introduction to mobile computing

http://10.0.0.141/~cmmankar/14/08/2013

[1KMEF5-Mobile Computing] Unit-1

Characteristics, Fundamentals and Infrastructure of

cellular system, Satellite system, Network protocol, Ad

Hoc and sensor network, Wireless MAN’s, LAN’s and

PAN’s. Mobile Ratio Propagation: Types of Radio

waves, Propagation mechanism, Free space

propagation, Land propagation, Path loss, Slow fading,

Fast fading, Doppler effect, Delay spread, Coherence

Bandwidth ,Inter symbol and Co-channel Interferences.

Unit-1

1

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[Mobile Computing] Brief History

Long-distance communication began with the introduction of telegraphs and simple coded pulses,

which were used to transmit short messages.

Just few weeks before July 2013 INDIA abondaned "TAR" .....(Read /Ref news papers)

Unfortunately we do not have historical data of Indian systems of communications ..... So easily available/ Well documented!

e.g. Inventions/R&D/ ..... etc

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[Mobile Computing] Brief History 1Year Event and Characteristics

1860 Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields1880 Hertz—Initial demonstration of practical radio communication1897 Marconi—Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile path1921 Detroit Police Department—Police car radio dispatch (2MHz frequency band)1933 FCC (Federal Communications Commission)—Authorized four channels in the 30 to 40MHz range1938 FCC—Ruled for regular service1946 Bell Telephone Laboratories—152MHz (simplex)1956 FCC—450MHz (simplex)1959 Bell Telephone Laboratories—Suggested 32MHz band for high-capacity mobile radio communication1964 FCC—152MHz (full duplex)1964 Bell Telephone Laboratories—Active research at 800MHz1969 FCC—450MHz (full duplex)1974 FCC—40MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900MHz range1981 FCC—Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900MHz range for commercial operation1981 AT&T and RCC (radio common carrier) reach an agreement to split 40MHz spectrum into two 20MHz bands. B and A belongs to nonwireline operators (RCC), and band B belongs to wireline operators (telephone companies). Each market has two operators

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Year Event and Characteristics

1982 AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (regional Bell operating companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations1982 MFJ (modified final judgment) is issued by theU.S.Department of Justice. All the operators were prohibited to (1) operate long-distance business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do manufacturing business1983 Ameritech system in operation in Chicago1984 Most RBOC markets in operation1986 FCC allocates 5MHz in extended band1987 FCC makes lottery on the small metropolitan service area and all rural service area licenses1988 TDMA (time division multiple access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America1992 GSM (global system for mobile communications) operable in Germany D2 system1993 CDMA (code division multiple access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America1994 American TDMA operable in Seattle,Washington1994 PDC (personal digital cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan1994 Two of six broadband PCS (personal communication services) license bands in auction1995 CDMA operable in Hong Kong1996 U.S. Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act Bill

[Mobile Computing] Brief History 2

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Wireless/Radio technology/ Communication evolution brought “Dramatic Changes” in way of life of the humans!

Wireless systems evolved as …..1G (i.e. First Generation )2G3G4G....

Wait 2 mins ……

[Mobile Computing] Brief History 3

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[Mobile Computing] Cellular SystemsvThe first-generation wireless systems were primarily developed for voice communication using FDM

vThe second-generation systems developed for Voice & also data processed using TDM

vThe third-generation systems evolved due to the need for transmitting integrated voice, data, and multimedia traffic.

In above all - The channel capacity is still limited.Solution - Compression techniques evolution

2G systems: designed for both indoor and vehicular environments with an emphasis on voice communication.

3G systems: IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

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[Mobile Computing] Cellular Systems3G supports real-time data communication while maintaining support to 2G systems.

1G – Analog2G – Digital & rest 3,4, …Gs

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Year Events1970 Developments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900MHz mobile communication

1977 WARC (world administrative radio conference) allocates spectrum for cellular radio

1979 NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first cellular system in Japan

1981 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia

1984 AMPS (advanced mobile phone service) introduced by AT&T in North America

First-Generation Wireless Systems and Services

[Mobile Computing] Cellular Systems

India – TRAI ?

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Second-Generation Wireless Systems and ServicesYear Events1982 CEPT (Conference European des Post of Telecommunications) establishes GSM (global special mobile) to define future Pan-European cellular radio standards

1990 Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC: United States digital cellular) adopted by TIA (TelecommunicationsIndustry Association)

1990 Interim Standard IS-19B (NAMPS: narrowband AMPS) adopted by TIA

1991 Japanese PDC system standardized by the MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications)

1992 Phase I GSM system is operational

1993 Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA

1994 Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA

1995 PCS Licenses issued in North America

1996 Phase II GSM is operational

1997 North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95

1999 IS-54: used in North America; IS-95: used in North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and China; GSM: used in 110 countries


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[Mobile Computing] Cellular SystemsThird-Generation Wireless Systems and Services

IMT-2000 Anywhere anytime communication

Key Features

• High degree of commonality of design worldwide• Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks• High quality• Small terminal for worldwide use• Worldwide roaming capability• Capability for multimedia applications and a wide range of services and terminals

Important Component

§ 2 Mbps for fixed environment§ 384 kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian environment§ 144 kbps for vehicular environment

Scheduled Services

Ref book for details(Different countries – diff year of adaptations)

Standardization Work *? Releases

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

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[Mobile Computing] Cellular SystemsThird-Generation Wireless Systems and Services

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

3GPP Release Release Date/ Year

3GPP Release 99 1999

3GPP Release 4 2001

3GPP Release 5 2002

3GPP Release 6 2004

3GPP Release 7 2007

3GPP Release 8 2008

3GPP Release 9 2009

3GPP Release 10 Estimated 2010*

refer for more version details http://www.3gpp.org

and http://www.3gpp2.org

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Subscriber growth for wireless phones

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[Mobile Computing] Cellular SystemsCELL: The term cell basically represents the area that can be covered by a transmitting station, usually called a base station (BS), and pico, micro, macro, and so on primarily indicate the relative size of the area that can be covered.

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[Mobile Computing] Cellular SystemsCELL: The term cell basically represents the area that can be covered by a transmitting station, usually called a base station (BS), and pico, micro, macro, and so on primarily indicate the relative size of the area that can be covered.

Transmission capacity as a function of

mobility

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[Mobile Computing] Cellular SystemsCellular System: Provide wireless coverage to a geographic area with a set of slightly overlapping cells. Use a set of low power radio stations to provide coverage, each cell has different set of frequencies or codes, support handoff of mobile from one cell to another, track mobile for incoming call

Cell coverage, size and actually shape depends on local geography, power level, cell site height, antenna type, etc.

Hexagonal idealized cell shape

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[Mobile Computing] Characteristics of Cellular SystemsDepends on the applications

Public Sphere Traffic Info System, Personal Security, Disaster Mgt

Business Sphere Mobile videophone, video conferencing, d’base email

Private Sphere Music on demand, portable TV, interactive TV & games, e News paper, schooling, weather forecast, fin. info, books, etc

An example ofmedical and healthapplication.

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[Mobile Computing] Characteristics of Cellular Systems

Mobile Devices

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[Mobile Computing] Characteristics of Cellular SystemsPotential Applications of Different Services

Wireless features Electronic Mail WMAN/

WLAN GPS Satellite based PCS

Application Areas

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[Mobile Computing] Characteristics of Cellular SystemsPotential Applications of Different Services

Wireless features Electronic Mail WMAN/

WLAN GPS Satellite based PCS

Application Areas

Field ServiceSales ForceTransportation IndustryVendingPublic SafetyStock TradingAirline ActivitiesBill PayingField Audit

RetailWarehousesManufacturingStudentsTelediagnosticsHospitalityGeneral OfficeHealth Care

Surveying

Car Rental Agency

Toll Collection

Sports

Ref Book

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[Mobile Computing] Fundamentals of Cellular Systems

Illustration of a cell with a BS and MSs.

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H/W

Revise concepts of

• FDMA• TDMA• CDMA• Frequency Hopping

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Cellular system infrastructure.

(MSC) mobile switching center (PSTN) public switched telephone network(BSC) BS controller

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Four simplex channels between BS and MS in a cell

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Handshake steps for a call setup between MS and BS using control

channels.

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A simplified wireless communication system representation.

http://10.0.0.141/~cmmankar/

[Unit-1] Mob. Comp. Control

14/08/2013

H/W

26

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Why subject is named mobile computing ..............?

introduction to mobile computing

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