� xy u{y px x� ws xk �p� xs uk ws, }y n ok uku m �zy �~Xs xk��p {s lk yxs |wp xj �} |j �vp wk ws | z{s uvp zkx x� ws xk �p� xs uk ws. Iyr xs uk �}, yo xk uy, |p{� pr -x�p |y w xp xsj m myr wyq xy |}s s| zyv� ry mk xsj m uk �p |} mp xk opq xy ny �{y xy vy ns �p |uy ny z{s rxk uk k| |s -{st |us� sry l{k qp xst |zy |y lk z{s u{p z vp xsj xk �p� xs uym u �vp w~. I |k wyw op vp, xk {pv� p �k� �zy �sYsn vk} zk vk |k {k III �k | }y m|}{p �k �} |j sry l{k qp xsj my s xym m y|} {y uy xp� x�� vp wk� | «�pv� xy u{y px -x� ws» xk �p� xs uk ws36, xy sr mp|} x� s sry l{k qp xsj �vp wym | y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x� ws xk �p� xs uk -ws37. Tk {pv� p �k� �zy �s Xk{ ny xk m|}{p �k �} |j s| uv� �s }pv� xy �vp w� | «�pv� xy u{y p xx� ws» xk �p� xs -uk ws38. Vyr qp, m �zy �~ Xs xk��p {s lk, z{p yl vk ok �} sry l{k qp xsj �vp wym | y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x� wsxk �p� xs uk ws, |u{p z vpx x� ws | �vp wyw �k{ xs {k ws39, �y }j xp {po uy sry l{k qk �} |j s «�pv� xy u{y px -x�p» �vp w�40. Tk {pv� p �k� �zy �s G� �~{ lk xs zk vk yzj}� z{po |}k m vp x� zy� }s s| uv� �s }pv� xy �vp w�| «�pv� xy u{y p xx� ws» xk �p� xs uk ws, z{s �pw }k uyt |zy |yl s� sr ny }y m vp xsj z{s wp xj p} |j uku m uy xs�p -|us� �vp wk�, }ku s �vp wk� sxyt �y{ w�41. Ory l {k qp xsj �vp wym | y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x� ws xk �p� -

35 Madhloom 1970, 38. Xvp o~ p} y} wp }s}�, �}y z{po vy qpx xkj

sw }s zy vy nsj sry l{k qpx x�� xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k� �vp -

wym xp mzyv xp ~ok� xk. I �k |} xy |}s, mp|� wk |~l� p u }sm x�w

jmvj p} |j {kr op vp xsp xk �vp w� }s zk G s B. Ky | }k }y� xy |{km -

xs}�, xk z{s wp{, lvsr usp uku zy �y{ wp, }ku s zy |zy |y l~

opuy {k �vp w� �zy �s G� �~{ xk �s { zk vk (xk z{s wp{, | {pv� -

p�k B.M. 124544: Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1, s wxy nsp o{~ nsp) |y

�vp wk ws | {pv� p �ym �zy �s Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k III sr G{| vkx-}k�

(Thureau-Dangin, Barrois, Dossin, Dunand 1931, pl. IX, XI),

uy}y {�p y} vs �k �} |j vs�� |}p zp x�� sry n x~ }y |}s zy uyx }~ {~

ny vy m�, xy y} xp |p x� sw u om~w {kr x�w }s zkw. I }y qp m{p wj

|sv� xy y} vs �k � �st |j zy �y{ wp (z{k msv� x�t uy x~|,

lpr srns lym) �vpw �zy �s Xs xk��p {s lk y} xp |px u }s z~ G.36 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XV–XVI (Bombay VAM 78),

XXXI–XXXII (Bombay 7), XXXIII–XXXIV (B.M. 118902),

LIV–LV (Paris, De Clerque), LXV–LXVII (B.M. 118907),

LXXIII (Zürich 1917), LXXIV (Berlin V.A. 984), LXXVII (xp sr -

mp|} xy), XCII–XCIII (B.M. 118934 + 118931), |{. Smith 1938,

pl. X, XVI, XVIII.37 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LIX (Or. Dr. I, 9, y{s ns xkv ~} {k -

�px), |{. sry l{k qp xsp ~{k{} |uy ny my s xk m �vp wp sxyt �y{ w�

| z{s uvp zkx x� ws xk �p� xs uk ws xk {pv� p �p B.M. 118905:

Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXIV–LXV; Smith 1938, pl. XVII

(y{s ns xkv ~} {k �px).38 Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 49, 61, 68–70, 140, 141, 145, 147

(y|} {y uy xp� x�p), 61, 68–68 bis, 70, 77, 89, 90, 141, 145, 147

(sx�p �y{ w�).39 Paterson 1915, pl. 9, 12, 13 (Russell 1991, 78), 14, 15, 16

(Russell 1991, 116), 17–18 (Russell 1991, 69), 19–20, 37 (Russell

1991, 32), 38 (Russell 1991, 35, |{. xs qp), 39,1 (Russell 1991, 83),

59, 60–61 (Russell 1991, 71), 68–70 (Russell 1991, 109), 71–73,

77 (Russell 1991, 110–111), 74–76 (Russell 1991, 62, 112–113),

79,1, 79,2 (Russell 1991, 90), 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 81, 83–84

(Russell 1991, 39), 85, 91 (Russell 1991, 89), 92 (Russell 1991, 88),

93 (Russell 1991, 79); Gadd 1936, 176, 178, pl. 18, 20; Smith 1938,

pl. XXXVIII–XXXIX (Paterson 1915, pl. 96–97, 9–12), XLI

(Paterson 1915, pl. 98, 30), XLII–XLIII (Russell 1991, 18), XLIV–

XLVI (Gadd 1936, 165, pl. 15), XLVII (Paterson 1915, pl. 94–95),

LVI–LIX (Russell 1991, 121), LX–LXIV (Paterson 1915, 39,2;

Russell 1991, 17); Russell 1991, fig. 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 67, 73,

81, 115 (uy xs �p |usp); Paterson 1915, pl. 9, 14, 15, 17–18 (Russell

1991, 69), 34–35 (Russell 1991, 50), 37 (Russell 1991, 32), 39,1

(Russell 1991, 83), 59, 68–70 (Russell 1991, 109), 71–73 (Russell

1991, 110–111), 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 82, 91 (Russell 1991, 89),

92 (Russell 1991, 88); Smith 1938, pl. XLII (Russell 1991, 18), LIX

(Russell 1991, 121), LX–LXIV (Paterson 1915, 39,2; Russell 1991,

17); Russell 1991, fig. 33, 38 (o{~ nyt �y{ w�).40 Paterson 1915, pl. 7 (Russell 1991, 127–128), 13 (Russell

1991, 78), 16 (Russell 1991, 116), 17–18 (Russell 1991, 69), 19–

20, 59, 60–61 (Russell 1991, 71), 71–73, 77 (Russell 1991, 110–

111), 79,1, 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 81 (Russell 1991, 82), 83–84

(Russell 1991, 39), 91 (Russell 1991, 89); Smith 1938, pl. XXXVII

(Paterson 1915, pl. 96–97, 3); XLVII (Paterson 1915, pl. 94–95);

LIX (Russell 1991, 121); Russell 1991, fig. 34, 40, 41, 67, 73, 74

(uy xs �p |usp); Paterson 1915, pl. 7 (Russell 1991, 127–128), 32–

33 (Russell 1991, 54), 34–35 (Russell 1991, 50), 37 (Russell 1991,

32), 38 (Russell 1991, 35), 68–70 (Russell 1991, 109), 77 (Russell

1991, 110), 80 (Russell 1991, 37); Smith 1938, pl. LIX (Russell

1991, 121); Russell 1991, 67, 80, 115 (o{~ nsp �y{ w�).41 Barnett 1976, pl. XVI–XIX, XX–XXII, XXV, XXVIII,

XXXII–XXXV, LX–LXI, LXVI–LXXI; Paterson 1915, pl. 40–42

(Russell 1991, 75), 43, 44–45, 46–47, 51–52 (Smith 1938,

pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54 (Russell 1991, 77), 55–56, 57–58, 62–64

(uy xs �p |usp); Barnett 1976, pl. XVII, XIX, XXI, XXVIII, XXX,

XXXIII, XXXIV, LX–LXI, LXVI, LXVII, LXX, LXXI; Paterson

1915, pl. 40–42 (Russell 1991, 75), 43, 44–45, 46–47, 49

(Russell 1991, 76), 51– 52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54

(Russell 1991, 77), 55–56, 62–64 (o{~ nsp �y{ w�).

236

xs uk ws m|}{p �k �} |j {p qp42. Kq. Wk| |pv m|vpo rk H. \{y ~ok43 ok qp |uvy xpx |�s }k}� �}~ op }kv� �{y xy vy -ns �p |usw z{s rxk uyw: zy pny wxp xs� m �zy �~ Xs xk��p {s lk xk �p� xs us sr ny }k m vs mk vs|� y} opv� xy y}�vp wym, k m �zy �~ G� �~{ lk xs zk vk y} vs mk vs|� mwp |}p | xs ws44. Qku w� ms op vs, xk vs� x�t wk }p {s kvxp zy r my vj p} |op vk}� }k uy ny m� my ok, �y }j, opt |} ms }pv� xy, m �zy �~ G� �~{ lk xs zk vk z{p yl vk ok �} sry -l{k qp xsj «�pv� xy u{y px x�� vp wym», k m �zy �~ Xs xk��p {s lk — �vp wym | y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x� wsxk �p� xs uk ws. Ty m v� lyw |v~ �kp, p| vs |~ os}� zy {pv� p �kw, �vpw | «�pv� xy u{y p xx� ws» xk �p� xs -ukws xp ylj rk }pv� xy z{s xko vp qs} �zy �p Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k svs Xk{ ny xk; yx wy qp} | }k usw qp ~| zp �ywok }s{y mk}� |j s ly vpp zyro xsw m{p wp xpw. Tk z{y }sm, �vp w� | y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x� ws xk �p� xs uk wsm|}{p �k �} |j, �y }j s {po uy, s xk {pv� p �k� �zy �s Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k.

L�p mkq xpp }y, �}y k| |s {st |usp {pv� p �� s my yl �p m{jo vs wy n~} swp}� ovj m� j| xp xsj okx xytz{y l vp w� {p �k � �pp rxk �p xsp. Uxs, y|y lpx xy uy nok sop} {p�� y wpv us� sry l{k qp xs j�, xp m|p nok zp{p -ok mk vs yos xk uy my }y� xy }k usp wpv usp op }k vs, uku |zy |yl u{p z vp xsj xk �p� xs uym u �vp w~. Yk usp op}k -vs wyn vs zp {p ok mk}� |j | zy wy �� u{k| us, uy }y {kj uku z{k ms vy xk {pv� p �k� xp |y �{k xj p} |j. Q{y wp}y ny, s| uk qp xsj m op }k vj� wy n~} myr xsu x~}� s z{s |y m {p wpx x�� my| z{y sr mp op xs j�, y|y lpx xy p| vs sop}{p�� y {pv� p �k�, y{s ns xk v� uy }y {�� z{y zk vs s uy }y {�p sr mp|} x� vs�� zy {s |~x ukw, |op vkx x�w mym{p wj {k| uy zyu (zy� }s m|p {pv� p �� zy �s Xk{ ny xk)45. Vy � }y w~ }p �vp w�, uy }y {�p m� nvj oj} uku �pv� -xy vs }�p s vs �px x�p y{ xk wpx }k xk oy �po �s� oy xk| {pv� p �k�, my m|p xp ylj rk }pv� xy l� vs }k uy m� wsm opt |} ms }pv� xy |}s. Tk z{s wp{, �vp w� | n{pl xj ws xk sry l{k qp xs j� ~{k{ }ym | Hk vk mk} |us� my{y} Xkv -wk xk |k {k III (|w. xs qp), m� nvj oj} }ku, |vym xy yxs swp �} �pv� xy vs }�p xk �p� xs us (��. 114). I opt -|} ms }pv� xy |}s, uku zy uk rk vs {k| uyz us \k rkx v~, xk �p� xs us }k us� �vp wym sr ny }y m vs mk vs|� y} opv� xy(��. 115, 3– 4)46.

Xy mp{ �px xy kxk vy ns� xkj uk{ }s xk m� j| xj p} |j z{s yl {k �p xss u |y �{k xsm �sw |j �u rpw z vj {kwzp{po xp my |}y� x�� uy xs �p |us� �vp wym. X{p os oy myv� xy lyv� �y ny uy vs �p |} mk }k us� xk �y oyu, z{y s| �y -oj �s� sr Vp {po xpt Grss47, xp} xs yo xy ny | �pv� xy vs }� ws xk �p� xs uk ws. Vy ok m vj � �pp lyv� �sx |}mys�, yo xk uy, swp p} ~ xsq xp ny u{kj y} mp{ |}sj, |v~ qsm �sp ovj z{s u{p z vp xsj y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x��xk �p� xs uym. Q |y qk vp xs�, xp sr mp|} xy xk �y oyu y|} {y uy xp� x�� vp wym, z{s uy }y {�� |y �{k xs vs|� l�s xk �p� xs us, yo xk uy |k ws yxs m|}{p �k �} |j48. Tp uy }y {�p ~{k{} |usp xk �p� xs us xko zs |k x� swp xpwO� z~ s xs49, �}y |ms op }pv� |} m~ p} yl s| zyv� ry mk xss m Z{k{ }~ �vp wym | y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x� wsxk�p� xs uk ws ~qp m zy | vpo xpt �p} mp{ }s IX m. oy x. �. (��. 115, 1, 2).

X~ oj zy swp � �sw |j xk �yo ukw uku |k ws� �vp wym, }ku s xk �p� xs uym, wyq xy zy vk nk}�, �}y xk m|p�zp {po xp my |}y� x�� uy xs �p |us� �vp wk�, swpm �s� xk �p� xs us, m opt |} ms }pv� xy |}s yxs sr ny }k m vs mk vs|�y} opv� xy. Tk sry l{k qp xs j� my s xym (m }yw �s| vp xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k�) |zy |yl z{s u{p z vp xsj xk -

42 Barnett 1976, pl. XVII, XIX, XXI, XXXVI, LXXI m; Paterson

1915, pl. 46–47, 51–52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54

(Russell 1991, 19, 77), 57–58, 62–64, 65–66 (uy xs �p |usp);

Barnett 1976, pl. VI, IX, XVII, XIX; Paterson 1915, pl. 51–52

(Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV) (�vp w� sxyt �y{ w�).43 Hrouda 1965, 116.44 Russell 1991, 121.45 X{., xk z{s wp{, {kr xs �~ m my| z{y sr mp op xss �vp wk k| |s -

{st |uy ny my s xk xk {pv� p �p 11 zy wp �p xsj X �ny-rk zko xy ny

omy{ �k Xs xk��p {s lk m Ts xp mss: Paterson 1915, pl. 38 (zy

J. R�t j{ o~) — �vpw m� nvj os} uku �pv� xy u{y pxx�t s vs �px -

x�t y{ xk wpx }k; Russell 1991, fig. 35 (�y }y n{k �sj Or. Dr. IV, 65

m H{s }kx |uyw w~ rpp, y{s ns xkv ~}p {jx) — xk �vp wp ms opx

y{xk wpx}, xk �p� xsu m� nvj os} uku sr ny }y m vpx x�t y} opv� xy;

svs |�yo x~� {kr xs �~ xk �vp wk� xp uy }y {�� my s xym m |�p xp

�}~{ wk Rk �s �k: Paterson 1915, pl. 69–71 (�y }y n{k �sj B.M.

124906-7) s Russell 1991, fig. 110 (�y }y n{k �sj Or. Dr. I, 59).

Vy oyl x�p z{s wp {� xp pos xs� x�.46 Muscarella 1988, 50, pl. 60, a–c; Muscarella 1989, 29, fig. 9

a–b.47 Xw. |myo us xk �y oyu, xs yo xk sr uy }y {�� xp jm vj p} |j zyv -

xyt: Borchhardt 1972, 99–109; Overlaet 1979, 55–58; Vanden

Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 127–133;

Gröschel 1986, 73–76; Yıldırm 1988, 217–228; Calmeyer 1991,

123–133.48 Barnett, Gökce 1953, 125, pl. XVIII, 1; Borchhardt 1972, 105,

109, Nr. 24, IX, Taf. 29, 45 (Gv }�x}p zp); Belli 1983a, 354–355,

Res. 8 (^k m~� }p zp); Muscarella 1973, 67, fig. 27, 1; 28 (Gn {kl-

}p zp s \k rkx v~); Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 144, Abb. 46 (n{k ls }pv� -

|usp {k| uyz us m my | }y� xyt Gxk }y vss); Madhloom 1970,

pl. XIX, 6 (Tsw {~o); Gjerstad 1948, 132, fig. 20 (Qsz{) s o{.49 Belli 1983a, 344–351, Res. 5–7, Lev. III, 2; IV; Belli 1992,

45–48, Abb. 1, Taf. I, 2.

237

Ws|. 114 Hs}mk k||s{st�pm | ~{k{}kws. Oryl{kqpxsp xk l{yxrymyt ylsmup «Hkvkmk}|us� my{y}»

Vy King 1915, pl. XXXVIII

�p� xs uym sxy nok zp {p ok mkv |j, k sxy nok xp}. I zy | vpo xpw |v~ �kp �vp w� xk sry l{k qp xs j� m� nvj oj} ukusr ny }y m vpx x�p mwp |}p | xk �p� xs uk ws. Vp {p ok �k svs xp zp {p ok �k �}yt op }k vs, myr wyq xy, s wy qp} |v~ -qs}� y| xy mk xs pw ovj ok }s {ym us {pv� p �ym, y} {k qkj �k {k u }p{ x~� ovj }yt svs sxyt �zy �s svs wk | }p {k|uvyx xy|}� u sry l{k qp xs� wpv us� op }k vpt, xy xs uku xp wy qp} s|zyv�rymk}�|j ovj ok }s {ym us {p kv� -x�� vp wym. Iy m|j uyw |v~ �kp, sr m|p� sr mp|} x�� vp wym �}y ny ms ok �pv� xy u{y p xx�p xk �p� xs usswp �} vs�� u rpw z vj {�, z{y s| �y oj �sp | Qkm uk rk (uvs xj{ |usp s lp� }k �px |ust, xk o{~ ns�, myr wyq -xy, �}k op }kv� z{y |}y xp |y �{k xs vk|�). I v� lyw |v~ �kp |zy |yl z{s u{p z vp xsj xk �p� xs uym u �vp w~ xpwy qp} l�}� �{y xy vy ns �p |usw z{s rxk uyw.

Xvp o~ p} y} wp }s}� p�p, �}y m �zy �~ Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k III s Xk{ ny xk II m G| |s {ss xk {j o~ |y �vp wkws| xk �p� xs uk ws �s {y uy z{s wp xj vs|� s �vp w� lpr xs�, z{s Xs xk��p {s lp, ms os wy, m� �po �sp sr ~zy -} {pl vp xsj. Iy m|j uyw |v~ �kp xk {pv� p �k� �zy �s Xs xk��p {s lk yxs m|}{p �k �} |j u{kt xp {po uy50, k z{sG� �~{ lk xs zk vp, uk qp} |j, xp m|}{p �k �} |j my m|p. ^}y uk |k p} |j m{p wp xs zy j m vp xsj y|} {y uy xp� x�� vp -wym | xk �p� xs uk ws m G| |s {ss, }y xk {pv� p �k� s� sry l{k qp xsj mzp{ m�p m|}{p �k �} |j vs�� m �zy �~Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k III, k xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k� IX m. oy x. �. sry l{k qk �} |j vs�� y|} {y uy xp� x�p �vpw�lpr xk �p� xs uym. Is os wy, mzp{ m�p z{s wp xp xsp �vp wk | xk �p� xs uk ws m k| |s {st |uyt k{ wss rk |ms -op}pv� |} my mk xy sry l{k qp xs pw |{k qp xsj xk l{yx ry myw uyx |uyw xk n{~o xs up k| |s {st |uyt {k ly }�, y}xy -|j �pw |j uy m}y {yt zy vy ms xp IX m. oy x. �. (��. 66)51. Kkx xyp sry l{k qp xsp ok p} terminus ante quem ovjzy j m vp xsj �}y ny xym �p |} mk m G| |s {ss.

50 Paterson 1915, 7 (Russell 1991, 127), 37 (Russell 1991, 32).51 Seidl 1986, 229–233, Abb. 2–3, Taf. 54; Born, Seidl 1995,

55–72, Abb. 45–48, 51, 53.

Syq xy z{po zy vk nk}�, �}y yxy l� vy rk sw |} my mk xy k| |s {st �k ws ~ ~{k{ }ym svs wkx xp pm. I |k wywop vp, �vp w� | xk �p� xs uk ws, z{km ok, sxy ny }s zk (yu {~n v�p �s �k us | n{pl xpw) mzp{ m�p m k| |s {st -|uyw s| u~| |} mp zy j m vj �} |j swpx xy xk sry l{k qp xs j� ~{k{} |us� my s xym, |y �{k xsm �s� |j xk «Hk vk mk} -|us� my {y }k�» (850 svs 841/837 nn. oy x. �.) (��. 114)52, }y n ok uku |k ws k| |s {st �� m �}y m{p wj zyv� -rymk vs|� vs�� vp wk ws lpr xk �p� xs uym. V{y }sm xs us k| |s {st �pm xk ~zy wj x~ }yw xk n{~o xs up s| zyv� -r~ �} }k usp qp �vp w�, uku ~{k{ }� | «Hk vk mk} |us� my {y}». Ox }p {p| xy, �}y �}s �vp w� lvsr us zy �y{wp}pw, �}y sry l{k qp x� xk my s xk� | wy op vs zy myr us sr R�k �p xk (|w. m� �p), y} xy |j �pt |j u ny {kr oy lyvpp{kx xp w~ m{p wp xs. Qku ~qp ~zy ws xk vy|�, �vp w� lvsr uyt �y{ w� | xk �p� xs uk ws l� vs yl xk {~ qp x�m �p} mp{ }yw |vyp \k rkx v~ (��. 115, 3, 4).

^}y uk |k p} |j m{p wp xs zy j m vp xsj |k wy ny y|} {y uy xp� xy ny uy xs �p |uy ny �vp wk m Sp |y zy }k wss,l�m �p ny rop|� xks ly vpp {k| z{y |}{k xpx xyt �y{ wyt m IX–VII mm. oy x. �., }y �}y} my z {y| xp j|px. _vp -w� III }� |j �p vp }sj, sr mp|} x�p uku zy sry l{k qp xs jw, }ku s zy xk �yo ukw, z{p q op m|p ny, m xp u {y zy vpZ{k, swp vs sx�p �y{ w� — �}y l� vs �s �k us, sxy nok | xp lyv� �sw rk y|} {p xs pw, yl�� xy rk u{� mkm�sps rk }� vyu s swpm �sp m� {pr ovj vs �k. Oxy n ok yxs |xkl qk vs|� xk �p� xs uk ws. X�yo x~� �y{ w~ swp vss �vp w� Sk {s53. Iyr wyq xy, �k|}� �}s� ny vym x�� ~ly {ym sr ny }k m vs mk vk|� xp sr wp }kv vk, k sr uy qssvs }uk xs. Kvj ly vpp zyro xp ny m{p wp xs, mzvy}� oy xy my k| |s {st |uyt �zy �s, xk opq xkj sx �y{ wk �sj y�y{ wp wp }kv vs �p |us� �vp wym m Sp |y zy }k wss z{k u }s �p |us y} |~} |} m~ p}. Tk zp �k }j� |{p o xp k| |s {st -|uyny m{p wp xs m|}{p �k �} |j sry l{k qp xsj ny vym x�� ~ly {ym y|} {y uy xp� xyt �y{ w�, yo xk uy sop} vs {p��y �vp wk�, svs ny vym x�� ~ly {k�, xp swpm �s� yly {y xs }pv� xy ny rxk �p xsj s sr ny }y m vpx x�� xp sr wp -}kvvk, |~ os}� xp z{po |}k m vj p} |j myr wyq x�w. Is os wy, uy xs �p |ust �vpw, |xkl qpx x�t xk �p� xs uk ws sm�|}~ zyw, rk u{� mk � �sw rk }� vyu, k }ku qp op uy {k }sm x�w n{pl xpw, sry l{k qpx xk {pv� p �p XIV m. oy x. �.sr Hy nkr uij54. I xy my k| |s {st |u~� �zy �~ y|} {y uy xp� x�p �vp w� rk �s u |s {y mk x� ~qp xk |k w�� {kx xs�sry l{k qp xs j� �}y ny zp {s y ok — xk nvk r~ {y mk x�� us{ zs �k� �zy �s Y~ u~v� }s-Ts x~{ }� II (891–884 nn.oy x. �.), xkt opx x�� m �{k wp G� �~ {k m G� �~ {p55, k zyr qp xk {pv� p �k� G� �~{ xk �s {zk vk II (884–858 nn. oy x. �.)56 s Xkv wk xk |k {k III (858–824 nn. oy x. �.)57. a}y zy r my vj p} z{po zy vk nk}�, �}y �vp w��}yt �y{ w� s| zyv� ry mk vs|� m Sp |y zy }k wss s {kx� �p. Uo xk uy ukm ukr |usp xk �yo us m Y{s k vp }s s mV{s wy{ |uyw jm vj �} |j |k w� ws {kx xs ws wk }p {s kv� x� ws, k xp suy xy n{k �s �p |us ws, |ms op }pv� |} mk wss| zyv� ry mk xsj y|} {y uy xp� x�� uy xs �p |us� �vp wym m Vp {po xpt Grss. Q{y wp }y ny, yxs |ms op }pv� |} m~�}y }yw, �}y uy xs �p |usp �vp w� | xk �p� xs uk ws |}k vs z{s wp xj}� |j m Nk ukm uk r�p {kx� �p, �pw m G| |s{ss,ovj uy }y {yt m zp{ myt zy vy ms xp IX m. oy x. �. l� vs �k {k u }p{ x� �vp w� �}yt �y{ w� lpr xk �p� xs uym58.

O}ku, m Nk ukm uk r�p y|} {y uy xp� x�p uy xs �p |usp �vp w�, sr ny }y m vpx x�p sr l{yx ry my ny vs | }k, «|�s -}y ny» rk uvpz uk ws, z{s wp xj vs|�, ms os wy, xp zyr qp XII m. oy x. �. (zy n{p lp xsp 13 Hp� }k �px |uy nywynsv� xs uk, myr wyq xy, zp{ m�t G{ �ko ry{ |ust u~{ nkx), k rk }pw — m X–IX mm. oy x. �. \{y xy vy ns �p |ustz{s y{s }p} zy u{kt xpt wp {p {kx xs� xk �y oyu ukm ukr |us� �vp wym (Hp� }k �p xs, G{ �ko ry{ s V{s wy{ |uyp)zp {po |k w� ws {kx xs ws ~{k{} |us ws s my yl �p zp {po xp k rs k} |us ws xk �yo uk ws (zy | vpo xjj �p} mp{}� IX m.oy x. �.) rk |}k m vj p} | |y w xp xs pw y} xp |}s|� u z{po zy vy qp xs� y rk sw |} my mk xss �}yt �y{ w� m Nk ukm -ukr�p sr Vp {po xpt Grss. U xp rk ms |s wy |}s ukm ukr |us� �vp wym y} zp {po xp k rs k} |us� |ms op }pv� |}~ �},u{y wp }y ny, |~ �p |} mpx x�p {kr vs �sj m |zy |y lp s� sr ny }y m vp xsj — m|p ukm ukr |usp �vp w� |op vk x� srvs| }ym l{yx r� s |u{p z vp x� rk uvpz uk ws, m|p zp {po xp k rs k} |usp l{yx ry m�p �vp w� — vs }�p. L| vszp{po xp k rs k} |usp �vp w� swp �} xk �p� xs us, yxs sr ny }y m vp x� y} opv� xy, ~ ukm ukr |us� yxs m� u{y p x�sr }y ny qp vs | }k, �}y s mp|� �vpw. Qkm ukr |usp y|} {y uy xp� x�p �vp w� z{s xko vp qk} u lyv� �yt n{~z zpz{powp}ym |�yo xyt �y{ w�, {k| z{y |}{k xpx x�� my m|pt Vp {po xpt Grss, yo xk uy |y |}k m vj �} mx~ } {s xpp

52 King 1915, pl. X, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XLII. 53 Yadin 1963, 49, 132–133, 151; Borchhardt 1972, 94–96;

Calmeyer 1972–1975, 313–314.54 Akurgal 1961, Taf. 134; Borchhardt 1972, 102–103, Taf. 25, 1.55 Andrae 1923, 13–14, Taf. 8, 9 a,e (sry l{k qp xsp xk Taf. 6

oyvq xy ok }s {y mk}� |j xp �zy �yt Ysn vk} zk vk |k {k I, uku |�s }kv

sr ok }pv�, k �zy �yt Xk{ ny xk II, |w. xs qp); Nunn 1988, 167–

168, Taf. 123, 124.56 Budge 1914, passim; Barnett, Falkner 1962, passim57 King 1915, passim; Oates 1963, 17, pl. V, VII c.58 X{. Kossack 1994, 23, uy }y {�t |�s }k p} ukm ukr |usp �vp w�

wp |} x� ws my| z{y sr mp op xs j ws k| |s {st |us� yl {kr �ym, yo xk uy

zyvknkp}, �}y m{p wj s� z{y xsu xy mp xsj xk Qkm ukr xp sr mp|} xy

s wy qp} y} xy |s}� |j p�p u IX m. oy x. �.

238

Ws|. 115 1. Tk�p�xsu ~{k{}|uyny �vpwk | xkozs|�� O�z~sxs. 2. Wpuyx|}{~u�sj �vpwk | �}sw xk�p�xsuyw. 3, 4. _vpw� sr \krkxv~ IV. H{yxrk

Vy Belli 1992, Abb. 1 (1, 2); Muscarella 1989a, 29, fig. 9 a–b (3, 4)

239

1

2

3

4

�p} uy yz {p op vj p w�t mk {s kx}. I v� lyw |v~ �kp xp} xs uk us� y| xy mk xst ny my {s}� y rk sw |} my mk xss �}s��vp wym svs s� �y{ w� m Vp {po xpt Grss m zp {s yo usw wp {st |us� s |us� |us� zy �y oym — yxs swp �} mNk ukm uk r�p oy | }k }y� xy okm xsp }{k os �ss s sr mp|} x� rk oyv ny oy �}s� zy �y oym.

X{p os xkt opx x�� xk Qkm uk rp �vp wym }. x. «k| |s {st |uy ny» }s zk swp p} |j p�p yosx, |~ �p |} mpx xyy} vs �k � �st |j y} {k| |wy } {px x��, xy yl�� xy muv� �k p w�t m }~ qp n{~z z~. Wp�� sop} y �vp wp, xkt -opxxyw xk xp u {y zy vp Ip{� xjj W~} �k (��. 116, 1). Ts u }y sr km }y {ym, |zp �s kv� xy zs |km �s� y okx xytn{~zzp xk �y oyu, zy �p w~-}y xp yl {k �kv oyvq xy ny mxs wk xsj xk }y mkq xpt �pp yl |}y j }pv� |} my, �}y xk�}yw �vp wp swp p} |j ~{k{} |ukj xko zs|�, yo xy rxk� xy yz {p op vj � �kj pny ok }~ s wp | }y z{y sr myo |} mk: mAr-gi-iš-ti-i ú-ri-iš-hi, «|uvko G{ ns� }s»59. _vpw l�v, |vp oy mk }pv� xy, sr ny }y m vpx m Z{k{ }~ m �zy �~ z{k m vp -xsj �k {j G{ ns� }s I (yuy vy 786–764 nn. oy x. �.). V{km ok, I. O. Qy rpx uy mk ok }s {y mk vk pny 789–766 nn. oy x. �. (}. p. m{p wp xpw z{k m vp xsj G{ ns� }s), yo xk uy ||� vk vk|� z{s �}yw zy �p w~-}y }yv� uy xksry l{k qp xsj zyoyl x�� vp wym xk k| |s {st |us� {pv� p �k� «z{s wp{ xy y} 888 n. oy x. �.60 s zyr qp»61, �pwz{s mp vk m xpoy ~wp xsp, xk z{s wp{, X. R. K~ ok {p mk62. Nop|� qp yxk ok }s {~ p} �vpw sr wy nsv� xs uk [k |uk~(|w. m��p) 883–824 nn. oy x. �. Nk �}s ws �s� {k ws |u{� mk �} |j, y�p mso xy, ok }� z{k m vp xsj G� �~{ xk -�s {zk vk II s Xkv wk xk |k {k III, s y| xy mk xs pw ovj ok }s {ym us jm vj �} |j, |vp oy mk }pv� xy, m|p }p qp {pv�p -��. Tp zy xj} xy, z{km ok, zy �p w~ I. O. Qy rpx uy mk m� ls {k p} swpx xy �}s� om~� �k {pt — sry l{k qp xsjkxk vy ns� x�� vp wym sr mp|} x� m G| |s {ss s {kx� �p, s wxy ny zyr qp.

_vpw sr Ip{� xpt W~} �s z{s xko vp qs} �s {y uy {k| z{y |}{k xpx xy w~ m Z{k{ }~ }s z~. Jvkm x�w pnyz{s rxk uyw jm vj p} |j |zy |yl y{ xk wpx }k �ss — {pv� p� x�p zy j |us moyv� xsq xp ny u{kj s rsn rk ny yl {kr -

59 Nagel 1959–1960, 144–147.60 Kk }k xp yl� j| xs wk, myr wyq xy, {p�� sop} yl yzp �k} up mwp -

|}y «883 n. oy x. �.», z{s wp{ xy ny xk �k vk z{k m vp xsj G� �~{ xk -

�s { zk vk II.61 Qy rpx uy mk 1990, 72, 81–82; Qy rpx uy mk 1996, 90, 99.62 K~ ok {pm 1991, 53.

240

Ws|. 116 Z{k{}|usp �vpw� | xkozs|jws G{ns�}s I. 1. Synsv�xsu Ip{�xjj W~}�k; 2. Qk{ws{-Hv~{. H{yxrk

Vy Nagel 1959–1960, Abb. 1 (1); Vsy}{ym|ust 1970, № 43 (2)

1 2

241

x�t y{ xk wpx }kv� x�t wy }sm xk vyl xyt �k | }s �vp wk63. I|p �vp w� �}y ny }s zk |�yo x� zy z{y zy{ �s jw(|{po xjj m� |y }k 30–31 |w, y} uvy xp xsj m ylp |}y {y x� xp rxk �s }pv� x�) s |y |}k m vj �} oy | }k }y� xy yo xy -{yo x~� m �{y xy vy ns �p |uyw y} xy �p xss n{~z z~. Kvj pp ok }s {ym us y|y lyp rxk �p xsp swp �} �u rpw z vj {�,swp � �sp xko zs |s ~{k{} |us� �k {pt, k{ |p xk vkw uy }y {�� yxs z{s xko vp qk vs, }pw ly vpp, �}y zy ok m vj -��pp lyv� �sx |} my ~{k{} |us� l{yx ry m�� sr op vst z{y s| �y os} sr n{k ls }pv� |us� {k| uy zyu s wp | }ys yl|}y j }pv� |} mk s� xk �yo us uku z{k ms vy xp sr mp|} x�. O| u v� �p xs pw jm vj �} |j xk �yo us, |op vkx x�p z{sz{k msv� x�� {k| uyz uk� Qk{ ws{-Hv~ {k — rop|� yl xk {~ qp xy yosx xk o �k}� l{yx ry m�� vp wym �}y ny}szk64, xy yz~l vs uy mk x� vs�� omk, z{s �pw xk xsq xpt �k | }s m}y {y ny swp p} |j xko zs|�: «Hy n~ \kv os,ny| zy os x~, �}y} �vpw G{ ns� }s, |�x Sp x~k, zy ok {sv» (��. 116, 2)65. X�yo x�t �vpw (m� |y }k 31,5 |w)| xko zs |�� Sp x~k l�v yl xk {~ qpx |{p os o{~ ns� l{yx ry m�� mp �pt m 1977 n. myr vp ~{k{} |uyt u{p zy |}sH~{ wk np �s} xk mp{� xpw Lm �{k }p (22 uw �q xpp ny {y ok Y~x oqp vs)66. Q{y wp �}y ny, m }yt qp u{p zy |}sl�vy yl xk {~ qp xy p�p omk �{kn wpx }s {y mk x�� l{yx ry m�� vp wk }y ny qp }s zk67. U| }kv� x�p z{y s| �y oj}sr n{k ls }pv� |us� {k| uy zyu xk }p{ {s }y {ss my | }y� xyt Y~{ �ss s |p mp {y-rk zko xy ny O{k xk s �{k xj}|j m{kr vs� x�� w~ rp j� Lm {y z�. I xk |}y j �pp m{p wj sr mp|} xy �p }� {p �vp wk �}y ny }s zk | swp xpw �k {jO�z~ s xs (yu. 825–810 nn. oy x. �.) (H{s }kx |ust w~ rpt 13506168, Hk opx |ust rp wpv� x�t w~ rpt, Qk{ v| -{~�69, omk �u rpw z vj {k m ]px } {kv� xyw Wsw |uy-np{ wkx |uyw w~ rpp, Sktx�70), �p|}� | swp xpw Sp x~k(yu. 810– 785 nn. oy x. �.) (H~{ wk np �s} (|w. m� �p), Hk opx |ust rp wpv� x�t w~ rpt, Qk{ v| {~�71, Jy |~ ok{ |} -mpx xyp z{k s |}y {s �p |uyp |y l {k xsp, S�x �px, sxm. №�1985, 52172, }{s �u rpw z vj {k m ]px } {kv� xyw Wsw -|uy-np{ wkx |uyw w~ rpp, Sktx�73) s omk | swp xpw G{ ns� }s I (yu. 785–760 nn. oy x. �.) (Ip{� xjj W~} �k,Qk{ ws{-Hv~{, |w. m� �p)74. Q{y wp }y ny, yosx �vpw (Xy l {k xsp Gu |p vj J~} wk xk m Hp{ vs xp, AG 339)

63 Xw. |myo u~ wxp xst zy zy my o~ }yv uy mk xsj �}y ny y{ xk wpx -

}kv� xy ny wy }s mk (k} {s l~} Ypt �p l� (wyv xsj svs uy z�p), |}s -

vs ry mk xyp sry l{k qp xsp {y nym, |}s vs ry mk xyp sry l{k qp xsp

op{p mk qsr xs, |}s vs ry mk xyp sry l{k qp xsp «u{� vk }y ny |yvx �k»

s o{.): Özgen 1979, 68; Maaß 1987, 72–73; Rehm 1997, 209.64 Vs y } {ym |ust 1959k, 178; Piotrovskii 1967, 45, |{. van Loon

1966, 119; Özgen 1979, 28–29, 68–69.z65 Vp{ m�t xkt opx m zy wp �p xss 24 m 1948 n.: Vs y } {ym |ust

1950, 59, {s|. 38; Vs y } {ym |ust 1959, {s|. 26; Barnett, Watson

1952 ({p �p {k} z~l vs uk �ss Vs y } {ym |ust 1950), 143, fig. 21;

Borchhardt 1972, 107, Nr. 24, V, 2; m}y {yt, z{k u }s �p |us sopx -

}s� x�t {~} �sx |uy w~ (m� |y }k 30,5 |w, sopx }s� xkj y{ xk wpx }k -

�sj) — m 1953 n. m zy wp �p xss 37: Vs y } {ym |ust 1955, 25–26,

{s|. 16. Tko zs|�: ZQT 148k. X{. Vs y } {ym |ust 1959k, 178

(xpj| xy, }y} qp �}y �vpw, svs sxyt �u rpw z vj{); Vs y } {ym |ust

1970, № 43 (ms os wy, }y} qp �vpw zy | vp {p | }km {k �ss). Tp | -

wy} {j xk wxy ny �s| vpx x�p my| z{y sr mp op xsj yo xs� s }p� qp

yl� p u }ym (z{s �pw �k | }y | {kr x� ws ~uk rk xs j ws xk �k {k u }p{

swp � �s� |j xk xs� xko zs |pt, wp | }y �{k xp xsj s }. o., �}y

zy{y os vy �~ oy ms� x~� z~ }k xs �~ m vs }p {k }~ {p), lyv� �kj �k|}�

xkt opx x�� m Ypt �p lk s xs �vp wym (m|p ny s� l� vy, uk qp} |j,

omk o �k}�) }ku s y| }k vk|� xp yz~l vs uy mkx xyt. Uz~l vs uy mkx x�p

qp �u rpw z vj {� �k | }y my| z{y sr my oj} |j lpr ~uk rk xsj {kr wp {ym,

�}y |sv� xy ~wpx� �k p} sx �y{ wk }sm xy|}� wk }p {s k vk. 66 Belli 1993, 61–67, Abb. 3, Taf. 13, 4 (S~ rpt avj r� nk, Inv.-

Nr. 85. TMKC. 1-72).67 Yıldırım 1988, 217–218, Res. 1–2, Sek. 1–2 (S~ rpt avj -

r�nk, Inv.-Nr. 85.1.72; 85.1.78).68 I� |y }k 29,5 |w: Barnett, Curtis 1973, 133; Frankel 1979, 20,

fig. 12; Özgen 1979, 28; Overlaet 1979, 51, n. 1; Vanden Berghe,

De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 128, Nr. 17.69 I� |y }k 30,5, osk wp}{ 19,5–21,5: Maaß 1987, 71–74, 92,

Nr. 3, Taf. 1, 2, |vp mk |xs r~; Rehm 1997, 211, U 20, Abb. 384.

Tko zs|� xk �vp wp z{y �s }k xk Z. Nktov�; a. Wpw, y} wp �kj

xkvs �sp y| }k} uym xko zs |s, |�s }k p} s� xp �s }k p w� ws.70 Jahresbericht 1984, 649, Abb. 39.71 I� |y }k 30,2, osk wp}{ 19–20 |w: Maaß 1987, 71–74, 92, Nr. 4,

Taf. 1, 2, |vp mk |xs r~; Rehm 1997, 211, U 21, Abb. 385. Z. Nktov�

�s }k p} xk �vp wp swj Sp x~k, a. Wpw — swj O� z~sxs.72 V{y s| �y os} sr lyv� �y ny uyw z vp u |k l{yx ry m�� sr op vst,

�k|}� sr uy }y {�� xko zs |k xk swp xpw Sp x~k, m� |y }k 33,3 |w

(myr wyq xy, z{y zy{ �ss s| uk qp x� m �y op {p | }km {k �ss): Gropp

1981, 95–123; Kellner 1987, 20–21, Taf. 22; Kellner 1991, 11–

15; Wartke 1993, Abb. 27.73 Jahresbericht 1984, 649, Abb. 39.74 X{. Belli 1993, 65, nop ny my {s} |j, �}y sr mp|} xy �p }� {p

�vpwk | swp xpw O� z~ s xs (}{s m Sktx �p, yosx m H{s }kx -

|uyw w~ rpp) s �p|}� | swp xpw Sp x~k (}{s m Sktx �p, omk

m Qk{ v| {~�, yosx m S�x �p xp). Xy nvk| xy �}yt sx �y{ wk �ss,

yosx sr �vp wym sr Qk{ v| {~� xko zs |kx swp xpw xp O� z~ s xs,

k Sp x~k, uku s m}y {yt, k m Sktx �p swp p} |j xp zj}�, k �p|}�

xko zs |kx x�� vp wym, z{s �pw }y}, sx �y{ wk �s pt y uy }y {yw j

xp {k| zy vk nk�, xko zs |kx swp xpw O� z~ s xs. Xvp oy mk }pv� xy,

xko zs |kx x�� vp wym | swp xpw Sp x~k sr mp|} xy xp �p|}� (zy

wy pt sx �y{ wk �ss), k |pw�, �}y, mz{y �pw, xp wp xj p} |~ �p |} -

mpx xy yl �~� uk{ }s x~. X{., yo xk uy, Rehm 1997, 210, Anm. 251,

|y n vk| xy uy }y {yt omk �vp wk sr Sktx �k xko zs |k x� swp xpw

O� z~ s xs s }{s Sp x~k.

242

xy|s} |{kr~ omp xko zs |s — Sp x~k s G{ ns� }s75. U| }kv� x�p sr mp|} x�p �vp w� �}y ny }s zk xko zs |pt xpswp �}76. Ts yo xy ny �u rpw z vj {k zy oyl xy ny �vp wk | xko zs |�� ly vpp zyro xp ny �k {j xp sr mp|} xy; xp}s sx�� ~uk rk xst xk myr wyq xy|}� ly vpp zyro xpt ok }s {ym us �vp wym �}y ny }s zk. Kk }s {ym uk s�, }k uswyl {k ryw, xkz{k �s mk p} |j — yxs y} xy |j} |j u zy | vpo xpt �p} mp{ }s IX – zp{ myt zy vy ms xp VIII m. oy x. �.O| zyv� rymk vs|� vs }k usp �vp w� s {kx� �p, oy �zy �s O� z~ s xs, y| }k p} |j xp j| x�w. Iy m|j uyw |v~ �kp,|{p os sry l{k qp xst ~{k{ }ym xk «Hk vk mk} |us� my {y }k�» Xkv wkx |k {k III (|w. m� �p), xk uy }y {�� y} {k qpx�m y|xym xyw |y l� }sj k| |s {st |us� zy �y oym 859 s 856 nn. oy x. �. (|k ws my {y }k l� vs sr ny }y m vp x�yuyvy 841/837 n. oy x. �., �k|}� {pv� p �ym z{s xko vp qs} u ly vpp {kx xsw my {y }kw, sr ny }y m vpx x�w m 850 n.oy x. �.)77, xp} xs yo xy ny, xk uy }y {yw ~{k{} |ust my sx l�v l� yl vk �px m y|} {y uy xp� x�t �vpw. I|p yxsxy |j} zy v~ |�p {s �p |usp ~u {k �px x�p n{pl xpw �s �k us | xk �p� xs uk ws78. _vp w� {k| |wy } {px xy ny }szk�k {k u }p{ x�, |~ oj zy swp � �sw |j okx x�w, swpx xy ovj Z{k{ }~ s rk z{p op vk ws pny }p{ {s }y {ss (u{y wpIp{� xpt W~} �s) xp m|}{p �k �} |j.

I �zy �~ G{ ns� }s I �vp w� �}y ny }s zk m Z{k{ }~ m� �y oj} sr ~zy } {pl vp xsj s m� }p| xj �} |j o{~ nsw}s zyw. Kvj �vp wym xy myt {kr xy mso xy |}s �k {k u }p{ xk y{ xk wpx }k �sj yo xyt svs xp |uyv� us ws rk ns lk � -�s ws |j s |y |}k m vj � �s ws zy v~ yu {~q xy|}� rwp p mso x� ws mk vs uk ws, rk mp{ �k � �s ws |j sry l{k qp xs j wsny vy myu qs my} x��. ^k | }y }k usp �vp w� ~u {k �p x� sry l{k qp xs j ws {kr vs� x�� |�px — y�y }�, |{k qp xstsvs u~v� }y m� ws. Q �}y w~ }s z~ y} xy |j} |j rxk wp xs }�p zk {ko x�p �vp w� sr Ypt �p lk s xs (m|p ny s� xkt -op xy op mj}�79) | zy |mj }s }pv� x� ws xko zs |j ws G{ ns� }s I (yu. 785–760 nn. oy x. �., yosx �u rpw z vj{) sXk{ o~ {s II (yu. 760–730 nn. oy x. �., }{s �u rpw z vj {k) (��. 117, 1)80. Wjo �vp wym �}y ny }s zk lpr xko zs -|pt, z{y s| �y oj �s� sr n{k ls }pv� |us� {k| uy zyu xk }p{ {s }y {ss Z{k{ }~, �{k xj} |j m {kr vs� x�� w~ rp j�Y~{ �ss, Lm {y z� s Gwp {s us (��. 117, 2; 118, 1)81. _vp w� | y{ xk wpx }yw m ms op rwp p mso x�� mk vs uyml� vs {k| z{y |}{k xp x� xk m|pw Vp {po xpw Iy | }y up, yo xk uy mx~ } {s �}yt n{~z z� wyq xy m� op vs}� {jovyukv� x�� mk {s kx }ym. Vy-ms os wy w~, z{y s| �y q op xsp �}y ny ms ok y{ xk wpx }k �ss |mj rk xy | G| |s {s pt —rk nx~ }�p mk vs us m|}{p �k �} |j xk sry l{k qp xs j� �vp wym k| |s {st |us� my s xym ~qp xk �s xkj | �zy �s Y~ -u~v� }s-Ts x~{ }� II (891–884 nn. oy x. �.)82. Xk w�p {kx xsp ok }s {y mkx x�p �vp w� �}y ny }s zk (}{s �u rpwz-vj {k) y} xy |j} |j u uyx �~ IX m. oy x. �. s z{y s| �y oj} sr |vyj {kr {~ �p xsj \k rkx v~ IV (��. 118, 2, 3)83.Q{y wp \k rkx v~ s Z{k{}~, ok }s {y mkx x�p �u rpw z vj {� sr mp|} x� vs�� m Nsx o qs{ vs84 (mp {y j} xy, uy xp�

75 Born, Seidl 1995, 91, Abb. 94, 95, Taf. I, XII.76 Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983,

127, Nr. 14 (al xp }p{, Rp G{u, x� xp m S~ rpp _k�� k ~ rp xk,

m� |y }k 27, osk wp}{ 20,5–21,6 |w); Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 140,

Taf. 14; Özgen 1979, 29; Overlaet 1979, 51, n. 1; Vanden Berghe,

De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 127, Nr. 15 (V{k s -

|}y {s �p |uyp |y l {k xsp, S�x �px, 1971/1767, m� |y }k 28,5, osk -

wp}{ 19,2–22,8 |w); Calmeyer 1991, 125, 129, Nr. 13; Wartke

1993, Taf. 82, | xp mp{ x�w ~uk rk xs pw wp | }k �{k xp xsj (T��-

Py{u, Ariadne Galleries, Inc, m� |y }k 31, wk u |s wkv� x�t osk -

wp}{ 21,7 |w); Calmeyer 1991, 125, 131, Nr. 15 (S~ rpt srj� x��

s| u~||}m, Hy | }yx, 1981.25, m� |y }k 29,5, osk wp}{ 19,5 |w);

Rehm 1997, 209–211, U 19, Abb. 383 (Hk opx |ust rp wpv� x�t

w~ rpt, Qk{ v| {~�, 84/69, m� |y }k 30,3, osk wp}{ 21–22,5 |w). X{.

Kellner 1982, 206, Taf. I; Belli 1993, 65; Born, Seidl 1995, 91,

Abb. 94, 95, 90–92, Taf. I, IX, X.77 Wäfler 1975, 247–251, 299–301, | s| }y� xs uk ws s vs }p {k -

}~ {yt.78 Iyr wyq x�p sry l{k rs }pv� x�p kxk vy nss �}sw �vp wkw |w.

Wäfler 1975, 254–255. Tk �yo us �vp wym �}y ny }s zk xk \k rkxv~

|w. m� �p. X{. �vpw lvsr uyt �y{ w� sr s{kx |uy ny Grp{ lkt -

oqk xk m Rpt opx |uyw w~ rpp: Vanden Boorn 1984, 88, Afb. 125.79 Vs y } {ym |ust 1959k, 178.

80 Vs y } {ym |ust 1950, 63–67, {s|. 40, 40 k – m, }kl. 12; Vs y } -

{ym |ust 1952, 38–39, 49–50, {s|. ~ |. 40, }kl. 11–15; Vs y } -

{ym |ust 1955, 18, 26; Vs y } {ym |ust 1962, 70, {s|. 41, 79,

}kl. XVI–XIX; Piotrovskii 1967, 46. a}s �vp w� �k | }y my| z{y -

sr my oj} |j | y�sl uk ws s z~ }k xs �pt: |w. Özgen 1979, 70–72;

Gröschel 1986, 75.81 Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 139; Taşyürek 1974, 177–181; Özgen1979, 29–30, 73–74; Kellner 1982, 207–209, pl. II–IX; Özgen1983, 114, fig. 11–12; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet,

Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 131, Nr. 21; Eichler 1984, 19, 65, Taf. 8;

9, 1; Gröschel 1986, 75–76; Calmeyer 1986, 79–86, Taf. 15–20;

Maaß 1987, 71, Taf. 1, 2 Mitte; Yıldırım 1988, 218–219, Res. 3,

5, Sek. 3, 5; Calmeyer 1991, Nr. 9, 14, fig. 8; Rehm 1997, 211–

214, U 22, Abb. XXIV, XXV, Fig. 7, Abb. 386.82 Andrae 1923, pl. 9 e.83 Dyson 1961, 536, fig. 14 (non vidi); Calmeyer 1969, 90;

Borchhardt 1972, 107, Nr. 24, IV, 2; Azarpay 1968, pl. 9; Overlaet

1979, 55–56, |{. 51, n. 1 (|�s }k p}, �}y {p�� sop} y om~� {kr x��

�vp wk�); Winter 1980, 24, fig. 60–61; Muscarella 1989, 26,

fig. 11.84 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 75–76, 162–163, Abb. 84–85,

Taf. 40 a.

243

VIII m. oy x. �.) s xk Qs z{p («Qs z{y-k{ �k s �p |ust zp {s yo I», ms os wy m}y {kj zy vy ms xk VII m. oy x. �.)(��. 118, 4; 119, 1)85. U�p mso xy, �vpw� �}y ny }s zk l� vs rk sw |} my mk x� ~{k{ }k ws ~ k| |s {st �pm svs wkx xp pm m z{k m vp xsp G{ ns� }s, s swpx xy }y n ok m� }p| xs vs {k| z{y |}{k xpx x�p {k xpp, m }p �p xsp zyu{ktxpt wp {p zy v~ mp uk, �vp w� | ~u {k �p xs pw m ms op «wyv xss». V{s �}yw sr wp xs vk|� xp }yv� uy s�y{xkwpx }k �sj, xy s z{y zy{ �ss — z{s |y �{k xpxss yl �pt �y{ w�, ~{k{} |usp �vp w� �}y ny }s zk ly vppz{s rp ws |}�p (m� |y }k 27–28 |w), �pw �vp w� | «wyv xs pt». a}y, u|}k }s, y} vs �k p} s� y} s{kx |us� (oy34 |w) s y|y lpx xy |p mp {y |s {st |us� (oy 37,5 |w) yl {kr �ym, uy }y {�p swp �} ny {kr oy ly vpp m� }j x~ }�py�p{ }k xsj.

Kkv� xpt �pp {kr ms }sp ~{k{} |us� y|} {y uy xp� x�� vp wym sv v� |} {s {~ p} |j l{yx ry m�w �{kn wpx }s -{y mkx x�w �vp wyw, �{k xj �sw |j m S~ rpp Vpx |sv� mkx |uy ny ~xs mp{ |s }p }k (UM 67-39-21, m� |y }k 27,6,osk wp}{ 22 |w |y n vk| xy {p uyx |} {~u �ss)86. Tk vyl xyt �k | }s �vp wk sry l{k qp xy ly qp |} my m lvk ny |vy m -vj � �pt zy rp, k | om~� |}y {yx y} xp ny — |sw wp} {s� x�p �{s r�, sry l{k qk � �sp uy vp xy z{p u vp xpx x��u{� vk }�� np xs pm zp {po {y rp} uk ws s mp {p xs �~ v�mym. Tk y| xy mk xss |y zy | }k m vp xsj | sry l{k qp xs j wsv�mym xk �s }k� W~ |� III sr Yy z {kuuk vp �vpw ok }s {~ p} |j m}y {yt zy vy ms xyt VII m. oy x. �.87 [y{ wk�}yny �vp wk xp |uyv� uy y} vs �k p} |j y} xk rmkx x�� m� �p — yxk z{s lvs qk p} |j u zy v~ |�p {p | uy xs �p |uswy|} {s pw. a}y posx |} mpx x�t ~{k{} |ust y{ xk wpx }s {y mkx x�t �vpw, y} xy |j �st |j u |}yv� zyro xpt ok }p(xs yo xy ny o{~ ny ny �u rpw z vj {k, ok }s {y mkx xy ny | lyv� �pt svs wpx� �pt ~mp {px xy |}�� zy �yt zy | vpz{k m vp xsj Xk{ o~ {s II xp sr mp|} xy). Iyr wyq xy, �}y |mj rk xy | }pw, �}y m zy | vpo xpt }{p }s VIII m. oy x. �.ny {kr oy lyv� �pp {k| z{y |}{k xp xsp zy v~ �k �} qp vpr x�p �vp w�, zy |}p zpx xy m� }p| xj � �sp l{yx ry m�p,k qp vp ry |y �{k xj p} |j rxk �s }pv� xy �~ qp l{yx r�. a}y y} �k | }s zyo }mp{ qok p} |j }pw, �}y xkw sr mp|} xy

85 Karageorghis 1966, 319–322; Karageorghis 1967a, 202–245.

Kk }s {ym uk �vp wk VI m. oy x. �. (Borchhardt 1972, 99, Nr. 22, A,

II; Buhl 1974, 105; Overlaet 1979, 55) xs xk �pw xp y| xy mk xk.

86 Özgen 1979, 30–37, fig. 1–3.87 Barnett 1950, 13–15, pl. IX–X; Akurgal 1968, 61–62,

Taf. XXXVIII; Azarpay 1968, 66–68, pl. 56–58.

Ws|. 117 Z{k{}|usp �vpw�. 1. Qk{ws{-Hv~{; 2. Iy|}y�xkj Gxk}yvsj, Hkopx|ust Npwpv�x�t w~rpt, Qk{v|{~�. H{yxrk

Vy Vsy}{ym|ust 1970, № 44 (1); Calmeyer 1991, Nr. 9 (2)

1 2

244

Ws|. 118 H{yxrym�p �vpw�. 1. Iy|}y�xkj Gxk}yvsj, Jy|~ok{ |}mpxxyp z{ks|}y{s�p|uyp |yl{kxsp, S�x�px; 2, 3. \krkxv~ IV; 4. Vkvp-Vk�y|, Qsz{

Vy Vanden Berghe, De Meyer etc. 1983, Nr. 21 (1); Winter 1980, fig. 60, 61 (2, 3); Karageorghis 1967a, fig. 20 (4)

1 2

3 4

245

Ws|. 119 _vpw�. 1. Nsxoqs{vs; 2–4. Iy|}y�xkj Gxk}yvsj. 1, 2. H{yxrk; 3, 4. Mpvpry

Vy Calmeyer 1969, Abb. 93 (1); Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 19, 20 (2, 3); Wartke 1991, 330, Nr. 4 (4)

1 2

3 4

xp|uyv� uy qp vpr x�� ~{k{} |us� �vp wym lvsr uyt �y{ w�88. V{km ok, sr mp|} x� s l{yx ry m�p �u rpw z vj {�}k us� �vp wym (��. 119, 2– 4)89. Syq xy zy vk nk}�, �}y m VII m. oy x. �. m Z{k{ }~ m y| xym xyw s| zyv� ry -mk vs|� �vp w� swpx xy �}yt �y{ w�.

Q |y qk vp xs�, ~{k{} |ust �vpw zp{ myt }{p }s VIII m. oy x. �. sr wy nsv� xs uk Ip{� xjj W~} �k z{y s| -�y os} sr n{k ls }pv� |us� {k| uy zyu xk �k vk mp uk s pny uyw z vpu| zy � }y w~ xp sr mp | }px, �}y m rxk �s }pv� xyt|}p zp xs ylp| �p xs mk p} �}~ xk �yo u~. Losx |} mpx xyp, y �pw yxk |ms op }pv� |} m~ p} — �}y y|} {y uy xp� x�p�vp w� zp {po xp k rs k} |uy ny (m �k |} xy |}s ~{k{} |uy ny) z{y sr myo |} mk opt |} ms }pv� xy zy zk ok vs xk Xpmp{ x�tQkm ukr. Tp j| xy, yo xk uy, xs uk usw z~ }pw, xs uy nok �}y z{y s| �y os vy. Wp�� wy qp} so }s uku y ws{ x��}y{ ny m�� uyx }k u }k�, }ku s y my px xyt oy l� �p. I zp{ myw |v~ �kp wyq xy z{po zy vk nk}�, �}y �vpw zy zkvxk Xp mp{ x�t Qkm ukr xp xk wxy ny zyr qp pny sr ny }y m vp xsj, my m}y {yw �}y} z{y wp q~ }yu wyn l�}� s mp|�wkrxk �s }pv� x�w. Qku sr mp|} xy, z{po wp }� myy {~ qp xsj, m }yw �s| vp oy | }k }y� xy o{pm xsp, oyv ny �{k xs vs|�xk |uvk ok� ~{k{} |us� u{p zy |}pt m ms op {p vs u mst. Yku, m u{p zy |}s VII m. oy x. �. Ypt �p lk s xs l� vs yl -xk {~ qp x� xp }yv� uy |y mp{ �px xy kxk vy ns� x�p �vp w� | xko zs |j ws G{ ns� }s I, xy s p�p ly vpp {kx xspz{po wp }�, m }yw �s| vp | xko zs |j ws Sp x~k. Yk usp z{po wp }� mzyv xp wyn vs zy zk|}� m {~ us ~�k |}xs uymzp {po xp k rs k} |us� zy �y oym z{s {kr {~ �p xss ~{k{} |us� u{p zy |}pt. Uo xk uy �}y z{po zy vy qp xsp — vs��yo xk sr wxy ns� myr wyq xy |}pt, s yxy xp wy qp} |v~ qs}� y| xy mk xs pw xs uk us� okv� xpt �s� zy|}{y p xst.

I v� lyw |v~ �kp �vpw sr Ip{� xpt W~} �s xs �p ny xp ok p} ovj ok }s {ym us y| }kv� x�� ukm ukr |us� �vp -wym. Ux |~ �p |} mpx xy y} vs �k p} |j y} xs� z{p q op m|p ny zy |zy |y l~ sr ny }y m vp xsj. Qku s m|p y| }kv� x�pzp {po xp k rs k} |usp �vp w� s m y} vs �sp y} ukm ukr |us� yx vs }yt, k xp |uvp zkx sr vs | }k l{yx r�90. Qku szp {po xp k rs k} |usp �vp w� s m y} vs �sp y} ukm ukr |us� yx, ms os wy, swpv y} opv� xy sr ny }y m vpx x�p xk �p� -xs us — xk ly uy myt zy mp{� xy |}s |y �{k xs vs|� y} mp{ |}sj, |v~ qsm �sp ovj s� u{p z vp xsj. X~ �p |} mpx x�p{kr vs �sj uk |k �} |j s y{ xk wpx }k �ss. Qkm ukr |usp �vp w�, u{y wp z{y s| �y oj �p ny sr zy n{p lp xsj 1987 n.Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk xp y{ xk wpx }s {y mk x�, k z~ kx |yx x�t y{ xk wpx} zy | vpo xp ny xp swp p} kxk vy -nst |{p os zp {po xp k rs k} |us� �vp wym s |uy {pp m|p ny my| �y os} u wp |} xyt }{k os �ss. _vpw sr Ip{� xptW~} �s ~u {k �px }{p wj {pv� p� x� ws zy vy |k ws moyv� xsq xpt �k | }s �vp wk s �y {y �y sr mp|} x�w zy ~{k{} -|usw �vp wkw y{ xk wpx }kv� x�w wy }s myw m ms op |}s vs ry mkx xy ny sry l{k qp xsj {y nym svs wyv xss xkrku{� mk � �pt vyl �k | }s. Xvp o~ p} m|p qp y} wp }s}�, �}y zy �y{ wp s z{y zy{ �s jw sr ~{k{} |us� �vp wymu ukm ukr |usw lvs qp |}y s} |k w�t {kx xst }sz y|} {y uy xp� x�� vp wym, u uy }y {y w~ z{s xko vp qs} s�urpw z vj{ sr Ip{� xpt W~} �s (|{po xjj m� |y }k — 30–31 |w). Yk usp �vp w� l� vs {k| z{y |}{k xp x� mZ{k{ }~ oy zp{ myt }{p }s VIII m. oy x. �., s m �zy �~ G{ ns� }s I m� }p| xj �} |j ly vpp z{s rp ws |}� ws }s zkws.cm vj p} |j vs �}y |�yo |} my z{y zy{ �st |ym zk op xs pw, svs rop|� wyq xy ny my {s}� y xp uyt yl� xy |}s }{k -os �st, |uk rk}� }{~ o xy.

I v� lyw |v~ �kp uvs x-j{ |usp, uku s o{~ nsp |�yo x�p | xs ws, ukm ukr |usp �vp w� xp wy n~} l�}� |mj -rk x� | rk |ms op }pv� |} my mkx x� ws zs|� wpx x� ws s| }y� xs uk ws zy �y ok ws usw wp {st �pm (s }pw ly vpp |us -�ym), xk �k vy uy }y {�� xp} y| xy mk xst ok }s {y mk}� rxk �s }pv� xy {k xpp 714 n. oy x. �. I|p yxs y} xy |j} |ju ny {kr oy ly vpp {kx xp w~ m{p wp xs. Tk �yo us uy xs �p |us� �vp wym m uvs xj{ |us� uyw z vp u |k�, yo xk uy,wyn~} l�}� s| zyv� ry mk x� ovj ok }s {ym us zk wj} xs uym xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk. O� |�yo |} my |y �vp wywsr V{s wy{ |uy ny, y} xy |j �sw |j z{s wp{ xy u X–IX mm. oy x. �. wyn vy l� ~uk r� mk}� xk lvs ry|}� uvs x-j{|us� uyw z vp u |ym u �}yt ok }p. Uo xk uy xpv� rj s| uv� �k}� s ly vpp zyro x�� ok }~ — lp� }k �px |ukj

88 Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 137, 137a; Kellner 1979, 152, 156,

Anm. 6, Abb. B, 1; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck,

Tanret 1983, 133, Nr. 25–26; Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 19; Wartke

1991, 330, Nr. 4; Kellner 1993, 325–331, Taf. 61, 3 a – 4 b,

Abb. 1, 4. C{., mp {y j} xy, k| |s {st |ust y|} {y uy xp� x�t �vpw,

zy vy ms xk uy }y {y ny sr ny }y m vp xk sr l{yx r�, k zy vy ms xk — sr

qp vp rk: Born, Seidl 1995, 50, Abb. 103–106, Taf. VI, VII.89 Overlaet 1979, 61–63, pl. IV; Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 20.90 I Vp {po xpt Grss zy oyl x�t |zy |yl sr ny }y m vp xsj sr mp | }px

vs�� ovj xp uy }y {�� qp vpr x�� vp wym. X{. omk �p v�� s �{kn -

wpx }� p�p 3–4 �u rpw z vj {ym qp vpr x�� ~{k{} |us� �vp wym,

|uvp zkxx �� sr om~� zy vy msx, m S�x �px |uyw V{k s |}y {s �p -

|uyw |y l {k xss s yosx }k uyt qp �vpw m w~ rpp Gok x� m Y~{ -

�ss, ||�v us |w. m� �p. Vy oyl x�w qp |zy |y lyw |u{p z vp x�

omp zy vy ms x� k| |s {st |uy ny ls wp }kv vs �p |uy ny (l{yx rk s

qpvp ry) �vp wk, �{k xj �p ny |j m |y l {k xss Gu |p vj J~} wk xk

(Hp{ vsx): Born, Seidl 1995, 134–149. U }p� xy vy nss sr ny }y m -

vpxsj ~{k{} |us� s k| |s {st |us� l{yx ry m�� vp wym, |w. zyo -

{yl xy Born, Seidl 1995, 107–134.

246

247

xk�youk zy uk r� mk p}, �}y zy oyl x�p �vp w� sr ny }k m vs mk vs|� xk Qkm uk rp ovs }pv� xyp m{p wj, s �}k }{k os -�sj wyn vk |y �{k xj}� |j s zy | vp X m. oy x. �. I|p qp xk �yo us �vp wym �}y ny }s zk mwp |}p | z{po wp }k ws{kx xp xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny yl vs uk ~uk r� mk �} |uy {pp xk s� {kx x�� ok }s {ym u~, myr wyq xy p�p m z{p op vk�X m. oy x. �.

2.3.2 HWU TNU I`L VL Q YU WG RO

Nop|� qp |vp o~ p} {k| |wy } {p}� s l{yx ry m�p zp u }y {k vs, yl xk {~ qpx x�p m {j op zk wj} xs uym | ylp s�|}y {yx Qkm ukr |uy ny �{pl }k. I |p mp {y ukm ukr |us� uyw z vp u |k� yxs yl xk {~ qp x� mwp |}p | z{po wp }k wsxymy �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk — m uvk op ~ ny {� Hp� }k~ (| ~os vk ws, z|k vs j ws s om~� vy zk |} x� ws xk uy xp� xs -uk ws |}{pv xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk) (��. 120)91, zy n{p lp xss 1 X~v }kx ny{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk (| ~os vk ws,z|k vs j ws, ls wp }kv vs �p |usw usx qk vyw s xk uy xp� xs uk ws |}{pv xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk) (��. 121)92,~qp ~zy ws xkm �pw |j {kr {~ �px xyw zy n{p lp xss Qvs x-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk mwp |}p | uy xs �p |usw �vp -wyw s ls wp }kv vs �p |usw usx qk vyw (��. 111). Q{y wp }y ny, kxk vy ns� xkj zp u }y {kv� l� vk yl xk {~ qp xk s mzyn{p lp xss 14 }y ny qp Qvs x-j{ |uy ny xp u {y zy vj mwp |}p | ~os vk ws xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk s xp yl�� -x�ws }{p� zp }pv� �k }� ws z|k vs j ws, rk mp{ �k � �s ws |j sry l{k qp xs j ws ny vy myu uy xpt (��. 122)93.

Kmk kxk vy ns� x�� xk n{~o xs uk l� vs yl xk {~ qp x� m Gl �k rss: m uyw z vp u |k� zy n{p lp xst sr a�p {s(�yvw Ip {p �k ns xk)94 s sr |p vk Gx~� mk G{ wjx |ukj (��. 123; 124)95. Ulk uyw z vp u |k yl xk {~ qs mk �}rxk�s }pv� x~� lvs ry|}� wp q o~ |y lyt s, y�p mso xy, |sx �{yx x� — u{y wp zp u }y {k vpt, s� yl� p os xj �}xkt opx x�p m yly s� zy n{p lp xs j� l{yx ry m�p }y zy {�, z{s xko vp qk �sp u yo xy w~ s }y w~ qp «uyv �so -|uyw~» }s z~ (omk }y zy {k sr Gx~� m� y{ xk wpx }s {y mk x�, }{p }st lpr y{ xk wpx }k), uvsx us, xk uy xp� xs usuy zst, lvj �s | nmyr op mso x� ws xk mp{ �s j ws (m ��p{ |uyw zy n{p lp xss xk mp{ �sj rk mp{ �k �} |j ryy wy{� -x� ws nyvym uk ws), l{k| vp }�, �{kn wpx }� zy j |ym. Zqp {k| |wy } {px x�t uyw z vpu| sr V{s wy{ |uy ny, muy}y {yw l�v yl xk {~ qpx l{yx ry m�t �vpw, }ku qp yl xk {~ qs mk p} {yo |} my | xs ws (��. 112). I uyw z vp u -|k� Gx~� m� s V{s wy{ |uy ny xkt opx {jo yo xy }sz x�� mp �pt — }y zy{, xk uy xp� xs us uy zst, n{sm xk sz{y xs rs. Hy vpp k{ �k s� x� ws �vp wpx }k ws m uyw z vp u |p V{s wy{ |uy ny jm vj p} |j l{yx ry m�t �pv� xy vs }ytusx qkv s �s l~ vk. Syq xy zy vk nk}�, �}y m|p uyw z vp u |� lvsr us o{~n o{~ n~ zy ok }p, �y }j zy n{p lp xsp srV{s wy{ |uy ny wy qp} l�}� xp |uyv� uy |}k{ �p.

Tk �yo us m �}s� uyw z vp u |k� l{yx ry m�� zp u }y {k vpt s y|} {y uy xp� x�� vp wym yl� p os xj �} s� | ~qpxk rmkx x� ws |p mp {y ukm ukr |us ws (uvko ~ ny {� Hp� }k~, zy n{p lp xsp 1 X~v }kx ny{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk, zyn -{p lp xsj 14, 186 s {kr {~ �px xyp zy n{p lp xsp 1987 n. Qvs x-j{ |uy ny xp u {y zy vj), uy }y {�p, m |my� y�p{po�,ly vpp svs wp xpp |sx �{yx x� wp q o~ |y lyt. Tk �}y ~uk r� mk �} xk �yo us m xs� yo xy }szx�� ~rop� x��z{sxk opq xy |}pt s z{po wp }ym myy {~ qp xsj xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny ylvsuk. Ulp n{~z z� — kl �kr |us� s |pmp {y -ukm ukr |us� zk wj} xs uym — lvk ny ok {j xk �yo ukw m xs� yo xy }sz x�� vp wym s zp u }y {k vpt wy n~} l�}�y}xp |p x� u lvsr uyt �zy �p. Sk }p {s kv kl �kr |us� uyw z vp u |ym zy r my vj p} oy | }y }y� xy ~mp {px xy yz{p op vs}�s� wp | }y m |~ �p |} m~ � �s� |s | }p wk� y} xy |s }pv� xyt �{y xy vy nss.

91 Op| |px 1954, 124–127. Hy vpp }y� x~� {p uyx |} {~u �s�

�{kn wpx }s {y mkx xyt zp u }y {k vs, ~�s }� mk � �~� yosx sr pp

�{kn wpx }ym, xp sr mp|} x�t G. G. Op| |p x~, |w. Sk �y{ }��, ^p{ -

xpx uy 1995, 21–22, {s|. 1, 5.92 Is xy n{k oym 1972, {s|. 9; a{ vs� 1994, }kl. 18.93 K~ ok {pm 1991, }kl. 13, 16, 22.94 Q~� }sx 1949, 155–178, }kl. XV–XVIII; Iy {y xym 1980,

201–203, {s|. 1, 27–37. I ly vpp {kx xpt {k ly }p (Iy {y xym 1969,

27–28) b. T. Iy {y xym xp z{s �s| vj p} zp u }y {kv� u uyw z vp u |~

zy n{p lp xst 1–2 a�p{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk, ~uk r� mkj, �}y yxk

z{y s| �y os} sr «{kr {~ �px x�� zy n{p lp xst xk }p{ {s }y {ss

wynsv� xs uk». Uo xk uy |y n vk| xy ~uk rk xs� H. G. Q~� }s xk

zyoyl {kx x�p xk zy mp{� xy |}s �{kn wpx }� zp u }y {k vs |uvk o� -

mk �} |j | }p ws, �}y z{y s| �y oj} sr zy n{p lp xsj, }ku �}y m{jo vs

wyq xy |y w xp mk}� |j m z{s xko vpq xy |}s zp u }y {k vs �}y w~ uyw -

z vp u |~: Q~� }sx 1949, 164.95 Ky wkx |ust 1979, 23–36.

248

Ws|. 120 Qvko ~ ny{� Hp�}k~ ~ Vj}sny{|uk. 1–7. H{yxrk; 8, 9. Mpvpry

Vy Yp{pxyqusx 1976, {s|. 90 (1, 2, 4–9); Sk�y{}��, ^p{xpxuy 1995, {s|. 1, 5 (3)

1 2

4

5 6

7

9

3

0 10

8

249

Ws|. 121 Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsv� xsuk. 2. Jvsxk; 4, 6. Qkwpx�; 5. H{yxrk s qpvpry; y|}kv�xyp l{yxrk

Vy a{vs� 1994, }kl. 18; Qyrpxuymk 1995, }kl. XXIV, 6 (1)

3

1 4

5

6

8

7

9 10 11

12

13

14

2

0 6

250

Ws|. 122 Oxmpx}k{� zyn{plpxsj 14 wynsv�xsuk Qvsx-j{ III. 1. Qkwpx�; 6. Mpvpry; 7. H{yxrk s ryvy}y; 14. Jvsxk; y|}kv�xyp l{yxrk

Vy K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 13, 16, 22

1

2

3

4

5

6

9

7

13

10 11 12

15

8

14

251

Ws|. 123 Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj xk �yvwp Ip{p�knsxk m a�p{s, Gl�krsj. H{yxrk. 11. Wpuyx|}{~u�sj �{knwpx}s{ymkxxyt zpu}y{kvs (13)

Vy Q~�}sx 1949, }kl. XV–XVIII, {s|. 31

1

2

3 4 5 6

10

11 13

12

7

8

9

14

252

1 2

3

4

5 7

6

8

253

Ws|. 124 Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj m |. Gx~�mk, Gl�krsj. H{yxrk

Vy Kywkx|ust 1979, {s|. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13

9

10

11

12

13

1415

16

17

18

19

20

210 6

254

Ws|. 125 Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj 11 Hp�}k�px|uyny wynsv�xsuk, Y{skvp}s. 1–5. H{yxrk; 6. Jvsxk

Vy Q~�}sx 1941, {s|. 69–72k, 82, }kl. XLIX

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 6

I |y |}k mp m|p� }{p� uyw z vp u |ym (V{s wy{ |uyp, a�p {s s Gx~� mk) yl xk {~ qp x� }y zy {� | zy v~ u{~n -v�w vpr ms pw s uvs xy mso x�w yl~ �yw, }s zs� x�p ovj Qyv �so |uyt u~v� }~ {� s �y {y �y sr mp|} x�p s xkzk wj} xs uk� Qy lkx |uyt u~v� }~ {�. a}k �y{ wk }y zy {ym |~ �p |} m~ p} oy | }k }y� xy oyv ny — z{s wp{ xy | |p{p -os x� II }�|. oy x. �. oy {kx xp |us� |uyt �zy �s (zy n{p lp xsp 68 Yvst |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk, nop }k uyt }y zy{yl xk {~ qpx | kus xk uyw s �vp wpx }k ws ~r o� {kx xp |us� |uy ny }s zk)96, yo xk uy y{ xk wpx }k �sj }y zy {ym srV{s wy{ |uy ny s sr Gx~� m�, zy qk v~t, zy r my vj p} ok }s {y mk}� s� }y� xpp. Yy zy{ sr V{s wy{ |uy ny swp p} xkvpr mss sry l{k qp xsp �s� xs uk, y| }kv� xkj pny zy mp{� xy|}�, uk qp} |j, xp y{ xk wpx }s {y mk xk. Uosx sr }y -zy {ym sr Gx~� m� swp p} |�yo x�p sry l{k qp xsj xp }yv� uy xk vpr mss, xy s xk yl~ �p, s myr vp y} mp{ |}sjovj {~� us. Tk m}y {yw }y zy {p swp p} |j sry l{k qp xsp «uyx� uk». Jy vy m� m|p� qs my} x�� yl {k �p x� mzp{po,�}y, ms os wy, jm vj p} |j �{y xy vy ns �p |usw z{s rxk uyw: m ly vpp zyro xpp m{p wj yxs m� }p| xj �} |j sry l{kqp -xs j ws �s� xs uym | ny vy mk ws, zy mp{ x~ }� ws xk rko. Vp {p �yo u }k usw sry l{k qp xs jw �k {k u }p {s r~ p} rkmp{ -�p xsp �}k zk III A s xk �k vy �}kzk III B Qy lkx |uyt u~v� }~ {� zy �{y xy vy nss I. O. Qy rpx uy myt97,svs zp {p �yo y} |}k{ �p ny zp {s y ok Tli C u wvko �p w~ m |s | }p wp J. Qy| |k uk98.

\{y xy vy ns �p |usw u{s }p {s pw wy n~} |v~ qs}� }ku qp zy j| x�p z{jq us, ~u {k �px x�p ny vym uk wsqsmy} x��, uy }y {�p yl xk {~ qp x� m uyw z vp u |k� a�p {s s Gx~� m�. Yk usp z{jq us oy | }k }y� xy �y {y �ysrmp|} x� m zk wj} xs uk� Qyv �so |uyt u~v� }~ {�, m �k |} xy |}s yxs m�y os vs m |y |}km xp |uyv� us� zy n{p lp -xst wy nsv� xs uym Q~ vk x~{ �mk s Q{k| x�t Sk ju, zy n{p lp xst m Gkn |}k, xk Hkw ly{ |uyt zy vj xp, m Ip{� -xpt a�p {s, m J~ ok ~ }p, m yo xyw sr oyv� wp xym Q�{-Kp {p s o{.99 I|p �}s uyw z vp u |� oy | }k }y� xy lvsruswp q o~ |y lyt s | xk rmkx x� ws m� �p uyw z vp u |k ws a�p {s s Gx~� m� zy |y |}k m~ sx mpx }k {j (yo xy }sz x�pl{k| vp }�, lvj� us | nmyr op mso x� ws xk mp{ �s j ws, l{yx ry m�p l~ |s x�, usx qk v�, uy z�j, }y zy {� s o{.).Kvj �{y xy vy nss �}s� zk wj} xs uym |~ �p |} mpx xyp rxk �p xsp swp p}, zy qk v~t, }y, �}y m xs� zy� }s zyv -xy|}�� y} |~} |} m~ �} qp vpr x�p sr op vsj, uku s m uyw z vp u |k� a�p {s s Gx~� m� — vs�� m xp uy }y {��swp�}|j y} opv� x�p z{po wp }� sr qp vp rk (Q~ vk x~{ �mk, {k| uyz us 1968 — zsx �p}, Hkw ly{ |ukj zy vj xk —|}p{ qpx�, J~ ok ~ }k — }y zy{). Nk z{p op vk ws Gl �k rss | �}yt n{~z zyt zk wj} xs uym, ms os wy, wy qp} l�}�|sx �{y xs rs {y mk xy zy n{p lp xsp 11 wy nsv� xs uk ~ Hp� }k �p xs m Y{s k vp }s100 (��. 125) s 190 Yvst |uy nywy nsv� xs uk101, nop yl xk {~ qp x� zy oyl x�p zy j| x�p z{jq us; sr mp|} x� }k usp xk �yo us s m Qy lkx |uywwy nsv� xs up102. I |s | }p wp y} xy |s }pv� xyt �{y xy vy nss J. Qy| |k uk �}s uyw z vp u |� wy n~} l�}� |sx �{y xs -rs {y mk x� | n{~z zyt Tli C103. Xkw J. Qy| |ku y} xy |s} s� u wvko �pt �k | }s �}yt n{~z z�, yo xk uy }k uyp s�zy vy qp xsp mx~ } {s n{~z z�, xk wyt mrnvjo, xp mzyv xp yly| xy mk xy. Z�s }� mkj lvs ry|}� uyw z vp u |yma�p{s s Gx~� m� | uyw z vp u |yw V{s wy{ |uy ny, uy }y {�t z{s xko vp qs} u xk �k v~ n{~z z� Tli C, k }ku qpzyv xyp y} |~} |} msp m �}s� uyw z vp u |k� s {j op lvsr us� sw qp vp rk, s� wyq xy l� vy l� ok }s {y mk}� p�p|}k{ �pt �k |}�� }yt n{~z z�, myr wyq xy pp uyx �yw. a}yt ok }s {ym up xp z{y }s my {p �k} s o{~ nsp mp �s sr�}s� uyw z vp u |ym: yo xy }sz x�p l{yx ry m�p usx qkv� x�p uvsx us (a�p {s s Gx~� mk), xk uy xp� xs us uy zst,m }yw �s| vp | ovsx xyt ~r uyt oy mp{ �k {k| �vp xpx xyt m}~v uyt s zy� }s }{p ~nyv� x�w | z{j w�w y| xy mk -xs pw zp {yw (V{s wy{ |uyp, a�p {s, Gx~� mk), n{sm x� |y |zs {kv� x� ws yuyx �k xs j ws (V{s wy{ |uyp, Gx~� -mk), ls uy xs �p |usp |zs {kv� x�p z{y xs rs (V{s wy{ |uyp, Gx~� mk) s o{.

255

96 Yp �ym 1980, 222–223, {s|. 2.97 Qy rpx uy mk 1990, 81; Qy rpx uy mk 1996, 97.98 Kossack 1983, 115. U {kr ms }ss op uy {k uyv �s oy-uy lkx |us�

}y zy {ym |w. Xuk uym 1997, 70–86. Yy zy {� sr V{s wy{ |uy ny s

Gx~� m� y} xy |j} |j km }y {yw u |k wyt {kx xpt n{~z zp y{ xk wpx -

}s {y mkx�� kl �kr |us� }y zy {ym (m}y {yt �{y xy vy ns �p |ust zp -

{syo): Ykw qp, 76. I }y qp m{p wj yosx sr }y zy {ym Gx~� m�

y}xy |s} |j sw ~qp u }{p }� pw~ zp {s y o~ (}kw qp, 79). V{po vy -

qpx xkj km }y {yw vs xsj {kr ms }sj y{ xk wpx }k �ss z{po |}k m vj -

p}|j wxp sr vs� xp |�p wk }s� xyt s xp ~�s }� mk � �pt okx x��

k{�py vy ns �p |us� uyw z vp u |ym, sr uy }y {�� z{y s| �y oj} kxk vs -

rs {~ p w�p }y zy {�. Yku, m{jo vs wyq xy yoy l {s}� y} xp |p xsp

om~� }y zy {ym, z{y s| �y oj �s� sr yo xy ny uyw z vp u |k, u om~w

{kr x�w �{y xy vy ns �p |usw n{~z zkw, uku �}y z{y sry� vy | }y zy -

{k ws sr Gx~� m� m |�p wp G. b. Xuk uy mk.99 Iy {y xym 1969, 18–22, 29–30, }kl. XXXIX, 27–29; Iy {y -

xym, Iyr x�u 1975, 270–273, {s|. 2; Iy {y xym 1980, 200–207,

{s|. 1, 1–17,20–26,38–46,60–83.100 Q~� }sx 1941, 67–75, {s|. 69–72k; 80, 2; 82; 84, 1–3;

}kl. XLI; XLVIII, 2,6,7; XLIX; LI, 2.101 Yp �ym 1980k, 33–34, }kl. 86.102 Zmk {y mk 1900, 41, }kl. XXVI, 1; XXXVII, 3.103 Kossack 1983, 115, 134–135.

^}y uk |k p} |j kl |y v�} xyt �{y xy vy nss, }y y| xy mk xst ovj pp ~| }k xy m vp xsj swp p} |j wk vy. Q{y wpyl�s� |y yl {k qp xst y {k| z{y |}{k xp xss qp vp rk, ms os wy, }k usw zy uk rk }p vpw wy qp} jm vj}� |j y} |~} |}mspm zk wj} xs uk� �}yt n{~z z� xp |y w xpx x�� z{s rxk uym ~{k{} |uy ny mvs j xsj, uy }y {�p zy j m vj �} |j m n{~zzpTli D (z{p q op m|p ny, xk �yo us ~{k{} |us� zy j |ym m zy n{p lp xs j� 40b s 215b Yvst |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk). Vy| -uyv� u~ }k uyp mvs j xsp ~qp mzyv xp y�~ }s wy xk �s xkj | zp{ myt }{p }s VIII m. oy x. �., wyq xy z{po zy vk -nk}�, �}y uyw z vp u |� a�p {s s Gx~� m� ok }s {~ �} |j {kx� �p, }. p. xp zyr qp IX m. oy x. �. I. T. Iy {y xymok}s {y mkv zk wj} xs us �}yt n{~z z� VIII svs VIII– zp{ myt zy vy ms xyt VII m. oy x. �.104 U| xy mk xsj ovj}k uyt ok }s {ym us xp ~lp os }pv� x� — xk z{s wp{, uyw z vp u |� wy nsv� xs uk Sk vk u v�, xk uy }y {�t yx ||� -vkp} |j m �}yt |mj rs, swp �} ly vpp zyro xst yl vsu s u }y w~ qp ok }s {~ �} |j xp VII m. oy x. �., k VIII–VII mm. oy x. �. (nvkm xyp y| xy mk xsp ok }s {ym us — �{kn wpx }� zy j |ym). Uz {p op vpx x�w y| xy mk xs pw ovjok }s {ym us wy qp} l�}� uyw z vpu| zy n{p lp xsj 1 xp u {y zy vj Ty{-G{p �k, m uy }y {yw yl xk {~ qp x� ompl{yx ry m�p �s l~ v� uy lkx |uy ny }s zk (��. 69)105. X~ oj zy �y{ wp �}s� �s l~v (|sv� xy mro~ }kj o~q uk, omp�kt l� s �s n~{ us z}s �� xk xpt, y�px� �s {y ust z{s pw xsu), zy n{p lp xsp Ty{-G{p �k ly vpp zyro xpp,�pw uyw z vp u |� V{s wy{ |uy ny, a�p {s s Gx~� m� s lyv� �sx |} my o{~ ns� zp {p �s| vpx x�� m� �p uyw z vp -u |ym. a}y zy n{p lp xsp oy | }k }y� xy xk opq xy ok }s {~ p} |j zy yl xk {~ qpx x�w m xpw �{kn wpx }kw l{yx ry my -ny zy j |k, y} xy |j �p ny |j u {kx xpt n{~z zp (yuy vy 770–740 nn. oy x. �.)106.

Yk usw yl {k ryw, uyw z vp u |� V{s wy{ |uy ny, a�p {s s Gx~� m�, y} xy |j �s p |j u lvsr usw ok }kw (uywz -vpu| V{s wy{ |uy ny, ms os wy, |k w�t |}k{ �st), m{jo vs wy n~} l�}� ok }s {y mk x� zyr qp IX m. oy x. �. a}kok }k, m |my� y�p {po�, yz {p op vj p} s ok }s {ym u~ |p mp {y ukm ukr |us� uyw z vp u |ym, |y op{ qk �s� yo xy }sz x�p| kl �kr |us ws �vp w� s zp u }y {k vs. Uxk wy qp} |v~ qs}� s p�p yo xyt yzy {yt ovj kl |y v�} xyt ok }s {ymuszk wj} xs uym xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk.

I v� lyw |v~ �kp l{yx ry m�p zp u }y {k vs xs uku xp |mj rk x� | Vp {po xsw Iy | }y uyw s jm vj �} |j �s | }yukm ukr |usw z{y sr mp op xs pw, m�y oj �sw m �s| vy wxy ny �s| vpx x�� y{w sx mpx }k {j, yl� p os xj � �s� uywz -vp u |� Qy lkx |uyt s Qyv �so |uyt u~v� }~{. Xvp o~ p} y} wp }s}� m |mj rs | �}sw, �}y xk �yo us �{kn wpx }ymvs | }y myt l{yx r� my yl �p oy | }k }y� xy �k | }y y} wp �k �} |j m zy n{p lp xs j� Qyv �so |uyt u~v� }~ {�. ^k|}� srxs�, myr wyq xy, }ku qp z{s xko vp qk vk �vp wkw svs zp u }y {k vjw, svs sx�w z{po wp }kw, sr ny }y m vpx x�wm |�yo xyt }p� xs up. a}y xk lv� op xsp zyo }mp{ qok p} z{po zy vy qp xsp y wp |} xyw z{y s| �y q op xss }p� xs us,s| zyv� ry mkx xyt z{s sr ny }y m vp xss �vp wym s o{~ ns� z{po wp }ym sr vs | }y myt l{yx r�. ^}y qp uk |k p} |jukm ukr |us� zp u }y {k vpt, }y S. T. Vy n {p ly mk ~qp ~uk r� mk vk xk s� |myp yl {k rsp s xk y} vs �sj y} zp u }y -{k vpt sr R~ {s |}k xk s Z{k{ }~107. I |k wyw op vp, lvsr usp kxk vy nss ukm ukr |usw zp u }y {k vjw y} |~} |} m~ �}m Vp {po xpt Grss s xp} xs uk us� y| xy mk xst ny my {s}� yl s� rk sw |} my mk xss xk Qkm ukr.

Ip {y j} xy, y�s ly� xy s s� }yv uy mk xsp uku uyx |us� xk n{~o xs uym, «sopj» uy }y {�� l� vk rk sw |} my -mk xk sr Vp {po xpt Grss108. Qkm ukr |usp zp u }y {k vs swp �} |y mp{ �px xy sx~� �y{ w~ s {kr wp {�, �pwzp{po xp k rs k} |usp uyx |usp xk n{~o xs us109 — yxs zy� }s m omk {krk ~qp s, m y} vs �sp y} zy | vpo xs�, m�}j -x~ }� zy mp{ }s uk vs. Zu {p zs}� s� xk n{~ os vy �k os oy | }k }y� xy |vyq xy, yo xk uy yxs mzyv xp zyo �y oj} ovj}y ny, �}y l� l�}� ~u {p z vpx x� ws xk yop q op �p vy mp uk, rk u{� mkj pny n{~o� s qs my}. Q{y wp }y ny, |vp o~p}y} wp }s}�, �}y m {j op uyw z vp u |ym, nop yl xk {~ qp x� zp u }y {k vs, y} |~} |} my mk vs �vp wpx }� uyx |uyt ~z {jqs({kr {~ �px xyp zy n{p lp xsp 1987 n. (z{km ok, pny uyw z vpu|, y�p mso xy, sr mp | }px xkw vs�� k | }s� xy) Qvsx-j{ |uy ny wy nsv� xs uk, uyw z vp u |� a�p {s s Gx~� m�), �}y op vk p} |y w xs }pv� x�w }yv uy mk xsp xk n{~o xsukuku z{po wp }k uyx |uy ny ~ly {k.

104 Iy {y xym 1980, 200–208.105 Sk{ }s {y |jx 1964, 242–251, }kl. XXIV, XXVI–XXVII;

Barnett 1963, 194–198; Muscarella 1965, 236, Nr. 25a; Salvatori

1976, 87; Öǧün 1979, 180, Abb. 3.106 Kellner 1991, 3, 19, 48, Nr. 119.107 Vy n {p ly mk 1984, 103–107.108 Jy {p vsu 1993, 147; a{ vs� 1994, 86–87; Sk �y{ }��, ^p{ -

xpx uy 1994, 155; Sk �y{ }��, ^p{ xpx uy 1995, 21–28.109 Winter 1980, 3–6; de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 72; Seidl

1986, 229–233; Maaß 1987, 87–90; Muscarella 1988, 66–67;

de Schauensee 1989, 46–47, fig. 26–29; Seidl 1991, 80, 85–87,

Nr. 42–44, |{. Nr. 71–72; Born, Seidl 1995, 55–81; Rehm 1997,

230–232, U 38–40, Abb. XXXI, 412, 413 (m �}s� qp {kly }k�

wxy ny �s| vpx x�p sry l{k rs }pv� x�p zk {kv vp vs). Iy z{p us wxp -

xs� X. I. Sk �y{ }� � s L. I. ^p{ xpx uy (1995, 25), �}s xkn{~o -

xs us, muv� �kj s z{ys | �y oj �sp sr \k rkx v~, mp|� wk okvp us y}

ukm ukr |us�. Hyv� �kj �k|}� yz~l vs uy mkx x�� m xkrmkx x��

{kly }k� uyx |us� xk n{~o xs uym z{y s| �y os} sr Z{k{ }~, nop yxs,

my z{p us X. I. Sk �y{ }�� s L. I. ^p{ xpx uy (1995, 26), �y {y �y

sr mp|} x�.

256

257

2.3.3 ^L _ZP G Y`L VGT ]O WO

Tk {j o~ | y|} {y uy xp� x� ws �vp wk ws, m uk �p |} mp |ms op }pv� |} mk uyx }k u }ym z{po |us� |uy ny xk |p vp -xsj V{s �p{ xy wy {�j | Vp {po xpt Grs pt s| zyv� ry mk vs|� }ku qp xk �yo us �{kn wpx }ym �p �~t �k }�� zkx �s -{pt u |p mp {~ y} Qkm uk rk110.

Wk| z{y |} {k xp xsp �p �~t �k }�� zkx �s {pt, l� |} {y |}km �s� }s zs� x� ws ovj |us� |uy ny oy| zp �k, |vp -o~ p}, ms os wy, |mj r� mk}� | |y mp{ �px |} my mk xs pw |}{pv uy my ny y{~ qsj s, m zp{ m~� y�p {po�, | mmp op xs pwxy m��, }. x. |us� |us�, �y{w xk uy xp� xs uym |}{pv, {pr uy zy m� �km �s� s� ~lyt x~� |s v~111. Xvp o~ p}y}wp }s}� m |mj rs | �}sw, �}y �p �~t �k }�p zkx �s {s, m }yw �s| vp sr qp vpr x�� zvk |}s xyu, s| zyv� ry mk -vs|� usw wp {st �k ws s |us �k ws ~qp m �zy �~ s� zp {po xp k rs k} |us� zy �y oym. a}y yl |}y j }pv� |} my rk |ms -op }pv� |} my mk xy xk �yo uyt wxy ny �s| vpx x�� qp vpr x�� zkx �s{ x�� zvk |}s xyu m {kr n{kl vpx xyw usw wp -{st |uyw (zy k{ �py vy ns �p |uyt }p{ ws xy vy nss, {kx xp |us� |uyw up vp{ wp| |uy ny �}k zk) zy n{p lp xss zp{ mytzy vy ms x� VII m. oy x. �. xk ku {y zy vp Ty{ �~x }p zp m my | }y� xyt Gxk }y vss (|w. m� �p). Tp okm xy l� vs|op vk x� xk �yo us, |ms op }pv� |} m~ � �sp y }yw, �}y {k z{y |} {k xp xsp �}s� zkx �s {pt xk �k vy|� m V{po ukm -uk r�p p�p m oy | us� |uyp m{p wj — zvk |}sx us zkx �s {pt sr {po uk m|}{p �k �} |j xk zk wj} xs uk� �}yt �zy�s:m zy n{p lp xs j� 4 wy nsv� xs uk «Ox o~ |} {sj-1»112 s ~ Qk lkx-ny {� m yu {p |} xy |}j� Qs |vy myo |uk113, m u~{ -nk xp Zk� �s }~ (��. 126; 127; 16)114. Nop|� qp |vp o~ p} y} wp }s}� s |v~ �ks s| zyv� ry mk xsj zvk |}s xyu y}zkx �s {j xp zy xk rxk �p xs�, m uk �p |} mp xk �sm x�� lvj �pu, |v~ qsm �s� ovj ~u {k �p xsj qpx |uyt yop q -o� svs ny vym xy ny ~ly {k115. Vy j m vp xsp �p �~t �k }�� zkx �s {pt m oy | us� |u~� �zy �~ xp oyvq xy ~os m vj}�:|}{p v� xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk zy |my sw lkv vs |}s �p |usw |myt |} mkw xp rxk �s }pv� xy ~| }~ zk vs |us� |usw,s s� zy j m vp xsp }{p ly mk vy s |y y} mp} |} m~ � �pt rk �s }�.

O| zyv� ry mk xsp l{yx ry m�� s qp vpr x�� zvk |}sx �k }�� zkx �s {pt m |k wyw op vp l� vy �k {k u }p{ xy ovjzp {po xp my |}y� x�� k{ wst xk �s xkj | oy | }k }y� xy {kx xp ny m{p wp xs. I Lnsz }p, xk z{s wp{, l{yx ry m�p �p -�~t �k }�p zkx �s {s z{s wp xj vs|� zy wpx� �pt wp {p | XV m. oy x. �., z{s �pw sr mp|} x� zkx �s{ x�p zvk -|}sx us | xko zs |j ws Wkw |p |k II s III, k ns u |y |kw zy oyl x�p zkx �s {s l� vs sr mp|} x� s p�p {kx� �p116.Vvk |}sx us }k us� zkx �s {pt yl xk {~ qp x� z{s {k| uyz uk� wxy ns� zp {po xp my |}y� x�� zk wj} xs uym, xk z{s -wp{ Nsx o qs{ vs (|vyt {kr {~ �p xsj m uyx �p VIII m. oy x. �.117), Rk �s �k (m y| xym xyw }{p }st |vyt, }. p.�zy�k Xs xk��p {s lk, xy s ly vpp {kx xsp |vys, muv� �kj zj }�t, |~ �p |} my mkm �st oy m}y {yt zy vy ms x�X m. oy x. �.)118, Tsw {~ ok (VIII–VII mm. oy x. �.)119. _s {y uy s| zyv� ry mk vs|� zy oyl x�p zkx �s {s s mZ{k{}~ s, ms os wy, Skx xp. Yku, m �p} mp{ }yw |vyp \k rkx v~ ({kr {~ �p xy m uyx �p IX m. oy x. �.) l� vy xkt -op xy lyv� �yp uy vs �p |} my l{yx ry m�� s qp vpr x�� p �~ pu zkx �s {pt z{j wy ~nyv� xyt s rk u{~n vpx xyt�y{ w�120. V{s {k| uyz uk� Ypt �p lk s xs l�v yl xk {~ qpx �y {y �y |y �{k xsm �st |j �p �~t �k }�t zkx �s{��zy �s G{ ns� }s I (yuy vy 786–764 nn. oy x. �.), ok }k uy }y {y ny rk |ms op }pv� |} my mk xk |y �{k xsm �pt |j xk xpwxko zs |��121. Mp vpr x�p zkx �s{ x�p zvk |}sx us yl xk {~ qp x� s m yo xyw sr zy wp �p xst G{ ns� }s �s -xsvs122 (��. 128).

110 a{ vs� 1994, 84; Sk �y{ }�� 1994, 30.111 ^p{ xpx uy 1968, 124, 156.112 Is xy n{k oym 1972, 128, {s|. 18, 10; Is xy n{k oym, W~ xs�,

Ss �kt vym 1976, 47, {s|. 5, 21; Is xy n{k oym, K~ok{pm, W~ xs�

1980, 194, {s|. 7; Qy rpx uy mk 1995, 95–96, }kl. XXIV, 1,2.113 G�k xk|� pm, Qy rpx uy mk 1981, 175–176, {s|. 9, 1; Qy rpx -

uymk 1995, 95–96, }kl. XXIV, 3.114 a{ vs� 1994, 28, }kl. 5, 45.115 J{s xp ms� 1951, 132, {s|. 10, 1; Qy rpx uy mk 1986, 135, 152–

153, {s|. 5, 3; 12, 1; Qy rpx uy mk 1995, 95–96, }kl. XXIV, 4,5.116 Aharoni 1975, 387; Jy {p vsu 1993, 102–105, 116–118.117 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 79, Abb. 89.

118 H{yx ry m�p zvk |}sx us: Tufnell 1953, 386–387, pl. 39, 7–9;

57, 16–17 (zy n{p lp xsp 1002, 810–710 nn. oy x. �.: Ibid., 229–

236); pl. 58, 4–5 (| up {k ws uyt 1500–1200 nn. oy x. �.), 6–14.

Mpvpr x�p zvk |}sx us: Tufnell 1953, pl. 56, 11–12 (zy n{p lp xsp

224, 860–820 oy x. �.: Ibid., 215–217). X{. Ussishkin 1982, 55,

fig. 48; Aharoni 1975, 76, pl. 37, 3–5 (omp l{yx ry m��, yo xk

qpvpr xkj, zj }�t |vyt). 119 Stronach 1958, pl. XXXIV, 1–10; Muscarella 1988, 317–320.120 Muscarella 1988, 54, Nr. 62–63.121 Vs y } {ym |ust 1955, 30–36.122 Sk{ }s {y |jx 1974, 112.

258

Ws|. 126 Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj ~ Qklkx-ny{� lvsr Qs|vymyo|uk. H{yxrk

Vy G�kxk|�pm, Qyrpxuymk 1981, {s|. 9; Qyrpxuymk 1995, }kl. II, 8,9; }kl. XXIV, 3; XXV, 1

1

2 3

4

5 6

259

Ws|. 127 Tk�yous sr zyn{plpxsj 4 wynsv�xsuk «Oxo~|}{sj-1». 2–4, 6, 7, 10–12. H{yxrk; 5, 9. Mpvpry; 8. Qkwpx�

Vy Isxyn{koym, K~ok{pm, W~xs� 1980, {s|. 7

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9

1011

12

1

0 1 m

260

Ws|. 128 Vkx�s{x�p zvk|}sxus. 1, 2. Gv}�x}pzp, Y~{�sj; 3. \k rkx v~ IV; 4. Qk{ws{-Hv~{; 5–7. Hynkruit. 1, 4–7. H{yxrk; 2, 3. Mpvpry

Vy Barnett, Gökce 1953, fig. 6 (1, 2); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 63 (3); Vsy}{ym|ust 1959, {s|. 28 (4); Boehmer 1972, Nr. 805, 806, 808 (5–7)

1 2

3

4

5 6 7

261

Uo xk uy, uku s y|} {y uy xp� x�p �vp w�, �p �~t �k }�p zkx �s {s xp l� vs ovj Nk ukm uk r�j xy mk �s pt VIIsvs ok qp VIII m. oy x. �. Uuy vy |p {p os x� II }�|. oy x. �. ok }s {~ �} |j 23 zvk |}s x� l{yx ry my ny xk ly{ xynyzkx �s {j sr {kt yxk Ty{-Hk j rp }k m G{ wp xss. Uxs xk �y oj} lvsr usp kxk vy nss m zkx �s{ x�� zvk |}sx uk��}yt �zy �s sr Sp nso oy, Wk| _kw {�, T~ rs s ^y nk Nkw lsvk123. Nxk �s }pv� xyp uy vs �p |} my }k us� zvk |}s -xyu yl xk {~ qp xy m rk ukm ukr |us� uyw z vp u |k� XIV–XIII mm. oy x. �., m �k |} xy |}s m {j op zy n{p lp xst �}yt�zy �s wy nsv� xs uk Tk |ko ny wk {s (|p vy Jko {p us vs J~{ o qk kx |uy ny {kt yxk J{~ rss), zy n{p lp xs j� ~ Sk nk -{ys, zp{ myw u~{ nk xp ]s }p vs -ny {p ls124.

Ky | }k }y� xy {po usp xk �yo us �p �~ pu zvk |}sx �k }�� zkx �s {pt xk Xp mp{ xyw Qkm uk rp xp} xs uk us�y|xy mk xst {k| |wk } {s mk}� uku |ms op }pv� |} my my px x�� xk lp nym xk zp {po xp k rs k} |usp ny |~ ok{ |} mk — yxsmzyv xp wyn vs zy zk|}� |� ok m {p r~v� }k }p }y{ ny m�� svs sx�� uyx }k u }ym | Nk ukm ukr� pw125. Ykusp zvk| -}sxus zyzkokvs y} rk ukm ukr |us� |y |p opt xp }yv� uy m V{po ukm uk r�p, xy s ny {kr oy okv� �p (|{., xk z{s -wp{, xk �yo us zkx �s{ x�� zvk |}s xyu m Sy{ umk �sx |uyw wy nsv� xs up Gxkx� sx |uyt u~v� }~ {�)126.

2.3.4 QU RLX TO ]` TG XLILWTUS QGIQGNL

Q{y wp xk rmkx x�� uk }p ny {st xk �y oyu, yo xsw sr k{ n~ wpx }ym m zyv� r~ ~�k |}sj xy |s }p vpt u~v� }~ {�xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk m zp {po xp k rs k} |us� zy �y ok� I. W. a{ vs� |�s }k p} «sw zy{} sopt» sr Vp {po xptGrss. Ikq xpt �sw |ms op }pv� |} myw }k uy ny «sw zy{ }k sopt» yx |�s }k p} «xk �k vy wk| |y my ny z{y sr myo |} mk~z {j qs uy vp| xs�», uy }y {yp yl� j| xj p} «rxk uyw |} myw | myt |uyw G| |s {ss s Z{k{ }~, myr nvk m vj p w�wz{po my os }p vj ws-uy vp| xs �s ws»127. Uo xk uy rop|� m {k| |~ q op xss I. W. a{ vs �k rk wp} xy jm xyp z{y }s my {p -�sp — | yo xyt |}y {y x� yx |�s }k p} zy j m vp xsp uy vp| xs� m zk wj} xs uk� xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny }s zk u~v� }~{ -xyt xy mk �s pt, yl� j| xj p wyt uyx }k u }k ws | G| |s {s pt s Z{k{ }~, | o{~ nyt — }yv u~ p} }p qp uy vp| xs ��uku rxku z{p |}s qk «|y |vy msj s{kx |uyt uy �p myt k{s |}y u{k }ss, |y zy | }k ms wyt | «uy vp| xs �s ws» Gmp -|}�»128, z{s �pw ovj {p uyx |} {~u �ss s� yl vs uk s| zyv� r~ p} yzs |k xsp uy vp| xs �� Ss } {� m kmp |}st |uywSs�{-j� }p. Yk usw yl {k ryw, s| zyv� ry mk xsp uy vp| xs� uku rxk uk z{p |}s qk s z{s xko vpq xy |}s u m� | �p -w~ |y |vy ms� |�s }k p} |j yo xy m{p wpx xy my| �y oj �sw u s{kx |uyt o{pm xy |}s129 s, |vp oy mk }pv� xy, }{k os -

123 Sk{ }s {y |jx 1964, 85, z{sw. 1; Esayan 1990, 98–99,

Abb. 10, 1124 Vs� �p vk ~ {s 1979, 100, }kl. XX, 9–10; XXIII, 1–2; XXVII;

XXXII; Vs� �p vk ~ {s, Sp xkl op 1982, 149, }kl. VIII, f; XII, 128;

XV, 203; L, 848; Esayan 1990, 99. X{. Jy {p vsu 1993, 96, 105–

106, 122.125 X{. Qy rpx uy mk 1995, 96.126 Nl{~ p mk 1952, 310, {s|. 56k. a}s zvk |}sx us m�y oj} m

oy|}k }y� xy yl �s{ x~� uk }p ny {s� ukm ukr |us� z{po wp }ym z{po -

|us� |uyt s {kx xp |us� |uyt �zy�, m|}{p �k � �s� |j m wy nsv� -

xs uk� Gxkx� sx |uyt u~v� }~ {� (ls wp }kv vs �p |usp usx qk v�,

kus xk us, }y zy {� s �s l~ v� uy lkx |uy ny }s zk, qpx |usp ~u {k -

�p xsj, sr ny }y m vpx x�p sr zvk |}sx ~{k{} |us� s ukm ukr |us�

l{yx ry m�� zy j |ym, �vp wpx }� uyx |uyt ~r o� s o{.). Xw. y xs�

^vp xy mk 1988, 3–11, | vs }p {k }~ {yt. Iyr wyq xy, �}y s xk �yous

ls wp }kv vs �p |us� uvpm �ym m �}yw {kt yxp (|w. m� �p) |mj rk x�

| zy j m vp xs pw rop|� �}s� �vp wpx }ym. 127 a{ vs� 1994, 86, 97. Hvsr u~� }y� u~ r{p xsj m� |uk r� mk p}

}ku qp Z. R. Ks}� (Dietz 1998, 184). Uxk ok }s {~ p} zyro xsp

xymy �p{ uk| |usp zk wj} xs us, |y op{ qk �sp lyv� �yp uy vs �p |} my

uyx |us� ~r op �pu, uy }y {�p mp {y j} xy, z{s wp xj vs|� ovj ~z {j qs

uy vp| xs�, xp zyr qp uyx �k VIII m. oy x. �. Tp | wy } {j xk }k u~�

ok }s {ym u~, yxk m|p qp |�s }k p} myr wyq x�w yl�j| xj}� {k| -

z{y|}{k xp xsp }k us� zy n{p lp xst xk �k vyw zp {po xp k rs k} |us�

zy �y oym. Nop|� swp p} |j z{y }s my {p �sp: zp{ myp sr mp|} xyp

|}yvu xy mp xsp usw wp {st �pm | Z{k{ }~ ok }s {~ p} |j vs�� 714 n.

oy x. �., s xp} y| xy mk xst z{po zy vk nk}� |~ �p |} mpx xy ly vpp

{kx xpp xk �k vy zy �y oym |}pz x�� xy wk oym m Vp {po x�� Grs�.128 a{ vs� 1994, 49–50.129 Iz{y �pw, m yo xyw wp | }p I. W. a{ vs� (1994, 120), y�p mso -

xy, |}{p ws} |j |nvk os}� �}y z{y }s my {p �sp, yo xk uy z{s my os}

�}y xp u y} uk r~ y} z{po zy vy qp xsj y rk sw |} my mk xss uyvp| xs�

xy |s }p vj ws Ty my �p{ uk| |uyt u~v� }~ {�, k u ~} mp{ qop xs�, �}y

s{kx |uyp «|y |vy msp my s xym-uy vp| xs �s�» y�y{ ws vy|� vs��

my m{p wj zp {po xp k rs k} |us� zy �y oym (!). Tpmyr wyq xy|}� }k uyny

z{po zy vy qp xsj y�p mso xk ovj m|j uy ny, wk vy-wkv� |us rxk uy -

wy ny | sx oy s {kx |us ws s s{kx |us ws wk}p {s k vk ws.

�s yx x�w ovj xy my �p{ uk|| �pm, uy }y {�� km }y{ |�s }k p} s{kx �k ws. a}y z{y }s my {p �sp m opt |} ms }pv� xy -|}s vpn uy {kr {p �k p} |j. O{kx |usw uy �pm xs ukw VIII m. oy x. �. |y mp{ �px xy xs u �p w~ l� vy rk sw |} my mk}�uy vp| xs �� svs zy myr us ~ k| |s {st �pm svs ~{k{ }ym, zy |uyv� u~ yxs z{p u{k| xy s� rxk vs s �s {y uys|zyv� ry mk vs | mp|� wk {kx xp ny m{p wp xs. Tk �yo us |k ws� zy my ryu, k }ku qp s� wy op vpt, uku sr mp|} xy,�s {yuy {k|z{y|}{kxpx� m |}pz x�� zy n{p lp xs j� jw xyt s uk }k uywl xyt u~v� }~{130, uy }y {�p | zyv x�wy|xy mk xs pw lyv� �sx |} myw s| |vp oy mk }p vpt |�s }k �} |j z{s xko vp qkm �s ws sx oy s {kx |usw xk {y okw.Nop|� qp |vp o~ p} xk rmk}� j{ usp xk �yo us vpn us� ly p m�� uy vp| xs� | uy vp |k ws, swpm �s ws zy op |j}�|zs�, m {j op zy n{p lp xst wy nsv� xs uk m}y {yt �p} mp{ }s – |p {p os x� II }�|. oy x. �. xk {p up Xsx }k� }k m�q xyw Nk ~ {k v�p131. L| vs xk �yo us uy vp| xs� m |}pz x�� zy n{p lp xs j� m}y {yt zy vy ms x� II – xk �k vk I }�|.oy x. �. xp sr mp|} x�, }y �}y, uy xp� xy, my m|p xp yr xk �k p}, �}y uy vp| xs �� m� �vs sr ~zy } {pl vp xsj — s� s| zyv� ry mk xsp oy | }k }y� xy xk opq xy |ms op }pv� |} m~ p} |j sry l{k qp xs j ws �}y ny m{p wp xs132. Q|}k }s,�y{y�y sr mp|} x� xk �yo us |k ws� uy vp| xs� s s� wy op vpt s ~ �q x�� |y |p opt |}pz xj uym, m zyn{p lp xsj�Nk ukm uk r�j, m }yw �s| vp s m}y {yt zy vy ms x� II }�|. oy x. �. (xk z{s wp{, m u~{ nk xk� ~ |. R�k �px xk|pmp{y-rk zko xyw zy lp {p q�p yr. Xp mkx, |w. m� �p)133. Tp} |y w xp xsj, �}y s{kx |uyp |y |vy msp mys xym,|yy} mp} |} m~ � �pp sx ost |usw u�k } {s jw, mzvy}� oy zyv xy ny zp {p �y ok u xk |}y j �p w~ m|ko xs �p |} m~s okqp zyr qp, y| }k mk vy|�, my m|j uyw |v~ �kp }py {p }s �p |us s sopy vy ns �p |us, |y |vy ms pw uy vp| xs �s�,z{s �pw zp {p qs} us zy oyl x�� z{po |}k m vp xst |y �{k xj vs|� s m |us� |uyp m{p wj134. Yk usw yl {k ryw,xk�yo uk uy vp| xs �� m u~{ nk xp Zk� �s }~ xs uy sw yl {k ryw xp wy qp} {k| |wk } {s mk}� |j uku |ms op }pv� |} myk| |s {st |uy ny svs my yl �p zp {po xp my |}y� xy ny mvs j xsj; xk z{y }sm, s| zyv� ry mk xsp uy vp| xs �� uku |sw -my vk z{s xko vpq xy |}s u my sx |uy w~ |y |vy ms� jm vj p} |j }{k os �s yx xyt ovj |}pz x�� uy �pm xs uym �p{ }yt,my| �y oj �pt u sx oy s {kx |uyt o{pm xy |}s. Q �}y w~ |vp o~ p} oy lk ms}�, �}y zy n{p lp xsp m u~{ nk xp Zk� �s }~jm vj p} |j oy |s� zy{ posx |} mpx xyt xk �yo uyt y| }k} uym uy vp| xs �� (u|}k }s, mp|� wk xp m� {k rs }pv� x�� —{p�� sop} vs�� y om~� ~r us� jwk� | y| }k} uk ws op {p mk m zy v~ zy n{p lkv� xyt uk wp {�, uy }y {�p }{k u }~ -�}|j km }y {yw {k| uy zyu uku |vp o� om~� muy zkx x�� uy vp|) xk zk wj} xs uk� xy my �p{ uk| |uy ny u{~ nk. I|py| }kv� x�p zp {p �s| vpx x�p I. W. a{ vs �yw «zy n{p lp xsj uy vp| xs �s�» |y op{ qk} vs�� y| }k} us uyx |uyt~z{j qs, }yv u~ p w�p sw uku uy vp| xs� x�p zy kxk vy nss | uyw z vp u |yw Zk� �s }~. Uo xk uy s z{po wp }� uyx -|uyt ~z {j qs, xkt opx x�p m zk wj} xs uk� zyro xp ny l{yx ry my ny mp uk m }y� xy |}s }ku qp wy n~} yuk rk}� |jz{po xk rxk �px x� ws ovj uy vp| xs� xyt ~z {jq us, �}y ~qp z{po zy vk nk vy|� m vs }p {k }~ {p135. I |k wyw op vp,oy xk �yo us y| }k} uym uy vp| xs �� m u~{ nk xp Zk� �s }~ xs uy w~ xp z{s �y os vy m ny vy m~ ny my {s}� y «wk| -|ymyw z{y sr myo |} mp ~z {j qs uy vp| xs�» m xy my �p{ uk| |uyp m{p wj — |y y} mp} |} m~ � �sp xk �yo us yl�� xy|�s }k vs|� ~r oyt mp{ �y m�� uy xpt.

130 Q~r� ws xk 1974, 68–87; Häusler 1981, 581–647; Häusler1984, 629–682; ^p {po xs �px uy, V~ | }y mk vym 1991, 206–216;

Häusler 1994, 217–257.131 Jp xsxn 1977, 59, {s|. 3; Jp xsxn, Nok xy ms�, Jp xsxn 1992,

125–219 (zy n{p lp xsj 4, 5, 12, 16, 19, 28, 30).132 ^p {po xs �px uy 1976, 135–150, |{. Sorokin 1990, 97–147.133 Sxk� uk xjx 1960, 139–152; L|k jx 1966, 130–143; Piggott

1968, 285–286.134 Vy oyl x�w qp yl {k ryw, xk z{s wp{, m Wsn mp op, m }yw �s| vp

m pp zyro xs� �k | }j�, m|ko xs us my yl �p ~zy ws xk �} |j u{kt xp

{po uy, �y }j m|ko xs �p |} my m �zy �~ pp |y |}k m vp xsj l� vy ~qp

�y{y �y sr mp|} xy. Hy ns Wsn mp o� yzs |� mk �} |j uku uy vp| xs -

�sp: Falk 1994, 91–101. Jy wp {ym |usp np {ys }ku qp y| }k �} |j

uy vp| xs �s ws, �y }j m ny wp {ym |u~� �zy �~ uy vp| xs �� ~qp m{jo

vs swp vs opt |} ms }pv� xy ly p myp rxk �p xsp. I ny wp {ym |uyw

�zy|p swp p} |j m|p ny omk xp |y w xpx x�� ~zy ws xk xsj m|ko xs uym,

ok s }y �}s ~zy ws xk xsj uy | mpx x�p (m |{km xp xs j�): Il. XV, 674;

Od. V, 371, |w. Wiesner 1968, 110–114 (rop|� qp o{~ nsp uyx }pu -

|}�, nop wy qp} zyo {k r~ wp mk}� |j mp{ �y myt uyx�).135 Xws{ xym 1961, 46–72; Sp vpx }� pm 1967, 38–44; Q~r� ws xk

1974, 82.

]OV OXUV 2.4

�� IV

Id vl trf nd uorc tdk tw |i qlc Zd kdq ow IV cf oc iv uc rh qrm lk rsrt q�y hdv f ltdq unrm dt yir or gll.Sqd e� od rs ti hi oi qd df vr td pl tdu nr srn sr ui oi qlc ndn nr qiz IX f. hr q. �. l ufc kd qd u kd fr i fd ql ipwtdt vd pl hdq qr gr ti gl r qd, nr vr tri, ntr pi str {i gr, hd vl tw iv uc wtdtv unrm qdh sl u�� lk Od odv gd ydrnror 805 g. hr q. �.1 Idq qdc hd vl trf nd hro gri fti pc e� od re }i stl qc vrm, rh qd nr qi hdf qr M. R. Qih -fih undc f� und kd od str vlf qii tch frk td ji qlm, u{l vdc, {vr sr ui oi qli Zd kdq ow IV uw }i uv fr fd or l fVIII f. hr q. �. l e� or tdk tw |i qr f yr hi sr yr hd Vdt gr qd II f 714 g. hr q. �.2

Ioc vr gr, {vr e� hr nd kdv� uw }i uv fr fd qli Zd kdq ow IV l f VIII f. hr q. �. M. R. Qih fih unrm e� orqire yr hl pr qdm vl f igr uor cy vd nli stih pi v�, nr vr t�i e� ol qi lk fiuv q� f IX f. hr q. �. l hd vl trf ndnr vr t�y rg td ql {l fd iv uc VIII f. (hr fro� qr ero� |ri nr ol {i uv fr qd yr hrn lpi iv er oii |l tr nw� hd vw —IX–VIII ff. hr q. �.).

Et gw piq vd zlc M. R. Qih fih unrm uvtr lv uc f sit fw� r{i tih� qd dqd ol ki nrq unrm ws tc jl — ndnstih pi vrf, qi sr utih uv fiq qr re qd tw jiq q�y stl tdu nrs ndy Zd kdq ow, vdn l lkr etd jiq q�y qd tik q�ysod uvlq ndy uor qr frm nr u vl, qdm hiq q�y f IV uori �vr gr sr ui oi qlc. Hodf q�m pi vrh, stl pi qc i p�m hochd vl trf nl ur rv fiv uv fw � }ly �oi piq vrf ws tc jl, ur uvr lv f ly ur sr u vd f oi qll u du ul tlm unl pl tio� i -xdpl, nr vr t�i M. R. Qih fih undc hi olv qd hfi gtws s� — «tio� i x� IX f. hr q. �.» l «tio� i x� VIII f.hr q. �.» Vr rv fiv uv fiq qr, iu ol rqd qi qd yr hlv dqd or gll nd nr pw-vr stih pi vw lk Zd kdq ow IV qd «tio� i -xdy IX f. hr q. �.», d qd yr hlv ol|� qd «tio� i xdy VIII f. hr q. �.», vr u{l vd iv, {vr �vrv stih piv fyr hlvf wsr v tie oi qli vro� nr f VIII f. hr q. �. l ufl hi vio� uv fw iv r qi re yr hl pr uvl str holv� uw }i uv fr fd qliZd kdq ow IV hr VIII f. hr q. �.

Wd nrm pi vrh f� k� fd iv uit� ik q�i frk td ji qlc. Tti j hi fui gr, rq qi w{l v� fd iv uvr oiv q�� od nw qwf du ul tlm unrp lnr qr gtd xl {i unrp pd vi tl d oi, r nr vr trm gr fr tl oru� f� |i. Wr, {vr M. R. Qih fih undcqd k� fd iv «tio� i xd pl IX f. hr q. �.» — �vr tio� i x� E| |wt qd zlt sd od II l etrq kr f�i re nodh nl Fd odfdv -unly fr trv Vdo pd qd ud td III, nr vr t�i e� ol lk gr vr f oi q� qi srk ji 841/837, d {d u vl{ qr i}i f 850 g.hr q. �. (up. f� |i). Wd nlp re td krp, qd hr gr fr tlv� re lkr etd ji ql cy qi IX f. hr q. �., d 70–40-y gr hrfIX f. hr q. �. \vr nd ud iv uc «tio� i xrf VIII f. hr q. �.», vr ud p�i tdq qli lk qly rv qr ucv uc n �sr yi Wlgodv -sd od ud td III (745–727 gg. hr q. �.), vdn {vr khiu� uoi hw iv gr fr tlv� f ow{ |ip uow {di r tio� i xdy fvr trmsr or fl q� VIII f. hr q. �. (vr ji fit qr l hoc uviq q�y tru sl uim «sit fr gr uvl oc» Wlo�-Fdt ul sd).

Gvr t�p uw }i uv fiq q�p qi hr u vdv nrp pi vr hd M. R. Qih fih unrm cf oc iv uc df vr pd vl {i unlm si ti qruf� fr hrf, uhi odq q�y qd ruqrfdqll du ul tlm unly tio� i xrf, lkr etd jd � }ly du ul tlm unly fudh ql nrf lnr oiu ql {ly, qd wtdt vrf l pdq qi if. Ttl �vrp qi w{l v� fd iv uc vrv xdnv, {vr stl pi qc i pdc �vl pl qd tr -hd pl nrq undc uetwc prg od rv ol {dv� uc rv du ul tlm unrm. Wd nrm df vr pd vl {i unlm si ti qru vip er oii whlfl -vi oiq, {vr ud pd M. R. Qih fih undc tdk hi oc iv pqi qli, ur g odu qr nr vr tr pw tch ufc kdq q�y u nr qi frh uv frpqrf |iuvf e�o kd lp uv fr fdq du ul tlm zd pl w wtdt vrf (r{i flh qr, stl �vrp lpi �v uc f fl hw sti j hi fui gr

263

1 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 1–27, u sti h� hw }im ol vi td vw trm. 2 Medvedskaya 1988, 1–15; Medvedskaya 1991, 149–161.

264

nr qi frh {i unli tdm rq� Xtdt vw, nr vr t�i rsl u� fd iv Vdt grq II f ufr im ti oc zll r fru� prp sr yr hil n {lu ow nrvr t�y stl qdh oi jd od l re oduv� Zd kdq ow) l, uoi hr fd vio� qr, sr c flo uc w sr u oih qly tdq� |i,{ip prg e�v� lkr etd jiq qd du ul tlm unly tio� i xdy. Rd nr qiz, sr u oih qii (l sr kqd {l pr uvl) frk td ji qliur uvrlv f vrp, {vr lnr qr gtd xl {i unli pd vi tl d o�, qi upr v tc qd uvti p oi qli du ul tlm unly unwo�s vr trfn vr{ qruvl l hi vd ol kd zll, fui ji hd �v nr u fiq q�i ufl hi vio� uv fd, nr vr t�i qi pr gwv kd pi qlv� re td }i -qlc n ti do�qr ur ytd qlf |lp uc fi }dp.

Wd nlp re td krp, rv pi {dc, {vr qi ndc ti d olc rv uwv uv fw iv qd «tio� i xdy IX f.», qr stl uwv uv fw iv qd«tio� i xdy VIII f.», M. R. Qih fih undc lpi iv std fr hi odv� f� frh ol|� r vrp, {vr f Eu ul tll (qr qi fXtdt vw lol Qdq qi) rqd fr |od f wsr v tie oi qli pi j hw 40-pl gr hd pl IX f. hr q. �. l 40-pl gr hd pl VIII f.hr q. �., qr ql ndn qi r vrp, {vr ii uoi hw iv hd vl tr fdv� VIII, d qi IX f. hr q. �. Xji sr � vr pw sr ow {iq q�iqd ru qr fd qll du ul tlm unly tio� i xrf ti kwo� vd v� qi sr k fr oc �v si ti hd vl tr fdv� {iv fit v�m uorm Zd kdqow.

]vl ds tl rt q�i ur p qi qlc f nrt tinv qr uvl stl pi qc i pr gr M. R. Qih fih unrm pi vr hd qd yr hcv sro qrisrh vfit jhi qli, iu ol re td vlv� uc n nrq ntiv q�p ti kwo� vd vdp. Ttl fi hw ol|� qi unro� nr qdl er oii ct nlystl pi trf. Gdj q�p dt gw piq vrp hoc si ti hd vl trf nl uorc Zd kdq ow IV M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd iv qd yrhnwkhiu� vtd si zl i flh qr gr nrq unr gr qd qru ql nd. Tr u fc vlf dqd ol kw �vr gr stih pi vd qi pd ow� {duv� ufr imsit frm uvd v�l, l i}i tdk usi zl do� qr srh {itn qwf igr kqd {i qli fr fvr trm uvd v�i, rqd stl yr hlv n f�fr -hw, ru qr fdq qr pw sti j hi fui gr qd du ul tlm unly lkr etd ji ql cy, {vr vd nli qd qru ql nl fyr hcv f wsr vtieoi -qli qi tdq� |i sr u oih qim vti vl VIII f. hr q. �. l tdu str uvtd qc �v uc f VII f. hr q. �.3 ]vrv f� frh r|l er -{iq l f sro qrm pi ti hi prq uv tl tw iv qi stl i p oi pruv� lk etdq qr gr M.R. Qih fih unrm pi vr hd. Iim uv fl -vio� qr, lkr etd ji qli nrq unr gr qd qru ql nd l nti sc }i gr igr tip qc qd du ul tlm unly tio� i xdy fsit f�isr c f oc iv uc f �sr yw Wlg odv sd od ud td III. Rr qdp lk fiuv qr hfd qd qru ql nd, stl {ip lpiq qr vtd si zli -flhqrm xrt p�, u qdh sl uc pl wtdtv unr gr zd tc M| sw l ql (825–810 gg. hr q. �.) (��. 129)4, {vr qd hij qrwhr uvr fi tc iv ly lu sro� kr fd qli f wtdtv unrm ws tc jl f sr u oih qim {iv fit vl IX f. hr q. �. ]vrv xdnvreiuzi ql fd iv l fui ru vdo� q�i ufc kdq q�i u lu sro� kr fd ql ip qd qru ql nrf f nrq unrm uetwi sr uvtr i qlcM. R. Qih fih unrm, rv qr uc }l i uc n tdk fl vl� eolj qi fr uvr{ qrm nd fd oi tll f VIII f. hr q. �.

Itw glp wnd kd ql ip qd VIII f. hr q. �. M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd iv stl nti s ocf |l i uc n wk hi nr or nro� -{l nl, f ero� |rp nr ol {i uv fi qdm hiq q�i f uori Zd kdq ow IV5. Mkr e td ji qli vd nly nr or nro� {l nrf fsit -f�i sr c f oc iv uc qd du ul tlm unly «tio� i xdy VIII f.», v. i. stl Wlg odv sd od ud ti. Sh qd nr l khiu� ul vw d zlcvd ji, {vr l u qd qru ql nd pl — lk fiuv qr hfd nr or nro� {l nd, qdh sl udq q�y lpi qip wtdtv unr gr zd tcQiqwd, u� qd M| sw l ql (rhlq qi lk fiuv qr gr str lu yr j hi qlc, ytd qlv uc f pw kii ]| pr ol iq f Snu xrt hi,lqf. №�1974.357, htw grm lk Ilk glq nd oi frk oi Tdv qr ud f fr u vr{ qrm Eqd vr oll, ytd qlv uc f pw kii Gdqd)(��. 107, 1)6, {vr whr uvr fi tc iv lu sro� kr fd qli hdq qr gr �oi piq vd nrq unrm wk h� f Xtdt vw qi srk ji twei -jd IX–VIII ff. hr q. �. l rs tr fit gd iv l �vrv dt gw piqv M. R. Qih fih unrm. ]vl hfd stl pi td hr u vd vr{ qrwei hl vio� qr ufl hi vio� uv fw �v r |dv nr uvl l qi rec kd vio� qr uvl l ru vdo� q�y uhi odq q�y qd ru qr fd qllduul tlm unly tio� i xrf f� fr hrf, qd stl pit, r «edq h jr flh q�y» l rn twg o�y eoc| ndy, lu sro� kr fdf |lyucf qdm hiq qrm qd Zd kdq ow uetwi, nr vr t�i M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd iv qi re yr hl p�p hd vl tr fdv� qi td qiifvr trm sr or fl q� VIII f. hr q. �., ru qr f� fd cu� qd tru sl ucy lk Wlo� Fdt ul sd7, lol r nl u vcy, tdk pi }i -qli nr vr t�y qd wk hi nr qc, d qi qd gtwh ql ni, vdn ji re~ c f oc iv uc yd td n vit q�p vro� nr hoc VIII f. hr q. �.8

3 Medvedskaya 1988, 2–8; Medvedskaya 1991, 153.4 Özgen 1984, 95–96, fig. 12–13 (qd fvr trp qdh slu� xtdg -

piq vl tr fd qd, qr fru uvd qd f ol fd iv uc hr u vd vr{ qr qd hij qr);

Seidl 1991, 79–80; Merhav 1991, 98–99, Nr. 66, fig. 13, 2. Vt.

i}i rhlq qd qru qln �vr gr vl sd, qd yr hc }lm uc f pw kii Odt ou -

tw� l fyr hc }lm f nrp s oinu etrq kr f�y stih pi vrf wk h�, qdh -

sl udq q�y lpi qd pl M| sw l ql l igr u� qd l ur std fl vi oc Qi -

qwd: Maaß 1987, 84, Taf. 1, 1; 10; Rehm 1997, 227–228, U 33,

Taf. XXVIII.5 Medvedskaya 1988, 9–10.6 Moorey 1975, pl. XIV; Belli 1976–1977, 201–202, Res. 9,

Lev. VII, 25; Muscarella 1978, 64–65, fig. 8–9; Özgen 1984,

109–110, fig. 34; Muscarella 1988, 427; Dyson, Muscarella 1989,

17; Seidl 1991, 80, Nr. 59.7 Medvedskaya 1988, 2.8 Medvedskaya 1991, 154. Mkr e td ji qli nr qim u nl u vc pl,

tdusr or jiq q� pl qd wk hi, ur ytd qlf |i i uc qd god kw tr fd q�y

nlt sl {dy lk ytd pd E| |w td f E| |w ti, nr vr t�i hd vl tr fd olu�

�sr yrm Wlg odv sd od ud td I (1112–1074 gg. hr q. �.) (Andrae 1923,

11–12, Taf. 6; Haller, Andrae 1955, 56–57), fl hl pr, rv qr ulv uc

n �sr yi Vdt gr qd II l lkr etd jd iv rhlq lk �sl kr hrf igr kqd pi -

ql vrm fru� prm ndp sd qll (714 g. hr q. �.). Rd nlt sl {dy urytd -

265

Ulu. 129 Ftrqkrf�m nrqunlm qdqruqln u qdhslu�� M|swlql

Tr Merhav 1991, 98 – 99, Nr. 66, fig. 13, 2

266

Wr ji nd ud iv uc l hi vd oim wuv trm uv fd nr oiu qlz, lkr etd jiq q�y qd tik q�y sod uvlq ndy lk Zd kdq ow.O vrpw ji qi nr vr t�i {it v�, nr vr t�i M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd iv yd td n vit q� pl lu no� {l vio� qr hocVIII f. hr q. �., f him uv fl vio� qr uvl fuvti {d �v uc l qd lkr etd ji ql cy nr oiu qlz �sr yl E| |wt qd zlt sd od(qd stl pit, rv uwv uv fli }l vd)9. Rd nr qiz, M. R. Qih fih undc qi w{l v� fd iv l rswe ol nr fdq q�i qi hdf qrlkr etd ji qlc nr oiu qlz l fudh ql nrf qd etrq kr f�y stih pi vdy (nrq undc si n vr tdo� l fi hit nr, r{i flh qr,du ul tlm unr gr str lk frh uv fd), nr vr t�i hd vl tw �v uc fvr trm sr or fl qrm IX f. hr q. �. (��. 48; 66)10. Rd�vly lkr etd ji ql cy lpi �v uc qi nr vr t�i �oi piq v�, nr vr t�i M. R. Qih fih undc ufc k� fd iv lu no� {lvio� -qr u VIII f. hr q. �. Wdn, qd stl pit, qd si n vr td ol lkr etd ji q� nr oiu ql{ q�i l fit yr f�i nr ql, w nr vr -t�y nl u vl (lol nr or nro� {l nl) tdk pi }i q� qd wk hi, d qi qd qd gtwh ql ndy11, d or |d hl, lkr etd jiq q�i qdfi hit ni, lpi �v qr ur f�i tip ql, nr vr t�i M. R. Qih fih undc ufc k� fd iv u stl pi qi ql ip qd qru ql nrf12.Ouvd vl, �vl �oi piq v� lk fiuv q� l qd er oii tdq qly lkr etd ji ql cy13.

Ri u nro� nr rure qc nrp uvr lv i}i rhlq dt gw piqv M. R. Qih fih unrm, ru qr f� fd � }lm uc qd du ul tlm -unly tio� i xdy ol|� rv {d u vl, d f ru qrf qrp qd re }ly stih uvd f oi ql cy r tdk fl vll si tih qi d kl dv unr grfudh ql {i uv fd. Ss ti hi oiq q�p sr nd kd vi oip f sro� kw hd vl trf nl VIII f. hr q. �. M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd ivlkr etd ji qli qd sod uvlq ndy lk Zd kdq ow fudh ql nrf eik stdf {ly, lu sro� kr fd qli nr vr t�y e� or yd td n -vitqr hoc eolj qi fr uvr{ qr gr fudh ql {i uv fd IX f. hr q. �.14 G ud prp hi oi, f �sr yw E| |wt qd zlt sd od IIkd ufl hi vio� uv fr fd qr stl pi qi qli du ul tlm zd pl f dvd ni nrq q�y ow{ ql nrf, nr vr t�i lu sro� kw �v stdf -{ly, ws td f oc � }ly hfw pc und {w }l pl tc hrp nr qc pl l f� ufr er j hd � }ly vip ud p�p rei tw nl uvtio nd15(��. 131, 1). Wrv ji usr ure dvd nl lkr etd jiq l qd etrq kr f�y re nodh ndy «Fd od fdv unly fr trv» Vdo pd -qd ud td16, stl{ip qd �vly lkr etd ji ql cy flh qr, {vr f� uvw sd � }lm f sd ti u ow{ ql nrp l ws td f oc � }lmrei l pl or |dh� pl fudh qln frr tw jiq nrs� ip, d lqr ghd vdn ji lpi iv qi ero� |rm }lv, nr vr t�p stl nt� -fiv ui ec l ufr igr qd sdt ql nd (��. 114; 131, 2). Td td pl dvd nw �v l fudh ql nl qd wsr pl qdf |ip uc etrqkr -frp fi hit ni lk Wigitdq unr gr {d uv qr gr ur e td qlc, rv qr uc }ip uc, fl hl pr, nr fvr trm sr or fl qi IX f.

ql odu�, ntr pi lkr etd ji qlc, xtdg piq vl tr fdq qdc qdh slu�, f

nr vr trm tdk ol {d �v uc hfd vr sr ql pd: kurNi-kip-pa l kurÚ-pa-a.Rd ru qr fd qll �vly vr sr ql prf prj qr wu vd qr flv�, {vr ti{�

lhiv r si ti yr hi {i tik gr t�, rsl udq qrp f 15–16 uvtr ndy

slu�pd Vdt gr qd n E| |w tw: Weidner 1926, 2–3; Mayer 1980,

21–22; Nunn 1988, 181–182. Et gw piq v�, stl fi hiq q�i f

sro�kw hd vl trf nl �vr gr sd pcv ql nd �sr yrm Wlg odv sd od ud td III,d qi Vdt gr qd II (Fridman 1969, 172–175) qiwei hl vio� q�.9 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 17–18. Ouvd vl, lkr etd ji qli

«�ools ur flh qr gr stih pi vd» pi j hw nr tre nrm nr oiu ql z� l

ctprp, nr vr tri, sr pqi ql� M. R. Qih fih unrm, lu {i kd iv f

�sr yw Wlg odv sd od ud td III, fuvti {d iv uc l qd tio� i xdy �vr gr

fti pi ql: Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. IX, LXVIII–LXIX, LXXI.10 Seidl 1985, 45–48, Taf. 23–27; Seidl 1986, 229–236,

Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, 55–72.11 Seidl 1986, Abb. 1–3, Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, Abb. 46–

53.12 Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 24–27. Vt. vd nli ji tip ql f wk hi

nr qim qd sod uvlq ndy uor qr frm nr u vl IX f. hr q. �. lk Rlp tw -

hd: Mallowan, Davies 1970, 28–30, Nr. 62, 65, 67, pl. XVIII–XX.13 Vt., qd stl pit, lkr etd ji qli qr ur f�y tip qim uetwl nr qc

f «uzi qi vtl wp xd» qd sod uvlq ni lk uor qr frm nr u vl XIII f.

hr q. �., str lu yr hc }im lk Qi glh hr (Td oi uvl qd) l qr ur f�y

tip qim l nl u vl, qd yr hc }im uc qd uetwi, qd sod uvlq ni XIII–

XII ff. hr q. �. lk ]q nr pl (Olst) (��. 130): Decamps de

Mertzenfeld 1954, 15–16, 18, 88, 116–117, Nr. 342, 788, pl. XIV,

XXXV, LXIX. Ttl �vrp uoi hw iv kd pi vlv�, {vr stl pi qi qli

uetwl u qr ur f� pl tip qc pl fr fui qi rec kd vio� qr rk qd {d iv

lusro� kr fd qli qd qru ql nrf.14 Medvedskaya 1988, 10; Medvedskaya 1991, 154–155; ut.

Littauer, Crouwel 1979, 135. Tr hre q�i fudh ql nl, dvd nw � }li

sd td pl (ἅμιπποι) lk fiuv q� l f htif qim Hti zll. Shlq lk qly,

qd uoih qln nr oiu ql{ qr gr erm zd, e�o vc ji or frr tw jiq, d htw -

grm, qd uoih qln frk ql {i gr, std flo hfw pc lhw }l pl tc hrp

nrqc pl: Anecd. Gr. I, 205, s.v.; Suda, s.v.; Eustath. ad Hom. Od.

V, 371.15 Uio� ix B.M. 124544 lk hfrt zd E| |wt qd zlt sd od f Rlp -

twhi: Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1, ut. uyrh qri lkr etd ji qli qd

sod uvlq ni lk uor qr frm nr u vl IX f. hr q. �.: Yadin 1963, 384

(lk nro oin zll ]. ]tl n ur qd). Wd ji sod uvlq nd rswe ol nr fd qd

U. Hlt| pd qrp: Ghirshman 1964a, 101, 409, Abb. 134, u ur p ql -

vio� q�p wnd kd ql ip qd str lu yr j hi qli lk Ll fli. Sq hd vl tw iv

ii VII f. hr q. �. (eik reru qr fd qlc), rh qd nr �vd hd vd cf qr kdf� -

|i qd. Rd sod uvlq ni lkr etd jiq eik er tr h�m ow{ qln (if qwy),

ur str fr j hd i p�m er tr hd v�p stdf {lp. Sed re od {i q� f rhl qd -

nr f�i ruv tr nr qi{ q�i |oi p�. Mkr e td ji qli nrq qr gr ow{ ql nd

lpi iv uc l qd sod uvlq ni uor qr frm nr u vl lk Rlp tw hd, rv qr uc -

}im uc, fi tr cv qr, n �sr yi E| |wt qd zlt sd od II: Mallowan,

Davies 1970, 2, 27, Nr. 58, pl. XVI; Barnett 1975, 231–232,

fig. 232 (Supplementary Catalogue of L. G. Davies).16 King 1915, pl. VII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVIII, XLIX, LIII,

LXXII.

267

Ulu. 130 Toduvlqnl lk uorqrfrm nruvl. 1. Qiglhhr, Tdoiuvlqd; 2. ]qnrpl, Olst

Tr Decamps de Mertzenfeld 1954, Nr. 342, 788, pl. XXXV, LXIX

1

2

268

Ulu. 131 1. Euultlmunlm tio�ix B.M. 124544 lk hfrtzd E||wt qd zl tsdod II f Rlptwhi. 2. Euultlmundc nrqqlzd. Mkretdjiqli qd etrqkrfrm relfni «Fdodfdvunly frtrv»

Tr Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1 (1); King 1915, pl. LXXII (2)

1

2

269

Ulu. 132 Euultlmunli tio�ix� lk hfrtzd Wlgodvsdodudtd III f Rlptwhi. 1. Tolvd B.M. 118907; 2. Tolvd B.M. 118905

Tr Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXVII, LXV

1

2

270

hr q. �. (��. 48)17. Rd{l qdc u �sr yl Wlg odv sd od ud td qd tio� i xdy lkr etd jd �v uc du ul tlm unli fudh qlnl,ws td f oc � }li f er� ure uv fiq q� pl or |dh� pl, qr stl �vrp rql fui ghd sro� kw �v uc vro� nr nrs� ip, yrvclqr ghd frr tw ji q� l ow nrp ur uvti od pl (c, td kw pi iv uc, qi w{l v� fd� lkr etd ji qlc fr l qrf qd si ti yrhilol gr vr fc }ly uc n er�: vd nly lkr etd ji qlm rhl qr{ q�y fudh ql nrf hr u vd vr{ qr pqr gr) (��. 132). Ttl�vrp re td }d iv qd ui ec fql pd qli vr, {vr �vl nrq q�i nr sim }l nl re�{ qr dvd nw �v sd td pl: fi tr cv qr,f uow {di qire yr hl pr uvl uvtio� e� lk ow nd rhlq lk fudh ql nrf sd t� etdo qd ui ec ws td f oi qli rei l plor |dh� pl, f� ufr er j hdc tw nl fvr tr gr18. G �sr yw Vl qdyyi tl ed sr c f oc �v uc lkr etd ji qlc rhl qr{ q�yfudh ql nrf, uvti oc � }ly u nr qc qd und nw (nrq q�i nr sim }l nl stl �vrp re�{ qr wji qi frr tw ji q� ownd -pl l dvdnw �v qi sd td pl, d srrhl qr{ ni)19. S{i flh qr, ol|� f �vr fti pc du ul tlm unli ow{ ql nl f pdu -ur frp srtchni (rv hio� q�i lkr etd ji qlc nrq q�y ow{ ql nrf qd si {d vcy fuvti {d �v uc l tdq� |i, ut. f�|i)ru fd l fd �v lu nwu uv fr uvtio� e� u or |d hl qd und nw eik wu owg stdf {i gr. V �vlp ufc kd qd, frk prj qr, l usi -zl d ol kd zlc du ul tlm unrm nrq ql z�. Ttl Wlg odv sd od ud ti III l Vdt gr qi II fudh ql nl frr tw jd olu� lnrs� c pl, l ow nd pl l dvdnr fd ol sd td pl (uw hc sr tio� i xdp, rql qi hi ol olu� qd fr l qd l stdf {i gr — lyfrr tw ji qli l uqdtc ji qli rhlq d nr fr), {vr e� f uow {di qi re yr hl pr uvl fkcv� qd ui ec ws td f oi qli reilplor |dh� pl l srk fr olv� qd sdt ql nw uvti ocv� lk ow nd. Ttiu oi hwc ei gw }i gr ftd gd rql prg ol him uv fr fdv�srrhl qr{ ni, srunro� nw sro� kr fd olu� stl �vrp nrs� c pl. Wi sit� ji nrq q�i nr sim }l nl, nr vr t�i e�olvtd hl zl rq q�p fl hrp nrq ql z�, si ti uvd �v frr tw jdv� uc ow nrp. Rd str vlf, ow{ ql nl, nr vr t�i, fl hl pr,qd w {l olu� uvti ocv� u or |d hl ud pr uvr c vio� qr, er oii qi frr tw jd �v uc nrs� ip. Tr c f oi qli �vr gr qrf -|iuv fd f stdn vl ni si tih qi fr uvr{ qrm nd fd oi tll, fi tr cv qr, re~ cu qc iv uc fol c ql ip nrq qr uvtio nr frmvdn vl nl nlp pi tlm zif l unl xrf. Rd ol {li «nlp pi tlm unr gr sro nd» f ur uvd fi du ul tlm unrm dt pll kd u -flhi vio� uv fr fd qr vin uvrp SAA 6, 204, hd vl tr fdq q�p 679 g. hr q. �., stl {ip, frk prj qr, �vrv vit plqrer kqd {d iv qi «sron, ur uvr c }lm lk nlp pi tlm zif», d «sron, frr tw jiq q�m sr-nlp pi tlm unl» (v. i., fl -hl pr, nrq q�y ow{ ql nrf). Mpc igr qd {do� ql nd, fr fuc nrp uow {di, re�{ qri du ul tlm unri20.

U. Idm urq l S. Qd u nd tio od, frk td jdc M. R. Qih fih unrm, wv fit jhd �v, {vr l f IX f. hr q. �. prg ollu sro� kr fdv� uc fudh ql nl eik stdf {ly, uu� od cu� stl �vrp qd rhlq lk tio� i xrf E| |wt qd zlt sd od II,qd ul tlm unli lkr etd ji qlc nrq zd IX f. hr q. �. l wtdtv unli qd {d od VIII f. hr q. �.21 Gui �vl wnd kd qlcM. R. Qih fih undc rv fr hlv22. Sqd ustd fih ol fr rv pi {d iv, {vr qd tio� i xi E| |wt qd zlt sd od II lkr etd -jiq� fudh ql nl, lu sro� kw � }li stdf {ly (ut. f� |i). ]vrv tio� ix, uoi hr fd vio� qr, qi lpi iv rv qr |i qlcn re uw j hd i prm vi pi. Wtwh qr sr qcv�, rh qd nr, sr {i pw M. R. Qih fih undc rv fr hlv l ru vdo� q�i stl pi t�U. Idm ur qd l S. Qd u nd tio o�: rqd reru qr f� fd iv �vr vip, {vr qd wsr pc qw v�y lpl lkr etd ji ql cy, sr iipqi ql�, stih uvd f oi q� qi ow{ ql nl, d nr sim }l nl, d nrq q�i nr sim }l nl utd jd olu� f rhl qr{ nw ltdq�|i. X {l vd vi oc ur k hd iv uc fsi {dv oi qli, {vr f Zd kdq ow IV qdm hi qr lkr etd ji qli nrq qr gr ow{ ql nd,rh qd nr �vr qi vdn: qd ihlq uv fiq qrp er oii lol pi qii yr tr |r ur ytd qlf |ip uc lkr etd ji qll fudh ql nd

17 Seidl 1985, 46, Abb. 1, Taf. 23–27.18 Vp. tio� i x� �sr yl Wlg odv sdo ud td III lk Rlp tw hd: Barnett,

Falkner 1962, pl. XIII–XIV (Smith 1938, pl. XIX, B.M. 118878),

LXIV–LXV (B.M. 118905), LXVI–LXVII (Smith 1938, pl. XVIII,

B.M. 118907) (nrq q�i nr sim }l nl eik ow nrf sd td pl sti uoi -

hw�v ei gw }i gr ftd gd), �sr yl Vdt gr qd II lk Zrt ud ed hd: Botta,

Flandin 1849, pl. 64, 87, 88, 98 (sd td dvd nw � }ly fudh ql nrf);

66, 67, 99 (rhl qr{ q�i fudh ql nl sti uoi hw �v ei gw }i gr l wji

tdk gtr p oiq qr gr ftd gd); ut. vdn ji pl. 73, ghi lkr etd jiq du ul -

tlm unlm fudh qln f sro qrp frr tw ji qll, ws td f oc � }lm hfw pc

or |dh� pl. Tr{ vl fui nrq q�i nr sim }l nl �sr yl Vdt gr qd frr -

tw ji q� l ow nd pl.19 Paterson 1915, pl. 17–18 (Russell 1991, fig. 69), 19–20 (rtl -

gl qdo wvi tcq): du ul tlm unli fudh ql nl (nr sim }l nl eik ow nrf,

ow{ ql nl eik nr slm) dvd nw �v ftd gd f gr tdy l qd ei ti gw ti nl;

f rh qrp uow {di rql dvd nw �v sd trm (ow{ qln l nr sim }ln), f

ru vdo� q�y — sr rhl qr{ ni. Mk fi uv q� vd nli lkr etd ji qlc l

hoc �sr yl E| |wt ed ql sd od: Barnett 1976, pl. XXXIII (B.M.

124925-6), LI (B.M. 124876 E| |wt ed ql sdo qd ryr vi); Pater son

1915, pl. 62–64; ut. er oii {d u v�i lkr etd ji qlc du ul tlm unly

fr l qrf, uvti oc � }ly ur uvr c }i gr nr qc: Paterson 1915,

pl. 19–20 (�sr yd Vl qdyyi tl ed); Barnett 1976, pl. XVI (B.M.

124929), XXXIV (Louvre AO 19921 + Or. Dr. VII 32), LXVII (Or.

Dr. V, 31), LXIX (Louvre AO 19909); Paterson 1915, pl. 40–41

(Russell 1991, 150–151, Fig. 75), 44–45 (�sr yd E| |wt ed ql -

sdod).20 Ivantchik 1993, 63, 253–254; Mfdq {ln 1996, 65–66, 259–

260.21 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 18.22 Medvedskaya 1991, 154–155.

271

Ulu. 133 Oruvcq�i soduvlqnl lk Zdkdqow IV

Tr Muscarella 1980, Nr. 33, 34

1

2

272

stih uvd f oiq lpiq qr nr sim }ln (��. 133, 1)23. Td tdo oi ol lk Vi fit qrm Vl tll24 l lk Xtdt vw25, vd nlpre tdkrp, fsro qi std fr pit q�. Otr pi vr gr, tdk ud pd M. R. Qih fih undc stl kqd iv, {vr nrq q�m nr sim }lnprg utd jdv� uc f rhl qr{ nw, eik stdf {i gr, l f IX f. hr q. �., vr fr re }i qi sr qcv qr, kd {ip khiu� stl foi -nd iv uc �vr lkr etd ji qli l ndn rqr pr jiv uow jlv� hoc hr nd kd vio� uv fd srkh qim hd vl trf nl Zd kdq ow.

Ri kd fl ul pr rv �vr gr uoi hw iv rv pi vlv�, {vr ud pr sr ui ei lkr etd ji qli fudh ql nd, qi lu sro� kw � }igrstdf {i gr (hd ji l ow{ ql nd, d vip er oii nr sim }l nd), qi pr jiv uow jlv� ru qr fd ql ip hoc igr hd vl trf nlVIII f. hr q. �. — lkr etd ji qlc qi vro� nr fudh ql nrf, qr l nrq q�y ow{ ql nrf, f vrp {lu oi sro� kw � }lyucvd nlp lkr } tiq q�p stl i prp, ndn «sdt xcq unlm f� uv tio», fuvti {d �v uc f Ti tih qim Ekll, yr vc l tihnr,l tdq� |i (ut. f�|i).

Rd u nro� nr pqi lk fiuv qr, ud pri tdq qii lkr etd ji qli uvti oc � }i gr u nr qc qd und nw ow{ ql nd(stl{ip eik fuc nr gr stdf {i gr) hd vl tw iv uc i}i fvr trm sr or fl qrm XV f. hr q. �. Ui{� lhiv r igl siv unrptio�i xi lk Ww tl qd, qd nr vr trp lkr etd ji qd er gl qc Eu vdt vd qd nr qi, uvti oc � }dc lk ow nd f wei gd � }igrqwelm zd (��. 134, 3)26. Se tdk Eu vdt v�, er gl ql, viu qr ufc kdq qrm u nr qip l rh qr fti piq qr {d u vr lkre -td jd � }im uc u ow nrp l uvti od pl, e�o kd lp uv fr fdq f Jgl siv lk Vl tll f XVI f. hr q. �. Otr pi qd kfdq -qrgr, f Jgls vi lpi iv uc hr u vd vr{ qr ero� |ri nr ol {i uv fr lkr etd ji qlm Eu vdt v�-fudh ql z� (qd {l qdc uXVIII hl qd uvll l srk ji), stl {ip sr ntdm qim pi ti i}i f hfwy uow {d cy rqd frr tw ji qd ow nrp27. Gl hlpr,f si tl rh Rr fr gr zdt uv fd f ur uvd fi igl siv unrm dt pll, qd tc hw u nr oiu ql {l pl, wji uw }i uv fr fd ol srh -tdk hi oi qlc fudh ql nrf, uti hl nr vr t�y e� ol l ow{ ql nl28. G ufc kl u �vlp prj qr wsr pc qwv�, qd stl pit,lkr etd ji qli frr tw jiq qr gr ow nrp fudh ql nd, sr fit qwf |i gr uc qd kdh l rv sw u vlf |i gr sr frh qd tio� i xilk Eew-Vlp ei od �sr yl Udp ui ud II (1290–1223 gg. hr q. �.) u lkr etd ji ql ip elv f� stl Od hi |i (1286 g.)(��. 134, 4)29.

Gudh ql {i uv fr e� or hr u vd vr{ qr yr tr |r lk fiuv qr f Ti tih qim Ekll l kqd {l vio� qr tdq� |i. Se �vrpufl hi vio� uv fw iv, f {d uv qr uvl, slu� pr Fdy hl ol pd, ws td f oc � }i gr hfrt zd Qd tl, zd t� Llp tl ol pw(1775/74–1761/60 gg. hr q. �.)30, ur hit jd }ii kd pi {d vio� q�m sdu udj. G �vrp sdu ud ji Fdy hl olp qd sr pl -qd iv zd t�, {vr rq cf oc iv uc zd tip qi vro� nr yd qim zif, qr vdn ji l dn ndh zif, d sr vr pw hoc ur ytd qi qlcufr igr zdt unr gr hr u vr lq uv fd ipw qi uoi hw iv ik hlv� fit yrp qd or |d hl, d vro� nr f nr oiu ql zi lol qdpw oi. Zd qim z�, sr ow nr {i fri qd ui oi qli uvi sim Vi fit qrm Qi ur sr vd pll l Vl tll, stl qdh oi jd or n vrmud prm kd sdh qr ui plv unrm nwo� vwt qrm l ck� nr frm uti hi, lk nr vr trm qi unro� nr srk ji igls vc qi kd lp uv -fr fd ol re tdk Eu vdt v�, fudh ql z� l ow{ ql z�. Zd qim zdp, r{i flh qr, wji f qd{doi XVIII f. hr q. �. e� oryr tr |r kqd nr pr fudh ql {i uv fr, l ly qi whl fl or e� sr c f oi qli zd tc fit yrp; rh qd nr dn ndh z�, nr vr t�istl f� n ol fl hiv� ufr igr zd tc f nr oiu ql zi lol qd pw oi, r{i flh qr e� ol e� �vlp |r nl tr fd q�. Tlu�pr

23 Muscarella 1980, Nr. 33. Vt. Nr. 38 l xtdg piq v�, vro nw i p�i

ndn frk prj q�i lkr etd ji qlc fudh ql nrf: Nr. 34–47, 171.24 Sv pi {w, nuvd vl, {vr M. R. Qih fih undc qd stdu qr rv tl-

zd iv, {vr qd tio� i xdy lk Llq h jlt ol lkr etd ji q� ow{ ql nl

(��. 134, 1, 2). Mk vtiy lkr etd ji qlm fudh ql nrf qd tio� i xdy

Llq h jlt ol f hfwy uow {d cy ti{� lhiv lpiq qr r qly: Luschan

1902, 205–206, Abb. 96, Taf. XXXIV c; XXXV (fudh qln, lpi � -

}lm qd sr c ui pi{, hit jlv f rh qrm tw ni own, d f htw grm rv twe -

oiq qw� gr or fw; sr frh, ur rv fiv uv fiq qr, rv sw }iq); 226–227,

Abb. 129–130, Taf. XLIV (fudh qln u nro {d qrp kd soi {d pl l

ntwg o�p }l vrp), ut. 206, Taf. XXXIV d. Rd tio� i xdy lk Wio�-

Zd od xd, vdn ji rv qr uc }ly uc n IX f. hr q. �., lkr etd ji q� nrq -

q�i nrsim }l nl: Oppenheim 1955, 19, 47–48, Taf. 25, 2625 Otr pi lkr etd ji qlm fudh ql nrf qd |oi pi u qdh sl u��

Etgl| vl I lk Odt plt-Fow td, fudh ql nl lkr etd jd �v uc vdn ji

qd htif qim |im gtws si hd vl tw i p�y wtdtv unly etrq kr f�y sr c -

urf (sit fdc vtiv� VIII f. hr q. �.): Kellner 1991, 18 –19

(��. 46). Vt. lkr etd ji qlc uvti oc � }ly lk ow nd qd sro qrp

und nw nt� od v�y niq vdf trf qd hi vd ocy nrq unrm uetwl, fyr hc -

}ly f qd ert nrq zd IX – qd {d od VIII ff. hr q. �.: Maaß 1987,

84–87, Taf. 1, 1; 9, 1; Merhav 1991, 100–101, Nr. 75–77; Rehm

1997, 229–230, U 37, Abb. XXX.26 Leclant 1960, 23–28, pl. I A.27 Trh tre qw� ufrh nw lkr etd kl vio� qr gr pd vi tl d od l igr ur -

sr u vd f oi qli u hdq q� pl slu� piq q�y lu vr{ ql nrf up. Leclant

1960, 1–67. Vt. lkr etd ji qli fudh ql nd, hit jd }i gr f tw ni

qicu q�m stih piv, qd igl siv unrm ui nl ti lk Ftl vdq unr gr pwkic

(B.M. 36766): Hall 1931, 3–5, pl. I. H. Zroo hd vl tw iv ui nl tw

sit frm sr or fl qrm XVIII hl qd uvll (rnr or 1580–1450 gg. hr

q. �.), rh qd nr K. Pi n odq u{l vd iv, {vr rs ti hi oiq q�i wnd kd qlc

qd ii hd vl trf nw rv uwv uv fw �v l vtd n vw iv igr ndn lkr etd ji qli

Eu vdt v�: Leclant 1960, 35–37.28 Schulman 1957, 263–271.29 Yadin 1963, 220.30 Kupper 1953, Nr. 76: 19–25; Kupper 1954, 109.

273

Ulu. 134 Mkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf. 1, 2. Uio�ix� lk Llqhjltol; 3. Jglsivunlm tio�ix lk Wwtlqd; 4. Uio�ix Udpuiud II lk Eew-Vlpeiod; 5. Vtihqiduultlmundc si{dv� �sryl Vdopdqdudtd I

Tr Luschan 1902, Taf. XXIV, XLIV (1, 2); Leclant 1960, pl. I A (3); Crouwel 1981, pl. 111 (4); Matthews 1990, Nr. 356 (5)

1 2

3

4

5

274

ufl hi vio� uv fw iv vdn ji l r vrp, {vr Llp tl ol pw e� od qi {w j hd p�uo� sr c f ocv� uc swe ol{ qr fit yrp qdor |d hl, r{i flh qr, qd yd qim unlm pd qit31. ]vr qi whl fl vio� qr — yd qim z� lg td ol r{iq� ero� |w� tro�f jlk ql Qd tl, ur uvd f occ kqd {l vio� qw� {duv� qd ui oi qlc hit jd f� Llp tl ol pd l sr uvd f occ ud p�i ntws -q�i nrq vlq giq v� f igr dt pl�; n vr pw ji l ud pd hl qd uvlc e� od yd qim unr gr str lu yr j hi qlc32. Ttdfhd,f ud prm Qi ur sr vd pll lkr etd ji qlc fudh ql nrf hr qd {d od I v�u. hr q. �. fuvti {d �v uc tih nr33. Gstr {ip,�vr qi whl fl vio� qr — ndn sr nd k� fd iv wsr pc qw v�m sdu udj lk slu� pd Llp tl ol pw, f nwo� vwt qrm vtd -hlzll ruih o�y ki p oi hio� zif Qi ur sr vd pll lpiq qr nr oiu ql zd u{l vd odu� sti uvlj q�p usr ur erp si ti -hfl ji qlc, rh qd nr wji f XVIII f. hr q. �. hoc ly nr {i f�y ur ui him fudh ql {i uv fr e� or ql {wv� qi pi qiiqrt pdo� q�p l sr{ viq q�p.

Mkr e td ji qlc fudh ql nrf yr tr |r lk fiuv q� l f pl niq unrm Hti zll. Wit td nr vr f�i uvd vw �v nl fudh -ql nrf tdu str uvtd qi q� khiu� |l tr nr l sr fui pi uv qr f si tl r h� LH IIIA–C (XIV–XII ff. hr q. �.)34.Otr pi vr gr, lpi �v uc lkr etd ji qlc fudh ql nrf l f pl niq unrm fd kr sl ul, f vrp {lu oi qd ntd vi ti si tlrhdLH IIIA 2–B (fvr tdc sr or fl qd XIV–XIII ff. hr q. �.) l er oii srkh qly ur uw hdy35.

G ufc kl u str e oi prm sr c f oi qlc fudh ql nrf, qi qw j hd � }ly uc f sr pr }l stdf {i gr, M. R. Qih fih -undc sl |iv l r usi zl do� qrp qdwkhqrp stl usr ure oi qll, sr k fr oc � }ip ru fr er hlv� tw nl fudh ql nd. Shqrlk lkr etd ji qlm qd sod uvlq ni lk Zd kdq ow36 rqd vro nw iv ndn lkr etd ji qli vd nr gr stl usr ure oi qlc(��. 133, 2). Sh qd nr vd nri vro nr fd qli uw gw er gl sr vi vl{ qr — ql {vr qi pi |d iv u{l vdv� igr lkr etd ji -qlip ew eiq zd (ndn wji gr fr tl oru�, qd Zd kdq ow qdm hi qr kqd {l vio� qri ly nr ol {i uv fr) lol hi nr td vlf -qrm nluvl (qd yrh nd vr ji lk fiuv qd qd Zd kdq ow37). Gr fuc nrp uow {di, vd nri vro nr fd qli uol| nrp uod eriruqr fd qli hoc hdo� qim |ly kd no� {i qlm. Sh qd nr hd ji iu ol ur g od ulv� uc u qlp, rqr pi qc iv qipqrgr. Gud prp hi oi, M. R. Qih fih undc hd vl tw iv igr sr c f oi qli, ndn l htw gly �oi piq vrf nrq unrm wk h� uZdkdqow, qd ru qr fd qll ur sr u vd f oi qlc u du ul tlm unl pl tio� i xd pl — igr lkr etd ji qlc, ndn rqd u{l -vdiv, lpi �v uc qd {l qdc u �sr yl Wlg odv sd od ud td III38. S qi stl pi ql pr uvl �vr gr pi vr hd hoc hd vl trf nl{iv fit vr gr uorc Zd kdq ow wji gr fr tl oru� hr u vd vr{ qr. Ld pi {w sr swv qr, {vr stih or jiq qri M. R. Qih fih -unrm vro nr fd qli lkr etd ji qlc nl u vl qd tio� i xi Wlg odv sdo ud td III, qd nr vr t�m rqd f hdq qrp uow {diuu� od iv uc (��. 132, 2), er oii {ip ur p ql vio� qr. Rd tio� i xi yr tr |r flh qr, {vr ti{� fsro qi pr jivlhvl l re re�{ qrm hi nr td vlf qrm nl u vl. Sqd tdk pi }d iv uc qd uetwi nr qim hfwy du ul tlm unly nrq q�ynr sim }l nrf, dvdnw � }ly sr sdt qr eik ow nrf lol }l vrf, d sr vr pw ftch ol lpif |ly qi re yr hl pruv�rvsw u ndv� sr frh. ]vr uvd qr flv uc cu q�p stl utdf qi qll u dqd or gl{ q�p, qr ow{ |i ur ytd qlf |lp uc lkr -etd ji ql ip qd tio� i xi B.M. 118907 (��. 132, 1)39. G vrp, {vr ti{� lhiv lpiq qr r hi nr td vlf qrm nl uvl,rnrq {d vio� qr wei j hd iv lkr etd ji qli f vr{ qr uvl vd nly ji wn td |i qlm qd uetwi nr oiu ql{ q�y or |d himqd htw gly tio� i xdy Wlg odv sd od ud td III, stl {ip khiu� yr tr |r flh qr, {vr sr frh qi str yr hlv {i tik qly

31 Vt. Kupper 1957, 35–37, ut. khiu� ji hr u vd vr{ qr pqr gr -

{lu oiq q�i wsr pl qd qlc or |d him f vin uvdy Qd tl. K.-U. O�s -

sit sr od gd iv, {vr yd qim z� kd lp uv fr fd ol or |dh� w ywt tl vrf.32 Kupper 1957, 1–46; Kupper 1989, 387–389; Anbar 1991,

passim, rure. 181–191.33 Vt. lkr etd ji qlc fudh ql nrf qd or |d hcy, lpi � }ly gr or f�

gtl xr qrf, qd uti h qi du ul tlm unrm si {d vl, fl hl pr, �sr yl Vdo -

pd qd ud td I (1273–1244 gg. hr q. �.): Parker 1977, 263, Nr. 23,

pl. XXVIII; Matthews 1990, 100, Nr. 356 (��. 134, 5). N. Glkqit

(Wiesner 1973, 21, Abb. 15) wsr pl qd iv «si {dv� X f. hr q. �. u

lkr etd ji ql ip nrq qr gr fr l qd» u ow nrp lk qi n tr sroc Vldon B.

Ui{� lhiv, r{i flh qr, r sor yrm str tl urf ni si {d vl lk sr gti ei -

qlc 15: Ghirshman 1939, 63, pl. XXX, 5; LVI, XCVI, S. 810.

Mkr e td jiq q�m qd �vrm si {d vl fudh qln frr tw jiq qi ow nrp,

d nlq jd orp lol pi {rp (��. 81, 2); hd vl trf nd sr gti ei qlc

X f. hr q. �. cf qr kd ql ji qd — ti{� hroj qd lh vl r VIII, udpri

tdq qii — nrq zi IX f. hr q. �.

34 Crouwel 1981, 45, pl. 42, 44. 35 Crouwel 1981, 45–53, pl. 70, 79, 80, ut. Wiesner 1968, 114–

124.36 Muscarella 1980, Nr. 34, ut. Nr. 30.37 Winter 1980, 4, fig. 3–5, 12. ]vd re gr ti odc nluv� re qd tw -

jiqd tc hrp u nrq unl pl qd gtwh ql nd pl l fsro qi prg od stl fi -

|l fdv� uc n rh qr pw lk qly. Otr pi vr gr, khiu� ji re qd tw ji q�

yw ji ur ytd qlf |l i uc ru vdv nl htw gly nl u vim. Wip qi pi qii, �vw

qd yrh nw M. R. Qih fih undc vdn ji u{l vd iv ytr qr or gl {i unlp

sr nd kd vi oip, sr {i pw-vr sr od gdc, {vr rqd rec kd vio� qr hroj qd

e� od stl fi |l fdv� uc qi n qd gtwh ql nw, d n wk hi l hr ed f occ

(qistd flo� qr), {vr e� od qdm hi qd ol|� rh qd, d qi qi unro� nr

nl u vim.38 Medvedskaya 1988, 10, ur uu�o nrm qd ihlq uv fiq q�m tio�ix

B.M. 118905 (Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXV).39 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXVII.

275

Ulu. 135 Euultlmunlm tio�ix lk hfrtzd Wlgodvsdodudtd III f Rlptwhi. Or. Dr. III. Central XXIII

Tr Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XLIII

40 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XV–XVI, XLIII–XLIV, LXX–

LXXI.41 Botta, Flandin 1849, passim.

42 Medvedskaya 1988, 10–12; Medvedskaya 1991, 155–157.43 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 18–22.

(��. 135)40. Wi ji wn td |i qlc lpi �v uc l std n vl {i unl qd fuiy lkr etd ji ql cy nr oiu ql{ q�y l fit yr f�yor |d him �sr yl Vdt gr qd II41. Ttlusrureoiqli, r nrvrtrp sl|iv M. R. Qih fih undc, vd nlp re td krp,unr tii fui gr fr re }i e� or qi lk fiuv qr du ul tlm zdp — fr fuc nrp uow {di ql qd rh qrp tio� i xi rqr qistih uvd f oi qr.

Uch frk td ji qlm M. R. Qih fih unrm str vlf vtd hl zl rq qrm hd vl trf nl uorc Zd kdq ow IV lpi iv qidtyir or gl {i unlm, d lu vr tl {i unlm yd td n vit: rql ufr hcv uc n vr pw, {vr r}w vl p�i khiu� ufc kl u Vi fit -qrm Vl tl im re~ cu qc �v uc wtdtv unlp nrq v tr oip qdh qim, ndn l qdh Zd kdq ow, {vr lpi or pi u vr fVIII f. hr q. �. Ttl �vrp rqd usi zl do� qr srh {it nl fd iv, {vr du ul tlm unly fi }im qd Zd kdq ow r{iq� pd orl sr � vr pw ftch ol Eu ul tl c prg od uow jlv� sr utih ql nrp hoc igr ufc kim u Vl tl im42. U. Idm urq lS. Qdu nd tio od, qd str vlf, u{l vd �v, {vr ufc kl pi j hw hfw pc tdm rqd pl ruw }i uv f oc olu� {i tik Eu ul tl�,rv pi {dc rh qr fti piq qr, {vr qi ur p qiq qr wtdtv unli fi }l qd Zd kdq ow IV fr re }i rv uwv uv fw �v, l, uoi hr -fd vio� qr, Xtdt vw srh yr hlv qd tro� sr utih ql nd i}i piq� |i, {ip Eu ul tlc43. Sed vro nr fd qlc f stlq -zl si tdf qr frk prj q�: nrq vd n v� pi j hw Vi fit qrm Vl tl im l ltdq unlp Owt hl uvd qrp, r{i flh qr, uw }i -uv fr fd ol l f IX, l f VIII f. hr q. �., qr f IX f. hr q. �. ruw }i uv f oc olu� {i tik Eu ul tl�, d f VIII — {i tikXtdt vw. G� ert rh qrm lk �vly frk prj qr uvim kd fl ulv sti j hi fui gr rv hd vl trf nl Zd kdq ow IV, d uoi hr -fdvio� qr qi pr jiv rs ti hi ocv� ii. Id l lk re }ly pi vr hl {i unly ur re td ji qlm cu qr, {vr lu vr tl {i undclq vit sti vd zlc qi hroj qd sti hr sti hi ocv� dt yir or gl {i unly hd vl tr frn.

276

Gdj q�p cf oc iv uc l dt gw piqv U. Idm ur qd l S. Qd u nd tio o�, nd ud � }lm uc re ol nd uoi hw � }i gr,vtiv�i gr, uorc Zd kdq ow, rv hi oiq qr gr rv sti h� hw }i gr si tl r hrp qi cu qrm str hro jl vio� qr uvl, nr ghdsdpcv qln qi e�o kd ui oiq. U. Idm urq l S. Qd u nd tio od rv pi {d �v eol kruv� Zd kdq ow III ndn sr dt yl vi n -vw ti, vdn l sr ur uvd fw qd yr hrn, u wtdtv unl pl nti sr uvc pl, l u{l vd �v igr rh qlp lk rsrt q�y swq n vrfXtdt vw (qi rec kd vio� qr u wtdtv unlp qd ui oi ql ip), nr vr t�m prg l si ti jlv� du ul tlm unlm sr yrh714 g. hr q. �.44 M. R. Qih fih undc rv tl zd iv vd nw� vtd n vrf nw Zd kdq ow III l u{l vd iv igr pdq qim unrmntisr uv��, sr uvtr iq qrm sr u oi wyr hd wtdt vrf lk ti gl r qd. Ttl �vrp rqd uu� od iv uc qd rv qr ul vio� qrqiero� |ri nr ol {i uv fr wtdtv unly qd yr hrn f uori Zd kdq ow III, d uyrh uv fr u wtdtv unl pl nti sr uvc pl re~ -cu qc iv wtdtv unlp nwo� vwt q�p fol c ql ip qd pdq qi if. Sh qd nr khiu� f tdu uw j hi qll M. R. Qih fih unrmur hit jlv uc fqw v tiq qii str vl fr ti {li. G ud prp hi oi, qi unro� nr tdq� |i rqd s� vd odu� re~ cu qlv� sro -qri rv uwv uv fli qi ur p qiq qr wtdtv unly fi }im f uori Zd kdq ow IV l rv ol {li igr dt yl vi n vw t� rv wtdtvunrm(qd stl pit, rv uwv uv fli rer tr ql vio� qrm uvi q�) vip, {vr ti{� hroj qd lh vl r sr ui oi qll sr nr tiq qr grqd ui oi qlc, pdq qi if, nwo� vw td nr vr t�y ulo� qr rv ol {d odu� rv nwo� vw t� «gru srh», wtdt vrf, uvtr lf |lyui ei nti sr uvl f viy ji pi u vdy. Wtwh qr stih uvd flv�, {vr f Xtdt vw gru srh uvfr fdo vd nrm uvtr glm dsdt -vilh, {vr pdq qim unri qd ui oi qli Zd kdq ow, rnr or uvd oiv str jlf |ii srh wtdtv unlp gru srh uvfrp l ernr ern u wtdt vd pl, qi kd lp uv fr fd or rv qly ql nd nly fi }im lol uvtr l vio� q�y qd f� nrf. Rr ur f uip qisr -qcv qr f �vrp uow {di, sr {i pw uoi h� qi ur p qiq qr gr wtdtv unr gr fol c qlc, fno� {dc l fi }l wtdtv unr grstr lk frh uv fd, sr c f oc �v uc khiu� ol|� sr u oi vr gr, ndn gru srh uvfr wtdt vrf nrq {l oru� l rql qd fui g hdw| ol lk ti gl r qd. Ri iu vi uv fiq qii ol u{l vdv�, ndn �vr hi od ol df vr t� tdu nr srn Zd kdq ow, {vr rv uwv uvfliwtdtv unly pd vi tl d orf f {iv fit vrp uori re~ cu qc iv uc vip, {vr rq rv qr ulv uc n hr wtdtv unr pw fti pi ql, dly stl uwv uv fli f vti v� ip — vip, {vr rq stl qdh oi jlv nti sr uvl wtdtv unrm �sr yl?

Jhlq uv fiq q�p ure uv fiq qr dt yir or gl {i unlp dt gw piq vrp si ti hd vl trf nl Zd kdq ow IV, qi rsl td � -}lp uc qd du ul tlm unli tio� i x� lol re }i lu vr tl {i unli ur re td ji qlc, cf oc iv uc qd yrh nd khiu� rh qr -nro� {d v�y ji oik q�y whlo, nr vr t�i M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd iv qi frk prj q�p hd vl tr fdv� IX f. hr q. �.l rv qr ulv nr fvr trm sr or fl qi VIII f. hr q. �. Jhlq uv fiq q�p ru qr fd ql ip hoc �vr gr cf oc iv uc pqi qli rvrp, {vr vd nli whl od e� ol kd lp uv fr fd q� f Mtdq lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s�, ghi rql sr c f oc �v uc f nrqzigdo� |vdv unr gr si tl r hd B l tdu str uvtd qc �v uc fr fti pc uoi hw � }i gr si tl r hd C45. Terminus post quemhoc �vr gr kd lp uv fr fd qlc rs ti hi oc iv uc ndn ui ti hl qd VIII f. hr q. �. Sh qd nr ud pr stih uvd f oi qli r vrp,{vr rh qr nro� {d v�i ji oik q�i whl od e� ol kd lp uv fr fd q� f Mtdq l Ld ndf nd k�i lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr -s� — ol|� gl sr vi kd, n vr pw ji fr fui qi eiu usrt qdc. Hodf q�p ii ru qr fd ql ip cf oc iv uc stih sr or ji -qli r ytr qr or gl {i unrp stl rtl vi vi if tr sim unly �n kip s oc trf. Ju ol ji stl rtl viv rnd jiv uc w ltdq unlywhlo, ql {vr qi sr pi |d iv u vd nlp ji wu si yrp f� hfl qwv� gl sr vi kw re re tdv qrp qd std f oi qll kd lp uv fr -fd qlc — lk Mtd qd f Jf tr sw. Rd ol zr, vd nlp re td krp, kdpn qw v�m ntwg f tdu uw j hi qll: whl od f Mtd qi,f vrp {lu oi qd Zd kdq ow, er oii srkh qli, {ip if tr sim unli, sr vr pw, {vr kd lp uv fr fd q� f Jf tr si, d kd lp -uv fr fd q� rql f Jf tr si sr vr pw, {vr er oii srkh qli, {ip if tr sim unli.

Otr pi vr gr, l ud pd lhic r kd lp uv fr fd qll �vly whlo lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s� f Mtdq lol qd rertrvf� k� fd iv ur p qi qlc. Lhiu� qio� kc lu no� {dv�, qd stl pit, l frk prj qr uvl qi kd fl ul pr gr xrt pl tr fd qlc�vr gr vl sd whlo f Jf tr si l f Ti tih qim Ekll46, vip er oii, {vr rs sr qiq v� M. R. Qih fih unrm, rv fit gd -� }li lhi� kd lp uv fr fd qlc ly lk Jf tr s�, ustd fih ol fr rv pi vl ol tch tdk ol {lm pi j hw if tr sim unl pl lltdq unl pl tdk qr flh qr uvc pl sr hre q�y whlo l ufc kdq q�y u ql pl sud olm47.

G ufri fti pc, dqd ol kl twc ur uvdf lq fiq vd tc ltdq unr gr qi n tr sr oc Vl don B, M. R. Qih fih undcrvpi vl od qd ol {li f qip hfwy tdk q�y vl srf wk h�, stih uvd f oc � }ly hfi vtd hl zll ly tdk fl vlc — whl odu qd sw un q� pl qi tdk~ ip q� pl sud ol c pl l u rv hio� q� pl sud ol c pl, ur ihl qcf |l pl uc u w hlodpl sr utih -uv frp tip qim (up. re �vrp f� |i)48. Xhl od u qd sw un q� pl sud ol c pl rqd u{l vd od vtd hl zl rq q� pl hoc

44 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 20–21.45 Medvedskaya 1988, 2; Medvedskaya 1991, 149–152.46 J}i E. E. Miu uiq rv pi {do, {vr «hfw {oiq q�i whl od u rh qr -

nro� {d v� pl nrq zd pl cf oc �v uc qdl er oii str uvrm xrt prm,

frk qln qr fi qli nr vr trm e� or frk prj qr qi kd fl ul pr fr pqr -

gly tdm rqdy»: Miu uiq 1953, 71–72.47 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 16.48 Qih fih undc 1983, 59–79.

277

Ti tih qim Ekll l Ld ndf nd k�c l str vl fr sr u vd f oc od lp whl od u rv hio� q� pl sud ol c pl, nr vr t�i u{l vdodqr fd zl im. Xji f �vrm td er vi M. R. Qih fih undc u{l vd iv tr hl qrm vd nrm nrq uv twn zll whlo [iq v tdo� qw�Jf tr sw l sr od gd iv, {vr rqd e� od kd lp uv fr fd qd lk dti d od Hdo� |vdvv unrm nwo� vw t� qd Vi fit q�m Odfndkl hd oii f Ld ndf nd k�i l Mtdq rnr or ui ti hl q� VIII f. hr q. �. Gl hl pr, f hdq qrp uow {di (ndn l srk ji,f td er vdy r Zd kdq ow) rqd uoi hr fd od vtd hl zll, fru yr hc }im n E. E. Miu ui qw, nr vr t�m f ufr im td er vi1953 g. kd pi {do, {vr f Ld ndf nd k�i qiv ql nd nly dqd or glm whl odp u nro� {d v� pl rnrq {d ql c pl, re qd tw -jiq q�p qd Vi fit qrp Odf nd ki, l sr od gdo, {vr hoc qly «uw }i uv fiq q�i ufc kl wu vd qd f ol fd �v uc vro� nru Ld sd hrp, u re od uv�� Ld ndt sd v�c l Tr hw qd f�c»49. V viy srt, rh qd nr, ndn p� fl hi ol, uvd or lk fiuv qrkqd {l vio� qri nr ol {i uv fr qd yr hrn vd nly whlo f Ld ndf nd k�i, stl {ip rv qr uc }ly uc n er oii tdq qi pw fti -pi ql, {ip sr hre q�i qd yrh nl l qd Vi fit qrp Odf nd ki, l f Ttl hw qd f�i, vdn {vr frk ql nd iv qi re -yrhlpruv� si ti upr v tiv� f� frh E. E. Miu ui qd. Gi tr cv qr, lpiq qr stih sr or ji qli r kd lp uv fr fd qllrhqrnro� {d v�y whlo lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s� sr ew hl or M. R. Qih fih unw� f hdo� qim |ip sr s� vdv� ucsitihdvl tr fdv� Zd kdq ow IV, ghi vd nli whl od (etrq kr f�i l ji oik q�i) u rv hio� qr lk gr vr f oiq q� pl vtiy -h�t {d v� pl sud ol c pl qdm hi q� f hr u vd vr{ qr ero� |rp nr ol {i uv fi.

Ifw ur uvdf q�i etrq kr f�i whl od u nro� {d v� pl nrq zd pl (pwqh |vw nl godh nli lol usoi viq q�i lkstwv� if) sr c f oc �v uc f [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr si, uw hc sr fui pw, f nrq zi si tl r hd Ha B2 (fl hl pr, fvr tdcsr or fl qd IX f. hr q. �.)50. Grk prj qr, �vrv vls uxrt pl tr fdo uc qd ru qr fi tdu str uvtd qiq q�y khiu� i}if nrq zi etrq kr fr gr fi nd rh qr {d uv q�y whlo u nro� zi f� pl rnrq {d ql c pl51. Ri cu qr, qd nd nli hdq q�irsl td iv uc M. R. Qih fih undc, wv fit jhdc, {vr vd nli whl od «|l tr nr lu sro� kr fd olu� f vi {i qli fui grsitl r hd Ha B»52: lk w{ viq q�y f ufrh ni F�o nw lo od 13 �n kip s oc trf �vr gr vl sd ol|� rhlq (u D-re tdk -q�pl rnrq {d ql c pl) hd vl tw iv uc lp si tl r hrp Ha B 2/3 (nodh lk Zdu odw-Ui gio �ue twq qd), ru vdo� q�i jirv qr ucv uc n Ha B3 lol Ha B3 / Ha C153 ]vl gr tl krq v� Hdo� |vdvv unrm nwo� vw t� ulq ytr ql kl tw �v uc wjiu si tl r hrp eik tdk hio� qr gr gru srh uvfd f Vi fit qrp Ttl {it qr pr t�i l f Ttih ndf nd k�i wk h� nodu ul{i -unr gr qr fr {it ndu unr gr vl sd, vr g hd ndn rh qr nro� {d v�i whl od qd Vi fit qrp Odf nd ki fuvti {d �v uc fpi uviur uvti pi{ nr flh q� pl l hfw nro� {d v� pl f vi {i qli stih |i uv fw � }i gr si tl r hd. ]vrv si tl rh (sit fdcytr qr or gl {i undc gtws sd sr ]t ol yw) iuv� uit� ik q�i ru qr fd qlc ulq ytr ql kl tr fdv� sr ntdm qim pi ti {du -vl{ qr u si tl r hrp Ha B1 (up. f� |i). Mvdn, stih sr or ji qli r kd lp uv fr fd qll rh qr nro� {d v�y whlo fMtdq {i tik Vi fit q�m Odf ndk lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s� qi frk prj qr wji sr vr pw, {vr qd Vi fit qrp Odf -nd ki rql sr rv qr ul vio� qrm ytr qr or gll sd pcv ql nrf �vly ti gl r qrf hd vl tw �v uc qi unro� nr tdq� |i, {ipf [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr si. G nrq zi si tl r hd Ha B f [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr si sr c f oc �v uc l ji oik q�i whl odvrgr ji vl sd, nr vr t�i tdu str uvtd qc �v uc f vi {i qli si tl r hd Ha C. Ti ti yrh rv si tl r hd Ha B3 n sitlrhwHa C re�{ qr hd vl tw iv uc rnr or ui ti hl q� – vtiv� im {iv fit vl VIII f. hr q. �. (up. f� |i). G kd ndf ndk unr-ltdq unrp ti gl r qi dqd or gl{ q�m vls whlo tdk fl fdo uc, fl hl pr, qi kd fl ul pr — etrq kr f�i �n kip s oc t�lk fiuv q� stl pit qr u XII f. hr q. �. (sr gti ei qli 79 Et vln unr gr qi n tr sr oc), ji oik q�i — u nrq zdIX f. hr q. �. (Zd kdq ow IV). Gr fuc nrp uow {di, wji sr ytr qr or gl {i unlp ur re td ji qlcp qi pr jiv e�v�l ti {l r kd lp uv fr fd qll rh qr nro� {d v�y whlo lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s� f Ld ndf nd k�i l Mtdq.

Ioc str e oi p� tdu str uvtd qi qlc hfw ur u vdf q�y nro� {d v�y whlo rur eri kqd {i qli lpi iv nrp s oinusr gti ei qlc XXVII dxlq unrm dgr t�, ghi re qd tw ji qr hfd �n kip s oc td ji oik q�y nro� {d v�y whlo u fl -v�pl uvitj qc pl. Eqd olk pd vi tl d od �vr gr sr gti ei qlc, sti j hi fui gr ni td pl nl, sr nd k� fd iv, {vr rqrrvqrulv uc n �sr yi si ti yr hd rv str vr gir piv tl {i unr gr n tdq qi gir piv tl {i unr pw si tl r hw54, v. i., srre}i stl qc v�p hd vdp, f sti hi ody sit frm {iv fit vl IX f. hr q. �. G whl ody lk Exlq stih od gd oru� fl hiv�kd lp uv fr fd qli lk re od u vl tdu str uvtd qi qlc Hdo� |vdvv unrm nwo� vw t�55. Sh qd nr khiu� frk ql nd iv ytr qr -or gl {i undc str e oi pd — iu ol uoi hr fdv� re }i stl qc vrm ytr qr or gll ndn Hdo� |vdvv unrm nwo� vw t�, vdnl gir pi v tl {i unr gr si tl r hd, vr rnd jiv uc, {vr whl od lk Exlq sr piq� |im pi ti qd fin, d vr l ero� |i,

49 Miu uiq 1953, 74.50 Balkwill 1973, 433–437, 443–447; Hüttel 1981, 179–180.51 Balkwill 1973, 427–431; Hüttel 1981, 180–181.52 Medvedkaya 1991, 149, n. 3.

53 Balkwill 1973, 433–437.54 Blegen 1952, 279–294.55 Foltiny 1961, 283–285, 295–296; Qih fih undc 1983, 66–67;

Medvedskaya, 1991, 151.

uvdt |i ud p�y tdq qly sr hre q�y ji oik q�y whlo lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s� (ndn, fstr {ip, l lk Zd kdq ow)l ulq ytrq q� etrq kr f�p re tdk zdp lk �vr gr ti gl r qd, lol hd ji uvdt |i ly. Lqd {l vio� qri rpr or ji qlisr gti ei qlc XXVII dxlq unrm dgr t�, d kqd {lv l qd {d od gir pi v tl {i unr gr si tl r hd, ftch ol frk prj qr56.Tr � vr pw uoi hw iv lol stih sr or jlv� qi kd fl ul pri l er oii tdq qii tdk fl vli �vr gr vl sd ji oik qrm wk h� fHti zll, lol wh tif qlv� qd {d or si tl r hd Ha C f [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr si. Su qr fd qlm hoc wh tif qi qlc qd{d -od si tl r hd Ha C er oii, {ip qd fin, r{i flh qr, qi lpi iv uc. Ttl �vrp uoi hw iv kd pi vlv�, {vr uyrh uv frpi j hw whl od pl lk Exlq l gdo� |vdvv unl pl qi vdn wj r{i flh qr, l tch df vr trf sr od gd iv, {vr p� lpiipkhiu� hi or u tdk fl vl ip pl niq unrm vtd hl zll, d qi u kd lp uv fr fd ql ip lk [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr s�57. Ttl -pi qi qli vd nly whlo f Hti zll f gir pi v tl {i unw� �sr yw ufl hi vio� uv fw iv uc vdn ji qd yrh nrm dqd or gl{ qrgrji oik qr gr �n kip s oc td f Od od sr hl, f uori �vr gr fti pi ql58. G o� erp uow {di ti |i qli str e oi p� str -luyr j hi qlc whlo lk Exlq ftch ol pr jiv sr fol cv� qd uhi odq q�m qd pl f� frh r ud pr uvr c vio� qrptdkfl vll hfw {d uv q�y rh qr nro� {d v�y whlo u rv hio� q� pl sud ol c pl f [iq v tdo� qrm Jf tr si l f kd ndf -ndk unr-ltdq unrp ti gl r qi.

Su vdo� q�i dt gw piq v�, stl fi hiq q�i M. R. Qih fih unrm f sro� kw si ti hd vl trf nl {iv fit vr gr uorcZd kdq ow, wji tdu upr v ti q�. Sh qd nr l sr u oih qlm dt gw piqv, ufc kdq q�m u tdk fl vl ip rh qr nro� {d v�ywhlo, vdn ji rv sd hd iv. Itw gri ji ur re td ji qli M. R. Qih fih unrm — r vrp, {vr qd yrh nd ero� |r gr nr ol -{i uv fd ji oik qrm wk h� l fr re }i ji oik q�y stih pi vrf qi frk prj qd qd sd pcv ql ni IX f. hr q. �. — l frfuivtw h qr stl qcv� fr fql pd qli. Sqd lu yr hlv khiu� lk re }ly ur re td ji qlm r fti pi ql tdu str uvtd qi qlcji oi kd, d qi lk nrq ntiv qr gr pd vi tl d od, nr vr t�m f him uv fl vio� qr uvl vro� nr l pr jiv hd vl tr fdv� si ti -yrh n |l tr nr pw ru fr i ql� ji oi kd. O vr pw ji hd ji �vl re }li stih uvd f oi qlc qi f ii sro� kw: E. E. Qdt -vl tr ucq, qd stl pit, rv qr ulv «si tl rh |l tr nr gr ru fr i qlc ji oi kd» f Et pi qll n hr wtdtv unr pw fti pi ql,v. i. n IX f. hr q. �.59 Lqd {l vio� qri nr ol {i uv fr ji oik q�y lk hi olm f Qlq gi {d wt unly nwt gd qdy IX f.hr q. �. wji qi tdk rv pi {d oru�. Qrj qr hr ed flv� l vr, {vr f wji wsr pl qdf |ip uc kd yr tr qi qll XXVIIdxlq unrm dgr t�, nr vr tri stl o� e�y hd vl trf ndy rv qr ulv uc n IX f. hr q. �., ntr pi ji oik q�y whlo, reqd -tw ji q� l htw gli ji oik q�i stih pi v�, f vrp {lu oi pi{ l vr srt. Otr pi vr gr, qi uoi hw iv kd e� fdv�, {vrero� |dc {duv� re qd tw jiq q�y qd Zd kdq ow IV nrq unly wer trf str lu yr hlv lk uorc igr tdk tw |i qlc, dsrvr pw hroj qd hd vl tr fdv� uc qi IX f. hr q. �., d ud p�p nrq zrp IX f. — fti pi qip, nr ghd hr u vd vr{ qr|ltr nri tdu str uvtd qi qli ji oi kd ftch ol pr jiv f� k� fdv� ur p qi qlc. Voi hw iv w{l v� fdv� i}i, {vrlpiq qr tdm rq Zd kdq ow, ndn vr cf uv fw iv lk slu� pd Vdt gr qd II n E| |w tw u rsl ud ql ip ndp sd qll714 g. hr q. �., e�o ru qrf q�p nr qi frh {i unlp tdm rqrp fui gr ti gl r qd. Ri whl fl vio� qr sr � vr pw, {vr tdk -ol{ q�i ufc kdq q�i u nr qi frh uv frp qrf |i uv fd hroj q� e� ol sr c f ocv� uc khiu� tdq� |i, {ip, qd stl pit,f Eu ul tll l Xtdt vw. Sh qlp lk vd nly qrf |iuvf l e� or lu sro� kr fd qli ji oik q�y whlo ({d u vr f ur {i vd -qll u etrq kr f� pl lol tr gr f� pl sud ol c pl): etrq kd rnlu oc iv uc hr u vd vr{ qr e� uv tr l lu sro� kr fd qlietrq kr f�y whlo, f rv ol {li rv ji oik q�y, {ti fd vr rsdu qr uv�� rv td flv� nr qc str hw n vd pl rnlu oi qlc.

Wd nlp re td krp, f� hfl qw v�i M. R. Qih fih unrm dt gw piq v� si ti hd vl trf nl Zd kdq ow IV qi f� hit jl -fd �v ntl vl nl. Ztr qr or gl {i undc ul u vi pd df vr trf tdu nr srn Zd kdq ow, nr vr tdc rsl td iv uc qd ur fr nws -qruv� dt yir or gl {i unly hd vl tr frn l hd vl tr frn, sr ow {iq q�y u sr pr }�� td hlr wg oi trh qr gr pi vr hd, ruvd -iv uc qi sr nr oie oiq qrm. My lu vr tl {i undc lq vit sti vd zlc vdn ji ru vd iv uc f ul oi — Zd kdq ow IV, unr tiifui gr, him uv fl vio� qr, e� or tdk tw |i qr wtdt vd pl. Wr{ qdc hd vd �vr gr tdk tw |i qlc qdp, nr qi{ qr, qi lk -fiuv qd — rqr qi rec kd vio� qr urf sd or u ur uvd f oi ql ip qdh sl ul lk Od odv gd yd, rh qd nr ftch ol e� or rvhi -oi qr rv qigr kqd {l vio� q�p str pi jwv nrp fti pi ql. Tr � vr pw stih uvd f oc iv uc, {vr tdk tw |i qli sr ui oi -qlc Zd kdq ow IV pr jiv wfi tiq qr hd vl tr fdv� uc ud p�p nrq zrp IX f. hr q. �. l re qd tw jiq q�i f �vrp uoriqdyrh nl pr gwv sr-stij qi pw rv qr ulv� uc n IX f. hr q. �. Rd ert wk h�, str lu yr hc }lm lk {iv fit vr gr uorcZd kdq ow e�o, uoi hr fd vio� qr, yd td n vi tiq hoc Qdq q� tw ei jd IX–VIII ff. hr q. �.

56 V. Yro vl ql (Foltiny 1961, 296) hoc vr gr, {vr e� kd sro qlv�

�vw ytr qr or gl {i unw� od nw qw, stih od gd iv hd vl tr fdv� dxlq unri

sr gti ei qli fvr trm sr or fl qrm IX f. hr q. �.57 Müller-Karpe 1962, 66–67, Abb. 28, 7; Donder 1980, 65.

58 Donder 1980, 65–66, Taf. 12, 112 A.59 Qdt vl tr ucq 1964, 193–231. Se lu sro� kr fd qll ji oi kd qd

Zd kdq ow up. usi zl do� qr Pigott 1989, 67–79.

278

279

Sv hio� qrm str e oi prm cf oc iv uc qd yrh nd tc hrp u Zd kdq ow sr gti ei qlc, f nr vr trp e� or sr pi }i qr{i v� ti nr qc. Tr g ti ei qli e� or tdu nt� vr f 1947 g., rh qd nr vdn l qi rswe ol nr fd qr sro qr uv��. U. Hlt| -pdq rswe ol nr fdo igr sodq l qi nr vr tw� nd ud � }w � uc sr gti ei qlc lq xrt pd zl�60, hd vl tr fdo igr qisrkji ui ti hl q� VIII f. hr q. �. l ufc kdo u str qln qr fi ql ip unl xrf qd �vw vit tl vr tl�. Mpi � }ly uchdq q�y, rh qd nr, ur fit |iq qr qi hr u vd vr{ qr ql hoc hd vl trf nl sr gti ei qlc, ql hoc vd nrm igr lq vit sti -vd zll. Vti hl lq fiq vd tc sr gti ei qlc, hr uly srt qi rswe ol nr fdq qr gr, rq wsr pl qd iv etrq kr f�i whl od«u hfwy {d uv q� pl si ti ntw {iq q� pl pwqh |vw nd pl, lpi � }l pl f pi u vi stl nti s oi qlc sud olm l sr fr hdsor unli nro� zd f xrt pi uvti pcq», f nd {i uv fi dqd or gll nr vr t�p stl fr hlv whl od lk Oi oit piu unly nwt -gd qrf. Otr pi vr gr, wsr pl qd �v uc nd ed q�l no� nl, uow jlf |li f nd {i uv fi nrq unly wn td |i qlm (fl hl pr,ti{� lhiv r str ql kcy lk fiuv qr gr ndn f Vnl xll, vdn l htw gly pi u vdy, f {d uv qr uvl sr fui pi uv qr qdGruvr ni f dyi pi qlh unw� �sr yw, vl sd), etrq kr fdc eoc yd u lkr etd ji ql ip gr or f� roi qc, vro nw i pdc ndnsi n vr tdo�, qd nr qi{ ql nl uvtio odf tr ol uv qrm xrt p� (lpiq qr �vd qd yrh nd, sr uor fdp U. Hlt| pd qd,srk fr oc iv hd vl tr fdv� sr gti ei qli qi srk ji ui ti hl q� VIII f. hr q. �.). Ju ol f sr gti ei qll him uv fl vio�qrur hit jd olu� uvti pi{ nr flh q�i etrq kr f�i whl od ni oit piu unr gr vl sd, vr igr him uv fl vio� qr prj qr e�ore� rv qi uvl n tdq qi unlx unrm nwo� vw ti. G nrt tinv qr uvl rsl ud qlc l ur sr u vd f oi qlc u ni oit piu unl plwhl od pl, rh qd nr, prj qr wurp qlv� uc — f {d uv qr uvl sr vr pw, {vr ihlq uv fiq q�i whl od, str lo o� uv tl tr -fdq q�i f kd piv ni ltdq unly dt yir or grf, qi ur rv fiv uv fw �v �vr pw rsl ud ql�61. Gstr {ip, qi cu qr, str lu -yr hcv ol whl od, tl uw qrn nr vr t�y stl fr hlv uc, lk sr gti ei qlc lol qiv. Ri sr qcv qr, nd nrm nrq ntiv qrvls uvtio lpi iv f fl hw U. Hlt| pdq, gr fr tc r «odf tr ol uv q�y» qd nr qi{ ql ndy — iu ol ti{� lhiv r hfwy -or sd uv q�y uvti ody «ni oit piu unr gr» vl sd, vr rql prg ol e� sr k fr olv� vr{ qii hd vl tr fdv� sr gti ei qlifqw v tl tdq qi unlx unrm nwo� vw t� l stl {lu olv� igr n ni oit piu unr pw �vd sw. Sh qd nr qiv ql nd nrm wfi -tiq qr uvl, {vr U. Hlt| pdq lpio f fl hw lpiq qr �vrv vls qd nr qi{ ql nrf, l str vlf vd nr gr stih sr or ji -qlc gr fr tlv vrv xdnv, {vr rq hd vl tw iv ly «qi srk ji ui ti hl q� VIII f. hr q. �.», rv qr uc rh qr fti piq qrOi oit piu unli nwt gd q� n sit frm {iv fit vl VI f. hr q. �. Wrv xdnv, {vr sr gti eiq q�m f hdq qrp kd yr tr qi -qll qd yr hlv uc f unrt {iq qrp sr or ji qll qi sti scv uv fw iv igr frk prj qr pw rv qi ui ql� n tdq qi unlx unrmnwo� vw ti — f sr gti ei ql cy �vr gr si tl r hd fuvti {d �v uc qi vro� nr f� vc qw v�i, qr l unrt {iq q�i nruvcnl,rur eiq qr qd Vi fit qrp Odf nd ki62. Ud kw pi iv uc, xdnv qd ol {lc f sr gti ei qll nrq unly kd yr tr qi qlm udpsr ui ei ql ndn qi pr jiv uow jlv� dt gw piq vrp f sro� kw igr unlx unrm lol nlp pi tlm unrm stl qdh oij -qruvl. Orq unli sr gti ei qlc lk fiuv q� fr fvr trm sr or fl qi II l f qd {d oi I v�u. hr q. �. ndn f Mtd qi lLdndf nd k�i, vdn l, qd stl pit, f Eqd vr oll63. G udprp stih sr or ji qll r vrp, {vr f tdm rqi Zd kdq ow qdm -hi qr srgti ei qli qr ul vi oc tdq qi unlx unrm nwo� vw t�, qiv ql {i gr qi fi tr cv qr gr. Ttl uwv uv fli nlp pi -tlm zif khiu� kd xl n ul tr fd qr slu� piq q� pl vin uvd pl u 714 g. hr q. �., d unl xrf — u 670-y gg. hr q. �.64Otr pi vrgr, qd ud prp Zd kdq ow, f uori III B, nr vr t�m hd vl tw iv uc, r{i flh qr, sit frm sr or fl qrm VII f.hr q. �.65, re qd tw ji q� vl sl{ q�i hoc tdq qi unlx unrm nwo� vw t� ni oit piu unr gr �vd sd nr u vc q�i sud ollu gr orf nrm gtl xr ed td qd (up. f� |i) (��. 27, 1, 2)66, {vr cf oc iv uc pd vi tl do� q�p ufl hi vio� uv frp stl -uwv uv flc f tigl r qi qr ul vi oim tdq qi unlx unrm nwo� vw t� ni oit piu unr gr �vd sd l nrq vd n vrf u ql pl pdq -

60 Ghirshman 1964a, 24–29, 99, Abb. 131. Otdv ndc lq xrt -

pdzlc: Rad, Hakemi 1950 (qd sit ulh unrp ck� ni, non vidi), ii

si ti frh stl fi hiq: Dyson 1965, 208–209.61 Dyson 1965, 209.62 Qwt klq 1984, 53–54; Qd yrt v�y 1991, 38–39.63 Vfrh nw pd vi tl d od hoc Mtd qd l Ld ndf nd k�c up. Tr g ti er fd

1977, 114–137. Vt. Young 1968, 160 (sro q�m nr u vcn or |d hl f

sr gti ei qll vtiv� im {iv fit vl II v�u. hr q. �.); Muscarella 1974,

78–79. Vt. rs ti hi oiq q�i hdq q�i slu� piq q�y lu vr{ ql nrf

r qd ol {ll tdk fl vr gr nr qi frh uv fd l fudh ql {i uv fd f Mtd qi l

Ld ndf nd k�i f IX–VIII ff. hr q. �.: Htdq vrf unlm 1970, 276–279;

Tr g ti er fd 1977, 137–140.64 Ivantchik 1993, 47–51, 85–94; Mfdq {ln 1996, 50–55,

90–97.65 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 20–21.66 G swe ol nd zll rh qr gr lk �vly sud olm ur hit jd oru� igr

r|l er{ qri rv qi ui qli n uor� Zd kdq ow IV: Dyson 1964, 372,

fig. 3, kd vip: Dyson 1965, 211; Young 1967, 33 (r{i flh qr, lpiq -

qr �vd qd yrh nd lpi iv uc f fl hw, nr ghd ti{� lhiv r «one or two

specifically Scythian elements in Hasanlu IV»); Moorey 1971, 109;

Moorey 1971a, 121 (ur rv fiv uv fiq qr, sr hre q�i sud oll u gr orf -

nd pl gtl xr ed td qrf hd vl tw �v uc IX f. hr q. �.). S|le nd lu std -

f oi qd: Muscarella 1974, 79, n. 16, rh qd nr lqr ghd sr fvr tc odu� l

f er oii srkh qly td er vdy, up., qd stl pit Yamauchi 1982, 71;

Yamauchi 1983, 92.

qim unr gr qdui oi qlc Zd kdq ow, d vdn ji l i}i rh qlp ufl hi vio� uv frp hd vl trf nl ni oit piu unr gr �vd sd tdq -qi unlxunrm nwo� vw t� sit frm sr or fl qrm VII f. hr q. �. Gstr {ip, sr unro� nw sr gti ei qli lk Zd kdq ow qirswe ol nr fd qr, fui tdu uw j hi qlc r qip ru vd �v uc uw gw er gd hd vio� q� pl l rqr qi pr jiv e�v� hd vl tr fdqrlol rv qi ui qr n rs ti hi oiq qrm nwo� vw ti67. Vr rv fiv uv fiq qr, �vr sr gti ei qli qi pr jiv uow jlv� ru qr frml ndnly e� vr ql e� or f� fr hrf.

67 Vp. re �vrp sr gti ei qll i}i: Muscarella 1975, 211–212 (qi

hd vl tw iv uc lk-kd sor yrm swe ol nd zll); Muscarella 1988, 219–

220 (qi tdq� |i qd {d od VII f. hr q. �., sr qd yrh ni f sr gti ei qll

nd edq� ly no� nrf, uow jlf |ly {d uv�� wk h�, khiu� ji ustd fih -

ol fr rv pi {d iv uc qi reru qr fdq qruv� wv fit jhi qlm r stl uwv uv -

fll unl xrf f Mtd qi i}i f IX f. hr q. �.); Moorey 1982, 97

(tdu upd v tl fd iv hdq qri sr gti ei qli, qd tc hw ur unlx unl pl �oi -

piq vd pl «nod hd lk Ll fli», «unlx unl pl» hi vd oc pl wk h� lk

Zd kdq ow III l qi nr vr t� pl htw gl pl hdq q� pl ndn ufl hi vio� uv -

fr unlx unr gr stl uwv uv flc f ltdq unrp Owt hl uvd qi fr fvr trm

sr or fl qi VII f. hr q. �.); Tr g ti er fd 1977, 81, 134–135 (stl -

ql pd iv hd vl trf nw U. Hlt| pd qd fti pi qip qi srk ji ui ti hl q�

VIII f. hr q. �., qr ufc k� fd iv igr qi ur unl xd pl, d u gtws srm

qd ui oi qlc (ltdq z� ?), str qln |im f Mtdq lk Rlj qi gr

Trfro j�c {i tik Odf ndk f nrq zi II– qd {d oi I v�u. hr q. �. l

ruvd flf |im vdn ji Qlq gi {d wt unli l Ol tr fd edh unli nwt gd q�),

ut. Tr g ti er fd 1984, 46; Ow tr{ nlq 1982, 43–47 (qi vr{ qri

lkor ji qli vr{ nl kti qlc U. Hlt| pd qd — ipw stl sl u� fd iv uc

hdvl trf nd sr gti ei qlc 750–600 gg. hr q. �., stl {ip whl od,

nrvr t�i vrv utdf ql fdo u ni oit piu unl pl, sti ftd }d �v uc f

«str vr ni oit piu unli»; df vrt stl ur i hl qc iv uc n �vrm «suif hr-

glt| pd qrf unrm» hd vl trf ni, l u{l vd iv sr gti ei qli unlx unlp).

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:ap`lhxbhkh J. F. 1961: D bnopnqs na nqbnemhh fekeg` m` repphrnphh <nqrnwmni =psghh. — <=F=22-;.

:jhxeb D. :., :jhxeb` :. D. 1978: Ipnakel{ upnmnknchh p`mmecn }rò` q`jqjni jsk|rsp{. — <: :puen knch -weqjhe o`l_rmhjh D`gùqr`m` (:kl`-:r`).

:kejqeeb :. T. 1992: Kjhtqj`_ upnmhj`. Kjht{ b VII–V bb. dn m. }.: hqrnphjn-`puenknchweqjhinwepj (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).

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:mthlnb G. <. 1971: Kknfemhe lenrqjni jsk|rsp{ h qb_gh ee qn qreom{lh jsk|rsp`lhKebepmncn Iph wepmnlnp|_. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtqjni `puenknchh = FB:177 (Fnqjb`).

:mthlnb G. <. 1975: Gnb{e o`l_rmhjh dpebmelenrqjni jsk|rsp{ (lnchk|mhj usr. Dsa`m -qjncn). — <: Kjhtqjhi lhp (Dheb).

:o`jhdge :., Ghjnk`hxbhkh <., Fekhr`sph D., Khu`pskhdge :., K`dp`dge <., h dp. 1982: Fvuerqj`_ `puenkn ch -weqj`_ }jqoedhvh_ 1979 cnd`. — <: Fvuer`. Jegsk|r`r{ `puenknchweqjhuhqqkedn b`mhi. L. VI (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je.

:pex_m =. ?. 1983: J`qjnojh ank|xhu R`lhp`lqjhu jspc`mnb. — <: :H 1981 (Fnqjb`).:qk`mnb =. F., <`hdnb J. F., Bnme =. B. 1959: >pebmhi Fhmcew`sp (;`js).:t`m`q|eb =. ?., Dngemjnb` <. B. 1981: H mehgbeqrm{u oncpea`k|m{u jnlokejqù opedqjhtqjncn oephnd` hg njpe -

qr mnqrei Dhqknbndqj`. — K:, № 2.;`pjnb` E. E. 1983: Bgnap`femh_ qbepmsbxhuq_ uhymhjnb m` gnknr{u ok`qrhmù hg Fì -

}lhp`. — :K=S 24.;`rwèb <. F. 1985: >pebmnqrh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn oephndnb. — <: :puenknchweqjhe

hqqkedn b` mh_ m` mnbn qrpnijù Dà`pdhmn-;`kj`phh b 1972–1979 cc. II(G`k|whj).

;ekhmqjhi :. <. 1990: D bnopnqs n bpelemh on_bkemh_ xkelnb `qqhphiqjncn rho` m` D`bj`ge. —K:, № 4.

;hdghk_ <. B., Ujnbemjn S. <. 1974: Dhllephiqjhe oncpeaemh_ <{qnjni lnchk{. — K:, № 1.;naphmqjni :. :. 1902: Hrwer n p`qjnojù b Qepj`qqjnl h Qhchphmqjnl segde Dhebqjni cspaepmhh

b 1901 cnds. —�B:D 4.;njhi G. F., =npask =. I., Hrpnyemjn <. <. 1991: Dhllephiqjhe gùnpnmemh_ m` Dhpnbncp`dyhme. — K:, № 1.;njhi G. F., Hk|unbqjhi <. K. 1994: J`mmeqjhtqjhi jspc`m m` dmeopnbqjnl Ip`bnaepef|e. — J:, № 2.<`k|w`j K. ;. 1994: D bnopnqs n d`rhpnbje jnlokejq` hg Qepmncnpnbqjncn jspc`m`. — J:, № 2.<`k|w`j K. ;. 1997: Ipedqjhtqj`_ sgd` <nqrnwmni ?bpno{: sgdewm{e jnlokejr{ q rpeuoerek| -

w`r{lh oq`kh_lh (jk`qqhthj`vh_ h upnmnknch_). — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh(Fnqjb`).

<`k|w`j K. ;. 1997`: Ipedqjhtqjhe jnkeqmhv{ h «mnbnwepj`qqjhe jk`d{» (mejnrnp{e dnonk -memh_ j opnakele). — <: I`l_rmhjh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn bpelemhm` ~ce <nqrnw mni ?bpno{ = F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchhJnqqhh 1 (Fnqjb`).

<`k|w`j K. ;., F`lnmrnb <. B., K`gnmnb :. :. 1996: J`mmhe o`l_rmhjh wepmncnpnbqjncn }rò` b <nqrnwmni

288

?bpnoe: opnhqunfdemhe h upnmnknch_. — <: Bqrnphjn-`puenknchweqjhi`k|l`mù 2 (:pl` bhp, Fnqjb`).

<`k|w`j K. ;., Spkhu <. J. 1993: ?ye p`g n jnlokejqù rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — <: <rnp`_ Dsa`m -qj`_ `puenknchweqj`_ jnmtepemvh_. Leghq{ dnjk`dnb (Dp`qmnd`p).

<`pemnb :. <. 1992: D opnakele jhrìqjn-j`bj`gqjhu jnmr`jrnb (m` l`reph`ke apnmgnb{uxkelnb). — <: Kebepm`_ ?bp`gh_ nr dpebmnqrh dn qpedmebejnb|_. Leghq{jnmtepemvhh j 90-kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ F. I. =p_gmnb` (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).

<hmncp`dnb <. ;. 1972: Pemrp`k|m{i h Kebepn-<nqrnwm{i D`bj`g b qjhtqjne bpel_ (VII–IV bb.dn m. }.) (Fnqjb`).

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lsgej` 4.<hxmebqj`_ H. :. 1973: Dsk|rsp` q`jqjhu okelem mhgnb|eb K{pd`p|h b VII–V bb. dn m. }. on l`re -

ph`k`l Mi c`p`j` = Lpsd{ Onpeglqjni `puenkncn-}rmncp`thweqjni}jqoedhvhh 8 (Fnqjb`).

<npnmnb T. G. 1969: :puenknchweqj`_ j`pr` :au`ghh (Ksuslh).<npnmnb T. G. 1980: H upnmnknchweqjhu qb_g_u jhllephiqjn-qjhtqjni h jnkuhdqjni jsk| -

rsp. — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb).<npnmnb T. G., <ngm~j :. K. 1975: Gnb{e `puenknchweqjhe mùndjh b =sd`srqjnl pìnme :au`gqjni :KKJ. —

K:, № 2.<_g|lhrhm` F. B. 1963: J`mmhe o`l_rmhjh qjhtqjncn gbephmncn qrhk_. — K:, № 2.=`k`mhm` E. D. 1983: J`mmeqjhtqjhe sgdewm{e mànp{. — :K=S 24.=`k`mhm` E. D. 1991: Dnmr`jr{ qjhtnb q akhfmebnqrnwm{l lhpnl (on l`reph`k`l Dekep -

leqqjhu jsp c`mnb). — :K=S 31.=`k`mhm` E. D. 1995: J`mmeqjhtqjhe qrpekjnb{e mànp{ hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb. — :K=S 32.=`k`mhm` E. D. 1997: Dekepleqqjhe jspc`m{. «P`pqjhe» oncpeaemh_ p`mmeqjhtqjni }onuh =

Kreo m{e m`pnd{ ?bp`ghh I (Fnqjb`).=`k`mhm` E. D., :kejqeeb :. T. 1990: Gnb{e l`reph`k{ j hqrnphh A`jsa`m|_ b p`mmeqjhtqjne bpel_. —

:K=S 30.=emmhmc <. N. 1977: Fnchk|mhj Khmr`xr` h opnakel` p`mmhu hp`mqjhu okelem. — K:, № 4.=emmhmc <. N., Ad`mnbhw =. ;., =emmhmc <. <. 1992: Khmr`xr` = :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh `phiqjhu okelem

Mp`kn-D`gùqr`mqjhu qreoei 1 (Qek_ahmqj).=npekhj F. <. 1987: J`mmee qjsk|orspmne hgnap`femhe qjhtqjncn bnhm`. — <: Dhllephiv{ h

qjht{. Leghq{ dnjk`dnb <qeqn~gmncn qelhm`p`, onqb_yemmncn o`l_rh:. B. Lepemnf jhm`. L. I (Dhpnbncp`d).

=npekhj F. <. 1993: Hpsfhe dpebmecn <nqrnj` (Fnqjb`).=npixmii I. :. 1978: ;pnmgnbi bsdhk` g q. Lepelvi. — :puenknci_ 27.=npndvnb <. :. 1928: D bnopnqs n jhllephiqjni jsk|rspe = LK: J:GBHG 3.=p`mrnbqjhi S. :. 1970: J`mm__ hqrnph_ hp`mqjhu okelem Iepedmei :ghh (Fnqjb`).=p`mrnbqjhi S. :. 1994: H upnmnknchh opea{b`mh_ jhllephiveb h qjhtnb b Iepedmei :ghh. — J:,

№ 3.=phmebhw D. S. 1951: Gnb{e d`mm{e on `puenknchh Dà`pd{. — <: F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_

on `puen kn chh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = FB: 23 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).=p_gmnb F. I. 1980: :pf`m. P`pqjhi jspc`m p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh (Eemhmcp`d).>`md`lèb F. :. 1977: Gnb{e d`mm{e b`bhknmqjhu dnjslemrnb VI–V bb. dn m. }. n q`jù. — <>B,

№ 1.>`mhek_m H. :. 1973: D upnmnknchh mejnrnp{u jspc`mnb :gepaìdf`m`. — <: F`reph`k|m`_

jsk|rsp` :gepaìdf`m` 7.>ebedf_m K. =. 1981: Enph-aepd. I. Jegsk|r`r{ p`qjnonj 1969–1973 cc. (?peb`m).>fò`phdge H. F. 1953: ;pnmgnb{e rnonp{ gò`dmni =psghh (D bnopnqs n bedsyhu rhoù npsdhi

ongdme apnmgnbni jsk|rsp{). — K: 18.>nl`mqjhi U. <. 1979: Gnb{i jnlokejq Dnkuhdqjni jsk|rsp{ b :au`ghh. — L=S 20.

289

>sanbqj`_ H. J. 1989: D hmrepoper`vhh jnlokejqnb rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — K:, № 1.>sd`peb K. E. 1991: Bg hqrnphh qb_gei m`qekemh_ D`bj`g` q jhllephiqjn-qjhtqjhl lhpnl

(=pngm{i).>sd`peb K. E. 1995: D opnakele bg`hlndeiqrbh_ okelem Kebepmncn D`bj`g` q p`mmhlh jnweb -

mhj`lh b opedqjhtqjs~ }onus (:pl`bhp).>sd`peb K. E., Fùnpr{u K. <. 1981: D rnkjnb`mh~ hjnmncp`thh mejnrnp{u `mrhwm{u hgnap`femhi jhllephi -

veb. — <: :mrhwm{e cnqsd`pqrb` h b`pb`pqjhi lhp (Hpdfnmhjhdge).>|_jnmnb B. F. 1951: Inqkedmhe cnd{ sp`prqjncn cnqsd`pqrb` on `qqhpn-b`bhknmqjhl hqrnw -

mhj`l. — <>B, № 2.>|_jnmnb B. F. 1951`: :qqhpn-b`bhknmqjhe hqrnwmhjh on hqrnphh Mp`prs. — <>B, № 2.>|_jnmnb B. F. 1956: Bqrnph_ Fhdhh (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).>|_jnmnb B. F. 1994: Dhllephiv{ h qjht{ m` >pebmel <nqrnje. — J:, № 1.?cnpnb G. F. 1955: Fnchk|mhj qjhtqjncn bpelemh akhg c. Fhmep`k|m{e bnd{. — DKB: 58.?q`_m K. :. 1966: Hpsfhe h bnemmne dekn dpebmei :plemhh (?peb`m).?q`_m K. :. 1976: >pebm__ jsk|rsp` okelem Kebepn-bnqrnwmni :plemhh (?peb`m).?q`_m K. :., Incpeanb` F. G. 1985: Kjhtqjhe o`l_rmhjh A`j`bj`g|_ (Fnqjb`).A`dmeopnbqjhi T. :. 1962: >pebmegelkedek|weqj`_ jsk|rsp` Nepc`m{ = FB: 118 (Fnqjb`, Eemhm -

cp`d).Aapseb` :. <. 1952: Bqrnph_ m`qekemh_ Iphj`l|_ b :m`m|hmqjs~ }onus = FB: 30 (Fnqjb`).Aseb <. T. 1993: Bgswemhe fànrhmqjhu cp`bhpnbnj h opnakel` p`gbhrh_ gbephmncn qrhk_ b

ebpn oei qjni Kjhthh m` psaefe VII–VI bb. dn J. Op. — Ierepaspcqjhi`puenknchwe qjhi beqrmhj 6.

Bb`mwhj :. B. 1996: Dhllephiv{. >pebmebnqrnwm{e vhbhkhg`vhh h qreom{e jnwebmhjh bVIII–VII bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`).

Bb`mwhj :. B., b oew`rh: G`j`msme jnknmhg`vhh. Kebepmne Iphwepmnlnp|e h qreom{e jnwebmhjhVIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b `mrhwmni rp`dhvhh (Fnqjb`).

Beqqem :. :. 1941: :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh Dà`pdhmn-;`kj`phh. — <: F`reph`k{ on`puen kn chh Dà`pdhmn-;`kj`phh = FB: 3 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).

Beqqem :. :. 1953: D bnopnqs n o`l_rmhjù VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. m` ~ce ?bpnoeiqjni w`qrhKKKJ (Gnbnwepj`qqjhi jk`d 1939 c.). — K: 18.

Beqqem :. :. 1954: Gejnrnp{e o`l_rmhjh VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — <:<nopnq{ qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh (Fnqjb`).

Beqqem :. :. 1965: Bg hqrnphweqjncn opnxkncn Fhk|qjn-D`pàùqjni qreoh. — <: Lpsd{:gepaì df`m qjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh. L. II (1956–1960) = FB:125.

Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1968: Kjht{ >meopnbqjncn keqnqreomncn Eebnaepef|_ (Dheb).Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1971: Hap`g jnx`w|ecn uhymhj` b p`mmeqjhtqjnl hqjsqqrbe. — K:, № 2.Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1973: Hrmnqhrek|m`_ upnmnknch_ p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`mnb a`qqeim` pejh

L_qlhm. — K:, № 3.Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1975: J`mmeqjhtqjhe jspc`m{ a`qqeim` pejh L_qlhm (Dheb).Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1982: Bgnap`femh_ qjhtnb bpelemh oepedme`gh`rqjhu onundnb. — <: >pebmnqrh

qreo mni Kjhthh (Dheb).Bk|hmqj`_ <. :., Fngnkebqjhi ;. G., Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1980: Dspc`m{ VI b. dn m. }. s qek` F`rsqnb`. — <: Kjhth_

h D`bj`g (Dheb).Bk|hmqj`_ <. :., Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1987: Kjhth_ VII–V bb. dn m. }. (Dheb).Bql`chknb J. <. 1988: Incpeaemhe ;nk|xncn =sl`pnbqjncn jspc`m` b Tfmnl Iphsp`k|e h opna -

kel` opnhqunfdemh_ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. — :K=S 29.Brhm` F. :., Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1997: K`jh Ghfmei K{pd`p|h (on l`reph`k`l lnchk|mhj` Tfm{i L`chqjem)

(Fnqjb`).Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1951: Dspc`m Kr`px` Fnchk` — o`l’_rj` `pu`VwmnV KjitiV. — :puenknci_ 5.Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1961: Kjitq|ji qnjhph. — :puenknci_ 12.Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1961`: Kjitq|j` bsgd` VI qr. dn m. e. (g` l`repi`k`li Inqskk_). — :puenknci_ 13.Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1973: ;pnmgnbi m`jnmewmhjh qrpik r`j gb`mncn fànrhmq|jncn i mnbnwepj`q|jncn

rh oib. — :puenknci_ 12.D`k`md`dge :. G. 1980: K`lr`bpn. :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh dn`mrhwmni }onuh. — <: Fvuer`.

290

Jegsk| r` r{ `puen kn chweqjhu hqqkednb`mhi 4 (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl_g{je.

D`r`knc 1993: D`r`knc qkswìm{u mùndnj hg `puenknchweqjhu qnap`mhi >nmevjni nak` -qrh = :puenknchweqjhi `k|l`mù 1 (>nmevj).

Delemveh L. 1986: Ipedqjhtqj`_ }onu` b bnqrnwmni <emcphh. — <: :puenknch_ <emcphh.Dnmev II r{q. dn m. }. – I r{q. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`).

Dhqek| <. :. 1994: Geqjnk|jn g`lew`mhi na nap`ge jnx`w|ecn uhymhj` b p`mmel qjhtqjnlhqjsq qrbe. — <: Skhrm{e jspc`m{ qreoei ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjs~}onus (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).

Dknwjn <. B., Fspghm <. T. 1987 H bg`hlndeiqrbhh leqrm{u h ophbmeqemm{u }kelemrnb qjhtqjni jsk| -rsp{. — <: Kjht{ Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Dheb).

Dknwjn <. B., Fspghm <. T. 1989: H upnmnknchh dpebmnqrei wepmncnpnbqjn-mnbnwepj`qqjncn rho`. — <:Ipna kel{ `puenknchh Indmeopnb|_ (>meopnoerpnbqj).

Dknwjn, <. I., Kjnphi 1993: Dspc`m № 15 aik_ Kreakeb` s Inpnqqi. — :puenknci_, № 2.Dnb`keb` B. N., <nkjnani K. K., Dnqremjn <. B., R`knasdnb <. G. 1978: :puenknchweqjhe hqqkednb`mh_ b gnme

qrpn h rek|qrb` npnqhrek|mni qhqrel{ swung` «K`l`pqjhi» (>meopnoer -pnbqjncn qek| qjn ung_iqrbemmncn hmqrhrsr`). — <: Dspc`mm{e dpebmnqrhqreomncn Indme opnb|_ (III–I r{q. dn m. }.) (>meopnoerpnbqj).

Dnb`keb` B. N., <nkjnani K. K., F`phm` A. I., Dnqremjn <. B., Inovnb <. :., Jnl`xjn <. :. 1978: J`qjnojh jsp -c` mnb b a`qqeime K`l`p{. — <: :H 1977 (Fnqjb`).

Dnb`keb` B. N., Fsuno`d K. ?. 1982: Kjhtqjne oncpeaemhe jnmv` VI–V bb. dn m. }. s q. :kejq`mdpnbj`. — <:>pebmnqrh qreomni Kjhthh (Dheb).

Dnbo`memjn =. L. 1962: Incpeaemhe VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b a`qqeime p. <npqjk`. — DKB:M 12.Dnbo`memjn =. L. 1966: Gnq`wibq|jhi jspc`m VIII–VII qr. dn m. e. — :puenknci_ 20.Dnbo`memjn =. L., =so`kn G. >. 1984: Incpeaemhe bnhm` s q. Dbhrjh b Inpnq|e. — <: <nnpsfemhe qjhtnb h q`p -

l` rnb (Dheb).Dngemjnb` <. B. 1975: Kb_gh qebepmncn D`bj`g` q j`po`rn-dsmìqjhl lhpnl (mejnrnp{e `puenkn -

ch we qjhe o`p`kkekh). — <: Kjhtqjhi lhp (Dheb).Dngemjnb` <. B. 1986: Iqedùqjhi lnchk|mhj Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{ (on p`qjnoj`l 1976–

1977 cc.). — <: Gnbne b `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Fnqjb`).Dngemjnb` <. B. 1990: Opnmnknch_ Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{: dnqrhfemh_, no{r srnwmemh_, mepexem -

m{e opna kel{. — K:, № 3. Dngemjnb` <. B. 1995: Hpsfhe, bnhmqjne h jnmqjne qm`p_femhe okelem Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{

(qhqrel` rh g`vh_ h upnmnknch_). Aò`dm{i b`ph`mr = K:B, < 2–5, b{o. 4(Fnqjb`).

Dngemjnb` <. B. 1996: Dsk|rspmn-hqrnphweqjhe opnveqq{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge b }onus ongdmeiapnmg{ h b p`mmel fekegmnl beje (Mgknb{e opnakel{ opnhqunfdemh_ hp`gbhrh_ Dna`m qjni jsk|rsp{) (Fnqjb`).

Dnlhqq`pnb K. :. 1988: Dnlokejq bnnpsfemh_ dpebmecn Dhr`_. Sonu` ongdmei apnmg{ (Gnbn -qhahpqj).

Dnpem_jn <. :., Esj|_xjn K. B. 1982: Gnb{e l`reph`k{ p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh m` kebnaepef|e Ghfmecn>nm`. — K:, № 3.

Dnphdge >. E. 1965: D hqrnphh jnkuqjni jsk|rsp{ (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je.Dnqhjnb <. :. 1992: Leumhj` hgcnrnbkemh_ usdnfeqrbemm{u apnmgnb{u opedlernb jnmqjncn

qm`p_ fe mh_ qjhtqjni }onuh. — <: >nmevjhi `puenknchweqjhi qanpmhj 2.Dnrnbhw <. =., >`bsdnb H. F. 1980: H oephndhg`vhh h upnmnknchh o`l_rmhjnb ongdmei apnmg{ – p`mmecn

fekeg` m` qebepn-bnqrnwmnl D`bj`ge. — K:, № 4.Dpsomnb ?. B. 1951: F`reph`k{ on `puenknchh Kebepmni Hqerhh dnjna`mqjncn oephnd` (no{r

oephn dh g`vhh o`l_rmhjnb }onuh }menkhr` h apnmg{). — <: F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = FB: 23 (Fnqjb`,Eemhmcp`d).

Dpsomnb ?. B. 1960: >pebm__ hqrnph_ Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Fnqjb`).Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1974: Dnkeqm{i rp`mqonpr h opnakel` }rmhweqjni h qnvh`k|mni hqrnphh dpeb -

mecn m`qe kemh_ ~fmnpsqqjhu qreoei. — <>B, № 4.Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1975: Jev.: <hxmebqj`_ H. :. Dsk|rsp` q`jqjhu okelem mhgnb|eb K{pd`p|h b

291

VII–V bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb` 1973). — K:, № 2.Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1980: ?ye p`g n dhqjnbhdm{u oq`kh_u ebp`ghiqjhu qreoei. — DKB: 161.Dsg|lhm{u K. <. 1983: Fer`kkspch_ <nkcn-D`l|_ b p`mmel fekegmnl beje. Fed| h apnmg`

(Fnqjb`).Dspnwjhm =. G. 1982: O`g`mks h qjht{. — IA 17.Dspnwjhm =. G. 1990: Anknrni qnqsd hg F`pkhj`. — K:, № 2.Dspnwjhm =. G. 1993: Kbepmsbxhiq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj h «ker_yhi» nkem|. — <: :mrhwm`_

vhbhkhg`vh_ h b`pb`pqjhi lhp. II (Gnbnwepj`qqj).Dspnwjhm =. G. 1993`: :puenknchweqjhi onhqj `phiveb m` >pebmel <nqrnje: «v`pqjhi» lnchk| -

mhj F`p khj b Kebepmnl Bp`me (bnopnq{ upnmnknchh, jsk|rspncemeg` h}rmhweqjni `rph as vhh). — Ierepaspcqjhi `puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 7.

Dspnwjhm =. G. 1994: Opnmnknch_ oepedme`gh`rqjhu onundnb qjhtnb on ohq|lemm{l h`puenknchweqjhl d`mm{l. — J:, № 1.

Dspnwjhm =. G., Ksaanrhm :. <. 1993: ;neb{e wej`m{ (jkebv{) q cnknbjni uhymni orhv{ lefds anijnl hbrskjni b `gh`rqjni h ebpnoeiqjni w`qr_u qjhtqjncn lhp` (j opnakeleopnh qunfde mh_ h p`qopn qrp`memh_). — <: :mrhwm`_ vhbhkhg`vh_ hb`pb`pqjhi lhp. II (Gnbn wep j`qqj).

Dstrhm ;. :. 1941: :puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh b Lph`kerh. I. Ho{r oephndhg`vhh o`l_rmhjnb(Lah khqh).

Dstrhm ;. :. 1949: F`reph`k{ j `puenknchh Dnkuhd{. I (Lahkhqh). Dsxm`peb` D. O. 1957: Gejnrnp{e o`l_rmhjh }onuh ongdmei apnmg{ b G`cnpmnl D`pàùe. — K:

27.Dsxm`peb` D. O. 1959: :puenknchweqjhe pànr{ 1954 c. b njpeqrmnqr_u qek` Ondf`k{. — <: Lpsd{

:gep aì df`mqjni (Hpem-j`khmqjni) `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh. L. I =FB: 67 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).

Eeqjnb :. F. 1964: >pebmeixhe pncnb{e oq`khh hg Lpùrelhpnb`. — K:, № 1.Eeqjnb :. F. 1972: Gnb{e qnjpnbhy` jspc`mnb Mjp`hm{ (Eemhmcp`d).Eeqjnb :. F. 1981: Dspc`m{: mùndjh, opnakel{ (Eemhmcp`d).Eeqjnb :. F. 1984: H upnmnknchweqjnl qnnrmnxemhh o`l_rmhjnb m`w`k` fekegmncn bej` m`

~ce ebpnoei qjni w`qrh KKKJ. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`).

Enfjhm F. G., Ierpemjn <. =. 1981: Mgdewm{i mànp hg Dp`qmnd`pqjncn jp`_. — DKB: 167.Enlr`rhdge =. :. 1955: :puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh b dpebmecpsghmqjni qrnkhve Fvuer` (Lahkhqh).Esj`xnb :. <. 1984: Gnb{i o`l_rmhj VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b A`bnkf|e. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh

b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`).F`pq`dnknb E. K. 1988: >emdpnupnmnknch_ ank|xhu jspc`mnb K`_mn-:kr`_ I r{q. dn m. }. — :K=S

29.F`pq`dnknb E. K., Aìveb` =. B., Eeaedeb` E. F. 1994: Dnppek_vh_ demdpnupnmnknchweqjhu h p`dhnsckepndm{u

nopedekemhi dk_ ank|xhu jspc`mnb K`_mn-:kr`_. — <: Skhrm{e jspc`m{qreoei ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjs~ }onus (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).

F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1954: H dpebmel onqekemhh h lnchk|mhje akhg Eemhm`j`m`. — DKB: 55.F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1961: =npnd Leixea`hmh. In p`qjnoj`l 1947–1958 cc. (?peb`m).F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1964: :plemh_ b }onus apnmg{ h p`mmecn fekeg` (?peb`m).F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1967: J`qjnojh :pchxrhuhmhkh. — K:, № 4.F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1974: :pchxrhuhmhkh (?peb`m).F`prhpnq_m :. :., Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1958: Mp`prqjhi jnksla`phi Gnp-:pex`. — Bgbeqrh_ :G :pl. KKJ 10, m`

`pl_mqjnl _g{je.Fùnprhu K. <. 1992: I`l’_rjh rhos Gnbnwepj`q|jncn qj`pas (g` l`repi`k`lh Iibmiwmncn

D`bj`gs). — :puen knci_, № 1.Fùnpr{u K. <. 1991: Kjht{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge (Dheb).Fùnpr{u K. <. 1994: Dhllephiv{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge (Dheb).Fùnpr{u K. <. 1994`: Ha sgdewm{u ophm`dkefmnqr_u ~c` <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ opedqjhtqjncn

bpelemh. — <: Leghq{ dnjk`dnb lefdsm`pndmni jnmtepemvhh «Ipnakel{qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_», onqb_yemmni95-kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ ;. G. =p`jnb`. II (Aònpnf|e).

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D`pàù h Gùhweb`mqjhi jpì, qm`p_femmni b 1926 c. Hayeqrbnl hgswe -mh_ :gepaì df`m`. — K=:BFD 1.

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Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1954: Gùndjh opedlernb apnmgnbncn bej` b qekemhh Lnknpq (b A`mcegspe):pl_mqjni KKJ. — DKBBFD 54.

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:H :puenknchweqjhe nrjp{rh_ b KKKJ (Fnqjb`).:K=S :puenknchweqjhi qanpmhj =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` (Eemhmcp`d).<=F= <eqrmhj =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Fsge_ =psghh (Lahkhqh).<>B <eqrmhj dpebmei hqrnphh (Fnqjb`).DKB: Dp`rjhe qnnayemh_ Bmqrhrsr` `puenknchh :G KKKJ (Fnqjb`).DKB:M Dp`rjhe qnnayemh_ Bmqrhrsr` `puenknchh :G MKKJ (Dheb).DKBBFD Dp`rjhe qnnayemh_ Bmqrhrsr` hqrnphh l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ :G KKKJ (Fnqjb`).FB: F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh KKKJ (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).J: Jnqqhiqj`_ `puenknch_ (Fnqjb`).K: Knberqj`_ `puenknch_ (Fnqjb`).K:B Kbnd `puenknchweqjhu hqrnwmhjnbK=:BFD Knnayemh_ =nqsd`pqrbemmni :j`delhh hqrnphh l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ (Eemhmcp`d).K=S Knnayemh_ =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` (Eemhmcp`d).L=S Lpsd{ =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` (Eemhmcp`d).LK: J:GBHG Lpsd{ qejvhh `puenknchh Jnqqhiqjni :qqnvh`vhh G`swmn-hqqkednb`rek|qjhu hmqrhrsrnb on

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Jhq. 1 Ik`m on cpe ae mh_ m` Gnp xsm re oe. Dn mh 1 h 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Jhq. 2 Ik`m on cpe ae mh_ m` Gnp xsm re oe. Dnm| 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Jhq. 3 D` le p` brn pn cn on cpe ae mh_ m` Gnp xsm re oe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Jhq. 4 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ m` Gnp xsm re oe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Jhq. 5 J`m me qjht qjhe g` qref jh cn ph rnb. 1. Kr`px`_ lnchk`; 2. ;eknckhmj`; 3. Ipsqq{; 4. @spnbj` 447; 5,

16. @spnbj` 432; 6, 19, 20. @spnbj` 406; 7. Lph ;p`r`; 8. Hqm_ch; 9, 10. >`p|ebj`; 11. Iepea{jnbv{; 12. Dniqsch;

13–15. Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 17. Esjh; 18. Dnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj; 21. Sxj`jnm 4; 22. A`keq|e. Dnqr|. . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Jhq. 6 :q qh phi qjhi pek| et hg dbnp v` K`p cn m` II b >sp-R`p ps jh me (on le ye mhe 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Jhq. 7 ;pnm gn b{e oped le r{ hg on cpe ae mh_ F` kn cn jsp c` m` (:gep aì df`m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Jhq. 8 @e keg m{e m` jn mew mh jh jn ohi. 1. Ln o p`j j` ke; 2. Opr` mnv; 3. G` bsp; 4. Qn p` r`m;

5, 6. >h kh f`m; 7. Kr`p x`_ ln ch k`; 8. Dekep leq; 9, 10. Je o_ un b` r`_ ln ch k`; 11. F` je eb j` 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Jhq. 9 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ Β 10a, β 6 >hm u`- re oe II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Jhq. 10 Dn q r_ m{e }ke lem r{ jnm qjni sg d{ (opn mh gh h m` jn mew mh jh oq` khi)

hg De kep leq qjhu jsp c` mnb 1 h 2 <e qe knb qjn cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Jhq. 11 Bm bem r`p| ~f mn cn on cpe ae mh_ jsp c` m` 1 s usr. Dp`q mne Am` l_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Jhq. 12 Mg dew m{e m` an p{ h m` jn mew mh jh qrpek qjht qjn cn rh o` q D`p lhp-;ks p`.

1–6. Dnm qj`_ sg dew j` hg on le ye mh_ 25; 7–10. Mgdew j` jn m_, on cha xe cn oph xrsp le jpe on qrh;

11–18. Dnm qj`_ sg dew j` hg on le ye mh_ 18; 19. G` jn mew mh jh qrpek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Jhq. 13 ;pnm gn b`_ opn mhg| hg ls ge_ Fe rpn on kh rem, G|~ Cnpj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Jhq. 14 Bg de kh_ «qjht qjn cn» rh o` hg D`p lhp-;ks p` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Jhq. 15 ;pnm gn b{e jnk| v` q lst rni. 1, 2. «Ixhx qjhi jk`d» 1988 c.; 3. Os rnp :ke j qe eb qjhi;

4. Eep lnm rnb qjhi p`gz egd; 5. Fn chk| mhj Ixhx; 6. «:j qì qjhi jk`d»; 7. Dbhr jh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Jhq. 16 Bm bem r`p| jsp c` m` M`x uh rs b :d{ cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Jhq. 17 Je jnm qr psj vh_ jn keq mhv hg me j pn on k_ K` k` lh m` (Dhop). 1. =pna mh v` 79, B; 2. =pna mh v` 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Jhq. 18 Dnk| v` nr _p l` jn keq mhv hg me j pn on k_ K` k` lh m` (Dhop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Jhq. 19 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ s Blhp ke p` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Jhq. 20 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ s Eep lnm rnb qjn cn p`gz eg d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Jhq. 21 G` und jh hg ln chk| mh j` K`l r`b pn (=ps gh_).

1–11. Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 106; 12–30. Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Jhq. 22 ;n e b{e jkeb v{. 1. Fh ms qhmqj; 2. Ks k`j s Hpem asp c`; 3. :m`m| h mn; 4. Fe q rn m` und jh me hg beqr mn,

Fs gei Fe rpn on kh rem, G|~-Cnp j; 5. Iep j`k| qjhi ln chk| mhj s I_ rh cnp qj`; 6. Fn chk| mhj =sm de kem;

7. Fn chk| mhj Mi c` p`j, jsp c`m 84; 8. In c pe ae mhe s Blhp ke p`; 9. Jì nm Fs x`; 10. Fn chk| mhj

K` j`p-w` c` 6, jsp c`m 23; 11. Hpe un bn Es c`m qjni nak.; 12. :m`rnkh_, :puenknchweqjhi lsgei Kr`lask` . . . . . 46–47

Jhq. 23 G` jn mew mh jh qrpek hg p`g cpà kem mn cn on cpe ae mh_ le f ds L` xn bni h E_ dh jnl akhg :l` q|h . . . . . . . . . . 50–54

Jhq. 24 ;pnm gn b{e m` jn mew mh jh qrpek q pek| et m{ lh ler j` lh b bh de «qke d` orhw| ei k` o{». 1–3. =s l` pn bn;

4. Gn b`_ ;e kn cnp j`, jsp c`m 2, on cpe ae mhe 38; 5–7. J`g cpà kem mne on cpe ae mhe le f ds L` xn bni

h E_ dh jnl; 8. ;n c`g jî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

312

313

Jhq. 25 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ jsp c` m` 2 s q. @` an rhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Jhq. 26 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ jsp c` m` 16 ln chk| mh j` G`p r`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Jhq. 27 Dn q r_ m{e oq` khh «qjht qjn cn» rh o`. 1, 2. O` g`m ks III; 3. D` ok`m rs; 4–5. Q` bsx re oe; 6. Gsx-h >f`m . . . . . . 65

Jhq. 28 ;pnm gn b{e m` jn mew mh jh qrpek hg ;n c`g j^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Jhq. 29 Lpeu oe rek| w` r{i fe keg m{i oq` khi hg ;n c`g j^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Jhq. 30 ;pnm gn b{e m` jn mew mh jh qrpek. 1–4. Gsx-h >f`m; 5. F` x`r Os ~j; 6. D` _ k{ de pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Jhq. 31 Dn q r_ m`_ ok` qrhm j` hg K`pd q hgn ap` fe mh el qbep msb xe cn q_ uhy mh j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Jhq. 32 Dn q r_ m{e ok` qrhm jh hg K`pd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Jhq. 33 Bgn a p` fe mh_ qbep msb xe cn q_ gbe p_ b jn web mh we qjnl gbe ph mnl qrh ke. 1. ;s re pnk| hg q. Jsj, Tf m`_

Hqe rh_; 2. ;s re pnk| hg on cpe ae mh_ 164 Lkhi qjn cn ln chk| mh j`; 3. ;k_ u` hg jsp c` m` 482 s q. ;` qnb j`;

4. ;s re pnk| hg jsp c` m` 21 me j pn on k_ G`p r`m; 5. ;s re pnk| hg on cpe ae mh_ 216 Lkhi qjn cn ln chk| mh j`;

6. ;s re pnk| hg jsp c` m` 2 s >`p| eb jh; 7. ;s re pnk| hg on cpe ae mh_ 258 Lkhi qjn cn ln chk| mh j`; 8. ;s re pnk|

hg N` q j`s, Hqe rh_; 9. ;s re pnk| hg jsp c` m` s usr. Kreo mni akhg =s dep le q`; 10. ;k_ u` hg jsp c` m` 499

s q. ;` qnb j`; 11. ;k_x j` hg jsp c` m` 33 ln chk| mh j` Mi c` p`j; 12. ;k_x j` hg jsp c` m` 27 ln chk| mh j` Mi c` p`j;

13. >e r`k| ak_ uh b bh de o`m re p{ hg De kep leq qjn cn jsp c` m` 1 Rsk| v`; 14. ;k_ u` hg jsp c` m` :p f`m, Ls b`;

15. Jsw j` gep j` k` hg pì nm` Dp`q mn d`p qjn cn bn dn up` mh kh y`; 16. ;k_ u` hg Ah bhe, hp`m qjhi Dsp dh qr`m;

17. ;k_ u` hg Kh ahp qjni jnk kej vhh Ie r p` I; 18. Jswj` gep j` k` hg De kep leq qjn cn jsp c` m` 2 <e qe knb qjn cn;

19. ;s re pnk| hg jnk kej vhh ;`p a|e-F~k kep b @e me be, le q rn m` und jh me hg beqr mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78–79

Jhq. 34 1–3. Dn q r_ m{e opn mh gh q hgn ap` fe mh el qbep msb xe cn q_ uhy mh j` hg De kep leq qjhu jsp c` mnb.

4–9. ;pnm gn b{e opn mh gh. 1. Dsp c`m 2, p`q jno jh G. B. <e qe knb qjn cn; 2, 3. Dsp c`m 24, p`q jno jh

E. D. =` k` mh mni; 4, 5. K`p d{; 6–9. Fe q rn m` und jh me hg beqr mn; 6. Q` qr mne qn a p` mhe, =ep l` mh_;

7. Fs gei hg_y m{u hq jsqqrb b ;n q rn me; 8, 9. Fs gei Fe rpn on kh rem, G|~-Cnpj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Jhq. 35 1–7. Bgn a p` fe mh_ cn kn b{ uhy mni orh v{ b jn web mh we qjnl gbe ph mnl qrh ke. 8–15. «Dk~ bn bhd m{e»

h «jncre bhd m{e» opn mh gh. 1. G` jn mew mhj mn fem hg on cpe ae mhe 8 jsp c` m` 7 s q. Gn bn ke j q`m d pnb j`;

2. Ipn mhg| hg jsp c` m` 9 s usr. In onb j`; 3. >e r`k| sg d{ hg jsp c` m` 2 s q. >`p| eb j`; 4. G` jn mew mhj

mn fem hg jsp c` m` 6 ln chk| mh j` G`p r`m; 5. ;k_x j` hg jsp c` m` 2 s q. <nk jnb v{ (p`q jno jh 1897);

6. G` jn mew mhj mn fem hg on cpe aemh_ 246 Lkhi qjn cn ln chk| mh j`; 7. G` jn mew mhj mn fem hg on cpe ae mh_ 2

jsp c` m` Je o_ un b` r`_ ln ch k`; 8. Dsp c`m 466 s q. :j q~ rhm v{; 9. Dsp c`m 478 s q. <nk jnb v{; 10. Dsp c`m 38

s q. =s k_i cn pnd; 11. In c pe ae mhe 1 jsp c` m` A` u` pei jn b` ln ch k`; 12. In c pe ae mhe 2 jsp c` m`

Je o_ un b` r`_ ln ch k`; 13. D` lem mn ln qr qjhi ln chk| mhj; 14, 15. Iep qe onk| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Jhq. 36 Bgn a p` fe mh_ jn mei ùe le mhd qjni }on uh. 1, 2. Iep qe onk|, pek| e t{ ò` d` m{;

3. J`q ohq m`_ w` x` hg F` x`r Os ~j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Jhq. 37 ;pnm gn b{e ok` qrhm jh q hgn ap` fe mh _ lh cnpm{u jng knb h j` a` mnb. 1, 2. K`p d{;

3. Bg lhr; 4. Lpn d` (?), ;ph r`m qjhi ls gei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Jhq. 38 ;pnm gn b{e ok` qrh m{ h opn mh gh q hgn ap` fe mh _ lh cnp m{u jng knb. 1. Fe q rn m` und jh me hg beqr mn,

P~ phu qjne w` qr mne qn a p` mhe; 2. Lsp vh_, w` qr mne qn a p` mhe, KR:; 3. Kh ph_, Esbp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Jhq. 39 Bgn a p` fe mh_ cnp m{u jng knb h j` a` mnb. 1, 2. Ipn mh gh hg F` kni :ghh (?), ;ph r`m qjhi ls gei;

3. Ipn mhg| hg =e k{, Tf m`_ Kh vh kh_; 4. Ik` qrh m` hg ;n c`g j^_; 5. Iped ler hg ;n c`g j^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Jhq. 40 Ipn mh gh q hgn ap` fe mh _ lh cnp m{u jng knb h j` a` mnb. 1. Lsp vh_, Fs gei hg_y m{u hq jsqqrb b ;n q rn me;

2. Fe q rn m` und jh mehg beqr mn, Fs gei hg_y m{u hq jsqqrb b ;n q rn me; 3, 4. Steq qjhi :p re lh qhi . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Jhq. 41 Ik` qrh m{ hg qkn mn bni jn q rh q hgn ap` fe mh _ lh cnp mn cn jng k` h a` p` m`. Steq qjhi :p re lh qhi . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Jhq. 42 ;k_x jh q hgn ap` fe mh _ lh j` a` mnb h cnp mn cn jng k`. 1. Bp`m;

2. Dsp c`m s q. :p u`m cek| qj`_ qkn an d`; 3. Dsp c`m 6 s q. :ke j q`m d pnb j`; 4. «Ah bhe» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Jhq. 43 G` und jh hg }teq qjn cn :p re lh qh_. 1. An kn r`_ ond be q j` b bh de cn kn b{ a{ j`, sbem w`m mni cn kn bni k|b`;

2. ;pnm gn b`_ ond beq j`-as ae mev; 3. Kr` rs }r j` an ch mh hg qkn mn bni jn q rh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Jhq. 44 Jek| e t{ :x xsp m` vhp o` k` II hg Ghl ps d`. 1. Jek| et B.M. 124559 (on le ye mhe B, okh r` 27);

2. Je jnm qr psj vh_ pek| e tnb on le ye mh_ B dbnp v` :x xsp m` vhp o` k` II b Ghl ps de;

3. Jek| et m` okh re 28 hg rn cn fe on le ye mh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Jhq. 45 Bgn a p` fe mh_ jnm m{u ksw mh jnb m` `q qh phi qjhu oe w` r_u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

314

Jhq. 46 Bgn a p` fe mh_ jnm m{u ksw mh jnb m` sp`pr qjhu apnm gn b{u on _ qù . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Jhq. 47 J`g cpnl `p` anb `q qh phi v` lh. Jek| et{ Ke bep mn cn dbnp v` :x xsp a` mh o` k` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Jhq. 48 ;` r`k| m`_ qve m` m` apnm gn bnl `q qh phi qjnl be dep je . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106–107

Jhq. 49 Bgn a p` fe mhe m` jk` gn lem qjnl q`p jn t` ce hg ;ph r`m qjn cn ls ge_ (B.M. 96.6-15.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Jhq. 50 >e r`k| hgn ap` fe mh_ m` jk` gn lem qjnl q`p jn t` ce hg ;ph r`m qjn cn ls ge_ (B.M. 96.6-15.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Jhq. 51 >e r` kh hgn ap` fe mhi m` jk` gn lem qjhu q`p jn t` cù. 1. Bg lhp, Basmahane 3493; 2. I` phf, Esbp, CA 1024 . . . . 110

Jhq. 52 «Sr psq qj`_» `l tn p` hg ls ge_ <` rh j` m` (№�231) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Jhq. 53 :r rh we qjhi dh mnq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Jhq. 54 >e r`k| rn cn fe dh mn q` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Jhq. 55 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ jsp c` m` 15 s q. Krea ke bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116–117

Jhq. 56 1–5. Dk`d apnm gn b{u be yei hg Ksp ls xh, =ps gh_. 6–11. ;pnm gn b{e oped le r{

hg on cpe ae mh_ 39 Ds a`m qjn cn ln chk| mh j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Jhq. 57 ;h le r`k kh we qjhe jhm f` k{. 1–12. Ke bep m{i D`b j`g; 13–16. I` l_r mh jh «tp` jn-

jhl le phi qjn cn» jps c` hg Pem r p`k| mni ?bpn o{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Jhq. 58 1–27. Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ s q. ;s rem jh. 28–32. G` jn mew mh jh jn ohi.

28. Dk`d :dep mn, Kh vh kh_; 29–31. Dk`d Dn l knd, <em cph_; 32. Ge j pn onk| Dsl, Br` kh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Jhq. 59 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 35 ln chk| mh j` N`pq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Jhq. 60 Dk`d s dep. Ip~d|, <em cph_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Jhq. 61 1–14. Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 186 ln chk| mh j` Dkhm-_p III s Dh qkn bnd qj`.

15, 16. G` und jh hg p`g ps xem mn cn jsp c` m` s q. J`dh n mnb j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Jhq. 62 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 34 ln chk| mh j` m` rep ph rn phh Dh qkn bnd qjni le aek| mni t` a ph jh . . . . . . . . . . . 134–135

Jhq. 63 Mdh k` h oq` khh. 1. >h q jn bhd m{i oq` khi hg Fh jem; 2. >h q jn bhd m{i oq` khi

hg ln chk| mh j` Khm r`x r`; 3–5. Mdh k` q dhqjnbhd m{ lh oq` kh _ lh hg Ew` xem qjhu jsp c` mnb;

6. Mdh k` q op_ ln scnk| m{ lh oq` kh _ lh hg Fh jem; 7. Iq` khi hg Nhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Jhq. 64 ;pnm gn b{e oped le r{ hg jk` d` b Dbe ln-K` qh pe rh, =ps gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Jhq. 65 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 79 ln chk| mh j` :p rhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Jhq. 66 ;pnm gn b`_ jnm qj`_ oe j rn p`k| `q qh phi qjni p` an r{ q a` r`k| mni qve mni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144–145

Jhq. 67 ;pnmgnb{e sdh k` q m` os qj m{ lh oq` kh _ lh. 1–4. Ge j pn onk| K` k` lh m` (Dhop); 5. :qr u`d gnp qjhi

ln chk| mhj, :p le mh_; 6. Iq` khi hg on cpe ae mh_ 46 ln chk| mh j` L`j-Dh kh q`, Lph ke rh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Jhq. 68 ;pnm gn b{e sdh k` q m` os qj m{ lh oq` kh _ lh. 1. Fn chk| mhj >h l`v s Dh pn b` j` m`; 2. In c pe ae mhe 9

me j pn on k_ D` k` jemr s Dh pn b` a` d`; 3. In c pe ae mhe 49 me j pn on k_ D` k` jemr s Dh pn b` a` d`; 4. Dsp c`m 1

s :p w`d gn p`; 5. Dk`d hg Ln k`, =ps gh_; 6. =pna mh v` 50 (XXI L) me j pn on k_ F`p khj, Bp`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Jhq. 69 G` und jh b on cpe ae mhh 1 me j pn on k_ Gnp-:pex (Spe as mh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148–149

Jhq. 70 G` und jh b on cpe ae mhh 2 me j pn on k_ Gnp-:pex (Spe as mh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Jhq. 71 ;pnm gn b{e th csp jh nke mei hg cpna mh v{ 50 (XXI L) me j pn on k_ F`p khj, Bp`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Jhq. 72 ;pnm gn b`_ th csp j` nke m_ hg Ln knpq qjn cn jsp c` m`, :p le mh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Jhq. 73 G` und jh hg Fhm ce w` sp qjhu jsp c` mnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Jhq. 74 ;pnm gn b{e sdh k`. 1. Fn chk| mhj s q. Phmv j` pn, Lph ke rh; 2. O` g`m ks IV;

3. In c pe ae mhe 74 me j pn on k_ Kh kj B; 4, 5. Bp`m, rnw mne le q rn m` und jh me hg beqr mn;

6. In c pe ae mhe 117 ln chk| mh j` Lpe kh b Lah kh qh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Jhq. 75 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 433 ln chk| mh j` :p rhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Jhq. 76 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 218 ln chk| mh j` :p rhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Jhq. 77 ;pnm gn b{e sdh k`. 1, 2. In c pe ae mhe 112 me j pn on k_ D` k` jemr s Dh pn b` a` d`; 3. In c pe ae mhe 10

me j pn on k_ L`j-Dh kh q`; 4. Gejpn onk| K` dù kn b pì nme Lah kh qh; 5. In qe ke mhe s Ee mh m` j` m`;

6. In c pe ae mhe 67 me j pn on k_ L`j-Dh kh q` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

315

Jhq. 78 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 13 me j pn on k_ ;ex r` xe mh, Lph ke rh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164–165

Jhq. 79 Dk`d apnm gn b{u hg de khi hg Eì k` xh, Dnk uh d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Jhq. 80 Dnm qj`_ sg d` hg O` g`m ks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Jhq. 81 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ 15 me j pn on k_ Kh kj B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Jhq. 82 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ 3 me j pn on k_ Le oe =h _m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Jhq. 83 Bm bem r`p| jsp c` m` 23 ln chk| mh j` K` j`p-w` c` 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173–175

Jhq. 84 G` und jh hg jsp c` m` 524 s q. @` an rhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Jhq. 85 1–8. G` und jh hg jsp c` m` s usr. :ke j qe eb qjhi akhg Kr`b pn on k_.

9–17. G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ 47 mejpnonk_ D` k` jemr s Dhpnbà`d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Jhq. 86 ;pnm gn b{e sdh k` oep qhd qjn cn rh o`. 1. Iep qe onk|; 2. :th m{, qkni oep qhd qjn cn p`g cpn l`;

3, 4. >e be Os ~j; 5, 6. Fe q rn mùndjh me hg beqr mn, Dh eb qjhi hq rn ph we qjhi ls gei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Jhq. 87 Mp`pr qj`_ jnm qj`_ sg d`. 1, 3, 4. Mdh k` q m`d oh q|~ v`p_ Fe ms`; 2, 5. Mdh k` q m`d oh q|~ v`p_ K`p ds ph II;

6–12. Mg d` aeg m`d oh qei. 1, 2. D`plhp-;ksp; 3, 8, 9. Fsgei =`gh`mreo`; 4. Fsgei <`m`; 5. :gm`bspreoe;

6, 7. Fsgei Sk_g{c`; 10, 11. Fsgei :d`m{; 12. Nhk`dek| thiqjhi lsgei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Jhq. 88 1–3. Iped le r{ jnm qjni sg d{ hg p`g ps xem mn cn on cpe ae mh_ s q. F` j`p xem, :p le mh_.

4–16. G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ m` g` o`d mni nj p` h me Dh pn b` j` m`, p`q jno jh 1961 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Jhq. 89 G` und jh hg «brn pn cn jnl o ke j q`» qb_ rh kh y` Fe k` mh, bn q rnw m`_ =ps gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186–187

Jhq. 90 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 19 ln chk| mh j` G` a` c pe ah akhg Fvue r{, =ps gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Jhq. 91 Dk`d apnm gn b{u hg de khi hg Feu whq-Ph ue, =ps gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Jhq. 92 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 16 ln chk| mh j` Lpe kh II b Lah kh qh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192–193

Jhq. 93 Mdh k`. 1. ;e khm (Js l{ mh_); 2, 3. =p`m qnm (Rbei v` ph_); 4. Dnp qe ker (Rbei v` ph_);

5. Fe ph cem (Rbei v` ph_); 6. P~ phu-:k| oem je (Rbei v` ph_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Jhq. 94 Mdh k`. 1. :p mn k| dh (Ke bep m`_ Br` kh_); 2. Mc p` (<em cph_); 3. N~ cnd (<em cph_);

4. <epu me jn a`m qjhi ln chk| mhj; 5, 6. Bp`m, le q rn m` und jh me hg beqr mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Jhq. 95 ;pnm gn b{e sdh k` q fe qr jn qj pe o kem m{ lh oq` kh _ lh. 1. Ke kn Le pel v{; 2. Fe q rn m` und jh

me hg beqr mn, Dh pn bn cp`d qjhi ls gei; 3. Dsp c`m 26 ln chk| mh j` Mi c` p`j;

4. Dsp c`m 55 ln chk| mh j` Tf m{i L` ch qjem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Jhq. 96 1–13. G` und jh hg jsp c` m` 2 s q. ?m d f` (;nk c` ph_). 14–18. G` und jh hg jsp c` m` 376 s q. Dnm qr`m rh mnb j` . . . 200

Jhq. 97 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ m` bng b{ xem mn qrh Qhx un b :d{ cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Jhq. 98 Ie ped me gh r qjhe sdh k` hg q` lnq qjn cn =e pì n m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Jhq. 99 >e r`k| reu fe sdhk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Jhq. 100 Dnmqj`_ sg d` hg cpna mh v{ 3 :k r{m re oe, Lsp vh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206–207

Jhq. 101 ;pnm gn b{e oq` khh hg cp` ah rek| qjhu p`q jn onj. 1. Ip` h qrn ph we qjne cn qs d`p qr bem mneqn a p` mhe, F~m uem;

2, 3. Pemrp`k|m{i Jhlqjn-cepl`mqjhi lsgei, Fìm v; 4. Mmh bep qh rer qjhi ls gei Nh k` dek| thh;

5. Fs gei Sk_ g{ c`; 6. Fs gei Fe rpn on kh rem, G|~-Cnpj; 7. Fs gei Sx ln kh em, Hjq tnpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Jhq. 102 Bm bem r`p| Gn q` web qjn cn jsp c` m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Jhq. 103 :q qh phi qjhi pek| et hg dbnp v` K`p cn m` II b >sp-R`p ps jh me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Jhq. 104 Krem m{e pnq oh qh hg dbnp v` Lhk| ;`p qh o` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Jhq. 105 1–12. ;k_xjh. 13–19. A`qre fjh. 20, 21. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ jnmqjni sgd{ hg qkn_ p`g ps xemh_ O`g`mks IV.

1–6. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`lep` 26; 7. Dsp c`m @hpmnjkeebqjhi 6; 8. Fephcem, Rbeiv`ph_;

9. Fek kemrhm, qebepn-bnqrnwm`_ =ep l` mh_; 10. Dna`mqjhi ln chk|mhj, oncpe aemhe 31;

11. Dspc`m Krph fem` lnchk`, >n mevj`_ nak`qr|; 12. O` g` m ks IV; 13–15. Dspc`m :pf`m,

j` le p` 1; 16. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`le p` 31; 17. Dspc`m <{qnj`_ lnchk`, cpnamhv` 2;

18. Dspc`m <{qnj`_ lnchk`, cpnamhv` 5; 19. Dspc`m s q. <`qhk|ebj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Jhq. 106 G` und jh hg jsp c` m` s q. Dbhr jh b In pn q|e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217–219

Jhq. 107 Mp`prqjhe apnmgnb{e jnknjnk|whjh hg bnqrnwmni :m`rnkhh. 1. Dnknjnk|whj

q m`dohq|~ Fems`; 2. Dnknjnk|whj q m`dohq|~ :pchxrh I; 3, 4. Dnknjnk|whjh aeg m`dohqei . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Jhq. 108 ;pnm gn b{e as aem v{ hg Bp` m`. 1–3. O` g`m ks IV; 4–8. =p` ah rek| qjhe p`q jno jh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Jhq. 109 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{. 1–11. Fnchk|mhj :prhj. 1. Inc pe aemhe 92; 2, 3. Incpeaemhe 180;

4, 5. Incpeaemhe 196; 6, 10. Inc peaemhe 203; 7, 8. Incpeaemhe 322; 9, 11. Incpeaemhe 360;

12–21. Fnchk|mhj Enph-aepd. 12–16. Incpeaemhe 2; 17–21. Incpeaemhe 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Jhq. 110 ;pnm gn b{e as aem v{. 1. J` d` m|_, F` je dn mh_; 2. O` s uh v`, F` je dn mh_; 3. Srnq, Br` j`;

4. Ehm dnq, Jn dnq; 5. Mc p`, <em cph_; 6. Lpfre mn, ;n ce lh_; 7–10. Fnchk|mhj Jedjhm k`cep|;

11. ;n kn m|_-K` be m`, on cpe ae mhe 296; 12, 16–18. Fhmcew`sp, cpsmrnb{i lnchk|mhj h oepb{i jspc`m;

13–15. ;n kn m|_-K` be m`, on cpe ae mhe 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Jhq. 111 G` und jh hg p`g ps xem mn cn on cpe ae mh_ ln chk| mh j` Dkhm-_p III, p`q jno jh 1987 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Jhq. 112 1. Rkel hg ln chk| mh j` N` q j`s (=` kh r). 2–10. G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ b Iph lnp qjnl, :a u` gh_ . . . . . . . . 231

Jhq. 113 Kue l` rh we qjhi ok`m on cpe ae mh_ b jsp c` me 1 s q. :p w`d gnp, ph qs mnj S. Jeq ke p` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Jhq. 114 ;hr b` `q qh phi veb q sp`p r` lh. Bgn a p` fe mhe m` apnm gn bni nahb je «;` k` b`r qjhu bn pnr» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Jhq. 115 1. G` yew mhj sp`pr qjn cn xke l` q m`d oh q|~ Bx os h mh. 2. Je jnm qr psj vh_ xke l`

q }rhl m` yew mh jnl. 3, 4. Rke l{ hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Jhq. 116 Mp`pr qjhe xke l{ q m`d oh q_ lh :p chx rh I. 1. Fn chk| mhj <epu m__ Jsr u`; 2. D`p lhp-;ksp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Jhq. 117 Mp`pr qjhe xke l{. 1. D`p lhp-;ksp; 2. <n q rnw m`_ :m` rn kh_, ;` dem qjhi Ae lek| m{i ls gei, D`p kq ps} . . . . . . 243

Jhq. 118 ;pnm gn b{e xke l{. 1. <n q rnw m`_ :m` rn kh_, =n qs d`p qr bem mne op` h qrn ph we qjne

qn a p` mhe, F~m uem; 2, 3. O` g`m ks IV; 4. I`ke- I` tnq, Dhop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Jhq. 119 Rke l{. 1. Ahm d fhp kh; 2–4. <n q rnw m`_ :m` rn kh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Jhq. 120 Dk`d s cn p{ ;ex r`s s I_ rh cnp qj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Jhq. 121 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ 1 Ksk r`m cnp qjn cn ln chk| mh j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Jhq. 122 Bm bem r`p| on cpe ae mh_ 14 ln chk| mh j` Dkhm-_p III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Jhq. 123 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ m` unk le <e pe y` ch m` b Sxe ph, :a u` gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Jhq. 124 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ b q. :msu b`, :a u` gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252–253

Jhq. 125 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ 11 ;ex r` xem qjn cn ln chk| mh j`, Lph ke rh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Jhq. 126 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ s D` a`m-cn p{ akhg Dh qkn bnd qj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Jhq. 127 G` und jh hg on cpe ae mh_ 4 ln chk| mh j` «Bm ds qr ph_-1» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Jhq. 128 I`m vhp m{e ok` qrhm jh. 1, 2. :k r{m re oe, Lsp vh_; 3. O` g`m ks IV; 4. D`p lhp-;ksp; 5–7. ;n c`g j^i . . . . . . . . . 260

Jhq. 129 ;pnm gn b{i jnm qjhi m` mnq mh j q m`d oh q|~ Bx os h mh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Jhq. 130 Ik` qrhm jh hg qkn mn bni jn q rh. 1. Fe chd dn, I` ke qrh m`; 2. Sm jn lh, Dhop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Jhq. 131 1. :q qh phi qjhi pek| et B.M. 124544 hg dbnp v` :x xsp m` vh p o` k` II b Ghl ps de.

2. :q qh phi qj`_ jnm mh v`. Bgn a p` fe mhe m` apnm gn bni nahb je «;` k` b`r qjhu bn pnr» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Jhq. 132 :q qh phi qjhe pek| e t{ hg dbnp v` Lhc k`r o` k` q` p` III b Ghl ps de. 1. Ikh r` B.M. 118907;

2. Ikh r` B.M. 118905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Jhq. 133 Dn q r_ m{e ok` qrhm jh hg O` g`m ks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Jhq. 134 Bgn a p` fe mh_ bq`d mh jnb. 1, 2. Jek| e t{ hg Ahm d fhp kh; 3. ?ch oer qjhi pek| et hg Ls ph m`;

4. Jek| et J`l qe q` II hg :as-Khl ae k`; 5. Kped me q qh phi qj`_ oe w`r| }on uh K`k l` m` q` p` I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Jhq. 135 :q qh phi qjhi pek| et hg dbnp v` Lhc k`r o` k` q` p` III b Ghl ps de. Or. Dr. III. Central XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

D`p r` `puenknchweqjhu o`l_rmhjnb 1. <nqrnwm`_ ?bpno` h Iepedm__ :gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284–285

D`pr` `puenknchweqjhu o`l_rmhjnb 2. Bp`m, Tfm{i Mp`k, Pemrp`k|m`_ :gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286–287

317

��"��) ��&�($ ��

=`k`mhm`, E. D. 82

=epndnr 16, 56, 73, 114

=eqhuhi 73

=hc 73

=hpxl`m, J. 212, 266, 279, 280

=nd`p, :. 172

=npekhj, F. <. 118

=p`mrnbqjhi, S. :. 60, 98, 102

=p_gmnb, F. I. 172

=srl`m, :. 241, 246

>ìqnm, J. 270, 275, 276

>`phi I 16

>hrv, M. E. 261

>nkaefeb, <. B. 228

>sd`peb, K. E. 210, 234, 240

>|_jnmnb, B. F. 15, 18, 60, 155

Aìdk|, M. 241

Ahlphkhl 272, 274

Aseb, <. T. 62

Bepelh_ 59, 60

Beqqem, :. :. 120, 128, 247, 276, 277

Bxoshmh 184, 236, 239, 241, 242, 264, 265

Bxr`p 282

C{kd{p{l, J. 182

D`kkhlù 72

D`kkhm 73

D`kkhqtem 73

D`k|leiep, I. 168

Dekk|mep, O.-C. 102

Dhaek` 84

Dhqek|, <. :. 76

Dknwjn, <. B. 118, 122, 132

Dnbo`memjn, =. L. 125, 210, 214, 216

Dngemjnb`, <. B. 130, 230, 240, 255

Dnqhjnb, <. :. 119

Dnqq`j, =. 18, 21, 24, 35, 48, 49, 124, 125, 154,

188, 230, 255

Dpeg 69, 72, 90

Dpnk|, K. 60

Dspnwjhm, =. G. 56, 119, 119, 154

Dstrhm, ;. :. 230, 232–234, 247

Dsxm`peb`, D. O. 154

D~ooep, @.-J. 274

Eejk`m, @. 272

Ehcd`lhq 70–73

:ap`lhxbhkh, J. 190

:d`dmhp`ph I 154, 155

:d`dmhp`ph II 155

:d`dmhp`ph III 155

:jspc`k, S. 97

:kejq`mdp F`jednmqjhi 180

:kejqeeb, :. T. 49, 61, 214, 216

:kh`rr 18, 20, 57, 72, 76, 84, 94, 281

:l`mdph, I. 94

:mthlnb, G. <. 122

:pchxrh I 60, 158, 182, 184, 221, 222, 240–243,

246, 257, 272

:pchxrh II 102, 190, 208

:pdhq 73

:prelhd` Steqqj`_ 72, 73, 90, 96, 97

:puhknu 73

:q`pu`ddnm 16, 17, 18, 19, 56, 213

:qr`pr` 105, 272

:rvhmcep, <. 90

:thm` 71

:uelemhd{ 16, 60, 105

:xxsp 100, 238, 264, 278

:xxspa`mho`k 16, 17, 57, 60, 100, 102, 143,

210, 212, 235–237, 270, 282

:xxspm`vhpo`k II 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 142, 143,

213, 214, 234, 235, 238, 240, 263, 266, 268, 270

;`llep, :. 72, 96, 97

;`pa|e-F~kkep 79, 80

;ùdhkhl 272

;ekhmqjhi, :. ;. 234

;epph, ;. 81

;^lep, J. 70, 168

;njunphq 123, 124

;nsgej, U. 120

;pemr|eq, ;. 76

;}kjshkk, K. 277

<ìdmep, ?. 154

<`k|da`sl, >f. 81

<`k|w`j, K. ;. 128, 220

<eaep, H. 100

<eqeknbqjhi, G. B. 31, 34, 48, 49, 57, 68, 77, 79, 82,

115, 118

<etkep, F. 98, 100, 213

<hgmep, C. 274

<npnmnb, T. G. 232, 247, 256

Ehqhlù 71

E}i_pd, =. 236

F`g`p`jh 81

F`prhpnq_m, :. :. 143, 153, 154, 158, 160, 184, 278

F`qj`pekk`, H. 152, 153, 270, 275, 276

Fùnpr{u, K. <. 118, 119, 216, 234, 256, 282

Fedbedqj`_, B. G. 17, 27, 35, 57, 60, 62, 137, 155,

162, 170, 180, 210, 263, 264, 266, 270, 272, 274–278

Fekemr|eb, :. G. 35, 36

Fems` 60, 143, 182–184, 188, 221, 222, 241,

242, 246, 264

Fhmmq, S. 105

Fhrp` 261

Fnxhmqjhi, :. 230

Fspghm, <. T. 122, 132

Fsph, I. 180

F}dksl, L. 235

Gàno`k`q`p 59

G`bsundnmnqnp 58

Gek|qnm 172

Hlsp`, K. 67

H~m, ;. 152

I`pjep, ;. 100

Ierp I 79

Ihnrpnbqjhi, ;. ;. 232

Ikhmhi 72

Iksr`pu 102

Incpeanb`, F. G. 60, 97, 143, 153, 155, 256

Indnaed, <. :. 49

Inrp`v, C. 180, 194

Jèbqjhi, >. K. 60

J`lqeq II 257, 272, 273

J`lqeq III 257

J`qq`l, H. 59

J`qqek, >f. 236

Jel, S. 241

Jeledf, S. 73

Jeqkep, S. 233

Jnqrnbveb, F. B. 100, 105

Jsq` I 60, 62

Jsq` II 59, 60, 67, 282

Jsq` III, q{m Sphlem{ 60, 243

K`kl`m`q`p I 273, 274

K`kl`m`q`p III 213, 236, 238, 240, 242, 263, 266

K`kl`m`q`p V 213, 214

K`pcnm II 26, 27, 71, 100, 143, 210, 212–214, 234–238,

263, 264, 266, 270, 275, 278

K`pdsph II 60, 170, 182–184, 190, 203, 221,

242, 243

K`pdsph III 59, 60

K`pdsph, q{m K`pdsph 60

Khmùuepha 102, 210, 212, 234–237, 257, 270

Kj`jnb, :. T. 255

Kjnp{i, K. :. 118

Klhpmnb`, =. B. 124

Knpnjhm, K. K. 74

Krpànm 70

Krpnmù, >. 153, 210

Kskhlhpqjh, L. 98

Leixea` 241

Lelmhvjhi 194

Lepemnfjhm, :. B. 17, 120, 122–125, 128, 130,

154, 162, 190, 216

Lesxo` 56

Leunb, ;. <. 230

Lhck`ro`k`q`p I 238, 264

Lhck`ro`k`q`p III 143, 212, 213, 234–237, 263, 264,

266, 269, 270, 274, 275

Lsjsk|rh-Ghmspr` II 142, 238, 242

L~pn->`mfem, N. 212, 213

Mm`k, <. 42

Nk`md`m, S. 26

Nnkrhmh, K. 278

Nnpsch 182

O`kdh 241

O`mtl`mm, >f. 69, 73

O`sorl`mm, O. 21, 23, 24, 27, 34, 42, 67, 81

O`w`rp_m, L. K. 142, 160

Obnijn, <. <. 62

Oepvtek|d, S. 34, 81, 100

Onc`pr, >. 90

Onkk, =. 272

Onunpnbqjh, U. 136

Opnsd`, ;. 153, 236

O~rrek|, O.-=. 194, 214, 216

Q`khxj`m, F. 42

Qepmemjn, ?. <. 256

Qfns, Aò`dmne 76, 118

R`l`x 17, 18, 19, 56

R`lxh-hks 213

Rettep, >f. 73

Rrsjh, J. 94

Rsk|v, >. =. 34, 48, 77, 79, 118

Sphjqnm, S. 266

Sphlem` 60

Spkhu, <. J. 36, 120, 128, 130, 132, 134, 137, 176, 178,

194, 196, 198, 202, 228, 234, 235, 261, 262, 277mDug-dam-me-i 15

Sand/ta 15mSa-an-dak-KUR-ru 15mTe-uš-pa-a 15

Λύγδαμις 15

319

:`cqr`, oncpeaemhe 255

:au`gh_ 56, 230, 231, 251, 253, 255

:as-Khlaek 272, 273

:cpà-reoe (158) 236

:d`m`, c. 172, 182, 183, 246

:d`xebv{ 125

:depmn, jk`d 125, 127

:d{ce_ 36, 39, 62, 94, 178, 198, 201

:gepaìdf`m 28, 283

– hp`mqjhi 208, 242

:gh_ 20, 56

– F`k`_, qp. :m`rnkh_ 14, 15, 18, 21, 49, 55–58, 69,

71, 81, 84, 86, 89, 94, 96, 97, 114, 118, 136, 176, 281,

282

– Iepedm__, qp. <nqrnj, Iepedmhi 12,13, 14, 16, 18,

20, 36, 48, 49, 57, 58, 62, 67, 84, 96, 98, 100, 118, 120,

137, 138, 142, 143, 180, 194, 196, 202, 205, 214, 220,

228, 236, 238, 240, 246, 256, 257, 261, 272, 276, 277,

281, 282, 283

– Kpedm__ 115, 118, 172, 176

– Pemrp`k|m`_ 49, 122

:gm`bspreoe (112) 182, 183

:jj`dv{ 272

:jqì, jk`d (31) 35, 38

:jq~rhmv{, q., jspc`m{ (17) 68, 83, 84, 119

:k`bepdh 151, 232

:kejq`mdpnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (23) 93, 94

:kejqeebqjhi, usr., jspc`m (47) 34, 35, 38, 176, 179, 203

:khx`p (124) 69, 70, 172

:krì 76, 94

:kr{mreoe (117) 190, 203, 204, 207, 208, 236, 260, 282

:k|ohiqjhi pechnm 194, 202

:k|ohiqjn-dsmìqjhi pechnm 202

:k|o{ 202

:l`gnmjh 97

:l`q|_ (122) 42, 49, 50–54, 68, 281

:l`rnmr (Dhop) (141) 143

:lephj` 242

:lk`x 119

:m`m|hmn, lnchk|mhj (35) 47, 48

:m`m|hmqj`_ jsk|rsp` 49, 261

��"��) *"��&�!��$ � �� #�&�!��$ �� $��&�!��$ ��"��1

:m`rnkh_, qp. :gh_, F`k`_ 14, 18, 21, 42, 56, 67, 69, 115,

120, 221, 279, 281

– bnqrnwm`_ 172, 222, 236, 243 –245, 257, 264

– vemrp`k|m`_ 68

:mj`p`, c. 67, 84, 172, 203, 205

:msub` :pl_mqj`_, q., lnchk|mhj (64)247, 253, 255, 255,

256

:mrp`vhrnbqjhi p-m 48

:pà{ 102, 104

:pchxrhuhmhkh (90) 61, 62, 257

:pf`m, jspc`m (184) 76, 79, 80, 122, 176, 178, 203, 214,

214–216, 316

:plemh_ 27, 142, 146, 151, 152, 184, 185, 261, 278

:pmn`k|dh 194, 197

:pqk`m-r`x (148) 235

:prhj, lnchk|mhj (88)138, 141, 142, 154, 158–161, 176,

221, 224, 232, 233, 277

:pu`mcek|qj`_ qknand`, q., jspc`m (27) 93, 94

:pw`dgnp, q., jspc`m{ (102)147, 151, 153, 154, 158, 160,

178, 232–234, 238

:qqhphiv{ 14, 16, 17, 18, 56, 57, 71, 98, 100, 102, 104,

105, 210, 237, 238, 243, 262, 263, 266, 275

:qqhph_ 17, 19, 20, 57, 70, 71, 100, 115, 142, 143, 154,

210, 213, 214, 220, 221, 227, 232, 234, 237, 238, 240,

242, 261, 264, 275, 278

:qru`dgnp, lnchk|mhj (103) 143, 146, 153, 154

:thm{ 143, 180, 181, 277

:xr`p`jqjhi pìnm 142

:xxsp (151) 70, 100, 221, 238, 264

:_mhq D`ke (108) 67

;à`->f`m (164) 170

;`kj`m{, gò`dm{e 96, 226

;`kksj`_ 26

;`lanpqj`_ onk_m`, lnchk|mhj 255

;`qnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (16) 79, 80

;`qr`l (107) 27, 59, 60, 62, 67

;`rhmerhd` 71

;`x`d`p, ;`x`d`pqjhi jspc`m (181) 94

;ekhm 194, 195, 202

;eknckhmj` 26

;ekncp`dev, jspc`m (2) 119, 123, 203

1 < sj`g`rek| me bjk~wem{ onbqeleqrmn bqrpew`~yheq_ b pànre m`gb`mh_: jhllephiv{, qjht{, Gnbnwepj`qqjhi jk`d, Gnbn -wepj`q qj`_ jsk|rsp`, Qepmncnpnbqj`_ jsk|rsp`, p`mmeqjhtqj`_ jsk|rsp`, jekepleqqjhi }rò (t`g`), fànrhmqjhi }rò (t`g`). <qjnajù sj`g`m{ mnlep` m` j`prù.

320

;ephjkdeeah (75) 142

;epkhm, c. 76, 172, 228, 241, 246

;exr`s, cnp`, jk`d (50) 247, 248

;exr`xemh, lnchk|mhj (80) 26, 160, 165, 176, 232–234,

238, 254, 255

;hfe (180) 176

;nc`gjî (125) 49, 55, 66– 68, 70, 89, 90, 96, 172, 221,

238, 260, 281, 282

;ncelh_ 96, 225, 226

;nkc`ph_ 198, 200, 202

;nknm|_-K`bem`, lnchk|mhj 225, 226

;nqrnm, c. 81, 82, 91, 242

;sjqemrk`qkn, jk`d 130

;spl`cewhr (116) 241

;sremjh, q., jspc`m (20) 35, 123, 125, 127, 283

;|emmqjne ng. 194

<`bhknm, qp. Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn 19

<`bhknm_me, qp. Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn 20, 58, 70

<`dem` 194

<`m, ng. 21, 48, 67

<`m, c. (110) 67, 183, 264

<`m D`ke 67

<`p-Dàsd, lnchk|mhj (160) 170

<`qhk|ebj`, q., jspc`m (28) 215, 216

<`rhj`m 105, 111

<emcph_ 96, 127, 131, 194, 197, 225, 226

<epumejna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj (58) 196, 197

<epum__ Jsru`, lnchk|mhj (56) 196, 228, 240–242, 246

<hg`mrhiv{ 20

<hthmh_ 57

<n, j`mrnm 194

<nkjnbv{, q., jspc`m{ (15) 81, 83, 84, 119

<nqrnj, Iepedmhi, qp. :gh_, Iepedm__ 58, 210, 242, 256

<{qnj`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (25) 134, 215, 216

=`b`, jsk|rsp` 130

=`dpejhkh, q. 261

=`g` 138, 142

=`gh`mreo, c. 183, 184

=`kh`r, q. (57) 228, 231

=`k|xr`rrqj`_ jsk|rsp` 123, 124, 277

=`k|xr`rrqjhi lnchk|mhj 124

=`lhp, «qrp`m`» 56, 62

=egep 100, 142

=ek` 86, 89, 90

=epl`mh_ 82

– qebepn-bnqrnwm`_ 214, 215

=hjqnq{ 257

=ndhm-reoe (162) 168

=npdhnm (127) 24, 69

=nph, c. 26, 138

=npnd Fhd`q` (Cité de Midas) (128) 69

=p`mqnm, onqekemhe 194, 195

=pejh 14, 16, 72, 97, 113, 119

=pevh_ 58, 97, 125, 138, 142, 221, 226, 266, 274, 278

=psgh_ 45, 120, 121, 138, 140, 142, 147, 188, 189, 191,

232, 261

– bnqrnwm`_ 154, 187

– vemrp`k|m`_ 151

=sd`sr` (68) 255

=sdepleq, c. (60) 77, 79

=sk_i cnpnd, q., jspc`m{ (11) 34, 83, 84

=sl`pnbn, q., jspc`m{ (177) 55, 203

=smdekem, q. (54) 47, 49, 56

=smm{ 20

=spdf``mqjhi pìnm 261

>`k|bepghm (179) 172

>`p|ebj`, q. jspc`m{ (8) 24, 26, 77, 79, 81, 83

>bhm 154

>ebe Os~j (146) 97, 180, 181

>hgchmj`ke (113) 264

>hkhf`m (95) 27, 29

>hl`v (83) 147, 151

>hmu`-reoe (157) 30, 34, 168

>meopnoerpnbqj`_ nak. 94, 132

>napsdf` 125

>nmevj 48

>nmevj`_ nak. 214–216

>pegdem, c. 134

>sp-R`ppsjhm, qp. Onpqà`d (154) 26, 27, 210, 212

?bpno` 137, 180, 194, 202, 226, 241, 242, 276

– <nqrnwm`_ 12, 128, 176, 196, 202, 214

– Aò`dm`_ 214, 227

– Pemrp`k|m`_ 13, 96, 123, 125, 126, 134, 136, 196,

202, 226, 227, 276–278, 283

– Tfm`_ 96

?btp`r, p. 21, 241

?choer 60, 71, 105, 257, 272

?chor_me 272

?kememdnpt (99) 226

?mdf`, q., jspc`m (1) 123, 125, 198, 200, 203, 220, 283

?peb`m (92) 182

@ànrhm, q., jspc`m{ (13) 34, 62. 63, 176, 177, 178, 198

@emeb`, c. 79, 80

@hpmnjkeebqjhi, usr., jspc`m (33) 214–216

@spnbj`, dep., jspc`m{ (10) 24, 26, 27, 34

A`bnkf|e 214

A`cpnq 98

A`j`bj`g|e 24, 26, 27, 42, 56, 114, 115, 120, 137, 138, 143,

151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 170, 176, 178, 180,

184, 190, 194, 196, 204, 220, 221, 226, 227, 234, 238,

240, 261, 262, 276, 277, 279, 282, 283

– gò`dmne 151

– vemrp`k|mne 56, 188

A`j`po`r|e 277

A`jsa`m|e 128, 214

A`keq|e 26

Aònpnf|e 216

A`sp`k|e, ~fmne 138, 262

Aù`peijnb` lnchk`, jspc`m (9) 34, 83, 84

Aemd`m-h Kskeil`m 70

Ahbhe, «jk`d» (159) 67, 76, 79, 80, 93, 94, 266, 280

Ahmdfhpkh (138) 221, 242, 245, 257, 272, 273

Bglhr, c. (129) 86, 87

Bglhp, c. 110

Bepsq`khl (145) 58

Bl`lncks Os~j (119) 67

321

Blhpkep (121) 42–43, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 68, 118, 172,

281

Bmdsqrph_, q., lnchk|mhj (51) 257, 259

Bnmh_ 71, 94

Bp`jkhnm 102

Bp`m 24, 34, 58, 67, 80, 93, 94, 102, 114, 119, 137, 138,

147, 151–155, 157, 158, 170, 172, 176, 178, 182, 188,

194, 197, 202, 204, 208, 214, 216, 220, 221, 223, 226,

276, 277, 279, 280, 283

– gò`dm{i 68, 210

– qebepm{i 27, 196, 208

– qebepn-gò`dm{i 208, 220, 241

Bp`mv{ 98, 262, 280

– gò`dm{e 98

– qebepm{e 98

Bqhm 113

Bqo`mh_ 226

Br`j`, n. 225

Br`kh_ 124, 125, 127, 226

– Kebepm`_ 96, 194, 197

Dà`m-cnp` (51) 257, 258

Dà`pdhmn-;`kj`ph_ 21, 84

D`bj`g 13, 18, 49, 56, 118, 143, 152, 153, 178, 196, 228,

234, 237, 238, 240, 247, 256, 257, 280, 283

– Kebepm{i, qp. Ipedj`bj`g|e 24, 26, 35, 55, 115,

118, 126, 134, 180, 194, 196, 202, 228, 234, 240, 246,

247, 257, 261, 277, 279, 282, 283

– qebepn-bnqrnwm{i 55

– Pemrp`k|m{i 152, 196

D`bj`gqjhi upeaer 56, 178, 180, 196, 230, 247, 283

D`dex 272

D`gùqr`m 115

– bnqrnwm{i 76

– qebepm{i 138

D`k`jemr, lnchk|mhj (97) 26, 27, 147, 151, 160, 163, 176,

178, 179, 226, 283

D`kòndh 278

D`k`rcù (157) 263, 278

D`l`m-D`ke Os~j (126) 67, 84

D`lemmnlnqrqjne, q., lnchk|mhj (53) 83, 84

Dòk`mrs (159) 65, 205

Dòo`dnjh_, bnqrnwm`_ 138

D`pàùqjhe jspc`m{ 153

D`pàsk`c (105) 26

D`pekh, dep. (75) 26

D`pkqps}, c. 241–243, 264

D`plhp-;ksp, qp. Leixea`hmh (92) 27, 33–35, 37, 59, 60,

61, 70, 84, 120, 154, 183, 205, 208, 226, 240, 241, 243,

260, 272

D`po`rn-dsmìqjhi pechnm 132

D`po`rqjhi pechnm 194

D`pqqj`_ nak`qr| 188

D`puelhx (146) 70, 71, 97, 105

D`qohiqjne lnpe 119

D`w`c`m, jspc`m, lnchk|mhj (84) 151, 170

D`_k{depe (114) 67, 68, 69, 153, 282

Dbeln-K`qhperh, jk`d (77) 138, 140, 160, 232

Dbhrjh, q., jspc`m (4) 35, 38, 123, 125, 216–220, 227, 283

Dekepleqqj`_ qr`m., mejpnonk|, jspc`m{ (43) 27, 29, 31,

34, 48, 49, 57, 61, 62, 68, 76, 77, 79, 82, 96, 115, 118,

279, 282

Dheb, c. 181, 194

Dhkhjh_ 57, 70

Dhop 26, 36, 40, 41, 142, 146, 194, 236, 243, 244, 266, 267

Dhpnbà`d, c., jspc`m{ (98) 147, 153, 163, 178, 280

Dhpnb`j`m, c. (83) 147, 151, 184, 185, 188, 190

Dhpnbncp`d, c. 118, 198, 199

Dhqknbndqj, c. (51) 133–135, 228, 257, 258

Dhrì 76, 118

– qebepm{i 118, 282, 283

Dk`gnlem{ (132) 105, 108–110

Dkhm-_p, q., lnchk|mhj (51) 132, 133, 228, 229, 234, 235,

246, 247, 250, 256, 283

Dna`m, lnchk|mhj (58) 214, 215

Dna`mqj`_ jsk|rsp` 152, 196, 228, 230, 232, 234, 255,

256, 283

Dniqsch 26

Dnkuhd` 160, 166

Dnkuhdqj`_ jsk|rsp` 230, 255, 256, 283

Dnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj 26

Dnlknd, jk`d 125, 127

Dnmqr`mrhmnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (6) 84, 198, 200, 283

Dnpqeker 194, 195

Dnqrpnlqj`_, qr`m. 160

Dp`qm`_ depebm_, q., jspc`m{ (34) 214

Dp`qmnd`p, c. (37) 196, 198

Dp`qmnd`pqjne bndnup`mhkhye 79, 80, 198

Dp`qmne gm`l_, usr., jspc`m{ (48) 24, 32, 34, 55, 282

Dp`qm{i l`_j, lnchk|mhj (65) 255

Dphr 102

Dp{l 55, 77

Dq`mqjne syek|e (71) 120

Dsa`mqjhi lnchk|mhj (40) 121, 122

Dsk`mspub`, lnchk|mhj (63) 255

Dslaskr`, q., lnchk|mhj (56) 196, 228

Dsl{ 124, 125, 127, 226

Dspdhqr`m, 105

– hp`mqjhi 79, 94, 275, 280

– vemrp`k|m{i 98

Dsvebnknbj`, q., jspc`m{ (21) 118

Ds~mdfhj, qp. Ghmebh_ (153) 102, 210, 282

D~p->epe 255

Eìk`xh, jk`d (70) 160, 166

Eùhx (145) 221, 236, 257

Eeidem, c. 242

Eemhm`j`m, c., onqekemhe, mejpnonk| (86) 160, 162, 163

Eeplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd, oncpeaemhe (52) 35, 38, 42, 44

Ehdhiv{ 58, 72, 84

Ehdh_ 18, 57, 71, 84, 94

Ehmdnq 225

Ehw, dep. 21

Enmdnm 100

Enph-aepd, lnchk|mhj (82) 138, 154, 221, 224, 226, 233

Esam{, q., jspc`m 194

Esc`mqj`_ nak. 47, 48

Esc`mqjne, q. 214

322

Esjh 26

Esphqr`m 17, 170, 188, 212, 256

Ew`xem, q., lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (94) 138, 139, 142,

154, 226, 232, 233, 238, 262

E_dhj 49, 50–55

F`c`pnh, q. 261

Fìjno, c. (44) 77, 196

Fìmv, c. 208, 209, 241

F`j`pxem, q., oncpeaemhe (83) 184, 185, 188, 190

F`jednmh_ 96, 225, 226

F`jeebj`, q., jspc`m{ 29

F`k`jk~, lnchk|mhj 256

F`k`r|_ (119) 21, 67

F`k`_ Phla`kj` (26) 134

F`k{i jspc`m (106) 26, 28, 42, 170, 172, 190

F`mm` 17, 18, 58, 115, 184, 257, 264, 278

F`mmeh 19, 238, 243, 263, 276

F`p`k{m >epeqh (76) 154

F`pd{ 102

F`ph (150) 238, 272, 274

F`pkhj, lnchk|mhj (166) 147, 151–154, 221

F`x`r Os~j (123) 68, 69, 85

Fechddn (143) 261, 266, 267

Fedbhm 178

Fek``mh, qb_rhkhye (74) 187, 188, 190

Fekhd 56, 57

Fekh_ (134) 71, 72

Fekkemrhm 214, 215

Fek|csmnb (Ehrni), jspc`m (14) 48

Felthq 105

Fephcem 194, 195, 214, 215

Feqnonr`lh_ 16, 58, 214, 238, 274

– Kebepm`_ 18, 19, 272

– Tfm`_ 19

Feuwhq-Phue, jk`d (85) 188, 191

Fhdhiv{ 19, 70, 71

Fhdh_ 17, 18, 58, 60

Fhd_me 98

Fhjem{ 138, 139, 142

Fhker (136) 71, 142

Fhk|qjn-D`pàùqj`_ qreo| 26, 42, 170, 172, 190

Fhmcew`sp, c., jspc`m{, cpsmrnb{i lnchk|mhj (100) 2 6 ,

42, 154, 155, 156, 158, 162, 168, 170, 172, 176, 178,

190, 225, 226, 278,280, 283

Fhmep`k|m{e bnd{, c. (49) 49

Fhmsqhmqj, c. (183) 47, 48

Fhmsqhmqj`_ jnrknbhm` 48, 281

Fnkd`bh_ 124

Fnmcnkh_ 76

Fnpjb`xhmqjhi lnchk|mhj (36) 261

Fp`lnpmne lnpe 86

Fsx (115) 47, 48, 49, 57, 118

Fsxjh 56

Fvem, q., lnchk|mhj 151

Fvuer`, c. (78) 188, 189

F~muem, c. 209, 241, 242, 244, 246

Gà`cpeah, lnchk|mhj (78) 188, 189

G`bsp (96) 27, 29

G`d|g`mj, jk`d 130

G`pr`m, q., lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (55) 21, 64, 62, 77, 81,

83, 282

G`q`dcnl`ph, lnchk|mhj (73) 261

Geipà 105

Geiqqe, p. 134

Gex`rek|qjne ng. 194

Ghcngerh, jk`d 188

Ghjnkèbqjhi lnchk|mhj (39) 122

Ghlpsd, qp. D`k|us (152) 98, 99, 100, 232, 236, 257, 266,

268–270, 275

Ghmebh_, qp. Ds~mdfhj (153) 210, 236

Gnb`_ ;ekncnpj` (175) 55

Gnbn`kejq`mdpnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (22) 81, 82

Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn, qp. <`bhknm, b`bhknmv{ 20

Gnb{ ;`mnbhv{ 125

Gnp-:pex (92) 143, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 256

Gnp-;`_ger (93) 261

Gnpxsmreoe (118) 21, 22–27, 34, 35, 36, 42, 55, 56, 57,

59, 68, 170, 172, 257, 282

Gnq`webn (7) 119, 123, 210–212, 214, 216, 220

Gsahiv{ 272

Gsgh (155) 261

Gsx-h >f`m (163) 65, 68, 69, 205, 210

G|~-Cnpj, c. 34, 35, 47, 81, 82, 182, 209, 242

Hdep, p. 134

Hjqtnpd, c. 208, 209, 264

Hpdnq 212

Hpemaspc, c. (176) 47, 48

Hpeunbn, q. (30) 47, 48

Hpunlem 138

Hqerhm{ 56

Hqerh_ 79

– Kebepm`_ 228

– Tfm`_ 77, 79

Hqm_ch 26

Hx`j`m 154

I`ke-I`tnq (Dhop) (142) 143, 244

I`keqrhm` 58, 67, 71, 221, 266, 267

I`mhnmhi 71

I`phf, c. 110

I`pmh-=eu (87) 138

I`rmnq, c. 21, 264

Iepea{jnbv{ 26

Iepj`k|, lnchk|mhj (50) 47, 49

Iepqeonk| (170) 58, 83–85, 119, 180, 181

Iepq{ 72, 84, 97, 98, 113

Inbnkf|e 48, 118, 281

– Ghfmee 214, 280

Indsm`b|e, qp. Iphdsm`b|e 138, 277

– vemrp`k|mne 202

Inkr`bqj`_ nak. 125, 194

Inonbj`, usr., jspc`m{ (18) 34, 81, 83

Inpnq|e 115–219

Ipedj`bj`g|e, qp. Kebepm{i D`bj`g 56, 114, 115, 118,

123, 178, 196, 198, 234, 257, 261, 277

– vemrp`k|mne 55, 282

Ipenap`femqjne 35

323

Iph`p`k|e 48, 49, 160, 172, 203, 281

– ~fmne 49

Iphdsm`b|e, qp. Indsm`b|e 277

Iphem` 71

Iphjsa`m|e 55, 122

Iphlnpqjne, q. (67) 230–234, 238, 246, 247, 255, 256

Iphsp`k|e 49

– ~fmne 48, 49, 203

Iphwepmnlnp|e 20, 114, 119, 120, 122, 123, 137, 180, 257

– Kebepmne 16, 94, 114, 115, 118, 119, 125, 196, 220,

277

Ipsqq{ 26

Ip~d|, dep., jk`d 130–132, 283

It`rrem 194

Ixhx, jk`d, lnchk|mhj (38) 35, 38, 214

I_rhcnpqj, c. (50) 47, 49, 56, 248

J`d`m|_ 225

J`dhnmnbj`, q. (24) 132, 133

J`glemm{i, jspc`m 160

J`q R`lp` (139) 138, 261

J`rìe 226

Jedjhm k`cep|, lnchk|mhj (95) 225, 226

Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (9) 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 81, 83

Jndnq, n. 225

Jsj, q. (62) 77, 79, 80

Jsl{mh_ 194, 195

K`bpnl`r{ 97

K`dùkn, lnchk|mhj (81) 160, 163

K`j`p-w`c`, lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (172)47, 49, 118,

172–175

K`jh 16, 18, 19, 20, 97, 105, 113

K`k`lhm (Dhop) (140) 26, 36, 40, 41, 143, 146

K`l`ph_ (144) 70, 71

K`lnq, n. (135) 71, 96, 168, 204, 221

K`lqsm, c. 97

K`lr`bpn, lnchk|mhj (78) 42, 45, 62, 154, 196, 232

K`pd{ (130) 69, 73–77, 80–82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 94, 96, 282

Kù`pm`-Knknmwem{, cpsoo` o`l_rmhjnb 124

Keb`m, ng. 262

Kelhpew|e, bnqrnwmne 176

Kh`kj, lnchk|mhj (168) 132, 137, 155, 157, 158, 168–170, 172, 178, 180, 190, 212, 214, 221, 232, 274, 276

Khahp| 48, 80, 81

– ~fm`_ 48, 115, 118

Khmr`xr`, lnchk|mhj (178) 138, 139, 262

Khoo`p 16

Khphiv{ 98

Khph_ 58, 86, 88, 105, 221, 272, 275

– Kebepm`_ 272, 275

Khvhkh_ 125, 127

– Tfm`_ 86, 89

Kk`b_me 20

Kknb`jh_, gò`dm`_ 135

Kknbemh_ 124

Klhpm` (131) 58, 72

Klnkemhve-Fnk|ohp 135

Knkndj`, jspc`m{ (17) 68

Knrhm 125

Kr`bpnonk|, c. (46) 179

Kr`bpnonk|e 176

Kr`lask 48, 49

Kr`px`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (17) 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 48,

68, 119

Kreakebn, q., jspc`m{ (5) 115, 117, 281, 282

Kreomni, usr. (60) 77

Krphfem` lnchk`, jspc`m (29) 214–216

Ksk`j (176) 47

Kskr`m-cnp`, lnchk|mhj (51) 247, 249

Ksplsxh, jk`d (69) 120, 121, 162

KR: 88

K{pd`p|_, p. 203

Là`k 56, 70

L`c`pqj`_ jsk|rsp` 48

L`chqjem, Tfm{i (173) 118, 176, 199, 203

L`j-Dhkhq`, lnchk|mhj (80) 146, 155, 162, 163, 188

L`k{x 154

L`pq (137) 70

L`xnb` 49, 50–55

Lahkhqh, c. (79) 138, 157, 160, 163, 188, 193, 234

Lecep`m, c. 266

Leixea`hmh, qp. D`plhp-;ksp (92) 59, 60, 61, 62, 115,

154, 158, 170, 172, 182, 184, 208, 210, 232, 241, 242,

246, 257

Lek|-:l`pm` 138, 142

Lek|-O`k`t (149) 272

Lelhp-cnp`, jspc`m 77

Lemerhmj`, q., jspc`m{ (12) 34, 176, 176, 178

Leoe =h_m (165) 168, 171, 221

Lepelv{, q. (3) 198, 199

Lhk| ;`pqho (147) 212, 213, 263, 264

Lhp 213

Lhphmt 138

Lhpnk|, Tfm{i 194

Lkh, lnchk|mhj (61)42, 42, 77, 80, 81, 83, 152, 196, 230,

255, 255, 256

Lnk`, jk`d 147, 151

Lnknpq, jspc`m (104) 151, 152

Lnl`df`m, dep. (169) 119

Lnop`jj`ke (109) 27, 29, 243

Lp`mqhk|b`mh_ 194

Lpùrelhpnbn 138

Lpekh, lnchk|mhj (79) 157, 160, 188, 190, 193, 232, 234,

338

Lpfremn 225, 226

Lph`kerh 26, 146, 154, 155, 157, 160, 165, 188, 232,

238, 254, 255

Lph ;p`r`, jspc`m{ 26

Lpn`d` 86, 87, 96

Lsb` 76, 79, 122, 203, 214

Lsmdfekh, c. (116) 241

Lspemc Leoe (171) 194

Lsphm, c. 272, 273

Lspvh_ 48, 67, 80, 88, 86, 90, 91, 172, 182, 207, 242, 246,

260

– bnqrnwm`_ 241

Lsxo` (110) 67

M`xuhrs, jspc`m (42) 35, 36, 39, 123, 128, 178, 257,

262, 283

Mcp` 194, 197, 225, 226

Mic`p`j, lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (174) 47, 48, 76, 79, 80,

118, 160, 172, 176, 199, 203

Mk_o, jspc`m{ (41) 94

Mmhe (120) 97

Mp 113, 238

Mp`prs 17, 18, 21, 24, 56, 59, 60, 67, 115, 138, 152, 153,

155, 182, 184, 190, 194, 196, 203, 204, 208, 220, 221,

226, 234, 236, 240, 242, 246, 256, 257, 261, 264, 272,

275, 276, 278, 282

Mp`pr{ 14, 19, 57, 59, 61, 62, 84, 102, 138, 153, 172, 208,

236–238, 242, 243, 262, 263, 276, 278

Mplh_, ng. 214

– ophsplhiqjhi pìnm 18

N`pq, lnchk|mhj (45) 129, 130

N`qj`s, lnchk|mhj (57) 77, 80, 196, 228, 230–234, 240

Nepc`mqj`_ nak. 172

Nhb{ 138, 139, 142

Nhk`dek|th_, c. 172, 183, 205, 209

Np`mvh_, bnqrnwm`_ 226

Nphchiv{ 57

Nphch_ 57

N~cnd 194, 197

O`g`mks (156) 65, 67, 98, 152, 155, 157, 158, 162, 167,

168, 170, 172, 176, 182, 190, 194, 205, 210, 214–216,

220, 221, 223, 236, 238, 239, 242, 244, 256 257, 260,

263, 264, 266, 270–272, 274–280, 283

Oìdsanqqnplemh, jk`d 130

O`l`d`m 34

O`meiv{ 272, 274

O`mk`p, jspc`m (99) 154, 154

O`qk`s-Jecek|qapsmm, jk`d 277

O`suhv` 225

Oepqnmqj`_ nak. 94

Ohk`jjs 70

Ondf`k{, c., jspc`m{, lnchk|mhj (101) 26, 151, 153,

154, 155, 158, 160, 178, 190

Onpb`rh_ 96, 226

Onpqà`d, qp. >sp-R`ppsjhm (154) 210, 212, 270

Opr`mnv, lnchk|mhj (95) 27, 29

Osasxjh_ 18

Osasxm` 56

Ospphr{ 274

Phmvj`pn, q., lnchk|mhj (80) 155, 157

Phrekh-cnpeah, q., jspc`m{ (72) 261

P~phu, c. 88

P~phu-:koemje 194, 195

Q`bsxreoe (111) 65, 67, 205, 210, 236

Qepmnkeqqj`_ jsk|rsp` 124

Qexleu-Fùh, lnchk|mhj (161) 170, 188

Qhxun, jspc`m (38) 62, 123, 196, 198, 201, 283

Qlh, q., lnchk|mhj (59) 228

Qnc` A`lahk (167) 142, 261

Qnp`r`m 27, 29

Qsqrqj`_ jsk|rsp` 172

R`lhp`l, jspc`m (89) 142

R`pemcp`d 226

R`pjhxk` 138

R`rr-}k|-:pà, p. 26

R`ttu`sgem, c. 242

Rbeiv`ph_ 194, 195, 214–216

Ronk`, q. (8) 77, 81

Rsaph_ 57

Rslem, c. 202

Scehd` 84

Sk`l 210

Sk`p, lnchk|mhj (91) 226

Sk_g{c, c. 172, 183, 209, 241

Sl`l, dep. (169) 119

Smjnlh (Dhop) (140) 266, 267

Speasmh, qp. :phm-;epd (92)62, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155,

158, 208, 210

Srnq 225

Steq (133) 72, 84, 86, 90–92, 94–97

Swlh`dghm 143

Sxeph, q., lnchk|mhj (66) 230, 247, 251, 255, 255, 256

– <epum__ 255

Sxj`jnm 26

Tj`p{ :mg`t D`ke 67

Allemands 18

Benacci 124

Berlin 235

Bologna 124

Bombay 235

Brandebourgeois 18

Csákberény 125

Este 124

Franzosen 18

Gyula 125

Hasanlu 279

Ispánlak 125

Kisköszeg 125

Lyoner 18

Nagyenyed 125kurNi-kip-pa 266

Paris 235Sakā 16Somlyóhegy 125Somlyóvásárhely 125

Stillfried 125

Székesfehérvár 125

Tarquinia 123, 124

Ugra 125kurÚ-pa-a 266

Vácszentlászló 125

Vetropácz 125

Zürich 235