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ADALBERT CSERNI AND HIS

CONTEMPORARIES

The Pioneers of Archaeology in Alba Iulia

and Beyond

CONFERENCE BOOKLET

Alba Iulia

2016

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Scientific Committee

Gabriel Rustoiu

National Museum of Union, Alba Iulia

Csaba Szabó

University of Pécs – Max Weber Kolleg, Erfurt

Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț

National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca

George Bounegru

National Museum of Union, Alba Iulia

Mihai Gligor

“1 Decembrie 1918” University, Alba Iulia

Doina Hendre Biro

Batthyaneum Library, Alba Iulia

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CONTENTS

SHORT PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE 5

DETAILED PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE 8

ABSTRACTS 16

GUIDELINES FOR PARTICIPANTS 48

5

SHORT PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE

14th April

Arrival and accommodation of the guests in Hotel Parc.

15th April

9:00 Registration of the participants (Rectorate, UAB)

10:00 Opening ceremony

10:30 Keynote lecture

11:00-13:00 Panel I: “The life and work of Adalbert Cserni”

13:00-15:00 Lunch

15:00-17:00 Panel I:”The life and work of Adalbert Cserni”

17:00-17:15 Coffee break

17:15-19:50 Panel II: “Social and academic network of the

pioneers of archaeology”

20:00 Dinner

16th April

9:00-10:35 Panel II: “Social and academic network of the

pioneers of archaeology”

10:40-10:50 Coffee break

10:50-11:45 Panel II: “Social and academic network of the

pioneers of archaeology”

11:50-13:50 Guided tour in the Batthyaneum Library

13:50-15:00 Lunch

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15:00-16:40 Panel III: “The beginnings of urban

archaeology”

16:40-17:40 Guided tour in the temporary exhibition “Life

after Death?” at Apor Palace

17:40-17:55 Coffee break

17:55-19:10 Panel III: “The beginnings of urban

archaeology”

20:00 Dinner

17th April

9:00-10:40 Panel IV: “From antiquarian collections to the

first museums”

10:40-11:00 Coffee break

11:00-12:00 Opening of the temporary exhibition dedicated

to Adalbert Cserni and Ioan Berciu at the National

Museum of Union, Alba Iulia

12:00-13:00 Book presentation at the National Museum of

Union, Alba Iulia

13:00-15:00 Lunch

15:00-16:30 Guided tour in the Roman collection of the

National Museum of Union and in the Principia Museum

16:30-17:30 Departure at the Sâncraiu Castle, Alba county

17:45-18:35 Panel IV “From antiquarian collections to the

first museums”

18:35-18:50 Coffee break

18:55 -20:00 Guided tour of Sâncraiu Castle

20:00 Official reception of the National Museum of Union at

“Crama Domeniile Boieru” Ciumbrud

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18th April

9:00-10:40 Panel V: “Nationalism and other ideologies”

10:40-11:00 Coffee break

11:00-12:30 Panel V: “Nationalism and other ideologies”

12:15-12:40 Closing conference

13:00-15:00 Lunch

14:30-16:00 Guided tour at the Romano-Catholic

Cathedral, in the Museum of the Roman Catholic

Archdiocese and in the Vauban fortification

19th April

Departure of the participants

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DETAILED PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE

THURSDAY, 14TH APRIL

Arrival and accommodation of the guests in Hotel Parc (see on the map)

FRIDAY, 15TH APRIL

9:00 Registration (UAB, Rectorate in Apor Palace) 10:00 Opening ceremony (“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Aba Iulia)

Welcome speech of Prof. dr. Daniel Breaz, Rector of the University

Welcome speeches of the Organising Committee

10:30 Keynote lecture

Prof. dr. Philip Freeman, University of Liverpool:

The consequences of Francis Haverfield’s visit East of Vienna in the

1880’s

11:00-13:00 Panel I. “The life and work of Adalberet Cserni: new

perspectives in the research”; Chair: Heinrich Zabehlicky

11:00-11:20 Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț (National Museum of History of

Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, RO): Adalbert Cserni’s contribution at the

discovery of Governor’s Palace from Apulum – old and new perspectives.

11:25-11:45 Csaba Szabó (University of Pécs – Max Weber Kolleg, Erfurt,

HU-DE): Béla Cserni: sources, contexts and perspectives of a biography.

11:50-12:10 Radu Ota (National Museum of Union, Alba Iulia, RO):

Adalbert Cserni and the Roman provincial art. Some case studies from

Apulum.

12:15-12:35 Ioan Oprea (“Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Iași, RO):

Adalbert Cserni and the first records of worked bones from Apulum.

13:00-15:00 Lunch (1 Decembrie 1918 University)

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15:00-17:00 Panel I.”The life and work of Adalbert Cserni: new

perspectives in the research”; Chair: Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț

15:00-15:20 Călin Șuteu (“1 Decembrie 1918” University, Alba Iulia, RO):

Adalbert Cserni’s photographs from the museum archives to a new digital

life.

15:25-15:45 József Gábor Nagy (National Museum of Uni0n, Alba Iulia,

RO): The life and scholarly activity of Zsigmond Reiner.

15:50-16:10 Eszter Istvánovits – Attila Jakab – Zsolt Körösfői (Jósa

András Museum, Nyíregyháza, HU): András Jósa and his contemporaries.

16:15-17:00 Eszter Istvánovits presenting the short film documentary: the

life and work of András Jósa.

17:00-17:15 Coffee break

17:15-19:50 Panel II. “Social and academic network of the pioneers

of archaeology in the Belle Époque (1867-1918)”; Chair: Eszter

Istvánovits

17:15-17:35 Jenny Kaurin (Institute National du Patrimoine, FR): Charles

Cournault (1815-1904). Across Europe to discover pre-Roman archaeological

collections.

17:40-18:00 Laura Coltofean (“Lucian Blaga” University – Brukenthal

National Museum, Sibiu, RO): Building networks in the 19th century

European archaeology. Zsófia Torma’s scientific correspondence.

18:05-18:25 Ancuța Bobînă (“1 Decembrie 1918” University, Alba Iulia,

RO): Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic clay figurines from the Zsófia

Torma collection as published by Márton Roska.

18:30-18:50 Vladislav Sobolev (Saint-Petersburg State University,

Archaeological Laboratory, RU): People and destinies. Pioneers of Medieval

archaeology in the North-West of the Russian Empire (1870-1914).

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18:55-19:15 Emanoil Pripon (County Museum of History and Art, Zalău,

RO): Dr. Mártonfi Lajos (1857-1908). A precursor of Transylvanian scholar

museography.

19:20-19:45 Ioan Bejinariu (County Museum of History and Art, Zalău,

RO): Fetzer J. Ferenc – a pioneer of archaeology in Sălaj.

20:00 Dinner (“1 Decembrie 1918” University’s Restaurant)

SATURDAY, 16TH APRIL

University “1 Decembrie 1918”, Alba Iulia

9:00-10:35 Panel II. “Social and academic network of the pioneers

of archaeology in the Belle Époque (1867-1918)”; Chair: Mihai

Gligor

9:00-9:20 Adrienn Vitári-Wéber (University of Pécs, HU): Juhász László

(1842-1911). A pioneer of archaeology and antiquarian as founder of the

museum of Pécs.

9:25-9:45 Sándor Berecki – Emese Hompoth – Dorottya Nyulas

(Mures County Museum/ “Babeș-Bolyai “University, RO): A heritage: the life

and legacy of Endre Orosz (1871-1945).

9:50-10:10 Kirill Gusev (Department of Archaeology of State Historical

Museum, Moscow, RU): Visit of D.N. Anuchin in Europe (1877-1879) and

international collaboration in archaeology and physical anthropology.

10:15-10:35 Olivér Gábor (Janus Pannonius Museum, Pécs, HU): Szőnyi

Óttó’s time capsule from 1903.

10:40-10:50 Coffee break

10:50-11:45 Panel II. “Social and academic network of the pioneers

of archaeology in the Belle Époque (1867-1918)”; Chair: Mihai

Gligor

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10:50-11:10 Dumitru Țeicu (Mountan Museum of Banat, Reșița, RO):

Leonard Böhm’s field research on Roman period in Banat.

11:15-11:35 Irina Achim – Corina I. Borș ( “Vasile Pârvan” Archaeological

Institute of the Romanian Academy / National History Museum of Romania,

Bucharest, RO): Grigore G. Tocilescu – a pioneer of Romanian archaeology in

a European perspective.

11:50-13:50 Guided tour in the Batthyaneum Library by Doina Hendre

Biro(changing groups of 20 persons).

13:50-15:00 Lunch (Pub 13 Restaurant)

15:00-17:40 Panel III “The beginnings of urban archaeology in

Europe and its impact on modern scholarship”; Chair: Philip

Freeman

15:00-15:20 Orsolya Láng (BHM Aquincum Museum, Budapest, HU): Old

and useless? Re-evaluating old excavation data and find material in the

Aquincum civil town.

15:25-15:45 Britta Burkhardt (“Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca,

RO): The beginnings of the study of bathing in Roman Dacia: the scholars

and their discoveries in the 19th century.

15:50-16:10 Cristina Alexandrescu (Archaeological Institute “Vasile

Pârvan” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, RO): The French

Archaeological Mission from 1865 in the Romanian Principalities: aims,

methods and priorities.

16:15-16:35 Florin Fodorean (“Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca,

RO): Roman sites recorded by Téglás István in the territorium Potaissense.

16:40-17:40 Guided tour in the exhibition “Life after Death?

Mortuary Practices in Romanian Neolithic and Eneolithic” by

Mihai Gligor (financed by the project entitled “From Inhumation to Cremation

in Romanian Neolithic and Eneolithic. New Archaeological Evidence, Burial

Practices and Osteological Approach” no. 53/30.04.2013, PNII-RU-TE-2012-

3-0461). Place: Apor Palace, Rectorate.

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17:40-17:55 Coffee break

17:55-19:10 Panel III “The beginnings of urban archaeology in

Europe and its impact on modern scholarship”; Chair: Philip

Freeman

17:55-18:15 Alexandra Teodor (UAUIM, București, RO): Dawn of urban

archaeology on the streets of Constanța. A preliminary research on its

antique built structures.

18:20-18:40 Ana Hamat (Mountan Museum of Banat, Reșița): The tales

about Tibiscum written by the priest Iosif Mircea.

18:45-19:05 Julien Trapp (Musée de La Cour d’Or, Metz Métropole, FR):

Johann Baptist Keune and Metz Museums (Moselle, France). The birth of

modern archaeology in the annexed region of Lorraine (1892-1918).

20:00 Dinner (Pub 13 Restaurant)

SUNDAY, 17TH APRIL

University “1 Decembrie 1918”, Alba Iulia

9:00-10:40 Panel IV “From antiquarian collections to the first

museums: new perspectives in museum studies”; Chair: Cristina-

Georgeta Alexandrescu

9:00-9:20 Szilamér Pánczél – Zalán Győrfi (Mureș County Museum,

Târgu Mureș, RO): The archaeological collection of Kovács Ferencz.

9:25-9:45 Bodó Cristina (Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation,

Deva, RO): Archaeological research undertaken by the members of the

Society of History and Archaeology of Hunedoara County.

9:50:10:10 Evgenia Zastrozhnova (Archive of RAS, Sanct-Petersburg,

RU): Archaeological materials from the excavations of Phanagoria (19th

century in the collection of the State Historical Museum (Moscow).

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10:15-10:35 Delia Cornea (MINA, Constanța, RO): Unpublished

testimonies about the beginnings of Dobrudjan museology in late 19th

century.

10:40-11:00 Coffee break

11:00-12:00 Opening of the temporary exhibition dedicated to

Adalbert Cserni and Ioan Berciu at the National Museum of Union,

Alba Iulia

12:00-13:00 Book presentation: Csaba Szabó, “Béla Cserni and the

beginnings of urban archaeology in Alba Iulia”, Mega Publishing House,

Cluj-Napoca, 2016 by Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț and Valer Moga.

13:00-15:00 Lunch (Pub 13 Restaurant)

15:00 – 16:30 Guided tour in the Roman collections of the National

Museum of Union and in the Principia Museum.

16:30-17:30 Departure at the Sâncraiu Castle, Alba county

17:45-17:30 Panel IV “From antiquarian collections to the first

museums: new perspectives in museum studies”; Chair: Cristina-

Georgeta Alexandrescu

17:45-18:05 Cătălin I. Nicolae („Vasile Pârvan” Archaeological Institute,

București, RO): Photography and archaeology in Dobrogea from Tocilescu to

Pârvan. Images from the photographic archive of the “Vasile Pârvan”

Archaeological Institute

18:10-18:30 Marius Ciută (“Lucian Blaga” University, Sibiu, RO): An

imaginary archaeological appeal to a finished judiciary case: the Hercules

Apulensis 2013.

18:35-18:50 Coffee break

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18:50-20:00 Guided tour in Sâncraiu Castle

20:00 Official reception of the National Museum of Union at

“Crama Domeniile Boieru”, Ciumbrud

MONDAY, 18TH APRIL

“1 Decembrie 1918” University, Alba Iulia

9:00-10:40 Panel V. “Nationalism and other ideologies in the 19th

century archaeological discourse”; Chair: Orsalya Láng

9:00-9:20 Heinrich Zabehlicky (Archaeological Institute of Vienna, Austria): A

political research history: the case of Bruckneudorf between Hungary and Austria.

9:25-9:45 Dávid Petruț - Ervin Gáll (Mureș County Museum, Târgu Mures/

“Vasile Pârvan” Archaeological Institute of the Romanian Academy, București, RO):

From aristocratic internationalism to romantic nationalism. Notes on the

ideological background of antiquarian and archaeological activities in 19th century

Transylvania.

9:50-10:10 Maria Medvedeva (Scientific Archive Institute for the History of

Material Culture, Saint Petersburg, RU): Imperial Archaeological Commission

(1859-1919) and the national system of archaeological investigations in Russia.

10:15-10:35 Sándor József Sztáncsuj (Szekler National Museum, Sf. Gheorghe,

RO): From Myth to History. Archaeology in Southeastern-Transylvania during the

period of Dualism.

10:40-11:00 Coffee break

11:00-12:15 Panel V. “Nationalism and other ideologies in the 19th

century archaeological discourse”; Chair: Orsalya Láng

11:00-11:20 Béla Santa (University of Liverpool, UK): “Sexism” in 19th century

Hungarian archaeology. The case of Zsófia Torma.

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11:25-11:45 Corina I. Borș - Irina Achim (National History Museum of

Romania/ “Vasile Pârvan” Archaeological Institute of the Romanian Academy,

București, RO): From antiquarianism to archaeology in Romania. The beginnings

of the national legislation for the protection of archaeological heritage.

11:50-12:10 Mariana Egri – Aurel Rustoiu (“Babeș-Bolyai” University/Institute

of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca, RO): Empire and imperialism in

Romanian archaeology.

12:15-12:40 Conclusions and final discussions. Chair: Philip Freeman.

13:00-15:00 Lunch (Hotel Parc Restaurant)

15:00-18:00 Guided tour in the Roman Catholic Cathedral, in the

Museum of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese and in the Vauban

fortification.

TUESDAY, 19TH APRIL

Departure of the participants.

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ABSTRACTS

(AFTER THE PANELS ORDER)

KEYNOTE LECTURE

PHILIP FREEMAN

The consequences of Francis Haverfield’s visits east of Vienna

in the 1880s.

Although most of his work was devoted to the study of Roman Britain, in the

ninety years since his death, Professor Francis Haverfield (1860-1919) remains one

of the most influential figures in the study of the archaeology of the Roman Empire.

At one and the same time philologist, epigrapher, historian and archaeologist, one of

his legacies was his ability to marry literary, historical, epigraphic and archaeological

evidence to create an interpretative framework for understanding not just of the

political and military history of the western provinces of the Empire but to explain

their cultural development. If the paradigm he devised for his interpretation of

cultural assimilation – best known as Romanisation – has in recent decades come

under sustained criticism, Haverfield’s work remains central to the debate

concerning life in the provinces. Haverfield’s opinions on the subject were derived

not just from his familiarity with the British evidence but from his network of

contacts in continental Europe. A number of opinions have been offered to explain

from where and for what reasons Haverfield devised his views on Romanisation

theory but a little explored possibility is the experiences that he took as a

consequence of a tour he made of the eastern territories of the Austro-Hungarian

Empire at an early stage in his career in the late 1880s. In this presentation I

propose to examine how Haverfield made his tours and in turn with whom he came

in to contact. In establishing these facts we can in turn begin to assess how work in

what is now Romania and Hungary came to fill a pivotal role in his thinking on

cultural assimilation in the Roman Empire.

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I. PANEL THE LIFE AND WORK OF ADALBERT CSERNI:

II. NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THE RESEARCH

VIORICA RUSU-BOLINDEȚ

Adalbert Cserni’s contribution at the discovery of Governor’s

Palace from Apulum – old and new perspectives.

The first archaeological excavations undergone on Governor’s Palace from

Apulum were started by Adalbert Cserni, the first warden of the History Museum of

Alba Iulia. During 1888 and 1908, Cserni excavated a huge surface, of about 13 000

square meters. The area was situated at the limits of the Austrian fortress, at about

130 m east of the southernmost area of the walls. Cserni named the complex that he

had discovered “the great thermae”, due to the numerous water basins and heating

installations revealed, but actually Cserni's discoveries represent a large part of the

Dacian governor's palace. The correct identification of the complex was made more

recently by Ioan Piso and Alexandru Diaconescu, based on the inscriptions erected

for various governors by members of the official staff, as well as on the impressive

amount of stamped tiles bearing the mark of the governor's guarding troops.

From the perspective of the recently archaeological excavations made at 100 m south

and south-east of Cserni's excavations and 100 m west of the excavations of Ion

Berciu and Alexandru Popa from 1943 and 1962, who belong to the same site – the

praetorium consularis from Apulum – the aim of our paper is to re-define the

functionality of the monumental buildings discovered by Aalbert Cserni. It is possible

that he had uncovered some office buildings, rooms destined for economic activities,

cult places with dedications for Minerva, Nemesis, Epona and possibly even a

Serapeum, as well as a part of the governor's private quarters, comprising the

thermal complex.

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CSABA SZABÓ

Béla Cserni: sources, contexts and perspectives of a biography

Béla Cserni, known also as Adalbert or Albert Cserni was a well known

archaeologist and botanist of his time in Alba Iulia and beyond. As a founder of the

local museum and the beginner of urban archaeology in Transylvania, Cserni

revealed a spectacular amount of archaeological material, which gained the attention

of numerous foreign scholars from all over Europe. Due to his rich academic

network, his research was cited by the greatest names of Latin epigraphy and Roman

historiography. After his death in 1916 however, his work and heritage was slowly

forgotten, kept alive only by the short articles till this year, when the first monograph

about his life and scholarly work will be published. In this paper I will present some

of the new sources and partial results of my research regarding the revitalisation of

Cserni’s intellectual heritage, contextualising his works not only in the local history

of archaeological research, but in the wider, European history of the discipline.

RADU OTA

Adalbert Cserni and the Roman provincial Art.

Some case studies from Apulum

The author wants to discuss about the merits of Adalbert Cserni in the

promotion of the Roman patrimony from Apulum. He has organized the permanent

exhibition and the deposits of the Museum and has resembled theRroman site

Apulum with the famous Pompeii. The discussion focuses on three sculptural

artefacts made of marble, one of them discovered by him, another was acquired and

published since 1902 in the old Yearbook of the Museum, and the last of it was

preserved in the old collections of our institution; unfortunately, it has been

disappeared after the death of the founder of the Museum. He has started the

archaeological excavations in the first Roman town of Apulum, municipium

Aurelium/colonia Aurelia Apulensis, in the Roman legionary camp of the 13th

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Gemina legion and, the most important, he has excavated the Palace of the

Governors of tres Daciae. The location of colonia Aurelia is under the Partoş

neighbourhood of the modern town Alba Iulia. Adalbert Cserni has researched in

1911-1912 a large Roman building, compartmented in ten rooms and in one of them

he has discovered a beautiful portrait of Philippus Arabs. Another Roman artefact

promoted and edited by Adalbert Cserni is one of the most beautiful and expressive

sculptures from Roman Dacia, a head votive statuette of Apollo Belvedere. The last

artefact is a votive statue, fragmentary preserved, of Dionysus – Liber Pater, very

similar with another three statues or sculptural groups of the same divinity, today

disappeared. Fortunately it preserved a photo of this beautiful artefact, made by

Cserni, aspect that facilitated an iconographical analysis made by the author.

All these three sculptures are evidences about the way how the founder of the

Museum has understood the importance of the Roman artefacts, the role of this

cultural institution in the education of local community and the promotion of

Apulum in the international scientific environment.

IOAN OPREA

Adalbert Cserni and the first records of worked bones

from Apulum

When we talk about Roman bone and horn industry from ancient municipium

Septimium Apulense and colonia Aurelia Apulensis, we have to mention from the

beggining the name of the first archaeologist of Alba Iulia, Adalbert Cserni. Due of

his works carried in the last century, few hundreds of bone artefacts were saved and

recorded. This period is remembered nowadays as being the birth moment of bone

industry research in Apulum. Since then the number of bone objects increased and

now we have here the biggest collections of this type from Roman Dacia. Our paper

shows Cserni’s important contribution in recording of small finds and a general view

of Apulum bone industry from 20th and 21st centuries.

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CĂLIN ȘUTEU

Adalbert Cserni's photographs

from museum archives to a new digital life

The on-going project "Alba Iulia - a history in images of the city through its

streets and monuments" aims to revitalize and bring to the public also two important

collections of old photographs, belonging to Adalbert Cserni and Arthur Bach. The

old glass plate and paper prints are currently held by the National Museum of

Unification, the Archive of the Roman-Catholic Archbishopric of Alba Iulia and the

Municipality of Alba Iulia. The authors of the photos were two passionate

photographers who dedicated their creativity to capturing valuable images of the

people, life and monuments of late 19th to the first half of the 20th centuries Alba

Iulia. Our presentation depicts the efforts made so far in the process of digitizing

these collections and making them available to the general public via the internet and

museum exhibitions.

JÓZSEF GÁBOR NAGY

The life and scientific work of Zsigmond Reiner

Dr. Zsigmond Reiner (21 June 1862 - 29 June 1907), was a complex

Transylvanian personality of the former Lower Alba County and his hometown Alba

Iulia. He supported and actively participated as a member of numerous national

scientific, artistic, cultural and social societies and associations of his time. He had a

rich scientific activity as a historian, amateur archaeologist, editor, political writer

and novelist. As a testimony for posterity of this rich knowledge and aptitude in the

field of history, art history and art remain his artefacts, inscriptions and Roman

statues collection, along with his personal library with several thousand history, law,

economics and politics volumes. A lawyer and doctor of law, he was a devoted

antiquarian, concerns that led to the establishing of the Historical, Archaeological

and Natural Sciences Society of the Lower Alba County (1887). Adalbert (Béla)

Cserni in “The History of Lower Alba County in the Roman Age” (1901)

acknowledged his credits for founding the Historical, Archaeological and Natural

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Sciences Society of the Lower Alba County. Later in the Roman-Catholic Gymnasium

Yearbook expresses thanks and dedicates his work to his younger friend and former

beloved disciple for his positive influence and mutual support on which he founded

his studies and led him on the path of archaeology.

ESZTER ISTVÁNOVITS – ATTILA JAKAB – ZSOLT KÖRÖSFŐI

András Jósa and his contemporaries

The 19th century represents the glory days of Hungarian archaeology and

museums. Between 1967 and 1905, 28 museums were founded in Hungary.

Collections, the first pieces of which included archaeological finds, were managed

and developed by enthusiastic amateurs. First generation of Hungarian

archaeologists formed out of different representatives of the society: priests,

physicians, teachers, notaries and civil servants. Large number of finds coming from

the river regulation and railway construction works of the 19th century attracted the

interest and support of great masses of people. Different cultural associations

stimulated and supported by Flóris Rómer (1815–1889) formed one after another

also in provincial towns and played a primary role in this process. Due to his efforts

„he (Flóris Rómer), as an apostle, succeeded in attracting piqued interest towards

archaeology in our homeland (…), later he was on the opinion that provincial

regions should be inspired for founding museums of a narrow profile.” This citation

belongs to András Jósa who, on the inspiration of the director of the National

Museum mentioned above, together with Szabolcs County landowners baron József

Vécsey and Dániel Mészáros, founded the Archaeological Association of Szabolcs

County.

András Jósa was a typical representative of the archaeologists and museum

founders of the age: he was a county chief physician and educated agronomist, who

in his leisure time acted as a latheman, archaeologist and as a litterateur. He started

his archaeological activity on an amateur level, but soon became professional as a

result of the growing collection, knowledge and, of autodidactic learning. He

continued intensive correspondence with fellow archaeologists and public figures

interested in archaeology, which, in many cases, developed in a similar way and

acted in the enthusiastic spiritual public atmosphere of the period. This age was the

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dawn of Hungarian archaeology and system of museums. The present conference

provides an excellent possibility to get an insight into the system of connections of

the scholarly world at the turn of the 19th-20th century. Only after deciding to

participate at the conference, I learned that the eponym of our museum

corresponded with Béla Cserni for years and I am sure that this scholarly forum

devoted to the famous archaeologist of Alba Iulia promises similar discoveries for

other colleagues too.

II. PANEL: SOCIAL AND ACADEMIC NETWORK OF THE PIONEERS

OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE BELLE ÉPOQUE (1867-1918)

JENNY KAURIN

Charles Cournault (1815-1904). Across Europe to discover

pre-Roman archaeological collections

Charles Cournault was the first conservator of the Musée Historique Lorrain

in Nancy. Painter, student of Eugène Delacroix, Charles Cournault was appointed by

the French Ministry of Public Instruction to bring back in France European

knowledge in pre-Roman archaeology. Between 1876 et 1880, Charles Cournault

travelled Europe. He went to the most famous museums and archaeological sites,

especially in Switzerland (La Tène) and Austria (Hallstatt). He met the searchers who

were making archaeology. Charles Cournault’s method of work was the drawing. He

painted more than a thousand of watercolours. Most of these watercolours represent

archaeological objects dating from the Neolithic period, the Bronze and Iron Ages.

The purpose was to create reference tables of comparison for the French

archaeological finds showed in the new Musée des Antiquités Nationales (National

Antiquities Museum) of Saint-Germain-en-Lay.

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LAURA COLTOFEAN

Building networks in 19th century European archaeology.

Zsófia Tormas’s scientific correspondence

In 1876, the eighth edition of the International Congress of Prehistoric

Anthropology and Archaeology (CIAAP) was organised in Budapest, at the

Hungarian National Museum, being an event of major importance for Hungarian

archaeology. Zsófia Torma (1832-1899), a pioneering Hungarian woman

archaeologist, who had a significant contribution to the development of prehistoric

archaeology in Transylvania, also participated in this Congress that represented a

turning point in her life, marking the beginning of her archaeological career. It is for

this event that she started undertaking archaeological excavations in 1875 at the

settlement of Turdaș-Luncă (Hunedoara County) – one of the most important sites

in today’s Romania, as well as creating an impressive collection from the discovered

artefacts. At the Congress she exhibited a part of this collection, managing to impress

the participant scholars among whom she established valuable contacts. These

contacts were the core of a vast scientific correspondence that Zsófia Torma

developed in the years after the Congress with Hungarian and especially foreign

scholars, such as Archibald Henry Sayce, Francis Haverfield, John Lubbock,

Johannes Ranke, Albert Voss, Otto Helm, Otto Tischler, Ludwig Stern, Eduard

Krause, Friedrich Lindenschmit, Abraham Lissauer, Matthias Much, Jaroslav

Palliardi, Paul Reinecke, and others. Based on an extensive archival research, this

paper is a case study about the international academic network developed by Zsófia

Torma. More precisely, it aims to analyse Zsófia Torma’s scientific correspondence in

the political, ideological and sociocultural context of the time, revealing its

importance in the internationalisation of her activity, as well as in facilitating the

dissemination and exchange of the archaeological information resulted from her

researches, across Europe.

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ANCUȚA BOBÎNĂ

Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic clay figurines from

the Zsófia Torma collection, as published by Márton Roska

The clay figurines in the Zsófia Torma collection, as published by Marton

Roska in 1941, even though lacking contextual information, like provenance, have

always been a subject of interest. Most of them are female anthropomorphic

figurines, often fragmentary and decorated; less represented are the zoomorphic

figurines, with schematically depicted bovines, ovicaprids and swine.

As a result of the study of these published figurines we gathered a wide array

of information, like the number of complete and fragmentary pieces, their gender,

the depicted décor or the lack thereof and we also developed new ways of

interpreting them. This collection is also important because of the analogies offered

in the context of Neolithic and Eneolithic figurines, nowadays still offering a

permanent and current reference for similar dedicated studies.

VLADISLAV SOBOLEV

The Pioneers of Medieval Archaeology on North-West of Russian

Empire

The main archaeological excavations in Russia up to 1870’s are focused on sites of

the Scythian Epoch and Classical Greek antiquities. Research of Slavic and Russian

antiquities began to develop in the 1870’s. Excavations of kurgāns were started in the

Dnieper River region, Belorussia and on the North-West Russia – in Saint-

Petersburg, Novgorod and Pskov regions.

Studying of medieval burial complexes and settlements in North-West Russia in

the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century is associated with the

names of Lev Ivanovsky, Nikolay Brandenburg, Nikolay Roerich, Garald Schmidt,

Vladimir Glazov, Nikolay Arepyev, Lev Tselepi, Alexandr Spitsyn and others. Many of

them were not archaeologists. Firstly they were fond of the local history where they

lived and worked and then the interest in excavations has appeared. We can find

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artists, officials, military officers, landlords, teachers among them. Some of them

have graduated from the Archaeological Institutes in St. Petersburg and Moscow

later.

In the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century it has been

excavated a large number of medieval burial monuments on the North-West of

Russia. Rich collections of antiquities have been collected. Now they are kept mostly

in the outstanding museums in St. Petersburg and Moscow (Hermitage, State

Historical Museum). Scientific research program and the first chronological systems

for the medieval monuments in North-West Russia were designed; the data for

archaeological maps were collected. All these materials are reflected in archival

collections, many of them have not been published yet.

Political changes in Russia in the early 20th century influenced differently on the

fates of these researchers. Some names have been forgotten and not mentioned until

recently.

The report is expected to consider the biography of a few pioneers of medieval

archaeology on the North-West of Russia.

EMANOIL PRIPON

Dr. Mártonfi Lajos (1857-1908).

A precursor of Transylvanian scholar museography

Outstanding personality of paleontology, dr. Mártonfi Lajos (Ludovic) was, at

the same time, a genuine precursor of museographic school at the end of the 19th

century in Transylvania. Born on May 21st, 1857 in an Armenian family in Şimleu

Silvaniei, Sălaj County, he attended the elementary school in Şimleu Silvaniei, and

then in Zalău. In 1876 he graduated at the Reformed College in Cluj. Four years later

he graduates from the Faculty of Mathematics – Natural Sciences at the prestigious

university from Cluj, obtaining his doctorate with a thesis on foraminifera fauna.

Since the autumn of 1880 he is appointed professor at the Armenian

Gymnasium in Gherla where he taught geography, natural sciences, German and

history. A long time he was the curator of school's museum collections, which he

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managed it in a way that, every year, there were new entries for pieces, himself being

a generous donor.

For a decade and a half, dr. Mártonfi Lajos dedicated especially to the study of

natural sciences, publishing more than 40 articles in specialized journals and

yearbooks of some educational institutions. Among these articles can be found some

valuable contributions regarding the role and principles of forming the school's

museum collections. As a member of the Transylvanian Museum Society from Cluj,

starting in 1879, then in 1882 and 1891, Mártonfi Lajos is empowered to conduct

research stages in Transylvania Plain, on Someş Valley and in Şimleu Depression, to

enrich the museum's collection of geology and mineralogy.

The frequent field researches, some in the position of „guide” for the reputed

Transylvanian archaeologist Téglás Gábor, they allowed Mártonfi Lajos to complete

also the school's museum collection from Şimleu Silvaniei and Gherla with new

exhibits. A particularly important role in the growth process was the educational

exchange collection of museum objects, initiated by dr. Mártonfi Lajos with the

publication of a study in 1887 entitled „The enrichment of natural sciences

collections through exchange relations”. Through his published articles, dr. Mártonfi

Lajos has imposed itself as a veritable researcher, merits in the field of paleontology

being recognized by the fact that three fossil species were named after him.

As a result of the way that he approached certain museological issues and was

actually involved in starting up collections (at Şimleu Silvaniei – hometown and

Gherla – adoptive town), we believe that dr. Mártonfi Lajos has earned the

appellative of precursor of scholar museography from Transylvania at the end of the

19th century.

IOAN BEJINARIU

Fetzer J. Ferenc-A Pioneer of the Archaeology of Sălaj

Due to Fetzer J. Ferenc, a former high school professor in Șimleu Silvaniei,

probably between 1890 and 1910 there are numerous recordings and descriptions of

some archaeological discoveries in the area of the county of Sălaj, before the Union of

1918.

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In the period of these two decades, from the end of the 19th century up to the

first decade of the 20th century, Fetzer published in the pages of ”Archaeológiai

Értesitő ” journal, information of numerous discoveries which appeared in the area

of Măgura Șimleului where the discovery (in 1899) of the second hoard of gold

objects from the Migration Period triggered the attention and a strong emulation

among the members of the community of Șimleu.

This study wants to propose to present aspects of the archaeological

preoccupations of Fetzer, and of his publishing activity in the archaeological

journals. Due to the mentions and detailed descriptions left behind by Fetzer we now

have the possibility of restoring some valuable pieces of information about

discoveries made in the area of Sălaj which were subsequently lost. These pieces of

information complete the image of the human inhabitation throughout different

periods of time together with the newly made archaeological research, especially for

the area of Șimleu Depression (south-west of Sălaj county).

ADRIENN VITÁRI-WÉBER

Juhász László (1842-1911). A pioneer of archaeology

and antiquarian as founder of the Museum of Pécs

In this paper I will present the life of an intellectual from a provincial town of

the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who despite the financial risks, sacrificed his carrier

as a lawyer and dedicated his life to save the material heritage of Baranya county.

Collecting the archaeological finds of the region, he established a rich private

collection which later consisted the basis of the City Museum from Pécs. Beside his

activity as an antiquarian collector, he participated personally on excavations too,

although our sources regarding his field-work are very limited. Although, he was

aware of the limits of his archaeological knowledge, he published the first

comprehensive synthesis on the archaeology of Baranya and Pécs. Juhász published

regularly also in the Archaeológiai Értesitő and other local journals too. Due to his

popularising articles, he became a local “authority” in Pécs, the “archaeologist of the

city”, asked many times to assist rescue excavations. Unfortunately, the most

renowned archaeologist from Hungary never accepted him as an academic

researcher. Six years before the city museum was founded, he opened his private

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collection for the greater public. His donation of 600 objects – among them a

significant numismatic collection – consist the basic of the local City Museum.

Despite of his founding role in the local archaeological research, his name was

mentioned only in a short Encyclopaedia entry. Because there was no official

testimony left from him, the analysis of his life and academic heritage can be based

only on indirect sources from archives. The main aim of this paper is to fulfil the

lacuna left by the former historiography, commemorating the 105th year of his death.

SÁNDOR BERECKI - EMESE HOMPOTH - DOROTTYA NYULAS

A Heritage – The Life and Legacy of Endre Orosz (1871–1945)

Endre Orosz (1871–1945) was an archaeologist, palaeontologist, geologist and

ethnographer; an enthusiastic collector of all kinds of archaeological material from

the Stone Age until modern times and from all regions of the Austro-Hungarian

Monarchy, but mostly focusing on prehistoric objects and more recent ethnographic

items from around Cluj (Apahida, Gherla, etc.). After his death, in the 1950s, the

enormous private collection of archaeological finds – stored in around 70 large

wooden chests – were donated to serve the purpose of a newly planned museum

concerning the history of Cluj. But this exhibition never got organized, instead the

objects remained in the Tailors’ Bastion for decades, easily accessible for almost

anyone. This resulted in loosing most part of the heritage, only a despairing number

of just a few chests surviving until the 1970s, when the heirs finally got hold of the

remnants of the once so rich collection again.

In the spring of 2015 we were contacted by the granddaughters of Endre Orosz to

take over of what is left of the archaeological material and manuscripts, and to make

it accessible for the scientific world. For that reason in the very near future we are

organizing an exhibition about his life and his archaeological collection and

publishing a catalogue of the finds.

Present paper, besides some general biographical notions about the life of Endre

Orosz, focuses on the presentation of the stone, clay, bone, glass and metallic objects

from the Stone Age until medieval times, all which represents the collection today.

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KIRILL GUSEV

Visit of D.N. Anuchin in Europe (1877-1879) and international

collaboration in archaeology and physical anthropology

Modern archaeological science methods root in traditions of 19th century.

Academician Dimity Nikolayevich Anuchin is one of the founders of the archaeology-

anthropology-zoology contacts in the Russian. Anuchin's activity has effected

sciences development for the archaeological research. Different problems of

archaeology of Stone Age, physical anthropology and paleo-enthnology were

considered in his scientific studies.

Scientists educated at the different universities of the Russia and some European

countries. This article is dedicated to the information (books, journals, manuscripts)

about Anuchin's probation in European museums, universities and archaeological

excavations (1877-1879). He visited London, Paris, Berlin, Cologne, Vienna, Brussels,

Heidelberg etc. D. N. Anuchin collaborated with P. Broca, G. de Mortillet, R.

Virchow.

OLIVÉR GÁBOR

Szőnyi Ottó’s time capsule from 1913

Ottó Szőnyi (Pécs, 1876 - 1937) went to the Pécs Grammar School of the

Cistercian Order, completing his studies with distinction. After studying theology

and law locally he enrolled at the universities of Budapest and Kolozsvár (now Cluj,

Romania). He was ordained in 1898, and the next year began work in Pécs as

Episcopal archivist. He was an active participant in the work of the Association of the

Museums of Pécs and the County of Baranya, of which from 1906 he was a

committee member. In the same year he became a lecturer in Roman law at the law

lyceum. In 1908 he joined the museum gazette staff, becoming editor from 1912. As

from 1909 he took over the duties of museum secretary, later becoming director of

the Museum of Pécs. In 1911 he was made ecclesiastical judge. In 1909, together with

István Möller, he designed and oversaw the construction of the water course for

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draining off the subsoil water that hat accumulated as a result of reconstruction of

the cathedral. From February 1917 he held the post of archivist of the cathedral

chapter, and in 1922 he carried out the excavation of the Cella trichora. He moved to

Budapest to become a lecturer for the National Committee for Monuments. In 1925

he received the title of papal chamberlain. From 1929 he was president of the Central

Office for Ecclesiastical Art, and was also a member of the Pécs Janus Pannonius

Society. As part of the analysis of the First (Peter-Paul) Burial Vault, he produced an

overview of the history of Roman Sopianae. He taught at the College of Applied arts

until his death in 1934.

In 2005, next to the 19th early Christian burial chamber of Pécs, we found a

late Roman brick grave. Based on a drawing of archaeological excavation prepared in

1913 we noticed that this grave has been already excavated by Szőnyi Ottó and Möller

István. The grave had been made of Roman bricks, but in the grave we also saw

modern bricks, which protected a closed little glass tube. This tube was a hidden time

capsule with the part of text: ...az utókor kutatóinak tájékoztatására… (informing

for researchers of the future generations).

DUMITRU ȚEICU

Leonard Böhm's field research on Roman period in Banat

Banat was and still is a border province, situated on the Lower Danube which

has a distinct historical identity. As a result, Banat historiography lies between two

major directions: national identity and multiculturalism. Within this, the German

historiography has been coagulated and afterwards activated as a distinct voice and

with a real contribution to the cultural landscape of the province after the middle of

19th century. Therefore German historical writing component is essential in creating

German identity in this Banat and also the appearance of archeology in this specific

area.

Historian, former mayor of Bela Crkva, with an impressive archaeological

collection, Leonard Böhm (1833- 1924) alongside Johann Swiker is one of the

German historiographic pillars in Banat, from the second half of the 19th century. His

extensive publishing activity recommends him as a good researcher who dealt with

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utmost accuracy for the historical and archaeological stories of this place; therefore

he is a member of the Society for History and Archaeology from Timisoara. His high

vocation and outstanding education recommends him not only as a performer, but

also as a supporter of historical research in Banat through fruitful friendships and

also through the support shown to another great historian- Felix Milleker.

IRINA ACHIM – CORINA I. BORȘ

Grigore G. Tocilescu – a pioneer of Romanian archaeology

in a European perspective

The remembrance and recognition concerning the leading personalities of the

national and European archaeology is today more actual and necessary as ever.

Pioneer of archaeological research in Romania, Grigore G. Tocilescu (1850-1909),

professor of ancient history at the University of Bucharest and director of the

Museum of National Antiquities in Bucharest, is undoubtedly a major figure of the

Romanian academic environment of late 19th century, his value and notoriety

surpassing at that time the national borders.

Based on an important set of archive documents, largely unpublished,

preserved in two major collections (at the Manuscripts Department of the Romanian

Academy Library and the Historic Archive of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of

Archaeology in Bucharest), the paper will outline the diligent activity as promoter of

field archaeology in Romania of the scholar Grigore G. Tocilescu, acting both as

university professor and museum manager.

Out of a rich archive available material are brought into attention documents

referring to the scientific activity of the scholar and the archaeological excavations

undertaken at Tropaeum Traiani under his coordination from 1882 to 1909. Our

pursuit outlines the numerous collaborations of Grigore G. Tocilescu with specialists

in the field of historic and archaeological researches (scientific personalities of the

European academic environment, the German architects who participated at the

excavations from Adamclisi, topographer Pamfil Polonic or draughtsman Dionisie

Păcuraru), in order to substantiate the professional and social network of the scholar

and, why not, the atmosphere of the romantic epoch of archaeology in Romania, a

historic time when archaeology was transformed from a domain of antiquarians and

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collectors into a fundamental instrument of knowledge and valorisation of national

historic heritage.

As well, we have looked for reconstructing out of a historiographic and

journalistic perspective the manner in which Tocilescu’s researches were perceived

by his contemporaries both at national and international level.

Between controversy, acceptance and recognition, the activity of the scholar

Grigore G. Tocilescu represents undeniably an important chapter for the history of

archaeology in Romania, worth to be resituated on its just value.

III. PANEL: THE BEGINNINGS OF URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN

EUROPE AND ITS IMPACT ON MODERN SCHOLARSHIP

ORSOLYA LÁNG

Old and useless? Revaluating old excavation data and find

material in the Aquincum Civil Town

Several old or relatively old (e.g. 19th century - first half of 20th century)

excavations’ documentations and finds from the Aquincum Civil Town have recently

been revised, mainly concerning the north – eastern and central zone of the

settlement. Are these materials worth to take a fresh look at? Can new informations

be gained from them? What methods could be used for this work and what are the

results? Do they change anything at all? Could - even in some cases – old theories be

disproved concerning for example periodization, function or even more basic

statments such as the economic history of the town?

BRITTA BURKHARDT

The beginnings of the study of bathing in Roman Dacia: the scholars and

their discoveries made during the 19th century

The study of bathing in the Roman period is defined by some abiding issues

relating to architecture and human involvement such as terminology, the origins-

debate, the evolution of forms and grasping the conventional bathing experience.

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Nevertheless the stressed discussion of architectural features and components is

tangible in the writings of earlier scholars and is still persisting today, often referred

to as the „architectural habit” by researchers. The current study chose to present the

more then humble beginnings and initial phases in the study of Roman thermal

facilities in Transylvania concerning the work of Balázs Orbán, Gábor Téglás, Pál

Király, Károly Torma, Béla Cserni and others. The seemingly confined geographic

region bears an ample research history on this subject matter and stands

characterized by stray information gathered through aficionado field investigations, a

heterogeneous view on use of terminology and documentation, small to large scale

surface excavations these altogether embellished with ardent impressions related to

the bathing experience of Roman times.

CRISTINA-GEORGETA ALEXANDRESCU

The French Archaeological Mission from 1865 in

the Romanian Principalities: aims, methods and priorities

During the reign of Napoleon III the general interest on the research on Antiquity

and the specialized fields of research (archaeology, epigraphy, historical geography)

and institutions (academies, institutes, museums of antiquities/archaeological

museums) have a vivid and - one could say - sustainable development. It is actually a

direction recognizable towards Europe and also at Constantinople, especially within

the second half of the 19th century.

The main actors of these official and/or individual actions build an impressive and

well connected scientific network. Its importance for the area of today's Romania still

needs to be realized and accordingly valorized.

Starting from new archival materials retrieved in France, the present paper will focus

on the analyze of the aims, methods and priorities set for the archaeological mission,

sent by the emperor Napoleon III in 1865 to the Romanian Principalities, and to its

results for the archaeology and epigraphy of the ancient sites on the Lower Danube.

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FLORIN FODOREAN

Roman sites recorded by Téglás István in territorium Potaisensse

Téglás István (1853-1915) was one of the most passionate pioneers of

archaeology from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

He had essentially contributed to our knowledge regarding the archaeological

discoveries in Transylvania and especially those from Turda and the surroundings.

Our contribution presents several notes recorded by Téglás in his diaries (published

in 2005: Bajusz István, Téglás István jegyzetei. I. Régészeti feljegyzések [The notes

of Téglás István. I. Archaeological records], Cluj-Napoca, 2005), concerning some

important discoveries from the rural areas close to Turda: Moldoveneşti, Bolduţ,

Petreştii de Sus, Vâlcele, Miceşti, Cheia and Bădeni.

All these settlements are located within the so-called territorium Potaissae, an

area where an important number of rural settlements were established during the

Roman period. In many cases, Téglás István noted in his journals very detailed,

accurate descriptions of remains of Roman settlements, consisting of bricks, stamped

tiles, ceramic fragments etc. More, according to his descriptions, nowadays some of

these archaeological sites can be identified. Along with these descriptions, numerous

artefacts were accurately drawn and described by Téglás. Following this information,

our study tries to map and present the most important Roman sites described by

Téglás. We will also map and describe the most important roads which connected

these settlements. The results of this study will allow us to improve our knowledge

regarding the spatial distribution of these settlements and their chronological frame.

ALEXANDRA TEODOR

Dawn of urban archaeology on the streets of Constanța.

A preliminary research on its antique built structures

Constanța, grown over the antique city of Tomis, is the oldest (living) city in

modern Romania and one of the country’s largest urban centres. Until the second

half of the 20th Century, it never had a real “father” on archaeological matters, as

Alba Iulia had Adalbert Cserni in the late 19th Century - beginning of the 20th century,

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or – to come closer in space to our subject – Mangalia had Theofil Sauciuc-Săveanu,

at least for a while, in the 1920s-30s. As a consequence, all the infrastructure and

edilitary construction works implemented after the half of the 19th century, which

affected especially the “heart” of the antique city – the harbour area –, remained

largely undocumented from an archaeological point of view.

However, since the site’s importance was already known in the second half of

the 19th century, the antique city’s various traces didn’t remain completely

unobserved. The first archaeological notes were published by foreign missions’

engineers employed by the Ottoman Empire to develop the region’s infrastructure, in

the 1850s-1860s. Later, under the Romanian administration, scholars traditionally

involved in the Dobrujan archaeology made their best to record the visible ruins

(Pamfil Polonic, under Grigore Tocilescu’s coordination), however no systematic

archaeological projects were carried – except some rescue interventions (e.g. Vasile

Pârvan for the so-called Butchers’ Tower). The scarce notes, drawings and

photographs recorded prior to the revival of the archaeological museum of Constanța

in 1956, when Vasile Canarache took over its management, are all we have left for a

whole century marked by important transformations of the Peninsula. As curious as

it may sound, they’ve never been subject to a dedicated study, although scholars

frequently mention and use them in their papers.

The purpose of this presentation is to examine the means to put together the

information concerning built structures available for archaeological Constanța, prior

to its de facto institutionalisation. Three steps are considered in this preliminary

stage: to identify the relevant sources’ categories (scientific and non-scientific

publications, archives, cartographic and photographic documentation etc.), to briefly

document their potential and, finally, to suggest possible solutions for the multiple

data type integration. This is a mandatory demarche for the city’s urban

archaeological research – which, as a matter a fact, after a century is still (or back) in

its dawn.

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ANA HAMAT

The tales about Tibiscum, written by the priest Iosif Mircea

Almost a hundred years ago, the Roman city Tibiscum was the subject for a

series of articles in the local newspaper “Foaia Diecezană”, edited by the parish priest

of the village Jupa - Iosif Mircea. This series of articles began with the numbers from

10th ofMay and 18th of October 1920 in which appeared articles about the history of

this Roman site. The starting point and the reason for choosing this special topic is

written in the article entitled Excurzia elevilor Liceului Traian Doda la cetatea

Tibiscum, concerning about an organized trip to the ruins of Tibiscum by high school

students from Caransebeș and during which have been made excavations under the

direction of priest Iosif Mircea and teachers Cornean and Maroeviciu from Zăgujeni

and Prisaca - called in the article as local archaeologists. The findings, the times he

lived, impressed Iosif Mircea so much and led him to continue publishing further

articles about Tibiscum in the same newspaper, being fully convinced by the past

greatness of these places and by the fact that they are a source of pride for the new

Romania - one of the countries born the fire of World War I, providing to his readers

and for today researchers a mirror reflecting the history and the condition of the

Roman town in those days. So, in this series of articles there are presented some

information concerning the findings from Tibiscum in the second half of the 19th

century until the beginning of 20th century, most of which are now lost and the only

evidence of these findings remains his articles. The special importance of the

discoveries is seen even by the priest; his account gives a slightly altered description

of the site by modernity and complement other older information about Tibiscum.

JULIEN TRAPP

Johann Baptist Keune and Metz Museums (Moselle, France)

The birth of modern archeology in the annexed region of Lorraine

(1892-1918)

In 1871, after the defeat of France against Prussia, a part of Lorraine, as well as

Alsace, is annexed with the German Reich. For nearly twenty years, a slow and

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difficult transition is made between French and German scientists. Archaeological

research has slowed and methods are still those of scholars of the early nineteenth

century, although the introduction of new German methods. Metz Museums are still

an institution dedicated to the Fine Arts. With the arrival of Johann Baptist Keune

(1858-1937) in Metz in 1892, a break occurs. Philologist, he is rapidly appointed to

head the museums. He stands out from his predecessors by his rigorous

methodology and his network of correspondents, including German scientists. His

investment on excavation sites and publications allow the development of regional

research, as well as the rise of Metz Museums, which become a driving force for the

Moselle archaeology.

IV. PANEL: FROM ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTIONS TO THE FIRST

MUSEUMS: NEW PERSPECTIVES IN MUSEUM STUDIES

SZILAMÉR PÁNCZÉL – ZALÁN GYŐRFI

The Archaeological Collection of Kovács Ferencz

The first documented archaeological collection from Târgu

Mureș/Marosvásárhely (Mureș/Maros County) belonged to the abbot-parish priest

Kovács Ferencz (1837-1899). His position and wide social network enabled him to

collect archaeological artefacts, illustrating a wide chronological spectrum, from the

larger geographical area of Transylvania. He was one of the founders of the Szekler

Museum of Applied Arts established in the late 19th century and, in collaboration

with Deák Farkas, he initiated the first published archaeological excavations from the

region. His collection was passed on to the Roman Catholic School for boys from

Târgu Mureș and the remaining parts of it have been transferred to the Mureș

County Museum founded in the 1950's.

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BODÓ CRISTINA

Archaeological research undertaken by the members

of the Society of History and Archaeology of Hunedoara County

In 1880 was founded in Deva the Society of History and Archaeology of

Hunedoara County. Among its declared purposes, were, from the very beginning,

discovering, collecting, saving and enhancement of ancient vestiges of the county

territory. Within the Society begins operating also the museum, which enriches its

heritage each year, through donations, acquisitions, and with pieces from field

research.

Shortly after the founding of the Society, begin the archaeological excavations

from Sarmizegetusa, with funds from the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public

Education, leading to the discovery of several important monuments (the

amphitheater, the mithraeum). In the same time, with their own funds, smaller field

research are conducted in other areas, such as Micia, Şureanu Mountains and from

this activity are brought to our attention new sites and monuments.

Meanwhile, members of the Society are careful to random discoveries that

could bring new information and try to recover or preserve, as the case, such

emerged monuments - for example, even in the early years of operation, three

menhirs are recovered from Baia de Cris (currently in the heritage of MCRD), they

strive to preserve the mosaic from Sarmizegetusa.

Another aspect in the work of the Society members was the scientific

exploitation of discoveries, so they communicated and published in professional

journals the new findings, trying to be in close relations with the scientific

community of the time.

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EVGENIA ZASTROZHNOVA

Archaeological materials from the excavations of Phanagoria

(19th century) in the collection of the State Historical Museum

Moscow

Phanagoria is one of the largest ancient city on the territory of the Russian

Federation, is located in the South-Eastern part of the Taman Peninsula. This

settlement was founded in the end of 6th century BC by colonists from the Greek city

of Theos, and occupied an important position among other cities of the Bosporian

Kingdom.

Archaeological study of Phanagoria began in the late 18th century. Reverence

for antique art, characteristic of the era of classicism in Russia was reflected for the

purpose of archaeological research conducting. A priority was to find objects of

ancient art, which could make the collection of the Imperial Hermitage. Artifacts that

are of no value for the Hermitage were sent to the Kerch Museum of Antiquities.

However, thanks to the efforts of well-known Moscow scientists, K .K. Goertz and I.

E. Zabelin, valuable archaeological artefacts formed the basis of the antiquities

collection of the Historical Museum in Moscow.

K.K. Goertz (1820-1883), professor at the Department of history and

archaeology of art of the Moscow state University, was directed to conduct

excavation at Phanagoria in 1859. During the research he excavated the Central part

of the settlement and more than 30 barrows which surround it. Collection of

archaeological artifacts, consisting of painted lekythos, vessels, terracotta and other

items arrived first to the Rumyantsev Museum and then to the State Historical

Museum.

I. E.Zabelin (1820-1908) – a specialist in the field of ancient Russian art,

one of the founders of the State Historical Museum, carried out excavations on the

territory of Phanagoria in 1864, and between 1869 and 1872. Excavations were

continued in the Central part of the upper plateau and in the burial mounds

surrounding Phanagoria. From the excavations of I. E. Zabelin in the State Historical

Museum there was received a large number of specialized pieces of amphora, lamps,

lecythoi, terracotta, bronze mirrors and many other artifacts.

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Until now, these valuable materials haven’t been processed and put into

scientific circulation. Attribution and cataloguing of archaeological materials will

help the modern researcher better understand and interpret the results of the

excavations of researchers in the 19th century. In the future, together with the staff of

the State Historical Museum, there will be realized the project of publication of these

materials on the modern methodical level.

DELIA CORNEA

Unpublished testimonies about the beginnings of Dobrudjan museology

in late 19th century

Identification of unpublished documents preserved in Romanian Academy

Archive allowed us to draft a history of the first attempts of museology in Dobrudja

area, since the early years of establishment of Romanian administration. Among

these testimonies, we must take a closer look to the Rapport of the Constanta prefect,

Remus Opreanu (dated in March 16th 1879), addressed to the Ministry of Public

Instruction, where he mentions his intention to create a local museum for

Khiustenge and Mangalia cities. Given the fact that there are no documents/founding

acts to mark the establishment of current museum in Constanta, we can assume that

this prestigious institution was founded since the Spring of 1879. Another

unpublished document mentions the efforts of Tulcea prefect, George M. Ghica, in

order to rescue the historical monuments found in Dobrudja; therefore, he asks for

some „archaeological excursions” to establish a „methodical and scientific guidance

to prevent the destruction and dissipation of ancient monuments”. These new

testimonies, together with others more or less known, represent the subject of the

present study dedicated to the beginnings of Dobrudjan museology and the first

archaeological excavations.

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CĂTĂLIN I. NICOLAE

Photography and archaeology in Dobrogea from Tocilescu to Pârvan.

Images from the photographic archive

of the "Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology

The “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest hosts three photo

archives at a single venue – the archive of the former National Museum of

Antiquities (1858-1947), of the Institute of Archaeology (1947-1995) and of the

former Institute of Thracology (1980-1998). Altogether the archive contains about

12000 black-and-white glass-plate negatives, 5000 black-and-white rolls of film

negatives, 10000 slides, about 1000 aerial photographs and an unknown number of

inadequately stored black-and-white and color prints (at least 50000) and other

photographic materials. The archive is of immense importance for the history and

archaeology of Romania. It is a unique source of information for archaeological

research, monument recording and restoration of Romania’s cultural heritage over

the last century and more. Most, if not all the principal archaeological sites and

historic monuments of Romania are represented in a vast array of excavation and

restoration photographs.

Thousands of archaeological artifacts – pottery, sculptures and metal objects –

are illustrated, along with other items of major historic importance for the study of

religious art, painting, sculpture and fabrics. Many of the documented sites and

objects have disappeared or been destroyed during the wars that affected Romania in

the last 150 years, especially World War I and World War II.

Since the very beginning of the archaeological researches in Romania,

Dobrogea was one of the focal points of interest for the archaeological community,

and this is also visible in the contents of the photographic archive. Starting with the

albumen prints from the researches of Grigore Tocilescu at Adamclisi at the end of

the 19th century and continuing with the glass-plates negatives of the major

excavations made by Vasile Pârvan at Histria and Ulmetum, along with many other

photographic materials, we can see and reconstruct one of the most interesting parts

of archaeological activity in Romania.

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The presentation will offer a glimpse of the nature and content of the

photographs in the archive, and of the light they can throw on the use of photography

in recording the archaeological research more than a century ago.

MARIUS CIUTĂ

An imaginary archaeological appeal to a finished judiciary case: the

Hercules Apulensis 2013

“I have seen that plants and animals are the same around Alba Iulia not perish,

cares for Mother Nature to perpetuate, instead of antiquities unearthed once

Apulum day perish irrevocably and forever. Saving them is a scientific duty

immediate and speedy. Therefore I became an archaeologist (A. Cserny 1887).

Starting from this programmatic declaration of the naturalist Adalbert Czerny

- after which providence made to appear the archaeologist Bela Cserny – the

present study that we propose to the community of specialists in Roman archaeology

has as main theme the analysis of the real state of the protection of archaeological

heritage inside the city of Apulum.

The Report of the Presidential Commission of Cultural Heritage (2009) -

unfortunately not assumed by the institutions involved in this field - drew attention

to some issues that have not been solved in the years that followed. We can state that

things have evolved in an undesirable direction, and if this proves the case Hercules

2013. The recovery of an impressive statue of the god Hercules (Hercules Farnese

type), by judicial and not scientific research, is the subject of our analysis, we submit

the attention of the distinguished audience.

V. PANEL: NATIONALISM AND OTHER IDEOLOGIES

IN THE 19TH CENTURY ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE

HEINRICH ZABEHLICKY

A political research history: the case of Bruckneudorf

between Hungary and Austria

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The place lies on Hungarian ground next to the border to Austria and to the

Austrian town Bruck an der Leitha. The way how chance-finds were reported and

how excavations were organized reflect clearly the political and social situation of the

19th century dominated by nationalistic conflicts but also by the rise of liberal ideas.

The Hungarian citizen Dr. Sőter from Moson-Magyaróvár played an important role

by excavating a late roman cemetery and building a Museum in Moson-Magyaróvár.

Also in the 20th century the archaeological research showed the influence of the

political situation.

DÁVID PETRUȚ - ERVIN GÁLL

From aristocratic internationalism to romantic nationalism.

Notes on the ideological background of antiquarian and archaeological

activities in 19th century Transylvania

The emergence of archaeological research in Transylvania was the result of a

gradual shift from an antiquarian perspective to a scholarly approach and method,

around the middle of the 19th century. This transformation can be linked to the

dynamic movement of cultural institutionalization, especially the founding of the

Transylvanian Museum Society (Erdélyi Múzeum Egylet) in 1859 in Cluj

(Kolozsvár), and later to the birth of the Franz Joseph University in 1872 in the same

town. The current presentation is based on a research which set out to explore the

genesis of institutionalised archaeological research and its underlying ideological

dimensions determined by the leading ideological movements in Europe at the time

(primarily nationalism and imperialism) and the local political projects and

aspirations which were shaped in the political, economic and social context of

Transylvania in the period prior and subsequent to the Revolutions of 1848.

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MARIA MEDVEDEVA

Imperial Archaeological Commission (1859-1919) and the national

system of archaeological investigations in Russia

The Imperial Archaeological Commission was organized in St. Petersburg in

1859 by the decree of the Emperor Alexander II. Over the second half of the 19th and

beginning of the 20th century, the Commission remained the single State body

concerned with archaeology and protection of archaeological sites in Russia. All these

years the Archaeological Commission was under the Ministry of the Imperial Court.

In its activities, this institution combined scientific-research, organizational and

controlling functions.

The works of Imperial Archaeological Commission may be subdivided through

three periods connected with the names of its chairmen: 1859-1882 when Count

Sergey Stroganov was the chairmen of IAC, 1882-1886 when it was headed by the

Director of the Imperial Hermitage Alexander Vasil’chikov, and 1886-1918 when the

Commission was directed by Count Alexey Bobrinskiy.

In the works of the Commission, such famous historians and archaeologists took

part as Ivan Zabelin, Vladimir Tiesenhausen, Nikodim Kondakov, Alexander

Spitsyn, Nikolay Veselovskiy, Vasiliy Latyshev, Boris Farmakovskiy, Mikhail

Rostovtsev and many othersThe activities of the Commission have established the

system of regulation of archaeological researches in Russia, which with

inconsiderable alterations had existed until the beginning of the 21st century. This

system was based on the “Open Lists” as individual authorizations for researchers to

conduct excavations in state and public lands with the indispensable submission of a

report to the archives of the Commission. At the same time, the Commission,

together with the Academy of Arts, was charged with supervision over restoration

and protection of objects of art and architecture. Thеse practices have initiated the

creation of the unique corpus of sources for the national archaeology and

architecture in Russia.

Now materials of the Imperial Archaeological Commission are stored in the

Archive and Library of the Institute for the History of Material Culture, RAS. They

became an invaluable source of knowledge on the history of archaeological science in

Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries.

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SÁNDOR JÓZSEF SZTÁNCSUJ

From Myths to History. Archaeology in Southeastern-Transylvania

during the period of the Dual Monarchy

The era of the Dual Monarchy (1867-1918) brought a dynamic development of

archaeology in the eastern and south-eastern parts of Transylvania. The particularly

rich archaeological monuments from the historic regions of Burzenland and

Szeklerland draw the attention of the first amateur or professional archaeologists at

the turn of the 19-20th centuries. In the discovery and systematic research of the

different archaeological sites, periods and cultural units especially the work of Géza

Nagy, Gábor Téglás, Julius Teutsch, Ferenc László, Márton Roska or István Kovács

has played a significant role. The results of their research were published in

prestigious journals, contributing thus to the introduction of this region in the

scientific circuit of the era and awaking the interest of foreign scholars (e.q. Hubert

Schmidt, V. Gordon Childe) involved in the research of the Eastern European

Archaeology. Concomitently, the period brought the appearance of the first

conservation laws and the foundation of the first museum collections of the region,

namely the Székely National Museum and the Burzenländer Säschische Museum.

The paper will present the key moments, places and figures of the archaeology of the

Belle Époque in southeastern parts of Transylvania.

BÉLA SANTA

“Sexism” in 19th century Hungarian archaeology.

The case of Zsófia Torma

Zsófia Torma (1832-1899) was one of the first female scholars to carry out

systematic archaeological research. Her excavations in Tordos led to significant

discoveries revealing a link between ancient Mesopotamia and Transylvania. Despite

her scholarly achievements, Zsófia's work was largely belittled in Hungary. The

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Academy would not publish her book and she was labelled as a 'weirdo' by some who

thought that a woman should not do archaeology. In contrast, her correspondence

with German and British scholars reveals an entirely different attitude to her and her

work. Hitherto unresearched letters by the Romano-British scholar, Francis

Haverfield (1860-1919, and British Assyriologist, Archibald Sayce (1845-1933), shed

light on professional relationships of respect and genuine interest sorely missing in

Hungary. The presentation will focus on Zsófia's scholarly work and her connection

with these British scholars.

CORINA I. BORȘ - IRINA ACHIM

From antiquarianism to archaeology in Romania. The beginnings

of the national legislation for the protection of archaeological heritage

The beginnings of the legislation regarding the protection of the

archaeological heritage in Romania dates back to the first decades of the 19th century,

respectively to the epoch of the “Organic Regulations” (Regulamentele Organice)

and the foundation of the National Museum of Antiquities in Bucharest. Later,

starting from the tradition and even the juridical practice of the French model in this

domain, but also animated by a natural national feeling of the creation period of the

modern Romanian state, the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, followed by the one of

Carol I of Romania mark as well the beginning of certain incipient forms of cultural

policy and strategy, seen then as a fundamental element of this approach both

founding and integrative. In this general context, the knowledge upon and the

protection of the historic monuments, implicitly of the archaeological heritage have

been seen as domains of high importance.

The paper takes into consideration a general outline and framework in which

were elaborated and adopted the first legal regulations for the safeguarding of the

archaeological heritage, pointing to the main chronological reference points – 1874,

1891/1982, 1913 and 1919. On the same time is analysed the role played by a series of

pioneers of archaeology in Romania – such as Alexandru Odobescu, Grigore

Tocilescu și Vasile Pârvan – underlining their contributions to the conception and

implementation of these first legislative documents.

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The paper is based on researches valuing both documents preserved in the

archive funds of the former National Museum of Antiquities in Bucharest (nowadays

at the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology) and at the Romanian Academy

Library, as well as information from historic newspapers (like for instance the

parliamentary debates which preceded the adoption of the relevant legislation in

1891-1892). Throughout a comparative analysis of the situation at that time in other

European states, the aim is to reconstitute the atmosphere of an entire epoch,

outlining the elements of modernity related to the incipient system for safeguarding

the historical and archaeological sites and monuments in Romania during the second

half of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century.

MARIANA EGRI – AUREL RUSTOIU

Empire and imperialism in Romanian archaeology

The avatars of Romanian archaeology are a quite recent subject of

historiographic analysis, but the few published works mostly concentrate on the

communist decades, discussing mainly the political interferences and subsequent

conceptual and methodological limitations. On the other hand, the studies focusing

on its beginnings mostly discuses the more-or-less intensive interactions with other

archaeological schools and the influences exerted by representatives of the latter on

different Romanian scholars and their work.

However, one interesting but less discussed topic concerns the impact of the

concept of imperialism on the development of Roman provincial archaeology in

Romania. In general, throughout the period in question the Roman Empire was seen

either as a civilizing force that provided historical and cultural connections with

Western Europe, or as an oppressing though inevitable master of the worthy

indigenous populations. These general interpretative models were strongly

influenced by political and ideological factors, albeit the chronic absence of a

methodological and conceptual self-critique also had a relevant impact.

Still, a more detailed analysis of the Romanian archaeological literature also

indicates the presence of other determining factors. One concerns the direct

experiencing of a modern empire and its ideology, first especially in Transylvania

and Banat at the end of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century, and then

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after WWII and the imposition of the communist regime in entire Romania. Another

influential factor is the belated and often patchy development of archaeological

studies at university level, which shaped both the conceptual and the methodological

approaches to Roman provincial archaeology.

The paper will explore the evolution and impact of the concepts of empire and

imperialism in Romanian archaeology mostly through a historiographic analysis, by

focusing on key moments: the late 19th – early 20th century, the 1920s – 1930s, the

1950s and the 1980s.

GUIDELINES FOR PARTICIPANTS

I. USEFUL PHONE NUMBERS AND ADDRESSES

Regarding the conference and organisational problems:

Csaba Szabó: szabo.csaba.pte@gmail.com, (0040)745 757 613

Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț: viorusu1@yahoo.com, (0040)744 168066

Regarding the accommodation and meals:

Reception of the Hotel Parc: Tel: 0040-(0) 258-811.723, 816.642, 816.643, Fax:

0040-(0) 258-812.130

II. PLACES, BUILDINGS AND LOCATIONS OF THE EVENTS (see map)

Location of the conference and panels: “1 Decembrie 1918” University,

Alba Iulia (Unirii st., no. 15-17, Tel:+40-0258-811412, Fax:+40-0258-806260),

Apor Palace (Gabriel Bethlen st., no. 5).

Accommodation of the guests and location of lunch and dinners: Hotel

Parc (Alba Iulia Primaverii street, no. 4; Tel: 0040-(0) 258-811.723, 816.642,

816.643, Fax: 0040-(0) 258-812.130, Mail: office@hotelparc.ro ).

Location of the exhibition: National Museum of Union, Alba Iulia (Mihai

Viteazul st., no. 12-14, Alba Iulia; Tel. 0258813300; Fax 0258811853).

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WEBSITES AND TIMETABLE FOR BUSES AND TRAINS

Website for the bus schedules in Romania (in RO, EN, HU, DE, FR too)

http://www.autogari.ro/?lang=en

Website of the train schedules in Romania (in EN too):

http://www.cfrcalatori.ro/

Website of the Avram Iancu International Airport from Cluj-Napoca (in RO, EN):

http://airportcluj.ro/

Website of the International Airport of Sibiu (in RO, EN):

http://www.sibiuairport.ro/

Website of International Airport of Târgu Mureș (only in RO):

http://www.aeroportultransilvania.ro/

Website of the “Henri Coandă” International Airport, Bucuresti (RO, EN):

http://www.bucharestairports.ro/

Cluj – Napoca – Alba Iulia bus schedule:

From 00:20 till 23:59 in every half an hour. Main companies: Fany, Alis, Dacos,

Cornul.

Cluj-Napoca – Alba Iulia train time table:

Departure times: 00:45, 4:25, 5:30, 7:00, 7:50, 9:30, 12:07, 13:30, 14:45, 15:20,

16:02, 17:50, 19:55.

Alba Iulia – Sibiu schedule:

From 7:00 a.m till 23:50 in every hour. Main companies: Fany, Alis, Dacos, Cornul.

Trains from 3:oo AM till 7:00 PM regularly (please check the CFR website).

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Notes

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