,{przln.rrpecl oJJq s"q srrl,l, ),\r,uns ol Jipro uI sllrlpJlst()) llrttollnlrlsur Ptru llrllr)(ullJa,\oiiqtr,v' 3ur1.ro,{ prnr Sutlulndrucu.t tt rdcpe ,(lbutuctqall.J sn PJlePllrJ sPq tlJttl.r\ 'luJururJ,vD-polurds-rre:rur pue JNIE^rJ$uoJ u.yo srur.{ ttil Prttl .l^lrll J,lr'r:IleJtsnv u1 ( trl 'do 'tlosuqol')

.sruJcl t$f4r(leJ Ip:ru1s ur ss:ru1n3.rsn n-ululJtp Iq Pue JJug(trl :itttllnr) iq llloq {sIrolltllIlstlt

|ruourJnpJ rqqnd uo llnesse snorob't,l E, l))ptll.)lrt tlJttl,u 'rustlr't,\lJsltoi) Itxr()IlPu.lo Jtutlu rrr,'iunrr,n se^| c11 r(.rucr.rnr Sutssl:d rz nttl lJrts sturod s,uosuqof' 'q111; ttt J]tJ,\{ I sV

'frgr 'do 'rrosuqof) ,suotll:or s1t qeq lqlirw no( pue t1 {;11xr;1 .r8p:r1,nou1 ln1osnSurxpo:cl:oj ,(tu:lqr1e.;o purl e'ssJJoJd u st sJtpnls IItJrllln)! :.ttlsst ttlz slt'\{ i^olPnts Ju.ruJn.)lirrr.(;rpoo3o o.rl:lods.rql o8e sruai,,(tut.,tl lrt lll JJotu luql rJ(lultuor ol ifuetnlus st ll (JuIIllo,\

srqt tu'rrosuqof) ,rron.)in)J tsnflou uonuudordde, JAIo u! lsnu anlrtlt.t.r ;trt1l lrrq.rstrcl.r.rlu.rJql Jo urd ,fucs"^o:r:ru ru sr JnbuuJ tuqt .rstn:qduta o1 sunrd 1u st ttostrtp["sotpnts ;erntpr.l

;o tr:rliud )ql ot lutuJJ .rra.,n sltl:-lvcuddt luJrJ.lIIP -lo ,,trun.p purl Jql. PJIIuJ Jll nnl,!\

Jlelnurol ol ,qorl Prru sJIDnls lernllni) Jle Jo r^I llrq-$ lnoqt suotls.rnl> Stttttttt8:rq iJ.]^ .ltJl ulo{trnll fiap s.)Ipru ',i{e,r.r"(tr1r scrpntc ;u.rnlln') sI xnl\\,'€861jo tx;r1 .(r1 s.rrosuqof'p.ruqlr1

'(rorsr.\.)J ot trldo itrs._1.r,rujo pun llnrqllP sttt"utJ.l llo.t\ s!lll

.lo JJnl€u lquaun4)un; :rql 's.rqrcorddc tucrogrp ro; ,(>rutt 1tli.r1 leuoltntltsttt .rllu)JF u Pou'IIo,{\rrJp o} IJo,!\ irorx qrnru c eq,!rou J.{.r1tq,11 'suotls:nb qSnot o:u.rslqt iiJppru tr tncl o1,

;luJurou lpJnlln:r pcurq u burtc.rcl.r.lut ro e1<kr.rrl

iiurqlearq pun Srrr,rllJo ruroJ itlt uI JJtllli) 'PJtlJJuJsJr Jtll ot (Iollulal snl/rJtl Pttl, lJtlrPJs^

ol{l Jo lPqM ;qtl .lo sluJuotu .lo sJtltpriJ rttdut; ltlt PuP s.)rnlx.)l .)tlt iJ,\ttoJ ol $oH

;uroq.4r ol pue sso.rpPcJo aporu ltqal.po,ft4dop tscq utl $PotllJtu lvq.\\ ('sJJ(lJlJ.(lxJ isJlll

Jo eJnlcrr aln)alloJ Jo dno:a- oql purl FnPI^tPttl Jql uJJ,\\t)q lrorslril .rqt lo.; trrnolu nrliop,lro11 .'(trrnrq:o pup'ssel) !JpuJ8.lo seJnl)nJls'oJll IJo.,[ i{flutP.J.lo 'lrlntln:).lo sJJtlJtJJdxJ

.spnprArpur pu"l$rJpun noi op ,no11 ibrrol'rn qlr'$ {:)eq $Jtuo) lJJloJd Jql 3o Itlnrq|pJJJrls rlll Prnt,(lltPPnrz Jql'otuu lsJll Jql Jql sJttlllJulos Jo'ttlu8n slJded:rs:rqt flurpulry

?orlunul)JJrllEJ uotllnpolrrr sltp Stur:,u srletu qJlqr\{ 1o 11u 'uottu.rtdsttr llttll saptn8 {ur rt:rlq

r^pq ororl sJoqlne :rqr3o,(ueur puy lro,!\ JlulJp?lu ollrt atu toli lurl..u st u,uo.(tu osn ol;Iqefiur:rq pue ,lEr)os Jql, ll") r^{ slJJr,,J aql 1p.1o o:rururdxo "^,o1docd Sutpuctsrcpull €tllTretk-

,4lportucpere )seJI le 'qtl^l dn umor,'J o,r,1 teql cserqd r s.tt ,artrauedxa 1o srnqod .1q1,

..iu,w(uy scrpntg prnrlnD st rl?q,\\,'uosuqof pruqJ)l'$rurr$P PlIv suorlrPu().) 'sturl.).)l rJ,\o IoJltloJ )tuol JsrJJJX)

'srqr {Snorqt puc',{lrnurluo: pue cf,uf,Jf,qoJ crrros npord ot )^rrls ()sI, slrtrtur,\oru lulrospur s,9ulcq uvrrrnq tng pernprud 'p.rtururSprl '.sscJord ut, tfuorJlPurtuo.) ,./, sl.))lilnlsl '

u(qoq WddtTI

ef,uerJadxaJo scrlrTod aqluoIlcnpo4rrl

126 Elslnth Pro@n

acute lor rnv dcpartrnerrt, rchich $cnt from \\irrnen's Studics to (lcndcr Stuclics lbl good

intcllcctual reasorrs liut als() becaus(: ()ft)re nccrssitl of gctting nrorc burns on seals. Bcr:ause

thc nrajolit,v ol thc rncmbcrs ol-our srnall dcpartrncnt hare bccn dceplr. invcstecl in culturalstudics, ovcr 1ll. sanlc linrc pt:rio<l rvc lrave ricd rcpealcdlv to harr: our natre changcd to(,lenck:r ancl OultrLlal Studics. A (jhanu'llor who $as idcologi(:itlly against cultural studies

first rebufli'd this, ancl nrorc n't:cntlt it has becn blockcd lry menrbcrs of olhcr rnore trad-itiorri ck'partnrcnts becausc ol proprictorial clairns:rnd thc clcsirc lirr wltat is sccn as a'scxy'and prolilablc cntct l)risc. Oul clairns tllat u,( arc actuall,y in\.cstcd irt cultural studics (for

t'xaurplc, in pul.rlishins in cultural st udics.journals and in bolstcriug our n:rtional lssociirtionof cultural studics) agzrinst a rnarkcd lack of irrvesuncnt bl thosc rishing to claim thc

ground. finds succotrr in.lohnson's rcmarks:

\\'e nced clcfinitions of crrltural stu(lies to strugglc ('flcctivcl-v in thcsc contcxls. to make(:lairns for rcsourccs, to < laril-v our nrinds in thi: ruslt and mucl<lle of cvcryrlav lvork, and

to clccidc prioritics lor tcachilg and rcscirrch.

.Johnson, op. cit.

If tlrc ernphasis back tlren u'as on appropliating in < rcatilc u.avs liom otlrcr disc iplines,

incrcasirglv thc problenr is that otht:r disciplincs tle appropriating frorn cultural studics lorlcss than salrrbriorrs rcasons. And as I rvritc lhis, I am asarc horv pcttl thcse concclns can

sour(1. But thal is also nty'is it so irnportaDt to rc1ncrnb(:r.Joltrrsotr's poitrt as rvcll as thc toncin rvhich he makcs l)otlr intcllectu:rl ancl pragrnatic ilrguDreDts. Lr the crlss-national, intcr-natiorral and irrtra-iatiolrill nro\rcnlcnts that constitute a loosc unit; ol cultural stutlics at thc

moDlent, it is i l too easy to fall into a ganrc firclled by cithcr cn1.or tcs(rltrtlenl nt thcrrncqual rlistributiorr ol'rcsoultcs. Ihis rvas, [i:rr instancc, plalr'<i out rc(1:ntl-r ir],\ustraliau,hcn zrn c:<-pat back on a visit frorn his lvcll resourccd Position in onc of thc top ,hcricanunircrsitics railcd against what hc pcneivccl to be thc lack ol'theorctilal arrrl politicalengagcmcnt on thc part ofhis lbrmcr cultural stutlics'colleagres irt ,\ustr:rliit, His cornrnents

orr thc (lultulal Srudics Assrx:iation of Australasiir's listscnc rverc mcl r'r'ith sonrc lirrious

rcbuttals. an(l reninders tha( staving alirc urrder.lohn Horvard's (iralition gorcrrrrnent

requircd politic al actiou that his so-callccl politir:al collcagucs in the US-r\ rvould nt:r'ct hat'c

to irn:rginc. ;\nd as u'ith Johnson's rcmarks, (his t)?e ol clinrate l)crft)rcc .hanqcs h()w orcthinks of 'the llrcorcti<'al' or 'tJre politiczrl'. il <lrrll, l4' rcrlovirrg thc singrrlarisilg crnphtsis orr

'thc' theolctic ll.Il it's touglr. and dillbrcrrtlv lough \lithin ,\ustralia rvltcre \\:( havc a push to l rthcr

enlrcnch hieriirchi(:s bctlrccn unircrsitics (tcaching onlv vcrsus rescaxh), tlrr stzll{flcri gdillirrcn< cs in thc matcrial conditions of tlre pnrduction of krrou.lcdgc at a global lcrclnccd to bt: forclrortcd il u'c nre 1o havc art-v unitl'at a largcr lcve'l- Arrcl thc dillirctrccs itt

tht'qpcs ofthcory'an(l rcscarch that arc consiclt'rcd uscfirl nccd to bc;r1>preciatcd as thcrcsult ol thc prcssurcs cxertcd bv go\rrnment but rlhich on th. morc positirc sicl mavrcr(lcr such endcavours more'rvorldly', to use Stuart Hall's tcrm. -,\s.JohrrsoD Puts it. Il'thc monrcntum is to strir.e lbr rcallv uscftrl knon'lcclge. rvill a<adcmic codification hclpthisl' ls it not a priority to bc<:ome morc "popular" rathcr than mor( acadcmi( 1)' (Jolrnsort,

oo. r'it.).Althotrgh rvc kno$, that 'popular' can havc its pidalls, rry cncrsies havc beett clircctcd ro

rcrrclcring the acack:mic mor<: popular. To illustratc qrickly sonrc of the probl nrs ol tonc,addrcss and rcception tlrat this cntails. let mc recount a rcccnt (failcrl) moment of CCl(lScmulation on my part. In addition to my acadcmic.job, lbr thc last foul ycars I'r,t' bccn

i-

'(uollelqJlJJ lol JsnIz) 12 l(nl PUP 'lrl^l.\lns.ro (Ioll4)tlo) urnulltlltu Jtll

,(1uo, sr snp tnq .p:rpeorq ,{1qrg, sr ernqn) Ns?1.}-bttllJo,q llxlt :ltrtod Jurlult.r .u1;tr\\ tto PJPUa I

Lapfnol lo ry o,tQ pauu(uouu

qTtol puo ytotl ltot' - tluu pin lo asnotarl QnEuE qnln 'crzlloP arl afl l(ata q qmwp pE

o1 ,iafi1Jit noyt o t.ataql zatJ toJ tlnlo( Trou ao1 nq dn saytnt4 tVtl ?ll.fi zuo PUD Yaaofn rqn'l1t

at,{at11, 'Eututow aq u uo i("io la n( no,P 'tito'n o1 auq 1,uup itlt r"t tto Poollt4 |nitout Pal axul

qoq :s1tu1 {n-aloa naq\ an(wot puo sayol pooE a.,tiat11, 'liloau suatol aallo ayl xt yo& 'liqDqoldotltn uaul$t 4w!n u1)41 nol auu o to/ ssaupoat ut flb punot;t^ t.t quu pp ary.fo anfi ary w tuttl

mon1u1 u Euatnl ato uqo! aql n uaaodl pqlo tt11 sltouua'ul atlaf ut apoq tuuou o saop 'ino41 17

'arauDut?t/l ut lalp qma ol Vfttt4 1tdlr,noqV;lau f,w Eutop p$ atll puo )qt 'utlt pDaP titt

.lfit Euntrys vatl ot1 uo n 'ouu(las Ji, usnox o Jt8aunoL-1t1b\1s y qqn{ ut op uot no,t-sbutt11 itlowt|ttt

atow at11 fo auo aq o7 su1 atnttpad o tnao11 'uvwom puduoqy Tuoilala uo o1 yau yrttlloof o qlnt uoyt

D ra luqltt tuJ ltil tlloor slu arEJD puo tuo1orlaauot so 7aa4t n11.fit nan paoi o pF not'uo1ot dt11 utot'1

sl4aw fiuq.a( nau wf 1(uxa pauxl{ot1 :;,biutt4ou tttJ x pooytnoqy\au

o Jb uotna oq 4Dpowwtu)D o1 tylo(looJ uptitt Pup arnlunl Pa4t ntu \'1qDJ Paunq 2aDq ol atu

all pa4s aU 4Dutnnbt ot sTtnq &q panwa( svtl.unbut n1S I asn trl,ot;rq3o ctts cql su sttutrtttlod

puc erqod cqt ,(q sn)oJ luntsuo) JoPun $t 'uot1r:.rodto3 a-utsno11 purHrroqy rtla ir1 un.l

sJsnoq.lo uollf,elloJ uMoPunJ Mou r,'IJolg JI{J 'sJeJ.{ 000'09 Jtuos JoJ JlJq uJJq J utl

,{aql es:noc3o pue funtuat u ra,To JoJ r:rlP,rlsnY 1J?qlno tuo{ e P )ql ol Sul(tloJ (l)aq

JAnq oqM 'aldocd luurBrroqy yo uouelndod ueq.rn 1s.rli:e1 rl{l ol Juoq ,ql sr ur{PJU

'suerl€Jlsnv-uort togl 7to1g aq1, uotf {omo s1to1q fo a1(not v 'pa4s aafqey uo lt uolot ay-L

'strq tJ1 lnq aJol|

[tuofo 1ou t,t1 's1ut)tq nl! pl aprytDr8uot 1 uaqm puo 'ptony tsvursng ,laupll5.fit fit11 o uun s,a45

'uo1os Ewpuodxa np sutofp 7vy1 alw pualw puo (ot1s Fu(qaaap uot/ ttfl laru olal PDq l /:al qltt l

o1o voa{fiou aao antt ar15 '@ n auuqog (q vot (isnouoa otlm mtwu'tt arauoqarl Vdunol-o fq

paurno n s1o.y 6;j tinoag 1"1 lfuptnouns {w o1 {njastiu ua(o q p uo amu( 1 puo luol Qmq o t.11

,'tu!od fiuluots s,zuo u patnh[ad \ou a*papouY Euqna4lb :Fa-@frT@Q fo ilg\uso( aqt

- l"ry1qtstod 1ot6o1opoy7aw luopo{w Qpuno{ot( o sptoaq tznolloft\t ?4ruxp soq, lnbt dV lnryl'uoq-oausqo yo(ot1n( q rU ua{ ryfl1 lEutuozw aa4nQrs Eutyuoasat Ji f,p1tqsmd turt fo lotliuq! u! lal wsla]llrod I0 mbqtu ng 'spotfltut tptPaslr aalqnonb purt ao.ttoryuPnb uzzolltq tuoult?l

a fo runom aw!4u! ,t.xtl!,4,1 uo t4ou a[4 o7 aa{ spuotl (w snoq q4ym 'a]n Pad o i}waDV u,l

'n4 f,wt7 aqdquq aq m papoaa.t f,\apm 'umq8ututtg Jit t1.r'aatuil

aft p (SCJ, saxnqs Prnnn, tno(uo1uo7 tqf a4ua3 a\l fo aquau lttu?Euo aq\ lit auo st ttpttll',potgaylJ uo t4oy l7op uou t1t ut uory ?4L tq1q17 po,1 fupoat uqw pan puo 6noaq ryl Q w,1

:alor,r I l"tl,&Jo Hutuuriicq cqt s1 srqa uon.relJor

slql roJ slxel .srlllM In?d Jo auo Eutpear se,u Surop s",4{ I l?q,{t 'pualaaa,r relnrrtred cuo

pue Burpecr sutop tu.I re^aleqMJo lol e rl?rodroJut, o*',"rr"o "ur'i'lffiH"J: ilili;I SCrurle(uos 'eJoqJ

"Jo llq e a) l saull lE utees ue) oslE ll ra^Ile^lJsuot aJotu rJAc sctuoSlq

pt.I s^\eN s.qtroP'tntrAl sP'lnq'seePl lnoqe cqqnd urgo punos or eSapud e sl t1 (pt'I sMaN Iqpeu.ato) uoqo4my atla',{1ep puorleu rno u1 uorlecnpe lcq8rq uo utunlor ,{pq8tuuo3 e b'urrrrm

LZI € a@rns ol tuqtrtPo4uJ

128 El1teth hoQn

Nou' as I said, wriLirg an opiniorr colunur is a hi( or miss alliir and I ntay harc rnissc<lon

rhis occasion. Holcver, thc reason I bring it u1-r is that mv eclitol relirscd to run il bccausc'[lr.as patronising to thc unrk-r-< liss 14, inlarring that gclling tltcir nails dortc addctl colour to

thrir lir,cs'.'Iir"lk alrotrt bcirrg surprisecl. \I_v irnnrccliatc in4rulsc lvas to rcsl)on(l: 'rvcll. thel :rrc getling

a bit of colrur in thcir lives, you privilegt--cl git.' Horvcvt'r orrc <locsrr'l sav such things (o (nle s

cdito5 and instc:rcl I furncd.llas so<:alle<l politir'al corrcctllcss n()\! rr-achccl a poinl wlr( lc (mc carl no lollecr cvert talk

about thc uorking class (lnd if 'rrndcrclass' is not patronising, I clon't knou, what is).''fheaccl,satior ranklcs dctpl-v bccausc it qrx's asairtsl, arl(l indc(-'(l stiglnatiscs, thc d<:sirc toclcs< ribc. to gct into thc lircs ol'othcrs, in \\,halc\.('r snrall wav: to Iicl arrd portrav thc

ineflablc rtcbs that ti( us togdlrcf iu socinlit\:And so I tuln back to thcsc fbrrnclins tcxts. doublv motivttccl to lllean liom lholn rJloro

unclerstirmling ofhorv to r/o thc politi< s ol'cxpcr-ientr. I stirrt rvith tho \\hnrcn s Sludv C;r'oup

(-\VSC)), u,lrirh iLddrcsses rnost rlirr:ctll"trf ing to rlo lirrnirrist inkllcctrral lr'olk'. 1 hc dt:sc lip-tion bl thc Group ol-thcir exlx'rictrcc of cLrirrg fctninist \!()rk at tlrc (iO(lS is aIr c\:( -op( r)cr.'lir mv grlcratirxr (u'hi< h giv u that l,atrrncc ()rossbere l as ottc ol tnv suPenrisors. lrrrultlnrakc it sccontl or thircl gcrrcralion). tlrr' (l ntlr'l rrctions as 1hc lulti(lotc t() lhc cxl)eticrl(:c ol-

bcirrg thc onll lirninist in a (l('partmcirt as \\'as th(: cusc iu m\, hrst teachiDg- Positiorr in a

sto<lg-r' l,'rarrcophorrc dcparnrcnt ol-sociologr: r\s I battlctl ottt' hrlittglt scxist situation aftcranothcr. I'd dlcanr ol bcirrg in tlrc colkrgial arrtl politicallv suppotlir,c cnvil'olunclt llrat I

imagirrcd as tlrc C(iCS.'l'hc rcalitics an dtpi<:tcd as sotncrvlral dillerort. ,\s tlu: \\'S(i rr,r'itc. mut:h olltlrcir uolk

wcnt irlo c{pl()ring 'tlrc- a-yp?nr,/lr" ol lhc abst ncc ol rrrrrrcrt'. IIris:rbserct- lrrs irt lc|ttts ol

thc tlrt'orttic:rl and crnpir'ical rrllk rial brrl accor(liDg to lhc \vorncn, it las arlso lbul<l u ithintht structrrrc of r:ollaborat iorr ir thc (lcntl'c: 'thc "ncrrtrirlitl"' ol illellc(1uitl groLlPs in u'lriclr

dctacht'd discussiorr ol thc oDf?r:l ol stuclv t?rkcs pla( e'. i\s tlrc_v liuthcr cxplain, 'It rvas clillicultboth ft) arquc.rnrong oursch('s insirlc tlrc sroul) al(I, as inrlir.i<lual litrtirti,its, to atticttlattdillir, rrt l,.ritiorrs irr tlr- rr'i,l, t rottt, st.'

lil.ancl larg^r'. the nrcn at thc Centl'c. rt lcast itt thcir ll'r'iting. do not aPPcal or'crlv woIr'icd:rbout lrort,to ckr irlcll ctrral rvork. ()r as thc \\tS( I s:rr'. lltcy arc lcss cottcrt'rnc<l alxrrtt tbc scll:

conscious 'usc ol tlrcor'etical l:rntuagc rvhich is onc clcrnenl in perpctrratirre kn<xrlctlqr as

thc prpcrtl ol zr lcrr''.'Ihis is ir lather_ lrro:rcl char-actcrisatiott of thc Ccttttc's tltritc di\l rsc llrarln( r'..j ol rr'ting

ald rcs('arching. lJut it is unrloulrtedll, irrportartt. artrl uoul<l latcr go lrancl itr ltantl rith a

plrnorrnt:cd lirn rist carc not to lrsc thc cxpcr-icrccs o1-rvomcn irtlirrnrattts Ii)r lhc b( rx1it ol'

rcscar(:het s arrd thcir institutiorrs: ol as;\ngcla NlcRobllic l)ut it a li\\'rcars later in l!)82.

'hou. to nrrkc talk u'alk'. 1hc <lucstiorr ol thc appr-opriatc :rrrd lxrlitical lclrtiou:ihil) tor_cscan h srrlrjccts u':rs to bccomc c\rcl lll()r'c irnp()r'talll lllrou!h(nrt tllc l!)80s. u,ith tlrc l>rob-lcnratisalion oi'thc nrcxlcs ol zrdclrcss. attcml)ts at 'rnultivrx al' irutholsb\r ol cthrrosraplricrvolk. and a li'ar of'syrcakirrg for tlre strbaltcln'. F)ryurrlll thcr: u'oulcl bc rcslxnrs( oIl thc l)arlofotht:r scholars lo tllc cllact that su(h conccrns (:al bcconle stifling aud l sult in palahsis.()r as Clifiirrcl Gct rtz u'ordd sa,v in l9tlll, 'fhe .lnthropologi';t a.t 'luthar. clcath cxlrrt'ssiug his

clisplc;rsurc at vvhat hc pcrcci\r(l as thc o\t r-z( alous l)rc(xcul)ation u'itL tlrc politics ol'

rvliting.()nc scnses that qucsti()ns ol'rnoclcs of arldrcss arc onlY nas(cul :tt this m<rrncttt ir thc

(icntrc. I laughctl readirlg- onc mlnuscriPt whcrc thc aulhor lta<l gouc lrack anrl lalxrliouslttvpcd in srrpcrscript'she', 'rvomcn', 'lrer' abore thc prcviotts solt'll rttasculirlc rcli'r( nc( s.

L

rrr pJrnSqJJ(l lolr )Hp.ll$ornl ,'iutql:c.r.;o ipatudnn ilwaq p ittltcltssocl .x1t. :,(lrruclu.r ss:rllr.rutl

lurlt.,o sl(rJtt ut {1t.txr1.;.rr-;;ls s)ltrl.P srlll-t\ '(.rs1.t iitrrqt{trr: s)llrJJlllqo ln(l llP .\rllt:JltlJJ

s.Jlq r:JsJr Jrll JJ,\o.trlrpd .lJJtl-\{ stlln(r.)Jl: 'Jslu,$ lo) ttor)ts<td s.:.rt1.rrn.rsoJ Jtll ()) l)olt JII)P.J

r',.1o peJt$ul itrotl pttu tuctrodut st,(tt't1xe1;a.t-i1os {q,tr.t.r.t<4 qll,!\ sllu.)J.t.rr:rrd,st11t,11 '.l.rtl.r -u.rdx.r otemrro:>.;<.r il!lvlol )(ll ol sIs{Ptte l€.)t5olorJos l)tt)lx.) ol xll )^.)(l s$JoJl).1.)llll l)lltr

ssnetr1 1o.ue11 .t1 strlutal)t :oq.rc:r s1p.r.)J tlJBJ.I plll? l)JJ lu )I).)lo.)ql sl l :iltlelol .ttrtp ltt st-tlt;x1

upunq puulsJJPttn .r,u ,lrou ,'iulrorclurr lP PJIJJJIp ,Ll::xrl qlt,n sruntl .).),Jld uotls ,s^Illt,\\

lJurnlol sttlt ur 'srllri.\) lt 1:re1 no,(.uott 'lI Jrnsr:)ttt rlo{ .$olt. :,'brnbttt.;o s.rlxrttl

;ltrsoddo il.r,ltvtncl liulr:.uutu.rp iJsnonu.r.rts ,k1 pe<l1.rr1 torr st ,i1t.rtl.roli1'ts ttutunll plo).)J Pllll

Puetsr.rpun ot, iHolol)os lultuttuoP tl!rllt,$ Illlt(llrul Jlll'lJslno Jql lu lt s)rttlz.ll .)tl slt:ttlJlq(u(l

.rqt1o anbrtt::r tuellluq B sr: sptlrrls llus 11 rusnttlr;lilns ptttl utst,rqr.rltltl plrsotlclo su(13{llttn:l.,

lPlll q.'lqr\r ur r_Iur$ J)tlloltl uJr') JtF PUv slxltll)ltt ')^tlult[:ntr puc .r,rt lult ltrtlnb .;o sut.rlqo:d

.r11t lro !'urualrlStc.rts pue liutq.rvt.rp o1 ll.rlrr.lrtp ,(Jllso1.r .uottt tl.)^) sl (.)ttoP sltl'lu.)ol ittt Sulrutl

.r1r1.n firrpc:rr se,u 1 .rcurcl .rqt) ,poqto11 uo sJlo\ :Jbbl) trorl lll rtt rlr:l\ rtl.l,. .srllr-\\ Inrr(l'( lr) do'dnorf) Iro,t{),.ltvc1l1l e1r1tht11.-ltttt Ilrl l.)nPuoJ ol J.lIl J.\1.,1 s.))ll.)l.Ullp

pue sJolrnrl.tJlrn lu)0ilroi)tll Jno.lo tott:1 xrldtrr<tr lrqt t.>:rlb.rcl ptlu'lno llJlq.tilults'q.>r,t.rP,rt

,ful*s.))Jrr sr tr, i(c'^,()rll su l)tte'.)suJs ti^Jq ilql ur xJldrtlo.) I.t.l'l 1pl s,t1 .{rlrlr:r}iotttllJ slo.rb.lno(l

ur t.r.rl(ns cql.;o.luJElnPtrr )rlsluetunq Jql l!lllll plttl' tuslxllrl\ lsrllr.lnl.)nlls llulrJssnllllV

tur lrlftlns or;t jo {lt.rtssecl .rqt .r1trdrr. ot .r.luts i.rq.;, (Jurlllo^ stlll ltl 'dnoll) ry<r,,11) .trr.rrt.ltl

.;o xoldruo.r t_uruectu .r,rttr.r(qns Jql, :JurJtll lt.lltlJ.) s,.)JlltJi) Jtll su JJs.(l1t lt:t1u.rlt:lttrtl.rt:

.raqun; (;qt {u,u 'rt1t .tittolu tncl ',(5o1otlos un:lJJls(In:trt ilutuur st .rnlltltrr.lo l.rl(tp rrlq.1,'sJ,\llJJ(lsJid lelllJloJql Pue sPotllJuI l(l.ll.lUIP lIJJ,tuJq strorn|P.l ;rrp I1d:rlp rrolts;nb i.rqt st

'd[o.ro .Iro,r\.lo JJuJUrdx'C, .rt1l rrt lruds l,nldJJtro.) t'rtr.ts.)lrJo tluo,ll Jtll *tt ,ii;i.,],,1?,r,,,

i\tr) !f,tflo +na t,l ut)qt1at tur1l ut ssrllnotcldu lu:r:.r1;tp.;t-r sltl.lul)l) .)lll Sultxlol.)1, .;,, .r.-,,,ut.,u,I,,,,

irlt sJssJJls Jtl JjJ(I,$ litd€Il:) s.ttosttqo('ot lu.lltt)) lttP.:ie st sttl.J, su,l\ JJtlo lt srl ll'lnsn srl

lou sr lr sarrrldtrstp lpuourP?J) JJotrt tllr.{\ siD^P.:Ju.) i(lJr\uJ! tlJltl,t\ tlollutltl()l n_(lr,5tlI,J-JPl.$

ss.)l l,'lrorn?J n_uusrxJ (le.l() )slr)s u sII.'sE )J.lo it.lt.tu,r rr.toJ ln(l stllllsll sJlPnls llJlrlllr.)

3o :unler; lrrutrrxltttt tttr stz.t ;l.ruds e tvJIJ ol l)J)(t )lll '1.lo.t :rtqdu.t5ottrlt.l .)tl) ltPlll J tll:.'o,r.)

.ro Surun)rrlu:r ss.-r1 lllqAyJtuJtll PJPlrJlx:r lsotu lqt sdeq:cd s! sll0 'llotl:t.)s sIlF lrt s.rlrdr:cl oql

.;1;'sul8tpered tuuuttuoJ) tt)rll illt llll.{ n-uoJ,\\ s?.{ 1rr(l^r )no Stttyo,tr .ipt.rtlclxo c.Iu s.t.xhtl 'rtpjo iueur 's1d.rruo.r pldolotros pttv s.rcrpnf.u<l ,Our.lttl lnoqr:1tr:uol s..rlltpr1.r11 rlttrr s1'

'( tt.r 'tlo 'ciitpq.tg)

t.rntlnJ Jql ssoJJu $ our .)lqrl.rPul stt UJI P(tD tlllrllllr,,l ol s.'(e u 1u.r.t.1111p ltr Jtl().) sl:tl ppo,l\

Jprslno Jql fsr:l urults Puu leJ,us.l(' r.r.rqclsoutte urz uI sJt)llttlJl) 1np<1nop slr la-urlrrlrsurrru(xlurJ l.J-pJqlJl-puv-qsr:ru-pttr:-ltd, JtllJo stlsr,l Ptlv sll)ttls.)lll uo uJlltl.\t s! ll'JJ^J,uotl

'aurn srq.L ,purrl Jtll uo (tJllIJ-.\{ sI )lnllnJ, :.,{.rvtltlLt() sl J.lnllnl), utor.; .rsu.lt1<l :rtturorr

,suer1;rr11 puout,(ea Jo IroIlPJolJJ u pttv r8uutotl sP J.u.)s 'lotl .ro ilsnotrsuor 'tet|1 si(tln

ur snll s.op iH (Junlo stql trr 'lSrpqiH) ,sdtqstronulo.t iitrttltqslo x.lJduor snocttobcrllrq tr

sr2 pJIeJ,\Jr sz.lr ..ttotleutsetut Jcrt5ol<rtros,, cqt.;o trr.rur,Sy u se:o's.r.ltpnllr<l i.tu.t.rttIJo utr#

-leuR rm su potulserd uJUo ool lp st tl:)tll,!\ ',,Jlnlln:) Je;nclo<I., Ittotldurs:rp.;o | "-s.D<xcl cqt

rrr 1(11njrdo11, 9(essc s1q.;o PrIa :lql trz s'IrPntrr ct1 sy €uro$ tq .'rrq^\ s,{lotrl J8lpq.)H lng'erucrqdoztq* puru pulq JIqnoP s.ttosJlrrg 's.toqdc1:rur "^tt

ptte r.l,trtxl ltro<1u strorssnrsp

olur scn8as (.lsv.rqd {1o,ro1 e) ,uonzuqattt.lo sill-uouo)J ct1.1., .rdop Stlrlotrts put: litttlttt.tp

's1q8q 'sdn-pur,u 'scrtr,rrtru lvtall .rreqt put sqnd.;o suotl.rld;rP llr.x:i Pur?'i|olu:i sttltl.) s.)J.)tll

:ruolc ,(lcterpatuuu s,(e.,u1e lou st stsdleuclo t.refqo estoo:d :rql 'uleq[n.{.,o lunoJJt s..)n-IPqJH

pr11 Surpeer 'JJuplsul Jo,{ sp:tlJnof PJI)Irlsi}J ,{ltqbn :no ut spuy ::ril-trol ott Juo lrnll

,{ttll'nb b'uqque.t snoyolS .reqler P 'slxol Jql Jo (ttetu ut 'st .r)ql 'JI^ls PnlJu.lo sull')l lll

67,N t: uoryar' ol uotl)nPupl

130 |':l.tltdh Prahl'

o|c,s stirrting par.acligrn'. I,bllorvirlg throuah on rhis, sclf-rflcxivit,v occurs rvltcn knor'r'lcdse

irrA ""1r".i,,,,."

alc r'hallt'ngcd"rlt"tt th"" ittc 'arcas lthatl rcntailr obsctttc 1o thc

rcscorcl'..r,' .l.he .dcs(luctir'c. nvlnrcrrts o1-rclit:xil,it)! lhc .ttrrrcstraittcd atrd Itirzartlorrs .rrf

,f"r!1 ;. pr,,-p,.d by artd allorvs lor'the possibilitv ol-t gcrltitre applct iatiorr of.anothcr

."aliq -.

. . ttrother r'r'al of.ccing thc rtolld' (\tillis' in tlris vrlurne)'

,,inurfr", inrportaltl ana ol fi.'aring, clctaclring antl solting.rvas in.tht zrrca of studics of

etLtnicilv an(l racisrn. You can ltcl thc lircc of tvhat loung blitck schol;rrs attd lcscarcllers

"i,'ii"i.i . ,*." ttp agairtst in ['lrr.l l-rrvrt:rrtc's'('l'trttr'tt sctts" rit' ir.r atrcl thc srri,los\-

ol,race rclalions.. ili* iri,l,,_ru,.rgi,rg acr.ounl of llrt: [irrrnalion irncl artit rrlation ol contrnon

sclse ittotttrd rircc itlterll)gak s (irarrtsci' thc Nlidrllc Agt s' li'udalism lntl En<xh Porvell

bclbr-c ltc stirgtrs atr ('llcolllltcr h'trvct:rt, ort thc onc trancl' racc rclatiorrs sociologv atrd its

tlrr:n lrighrctringh' close lics 1o social polit'l' ancl otr llrc olh(j' illttrnati!c p( r-sP(xiovL:s

"rr,..ging li,utt ,\ii r-( larillbcan crtlturc \Vritten in lgB l' lhc 1>irll of l lratchcristn is itt tltc

"i,.. is ,"au rcal political (:ollstraints bcar clolrr oll thc cnlci'gctlt colnmullitics o1'l)la(rk

,,:t.,otn.*tr;1r, Ln.rvrrlc,: ""ritc,,

fltck tbortt tlrc intlit::r<itts ol gcrrdt'r antl lirnril,v lift, as lI' trics

to clisurantle tlrc prthologisirrg stratcllies ailnc(l dirccllv at difli-rclth' lilt d scx/gcndcr

artangtmcnts.Lawrcrrct:'s crxtclusion is dcllressingly lanrilial ttl lts lo<la1: lll too oft' n uhitc tcscalchcrs

do n<rt, arr<l st'ctnilrglv (anlrot. ack ;wlcd ge it pntlutliu 'c4IJ

thcir/(nrr o\1Ir racislr' ln

'\rrrtt^lia tr'rdarl thc irnpctus is still on stut\ing rtrigrittrt cornrrttlnilit s or Incligcnotts pcoplc'

on.i n,rt n ttit. .n.i,,r,2 and $'hcrc and $'hen rvc hare an acknr'\\'ledg(:nr't1t ol-\\hitc pritilcgc'

it is rrrrr.tzirrg lr,,rr qtrir^kh it lttr rts t"'lxnrr \!lritl rllc-

Sp.r.kirtj.'cry broacllll at timcs tht vicu'from thc ptcscttt' ?l( lcast in r\ustlalia' is' il

p,rrr'ilrl", """',t

morc deprcssing tllitn l'ar'-Itttce's a(cotllrt lior1 thc I9B{)s- \\i: nou'sccm 1o

;a\,c zr ro6ust ilttlustrv irfrvhite (arlrl oftttr ftrnilrist) rcsearc6crs llusilv dccr'itts *'ltitc racisnt

u'itbortt anv clli'ct on tlrc politics zurd lcalitit-s ol thosc lcss privilt:ge<l '\rrd lcst u'c thiltk it's a

nrattor ol'degrccs, rve'rc ialking al)out a t$enn'\'ear rliHi'retrcc in mortalitY riltcs lx't\\'ccll

,ulri," ntt.l lniigcncrrr. p.ople Antl spcakirtg ofclcgrccs' dte nurnlxts ol'Indiscnous lcclurtr-s

*'ith highcr dcgrccs m ollr rrnlversities' along vith ther Drort?rlit,v tatts shorrlrl t:attst' all ol tts

lviLhiu iusttaliatr unircrsiti(rs lo l)lusll atrd to itct dlil,v (o 1111'2111c tllc llossillilitt o1

Irrdiqt nous st(lcnts sun'ilirlg in trnivc:rsitics alt(1 gailling dcgrccs and mcaninglitl plir'cs as

scholtrs itr their orvrr right.'['hc cxigcnq of clcaring out sPacc firl a tlillcrtrrt-kirrcl of irrtcllccnrll lvork is agtttt

apparcnt ir thc (:riliqr.rc of 'comnturtitv sttrclies' b;' rhc liiclclwork (irnLrp' and thcn aeain in

tir';t C:utt,ttii argtrrrertt about 'subcultural conflict and r'olking class t:ontmttnitr" As lhc

i i"r,lrr.o.k Gruup argur:s. appro:rching othcr p:u adigrls treccssitatts 'a criti<1ue ol thc uhtllc

."rr.,,p",,rf bn.i. uliuu ur"u ui *.tt\' rtot a lirnitcd .borro$'irtg

ol "hald" (l'rta"l hc\'

o.l."r,,ot" 'n principlcd attclllPt lo borrolv da(a alld evidclrc(r liorl <li{It'rcntlr collstittl(cd

a.'adcrnic rciions' (l'icltluork Gtoup, in this volunlc) t'heir reading of colrnrtunitv stu(lics

iirttu.". *t.,ru.qlt to a nlore trcnt:hant lbcus on thc l)olicy usos of lhc rescalch gencnlcd l)\'

,,ur'rrnrr.util,v i;il.Ii"*, lvhich cnirlllc 'so< i:ll problcms' ro bt'-lbrnlulalt d irt wavs thal }talhologise

rvorkirtg tla.. lamilics and culturc ltrr Colrert' thc problcnr lics ilt tltc s('paratlon ol coln-

muniw lionr (fulturc at a con(x'Pluill levcl, rvhidr thtn results in Icry tcal pnrblt--rns in

co--r,nity lil'c, in lvhich social u'orkers and conlmllllitY activists intel-rcnc Bl rt:iliing

'conrrnunity', qo\trnr ent agcncics'.r'zDrlitale lhc actiotrs ittrd priotities lrI thc sociirl tnci

poti,.i"ut *o* i,.gonisirtions f='or those of tlrc Pcopl' thcy art: supl)osc(l to scnc' (Cohcrr' in

ihi, u,rlutr,"). At th" encl olhis essal; Oohcn outlines a ncw pcrsptctive urher(: colnmunltY ano

culttrre comc togcther iD Practicill and dclnocratrc waYs'

Jrll'J^llJrfqo rrlt srlsJ.) .1^n)Jlqns^ JrlJ, .r()rl,)lu.lo xJldt[oJ SuluuJtu J\llJJ[qns Jql, :PJIIttr

rhlo.r,") l.log .rql lpll^\ qllr,r PJ:ip8uJ .{l}uJtsrsuoJ leqlourr .ro ,{e^\ Juo uI tlJltl^\ (sls,ipue Jo

tr.rlip p.r.a-cl,rr.rcl Jqt tllrM purr{ ttt prrtq p.rpclro:d surStpe:rxl }ueurtrrop.lo JnbquJ 'spro.'\t

rJqlo ul J,rl.,o ,4v,,r,r l1or1,l,r u s^rr poolsJ.)pun 'lrn11nr utq1t.'w slrldse tua.ra.gtp ,{;ltrds put os

'rlJ"l)l) rJqllnl ot JAoru c,,!lxporc{ lql sr JJJrll 'uotttiljrlJds IPJItJloJqt stqt ol uonIPPu uI'i.)u rnruLur,.r lr?ru,r.jo sJItleJr le.rtrtdrtt.r jtr ruru

-5pr1,r,rorr1lu illl rlrM s1roM)ruu{ Ie)t;t^oloJPt/lsJIlJroJrJt SurtPJlrqurl Jo {e,n e 5ut1e1nurro.;

o) rro^Lt se^\ l()rtu.)llll ls)rPnls {ltunuttuo:r.1o sttllJ} tll tC) lno pJuos rq ot puq ,bqod

l"lJos ol(!r sljt(ltltr slr lrtrrl ,{3o1ot:tos Jo PIJU oI{1 'r:)u€lsul lo-t 'stlouel JJel 5uls,{Pue

.lo )s") crll ul Jurn i)rlJo s1.l:rlb:d rol.pue JAItJurtsrP ctlt:oj crcds 6ur:ealJ ol pJlJJltp se.M

Iro,lr Jrf Jo q)ntu lurll .ruc;r s,ty .rptNrrcl .{rqt ltrll prrno:li I€JrlJJoJql Jq} tno(p lulql ,\{ou

sn tJ'l JJJr(l 1n\)r,\rpur rlJll.l Jo lsruq) Jrxluoss:) Jrll Jo Jtuos JrntdeJ ot pJlrl J .[ reJ snqld uorlJJlloJ :r1c:edsrp roqlr:: Ptt| PPorq sltll uloll Jllll r,{,! uIrJ lEql\ ,.rru o,

"r"ut..]ullL1*

poolsJJp(Il1 l)tn) ,ln,3rrrnr.)tlr, l: lu Jr\I P ol qtinorqt sstd tsnur uoudunsuoJ Pu" tlouJnPord

tr,tll sJ8?ts osro:rrd:rql ln(x|] r.)lEJl) sr llsH tlSnoqllP 'lJPotu s.llPH sJop uuql suouepr

rrJi,\{lJq sdrqsuortulJ.r xJldtuoJ Jtll lrJtl(lx'r .,r:our seltru sqLr11 's,{e.n .rwos u1 -9961 ur qsqqnd

plno^\ ll"H lrnll lrn.!rJ t:iurPoJJpT,:^utporu.r, .rqt ts.riilins ol sur.a-.lq lcpotu slql iz6l ut uJlllr \

Jtunlo^ slql (r 'srlltM ,rJqlo

qrro p.]ipln puc 'sdrqsuooelc.r D\lto ?luPau ylntqt 1oEt1u1 tuelod .(pclnrn.red qrul-$ur rJuurru Jrll l,z,

(urJ(ll PunoJ'n stJlrlJul, pue strlftlo :rql puu dnorli letoos e

u.e,tu.rq sdrqsuonulJJ .)tll //, lunoi)e otur lsl.rlar lteqtl b'urpuetsrapun ltrnllnJ lelol V

:p1.rrr( ppo,t snp frlJ tlorlp,,ursqo luedrJqred rspJoJJr ruolst.relel 'sre1rn8

lunutJ)[J 3i Uoddns pr.[,5o1ouqlJl -to slsileue 's,\al,uelul dno:8) srs.(1euu JqlJo sJ5els

snoup,\ l€ sporllJnr lrrJrJ.l;tp 3ur,,(o1de11 (J;ulnsuoJ Jq)! [leJ ^\ou J,!r lPq^\.[u .ipnts puorq

" rpr,{\ lis.llur? Jo tJJfqo Jql Jo sts^Jcun sJlPJS.)tuI qjtq-r\ lJPottl e s.rsodord sq1t11 ',lsuodsa.I

luqJa,\ atlnPinurur )ql ur tsmlj )A.ltu JJqlel slt pue usntllsod.lo JnbouJ e 8utAo11og

'{rJJo Ae.\l Jloq,lr e se .JrnllnJ,JouJpl JJp"or(l Jrll uo pu)lx, ol spJJtI sJpour Jlrrnllnjqns trqrrxlsjo ipnls:rqt.norl .Js osle uelouo tng . ruils.{s i)rloqur.(s c;oq,,n e iq plle.rl.ruadrelut ;;qjo ie,n aloqu e rloq.u rqoqur-{s

B su sJ^rl JlnsJr(lxJ JIJtll a rl aldoacl 5uno.( PuP PasltllolP lou sl )JuJuJdxg, :llsnlu :lJoJ

ol aldo)d.8uno,(Jo ltoll"JJr Jtl'lJo uoqrrlnuJql ,sUIrM ur suIeIllIMJo eJuJnHur :qt :rs {1terp

uec ouo suroJ )lloqur-{s.;o trpnts oql loJ cpue8p pjrtJJoJtlt Peorq ? srlue^Pe,rrsnru dod3o

liuruecu leroos cql .ro1 l,.rocqt y:artlrerd pue usrloqur.(g, uo r(essr,sIllIM lJ\J,qoH tlpJtuaql ol uorlrrlJl ur oJu.u.dxo Jo srtlqod :rql lnoqg Jlllrl ,,(P,ltlelcr s alaql uorlJes slql uI

iqolisulC ur sJo1ro,lr uodsu?rlSuoue uoqes.laluoJ.lo sls,{[ruu u? ul qlinorqt pc4ro,r,r, ucql sI srqJ .ur.roJ s]l cJtlauedxe sJ^I8

tsru luqM sr uorssJJdxc, luql st,routqsolo^ tuoJ, urlel turod aqa (eurn1o,r srql ur'uos.11oo11)

<ssrusnor:lsuoJ ler,ros ur ,{tl1cer .Jo rronJrrJlJJ prr5olocpr Jql $, uSIs aql 'JsuJs slql uI'.clnllnlsradns aql ur uorlelduoc rr1oqr.u,{s s1t o1 qlino.rql suolllpuoJ lzullew uor3 usts oql

.1o e8essed aql, jo srurcl ut pcureldxo sl ,lucsr.td sI .{Soloapt 'tueserd sr uSIs e lJ JlJq,lr, leq}

ulnt)rp snoueJ s.r\ourrlsolo^ sJlloruras ol qreo.rdde lsx.re;lq e Suuq ot stdluJlll, uosllooM

'sJrlorues Jo uorlzleldJa')ur qlueJJ JI{'l }sure8e SutnSre pu" '^ourqsolo1 Jo Vo^\ PJl€lsurlrl,(prrccor uoql Jqt luolJ SuDI?l, uctloC.{q Pelcro^p" qreordde rtleur5ud Jtll uo.rJ J?J,fta

sucos lslq 1" ,qJgads ss"lJ tur)iro.A Jo ssllorurcs aqJr uo JIjtlJ" s.uosJlooM sJIJEqc

lql t uoqns ol uoxlrnP04ul

.l!12 lilslflh l\olntt

lyllcs ol nrctlxrrls to Lr uscd att<l thc tlrc<lrcti< irl baggagc thcv lrling. llt(' ( (nrlxrtiolr lx trr( err

poli< -r al<l thcorv all ol tlrcst' qtrcsti(nrs cotttitttl(' to bc lllcssitlgl{lrart <Ix's it Ilrcnn lhat wc alc still gral)l)ling u'illl nliulv ol tlrc ralrx'issl(s.) Sltoulcl u'c

colsick'r'llris L'gaty to lx'a rcnrir)dcr ol tlrc Iailulc ol'ttrrt lir'ldi' \thctt rlttc thirlks lrl thc

corn;'llcxity ol thc tyl)cs ('l qucsti(nls askccl, arxl th' nrrnrbct'ol lcrtls arrtl irrlt rcottttrr tirrns, it

is srrlclv not surllrisirrg tltirt tltt',v ltlvcn'l bccrt rcsohr'<l.

llorvcvcr thctc an' glinrpscs in tltc tnakrial Itcrc that slrggcst \\iitvs out ol-sccll)illglvintransigcrrt an<l lccrrrrinq l)l(x ks. ()rtc ittvolvcs ntctho.l ald, \rlx thcl-ollc calls it thc clhics

rx tlre politics ol'rntth<xl. tltc ptrrlrlcrls ol thc subicctirc att<l tltt olrjt'ctirr'1x'lsist. It sccttts

tfiat as a licft rvc lr;r\('vcl l(] Iirlly li)lk)$' tlttuuglr r.rtt tlt( itrsigllls l)rovidcd llv ttrall lrctc. Iltlnrost ilcutclv lry \fillis- lirr trtt', Iris <hallctrgt r-t'r'<'rlx'r'irlcs rvitlr 1h:rt issrrt<l lrv (icor-gcs

I)crtr-crrx itt l1Xil.ltr f iolr ,,lri.tir1l' /o 'l

/r /ro1 ll' argut'<l that .,x ial sricrrlilic nlcth(xl scn(s to

.lislal(\' itnd l)r()l((t lh(' rcsca(lx'r liorn li'elirrgs, anxir'tics att<l clllotiorrri tais((l ill lllr'irrtcln latiortshill ol ittlbrttralrt lr)(l l's(a(lx'r: lt's a litlsc l)rorrrirc, \titll <h lctt'rirxrs clli'cts.

Hirling lxlrirr<l rrctluxl itnpor,r'r'ishcs lhc (t)ll( ( tiorr ol (lata. its r)allrrc nll(l dcptlt. as rrcll as

its antl;.'sis.

l)t'rtl'rrx cnphasiscd 'tlx'dilTictrltv irr ck'trl-v <listirrgLrislrirrg rttattti:tl lltal conts Itrltn

tlrt orrtsidc (lrc strbjcct. tlrt lir'ld) tnd liorl tlu' irrsitlt' (tltc rtscatchlr"s ()!\'rt clrx)liorrll

rca( ti(n)' (l)('\'('l'rtx citcd irt (iiarrri 2001). llttt thal lrhrllinq $'as, Ii)r'hirl. tlrt'sitc ol thc

r.iclt(.s( an(l nrost collrplctc <lata. l)crtrcrrx's arguDl('nt abotrt srx ial scir'rrlilic mctltrxls rtas

not t6 alxrlish tl)crl. Intl lo rccognisc tltat thcv glrn i<k' onl1. 'thc illrrsion tlrat th< -r' llxrlislr all

sulrjcr tivitv au<l crtl irclv r( Lrtr-alisc lr) x icl\" (l )crtrcrtx l lXi l : xviii). Ht isstrc<l t lr is challcngc:

'a r.calislir' sci(.rx\' ()f Dlal (arr ()nlv lx' crrirtcd l)v nr('l rrrost art:tlc ol-lltr'ir' orr'lt ltttlrtartitv

rthcn tlrt'l irnplcrttcnt il rn('sl conrPl('tclv itr tlrt il scit'ltilit rvork (xx).

lrrstarrces ol hrrnranitv shinc throrrglr rrrtrth ol lhis carlv lvrrk irr <trltrrt:rl sttt<lits. llrrt

<h <.irdes ol grapPling $itlt l)( )st -st r't|('l rr|alism arr<l ;.nstrrtQdct ttistrr harr' blrrtttcd tlrat irritial

irrrlrrrlsc tlrlt \\illis idt'ntilics: tltat 'utl-cstt ait tetl aIr(l hitzardous vU: k\i.ill" ll)ill itll{)rvs

lbr'thc lnssibilit.r' ol a gcrtuint'apltrcciatir)tt ol atlolllcr t-citlilv altolltt t rva,v ol sccittg tltc

rvorlcl' (\\ illis. in this r.oltttttr') I'b| all tlt:tt wc Ililvc (lc-(clltl ('<l thc httnratt (attd t rrlaitllv Irriulv

aslxrts ol tlris wr'r'c ncccssary), rvt' havc r'tt to lrrll-v rcllttil<l a tttctlrtttl ol'tcst'atr'h lhal

elli t tir'< lv grasps nt't\rorks ol'lrurrlatl ittlcr- attd ilttra-subit ctir it,rr

'lb qo back to rnv ([rilt<l) ;rortrait ol 'tlrt trlrl)lcrsaltl rro*'in a lx'atttl salott. rllrat tltis

(lcmorstrlt(s is tht' ncccssitl ol'goilrg lrtvottd thrrtrllltrail skctcltt's ol'ptrlrlc's lirts. Ibprrl>r-rlv do.justi<<'to tlrc int(1.|(xkilg snall plt'asutcs ol' llx' cttslorrrcr-s. thc plick ol thc

nligralt o\sncrs. arrrl thc positiol ol'tlrt salorr irr tlrr' grcalcr rvorkittgs ol tlr<' cotrttttttttilv

rvoul<l takc ir lol nroru u'ork. Ll cltr starrrlinc lhc cc(nl(nlri('s ol tlris I,rl)(' rrl cortsrrnrpliott

lt'r1uin's in-d<ptlt p{rticipali()rr. arr(l nrtrch trr<llc <lctail oI) tllc l{xal and gl<llral llorvs ol'

pcopk, 1;<xxls attcl itk'as.It also rcqrrilr's a lonc ol lrx)dc ol a(l(lrcss that r-ccoqrriscs < orrr1>lcxity s itltottt olrltrscatirltt,

lhlt acknowl('dscs ltarclsltip *itltottt Irittg llatrollisilrg. alr(l tllat r(llr\r'\s rtitlt ltttr-poscthc intrica<.ics arrcl nuitnccs ol'rvorkin!{ clnss (.trlt ur'(' as I)ol h 'richl,v t lrn atl< tl' arrrl as ottlvthc

rrrirrirurrnr conditi<lu ol'sur'rival, an(l rrrtl a causc Iirt ct'lt'blati<.rll'.'l hc politi<s ol'cxl)cli('!l( c lcrrrairls olrc ol'tlrc torttttsloncs ol-tlrt'llrrritrt tllat is (trltulal

sturlics. 'lb tkr .just icc to it rcquiros l corlslat t l t cvision inq of tlx' ailns ol out l t scat t hi t hc

rrcccssitv ol_ rcnrcnrlrcring protnist's 1() otltsch'cs, our litld al<l to tltosr'lirr rvhotrr rvc do

rcsc:I'ch.

'L

'ss.)r(l ulosruur l\ Jo llrsr n r ll : rr I\I t\rlo( h?.n nrr l{ .r{rr?1 ./0 rr.,rr,/ .

tfl,/{/ (c( x )a) "t

ui( l( r'd'fntl rn,li,)) t .tiif).flffx)X :u(4nr(vl i.nsa.).rfl f iq pJ|l:lsu\r.t.l, :tilolotl.).(t<! ltorlfold)as {6/61) Ivssnr:I{

Tr 9r'alitr,,J,l//9t]lrr,',1.trorlJ|:Ptl||:lxJltI|||1l|.).),\l.)g:l|.'||l.h..)}Ilsl(|Ill|Jl.)s.)||||tI.)[|.|,.(.8(;l

'ss.I|(l .\trs.r,) rr.ll).lu.!||,H:.)bl)t-l(|utll:)2u|Ix4o:))|l||t0l4Iam..)lo',1tqo<IEulul;i|'ttIJ)')Dl!|\1lIDE|:

'200illil/ P')ssrJrtrrff(l r(fur.d/rJlrrt.Ilf:Itl)qoorrlll.)1\.4\'\\//:(rlrll L t\\t s!Ds )ul\llt)tto t.'',Jt\ lrl4\'

lr? Jrdr./ :.xnJrJ^Jfl .riiro;1; puoi.r11 IlJrrr)sJJ [rrro( ur .)ru.rr.)lstrr?{, .Irttln():). (l{X)i) \r ilrrn:!f)

.ssJld

'(1rs.r.r'rrrr1;lrl5rrt15:J|lll')tl)'|()|Inl\^.utI|t|:|DFhbplu||u|''JtlI':'}l,I'o;; ptru uotrroll:.rn5uH lJ. 12)/rr.\'/rr.r/,rrryq ry n pt41L11 o1 ti rrrl rt r,/ (|(XiI) 1)'\'t.u.).\.(I

{qdzrSogq;g

'l)lrU :nll rrr )sr.l|l lrxlt srr()rsurr.)l(|:.\()s.).rIItt il.)ltl tttnlt,).t()llt.nlt.'.\li,s.,.t i,r l.r(.r.\r'lltIJul!invr|Is.)I|)n|s.)l|Il,\1|ll.)lrl|:}l|?IIlJnn|('|l||:||||]i11rtr1ttr|r's1l'st|t:s||i)l|lk|llttI().)ll.nI|-()l|n()sIln|)t^I|n|||alB^Is()lJII?JlInJ(|PIn(,\ll'.)|(k).xl|Hlliiu(,(|vPt|l:s.)llItll|ttltt().)|ut:'t:jttut|ll't-.l.('),r\1|)i1lrrl:urx|rrrr.r.rrlttrprrt:rust.n:lJltl|,t\iP||ls{)P|9l|lsuoI|uJ,\l.)|tlllu

'(0002 ,(orlrl)) snrJ(l'nb.nr s..(orlrO FrU .((l'sn s.)lultu.)JJHlp lr'rq,$ sr: 111$ sr: '.llu.ruxlx.l nulltllll 9l.Dtr(to.) trnl,ll :r^ttn1.rnr.rs,r.t o1 trrnl,u rr1 P.rtt<lstttsr,$ I (6161) ssnul\i JJq i{lrurnunq Jo Illltxot.nll l)tn?'urnllntl |,t()l )(lt.l() \lnrts.n| {)l u()rrrr.)tn:

Pr,i\Jur.r u roJ srrlunll rsinlt ()r rrrnl)r (D lny.rsn rire.r lr p n()t l (c(X)Z rri(l(,r(l) I(xxl rs.)nrl .iru ul I

saloN

(cAgz'ssu.1 reosrurrrL{Jo ilrsrJ^(tll) rrl2?.S

Jb v.tD4 :ytryg 1,(puclar lsoru pue lo.ttuo:) 4ouuY'tatpot ,ctts':;a41ad/y 1outo11 "h'u6uolttJ

dpuuo

'JirS ,Vt E,.rrry b'urpnlrur 'slprus prnllnJ r$rut(uJl .lo ?Jrt Jtp ut il.rpr,u prqsryp<l surl rrltr{cup{q.1o ,{1rs.u,rru11 aqt le sarpnls lernllnl) pul, rf,prriC Jo Joss{oJd st udqo.rd qladqg

tLt !'uqPas ol uoqrnpo4uJ