instrumental - harvard university

42
180 The InstrumentalCase INSTRUMENTAL Forms Various Pronouns Adjectives Nouns ‘all, every’ ‘this, that’ ‘our’ ‘my’ HARD SOFT HARD SOFT OTHERS OTHERS singular N ím tím naš ím m ým dobr ým prvn ím měst em moř em náměst ím rajčetem A ím tím naš ím m ým dobr ým prvn ím student em mužem hrdin ou soudc em M ím tím naš ím m ým dobr ým prvn ím román em pokoj em F í tou naš í m ou dobr ou prvn í knih ou židl í/kolej í věc í plural N emi t ěmi naš imi m ými dobr ými prvn ími městy moř i náměst ími rajč aty A emi t ěmi naš imi m ými dobr ými prvn ími student y muž i hrdin y soudc i M emi t ěmi naš imi m ými dobr ými prvn ími román y pokoj i F emi t ěmi naš imi m ými dobr ými prvn ími knih ami židl emi kolej emi věc mi Interrogative Pronouns Numerals ‘who’ ‘what’ ‘one’ ‘two’ ‘three’ ‘four’ ‘five’ kým č ím N jedn ím dv ěma emi čtyřmi pěti A jedn ím Personal Pronouns M jedn ím ‘I’ ‘you’ (sg) ‘we’ ‘you’ (pl) F jedn ou mnou tebou námi vámi ‘he/she/it’ ‘they’ N jím (n ím ) jimi (n imi ) A jím (n ím ) jimi (n imi ) M jím (n ím ) jimi (n imi ) F jí (n í ) jimi (n imi ) KEY: N neuter A animate masculine M inanimate masculine F feminine

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180 The InstrumentalCase

INST

RU

ME

NT

AL

For

ms

Var

ious

Pro

noun

sA

djec

tive

sN

ouns

lsquoall

eve

ryrsquo

lsquothi

s th

atrsquo

lsquoour

rsquolsquom

yrsquoH

AR

DS

OF

TH

AR

DS

OF

TO

TH

ER

SO

TH

ER

S

sing

ular

Nvš

iacutemtiacutem

našiacute

mm

yacutemdo

bryacutem

prvn

iacutemm

ěste

mm

ořem

naacutem

ěstiacutem

rajč

etem

Avš

iacutemtiacutem

našiacute

mm

yacutemdo

bryacutem

prvn

iacutemst

uden

tem

muž

emhr

dino

uso

udce

mM

všiacutem

tiacutemna

šiacutem

myacutem

dobr

yacutempr

vniacutem

rom

aacutenem

poko

jem

Fvš

iacuteto

una

šiacutem

oudo

brou

prvn

iacutekn

ihou

židl

iacutekol

ejiacute

věciacute

plur

alN

všem

itě

mi

naši

mi

myacutem

ido

bryacutem

ipr

vniacutem

im

ěsty

moř

inaacute

měs

tiacutemi

rajč

aty

Avš

emi

t ěm

ina

šim

im

yacutemi

dobr

yacutemi

prvn

iacutemi

stud

enty

muž

ihr

diny

soud

ciM

všem

itě

mi

naši

mi

myacutem

ido

bryacutem

ipr

vniacutem

iro

maacuten

ypo

koji

Fvš

emi

těm

ina

šim

im

yacutemi

dobr

yacutemi

prvn

iacutemi

knih

ami

židl

emi

kole

jem

ivě

cmi

Inte

rrog

ativ

e P

rono

uns

Num

eral

slsquow

horsquo

lsquowha

trsquolsquoo

nersquo

lsquotw

orsquolsquot

hree

rsquolsquof

ourrsquo

lsquofiv

ersquokyacute

mčiacute

mN

jedn

iacutemdv

ěma

třem

ičt

yřm

ipě

tiA

jedn

iacutemP

erso

nal P

rono

uns

Mje

dniacutem

lsquoIrsquo

lsquoyou

rsquo (sg

)lsquow

ersquolsquoy

oursquo (

pl)

Fje

dnou

mno

ute

bou

naacutem

ivaacute

mi

lsquohe

she

itrsquo

lsquothe

yrsquoN

jiacutem (

niacutem

)jim

i (ni

mi)

Ajiacutem

(niacute

m)

jimi (

nim

i)M

jiacutem (

niacutem

)jim

i (ni

mi)

Fjiacute

(niacute)

jimi (

nim

i)

KE

Y

Nne

uter

Aan

imat

e m

ascu

line

Min

anim

ate

mas

culi

neF

fem

inin

e

181Instrumental a means

I A MEANSINSTRUMENTAL

The instrumental network

A LANDMARK

AN ADJUNCT

A LABEL

A MEANS

PROLOGUEThe instrumental is a complex case but the idea behind it is fairly simple You can think

of it as an accessory for something else The instrumental is a peripheral attachment Theperipheral accessory named by the instrumental can be associated either with an activity orwith another item When an item in the instrumental case is associated with an activity wehave INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and the instrumental item is a conduit for the activity When anitem in the instrumental case is attached to another item it serves as an address for thatitem this can be done by tagging it in some way in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL A

LABEL by identifying something to which it is joined in which case we have INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT (here we use the Czech preposition s lsquowithrsquo) or by locating it in reference to alandmark in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK (used with the prepositionspřed lsquoin front ofrsquo za lsquobehindrsquo nad lsquooverrsquo pod lsquounderrsquo and mezi lsquobetweenrsquo)

Your first task when confronted with an item in the instrumental case will be to figureout which part of the network it is using If any of the prepositions (s před za nad podmezi) are present you can put this task behind you since you will have INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT with the preposition s and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK with the remaining preposi-tions If not you will need to think about whether the instrumental is being used to augmentthe description of an activity (INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS) or the description of a thing (INSTRU-MENTAL A LABEL) The explanations and examples below should help you get used to look-ing for this difference

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 1mdashA map of the mental leaps involvedThough INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS always designates a conduit for action there is an intri-

cate web of specific uses and it is worth mapping them out ahead of time before divingright into them INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS can be divided into two smaller groups one takesthe concept of a path as its point of departure (sections 2-7) and the other focuses on the

An overview ofthe instrumentalcase

The instrumentalcase marks anitem associatedwith an activity oranother item

182 The InstrumentalCase

agents of actions (section 8) The following diagram might help you think about how theideas in the first group (the ldquopathrdquo group) are organized

path gtfacilitatorinstrumentcause gt

item under control gtitem appreciated positivelynegatively

A path because it facilitates movement can alsobe conceived of as a facilitator for action an in-strument or a means (think of our English expres-sion a way to do things where we also understandmeans and instruments in terms of a path by usingthe word way) The presence of a means to do some-thing (or just a path to follow) can also inspire anaction and thus be understood as a cause (thinkfor example of the clicheacute answer for why oneshould climb Mount Everest ldquoBecause it isthererdquomdashthe implication is that the presence of the tallest mountain causes people to climbit) The fact that instruments are objects under our control motivates the mental leap frominstrument to item under control Finally an item under control can be variously appreci-ated and as a result we use the instrumental with certain verbs meaning lsquoenjoyrsquo and lsquode-spisersquo The next six sections will take you through all these mental leaps with enoughexamples and explanations to ensure a safe landing for every jump

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 2mdashPaths through spaceWhen an instrumental item is associated with a verb its purpose is to tell us something

about the means by which the verbal activity takes place It can be thought of as a channelfor realizing the activity of the verb The instrumental item thus serves as a conduit for theflow of energy named by the verb This can involve simply passing through a space orfollowing a path as in these two sentences

(1) Jugoslaacutevskou uliciacute odjiacuteždiacute šest praacutezdnyacutech policejniacutech antonů[Yugoslavia Street-INST ride-off six-NOM empty police vans-GEN]Six empty police vans ride off down Yugoslavia Street

(2) Jedou živou odpoledniacute Prahou[Ride lively afternoon Prague-INST]They ride through Prague which is lively in the afternoon

Sound can also move through a space as we see in this example

(3) Za paacuter minut zavřiacuteskalo saacutelem novorozeně mužskeacuteho pohlaviacute[In pair-ACC minutes-GEN screamed hall-INST newborn-NOM male sex-GEN]In a couple of minutes the scream of a newborn of the male sex rang out throughthe hall

I

A force (arrow) passes throughINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(circle labeled I)

Overviewof conduit

meanings ofINSTRUMENTAL

A MEANS

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a

conduit for an activity

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as

a path (conduit)through space

INS001F

null

51722474

eng - iTunNORM 0000029C 00000000 00001C61 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006D55 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS001M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000149 00000000 00000EB7 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005D26 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS002F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00003394 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS002M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000336 00000000 000038EA 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000649D 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS003F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000021F 00000000 000011EF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EAC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS003M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 000002F1 00000000 00003040 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000081C7 00000000 0000011F 00000000

183

If there are obstacles that one has to make onersquos way through they can also appear asINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to indicate a path as we see with the crowd in this example

(4) Propleacutetaacutem se davem a slyšiacutem kolem sebe hlavně italštinu španělštinu a řečtinu[Weave self-ACC crowd-INST and hear around self-GEN primarily Italian-ACCSpanish-ACC and Greek-ACC]I weave through the crowd and around me I hear primarily Italian Spanish andGreek

Obstacles can also stand in onersquos visual path as we see in this sentence

(5) Ležel v traacutevě a pozoroval přivřenyacutemi viacutečky hnědozelenyacute svět steacutebel kamiacutenkůpiacutesku[Lay in grass-LOC and observed half-shut eyelids-INST brown-green world-ACCstalks-GEN pebbles-GEN sand-GEN]He lay in the grass and observed through half-shut eyelids the brown and greenworld of stalks pebbles and sand

A path can have various trajectories including ones that go off to the side as with napřiacutečlsquoathwart transverselyrsquo or as in this sentence

(6) Dědeček Kvida odvlekl stranou[Grandfather-NOM Guido-ACC dragged-off side-INST]The grandfather dragged Guido off to one side

And while one is on a path various things can happen just as in English we can say thatsomeone did something on their way somewhere Note the parallel between Czech andEnglish in this example

(7) Diacutetě se cestou rozplakalo[Child-NOM self-ACC way-INST burst-out-crying]The child burst out crying on the way

A path can lead through an opening as in the folk verse Kočka leze diacuterou pes oknem [Cat-NOM crawls hole-INST dog-NOM window-INST] lsquoThe cat crawls through the hole andthe dog through the windowrsquo As the next two sentences show sound can also travel througha window and merely looking through an opening is treated in the same way as actuallytravelling through it

(8) Uslyšel podivneacute neznaacutemeacute hřměniacute ktereacute se do bytu snaacutešelo oknem odkudsi z temneacuteoblohy[Heard strange unfamiliar rumbling-ACC which-NOM self-ACC to house-GENcarried window-INST from-somewhere from dark sky-GEN]He heard a strange unfamiliar rumbling coming in through the window from some-where in the dark sky

Instrumental a means

INS004F

null

6373885

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INS004M

null

5851434

eng - iTunNORM 00000278 00000000 00002228 00000000 00000724 00000000 000064B6 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS005

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000309 00000000 00002DBC 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000617F 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS005M

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000EEC 00000000 00000724 00000000 00006619 00000000 0000156D 00000000

INS006F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000002C8 00000000 00001642 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005001 00000000 00000497 00000000

INS006M

null

2612244

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00002DA2 00000000 00000139 00000000 000073AD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS007F

null

2194285

eng - iTunNORM 000002B0 00000000 0000164C 00000000 00000449 00000000 00005296 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS007M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 00000191 00000000 000012CE 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004F89 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS008F

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 000003E4 00000000 00004379 00000000 00000E63 00000000 000071E6 00000000 00000E49 00000000

INS008M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 00001DF1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00006DD9 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

184 The InstrumentalCase

(9) Tvrdila že ji tiacutem sklem pozorujiacute stovky očiacute[Claimed that her-ACC that glass-INST watch hundreds-NOM eyes-GEN]She claimed that hundreds of eyes were watching her through the glass

A path can of course be conceived of abstractly giving us examples like this one

(10) Peking se nemiacuteniacute vydat cestou hegemonismu a politiky z pozice siacutely[Beijing-NOM self-ACC not-intends take-off way-INST hegemonism-GEN andpolitics-GEN from position-GEN strength-GEN]Beijing has no intention of going down the path of hegemonism and power poli-tics

In both English and Czech we think of life as a journey along a path this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and lifersquos obstacles Because life is a path a Czech cansubstitute life for path to get

(11) Tvůj otec odjel do Evropy kde žil životem bohateacuteho mladeacuteho muže[Your father-NOM left to Europe-GEN where lived life-INST rich young man-GEN]Your father went to Europe where he lived the life of a rich young man

In this example life is the path along which living is realized Living goes down the path oflife

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 3mdashPaths through time and discon-tinuous paths

Throughout this book we have seen that speakers of Czech (and English) understand timeas a kind of metaphorical space This metaphorical analogy applies to INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

as well and here we see that just as stretches of space can serve as paths for movementstretches of time can serve as paths for activity

(12) Dnem navraacuteceniacute majetku vypršelo praacutevo na uacutehradu škody[Day-INST returning-GEN property-GEN expired right to compensation-ACC dam-age-GEN]The right to receive compensation for damage expired on the day the property wasreturned

(13) Posledniacute dobou trpěla některyacutemi dyacutechaciacutemi obtiacutežemi a nevylučovala zcela možnostže maacute rakovinu plic[Latest period-INST suffered several breathing difficulties-INST and not-excludedentirely possibility-ACC that has cancer-ACC lungs-GEN]Lately she has suffered several incidents of difficult breathing and has not beenruling out the possibility that she has lung cancer

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as an

abstract path

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a path

through time

INS009F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 0000031D 00000000 00002145 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006694 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS009M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 0000025C 00000000 00001921 00000000 00000E2F 00000000 000062D3 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS010F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000036E 00000000 00003A7F 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00005B3D 00000000 000000B6 00000000

INS010M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001A56 00000000 000000B6 00000000 00007572 00000000 00000082 00000000

INS011F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000002AA 00000000 00001956 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00005716 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS011M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 0000031F 00000000 00002647 00000000 00000A34 00000000 00005D3C 00000000 00001005 00000000

INS012F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 0000159B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006CAF 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS012M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000346 00000000 00002DF7 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007C0D 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS013F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00003268 00000000 00001158 00000000 000063C6 00000000 00001AD6 00000000

INS013M

null

8097974

eng - iTunNORM 00000198 00000000 0000134A 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006236 00000000 000010A1 00000000

185

(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day

(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively

Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs

(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents

(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy

(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that

facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English

Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans

Instrumental a means

INS014F

null

39183657

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INS014M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS015F

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS015M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000

INS016F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000

INS016M

null

7575523

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000

INS017F

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS017M

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS018F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS018M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

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INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

181Instrumental a means

I A MEANSINSTRUMENTAL

The instrumental network

A LANDMARK

AN ADJUNCT

A LABEL

A MEANS

PROLOGUEThe instrumental is a complex case but the idea behind it is fairly simple You can think

of it as an accessory for something else The instrumental is a peripheral attachment Theperipheral accessory named by the instrumental can be associated either with an activity orwith another item When an item in the instrumental case is associated with an activity wehave INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and the instrumental item is a conduit for the activity When anitem in the instrumental case is attached to another item it serves as an address for thatitem this can be done by tagging it in some way in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL A

LABEL by identifying something to which it is joined in which case we have INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT (here we use the Czech preposition s lsquowithrsquo) or by locating it in reference to alandmark in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK (used with the prepositionspřed lsquoin front ofrsquo za lsquobehindrsquo nad lsquooverrsquo pod lsquounderrsquo and mezi lsquobetweenrsquo)

Your first task when confronted with an item in the instrumental case will be to figureout which part of the network it is using If any of the prepositions (s před za nad podmezi) are present you can put this task behind you since you will have INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT with the preposition s and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK with the remaining preposi-tions If not you will need to think about whether the instrumental is being used to augmentthe description of an activity (INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS) or the description of a thing (INSTRU-MENTAL A LABEL) The explanations and examples below should help you get used to look-ing for this difference

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 1mdashA map of the mental leaps involvedThough INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS always designates a conduit for action there is an intri-

cate web of specific uses and it is worth mapping them out ahead of time before divingright into them INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS can be divided into two smaller groups one takesthe concept of a path as its point of departure (sections 2-7) and the other focuses on the

An overview ofthe instrumentalcase

The instrumentalcase marks anitem associatedwith an activity oranother item

182 The InstrumentalCase

agents of actions (section 8) The following diagram might help you think about how theideas in the first group (the ldquopathrdquo group) are organized

path gtfacilitatorinstrumentcause gt

item under control gtitem appreciated positivelynegatively

A path because it facilitates movement can alsobe conceived of as a facilitator for action an in-strument or a means (think of our English expres-sion a way to do things where we also understandmeans and instruments in terms of a path by usingthe word way) The presence of a means to do some-thing (or just a path to follow) can also inspire anaction and thus be understood as a cause (thinkfor example of the clicheacute answer for why oneshould climb Mount Everest ldquoBecause it isthererdquomdashthe implication is that the presence of the tallest mountain causes people to climbit) The fact that instruments are objects under our control motivates the mental leap frominstrument to item under control Finally an item under control can be variously appreci-ated and as a result we use the instrumental with certain verbs meaning lsquoenjoyrsquo and lsquode-spisersquo The next six sections will take you through all these mental leaps with enoughexamples and explanations to ensure a safe landing for every jump

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 2mdashPaths through spaceWhen an instrumental item is associated with a verb its purpose is to tell us something

about the means by which the verbal activity takes place It can be thought of as a channelfor realizing the activity of the verb The instrumental item thus serves as a conduit for theflow of energy named by the verb This can involve simply passing through a space orfollowing a path as in these two sentences

(1) Jugoslaacutevskou uliciacute odjiacuteždiacute šest praacutezdnyacutech policejniacutech antonů[Yugoslavia Street-INST ride-off six-NOM empty police vans-GEN]Six empty police vans ride off down Yugoslavia Street

(2) Jedou živou odpoledniacute Prahou[Ride lively afternoon Prague-INST]They ride through Prague which is lively in the afternoon

Sound can also move through a space as we see in this example

(3) Za paacuter minut zavřiacuteskalo saacutelem novorozeně mužskeacuteho pohlaviacute[In pair-ACC minutes-GEN screamed hall-INST newborn-NOM male sex-GEN]In a couple of minutes the scream of a newborn of the male sex rang out throughthe hall

I

A force (arrow) passes throughINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(circle labeled I)

Overviewof conduit

meanings ofINSTRUMENTAL

A MEANS

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a

conduit for an activity

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as

a path (conduit)through space

INS001F

null

51722474

eng - iTunNORM 0000029C 00000000 00001C61 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006D55 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS001M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000149 00000000 00000EB7 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005D26 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS002F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00003394 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS002M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000336 00000000 000038EA 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000649D 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS003F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000021F 00000000 000011EF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EAC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS003M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 000002F1 00000000 00003040 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000081C7 00000000 0000011F 00000000

183

If there are obstacles that one has to make onersquos way through they can also appear asINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to indicate a path as we see with the crowd in this example

(4) Propleacutetaacutem se davem a slyšiacutem kolem sebe hlavně italštinu španělštinu a řečtinu[Weave self-ACC crowd-INST and hear around self-GEN primarily Italian-ACCSpanish-ACC and Greek-ACC]I weave through the crowd and around me I hear primarily Italian Spanish andGreek

Obstacles can also stand in onersquos visual path as we see in this sentence

(5) Ležel v traacutevě a pozoroval přivřenyacutemi viacutečky hnědozelenyacute svět steacutebel kamiacutenkůpiacutesku[Lay in grass-LOC and observed half-shut eyelids-INST brown-green world-ACCstalks-GEN pebbles-GEN sand-GEN]He lay in the grass and observed through half-shut eyelids the brown and greenworld of stalks pebbles and sand

A path can have various trajectories including ones that go off to the side as with napřiacutečlsquoathwart transverselyrsquo or as in this sentence

(6) Dědeček Kvida odvlekl stranou[Grandfather-NOM Guido-ACC dragged-off side-INST]The grandfather dragged Guido off to one side

And while one is on a path various things can happen just as in English we can say thatsomeone did something on their way somewhere Note the parallel between Czech andEnglish in this example

(7) Diacutetě se cestou rozplakalo[Child-NOM self-ACC way-INST burst-out-crying]The child burst out crying on the way

A path can lead through an opening as in the folk verse Kočka leze diacuterou pes oknem [Cat-NOM crawls hole-INST dog-NOM window-INST] lsquoThe cat crawls through the hole andthe dog through the windowrsquo As the next two sentences show sound can also travel througha window and merely looking through an opening is treated in the same way as actuallytravelling through it

(8) Uslyšel podivneacute neznaacutemeacute hřměniacute ktereacute se do bytu snaacutešelo oknem odkudsi z temneacuteoblohy[Heard strange unfamiliar rumbling-ACC which-NOM self-ACC to house-GENcarried window-INST from-somewhere from dark sky-GEN]He heard a strange unfamiliar rumbling coming in through the window from some-where in the dark sky

Instrumental a means

INS004F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000259 00000000 000016FE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000053E8 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS004M

null

5851434

eng - iTunNORM 00000278 00000000 00002228 00000000 00000724 00000000 000064B6 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS005

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000309 00000000 00002DBC 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000617F 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS005M

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000EEC 00000000 00000724 00000000 00006619 00000000 0000156D 00000000

INS006F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000002C8 00000000 00001642 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005001 00000000 00000497 00000000

INS006M

null

2612244

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00002DA2 00000000 00000139 00000000 000073AD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS007F

null

2194285

eng - iTunNORM 000002B0 00000000 0000164C 00000000 00000449 00000000 00005296 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS007M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 00000191 00000000 000012CE 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004F89 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS008F

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 000003E4 00000000 00004379 00000000 00000E63 00000000 000071E6 00000000 00000E49 00000000

INS008M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 00001DF1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00006DD9 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

184 The InstrumentalCase

(9) Tvrdila že ji tiacutem sklem pozorujiacute stovky očiacute[Claimed that her-ACC that glass-INST watch hundreds-NOM eyes-GEN]She claimed that hundreds of eyes were watching her through the glass

A path can of course be conceived of abstractly giving us examples like this one

(10) Peking se nemiacuteniacute vydat cestou hegemonismu a politiky z pozice siacutely[Beijing-NOM self-ACC not-intends take-off way-INST hegemonism-GEN andpolitics-GEN from position-GEN strength-GEN]Beijing has no intention of going down the path of hegemonism and power poli-tics

In both English and Czech we think of life as a journey along a path this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and lifersquos obstacles Because life is a path a Czech cansubstitute life for path to get

(11) Tvůj otec odjel do Evropy kde žil životem bohateacuteho mladeacuteho muže[Your father-NOM left to Europe-GEN where lived life-INST rich young man-GEN]Your father went to Europe where he lived the life of a rich young man

In this example life is the path along which living is realized Living goes down the path oflife

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 3mdashPaths through time and discon-tinuous paths

Throughout this book we have seen that speakers of Czech (and English) understand timeas a kind of metaphorical space This metaphorical analogy applies to INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

as well and here we see that just as stretches of space can serve as paths for movementstretches of time can serve as paths for activity

(12) Dnem navraacuteceniacute majetku vypršelo praacutevo na uacutehradu škody[Day-INST returning-GEN property-GEN expired right to compensation-ACC dam-age-GEN]The right to receive compensation for damage expired on the day the property wasreturned

(13) Posledniacute dobou trpěla některyacutemi dyacutechaciacutemi obtiacutežemi a nevylučovala zcela možnostže maacute rakovinu plic[Latest period-INST suffered several breathing difficulties-INST and not-excludedentirely possibility-ACC that has cancer-ACC lungs-GEN]Lately she has suffered several incidents of difficult breathing and has not beenruling out the possibility that she has lung cancer

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as an

abstract path

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a path

through time

INS009F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 0000031D 00000000 00002145 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006694 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS009M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 0000025C 00000000 00001921 00000000 00000E2F 00000000 000062D3 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS010F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000036E 00000000 00003A7F 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00005B3D 00000000 000000B6 00000000

INS010M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001A56 00000000 000000B6 00000000 00007572 00000000 00000082 00000000

INS011F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000002AA 00000000 00001956 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00005716 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS011M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 0000031F 00000000 00002647 00000000 00000A34 00000000 00005D3C 00000000 00001005 00000000

INS012F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 0000159B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006CAF 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS012M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000346 00000000 00002DF7 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007C0D 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS013F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00003268 00000000 00001158 00000000 000063C6 00000000 00001AD6 00000000

INS013M

null

8097974

eng - iTunNORM 00000198 00000000 0000134A 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006236 00000000 000010A1 00000000

185

(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day

(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively

Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs

(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents

(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy

(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that

facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English

Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans

Instrumental a means

INS014F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000461 00000000 00001C4E 00000000 000003FA 00000000 000058F5 00000000 000003C6 00000000

INS014M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS015F

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS015M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000

INS016F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000

INS016M

null

7575523

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000

INS017F

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS017M

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS018F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS018M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000002F4 00000000 00002950 00000000 00000C3E 00000000 000061B9 00000000 00000724 00000000

INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

182 The InstrumentalCase

agents of actions (section 8) The following diagram might help you think about how theideas in the first group (the ldquopathrdquo group) are organized

path gtfacilitatorinstrumentcause gt

item under control gtitem appreciated positivelynegatively

A path because it facilitates movement can alsobe conceived of as a facilitator for action an in-strument or a means (think of our English expres-sion a way to do things where we also understandmeans and instruments in terms of a path by usingthe word way) The presence of a means to do some-thing (or just a path to follow) can also inspire anaction and thus be understood as a cause (thinkfor example of the clicheacute answer for why oneshould climb Mount Everest ldquoBecause it isthererdquomdashthe implication is that the presence of the tallest mountain causes people to climbit) The fact that instruments are objects under our control motivates the mental leap frominstrument to item under control Finally an item under control can be variously appreci-ated and as a result we use the instrumental with certain verbs meaning lsquoenjoyrsquo and lsquode-spisersquo The next six sections will take you through all these mental leaps with enoughexamples and explanations to ensure a safe landing for every jump

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 2mdashPaths through spaceWhen an instrumental item is associated with a verb its purpose is to tell us something

about the means by which the verbal activity takes place It can be thought of as a channelfor realizing the activity of the verb The instrumental item thus serves as a conduit for theflow of energy named by the verb This can involve simply passing through a space orfollowing a path as in these two sentences

(1) Jugoslaacutevskou uliciacute odjiacuteždiacute šest praacutezdnyacutech policejniacutech antonů[Yugoslavia Street-INST ride-off six-NOM empty police vans-GEN]Six empty police vans ride off down Yugoslavia Street

(2) Jedou živou odpoledniacute Prahou[Ride lively afternoon Prague-INST]They ride through Prague which is lively in the afternoon

Sound can also move through a space as we see in this example

(3) Za paacuter minut zavřiacuteskalo saacutelem novorozeně mužskeacuteho pohlaviacute[In pair-ACC minutes-GEN screamed hall-INST newborn-NOM male sex-GEN]In a couple of minutes the scream of a newborn of the male sex rang out throughthe hall

I

A force (arrow) passes throughINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(circle labeled I)

Overviewof conduit

meanings ofINSTRUMENTAL

A MEANS

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a

conduit for an activity

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as

a path (conduit)through space

INS001F

null

51722474

eng - iTunNORM 0000029C 00000000 00001C61 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006D55 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS001M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000149 00000000 00000EB7 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005D26 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS002F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00003394 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS002M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000336 00000000 000038EA 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000649D 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS003F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000021F 00000000 000011EF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EAC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS003M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 000002F1 00000000 00003040 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000081C7 00000000 0000011F 00000000

183

If there are obstacles that one has to make onersquos way through they can also appear asINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to indicate a path as we see with the crowd in this example

(4) Propleacutetaacutem se davem a slyšiacutem kolem sebe hlavně italštinu španělštinu a řečtinu[Weave self-ACC crowd-INST and hear around self-GEN primarily Italian-ACCSpanish-ACC and Greek-ACC]I weave through the crowd and around me I hear primarily Italian Spanish andGreek

Obstacles can also stand in onersquos visual path as we see in this sentence

(5) Ležel v traacutevě a pozoroval přivřenyacutemi viacutečky hnědozelenyacute svět steacutebel kamiacutenkůpiacutesku[Lay in grass-LOC and observed half-shut eyelids-INST brown-green world-ACCstalks-GEN pebbles-GEN sand-GEN]He lay in the grass and observed through half-shut eyelids the brown and greenworld of stalks pebbles and sand

A path can have various trajectories including ones that go off to the side as with napřiacutečlsquoathwart transverselyrsquo or as in this sentence

(6) Dědeček Kvida odvlekl stranou[Grandfather-NOM Guido-ACC dragged-off side-INST]The grandfather dragged Guido off to one side

And while one is on a path various things can happen just as in English we can say thatsomeone did something on their way somewhere Note the parallel between Czech andEnglish in this example

(7) Diacutetě se cestou rozplakalo[Child-NOM self-ACC way-INST burst-out-crying]The child burst out crying on the way

A path can lead through an opening as in the folk verse Kočka leze diacuterou pes oknem [Cat-NOM crawls hole-INST dog-NOM window-INST] lsquoThe cat crawls through the hole andthe dog through the windowrsquo As the next two sentences show sound can also travel througha window and merely looking through an opening is treated in the same way as actuallytravelling through it

(8) Uslyšel podivneacute neznaacutemeacute hřměniacute ktereacute se do bytu snaacutešelo oknem odkudsi z temneacuteoblohy[Heard strange unfamiliar rumbling-ACC which-NOM self-ACC to house-GENcarried window-INST from-somewhere from dark sky-GEN]He heard a strange unfamiliar rumbling coming in through the window from some-where in the dark sky

Instrumental a means

INS004F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000259 00000000 000016FE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000053E8 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS004M

null

5851434

eng - iTunNORM 00000278 00000000 00002228 00000000 00000724 00000000 000064B6 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS005

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000309 00000000 00002DBC 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000617F 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS005M

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000EEC 00000000 00000724 00000000 00006619 00000000 0000156D 00000000

INS006F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000002C8 00000000 00001642 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005001 00000000 00000497 00000000

INS006M

null

2612244

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00002DA2 00000000 00000139 00000000 000073AD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS007F

null

2194285

eng - iTunNORM 000002B0 00000000 0000164C 00000000 00000449 00000000 00005296 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS007M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 00000191 00000000 000012CE 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004F89 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS008F

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 000003E4 00000000 00004379 00000000 00000E63 00000000 000071E6 00000000 00000E49 00000000

INS008M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 00001DF1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00006DD9 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

184 The InstrumentalCase

(9) Tvrdila že ji tiacutem sklem pozorujiacute stovky očiacute[Claimed that her-ACC that glass-INST watch hundreds-NOM eyes-GEN]She claimed that hundreds of eyes were watching her through the glass

A path can of course be conceived of abstractly giving us examples like this one

(10) Peking se nemiacuteniacute vydat cestou hegemonismu a politiky z pozice siacutely[Beijing-NOM self-ACC not-intends take-off way-INST hegemonism-GEN andpolitics-GEN from position-GEN strength-GEN]Beijing has no intention of going down the path of hegemonism and power poli-tics

In both English and Czech we think of life as a journey along a path this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and lifersquos obstacles Because life is a path a Czech cansubstitute life for path to get

(11) Tvůj otec odjel do Evropy kde žil životem bohateacuteho mladeacuteho muže[Your father-NOM left to Europe-GEN where lived life-INST rich young man-GEN]Your father went to Europe where he lived the life of a rich young man

In this example life is the path along which living is realized Living goes down the path oflife

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 3mdashPaths through time and discon-tinuous paths

Throughout this book we have seen that speakers of Czech (and English) understand timeas a kind of metaphorical space This metaphorical analogy applies to INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

as well and here we see that just as stretches of space can serve as paths for movementstretches of time can serve as paths for activity

(12) Dnem navraacuteceniacute majetku vypršelo praacutevo na uacutehradu škody[Day-INST returning-GEN property-GEN expired right to compensation-ACC dam-age-GEN]The right to receive compensation for damage expired on the day the property wasreturned

(13) Posledniacute dobou trpěla některyacutemi dyacutechaciacutemi obtiacutežemi a nevylučovala zcela možnostže maacute rakovinu plic[Latest period-INST suffered several breathing difficulties-INST and not-excludedentirely possibility-ACC that has cancer-ACC lungs-GEN]Lately she has suffered several incidents of difficult breathing and has not beenruling out the possibility that she has lung cancer

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as an

abstract path

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a path

through time

INS009F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 0000031D 00000000 00002145 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006694 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS009M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 0000025C 00000000 00001921 00000000 00000E2F 00000000 000062D3 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS010F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000036E 00000000 00003A7F 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00005B3D 00000000 000000B6 00000000

INS010M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001A56 00000000 000000B6 00000000 00007572 00000000 00000082 00000000

INS011F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000002AA 00000000 00001956 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00005716 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS011M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 0000031F 00000000 00002647 00000000 00000A34 00000000 00005D3C 00000000 00001005 00000000

INS012F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 0000159B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006CAF 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS012M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000346 00000000 00002DF7 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007C0D 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS013F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00003268 00000000 00001158 00000000 000063C6 00000000 00001AD6 00000000

INS013M

null

8097974

eng - iTunNORM 00000198 00000000 0000134A 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006236 00000000 000010A1 00000000

185

(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day

(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively

Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs

(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents

(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy

(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that

facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English

Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans

Instrumental a means

INS014F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000461 00000000 00001C4E 00000000 000003FA 00000000 000058F5 00000000 000003C6 00000000

INS014M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS015F

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS015M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000

INS016F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000

INS016M

null

7575523

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000

INS017F

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS017M

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS018F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS018M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000002F4 00000000 00002950 00000000 00000C3E 00000000 000061B9 00000000 00000724 00000000

INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA ltFEFF004f007000740069006f006e007300200070006f0075007200200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200064006f007400e900730020006400270075006e00650020007200e90073006f006c007500740069006f006e002000e9006c0065007600e9006500200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020005500740069006c006900730065007a0020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00750020005200650061006400650072002c002000760065007200730069006f006e00200035002e00300020006f007500200075006c007400e9007200690065007500720065002c00200070006f007500720020006c006500730020006f00750076007200690072002e0020004c00270069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069006f006e002000640065007300200070006f006c0069006300650073002000650073007400200072006500710075006900730065002egt DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD ltFEFF004700650062007200750069006b002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670065006e0020006f006d0020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020007400650020006d0061006b0065006e0020006d00650074002000650065006e00200068006f00670065002000610066006200650065006c00640069006e00670073007200650073006f006c007500740069006500200076006f006f0072002000610066006400720075006b006b0065006e0020006d0065007400200068006f006700650020006b00770061006c0069007400650069007400200069006e002000650065006e002000700072006500700072006500730073002d006f006d0067006500760069006e0067002e0020004400650020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0075006e006e0065006e00200077006f007200640065006e002000670065006f00700065006e00640020006d006500740020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006e002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006e00200068006f006700650072002e002000420069006a002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670020006d006f006500740065006e00200066006f006e007400730020007a0069006a006e00200069006e006700650073006c006f00740065006e002egt ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

183

If there are obstacles that one has to make onersquos way through they can also appear asINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to indicate a path as we see with the crowd in this example

(4) Propleacutetaacutem se davem a slyšiacutem kolem sebe hlavně italštinu španělštinu a řečtinu[Weave self-ACC crowd-INST and hear around self-GEN primarily Italian-ACCSpanish-ACC and Greek-ACC]I weave through the crowd and around me I hear primarily Italian Spanish andGreek

Obstacles can also stand in onersquos visual path as we see in this sentence

(5) Ležel v traacutevě a pozoroval přivřenyacutemi viacutečky hnědozelenyacute svět steacutebel kamiacutenkůpiacutesku[Lay in grass-LOC and observed half-shut eyelids-INST brown-green world-ACCstalks-GEN pebbles-GEN sand-GEN]He lay in the grass and observed through half-shut eyelids the brown and greenworld of stalks pebbles and sand

A path can have various trajectories including ones that go off to the side as with napřiacutečlsquoathwart transverselyrsquo or as in this sentence

(6) Dědeček Kvida odvlekl stranou[Grandfather-NOM Guido-ACC dragged-off side-INST]The grandfather dragged Guido off to one side

And while one is on a path various things can happen just as in English we can say thatsomeone did something on their way somewhere Note the parallel between Czech andEnglish in this example

(7) Diacutetě se cestou rozplakalo[Child-NOM self-ACC way-INST burst-out-crying]The child burst out crying on the way

A path can lead through an opening as in the folk verse Kočka leze diacuterou pes oknem [Cat-NOM crawls hole-INST dog-NOM window-INST] lsquoThe cat crawls through the hole andthe dog through the windowrsquo As the next two sentences show sound can also travel througha window and merely looking through an opening is treated in the same way as actuallytravelling through it

(8) Uslyšel podivneacute neznaacutemeacute hřměniacute ktereacute se do bytu snaacutešelo oknem odkudsi z temneacuteoblohy[Heard strange unfamiliar rumbling-ACC which-NOM self-ACC to house-GENcarried window-INST from-somewhere from dark sky-GEN]He heard a strange unfamiliar rumbling coming in through the window from some-where in the dark sky

Instrumental a means

INS004F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000259 00000000 000016FE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000053E8 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS004M

null

5851434

eng - iTunNORM 00000278 00000000 00002228 00000000 00000724 00000000 000064B6 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS005

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000309 00000000 00002DBC 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000617F 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS005M

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000EEC 00000000 00000724 00000000 00006619 00000000 0000156D 00000000

INS006F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000002C8 00000000 00001642 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005001 00000000 00000497 00000000

INS006M

null

2612244

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00002DA2 00000000 00000139 00000000 000073AD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS007F

null

2194285

eng - iTunNORM 000002B0 00000000 0000164C 00000000 00000449 00000000 00005296 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS007M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 00000191 00000000 000012CE 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004F89 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS008F

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 000003E4 00000000 00004379 00000000 00000E63 00000000 000071E6 00000000 00000E49 00000000

INS008M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 00001DF1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00006DD9 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

184 The InstrumentalCase

(9) Tvrdila že ji tiacutem sklem pozorujiacute stovky očiacute[Claimed that her-ACC that glass-INST watch hundreds-NOM eyes-GEN]She claimed that hundreds of eyes were watching her through the glass

A path can of course be conceived of abstractly giving us examples like this one

(10) Peking se nemiacuteniacute vydat cestou hegemonismu a politiky z pozice siacutely[Beijing-NOM self-ACC not-intends take-off way-INST hegemonism-GEN andpolitics-GEN from position-GEN strength-GEN]Beijing has no intention of going down the path of hegemonism and power poli-tics

In both English and Czech we think of life as a journey along a path this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and lifersquos obstacles Because life is a path a Czech cansubstitute life for path to get

(11) Tvůj otec odjel do Evropy kde žil životem bohateacuteho mladeacuteho muže[Your father-NOM left to Europe-GEN where lived life-INST rich young man-GEN]Your father went to Europe where he lived the life of a rich young man

In this example life is the path along which living is realized Living goes down the path oflife

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 3mdashPaths through time and discon-tinuous paths

Throughout this book we have seen that speakers of Czech (and English) understand timeas a kind of metaphorical space This metaphorical analogy applies to INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

as well and here we see that just as stretches of space can serve as paths for movementstretches of time can serve as paths for activity

(12) Dnem navraacuteceniacute majetku vypršelo praacutevo na uacutehradu škody[Day-INST returning-GEN property-GEN expired right to compensation-ACC dam-age-GEN]The right to receive compensation for damage expired on the day the property wasreturned

(13) Posledniacute dobou trpěla některyacutemi dyacutechaciacutemi obtiacutežemi a nevylučovala zcela možnostže maacute rakovinu plic[Latest period-INST suffered several breathing difficulties-INST and not-excludedentirely possibility-ACC that has cancer-ACC lungs-GEN]Lately she has suffered several incidents of difficult breathing and has not beenruling out the possibility that she has lung cancer

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as an

abstract path

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a path

through time

INS009F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 0000031D 00000000 00002145 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006694 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS009M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 0000025C 00000000 00001921 00000000 00000E2F 00000000 000062D3 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS010F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000036E 00000000 00003A7F 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00005B3D 00000000 000000B6 00000000

INS010M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001A56 00000000 000000B6 00000000 00007572 00000000 00000082 00000000

INS011F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000002AA 00000000 00001956 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00005716 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS011M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 0000031F 00000000 00002647 00000000 00000A34 00000000 00005D3C 00000000 00001005 00000000

INS012F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 0000159B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006CAF 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS012M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000346 00000000 00002DF7 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007C0D 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS013F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00003268 00000000 00001158 00000000 000063C6 00000000 00001AD6 00000000

INS013M

null

8097974

eng - iTunNORM 00000198 00000000 0000134A 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006236 00000000 000010A1 00000000

185

(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day

(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively

Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs

(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents

(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy

(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that

facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English

Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans

Instrumental a means

INS014F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000461 00000000 00001C4E 00000000 000003FA 00000000 000058F5 00000000 000003C6 00000000

INS014M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS015F

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS015M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000

INS016F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000

INS016M

null

7575523

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000

INS017F

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS017M

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS018F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS018M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000002F4 00000000 00002950 00000000 00000C3E 00000000 000061B9 00000000 00000724 00000000

INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

184 The InstrumentalCase

(9) Tvrdila že ji tiacutem sklem pozorujiacute stovky očiacute[Claimed that her-ACC that glass-INST watch hundreds-NOM eyes-GEN]She claimed that hundreds of eyes were watching her through the glass

A path can of course be conceived of abstractly giving us examples like this one

(10) Peking se nemiacuteniacute vydat cestou hegemonismu a politiky z pozice siacutely[Beijing-NOM self-ACC not-intends take-off way-INST hegemonism-GEN andpolitics-GEN from position-GEN strength-GEN]Beijing has no intention of going down the path of hegemonism and power poli-tics

In both English and Czech we think of life as a journey along a path this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and lifersquos obstacles Because life is a path a Czech cansubstitute life for path to get

(11) Tvůj otec odjel do Evropy kde žil životem bohateacuteho mladeacuteho muže[Your father-NOM left to Europe-GEN where lived life-INST rich young man-GEN]Your father went to Europe where he lived the life of a rich young man

In this example life is the path along which living is realized Living goes down the path oflife

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 3mdashPaths through time and discon-tinuous paths

Throughout this book we have seen that speakers of Czech (and English) understand timeas a kind of metaphorical space This metaphorical analogy applies to INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

as well and here we see that just as stretches of space can serve as paths for movementstretches of time can serve as paths for activity

(12) Dnem navraacuteceniacute majetku vypršelo praacutevo na uacutehradu škody[Day-INST returning-GEN property-GEN expired right to compensation-ACC dam-age-GEN]The right to receive compensation for damage expired on the day the property wasreturned

(13) Posledniacute dobou trpěla některyacutemi dyacutechaciacutemi obtiacutežemi a nevylučovala zcela možnostže maacute rakovinu plic[Latest period-INST suffered several breathing difficulties-INST and not-excludedentirely possibility-ACC that has cancer-ACC lungs-GEN]Lately she has suffered several incidents of difficult breathing and has not beenruling out the possibility that she has lung cancer

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as an

abstract path

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a path

through time

INS009F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 0000031D 00000000 00002145 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006694 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS009M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 0000025C 00000000 00001921 00000000 00000E2F 00000000 000062D3 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS010F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000036E 00000000 00003A7F 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00005B3D 00000000 000000B6 00000000

INS010M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001A56 00000000 000000B6 00000000 00007572 00000000 00000082 00000000

INS011F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000002AA 00000000 00001956 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00005716 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS011M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 0000031F 00000000 00002647 00000000 00000A34 00000000 00005D3C 00000000 00001005 00000000

INS012F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 0000159B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006CAF 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS012M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000346 00000000 00002DF7 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007C0D 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS013F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00003268 00000000 00001158 00000000 000063C6 00000000 00001AD6 00000000

INS013M

null

8097974

eng - iTunNORM 00000198 00000000 0000134A 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006236 00000000 000010A1 00000000

185

(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day

(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively

Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs

(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents

(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy

(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that

facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English

Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans

Instrumental a means

INS014F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000461 00000000 00001C4E 00000000 000003FA 00000000 000058F5 00000000 000003C6 00000000

INS014M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS015F

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS015M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000

INS016F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000

INS016M

null

7575523

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000

INS017F

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS017M

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS018F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS018M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000002F4 00000000 00002950 00000000 00000C3E 00000000 000061B9 00000000 00000724 00000000

INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200064006900730073006500200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072002000740069006c0020006100740020006f0070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f8006a006500720065002000620069006c006c00650064006f0070006c00f80073006e0069006e0067002000740069006c0020007000720065002d00700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e0067002000690020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50062006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002e00200044006900730073006500200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e0067006500720020006b007200e600760065007200200069006e0074006500670072006500720069006e006700200061006600200073006b007200690066007400740079007000650072002egt NLD 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 ESP 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ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

185

(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day

(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively

Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs

(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents

(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy

(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that

facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English

Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times

INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans

Instrumental a means

INS014F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000461 00000000 00001C4E 00000000 000003FA 00000000 000058F5 00000000 000003C6 00000000

INS014M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS015F

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS015M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000

INS016F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000

INS016M

null

7575523

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000

INS017F

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS017M

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000

INS018F

null

47020416

eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS018M

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000002F4 00000000 00002950 00000000 00000C3E 00000000 000061B9 00000000 00000724 00000000

INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO ltFEFF004e00e4006900640065006e002000610073006500740075007300740065006e0020006100760075006c006c006100200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006c0075006f006400610020005000440046002d0061007300690061006b00690072006a006f006a0061002c0020006a006f006900640065006e002000740075006c006f0073007400750073006c00610061007400750020006f006e0020006b006f0072006b006500610020006a00610020006b007500760061006e0020007400610072006b006b007500750073002000730075007500720069002e0020005000440046002d0061007300690061006b00690072006a0061007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f006200610074002d0020006a0061002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020002d006f0068006a0065006c006d0061006c006c0061002000740061006900200075007500640065006d006d0061006c006c0061002000760065007200730069006f006c006c0061002e0020004e00e4006d00e4002000610073006500740075006b0073006500740020006500640065006c006c00790074007400e4007600e4007400200066006f006e0074007400690065006e002000750070006f00740075007300740061002egt ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU ltFEFF005500730065002000740068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e0067007300200074006f0020006300720065006100740065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074007300200077006900740068002000680069006700680065007200200069006d0061006700650020007200650073006f006c007500740069006f006e00200066006f0072002000680069006700680020007100750061006c0069007400790020007000720065002d007000720065007300730020007000720069006e00740069006e0067002e0020005400680065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000630061006e0020006200650020006f00700065006e00650064002000770069007400680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061006e0064002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200061006e00640020006c0061007400650072002e002000540068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e006700730020007200650071007500690072006500200066006f006e007400200065006d00620065006400640069006e0067002egt gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

186 The InstrumentalCase

(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries

We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common

(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks

(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument

(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease

(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album

(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries

Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with

physicalinstruments

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments

INS019F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000002F4 00000000 00002950 00000000 00000C3E 00000000 000061B9 00000000 00000724 00000000

INS019M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00002BDF 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006A00 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS020F

null

13009015

eng - iTunNORM 00000274 00000000 000021C1 00000000 00000258 00000000 00005C88 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS020M

null

12538809

eng - iTunNORM 000001FC 00000000 00002182 00000000 000013E5 00000000 00008162 00000000 0000175E 00000000

INS021F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000037A 00000000 00001A5B 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005653 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS021M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 00000238 00000000 000020C9 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000816E 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS022F

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000

INS022M

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00000D5E 00000000 00000187 00000000 000053B0 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS023F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS023M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000

INS024F

null

898614

eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS024M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA ltFEFF004f007000740069006f006e007300200070006f0075007200200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200064006f007400e900730020006400270075006e00650020007200e90073006f006c007500740069006f006e002000e9006c0065007600e9006500200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020005500740069006c006900730065007a0020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00750020005200650061006400650072002c002000760065007200730069006f006e00200035002e00300020006f007500200075006c007400e9007200690065007500720065002c00200070006f007500720020006c006500730020006f00750076007200690072002e0020004c00270069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069006f006e002000640065007300200070006f006c0069006300650073002000650073007400200072006500710075006900730065002egt DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

187

(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute

(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today

In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars

The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart

(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart

Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples

(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin

(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water

Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example

Instrumental a means

INS025F

null

4806532

eng - iTunNORM 000005E5 00000000 00003272 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008182 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS025M

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000002BE 00000000 00003402 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008117 00000000 00000F34 00000000

INS026F

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000533 00000000 00006835 00000000 0000042F 00000000 00007EAE 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS026M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS027F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000126C 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00004A5F 00000000 00000B87 00000000

INS027M

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000

INS028F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS028M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS029F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS029M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006e00e40072002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b0061007000610020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006d006500640020006800f6006700720065002000620069006c0064007500700070006c00f60073006e0069006e00670020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073007500740073006b0072006900660074006500720020006100760020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e006100730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006100720065002e00200044006500730073006100200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e0067006100720020006b007200e400760065007200200069006e006b006c00750064006500720069006e00670020006100760020007400650063006b0065006e0073006e006900740074002egt ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

188 The InstrumentalCase

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo

are quite common Here is an example

(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare

lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem

lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama

lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama

lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima

lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou

lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute

lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama

lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem

lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi

lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny

lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou

lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou

lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami

lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou

lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly

lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem

lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima

These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context

(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes

(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action

INS033M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS033F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000

INS032M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS032F

null

2559999

eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS031M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS031F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS030M

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000

INS030F

null

214204

eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD ltFEFF004700650062007200750069006b002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670065006e0020006f006d0020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020007400650020006d0061006b0065006e0020006d00650074002000650065006e00200068006f00670065002000610066006200650065006c00640069006e00670073007200650073006f006c007500740069006500200076006f006f0072002000610066006400720075006b006b0065006e0020006d0065007400200068006f006700650020006b00770061006c0069007400650069007400200069006e002000650065006e002000700072006500700072006500730073002d006f006d0067006500760069006e0067002e0020004400650020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0075006e006e0065006e00200077006f007200640065006e002000670065006f00700065006e00640020006d006500740020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006e002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006e00200068006f006700650072002e002000420069006a002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670020006d006f006500740065006e00200066006f006e007400730020007a0069006a006e00200069006e006700650073006c006f00740065006e002egt ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

189

The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence

(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily

It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)

(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale

Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate

(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy

(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is

possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo

Instrumental a means

INS034F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000

INS034M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS035F

null

10135533

eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS035M

null

10501249

eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000

INS036F

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000

INS036M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS037F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS037M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA ltFEFF004f007000740069006f006e007300200070006f0075007200200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200064006f007400e900730020006400270075006e00650020007200e90073006f006c007500740069006f006e002000e9006c0065007600e9006500200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020005500740069006c006900730065007a0020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00750020005200650061006400650072002c002000760065007200730069006f006e00200035002e00300020006f007500200075006c007400e9007200690065007500720065002c00200070006f007500720020006c006500730020006f00750076007200690072002e0020004c00270069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069006f006e002000640065007300200070006f006c0069006300650073002000650073007400200072006500710075006900730065002egt DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

190 The InstrumentalCase

(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you

Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example

(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally

Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry

(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system

The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example

(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper

(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way

The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS038F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS038M

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS039F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS039M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS040F

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS040M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS041F

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS041M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS042F

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS042M

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

191

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs

lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]

lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]

lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]

lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]

lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]

lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]

lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]

lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]

lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]

lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]

lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]

lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]

lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]

lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]

lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]

(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you

(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes

(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina

Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove

(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere

Instrumental a means

INS043F

null

27167337

eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS043M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS044F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS044M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000

INS045F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS045M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS046F

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS046M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

192 The InstrumentalCase

(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it

A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo

(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down

The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna

(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit

A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo

Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions

lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN

lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN

lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN

lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN

lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT

lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN

lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN

lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT

lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN

lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN

Prepositionsexpressing

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS047F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS047M

null

5694699

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS048F

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000

INS048M

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000

INS049F

null

4754287

eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS049M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU ltFEFF00560065007200770065006e00640065006e0020005300690065002000640069006500730065002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670065006e0020007a0075006d002000450072007300740065006c006c0065006e00200076006f006e0020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006d00690074002000650069006e006500720020006800f60068006500720065006e002000420069006c0064006100750066006c00f600730075006e0067002c00200075006d002000650069006e00650020007100750061006c00690074006100740069007600200068006f006300680077006500720074006900670065002000410075007300670061006200650020006600fc0072002000640069006500200044007200750063006b0076006f0072007300740075006600650020007a0075002000650072007a00690065006c0065006e002e00200044006900650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650020006b00f6006e006e0065006e0020006d006900740020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0064006500720020006d00690074002000640065006d002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200075006e00640020006800f600680065007200200067006500f600660066006e00650074002000770065007200640065006e002e00200042006500690020006400690065007300650072002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670020006900730074002000650069006e00650020005300630068007200690066007400650069006e00620065007400740075006e00670020006500720066006f0072006400650072006c006900630068002egt PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f00700070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f80079006500720065002000620069006c00640065006f00700070006c00f80073006e0069006e006700200066006f00720020006800f800790020007500740073006b00720069006600740073006b00760061006c00690074006500740020006600f800720020007400720079006b006b002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50070006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0067002000730065006e006500720065002e00200044006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e00650020006b0072006500760065007200200073006b00720069006600740069006e006e00620079006700670069006e0067002egt SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

193

In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples

(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread

(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)

(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones

There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions

(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him

(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world

Instrumental a means

INS050F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS050M

null

65306206

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS051F

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000

INS051M

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000

INS052F

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000

INS052M

null

61126595

eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS053F

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS053M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000

INS054F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS054M

null

75232778

eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA ltFEFF00550073006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200063006f006e00200075006e00610020007200690073006f006c0075007a0069006f006e00650020006d0061006700670069006f00720065002000700065007200200075006e00610020007100750061006c0069007400e00020006400690020007000720065007300740061006d007000610020006d00690067006c0069006f00720065002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002e002000510075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e006900200072006900630068006900650064006f006e006f0020006c002700750073006f00200064006900200066006f006e007400200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069002egt NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU ltFEFF005500730065002000740068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e0067007300200074006f0020006300720065006100740065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074007300200077006900740068002000680069006700680065007200200069006d0061006700650020007200650073006f006c007500740069006f006e00200066006f0072002000680069006700680020007100750061006c0069007400790020007000720065002d007000720065007300730020007000720069006e00740069006e0067002e0020005400680065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000630061006e0020006200650020006f00700065006e00650064002000770069007400680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061006e0064002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200061006e00640020006c0061007400650072002e002000540068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e006700730020007200650071007500690072006500200066006f006e007400200065006d00620065006400640069006e0067002egt gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

194 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering

An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo

Words Indicating Control and Manipulation

lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat

lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)

lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)

lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)

lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)

lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)

lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)

lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se

lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)

lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat

lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute

lsquosaversquošetřit

lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout

lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)

lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute

lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se

lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)

lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute

Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well

Wordsassociated with

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

express controlmanipulationand emotional

reactions

INS055F

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS055M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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PTB 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 ESP 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ITA 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

195

(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments

(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets

Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists

(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays

Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering

lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)

lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)

lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)

lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se

lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)

lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet

lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět

lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat

lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se

lsquodespisersquopohrdat

lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)

lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)

lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat

lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se

lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)

lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)

lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)

lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)

Instrumental a means

INS056F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS056M

null

2977958

eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000

INS057F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000

INS057M

null

7993484

eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000

INS058F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS058M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

196 The InstrumentalCase

(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness

(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping

INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based

on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace

Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies

Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used

to mark apassive agent

Comparisonof passive

and active

INS059F

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

INS059M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS060F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS060M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000

INS061F

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS061M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f00700070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f80079006500720065002000620069006c00640065006f00700070006c00f80073006e0069006e006700200066006f00720020006800f800790020007500740073006b00720069006600740073006b00760061006c00690074006500740020006600f800720020007400720079006b006b002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50070006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0067002000730065006e006500720065002e00200044006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e00650020006b0072006500760065007200200073006b00720069006600740069006e006e00620079006700670069006e0067002egt SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

197

(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success

In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements

(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors

In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech

(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago

(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly

Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo

Instrumental a means

INS062F

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS062M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000

INS063F

null

94563465

eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000

INS063M

null

9299611

eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS064F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000

INS064M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS065F

null

8515935

eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000

INS065M

null

8306954

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO ltFEFF004e00e4006900640065006e002000610073006500740075007300740065006e0020006100760075006c006c006100200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006c0075006f006400610020005000440046002d0061007300690061006b00690072006a006f006a0061002c0020006a006f006900640065006e002000740075006c006f0073007400750073006c00610061007400750020006f006e0020006b006f0072006b006500610020006a00610020006b007500760061006e0020007400610072006b006b007500750073002000730075007500720069002e0020005000440046002d0061007300690061006b00690072006a0061007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f006200610074002d0020006a0061002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020002d006f0068006a0065006c006d0061006c006c0061002000740061006900200075007500640065006d006d0061006c006c0061002000760065007200730069006f006c006c0061002e0020004e00e4006d00e4002000610073006500740075006b0073006500740020006500640065006c006c00790074007400e4007600e4007400200066006f006e0074007400690065006e002000750070006f00740075007300740061002egt ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

198 The InstrumentalCase

(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like

(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band

Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example

(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system

Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap

There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A

MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples

Ambiguitybetween conduit

and passiveagent uses of

INSTRUMENTALA MEANS

INS066F

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS066M

null

56424537

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000

INS067F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS067M

null

54857183

eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS068F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS068M

null

83592

eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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 DEU 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PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

199

(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold

(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him

(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-

powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to

something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a

certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition

(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus

(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels

Instrumental a label

INS069F

null

1724081

eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS069M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000

INS070F

null

15151016

eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000

INS070M

null

14106119

eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000

INS071F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS071M

null

22987747

eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS072F

null

2925713

eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000

INS072M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS073F

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS073M

null

43363256

eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP ltFEFF0055007300650020006500730074006100730020006f007000630069006f006e006500730020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006e0020006d00610079006f00720020007200650073006f006c00750063006900f3006e00200064006500200069006d006100670065006e00200071007500650020007000650072006d006900740061006e0020006f006200740065006e0065007200200063006f007000690061007300200064006500200070007200650069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020006400650020006d00610079006f0072002000630061006c0069006400610064002e0020004c006f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000730065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200079002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002e0020004500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007200650071007500690065007200650020006c006100200069006e0063007200750073007400610063006900f3006e0020006400650020006600750065006e007400650073002egt SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

200 The InstrumentalCase

(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic

In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent

(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month

This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo

(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death

All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample

(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style

Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency

INS074F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000

INS074M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000

INS075F

null

5799189

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000

INS075M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS076F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000

INS076M

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000

INS077F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000

INS077M

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP ltFEFF0055007300650020006500730074006100730020006f007000630069006f006e006500730020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006e0020006d00610079006f00720020007200650073006f006c00750063006900f3006e00200064006500200069006d006100670065006e00200071007500650020007000650072006d006900740061006e0020006f006200740065006e0065007200200063006f007000690061007300200064006500200070007200650069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020006400650020006d00610079006f0072002000630061006c0069006400610064002e0020004c006f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000730065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200079002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002e0020004500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007200650071007500690065007200650020006c006100200069006e0063007200750073007400610063006900f3006e0020006400650020006600750065006e007400650073002egt SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

201

(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic

A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions

(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action

(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words

Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American

(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal

Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)

lsquoact likersquodělat se

lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)

lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se

lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)

lsquopretend to bersquostavět se

lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)

lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)

lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)

lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se

lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)

lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo

Instrumental a label

INS078F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS078M

null

32391825

eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS079F

null

39183657

eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS079M

null

39706106

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS080F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000

INS080M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS081F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS081M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS082F

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000

INS082M

null

73665423

eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA ltFEFF004f007000740069006f006e007300200070006f0075007200200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200064006f007400e900730020006400270075006e00650020007200e90073006f006c007500740069006f006e002000e9006c0065007600e9006500200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020005500740069006c006900730065007a0020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00750020005200650061006400650072002c002000760065007200730069006f006e00200035002e00300020006f007500200075006c007400e9007200690065007500720065002c00200070006f007500720020006c006500730020006f00750076007200690072002e0020004c00270069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069006f006e002000640065007300200070006f006c0069006300650073002000650073007400200072006500710075006900730065002egt DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

202 The InstrumentalCase

(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend

The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example

(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner

When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences

(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged

(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train

INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo

(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy

(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer

INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to

mean lsquois likersquo

INS083F

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS083M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS084F

null

34481618

eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000

INS084M

null

31869376

eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS085F

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000

INS085M

null

6373885

eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000

INS086F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000

INS086M

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000

INS087F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000

INS087M

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000

INS088F

null

7157562

eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000

INS088M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA ltFEFF00550073006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200063006f006e00200075006e00610020007200690073006f006c0075007a0069006f006e00650020006d0061006700670069006f00720065002000700065007200200075006e00610020007100750061006c0069007400e00020006400690020007000720065007300740061006d007000610020006d00690067006c0069006f00720065002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002e002000510075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e006900200072006900630068006900650064006f006e006f0020006c002700750073006f00200064006900200066006f006e007400200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069002egt NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

203

It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works

Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL

(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate

(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve

(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation

lsquomakersquou-činit

lsquonamersquojmenovat

lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet

lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)

lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit

lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat

lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)

lsquomakersquou-dělat

lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)

lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)

lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)

lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat

lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)

INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo

Instrumental a label

INS089F

null

12068603

eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS089M

null

11911867

eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000

INS090F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000

INS090M

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS091F

null

78367486

eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS091M

null

7680013

eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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 DEU 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP ltFEFF0055007300650020006500730074006100730020006f007000630069006f006e006500730020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006e0020006d00610079006f00720020007200650073006f006c00750063006900f3006e00200064006500200069006d006100670065006e00200071007500650020007000650072006d006900740061006e0020006f006200740065006e0065007200200063006f007000690061007300200064006500200070007200650069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020006400650020006d00610079006f0072002000630061006c0069006400610064002e0020004c006f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000730065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200079002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002e0020004500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007200650071007500690065007200650020006c006100200069006e0063007200750073007400610063006900f3006e0020006400650020006600750065006e007400650073002egt SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

204 The InstrumentalCase

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by

the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance

Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example

(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner

I

INSTRUMENTAL AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s

lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s

lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s

lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s

lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s

lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s

lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s

lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s

lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s

lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s

lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s

lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s

lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s

lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s

lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s

lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s

lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s

lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s

lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s

lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with s lsquowithrsquo

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withcompanions

s +INSTRUMENTAL

AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships

INS092M

null

36048965

eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000

INS092F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

205

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words

(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again

(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes

(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos

Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)

lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s

lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s

lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s

lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s

lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze

lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s

lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s

lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s

lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s

lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s

lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s

lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s

lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s

lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s

lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s

lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s

lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s

lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz

lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s

lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s

lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s

lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s

lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s

lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s

lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s

lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s

lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s

lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s

lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s

lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s

Instrumental a label

INS093F

null

2507754

eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000

INS093M

null

24555092

eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS094F

null

7941239

eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000

INS094M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000

INS095F

null

45975513

eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS095M

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

206 The InstrumentalCase

(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good

Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example

Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s

lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s

lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s

lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s

lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s

lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s

(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay

Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)

In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS

and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together

Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

lsquomanagersquohospodařit s

lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s

lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s

lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s

lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s

lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s

lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s

INS096F

null

4388571

eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS096M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS097F

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS097M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

207

The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT

INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used

with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples

(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country

(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga

The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used

(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore

The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem

s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with objectsabstractionsand attributes

Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English

Instrumental an adjunct

INS098F

null

5433473

eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS098M

null

49632673

eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000

INS099F

null

9038385

eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000

INS099M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000

INS100F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS100M

null

26644888

eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200064006900730073006500200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072002000740069006c0020006100740020006f0070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f8006a006500720065002000620069006c006c00650064006f0070006c00f80073006e0069006e0067002000740069006c0020007000720065002d00700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e0067002000690020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50062006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002e00200044006900730073006500200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e0067006500720020006b007200e600760065007200200069006e0074006500670072006500720069006e006700200061006600200073006b007200690066007400740079007000650072002egt NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

208 The InstrumentalCase

[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo

(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today

A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]

(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots

The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo

A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is

Idiomaticuses of s +

INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

with noEnglish

parallels

INS101F

null

18808156

eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000

INS101M

null

18285708

eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS102F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000

INS102M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

209

either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike

(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I

This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example

(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively

(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT

for the secondmemberof a pair

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK

před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space

Instrumental a landmark

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS103M

null

2089795

eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS104F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000

INS104M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS105F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000

INS105M

null

6687356

eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP ltFEFF0055007300650020006500730074006100730020006f007000630069006f006e006500730020007000610072006100200063007200650061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006e0020006d00610079006f00720020007200650073006f006c00750063006900f3006e00200064006500200069006d006100670065006e00200071007500650020007000650072006d006900740061006e0020006f006200740065006e0065007200200063006f007000690061007300200064006500200070007200650069006d0070007200650073006900f3006e0020006400650020006d00610079006f0072002000630061006c0069006400610064002e0020004c006f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f00730020005000440046002000730065002000700075006500640065006e00200061006200720069007200200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200079002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200079002000760065007200730069006f006e0065007300200070006f00730074006500720069006f007200650073002e0020004500730074006100200063006f006e0066006900670075007200610063006900f3006e0020007200650071007500690065007200650020006c006100200069006e0063007200750073007400610063006900f3006e0020006400650020006600750065006e007400650073002egt SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

210 The InstrumentalCase

(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her

Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example

(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies

In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place

(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo

(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers

The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used

před +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain

of time

INS109M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000

INS109F

null

46497965

eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000

INS108M

null

11493906

eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000

INS108F

null

12382073

eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000

INS107M

null

9665327

eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS107F

null

10396759

eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS106M

null

4127345

eng - iTunNORM 000002A4 00000000 00001D38 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006FC2 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS106F

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 0000034F 00000000 00002928 00000000 00000224 00000000 000063BB 00000000 0000020A 00000000

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD 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ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR ltFEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f00700070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f80079006500720065002000620069006c00640065006f00700070006c00f80073006e0069006e006700200066006f00720020006800f800790020007500740073006b00720069006600740073006b00760061006c00690074006500740020006600f800720020007400720079006b006b002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006b0061006e002000e50070006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0067002000730065006e006500720065002e00200044006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e00650020006b0072006500760065007200200073006b00720069006600740069006e006e00620079006700670069006e0067002egt SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

211

(110)Maacutem před sebou stěhovaacuteniacute do noveacuteho bytu moc se na to těšiacutem ale současně seobaacutevaacutem všech komplikaciacute s tiacutem spojenyacutech[Have before self-INST moving-ACC to new apartment-GEN much self-ACC onthat-ACC look-forward but at-the-same-time self-ACC fear all complications-GENwith that-INST connected-GEN]I have the move into the new apartment coming up Irsquom really looking forward to itbut at the same time Irsquom afraid of all the complications connected with it

(111) Majiacute před svatbou ale chovajiacute se jakoby spolu byli alespoň dvacet let[Have before wedding-INST but behave self-ACC as-if together were at-leasttwenty-ACC years-GEN]Their wedding is coming up but they behave as if they had been together at leasttwenty years

Preferences invoke an imaginary space where some items are placed before others andthe Czech word přednost lsquopreferencersquo is even built from the preposition před The position-ing of items in this metaphorical space is evident in the construction daacutetdaacutevat někomuněčemu přednost před někyacutemněčiacutem [give someonesomething-DAT preference-ACC be-fore someonesomething-INST] lsquoprefer someonesomething over someonesomethingrsquoHere is an example of how this construction is used

(112)Svět dal přednost stabilitě před ochranou občanů v totalitniacutech režimech[World-NOM gave preference-ACC stability-DAT before protection-INST citizens-GEN in totalitarian regimes-LOC]The world preferred stability over the protection of citizens in totalitarian regimes

In the metaphorical space of confrontation před is often used to describe what a persondoes in the face of a given challenge Here are some common phrases involving před uteacuteciutiacutekat před nepřiacutetelem [flee before enemy-INST] lsquoflee from an enemyrsquo chraacutenitschovat sepřed zimou [protecthide self-ACC before cold-INST] lsquoprotect oneself fromget out of thecoldrsquo miacutet před někyacutem strach [have before someone-INST fear-ACC] lsquobe afraid of some-onersquo ostyacutechat se před někyacutem [be-shy self-ACC before someone-INST] lsquobe shy of some-onersquo miacutet před někyacutem respekt [have before someone-INST respect] lsquorespect someonersquostydět se saacutem před sebou [shame self-ACC self-NOM before self-INST] lsquobe ashamed ofoneselfrsquo staacutet v uacutežasu před něčiacutem [stand in amazement-LOC before something-INST] lsquobeamazed at somethingrsquo

(113)Na moje doporučeniacute že by se měly schovat před zimou do auta odpověděly ldquoPřežilyjsme vězeniacute přežijeme všechnohelliprdquo a smaacutely se[On my recommendation-ACC that AUX self-ACC had hide before cold-INST tocar-GEN answered ldquoLived-through AUX prison-ACC live-through everything-ACChelliprdquo and laughed self-ACC]In response to my recommendation that they go in the car to get out of the cold theyanswered ldquoWe lived through prison we can live through everythinghelliprdquo and laughed

The useof před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inmetaphoricaluses

Instrumental a landmark

INS110F

null

8933895

eng - iTunNORM 000002E4 00000000 00001CE2 00000000 00000843 00000000 0000642A 00000000 00000829 00000000

INS110M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 00000260 00000000 000027D7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS111F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 000024C4 00000000 00000B87 00000000 00007594 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS111M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 00000214 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081B4 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS112F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 000002E6 00000000 00002730 00000000 00000187 00000000 000072CE 00000000 0000028D 00000000

INS112M

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 000014AE 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00005E5A 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS113F

null

9717572

eng - iTunNORM 0000020F 00000000 00003454 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000063FE 00000000 00001587 00000000

INS113M

null

9613082

eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 00001703 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00007906 00000000 000000EB 00000000

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

212 The InstrumentalCase

(114)Všichni stojiacute v uacutežasu před rychlostiacute s jakou Vladimir Putin zdaacutenlivě nezadržitelněmiacuteřiacute směrem vzhůru[Everyone-NOM stands in amazement-LOC before speed-INST with which-INSTVladimir Putin-NOM apparently unstoppably aims direction-INST upward]Everyone is amazed at the speed with which Vladimir Putin is apparentlyunstoppably aiming upward

(115)Zaacuteroveň se vytraacuteciacute i ldquopřiviacuteraacuteniacute očiacuterdquo před nevěrou[At-same-time self-ACC disappears also ldquoshutting-NOM eyes-GENrdquo before adul-tery-INST]At the same time the tendency to ldquoshut onersquos eyesrdquo in the face of adultery is alsodisappearing

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 2mdashza lsquobeyond behindrsquoZa + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of

před The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is lsquobehindrsquo orlsquobeyondrsquo it Here are a couple of examples of za used to locate items in space

(116)Při přistaacuteniacute letoun zachytil křiacutedlem o přistaacutevaciacute plochu a po několika kotrmelciacutechskončil jako obřiacute ohnivaacute koule v kukuřičneacutem poli za letištěm[During landing-LOC plane-NOM knocked wing-INST against landing surface-ACCand after several somersaults-LOC ended like giant fiery ball-NOM in corn field-LOC behind airport-INST]During landing the plane knocked its wing against the airstrip and after severalsomersaults ended up as a giant ball of fire in a corn field behind the airport

(117)Pracoval venku za domem a když jsem ho chtěla zavolat k obědu už tam nebyl[Worked outside behind house-INST but when AUX him-ACC wanted call to lunch-DAT already there not-was]He was working outside behind the house but when I wanted to call him to lunchhe wasnrsquot there anymore

The meanings of some words in combination with za + INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK havebecome somewhat specialized For example when the landmark in question is a city thisphrase will describe the outskirts or environs as in za Prahou [behind Prague-INST] lsquoout-side of Praguersquo Note also that za rohem [behind corner-INST] means lsquoaround the cor-nerrsquo Here are examples of each type of usage

(118)Stopoval jsem za Sušiciacute nikdo mě nebral tak jsem si lehl do traacutevy a pozorovalmraky[Hitchiked AUX behind Sušice-INST noone-NOM me-ACC not-took so AUX self-DAT lay to grass-GEN and watched clouds-ACC]I was hitchiking outside of Sušice and nobody picked me up so I lay down in thegrass and watched the clouds

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobeyondbehindrsquo

INS114F

null

8150219

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 000034BF 00000000 00000D29 00000000 00007189 00000000 00001314 00000000

INS114M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 000001AA 00000000 000015EC 00000000 00000F82 00000000 00008196 00000000 00000F68 00000000

INS115F

null

40751004

eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002C2B 00000000 00000272 00000000 00005A8B 00000000 000004B1 00000000

INS115M

null

37093863

eng - iTunNORM 000001C8 00000000 00000FFE 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 00005952 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS116F

null

1081472

eng - iTunNORM 000002A5 00000000 00001F1F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000 00006D76 00000000 00000BD6 00000000

INS116M

null

9142876

eng - iTunNORM 0000015D 00000000 00001099 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000055EA 00000000 0000097D 00000000

INS117F

null

5381228

eng - iTunNORM 00000162 00000000 00001006 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000460D 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS117M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001F1 00000000 00001B9D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080AD 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS118F

null

64261303

eng - iTunNORM 00000200 00000000 000014F2 00000000 0000120F 00000000 00006633 00000000 000011F5 00000000

INS118M

null

6635111

eng - iTunNORM 00000169 00000000 0000114B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006906 00000000 00001278 00000000

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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PTB 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 ESP 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ITA 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NOR 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 SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006e00e40072002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b0061007000610020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006d006500640020006800f6006700720065002000620069006c0064007500700070006c00f60073006e0069006e00670020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073007500740073006b0072006900660074006500720020006100760020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e006100730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006100720065002e00200044006500730073006100200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e0067006100720020006b007200e400760065007200200069006e006b006c00750064006500720069006e00670020006100760020007400650063006b0065006e0073006e006900740074002egt ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

213

(119)ldquoČaordquo řekla na rozloučenou a zmizela za rohem[ldquoByerdquo said for parting-ACC and disappeared behind corner-INST]ldquoByerdquo she said at parting and disappeared behind the corner

The notion that za identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theCzech idiomatic construction miacutet něco za lubem [have something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST] lsquohave something up onersquos sleevebe up to no good (literally lsquohave somethingbehind a piece of woodrsquo)rsquo

(120)Tvaacuteřil se trochu potměšile s vyacuterazem člověka kteryacute maacute něco za lubem[Made-face self-ACC a-bit deceitfully with expression-INST person-GEN who-NOM has something-ACC behind strip-of-wood-INST]He made a rather deceitful face with the expression of a person who is up to nogood

There are three spatial uses of za that are especially worth noting because they serve notonly to describe where a person is but also what they are doing One is za volantem [behindwheel-INST] lsquobehind the wheel of a car (acting as the driver)rsquo another is za stolem [behindtable-INST] lsquoat the table (while working on something or eating a meal)rsquo In the case ofthe third expression za školou [behind school-INST] lsquoplaying hookeyrsquo the location isactually irrelevantmdashthe person may be anywhere (except in school of course)

(121)Seděla za volantem nablyacuteskaneacuteho auta z dovozu značkoveacute kalhoty a svetřiacutekobepiacutenaly jejiacute udržovanou postavu[Sat behind wheel-INST polished car-GEN from import-GEN designer pants-NOMand sweater-NOM enclosed her well-maintained figure-ACC]She sat behind the wheel of a polished imported car designer pants and a sweaterenclosed her well-maintained figure

(122)Seděl za otlučenyacutem stolem a něco si prohliacutežel se skloněnou hlavou[Sat behind bent-up table-INST and something-ACC self-DAT examined with in-clined head-INST]He was sitting at a bent-up table and looking at something with his head inclined

(123)Matka se až na třiacutedniacutech schůzkaacutech dozvěděla že jsem čtrnaacutect dniacute byl za školou[Mother-NOM self-ACC only at class meetings-LOC found-out that AUX four-teen-ACC days-GEN was behind school-INST]It wasnrsquot until she went to meet my teachers that my mother found out that I hadbeen playing hookey for fourteen days

Just as we use lsquobehindrsquo with the word lsquofollowrsquo so do Czechs associate za + INSTRUMEN-TAL A LANDMARK with following and going to The following examples demonstrate this usein physical movement through space in sequential action along the dimension of time andin the domain of adventures respectively

za +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquogoing afterrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS119F

null

36571414

eng - iTunNORM 0000034A 00000000 0000179F 00000000 00000414 00000000 00005748 00000000 00000139 00000000

INS119M

null

3343672

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 0000261C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000080A6 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS120F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001687 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006DAE 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS120M

null

52244925

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001AD5 00000000 00000949 00000000 0000787D 00000000 0000092F 00000000

INS121F

null

846369

eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 0000252A 00000000 00000F1A 00000000 00007120 00000000 00000F00 00000000

INS121M

null

77845035

eng - iTunNORM 0000019B 00000000 0000122C 00000000 00000343 00000000 00006468 00000000 00000F82 00000000

INS122F

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 0000016E 00000000 000008FA 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003BDE 00000000 000002C1 00000000

INS122M

null

5015512

eng - iTunNORM 00000174 00000000 0000149F 00000000 00000272 00000000 00006035 00000000 00000272 00000000

INS123F

null

59559245

eng - iTunNORM 00000272 00000000 00001ECE 00000000 000010D6 00000000 00004C7A 00000000 0000080F 00000000

INS123M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000000FC 00000000 00000D3F 00000000 00000DE0 00000000 00004910 00000000 00000DC6 00000000

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

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INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO ltFEFF004e00e4006900640065006e002000610073006500740075007300740065006e0020006100760075006c006c006100200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006c0075006f006400610020005000440046002d0061007300690061006b00690072006a006f006a0061002c0020006a006f006900640065006e002000740075006c006f0073007400750073006c00610061007400750020006f006e0020006b006f0072006b006500610020006a00610020006b007500760061006e0020007400610072006b006b007500750073002000730075007500720069002e0020005000440046002d0061007300690061006b00690072006a0061007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f006200610074002d0020006a0061002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020002d006f0068006a0065006c006d0061006c006c0061002000740061006900200075007500640065006d006d0061006c006c0061002000760065007200730069006f006c006c0061002e0020004e00e4006d00e4002000610073006500740075006b0073006500740020006500640065006c006c00790074007400e4007600e4007400200066006f006e0074007400690065006e002000750070006f00740075007300740061002egt ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

214 The InstrumentalCase

(124)V těsneacutem zaacutevěsu za niacutem naacutesledoval vyhublyacute pes[In close hanging-LOC behind him-INST followed emaciated dog-NOM]Close behind him followed an emaciated dog

(125)Kouřili cigaretu za cigaretou[Smoked cigarette-ACC after cigarette-INST]They smoked cigarette after cigarette

(126)Turisteacute zas vytaacutehli zpod sedadel vaky a laacutehve a odešli za novyacutemi dobrodružstviacutemi[Tourists-NOM again pulled-out from-beneath seats-GEN baguettes-ACC andbottles-ACC and left after new adventures-INST]The tourists got their baguettes and bottles out from under the seats again and left inpursuit of new adventures

Za is the antonym of před not only in the domain of space but also in the domain oftime Whereas miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave some-thing before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a future event that has to befaced miacutet něco za sebou [have something-ACC behind self-INST] lsquohave something behindoneselfbe done with somethingrsquo describes a past event that one has survived Here is anexample for good measure

(127)Když už diacutevka reprezentuje USA maacute za sebou nejmeacuteně deset podobnyacutech soutěžiacutedoma[If already girl-NOM represents USA-ACC has behind self at-least ten-ACC simi-lar contests-GEN at-home]If a girl is representing the USA she has at least ten similar contests behind her athome

Since we often think of causes as being hidden they can also be expressed with thispreposition In the following example the narrator is looking for whatever it is that hasbrought about political success the reason hiding behind the obvious result

(128)Co stojiacute za jeho fenomenaacutelniacutem politickyacutem uacutespěchem[What-NOM stands behind his phenomenal political success-INST]What is behind his phenomenal political success

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 3mdashnad lsquoabove overrsquoIn the vertical plane nad locates an item lsquoabove overrsquo another item The use of this

preposition in the doman of space is just what we would expect

(129)Budiacute mě helikopteacutera kteraacute kroužiacute nad středem Prahy[Wakes me-ACC helicopter-NOM which-NOM circles above center-INST Prague-GEN]I am awakened by a helicopter circling over the center of Prague

za +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

in the domainof time

nad +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquoaboversquo

INS124F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002F2 00000000 00001B18 00000000 0000030F 00000000 00005139 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS124M

null

35526516

eng - iTunNORM 0000022C 00000000 000016AC 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00006DA7 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS125F

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 000001F2 00000000 00000FEE 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000050CA 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS125M

null

22465298

eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00002512 00000000 00000343 00000000 000081B2 00000000 00000329 00000000

INS126F

null

60604143

eng - iTunNORM 000002B6 00000000 00001C71 00000000 00000497 00000000 000056EF 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS126M

null

59036794

eng - iTunNORM 00000239 00000000 00002468 00000000 00000449 00000000 00008171 00000000 0000042F 00000000

INS127F

null

65828657

eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 000013B0 00000000 00000C72 00000000 00005FB0 00000000 00000C58 00000000

INS127M

null

60081697

eng - iTunNORM 00000188 00000000 00000D82 00000000 000003AC 00000000 00005D76 00000000 000003AC 00000000

INS128F

null

3761631

eng - iTunNORM 00000235 00000000 000012A3 00000000 000003AC 00000000 000040B4 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS128M

null

32914271

eng - iTunNORM 0000016D 00000000 000008D0 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004DBA 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS129F

null

40228553

eng - iTunNORM 0000017E 00000000 00000B8C 00000000 000007C1 00000000 00004BB1 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS129M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 000001E5 00000000 00001789 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080DE 00000000 0000080F 00000000

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

215

(130)Lampička nad jeho hlavou ozaacuteřiacute zaraacutemovanou fotografii na stěně[Lamp-NOM above his head-INST illuminates framed photograph-ACC on wall-LOC]The lamp above his head illuminates the framed photograph on the wall

Cities are frequently built on waterways and a number of Czech cities are named using theconstruction X(city)-NOM nad Y(river)-INST for example Uacutestiacute nad Labem literally lsquoUacutestiacuteabove the Elbersquo and Jablonec nad Jizerou literally lsquoJablonec above the Jizerarsquo

We imagine graphs and scales as having a vertical dimension so if one item is more orbetter than another it will be higher on the scale Excellence and victory depend on exceed-ing a norm on reaching a higher point on a scale and this concept has found its expressionin the Czech use of nad + INST with words like vynikat lsquoexcelrsquo z-viacutetězit lsquoconquer bevictoriousrsquo and viacutetězstviacute lsquovictoryrsquo Here is an example

(131)V prvniacutem finaacuteloveacutem utkaacuteniacute Vyacutechodniacute konference NBA zviacutetězilo Chicago nadOrlandem[In first finals match-LOC Eastern conference-GEN NBA was-victorious Chicago-NOM over Orlando-INST]Chicago was victorious over Orlando in the first match of the finals of the NBAEastern conference

As with English lsquooverrsquo nad identifies a vantage point that has certain implications It isa location from which one can experience certain emotions as well as the emotional dis-tance that gives us space to think about things motivating phrases like radovat se nadlsquorejoice overrsquo liacutetost nad lsquoregret concerningrsquo zamyslet se nad lsquomeditate onrsquo A positionlsquoaboversquo an item facilitates manipulation and control Control over an item can be wieldedby legal or governmental authority as in the following example

(132)Co přinaacutešiacute televizniacutem moderaacutetorům pocit moci nad politikem[What-NOM brings television moderators-DAT feeling-ACC power-GEN over poli-tician-INST]What gives television moderators a feeling of power over a politician

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 4mdashpod lsquounder belowrsquoOpposing nad in the vertical plane is pod lsquounder belowrsquo Once again we will look first

at examples of how this preposition indicates physical locations

(133)Policejniacute autobusy a antony se řadiacute rovnou pod našimi okny[Police buses-NOM and vans-NOM self-ACC line-up right under our windows-INST]Police buses and vans line up right under our windows

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK inthe domain ofemotions andthoughts

nad +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

can expresscontrol lsquooverrsquo

pod +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK

lsquounderrsquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS130F

null

5067757

eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 00001090 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00003FD1 00000000 00000AD0 00000000

INS130M

null

4858777

eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000010EF 00000000 00000139 00000000 0000634A 00000000 0000011F 00000000

INS131F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 00000388 00000000 00002E98 00000000 00000534 00000000 00008080 00000000 0000051A 00000000

INS131M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 0000015E 00000000 00000ED8 00000000 0000106D 00000000 000055C6 00000000 000005D0 00000000

INS132F

null

4545306

eng - iTunNORM 000002EC 00000000 0000203E 00000000 0000028D 00000000 00006775 00000000 000007C1 00000000

INS132M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00000E58 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000054B1 00000000 0000073E 00000000

INS133F

null

4440816

eng - iTunNORM 0000020D 00000000 00001627 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00004BC8 00000000 00000378 00000000

INS133M

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000014D 00000000 00000B0E 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005771 00000000 0000059C 00000000

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt 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 DEU 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD ltFEFF004700650062007200750069006b002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670065006e0020006f006d0020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020007400650020006d0061006b0065006e0020006d00650074002000650065006e00200068006f00670065002000610066006200650065006c00640069006e00670073007200650073006f006c007500740069006500200076006f006f0072002000610066006400720075006b006b0065006e0020006d0065007400200068006f006700650020006b00770061006c0069007400650069007400200069006e002000650065006e002000700072006500700072006500730073002d006f006d0067006500760069006e0067002e0020004400650020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0075006e006e0065006e00200077006f007200640065006e002000670065006f00700065006e00640020006d006500740020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006e002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006e00200068006f006700650072002e002000420069006a002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670020006d006f006500740065006e00200066006f006e007400730020007a0069006a006e00200069006e006700650073006c006f00740065006e002egt ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU ltFEFF005500730065002000740068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e0067007300200074006f0020006300720065006100740065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074007300200077006900740068002000680069006700680065007200200069006d0061006700650020007200650073006f006c007500740069006f006e00200066006f0072002000680069006700680020007100750061006c0069007400790020007000720065002d007000720065007300730020007000720069006e00740069006e0067002e0020005400680065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000630061006e0020006200650020006f00700065006e00650064002000770069007400680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061006e0064002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200061006e00640020006c0061007400650072002e002000540068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e006700730020007200650071007500690072006500200066006f006e007400200065006d00620065006400640069006e0067002egt gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

216 The InstrumentalCase

(134)V koruně nejbližšiacute jabloně se pod narůžovělyacutemi květy už zřetelně ryacutesovala přiacuteštiacuteletniacute jablka[In crown-LOC nearest apple-tree-GEN self-ACC under rosy blossoms-INST al-ready clearly foreshadowed next summer apples-NOM]The next crop of summer apples was already clearly foreshadowed beneath therosy blossoms in the crown of the nearest apple tree

The metaphorical space of numbers and statistics motivates using pod to indicate amountsthat are lower than others as in this example

(135)Růst hrubeacuteho domaacuteciacuteho produktu Českeacute republiky je pod průměrem kandidaacutetskyacutechzemiacute Evropskeacute Unie[Growth-NOM gross domestic product-GEN Czech Republic-GEN is below aver-age-INST candidate countries-GEN European Union-GEN]The growth of the gross domestic product of the Czech Republic is below averagefor countries that are candidates for the European Union

Just as nad gave us the perspective of control lsquooverrsquo pod can conversely describe beinglsquounderrsquo control

(136)Všechny operace se provaacuteděly pod kontrolou Českeacute spořitelny[All operations-NOM self-ACC carried-out under control-INST Czech Savings-Bank-GEN]All operations were carried out under the control of the Czech Savings Bank

(137)Čtyřicet minut se budou noviacute kandidaacuteti na řidičskyacute průkaz potit pod dohledemzkušebniacuteho komisaře u praktickeacuteho testu jiacutezdy[Forty-ACC minutes-GEN self-ACC will new candidates-NOM for driverrsquos license-ACC sweat under supervision-INST testing officer-GEN at pratical test-GEN ride-GEN]New candidates for driverrsquos licenses will have to sweat for forty minutes under thesupervision of the testing officer at their road tests

Restrictions threats and punishments are understood of as being imposed from on highthey are the conditions under which we are forced act and the use of pod + INST is wellmotivated to describe such situations as these three sentences demonstrate

(138)Se zbraniacute a pod pohrůžkou naacutesiliacute donutil zatiacutem neznaacutemyacute pachatel pokladniacute aby muvydala peniacuteze[With weapon-INST and under threat-INST violence-GEN forced still unknowncriminal-NOM teller-ACC so-that-AUX him-DAT issued money-ACC]With a weapon and under threat of violence an unknown criminal forced a teller toissue him money

pod +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

can expresssubordinationprotection andboth covert andovert identities

INS134F

null

7053072

eng - iTunNORM 00000153 00000000 000010C5 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000037B7 00000000 00000153 00000000

INS134M

null

632164

eng - iTunNORM 00000179 00000000 00000EFD 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000056BE 00000000 0000047D 00000000

INS135F

null

74710326

eng - iTunNORM 000001B3 00000000 0000103A 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00005610 00000000 00001397 00000000

INS135M

null

68963366

eng - iTunNORM 0000018B 00000000 0000163E 00000000 00000392 00000000 00006EBC 00000000 00000392 00000000

INS136F

null

42840805

eng - iTunNORM 0000035B 00000000 000018E7 00000000 00000687 00000000 0000655C 00000000 00000605 00000000

INS136M

null

417959

eng - iTunNORM 00000219 00000000 000018C7 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007720 00000000 000002DB 00000000

INS137F

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 000012D3 00000000 0000097D 00000000 000055D6 00000000 00000963 00000000

INS137M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 0000014C 00000000 00001826 00000000 00001BDB 00000000 00008130 00000000 00001BDB 00000000

INS138F

null

7627768

eng - iTunNORM 00000170 00000000 00001335 00000000 000017FA 00000000 0000570C 00000000 000017E0 00000000

INS138M

null

7209807

eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 000016C0 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00008138 00000000 000001F0 00000000

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA ltFEFF00550073006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200063006f006e00200075006e00610020007200690073006f006c0075007a0069006f006e00650020006d0061006700670069006f00720065002000700065007200200075006e00610020007100750061006c0069007400e00020006400690020007000720065007300740061006d007000610020006d00690067006c0069006f00720065002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002e002000510075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e006900200072006900630068006900650064006f006e006f0020006c002700750073006f00200064006900200066006f006e007400200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069002egt NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

217

(139)Leacutečba drogově zaacutevisleacuteho může byacutet uacutespěšnaacute pouze pod podmiacutenkou přiznaacute-li si onsaacutem že leacutečeniacute potřebuje[Treatment-NOM by-drugs dependent-GEN can be successful-NOM only under con-dition-INST admits-if self-DAT he-NOM self-NOM that treating-ACC needs]The treatment of a person dependent on drugs can be successful only under thecondition that the person himself admits that he needs to be treated

(140)Vstup na traacutevniacuteky v areaacutelu zahrady je zakaacutezaacuten pod pokutou dvou set korun[Entrance-NOM on lawns-ACC in complex-LOC garden-GEN is prohibited-NOMunder fine-INST two hundred crowns-GEN]Entrance to the lawns in the garden complex is prohibited and carries a fine of twohundred crowns

Strikingly similar to Engish is the stock phrase řiacutezeniacute auta pod vlivem alkoholu [driv-ing-NOM car-GEN under influence-INST alcohol-GEN] lsquodriving a car under the influ-ence of alcoholrsquo which is equally disastrous in both cultures Czech also shares with En-glish the concept under pressure as we see in this example

(141)Producenti jsou pod staacutele většiacutem tlakem konkurence a musejiacute spojovat sveacute siacutely abyobstaacuteli[Producers-NOM are under constantly greater pressure-INST competition-GENand must join own forces-ACC so-that-AUX survive]The producers are under ever increasing pressure due to competition and theymust join forces in order to survive

Since a name or title typically goes on top of something pod can indicate the namegiven to companies products and people as in these examples

(142)Fuacuteziacute obou bank vznikne novyacute subjekt kteryacute bude působit pod obchodniacutem jmeacutenemBank Austria Creditanstalt jako univerzaacutelniacute banka[Fusion-INST both banks-GEN appears new entity-NOM which-NOM will func-tion under commercial name-INST Bank Austria Creditanstalt as universal bank-NOM]Due to the fusion of both banks a new entity will appear which will function underthe commercial name of Bank Austria Creditanstalt as a universal bank

(143)Jedniacutem z obchodniacutech triků je změnit obal zastaraleacuteho vyacuterobku a uveacutest ho sbombastickou reklamou na trh pod novyacutem jmeacutenem[One-INST from commercial tricks-GEN is change packaging-ACC outmoded prod-uct-GEN and introduce it-ACC with bombastic advertising-INST to market-ACCunder new name-INST]One trick of commerce is to change the packaging of an outmoded product andintroduce it to the market under a new name with bombastic advertising

Instrumental a landmark

INS139F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000002AB 00000000 0000346F 00000000 00000153 00000000 00006C04 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS139M

null

78889937

eng - iTunNORM 0000022B 00000000 00001F5C 00000000 00001314 00000000 00007F43 00000000 000012E0 00000000

INS140F

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 000002AC 00000000 000014F0 00000000 00000BA1 00000000 00006A36 00000000 00000BA1 00000000

INS140M

null

52767377

eng - iTunNORM 000001FB 00000000 00001805 00000000 000002C1 00000000 00007613 00000000 000002A7 00000000

INS141F

null

7314297

eng - iTunNORM 00000205 00000000 00001D66 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005E7A 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS141M

null

6739601

eng - iTunNORM 000001E2 00000000 0000158A 00000000 00000582 00000000 00006F9A 00000000 00001672 00000000

INS142F

null

9978798

eng - iTunNORM 000001EB 00000000 00001B8C 00000000 0000208D 00000000 00005794 00000000 00002072 00000000

INS142M

null

877716

eng - iTunNORM 000001C2 00000000 00001682 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000070C4 00000000 000013CB 00000000

INS143F

null

8829405

eng - iTunNORM 000001F9 00000000 0000390A 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00007764 00000000 00001400 00000000

INS143M

null

8045729

eng - iTunNORM 000001D1 00000000 00001CEA 00000000 000011F5 00000000 00007265 00000000 000011C1 00000000

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB ltFEFF005500740069006c0069007a006500200065007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f5006500730020007000610072006100200063007200690061007200200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200063006f006d00200075006d00610020007200650073006f006c007500e700e3006f00200064006500200069006d006100670065006d0020007300750070006500720069006f0072002000700061007200610020006f006200740065007200200075006d00610020007100750061006c0069006400610064006500200064006500200069006d0070007200650073007300e3006f0020006d0065006c0068006f0072002e0020004f007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074006f0073002000500044004600200070006f00640065006d0020007300650072002000610062006500720074006f007300200063006f006d0020006f0020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006500200070006f00730074006500720069006f0072002e00200045007300740061007300200063006f006e00660069006700750072006100e700f50065007300200072006500710075006500720065006d00200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100e700e3006f00200064006500200066006f006e00740065002egt DAN 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 NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

218 The InstrumentalCase

(144)Populaacuterniacute diacutevčiacute skupinu Spice Girls opustila jedna ze zpěvaček vystupujiacuteciacute podpseudonymem Ginger Spice[Popular female group-ACC Spice Girls left one-NOM from singers-GEN perform-ing-NOM under pseudonym-INST Ginger Spice]One of the singers who performed under the pseudonym of Ginger Spice has leftthe popular female group the Spice Girls

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 5mdashmezi lsquobetween amongrsquoThe preposition mezi lsquobetween amongrsquo is used in spatial and metaphorical domains in

ways very similar to its English counterparts Here are a few examples

(145)Kvůli opravě trati nebudou jezdit vlaky mezi Masarykovyacutem naacutedražiacutem a Dejvicemi[Due-to repair-DAT rails-GEN not-will ride trains-NOM between Masaryk sta-tion-INST and Dejvice-INST]Due to repairs on the rails there will not be any trains running between Masarykstation and Dejvice

(146)Bloudil jsem mezi šedivyacutemi panelaacuteky marně jsem hledal v ktereacutem domě vlastněbydliacute[Wandered AUX among gray pre-fab-buildings-INST in-vain AUX searched inwhich building-LOC actually lives]I wandered among the gray pre-fab apartment houses searching in vain for theone she lived in

Like all the other prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK mezi can beused in metaphorical domains In the following two sentences economic competition isunderstood as a battle takng place between producers and alienation is understood as afungus growing between two people thus the domains of money and emotion are under-stood as metaphorical spaces where items can be placed

(147)Tvrdyacute boj se rozpoutal mezi největšiacutemi světovyacutemi producenty tvrdeacuteho alkoholu[Tough battle-NOM self-ACC broke-out among biggest world producers-INSThard alcohol-GEN]A tough battle has broken out among the worldrsquos biggest producers of hard liquor

(148)Odcizeniacute mezi mnou a matkou roste jako muchomůrka po vydatneacutem dešti[Alienation-NOM between me-INST and mother-INST grows like toadstool-NOMafter substantial rain-LOC]The alienation between me and my mother is growing like a toadstool after a sub-stantial rain

Difference implies some separation between two or more items a concept used by thephrase rozdiacutel mezi lsquodifference betweenrsquo

mezi +INSTRUMENTAL

A LANDMARK

lsquobetweenamongrsquo

INS144F

null

8202464

eng - iTunNORM 00000277 00000000 00001A7D 00000000 00000463 00000000 0000550A 00000000 00000878 00000000

INS144M

null

8254709

eng - iTunNORM 000001B6 00000000 00001ABF 00000000 00000E14 00000000 00006957 00000000 00000843 00000000

INS145F

null

61649046

eng - iTunNORM 00000315 00000000 000018AF 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000067D1 00000000 000001D6 00000000

INS145M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 00002BB9 00000000 0000030F 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS146F

null

67918463

eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001AFC 00000000 00001482 00000000 000069C8 00000000 00000D78 00000000

INS146M

null

6269395

eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 000016B9 00000000 00000B6D 00000000 00008148 00000000 00000B6D 00000000

INS147F

null

5746944

eng - iTunNORM 00000201 00000000 00000D92 00000000 0000030F 00000000 0000485E 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS147M

null

55902085

eng - iTunNORM 00000145 00000000 00000D78 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000546B 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS148F

null

51200023

eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001258 00000000 00000AD0 00000000 00004D83 00000000 00000FEB 00000000

INS148M

null

5328983

eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 00001080 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006CF9 00000000 000000B6 00000000

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA ltFEFF004f007000740069006f006e007300200070006f0075007200200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200064006f007400e900730020006400270075006e00650020007200e90073006f006c007500740069006f006e002000e9006c0065007600e9006500200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020005500740069006c006900730065007a0020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00750020005200650061006400650072002c002000760065007200730069006f006e00200035002e00300020006f007500200075006c007400e9007200690065007500720065002c00200070006f007500720020006c006500730020006f00750076007200690072002e0020004c00270069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069006f006e002000640065007300200070006f006c0069006300650073002000650073007400200072006500710075006900730065002egt DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN ltFEFF004200720075006700200064006900730073006500200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e006700650072002000740069006c0020006100740020006f0070007200650074007400650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500720020006d006500640020006800f8006a006500720065002000620069006c006c00650064006f0070006c00f80073006e0069006e0067002000740069006c0020007000720065002d00700072006500730073002d007500640073006b007200690076006e0069006e0067002000690020006800f8006a0020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650072006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50062006e006500730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f0067002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f00670020006e0079006500720065002e00200044006900730073006500200069006e0064007300740069006c006c0069006e0067006500720020006b007200e600760065007200200069006e0074006500670072006500720069006e006700200061006600200073006b007200690066007400740079007000650072002egt NLD 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 ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA ltFEFF00550073006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200063006f006e00200075006e00610020007200690073006f006c0075007a0069006f006e00650020006d0061006700670069006f00720065002000700065007200200075006e00610020007100750061006c0069007400e00020006400690020007000720065007300740061006d007000610020006d00690067006c0069006f00720065002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002e002000510075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e006900200072006900630068006900650064006f006e006f0020006c002700750073006f00200064006900200066006f006e007400200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069002egt NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU ltFEFF005500730065002000740068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e0067007300200074006f0020006300720065006100740065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074007300200077006900740068002000680069006700680065007200200069006d0061006700650020007200650073006f006c007500740069006f006e00200066006f0072002000680069006700680020007100750061006c0069007400790020007000720065002d007000720065007300730020007000720069006e00740069006e0067002e0020005400680065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000630061006e0020006200650020006f00700065006e00650064002000770069007400680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061006e0064002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200061006e00640020006c0061007400650072002e002000540068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e006700730020007200650071007500690072006500200066006f006e007400200065006d00620065006400640069006e0067002egt gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

219

(149)Jakyacute je rozdiacutel mezi informaciacute a pravdou[What-NOM is difference-NOM between information-INST and truth-INST]What is the difference between information and truth

When we move to the metaphorical space of time mezi + INST can be used to describe thesequencing of a time or event relative to two other temporal landmarks Here a morningmeeting is scheduled to begin between two times

(150)Ranniacute porada začiacutenaacute mezi devaacutetou a půl desaacutetou dopoledne[Morning meeting-NOM starts between ninth-INST and half tenth-INST morn-ing]The morning meeting starts between nine and nine-thirty

Mezi + INST participates in its share of idiomatic expressions Ones you are likely to en-counter include mezi dveřmi [between door-INST] lsquoin the doorwayrsquo zůstane to mezi naacutemi[remains that-NOM between us-INST] lsquoletrsquos keep this to ourselvesrsquo mezi čtyřma očima[between four eyes-INST] lsquobetween the two of themus (a private conversation)rsquo prohoditmezi řečiacute [toss between speech-INST] lsquomention in passingrsquo mezi jinyacutem [between other-INST] lsquoamong other thingsrsquo čiacutest mezi řaacutedky [read between lines-INST] lsquoread betweenthe linesrsquo and procedit mezi zuby [strain between teeth-INST] lsquosay through clenched teeth(in anger)rsquo

INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 6mdashAdverbsA number of adverbs are built from the prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A

LANDMARK and all of them are obviously motivated by the meanings of the instrumental thatwe have just reviewed Most of these adverbs are derived from prepositional phrases andmost of them describe relationships in the domain of time

Adverbs built from prepositions associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK

Here are some sentences to demonstrate how these adverbs behave in context

(151)Předem děkuji za kladneacute vyřiacutezeniacute meacute žaacutedosti[Before-INST thank for positive settlement-ACC my request-GEN]I thank you in advance for a positive settlement of my request

mezitiacutem [between-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime meanwhilersquopředem [before-INST] lsquoahead of time in advancersquopředevšiacutem [before-all-INST] lsquoabove all primarilyrsquopředtiacutem [before-that-INST] lsquobeforehandrsquozatiacutem [behind-that-INST] lsquoin the meantime for the time being at presentrsquozatiacutemco [behind-that-INST-what-NOM] lsquowhilersquo

Instrumental a landmark

INS149F

null

30824478

eng - iTunNORM 0000026F 00000000 000016F4 00000000 00000105 00000000 00005833 00000000 000000EB 00000000

INS149M

null

30302029

eng - iTunNORM 000001AB 00000000 0000124D 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006AD7 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS150F

null

42318354

eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00001163 00000000 00000392 00000000 00005B15 00000000 000002F5 00000000

INS150M

null

4493061

eng - iTunNORM 00000320 00000000 00001603 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00008174 00000000 00000105 00000000

INS151F

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 0000105E 00000000 0000051A 00000000 00005154 00000000 00000500 00000000

INS151M

null

3395917

eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 000014BA 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005515 00000000 00000500 00000000

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue 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GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN 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 DEU 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ESP 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ITA 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NOR 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 SVE ltFEFF0041006e007600e4006e00640020006400650020006800e4007200200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e006700610072006e00610020006e00e40072002000640075002000760069006c006c00200073006b0061007000610020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740020006d006500640020006800f6006700720065002000620069006c0064007500700070006c00f60073006e0069006e00670020006600f60072002000700072006500700072006500730073007500740073006b0072006900660074006500720020006100760020006800f600670020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0061006e002000f600700070006e006100730020006d006500640020004100630072006f0062006100740020006f00630068002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006100720065002e00200044006500730073006100200069006e0073007400e4006c006c006e0069006e0067006100720020006b007200e400760065007200200069006e006b006c00750064006500720069006e00670020006100760020007400650063006b0065006e0073006e006900740074002egt ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

220 The InstrumentalCase

(152)Parlament si nepřiacutezeň vysloužil předevšiacutem proto že poslanci se podle občanů starajiacutehlavně o sveacute zaacutejmy[Parliament-NOM self-DAT disfavor-ACC earned before-all-INST because thatdelegates-NOM self-ACC according-to citizens-GEN care mainly about own inter-ests-ACC]Parliament has earned its disfavor primarily because the citizens feel that the del-egates care mainly about their own interests

(153)Objem obchodů na burze se zatiacutem nedaacute odhadnout[Volume-NOM trade-GEN at stock-exchange-LOC self-ACC behind-that-INST not-gives estimate]The volume of trade at the stock exchange cannot be estimated at present

EPILOGUEThe meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us and itrsquos a good name for this

case because Czechs use it not only for instruments but for a variety of items instrumentalto whatever a sentence describes a path for motion a way to do something a time to do itthe agent or cause of an event the category something falls in a companion or opponent alandmark for locating something This survey of the instrumental case has also given us apeek into the conceptual world of Czech It is a world where vehicles are the instruments oftransportation and languages are the instruments of speech a world where we walk a fineline between wielding control of our surroundings and falling prey to their ability to give usdelight or suffering a world where appearances can behave the same as what actually ex-ists a world where we can stand on a timeline and consider the things wersquove been throughand the things we still have to look forward to a world where power is up and submission isdown It is also a world where we can engage with others in a great variety of activities bethey harmonious or not Overall the instrumental case is a coherent whole a well-function-ing unit with a logic of its own and part of the greater case system of Czech Hopefully thischapter and this book will offer you a way to navigate this system giving you the land-marks you need to further explore it on your own and become a confident masterful user ofcase

INS153F

null

3813876

eng - iTunNORM 000002B3 00000000 00001493 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005A7F 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS153M

null

38661208

eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000011BB 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005F56 00000000 00000A1A 00000000

INS152M

null

7000827

eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 00002E90 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081F9 00000000 000000D0 00000000

INS152F

null

77322583

eng - iTunNORM 000001FF 00000000 0000148D 00000000 00001053 00000000 00005167 00000000 000000D0 00000000

221Epilogue

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PTB 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DAN 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 NLD ltFEFF004700650062007200750069006b002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670065006e0020006f006d0020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020007400650020006d0061006b0065006e0020006d00650074002000650065006e00200068006f00670065002000610066006200650065006c00640069006e00670073007200650073006f006c007500740069006500200076006f006f0072002000610066006400720075006b006b0065006e0020006d0065007400200068006f006700650020006b00770061006c0069007400650069007400200069006e002000650065006e002000700072006500700072006500730073002d006f006d0067006500760069006e0067002e0020004400650020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0075006e006e0065006e00200077006f007200640065006e002000670065006f00700065006e00640020006d006500740020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006e002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006e00200068006f006700650072002e002000420069006a002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670020006d006f006500740065006e00200066006f006e007400730020007a0069006a006e00200069006e006700650073006c006f00740065006e002egt ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA ltFEFF00550073006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200063006f006e00200075006e00610020007200690073006f006c0075007a0069006f006e00650020006d0061006700670069006f00720065002000700065007200200075006e00610020007100750061006c0069007400e00020006400690020007000720065007300740061006d007000610020006d00690067006c0069006f00720065002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000500044004600200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002e002000510075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e006900200072006900630068006900650064006f006e006f0020006c002700750073006f00200064006900200066006f006e007400200069006e0063006f00720070006f0072006100740069002egt NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU ltFEFF005500730065002000740068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e0067007300200074006f0020006300720065006100740065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e0074007300200077006900740068002000680069006700680065007200200069006d0061006700650020007200650073006f006c007500740069006f006e00200066006f0072002000680069006700680020007100750061006c0069007400790020007000720065002d007000720065007300730020007000720069006e00740069006e0067002e0020005400680065002000500044004600200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000630061006e0020006200650020006f00700065006e00650064002000770069007400680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061006e0064002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200061006e00640020006c0061007400650072002e002000540068006500730065002000730065007400740069006e006700730020007200650071007500690072006500200066006f006e007400200065006d00620065006400640069006e0067002egt gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

221Epilogue

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 12 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJDFFile false CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true ColorConversionStrategy LeaveColorUnchanged DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments false PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName (httpwwwcolororg) PDFXTrapped Unknown Description ltlt JPN ltFEFF3053306e8a2d5b9a306f30019ad889e350cf5ea6753b50cf3092542b308030d730ea30d730ec30b9537052377528306e00200050004400460020658766f830924f5c62103059308b3068304d306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103057305f00200050004400460020658766f8306f0020004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d30678868793a3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt FRA 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 DEU 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 PTB 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 DAN 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 NLD ltFEFF004700650062007200750069006b002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670065006e0020006f006d0020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020007400650020006d0061006b0065006e0020006d00650074002000650065006e00200068006f00670065002000610066006200650065006c00640069006e00670073007200650073006f006c007500740069006500200076006f006f0072002000610066006400720075006b006b0065006e0020006d0065007400200068006f006700650020006b00770061006c0069007400650069007400200069006e002000650065006e002000700072006500700072006500730073002d006f006d0067006500760069006e0067002e0020004400650020005000440046002d0064006f00630075006d0065006e00740065006e0020006b0075006e006e0065006e00200077006f007200640065006e002000670065006f00700065006e00640020006d006500740020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006e002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006e00200068006f006700650072002e002000420069006a002000640065007a006500200069006e007300740065006c006c0069006e00670020006d006f006500740065006e00200066006f006e007400730020007a0069006a006e00200069006e006700650073006c006f00740065006e002egt ESP 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 SUO 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 ITA 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 NOR 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 SVE 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 ENU 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 gtgtgtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice