italic inscriptions and databases workshop (2016)
TRANSCRIPT
ITALIC INSCRIPTIONS AND DATABASES WORKSHOP
(Rome, 23 September 2014)
edited by
Ulla Rajala
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PRESENTATION
The Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome is a research institute with a strong tradition in the Humanities, in particular archaeology, history of art and classical philology. Courses for Swedish students in these and other subjects are taught at the Institute. Besides the research by the academic staff, Swedish scholars carry out research projects in various disciplines based at the Institute.
The Institute hosts conferences, seminars and workshops on a number of different themes, often in collaboration with other research institutes in Rome, Italian universities or academies. The workshop “Italic Inscriptions and Databases” organized by Dr Ulla Rajala of Stockholm University suc-cessfully brought together classical philologists and archaeologists along with technical experts and led to successful discussions on how best to proceed in this multi-disciplinary field.
I hope this fruitful meeting shall stimulate the continued development of databases with epigraphic material and increase contact between providers and users so that the data can be made available in the best possible way.
Kristian GöranssonSwedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome
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INTRODUCTION
This workshop grew out from my postdoctoral research project on The boundaries and territorial geographies of Archaic and early Roman central Italy carried out at Stockholm University in Sweden. Within this project I started to explore the local identities in central Italy from the Orientalising and Archaic periods to the colonial times after the Roman conquest. Within the short time span of the project it was possible to acknowledge and show the potential of epigraphy and databases of different ancient languages in the study of past group identities, ultimately exploring the possibilities of creating a platform for presenting different Italic inscriptions, especially in Faliscan, Etruscan, Oscan and other Sabellic languages, that exist in a variety of types and media. Thus, I presented the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond in Sweden a plan for this workshop in order to explore the potential of the epigraphic digital approach in the wider European research framework and to bring together a group of Swedish, Italian and other European scholars in order to investigate inscription databases from different viewpoints. The aim was to look for a common ground and check whether the creation of a wider open access Italic inscription database is possible.
I received the funding in early summer 2014 and could organize the workshop on September 23, 2014, in the Swedish Institute in Rome with the kind help from Director Kristian Göransson and his staff. The participants of this workshop represented different disciplines, specialisms and research periods making it truly a multinational and multidisciplinary event. The work-shop later resulted in an ERC Consolidator Grant application and a further initiative in Digital Humanities. Even if different grant applications were not to be successful, the workshop produced a lively discussion on different issues in creating, maintaining and using epigraphic databases, and helped to present research projects from Sweden, Italy and other countries and to introduce researchers, administrators and schemes from Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Italy, Germany and from the Anglo-Saxon world to each other.
During the discussions the participants touched upon the current usabil-ity of the existing online databases. The fields in the prototype EAGLE viewer, representing the common nominators between different databases, were not all-embracing and they emphasized the textual content. Even if many finds do lack context information, more detail could be incorporated. The impor-tance of research questions in querying material was also noted, as was the importance of images; the copyright issues were raised in this context. This led to the discussions on tags, metadata and meta-metadata, i.e., who is the authority proposing different interpretations. The long-term preservation of
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the databases was also discussed and the role of repositories was underlined; when the content is saved in an archive format, it can be preserved and reused if placed in an open access repository. The preservation of the EAGLE portal and the consortium databases was also briefly considered in the light of the fixed-term funding.
This workshop would not have found a more appropriate publication forum than the open access journal «Archeologia e Calcolatori».
Ulla RajalaStockholm University
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PRE-ROMAN LANGUAGES ON THE APENNINE PENINSULA
My research area concerns the early languages on the Apennine peninsula, from around 800 BC, i.e. the very first period of writing, down to the early Imperial period, when most non-Latin languages (apart from Greek) slowly became extinct, Latin becoming the politically, socially and military dominant language. Attested pre-Roman languages on the Apennine peninsula have so far been rather neglected in terms of digitisa-tion and other computational techniques. As a matter of fact, most of the work done on the Etruscan or on any of the Sabellic languages (Oscan and Umbrian, along with the South Picene and Pre-Samnite oldest layers, and also in conjunction with the related Paelignian, Marrucinian and Volscian minor languages) is traditionally based on standard archival research and printed media.
My research focuses on the very earliest period of writing, and the intro-duction of the alphabet in the various regions of the peninsula. By beginning with the oldest written remains on the peninsula – the Eulin inscription from Gabii, from apr. 775 BC, and the Nestor’s kotyle from Praeneste, dating back to the 2nd half of the 8th century and both written in Greek, and moving through the centuries into Etruscan writing and early Latin, Faliscan, South Picene and Oscan texts – I ask questions concerning the transmission of writing, the formulae used, and the development of the script itself.
The contextual approach involves considering potential areas of contact between the speakers of the different languages, and evidence for the trans-mission of other knowledge and/or techniques, such as pottery, metallurgy, etc. With these techniques there are evident steps of emulation, where native craftsmen mimic the operating procedures in creating imported objects (Blake-way 1935; cfr. discussion in Ridgway 1990, 67). With the advent of writing one sees a similar process of emulation, first in the copying of the letter signs themselves (with very little adaptation), but also in the copying of a written formulaic repertoire, for example the practice of “speaking inscriptions” (“iscrizioni parlanti”: Agostiniani 1982).
The alphabet also comes free from any ethnic or religious connotations, and could therefore be freely adopted and adapted to fit the requisites of the receiving language, an element that aided in the rapid spread of writing among the different linguistic regions.
Karin Westin TikkanenUniversity of Gothenburg/Uppsala University
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K.W. Tikkanen
REFERENCES
Agostiniani L. 1982, Le “iscrizioni parlanti” dell’Italia antica, Firenze, Leo S. Olschki.Blakeway A. 1935, Prolegomena to the study of Greek commerce with Italy, Sicily and France
in the Eighth and Seventh centuries BC, «Annual of the British School at Athens», 33, 170-208.
Ridgway D. 1990, The First Western Greeks and their Neighbours, 1935-1985, in J.-P. De-scœudres (ed.), Greek Colonists and Native Populations, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 61-72.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPUTING AND ISMA PROJECTS
Since the 1980s, the Institute for Ancient Mediterranean Studies (ISMA) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) has had a specific line of research dedicated to archaeological computing. Since the early stages the Institute has developed innovative projects directed both towards the testing of mathematical and statistical techniques for the analysis of specific classes of materials (projects on Etruscan mirrors and Hellenistic funerary urns from Volterra), and the computerized management of excavation data based on a GIS platform (Caere project: http://www.progettocaere.rm.cnr.it/).
In recent years, attention has moved towards other research areas, con-cerning, in particular, open access digital online resources and the historical reconstruction of archaeological computing as an autonomous discipline. Currently there are three major projects, related to the research line dedicated to “Archaeology and Information Society”.
The first one pivots around the journal «Archeologia e Calcolatori», which with its 25 issues published constitutes a distinguished point of ref-erence, able to report developments, innovations and insights of methods, techniques, projects and institutions involved in this specific field of research. Since 2005 the journal has also been published online and its articles from 1998 onwards are freely available in pdf format, downloadable and printable (http://soi.cnr.it/archcalc/index.htm). The journal is included in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ: http://doaj.org/), the reference collection of electronic journals freely accessible online, created by the University of Lund (Caravale, Piergrossi 2015). During the years, specific attention has been devoted in the pages of the journal to epigraphic research projects, which allow readers to follow the evolution of computer applications from the earliest databases to the use of textual analysis tools.
The second project is the website “Virtual museum of archaeological computing”, carried out in cooperation with the Centro Linceo Interdisci-plinare “Beniamino Segre” of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and some ISMA researchers (http://archaeologicalcomputing.lincei/). Its goal is to show the roots and the development of the discipline, by pointing out the related institutions, studies and main actors at an international level. The website provides also several virtual itineraries in order to reach some important aspects of archaeological computing in an interactive way.
Another project concerns the rich bronze collection of Museo Claudio Faina in Orvieto. The website “Sethlans. Bronzi del Museo Faina” (http://bronzifaina.isma.cnr.it/; Caravale 2015) was set up, as in the case of the previous resource, using the open source Content Management System
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Museo&Web (OTEBAC). The website is organized with some general pages devoted to the history of the Orvietan collection. It also includes some more detailed pages dedicated to the most important bronze items and a database of objects, providing synthetic information about finds, with a special attention to their chronology and place of manufacture.
Alessandra CaravaleIstituto di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico
CNR – [email protected]
REFERENCES
Caravale A. 2015, Archaeology and Computer Applications: the automatic cataloguing of Italian archaeological heritage, in F. Giligny, F. Djindjian, L. Costa, P. Moscati, S. Robert (eds.), Concepts, Methods and Tools. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Confer-ence on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (Paris 2014), Oxford, Archaeopress, 35-40.
Caravale A., Piergrossi A. 2015, Archaeological open access journals: the case of “Arche-ologia e Calcolatori”, in F. Giligny, F. Djindjian, L. Costa, P. Moscati, S. Robert (eds.), Concepts, Methods and Tools. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (Paris 2014), Oxford, Archaeopress, 257-263.
Moscati P. 2001, Progetto Caere: questioni di metodo e sperimentazioni, «Archeologia e Calcolatori», 12, 47-53.
Moscati P. 2014, Parcours culturels pour une histoire de l’informatique appliquée à l’archéo-logie, in L. Costa, F. Djindjian, F. Giligny (eds.), Actes des 3èmes Journées d’Informa-tique et Archéologie de Paris, JIAP 2012, «Archeologia e Calcolatori», Suppl. 5, 9-17.
Fig. 1 – Homepages of the websites produced by the CNR-ISMA.
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GIS AND PRE- AND POSTCOLONIAL INSCRIPTIONS IN THE AGER FALISCUS
This paper is based on my research project at Stockholm University on The boundaries and territorial geographies of Archaic and early Roman central Italy. The starting point of my interest in Italic and other inscriptions in pre-Roman Italy were my studies related to the Nepi Survey Project I led in the field near this ancient Latin colony (cfr. e.g. di Gennaro et al. 2008). Since directing the Remembering the Dead excavation project at Crustumerium, I have been interested in cultural interaction in central Italy (e.g. Rajala in press). Nepi, ancient Nepet, lies c. 45 km N of Rome and, during the Orien-talising and Archaic periods (between the 7th and 5th centuries BC), it was on the boundary of the Etruscan and Faliscan areas.
In my recent studies, I have touched upon the importance of funerary rituals and tomb architecture as cultural markers, reflecting different group identities from the local to the regional level. Italic and Latin inscriptions in central Italy seem to add another dimension into the study of cultural identities and interaction in the Faliscan area, where different non-Latin languages were present and were replaced by Latin during the colonial rule. As an archaeol-ogist, I am mainly interested in interpreting the cultural implications the past linguistic and material choices have. I need to understand the geographical and chronological distribution of inscriptions in different languages and dif-ferent media, and the accuracy of locational data available in order to assess their power as archaeological evidence of different identities or situations. Geographic Information Systems allow visualizing different distributions, as well as comparing and analysing different associations with other materials or landscape features. In order to apply GIS tools and methodologies, a database of all relevant inscriptions is required.
I am currently building a research database including the Faliscan, Etruscan and Latin inscriptions from the Faliscan area (Fig. 1) published by Bakkum (2009), and incorporating materials kept out from his corpus. The exclusions include all assumed numeric inscriptions, single letters and Greek inscriptions. Even if single letters do not convey language, they show that some people were literate or were faced with literary materials, whereas Greek deity names on pottery show that individuals encountered Greek language; lastly, numeric markings have cultural significance due to their association with building materials and black gloss production.
The need to understand the wider precolonial, colonial and postcolonial context of cultural interactions has led to the interest in putting different cor-pora of inscriptions together (e.g. Crawford 2011), as far as it is conceivable
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within a certain timeframe and the scope of different archaeological projects. I am developing a wider inscription database linked with other databases and data tables listing different potential boundary markers in central Italy. However, I am primarily interested in archaeological and locational attributes more than in the content of inscriptions themselves. Thus, instead of the texts of all inscriptions, their photographs or linguistic attributes, I am cataloguing attributes that may allow mapping distributions of different languages (or the uncertainty of their presence), find contexts and media across wider region.
Ulla RajalaStockholm University
REFERENCES
Bakkum G.C.L.M. 2009, The Latin Dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 Years of Scholarship, Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.
Crawford M.H. (ed.) 2011, Imagines italicae: A Corpus of Italic Inscriptions, London, In-stitute of Classical Studies, University of London.
di Gennaro F., Rajala U., Rizzo D., Stoddart S., Whitehead N. 2008, Nepi and territo-ry: 1200 BC-400 AD, in H. Patterson, F. Coarelli (eds.), Mercator Placidissimus. The Tiber Valley in Antiquity. New Research in the Upper and Middle Valley, Rome, Quasar, 879-888.
Rajala U. in press, Nested identities and mental distances: Archaic burials in Latium Vetus, in E. Perego, R. Scopacasa (eds.), Burial and Social Change in Ancient Italy 9th-5th Century BC: Approaching Social Agents, Oxford, Oxbow.
Fig. 1 – All inscriptions in different languages from the Ager Faliscus in Bakkum 2009.
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THE EAGLE NETWORK
EAGLE (Europeana network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy) is a best practice network co-funded by the European Commission under its ICT-PSP Support programme (period: April 2013-April 2016) (http://www.eagle-network.eu/; Orlandi, Giberti, Santucci 2014). The consortium is comprised by 19 partners from 12 different European countries. The Project Coordinator is Sapienza University of Rome and the Technical Coordinator is Promoter S.r.l. EAGLE aims to aggregate, make searchable through a single por-tal, and share via Europeana the digital content related to ancient inscriptions provided and curated by some of the leading European research institutions in the field. The expertise of the project partners ensures that the data will be of the highest quality. The major collections represented in EAGLE are:
– Epigraphic Database Bari features texts and images of Christian inscrip-tions from Rome. This collection includes an important contribution with the Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archaeology.– Epigraphic Database Heidelberg, focused on the Latin and bilingual in-scriptions of the European provinces of the Roman Empire, is hosted by the Heidelberg University and Academy of Sciences in partnership with the Universities of Budapest and Cluj Napoca.– Epigraphic Database Roma includes Greek and Latin inscriptions from Rome (except for the Christian ones), ancient Italy, and the Roman provinces of Sicily and Sardinia. It is hosted by Sapienza University of Rome, in part-nership with the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and the University of Pula.– Hispania Epigraphica Online, hosted by the University of Alcalà.– The Last Statues of Antiquity project of the University of Oxford.– The British School at Rome comprises many digital collections, including images of inscriptions from Tripolitania and Southern Etruria.– Arachne, alias the digital archive of the German Archaeological Institute.– Petrae, with the online version of the Inscriptions of Roman Aquitania, sponsored and curated by the University of Bordeaux and the French National Center for the Scientific Research.– Archaia Kypriaki Grammateia, a project on the ancient Cypriotic inscriptions created by the Cyprus Institute.
The technology necessary to harmonize all content and make it search-able for both scholars and laypeople is provided by the CNR-ISTI and by Promoter S.r.l. Fundamental to harmonisation efforts is the support of the Catholic University of Leuven, which, thanks to the Trismegistos project, has much experience in the “disambiguation” of content coming from different
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databases but related to the same objects. The Consortium’s other key col-laboration is the one established with Wikimedia Italia.
In this framework, the Epigraphic Database Roma is focusing on the Greek and Latin documents from ancient Italy, but not excluding other ancient languages. Given the particular and multilingual nature of the epigraphic documents in many Italic regions, EDR had to confront and solve the prob-lem of bilingual inscriptions: for example, many Latin/Etruscan texts known from Perusia (http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR143330), or some Latin/Palmyrene dedications from Rome (http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR116526).
Moreover, in order to include in a single repository all the inscribed mon-uments belonging to an ancient city, the EDR system of data ingestion has been successfully tested for the Etruscan inscriptions of Veii (http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR126134), whose content was curated by Daniele Maras, editor of the Corpus Inscriptio-num Etruscarum, and the Volscan inscriptions of Satricum (http://www.edr-edr.it/edr_programmi/res_complex_comune.php?do=book&id_nr=EDR134638).
Silvia OrlandiSapienza University of [email protected]
REFERENCES
Orlandi S., Giberti L., Santucci R. 2014, EAGLE - Europeana network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy: Making the ancient inscriptions accessible, «Lexicon Philosophicum», 2, 315-326.
Fig. 1 – Presentation of the EAGLE project during the Work-shop (Photo: R. Hedlund).
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INSCRIPTIONS ON iDAI.OBJECTS ARACHNE
Arachne is the central object database of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) and the Archaeological Institute of the University of Cologne. It provides a free Internet research tool for archaeological objects. The design of the Arachne database uses a model that builds on very basic assumptions of archaeological research: that is, all objects should be comparable on a very general level and, if possible, for all objects there should be provided a contextual background. So the contextualisation of the Arachne data is of very special interest. Instead of specified object modelling, the Arachne objects have a basic general part in their object model. To this general part more class-specific information can be added.
Since the Arachne online presentation in 2001, the database aims to connect all running projects by addressing machine-readable metadata strat-egies of the Semantic Web and to support the idea of the open linked data web. Thus, Arachne follows a paradigm of highly structured object-metadata which is mapped onto the CIDOC-CRM.
In particular, three Arachne projects were significant for supporting the operation and the information content of inscriptions: Emagines, iDAI.Bookbrowser and CIL Open Access. In the context of Emagines millions of images could be provided and contextualized, whereas in CIL Open Access over fifty CIL volumes were provided inside the iDAI.Bookbrowser, so that every single volume is accessible via the TEI-Editor and is both linked with external web portals like the virtual library Propylaeum specialized in classical and ancient studies as well as the Central Register of Digitised Prints (ZVDD) and with further DAI services such as the ZENON (OPAC of the DAI) and the iDAI.Gazetteer.
Within the EU-project EAGLE, Arachne therefore could immediately contribute its previous work 1. Concretely, more than nine thousand inscrip-tions, over twenty-nine thousand images in the unstructured photo stocks and over twenty-five thousand book pages were to be taken into account. All in all, an amount of more than fifty-four thousand images are available. Next to the pure inscription data, a storytelling application is being developed which is based on Arachne’s data structure and its data context created by about 1.7 million images.
Such a storytelling application intends both to browse inside the Arachne and outside within the project partners’ databases. The starting point will
1 For details on all DAI projects cfr. the following links: http://www.arachne.uni-koeln.de/; http://www.dainst.org/; http://www.gazetteer.dainst.org/; http://www.zenon.dainst.org/.
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be always an inscription record which should be embedded in an extensive information context independently by its sort of information career. That may be a primary reference such as a line in a book, an image of a block of stone or a place on a map or secondary information like a book reference for further information.
Reinhard Förtsch, Francesco Mambrini, Wolfgang SchmiedleGerman Archaeological Institute (DAI)
Fig. 1 – The logo of the iDAI.OBJECTS ARACHNE.
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FROM CIL TO 2D AND 3D GIS
In CIL (Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum) a total of 233 inscriptions of various kinds are recorded from Insula V 1 in Pompeii. The main categories are the painted electoral notices called programmata, and the graffiti made by scratching into the wall plaster with a sharp tool. The absolute majority of the inscriptions are not visible today and lack photographic or drawn documentation. The inscriptions can be located in space. From their texts we can pick out attributes like topic, sex of individuals, if it is a quote, if it is written in verse, etc. It is also possible to add other information, e.g. if the inscription was on a façade, in what kind of room, its state of preservation, etc. Inscriptions are thus well suited to be handled in 2D GIS.
A GIS project is never better than the data available. It does not represent the truth; it is a representation of interpretations of the different kinds of avail-able information. The transfer of information about Pompeian inscriptions to a GIS environment can never result in a complete database and involves many decisions that affect the final result. The information given in CIL on their location and placement is limited to which wall and to how inscriptions are related to each other. It is very rare that details are provided on at which height, how far from an opening or any other more exact location. Therefore, texts might be interpreted in different ways.
Despite the uncertainties involved, using GIS is feasible and reward-ing. Just to be able to look at a plan does improve our understanding of the distribution. The big advantage is that all data are collected in one and the same project, which makes it very easy to make queries. With appropriate data added we are able to sort out the outdoor graffiti that contain the name Felicula and are more than 2 cm high. That might not be the highest prioritized question, but it shows the possibilities of the technique.
In addition, an advanced 3D GIS has been recently added to the re-search agenda of the Swedish Pompeii Project (Dell’Unto et al. 2015). One of the objectives of its implementation was to test the analytical potential of a GIS system in a fully-3D environment, in order to simulate the visual impact of a couple of wall inscriptions virtually placed at their supposedly original location.
As Benefiel (2010, 69) pointed out, the analysis of the wall inscrip-tions in their three-dimensional context would allow us to better understand their symbolic significance by quantitatively assessing the visual engagement among a sample of potential observers. The analysis, carried out by using GIS-based line-of-sight tools, was performed on an alphabet and an electoral (programmata) inscription that were originally placed in two different rooms
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Fig. 1 – Part of the façade towards Via del Vesuvio, with the hypothetical placement of the inscrip-tions based on CIL.
Fig. 2 – 3D reconstructed model of the house imported in GIS and used as a basis to perform visual analysis (a). Target wall inscriptions were placed based on information previously collected in bi-dimensional GIS (b). Results obtained from the analysis of the two examined inscriptions (c, d).
From CIL to 2D and 3D GIS
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of Caecilius Iucundus’ house (Landeschi et al. 2015). Expectedly, the elec-toral inscription gained a higher rank of visibility, due to the fact that it was intended to be on display, as a means of political propaganda. The purpose of this experiment was basically to test the feasibility of a process, to set a procedural framework to be extended on a wider dataset. The quality of the imported data, derived from a laser scanner acquisition, provided a very re-liable basis to make an accurate reconstruction of the house. Such an aspect is crucial when it comes to the definition of formal methods for assessing the visual connectivity of the ancient space as the entire simulation process is based on the analysis of the way human beings perceived specific objects inside their original environment. As for the future, the integrated approach of 3D and GIS will hopefully shed new light on the usage of inscriptions inside the Roman house, by combining the study of their visual perception along with more traditional sources.
Karin Lundqvist, Giacomo LandeschiLund University
[email protected], [email protected]
REFERENCES
Benefiel R.R. 2010, Rome in Pompeii: Wall inscriptions and GIS, in F. Feraudi-Gruénais (ed.), Latin on Stone: Epigraphic Research and Electronic Archives, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 45-75.
Dell’Unto N., Landeschi G., Ferdani D., Dellepiane M., Callieri M., Lindgren S., Leander Touati A.M. 2015, Experiencing ancient buildings from a 3D GIS perspective: A case drawn from the Swedish Pompeii Project, «Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory», 1-24.
Landeschi G., Dell’Unto N., Ferdani D., Lindgren S., Leander Touati A.M. 2015, En-hanced 3D-GIS: Documenting Insula V 1 in Pompeii, in F. Giligny, F. Djindjian, L. Costa, P. Moscati, S. Robert (eds.), Concepts, Methods and Tools. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (Paris 2014), Oxford, Archaeopress, 349-360.
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INSCRIPTIONS IN THEIR SPATIAL CONTEXTS IN ROMAN ITALY
The study of inscriptions has traditionally been conducted by either philologists or archaeologists asking usually different questions concerning content, location or type of monument. But combining these two data sets has been rare until recently. The project Inscriptions in their Spatial Contexts in Roman Italy (2011-2013), funded by the University of Helsinki (Finland) and directed by Dr Kalle Korhonen, aimed at uniting the expertise of phi-lologists and archaeologists to study two types of texts from Roman Italy: stamped lead pipes in the countryside around Rome and wall inscriptions in the façades of Pompeian city blocks.
Lead pipes were used to conduct pressurized water in the cities – most famously Rome – and in the countryside. They were stamped with maker’s marks and/or with names in the genitive which are most commonly interpreted as owners of the water rights. Contextualizing lead pipes has been tried in the cities: in Rome the results are fairly meagre (de Kleijn 2001; Noreña 2006), but in Pompeii it has become apparent that pressurized water was used mostly in luxurious water displays (Jansen 2002). The countryside around
Fig. 1 – The distribution of electoral notices in Pompeii. Walls without doors are indicated with thicker line (Map: E.-M. Viitanen).
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Inscriptions in their spatial contexts in Roman Italy
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Rome afforded some 300 sites with lead pipes ranging from production sites to luxury villas. Most of the pipes were stamped and new information con-cerning stamping practice could be gained.
The second data set consists of Pompeian electoral programmata painted and graffiti usually scratched on the façades of the city blocks. Their contents have been used to study various aspects of the town’s inhabitants and their activities (for example Mouritsen 1988; Milnor 2014). The texts were con-textualized in five of the modern regions in Pompeii (I, V, VI, VII, IX) where most of the city blocks have been excavated and where there is information for evaluating the activities of the streetscape as well as for identifying the types of housing units (Fig. 1). The programmata were usually painted on the façades of large and very large private houses along the busiest traffic routes of Pompeii. Comparison with the inscribed graffiti shows that the same lo-cations were preferred. The distribution follows closely the pattern of street activity. The collection of names on the façades probably displayed the social and political connections of the house owner. Analysis of notices for different offices and from different periods reveals that different strategies were used: some were aimed at advertising locally, others aimed at city-wide distribution. Contextualisation shows that painting of the notices was far from a random or ritualized activity: the locations were chosen with careful deliberation and intent for maximum visibility and effect.
Kalle Korhonen, Eeva-Maria Viitanen, Laura NissinDepartment of World Cultures, Institutum Classicum
University of [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
REFERENCES
de Kleijn G. 2001, The Water Supply of Ancient Rome. City Area, Water, and Population, Dutch Monographs on Ancient History and Archaeology, XXII.
Jansen G. 2002, Water in de Romeinse stad: Pompeji - Herculaneum - Ostia, Leuven, Peeters Publishers.
Milnor K. 2014, Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mouritsen H. 1988, Elections, Magistrates and Municipal Elite: Studies in Pompeian Epigraphy, Analecta Romana Instituti Danici Supplementum, 15.
Noreña C.F. 2006, Water distribution and the residential topography of Augustan Rome, in L. Haselberger, J. Humphrey (eds.), Imaging Ancient Rome. Documentation - Visualization - Imagination. Proceedings of the Third Williams Symposium on Classical Architecture (Rome 2004), «Journal of Roman Archaeology», Supplementary Series 61, 91-105.
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LIFE AND AFTERLIFE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES: ELECTRONIC PRESERVATION, DISSEMINATION, AND STUDY
OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS
The Digital Epigraphy and Archaeology Project (DEA) is a unique in-itiative in the field of digital epigraphy as it provides the methods to digitize in 3D squeezes (ektypa, Abklatsch, estampages), plaster casts of coins and seals, lace, and paper embossments, using cost-effective 3D reconstruction technique that utilizes images taken by regular office scanners (Fig. 1). The Digital Epigraphy Toolbox 1 is a web application that focuses on the digiti-sation, 3D visualisation, data mining, and electronic dissemination of such artefacts. Also, it offers several visualisation modules, thus facilitating the electronic dissemination and study of historically important artefacts.
A current phase of the project involves the digitisation of Latin inscrip-tions from Rome, Spain, North Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean from the CIL collection. Latin inscriptions are of inestimable value as sources for the study of Roman life and history in all its aspects. As a direct legacy of the ancient world, they are “speaking” evidence of a past culture whose enduring influence has shaped Europe. As such they provide a reliable guide through the rubble of archaeological remains and are often our first means of placing ancient monuments in their everyday context. From early Rome – although firstly in significant numbers from the time of Augustus – right through the imperial period to the sixth century AD, Latin inscriptions are a constant feature of the thousand-year history of the city of Rome, its provinces and people; as a widely used medium they reflect communication within that society in all its facets.
Most of the existing databases only provide access to textual information assembled from previous printed editions or still photographs – a fact that limits the potential for original research, as the scholar is reduced to studying the information from someone else’s perspective. The DEA is not only meant to be another database that also includes alternative visual representations; its goal is to use those state-of-the-art technologies so that the researchers may study the text and lettering technique of the inscriptions anew, having access to the 3D model of squeeze and being able to visually manipulate it (Fig. 2).
1 The Digital Epigraphy Toolbox is part of the Digital Epigraphy and Archaeology Project (DEA), an interdisciplinary initiative by researchers from the Digital Worlds Institute and the Department of Classics at the University of Florida. Its Advisory Board includes scholars from both the United States and Europe. The goal of the DEA is to develop new open access scientific tools and apply concepts from digital and interactive media and computer science to the Humanities.
Archeologia e Calcolatori26, 2015, 30-32
Life and afterlife of archaeological sources
31
Fig. 1 – A scanned image of a squeeze.
Fig. 2 – This screenshot shows how the corresponding 3D model of the squeeze can be used to make measurements on the 3D recon-structed surface.
Finally, it is not feasible to conduct manual study and examine the lettering techniques of hundreds of squeezes in a reasonable amount of time without automatic computer-assisted techniques. The Digital Epigraphy team develops methods for the automatic segmentation of letters of each inscription
E. Bozia, A. Barmpoutis
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and automatic grouping. This module is meant to present the affinities between all the letters in the form of dendrograms, effectuating automatic compari-son of hundreds of inscriptions in a manner of seconds. The purpose of this process will be to give the researcher the opportunity to date, identify pieces of broken inscriptions, and perform numerous additional analyses that up to now require incalculable work hours, if they are at all possible in some cases. When contested fragments are housed in different institutions, if their digital copies exist online, it will be a unique opportunity to be identified and paired.
Eleni Bozia, Angelos BarmpoutisUniversity of Florida
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THE EPIGRAPHIC PROJECT OF THE LABORATORY OF EPIGRAPHY (EPILAB), DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES
(TRIESTE UNIVERSITY)
The first trials by C. Zaccaria to use a database (P.E.T.R.A.E created by Centre Ausonius of Bordeaux University, France) for recording and stud-ying the epigraphic heritage of Friuli-Venezia Giulia date back to the late 1980s. This body of material consists of approximately 5,300 Greek and Latin inscriptions belonging to the Roman cities of Aquileia, Tergeste, Iulium Carnicum and Forum Iulii in the eastern part of Regio X, Venetia et Histria. In the mid-90s the need arose to use a locally manageable database, orient-ed towards a closed source, but guaranteeing flexibility, in a cross-platform environment (Windows and Mac), and easy data exportation (XML) with Unicode characters.
Using FileMakerTM, I developed a large relational database management system (RDBM) for epigraphic evidence, including instrumentum, which is also connected to a photo database. The RDBM allows considering all as-pects related to inscriptions: discovery and current conservation, monument and iconography, text, and bibliography. The RDBM is structured to record multiple and duplicate inscriptions and graffiti on the instrumentum and can display variants of the same stamp. Text search (e.g. onomastic one) can be performed simultaneously in the texts of the lapidary inscriptions and in those of the instrumentum. The next step will be to participate in a portal built by different projects within existing instrumentum inscriptum.
The participation, since 2003, in the EDR project (EAGLE - Europea-na), with a contribution to date of approximately 2,600 inscriptions, did not reduce the validity of the local RDBM. Thanks to a web data access reserved to the contributors (with an app for a mobile), the local RDBM remains the essential basis for any future research. It is an indispensable tool in order to relate to other datasets, which may share only a few fields with the original dataset, thus preserving data not necessarily shown by joint online queries.
Fulvia MainardisTrieste [email protected]
Archeologia e Calcolatori26, 2015, 33-34
Fig. 1 – (a) Database screenshot of “monument”; (b) Database screenshots of “text”.
a
b
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INSCRIPTA – A RESEARCH NETWORK FOR LATIN EPIGRAPHY
The interdisciplinary research network INSCRIPTA was initiated in 2010 and funded until 2012 by the Tercentenary Fund of the Swedish Na-tional Bank (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond). The aim of the network was to introduce a truly long-term perspective into the study of Latin epigraphy. Thus, participants from a wide range of disciplines – such as Latin, Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Medieval Archaeology, Nordic Archaeology, and History – were brought together, specializing in pre-Roman inscriptions, classical inscriptions, late antique, early Christian and medieval inscriptions. The participants came from Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. During 2010-2011, we held four workshops at the Swedish Institute in Rome, where we studied Latin epigraphy thematically and diachronically.
One of our first thematic studies was the relationship between Epigraphy and truth. We discussed the juridical validity of inscriptions as legal documents; the notion that inscriptions sometimes are regarded as more trustworthy than other sources; and inscriptions that make false claims. Study examples were among others the fibula Praenestina, the inscription on the Pantheon, and some medieval inscriptions in the portico of St. Peters.
Another workshop had the theme Self-representation in epigraphy. One of the most interesting functions of inscriptions is the fact that they can speak autonomously, by lending the voice of the passer-by who reads the inscription aloud, and by using the first person singular. Also in this case, it turned out to be very fruitful to study epigraphic material from a diachronic perspective. Once again, the fibula Praenestina is an early example of a speaking inscription (“Manius made me for Numerius”), as is the inscription on the late antique obelisk of Theodosius in Istanbul. Also in the Middle Ages, speaking inscrip-tions are very common, and some examples from Sweden were discussed.
In connection with the university course in Latin epigraphy, developed by the author of this article and given for the first time at the Swedish Institute in spring 2011, the INSCRIPTA network held a workshop, included into the course, with the theme Epigraphy and teaching. The epigraphy course has since then been given for a second time, in 2014, then also in collaboration with the epigraphy course given by Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome.
In spring 2012, we held a conference at the University of Gothenburg, entitled Rome outside Rome. The Roman Epigraphical Tradition Transmitted and Transformed. It included a field excursion to the medieval churches on Kinnekulle in Västergötland, where some of the oldest extant Latin inscriptions in Sweden are preserved. Since then, the INSCRIPTA network has participated in a conference held at the German Historical Institute in Rome, Der päp-
Archeologia e Calcolatori26, 2015, 35-36
A. Blennow
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stliche Hof und sein Umfeld in epigraphischen Zeugnissen (700-1700), and has co-arranged a conference at the Academy of Sciences and Literature in Mainz, Rome outside Rome II, which will also result in an online publication hosted by the Academy, to be published during 2015.
Anna BlennowUniversity of GothenburgSwedish Institute in [email protected]
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NUMISMATICS AND INSCRIPTIONS: ANCIENT COINS AT UPPSALA UNIVERSITY BROUGHT ONLINE
The Uppsala University Coin Cabinet (UUCC) is working with a new project, aiming at making the collection of ancient coins, in total some 4,600 pieces, accessible digitally. This is the first phase of a long-term endeavour to make the whole collection of the UUCC available on the Internet. The project will be undertaken from 2014 to 2016. It will be a collaborative effort between the UUCC, the Uppsala University Museum and the Uppsala University Library. The latter assumes responsibility for long-term handling and storage of project information within its Alvin framework (http://www.alvin-portal.org/).
This ensures the maintenance of the data in a long-term perspective. A common platform means that all components of the database, such as search engines or database software, can be upgraded as technology develops. It also means that the system will not depend on individual persons, as its preservation is institutionalized. In our opinion, this is an important strength in this project, as long-term stability and accessibility represent one of the
Fig. 1 – A Roman denarius struck for the emperor Septimius Severus, featuring the obverse inscription L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX. Such inscriptions, providing important epigraphical evidence for the titles of emperors, will be easier to study, as numis-matic collections are made accessible online in databases (Photo: S. Hanelt).
Archeologia e Calcolatori26, 2015, 37-38
R. Hedlund
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major challenges in current database projects. Moreover, the integration of the numismatic data into the Alvin portal means that the collections of UUCC will become available far beyond the ordinary outreach of a coin cabinet in general and of the UUCC in particular.
Among other things, the database will provide epigraphic material for scholars. Roman imperial coins, for instance, usually feature prominent in-scriptions, that provide important evidence regarding the titles of the Roman emperors. Thus, our material will be valuable for epigraphists as well. The database will be made available online and through national and international search engines devoted to the study of heritage, for instance Europeana (http://europeana.eu/) and K-samsök (http://www.ksamsok.se/ on a Swedish level/). Information about the project will be spread through the website of the UUCC (http://www.coincabinet.uu.se/) and through social media such as the UUCC facebook page (www.facebook.com/coincabinet/) and Twitter (http://twitter.com/coincabinet/). The project is generously funded by the Swedish Central Bank’s Tercentenary Fund (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond), the Swedish Foun-dation for Humanities and Social Sciences, and directed by Ragnar Hedlund, PhD in Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University.
Ragnar HedlundUppsala University
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SWEDISH NATIONAL DATA SERVICES (SND), A NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR RESEARCH DATA
Swedish National Data Service was established on January 1st 2008 by the Swedish Research Council. The organisation is hosted by the Uni-versity of Gothenburg and financed by the Swedish Research Council to-gether with the University of Gothenburg. Through its origins in the SSD (Swedish Social science Data Service), SND has today more than 30 years of experience in, among others, documenting, disseminating and updating digital data. SND is part of an international research infrastructure where, along with other data archives, it contributes to the technical development of standards, methods and tools for documentation aiming to increase the availability of research data. Data archives such as SND enable preserva-tion of data, access to and dissemination of data for secondary research. The archive can also give support for data management to the researchers and projects.
The documentation of projects provided by the researchers is essen-tial for SND. The creation of a Data Management Plan (DMP) will make this easier. This formal document outlines all aspects of what happens to the data during and after the project, and this makes the life easier for the researcher in the long term. A DMP increases research efficiency, ensuring that the data are in a correct format. But it also makes sure that the data are well organized and well annotated. It increases the research efficiency for other researchers, since a well annotated material is so much easier to understand. With a DMP it will also be easier to illustrate to any new mem-ber of the research team the purpose, who shall do what, where, when, and how, but also to manage and analyse data, especially if some researchers are working on the same material.
There are several online guides and tools that can be used when writ-ing a DMP. These guides/tools are frameworks for the DMP document. One important thing to remember is that the DMP is a living document that can and should be adapted to the specific project.
Upon project completion, data shall be published in order to simplify the researcher’s life by enabling an archive to house and disseminate data. The archive’s trained staff is available to provide user support and thus the researcher can focus on his/her research instead of responding to any requests. An archive continually adheres to the prevailing standards and practices for long-term preservation. By depositing the data the researcher can be sure that the data will be curated and handled according to the best practices in digital preservation and therefore will be available in the long term. Making
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U. Jakobsson
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data available allows researchers to demonstrate their continued use after the initial research project is completed. All indications are pointed to the future value for a researcher to demonstrate a continued use of data.
Ulf JakobssonSwedish National Data Service (SND)
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DATABASES AND STANDARDISATION – EXPERIENCES FROM ATHENS
This project (Archive and database of Swedish archaeological research in Greece 1) is based at the Swedish Institute at Athens and aims to make available the information and material from all Swedish excavations in Greece from 1894 onwards. By organizing and complementing the Institute archive and by creating an online database comprising digitized excavation documenta-tion and information about the archaeological material, we want to make the material more accessible to researchers. Our paper discussed views and experiences concerning databases and standardisations that emanates from the work in this project.
Archaeological material is typically catalogued in structurally simple databases comprising information about objects, find locations, dating and publication data. The fields and field values collected tend to be superficially similar regardless of who designed the various databases, and regardless of when they were designed and what tools were used. However, different exca-vations and different individuals use different conventions, and the resulting databases may in reality not be all that similar when you look at individual fields. There will be differences in the structure of geographical information, dating, object type and material specifications and in other data, making a detailed and exact comparison difficult.
There are several initiatives underway, nationally and internationally, to establish standards for data formats. However, not only will these take time and substantial effort to implement on a larger scale, but they will also not be very helpful when it comes to existing databases, collected over many decades or even centuries of excavation. It is of course possible to change the structure of a database, but there is a risk that this will destroy information, since fields in the original database may not have an exact correspondence to any field in the chosen standard. Consequently, consolidating multiple databases in a single location, in order to enable searches across multiple databases, is not an easy task if you also want to preserve the original information unaltered.
We presented a method of achieving powerful consolidated search across multiple disparage archaeological databases, by introducing an addi-tional metadata set, to which a loose mapping can be made from the original databases. The search index will contain the original data plus the common
1 The project is funded by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences (Riks-bankens Jubileumsfond).
Archeologia e Calcolatori26, 2015, 41-42
H. Liss, A. Ingvarsson-Sundström
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metadata, enabling simple search across all databases, as well as more specific searches in a single database for anyone who is familiar with the structure.
The basis for this solution is a document-based search index such as Apache Solr, and we will use a set of Dublin Core (“DC”) metadata fields for the common mapping. These DC fields typically define information on an abstract level, and multiple fields from the original database will be mapped to individual DC fields.
Deciding on a simple metadata set like this can enable us to implement “metasearch” engines that do searches over multiple databases belonging to different institutions on a global scale, and even meaningful searches over multiple disciplines. By ensuring that every record has a well-defined “home” and a globally unique ID, this will make it easy for researchers to find indi-vidual items as well as correlations, on a scale hitherto impossible. Data can still be maintained and archived where it belongs, and updates of the search index can be performed in real-time or on demand.
Along with the data search mechanism, we are also planning an im-age-based search and presentation mechanism, using polygon-based anno-tations of image files to add searchable text and geographical coordinates. We also envision mechanisms by which visitors can do limited annotation of data and images, with an approval workflow to enable retention of control by the owner of the data.
Hans Liss, Anne Ingvarsson-SundströmSwedish Institute at Athens
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AN EPIGRAPHY DATABASE: A POINT OF VIEW OF A RESEARCHER
OF OSCAN/SABELLIC EPIGRAPHY
The Inscriptiones by Lepsius (1841) and then the series of the Rus-sian Zvetaieff (1878) can be considered the first corpora of Oscan and Sabellian inscriptions. Because German, French, Italian and English were in those days still equally competitive as congress languages, Latin was being used as a koiné, a tradition to survive for almost 150 years in the translation of the Sabellic inscriptions.
The first practical corpus of Sabellic inscriptions was probably Sabel-lische Texte by H. Rix (2002). He created an index of (fragmentary) words with inverted order of letters without using computers, an enormously laborious task. Quite recently in the United Kingdom, the first ever corpus with translations, comments and datings of all the inscriptions in English, and with a photograph and/or a picture of every single inscription was Imagines Italicae, a Corpus of Italic Inscriptions, by M.H. Crawford with five co-editors and two collaborators working in the computing, now printed as a book.
Thanks to this new bulky three volume corpus, I think that the re-search on different Sabellic subjects, including also history and archaeol-ogy, will quite soon experience a major boom. I suppose that most of the diverse needs of interdisciplinary archaeologists, historians, epigraphists and even linguists will be satisfied. Traditionally, many scholars saw the task of dating as the duty of an archaeologist, whereas linguists would not have considered such an endeavour. This could be considered as one-track specialism, the opposite of interdisciplinarity. Despite me not being a professional archaeologist, I had recently a pleasant opportunity to write an editio princeps on a fragmentary Oscan inscription together with an archaeologist, an expert in the topography of Larinum in the Frentani (Robinson, Sironen 2013).
On the other hand, during the previous decade, epigraphic electronic research has already been practiced for Greek and Latin epigraphy. The Latin on Stone. Epigraphic Research and Electronic Archives by F. Ferau-di-Gruénais came out in 2010. Already in 2007, at the XIII International Congress of Greek & Latin Epigraphy in Oxford, entitled Epigraphy and
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T. Sironen
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the Historical Sciences, there were several relevant posters, such as that by the team of E. Bozia, A. Barmpoutis and R. Wagman, presenting their scanned and digitally analysed epigraphic squeezes 1.
Timo SironenUniversity of Oulu
REFERENCES
Crawford M. 2011 (ed.), Imagines Italicae: A Corpus of Italic Inscriptions, London, Institute of Classical Studies University of London.
Lepsius R. 1841, Inscriptiones Umbricae et Oscae, Leipzig.Rix H. 2002, Sabellische Texte: die Texte des Oskischen, Umbrischen und Sudpikenischen,
Heidelberg, Universitätsverlag Winter.Robinson E., Sironen T. 2013, A New Inscription in Oscan from Larinum: Decisive Evidence
in Favor of a Local Cult of Mars and Mater (Deum?), «Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik», 185, 251-261.
Zvetaieff J. 1878, Sylloge Inscriptionum Oscarum ad archetyporum et librorum fidem. Pars prior textum interpretationem glossarium continens, pars posterior tabulas continens, St. Petersburg, Brockhouse.
Zvetaieff J. 1884-85, Inscriptiones Italiae mediae dialecticae, Leipzig, Brockhouse.
1 Hoping that in the near future there will be also an epigraphic database worked on Sabellic epigraphic material, here is a list of some epigraphic databases: G. Alföldy et al., Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg, Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (1986-2009), http://www.epigraphische-datenbank-heidelberg.de/ (April 2009); C. Carletti, A. Felle et al., Epigraphic Database Bari, Università degli Studi di Bari (2003-2006) (April 2009); T. Elliott et al., The EpiDoc Collaborative for Epigraphic Documents in TEI XML (2000-2009), http://epidoc.sourceforge.net/; S. Panciera, Epigraphic Database Roma, Università di Roma I (1999-2009), http://www.edr-edr.it/ (April 2009) (the confederated database is now accessible via the Electronic Archive of Greek and Latin Epigraphy, http://www.eagle-eagle.it/).
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K. Göransson, Presentation 11
U. rajala, Introduction 13
K.W. TiKKanen, Pre-Roman languages on the Apennine peninsula 15
a. Caravale, Archaeological computing and ISMA projects 17
U. rajala, GIS and pre- and postcolonial inscriptions in the Ager Faliscus 19
s. orlandi, The EAGLE network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
r. FörTsCh, F. MaMbrini, W. sChMiedle, Inscriptions on iDAI objects Arachne 23
K. lUndqvisT, G. landesChi, From CIL to 2D and 3D GIS 25
K. Korhonen, e.-M. viiTanen, l. nissin, Inscriptions in their spatial contexts in Roman Italy 28
e. bozia, a. barMpoUTis, Life and afterlife of archaeological sources: electronic preservation, dissemination, and study of Latin inscriptions 30
F. Mainardis, The epigraphic project of the Laboratory of Epigraphy (EpiLab), Department of Humanities (Trieste University) 33
a. blennoW, INSCRIPTA – A research network for Latin epigraphy 35
r. hedlUnd, Numismatics and inscriptions: ancient coins at Uppsala University brought online 37
U. jaKobsson, Swedish National Data Services (SND), a national infrastructure for research data 39
h. liss, a. inGvarsson-sUndsTröM, Databases and standardisation – Experiences from Athens 41
T. sironen, An epigraphy database: a point of view of a researcher of Oscan/Sabellic epigraphy 43