instrumental - harvard university
TRANSCRIPT
180 The InstrumentalCase
INST
RU
ME
NT
AL
For
ms
Var
ious
Pro
noun
sA
djec
tive
sN
ouns
lsquoall
eve
ryrsquo
lsquothi
s th
atrsquo
lsquoour
rsquolsquom
yrsquoH
AR
DS
OF
TH
AR
DS
OF
TO
TH
ER
SO
TH
ER
S
sing
ular
Nvš
iacutemtiacutem
našiacute
mm
yacutemdo
bryacutem
prvn
iacutemm
ěste
mm
ořem
naacutem
ěstiacutem
rajč
etem
Avš
iacutemtiacutem
našiacute
mm
yacutemdo
bryacutem
prvn
iacutemst
uden
tem
muž
emhr
dino
uso
udce
mM
všiacutem
tiacutemna
šiacutem
myacutem
dobr
yacutempr
vniacutem
rom
aacutenem
poko
jem
Fvš
iacuteto
una
šiacutem
oudo
brou
prvn
iacutekn
ihou
židl
iacutekol
ejiacute
věciacute
plur
alN
všem
itě
mi
naši
mi
myacutem
ido
bryacutem
ipr
vniacutem
im
ěsty
moř
inaacute
měs
tiacutemi
rajč
aty
Avš
emi
t ěm
ina
šim
im
yacutemi
dobr
yacutemi
prvn
iacutemi
stud
enty
muž
ihr
diny
soud
ciM
všem
itě
mi
naši
mi
myacutem
ido
bryacutem
ipr
vniacutem
iro
maacuten
ypo
koji
Fvš
emi
těm
ina
šim
im
yacutemi
dobr
yacutemi
prvn
iacutemi
knih
ami
židl
emi
kole
jem
ivě
cmi
Inte
rrog
ativ
e P
rono
uns
Num
eral
slsquow
horsquo
lsquowha
trsquolsquoo
nersquo
lsquotw
orsquolsquot
hree
rsquolsquof
ourrsquo
lsquofiv
ersquokyacute
mčiacute
mN
jedn
iacutemdv
ěma
třem
ičt
yřm
ipě
tiA
jedn
iacutemP
erso
nal P
rono
uns
Mje
dniacutem
lsquoIrsquo
lsquoyou
rsquo (sg
)lsquow
ersquolsquoy
oursquo (
pl)
Fje
dnou
mno
ute
bou
naacutem
ivaacute
mi
lsquohe
she
itrsquo
lsquothe
yrsquoN
jiacutem (
niacutem
)jim
i (ni
mi)
Ajiacutem
(niacute
m)
jimi (
nim
i)M
jiacutem (
niacutem
)jim
i (ni
mi)
Fjiacute
(niacute)
jimi (
nim
i)
KE
Y
Nne
uter
Aan
imat
e m
ascu
line
Min
anim
ate
mas
culi
neF
fem
inin
e
181Instrumental a means
I A MEANSINSTRUMENTAL
The instrumental network
A LANDMARK
AN ADJUNCT
A LABEL
A MEANS
PROLOGUEThe instrumental is a complex case but the idea behind it is fairly simple You can think
of it as an accessory for something else The instrumental is a peripheral attachment Theperipheral accessory named by the instrumental can be associated either with an activity orwith another item When an item in the instrumental case is associated with an activity wehave INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and the instrumental item is a conduit for the activity When anitem in the instrumental case is attached to another item it serves as an address for thatitem this can be done by tagging it in some way in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL A
LABEL by identifying something to which it is joined in which case we have INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT (here we use the Czech preposition s lsquowithrsquo) or by locating it in reference to alandmark in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK (used with the prepositionspřed lsquoin front ofrsquo za lsquobehindrsquo nad lsquooverrsquo pod lsquounderrsquo and mezi lsquobetweenrsquo)
Your first task when confronted with an item in the instrumental case will be to figureout which part of the network it is using If any of the prepositions (s před za nad podmezi) are present you can put this task behind you since you will have INSTRUMENTAL AN
ADJUNCT with the preposition s and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK with the remaining preposi-tions If not you will need to think about whether the instrumental is being used to augmentthe description of an activity (INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS) or the description of a thing (INSTRU-MENTAL A LABEL) The explanations and examples below should help you get used to look-ing for this difference
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 1mdashA map of the mental leaps involvedThough INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS always designates a conduit for action there is an intri-
cate web of specific uses and it is worth mapping them out ahead of time before divingright into them INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS can be divided into two smaller groups one takesthe concept of a path as its point of departure (sections 2-7) and the other focuses on the
An overview ofthe instrumentalcase
The instrumentalcase marks anitem associatedwith an activity oranother item
182 The InstrumentalCase
agents of actions (section 8) The following diagram might help you think about how theideas in the first group (the ldquopathrdquo group) are organized
path gtfacilitatorinstrumentcause gt
item under control gtitem appreciated positivelynegatively
A path because it facilitates movement can alsobe conceived of as a facilitator for action an in-strument or a means (think of our English expres-sion a way to do things where we also understandmeans and instruments in terms of a path by usingthe word way) The presence of a means to do some-thing (or just a path to follow) can also inspire anaction and thus be understood as a cause (thinkfor example of the clicheacute answer for why oneshould climb Mount Everest ldquoBecause it isthererdquomdashthe implication is that the presence of the tallest mountain causes people to climbit) The fact that instruments are objects under our control motivates the mental leap frominstrument to item under control Finally an item under control can be variously appreci-ated and as a result we use the instrumental with certain verbs meaning lsquoenjoyrsquo and lsquode-spisersquo The next six sections will take you through all these mental leaps with enoughexamples and explanations to ensure a safe landing for every jump
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 2mdashPaths through spaceWhen an instrumental item is associated with a verb its purpose is to tell us something
about the means by which the verbal activity takes place It can be thought of as a channelfor realizing the activity of the verb The instrumental item thus serves as a conduit for theflow of energy named by the verb This can involve simply passing through a space orfollowing a path as in these two sentences
(1) Jugoslaacutevskou uliciacute odjiacuteždiacute šest praacutezdnyacutech policejniacutech antonů[Yugoslavia Street-INST ride-off six-NOM empty police vans-GEN]Six empty police vans ride off down Yugoslavia Street
(2) Jedou živou odpoledniacute Prahou[Ride lively afternoon Prague-INST]They ride through Prague which is lively in the afternoon
Sound can also move through a space as we see in this example
(3) Za paacuter minut zavřiacuteskalo saacutelem novorozeně mužskeacuteho pohlaviacute[In pair-ACC minutes-GEN screamed hall-INST newborn-NOM male sex-GEN]In a couple of minutes the scream of a newborn of the male sex rang out throughthe hall
I
A force (arrow) passes throughINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS
(circle labeled I)
Overviewof conduit
meanings ofINSTRUMENTAL
A MEANS
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a
conduit for an activity
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as
a path (conduit)through space
INS001F
null
51722474
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INS001M
null
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null
24555092
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INS002M
null
24555092
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INS003F
null
47020416
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INS003M
null
4440816
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183
If there are obstacles that one has to make onersquos way through they can also appear asINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to indicate a path as we see with the crowd in this example
(4) Propleacutetaacutem se davem a slyšiacutem kolem sebe hlavně italštinu španělštinu a řečtinu[Weave self-ACC crowd-INST and hear around self-GEN primarily Italian-ACCSpanish-ACC and Greek-ACC]I weave through the crowd and around me I hear primarily Italian Spanish andGreek
Obstacles can also stand in onersquos visual path as we see in this sentence
(5) Ležel v traacutevě a pozoroval přivřenyacutemi viacutečky hnědozelenyacute svět steacutebel kamiacutenkůpiacutesku[Lay in grass-LOC and observed half-shut eyelids-INST brown-green world-ACCstalks-GEN pebbles-GEN sand-GEN]He lay in the grass and observed through half-shut eyelids the brown and greenworld of stalks pebbles and sand
A path can have various trajectories including ones that go off to the side as with napřiacutečlsquoathwart transverselyrsquo or as in this sentence
(6) Dědeček Kvida odvlekl stranou[Grandfather-NOM Guido-ACC dragged-off side-INST]The grandfather dragged Guido off to one side
And while one is on a path various things can happen just as in English we can say thatsomeone did something on their way somewhere Note the parallel between Czech andEnglish in this example
(7) Diacutetě se cestou rozplakalo[Child-NOM self-ACC way-INST burst-out-crying]The child burst out crying on the way
A path can lead through an opening as in the folk verse Kočka leze diacuterou pes oknem [Cat-NOM crawls hole-INST dog-NOM window-INST] lsquoThe cat crawls through the hole andthe dog through the windowrsquo As the next two sentences show sound can also travel througha window and merely looking through an opening is treated in the same way as actuallytravelling through it
(8) Uslyšel podivneacute neznaacutemeacute hřměniacute ktereacute se do bytu snaacutešelo oknem odkudsi z temneacuteoblohy[Heard strange unfamiliar rumbling-ACC which-NOM self-ACC to house-GENcarried window-INST from-somewhere from dark sky-GEN]He heard a strange unfamiliar rumbling coming in through the window from some-where in the dark sky
Instrumental a means
INS004F
null
6373885
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INS004M
null
5851434
eng - iTunNORM 00000278 00000000 00002228 00000000 00000724 00000000 000064B6 00000000 00000187 00000000
INS005
null
7627768
eng - iTunNORM 00000309 00000000 00002DBC 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000617F 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS005M
null
7157562
eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000EEC 00000000 00000724 00000000 00006619 00000000 0000156D 00000000
INS006F
null
2507754
eng - iTunNORM 000002C8 00000000 00001642 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005001 00000000 00000497 00000000
INS006M
null
2612244
eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00002DA2 00000000 00000139 00000000 000073AD 00000000 00000139 00000000
INS007F
null
2194285
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INS007M
null
22465298
eng - iTunNORM 00000191 00000000 000012CE 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004F89 00000000 000001D6 00000000
INS008F
null
7680013
eng - iTunNORM 000003E4 00000000 00004379 00000000 00000E63 00000000 000071E6 00000000 00000E49 00000000
INS008M
null
7000827
eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 00001DF1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00006DD9 00000000 00000D0F 00000000
184 The InstrumentalCase
(9) Tvrdila že ji tiacutem sklem pozorujiacute stovky očiacute[Claimed that her-ACC that glass-INST watch hundreds-NOM eyes-GEN]She claimed that hundreds of eyes were watching her through the glass
A path can of course be conceived of abstractly giving us examples like this one
(10) Peking se nemiacuteniacute vydat cestou hegemonismu a politiky z pozice siacutely[Beijing-NOM self-ACC not-intends take-off way-INST hegemonism-GEN andpolitics-GEN from position-GEN strength-GEN]Beijing has no intention of going down the path of hegemonism and power poli-tics
In both English and Czech we think of life as a journey along a path this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and lifersquos obstacles Because life is a path a Czech cansubstitute life for path to get
(11) Tvůj otec odjel do Evropy kde žil životem bohateacuteho mladeacuteho muže[Your father-NOM left to Europe-GEN where lived life-INST rich young man-GEN]Your father went to Europe where he lived the life of a rich young man
In this example life is the path along which living is realized Living goes down the path oflife
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 3mdashPaths through time and discon-tinuous paths
Throughout this book we have seen that speakers of Czech (and English) understand timeas a kind of metaphorical space This metaphorical analogy applies to INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS
as well and here we see that just as stretches of space can serve as paths for movementstretches of time can serve as paths for activity
(12) Dnem navraacuteceniacute majetku vypršelo praacutevo na uacutehradu škody[Day-INST returning-GEN property-GEN expired right to compensation-ACC dam-age-GEN]The right to receive compensation for damage expired on the day the property wasreturned
(13) Posledniacute dobou trpěla některyacutemi dyacutechaciacutemi obtiacutežemi a nevylučovala zcela možnostže maacute rakovinu plic[Latest period-INST suffered several breathing difficulties-INST and not-excludedentirely possibility-ACC that has cancer-ACC lungs-GEN]Lately she has suffered several incidents of difficult breathing and has not beenruling out the possibility that she has lung cancer
INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as an
abstract path
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS as a path
through time
INS009F
null
417959
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INS009M
null
40751004
eng - iTunNORM 0000025C 00000000 00001921 00000000 00000E2F 00000000 000062D3 00000000 00000843 00000000
INS010F
null
55902085
eng - iTunNORM 0000036E 00000000 00003A7F 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00005B3D 00000000 000000B6 00000000
INS010M
null
52244925
eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001A56 00000000 000000B6 00000000 00007572 00000000 00000082 00000000
INS011F
null
5381228
eng - iTunNORM 000002AA 00000000 00001956 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00005716 00000000 00000F00 00000000
INS011M
null
5067757
eng - iTunNORM 0000031F 00000000 00002647 00000000 00000A34 00000000 00005D3C 00000000 00001005 00000000
INS012F
null
45975513
eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 0000159B 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00006CAF 00000000 00000B87 00000000
INS012M
null
4545306
eng - iTunNORM 00000346 00000000 00002DF7 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007C0D 00000000 00000AD0 00000000
INS013F
null
8150219
eng - iTunNORM 00000382 00000000 00003268 00000000 00001158 00000000 000063C6 00000000 00001AD6 00000000
INS013M
null
8097974
eng - iTunNORM 00000198 00000000 0000134A 00000000 00001363 00000000 00006236 00000000 000010A1 00000000
185
(14) Rolf očekaacuteval povolaacutevaciacute rozkaz každyacutem dnem[Rolf-NOM expected draft order-ACC every day-INST]Rolf was expecting his draft order to come any day
(15) Uacutederem teacuteto hodiny oba rodiče provokativně šeptajiacute[Stroke-INST that hour-GEN both parents-NOM provocatively whisper]At the stroke of the hour both parents whisper provocatively
Time expressions like časem [time-INST] lsquowith time after a timersquo dnem i nociacute [day-INST and night-INST] lsquoday and nightrsquo verge on being adverbs
(16) Ale časem se biskupovi začalo po Španělsku tak styacuteskat že saacutem poprosil kraacutele ouvolněniacute z funkce[But time-INST self-ACC bishop-DAT began along Spain-LOC so miss that self-NOM asked king-ACC for release-ACC from function-GEN]But in time the bishop became so homesick for Spain that he himself asked the kingto release him from his post
Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural creating locations for objects andevents
(17) Až doma jsem zjistil že novaacute pračka je miacutesty rezavaacute a přiacuteliš hlučnaacute[Only at-home AUX realized that new washing-machine-NOM is places-INSTrusty-NOM and too noisy-NOM]I didnrsquot realized until I got home that the new washing machine was rusty in placesand too noisy
(18) Anarchisteacute a skini se chviacutelemi navzaacutejem častovali nadaacutevkami[Anarchists-NOM and skinheads-NOM self-ACC moments-INST mutually enter-tained insults-INST]The anarchists and the skinheads at times entertained each other with insults
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 4mdashPath gt facilitatorinstrumentcauseLetrsquos go back again to that idea of a path In an abstract sense a path is something that
facilitates movement the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions Instead oflooking only at movement we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators we can look at anything that makesactivity possible By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas All other uses of INSTRUMENTALA MEANS take advantage of this horizon empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions The use of the word cesta lsquowayrsquo in the follow-ing example demonstrates that the connection between a lsquowayrsquo as a path and a lsquowayrsquo as ameans to do something is just as strong in Czech as it is in English
Plural paths mdashINSTRUMENTALA MEANS in placesand at times
INSTRUMENTAL AMEANS as afacilitatorinstrument ormeans
Instrumental a means
INS014F
null
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INS014M
null
38661208
eng - iTunNORM 00000266 00000000 0000160C 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006B16 00000000 0000011F 00000000
INS015F
null
43363256
eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00002C14 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005869 00000000 000007F5 00000000
INS015M
null
42840805
eng - iTunNORM 0000032B 00000000 00002B0B 00000000 000007A7 00000000 00008190 00000000 000007A7 00000000
INS016F
null
77322583
eng - iTunNORM 00000227 00000000 000015DD 00000000 000011A7 00000000 00005B79 00000000 000015D6 00000000
INS016M
null
7575523
eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 00002555 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000077C2 00000000 0000118D 00000000
INS017F
null
56424537
eng - iTunNORM 000003BC 00000000 00002A7D 00000000 000001A1 00000000 00006B22 00000000 00000187 00000000
INS017M
null
60604143
eng - iTunNORM 000002F8 00000000 000028B6 00000000 00000949 00000000 000080E3 00000000 00000A68 00000000
INS018F
null
47020416
eng - iTunNORM 0000046C 00000000 00002881 00000000 00000B05 00000000 0000698B 00000000 00000B05 00000000
INS018M
null
4806532
eng - iTunNORM 00000316 00000000 00001DE2 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00007ECC 00000000 000000B6 00000000
186 The InstrumentalCase
(19) Nejsem lingvista ale naučil jsem se v různeacute dokonalosti šesti jazykům nepočiacutetajelatinu tvrdou cestoumdashžil jsem v těch respektivniacutech zemiacutech[Am-not linguist-NOM but learned AUX self-ACC in various perfection-LOC sixlanguages-DAT not-counting latin-ACC hard way-INSTmdashlived AUX in thoserespective countries-LOC]Irsquom not a linguist but I have learned to varying degrees of proficiency six lan-guages not counting Latin the hard waymdashI lived in the respective countries
We will start with instruments facilitating action Examples of concrete physical instru-ments are fairly common
(20) Stovky radikaacutelů zauacutetočily na policejniacute jednotky dlažebniacutemi kostkami tyčemi izaacutepalnyacutemi laacutehvemi policisteacute odpoviacutedali slznyacutem plynem vodniacutemi děly a obušky[Hundreds-NOM radicals-GEN attacked on police units-ACC paving stones-INSTclubs-INST and incendiary bottles-INST police-NOM answered tear gas-INSTwater cannons-INST and nightsticks-INST]Hundreds of radicals attacked the police units with paving stones clubs andMolotov cocktails the police answered with tear gas water cannons and night-sticks
(21) Babička si skleničku obalila papiacuterovyacutem ubrouskem[Grandmother-NOM self-DAT glass-ACC wrapped paper napkin-INST]Grandmother wrapped the glass up with a paper napkin
These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of a physi-cal instrument
(22) Tři roky jezdiacute do ciziny vydělaacutevat striptyacutezem[Three years-ACC rides to foreign-lands-GEN earn striptease-INST]For three years she has been going abroad to make money by doing striptease
(23) Celeacute vystoupeniacute vyvrcholilo dvěma hity z nejslavnějšiacuteho Santanova alba[Whole performance-NOM culminated two hits-INST from most-famous Santanarsquosalbum-GEN]The whole performance culminated in two hits from Santanarsquos most famous album
(24) Špatnou komunikaciacute mezi ministerstvy vysvětluje prezident proč českaacute pomocobětem tureckeacuteho zemětřeseniacute dorazila tak pozdě[Poor communication-INST between ministries-INST explains president-NOMwhy Czech help-NOM victims-DAT Turkish earthquake-GEN arrived so late]The president explains why Czech help for Turkish earthquake victims arrived solate by citing poor communication among the ministries
Now letrsquos try something a bit more challenging
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS with
physicalinstruments
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS withmetaphoricalinstruments
INS019F
null
9978798
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INS019M
null
10501249
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INS020F
null
13009015
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INS020M
null
12538809
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INS021F
null
3813876
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INS021M
null
36571414
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INS022F
null
32391825
eng - iTunNORM 0000038D 00000000 000026C9 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005843 00000000 0000016D 00000000
INS022M
null
3761631
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INS023F
null
54857183
eng - iTunNORM 000007D3 00000000 000061A1 00000000 00000BD6 00000000 000081F5 00000000 0000011F 00000000
INS023M
null
54857183
eng - iTunNORM 00000234 00000000 00001459 00000000 000008FA 00000000 00006017 00000000 00000DE0 00000000
INS024F
null
898614
eng - iTunNORM 0000032E 00000000 000026E8 00000000 000012FA 00000000 000080EF 00000000 000012E0 00000000
INS024M
null
9665327
eng - iTunNORM 000001F0 00000000 00002897 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000080F4 00000000 000001A1 00000000
187
(25) Praha se hemžiacute vypraacutevěnyacutemi i kreslenyacutemi vtipy o Daacuteše Havloveacute[Prague-NOM self-ACC swarms told-INST and drawn jokes-INST about DaacutešaHavlovaacute-LOC]Prague is swarming with jokes and cartoons about Daacuteša Havlovaacute
(26) Dneska se to tady hemžiacute cvokama (CCz)[Today self-ACC that-NOM here swarms weirdos-INST]This place is swarming with weirdos today
In these sentences Prague is swarming because it is filled with jokes and cartoons and thisplace is swarming because of the abundance of weirdos The jokes cartoons and weirdosproduce the action that is perceived as swarming so we can also understand these sentencesas meaning that Prague is swarming by means of jokes and cartoons or this place is swarm-ing by means of weirdos This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English within phrases like the air was buzzing with bees the yard was crawling with ants the sky wasglittering with stars
The instrument used can be very close to home including a part of onersquos own person likethe mind and the heart
(27) Odpustit rozumem neniacute vždy toteacutež jako odpustit srdcem[Forgive mind-INST is-not always same-NOM like forgive heart-INST]Forgiving with the mind is not always the same as forgiving with the heart
Sensations of smell and taste are produced by means of various aromatic substancesand it is common for the source of a smell or taste to appear as an item marked INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS in conjunction with verbs like vonět lsquosmell (nice)rsquo byacutet ciacutetit lsquohave a smellrsquopaacutechnout lsquosmell badrsquo smrdět lsquostinkrsquo and chutnat lsquotastersquo Here are some examples
(28) Dřevo židle praštělo a silně vonělo pryskyřiciacute[Wood-NOM chair-GEN cracked and strongly smelled resin-INST]The wood of the chair cracked and smelled strongly of resin
(29) Pravej mužskej je vždycky drobet přivožralej trošku je nastydlej a kapaacutenek smrdiacutemočůvkou (CCz)[Real male-NOM is always bit drunk-NOM a-little is sick-with-cold-NOM andtrifle stinks sewer-water-INST]A real man is always a trifle drunk has a bit of a cold and stinks a little like sewer-water
Since instruments are used to bring about effects an instrument can also be conceivedof as a cause for something For example in English if we say Addiction was the instru-ment of her destruction we mean that addiction caused her destruction This logical exten-sion applies to the Czech INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS as well as we see in this example
Instrumental a means
INS025F
null
4806532
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INS025M
null
5067757
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INS026F
null
24555092
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INS026M
null
214204
eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001105 00000000 00000343 00000000 000057AB 00000000 00000187 00000000
INS027F
null
4545306
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INS027M
null
4440816
eng - iTunNORM 00000237 00000000 000030D8 00000000 00000B53 00000000 0000824D 00000000 00000B39 00000000
INS028F
null
4127345
eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 000017FC 00000000 000001F0 00000000 00004EC3 00000000 000001D6 00000000
INS028M
null
4127345
eng - iTunNORM 00000251 00000000 0000185D 00000000 00000187 00000000 000081A4 00000000 000003FA 00000000
INS029F
null
7157562
eng - iTunNORM 0000052A 00000000 00004601 00000000 00000139 00000000 000080CE 00000000 000001BC 00000000
INS029M
null
6739601
eng - iTunNORM 000001C9 00000000 00002482 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000081CD 00000000 000000D0 00000000
188 The InstrumentalCase
Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS
(30) Hanbou jsem chtěla uteacutect[Shame-INST AUX wanted run-away]I wanted to run away for shameShame made me want to run away
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 5mdashActions facilitated by instrumentsExpressions using INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS of the type lsquoproduce an action by means of Xrsquo
are quite common Here is an example
(31) ldquoZatraceniacute chlapirdquo řekla Beth napjatyacutem zlobnyacutem hlasem[ldquoBlasted men-NOMrdquo said Beth-NOM tense angry voice-INST]ldquoBlasted menrdquo Beth said in a tense angry voice
Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion The following combinations are standard fare
lsquothrow a javelinrsquohaacutezet oštěpem
lsquomove onersquos handsrsquohyacutebat rukama
lsquowring onersquos handsrsquolomit rukama
lsquoblink onersquos eyesrsquomrkat očima
lsquoturn a doorknobrsquotočit klikou
lsquoput the shot (track amp field)rsquovrhat kouliacute
lsquoshake onersquos legsrsquoklaacutetit nohama
lsquothrow a stonersquohodit kamenem
lsquoslam a doorrsquobouchat dveřmi
lsquoshrug onersquos shouldersrsquokrčit rameny
lsquonod onersquos headrsquokynoutpo-kyacutevat hlavou
lsquowave onersquos handrsquomaacutevat rukou
lsquowhack with a newspaperrsquomrštit novinami
lsquoshake onersquos headrsquotřaacutest hlavou
lsquoflap onersquos wingsrsquotřepat křiacutedly
lsquowag onersquos tailrsquovrtět ocasem
lsquosearch with onersquos eyesrsquopaacutetrat očima
These collocations many of which involve body parts function to some extent as fixedphrases in Czech Here are a few of them presented in context
(32) Očima bedlivě paacutetral po obloze[Eyes-INST carefully searched along sky-LOC]He searched the sky carefully with his eyes
(33) Chlapec ještě pokyacuteval hlavou ale vzaacutepětiacute už jiacutem otřaacutesl vyacutebuch osvobozujiacuteciacuteho plaacuteče[Boy-NOM still nodded head-INST but suddenly already him-INST shook explo-sion-NOM liberating weeping-GEN]The boy was still nodding his head when suddenly an explosion of liberating weep-ing convulsed him
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS can
express the itemnecessary for an
action
INS033M
null
68963366
eng - iTunNORM 000001DD 00000000 00002089 00000000 00000139 00000000 00007B3F 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS033F
null
6687356
eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 00003568 00000000 00000A00 00000000 000081A1 00000000 000009CB 00000000
INS032M
null
26644888
eng - iTunNORM 00000486 00000000 00002308 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00007652 00000000 00000534 00000000
INS032F
null
2559999
eng - iTunNORM 00000393 00000000 00001EB3 00000000 000002F5 00000000 000067E4 00000000 000002DB 00000000
INS031M
null
4493061
eng - iTunNORM 000002DF 00000000 00002AA1 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000820D 00000000 00000139 00000000
INS031F
null
4545306
eng - iTunNORM 000001D4 00000000 00001D60 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005CFD 00000000 00000139 00000000
INS030M
null
214204
eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00000463 00000000 00006560 00000000 00000582 00000000
INS030F
null
214204
eng - iTunNORM 0000018A 00000000 0000238C 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006717 00000000 00000105 00000000
189
The use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to mark an item necessary to the performance of an actionis not limited to the standard combinations listed above it can be used creatively in thedescription of all kinds of actions as we see in this sentence
(34) Chlapec si zkušeně oliacutezl ukazovaacuteček aby mohl snaacuteze listovat straacutenkami[Boy-NOM self-DAT expertly licked index-finger-ACC so-that-AUX could more-easily turn pages-INST]The boy licked his index finger expertly so that he could turn the pages more eas-ily
It is possible for a whole person to be subjected to this kind of movement expressed in asubjectless sentence like Petrem škublo lsquoPetr shudderedrsquo (although note that when a bodypart is involved it is instrumental and the person is marked DATIVE AN EXPERIENCER as inškublo mu rukou lsquoHis arm twitchedrsquo)
(35) Ippolit kteryacute při zaacutevěru přednaacutešky usnul na pohovce najednou procitl škubl sebouusedl rozhleacutedl se a zbledl[Ippolit-NOM who-NOM at conclusion-LOC lecture-GEN fell-asleep on couch-LOC suddenly woke-up shuddered self-INST sat-up looked-around self-ACCand paled]Ippolit who had fallen asleep on the couch at the conclusion of the lecture sud-denly woke up shuddered sat up looked around and went pale
Vehicles are the necessary instruments of transportation just as languages are the necessaryinstruments of human communication and both situations can motivate the use of INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS as these two examples demonstrate
(36) Letěli do Karlovyacutech Varů jezdili parniacutekem na Slapy[Flew to Karlovy Vary-GEN rode steamboat-INST to Slapy-ACC]They flew to Karlovy Vary and rode a steamboat to Slapy
(37) Neviacutem zda kniha byla psaacutena daacutensky nebo eskymaacuteckou groacutenštinou[Not-know whether book-NOM was written-NOM in-Danish or EskimoGreenlandish-INST]I donrsquot know whether the book was written in Danish or in Eskimo Greenlandish
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 6mdashQuestions comparisons adverbsNote that in many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS in the sections above it is
possible to apply the question How In what way The instrument describes how the actiontakes place enabling us to ask about it even when we donrsquot know what it is Herersquos asimple fairly straightforward example a question you can expect to hear frequently youcan think of it as meaning lsquoBy what means can I help yoursquo
Instrumental a means
INS034F
null
5799189
eng - iTunNORM 000003A1 00000000 00001FCA 00000000 00000FB6 00000000 0000749F 00000000 00000CA7 00000000
INS034M
null
59036794
eng - iTunNORM 000001A5 00000000 0000183C 00000000 000001BC 00000000 00006643 00000000 00001434 00000000
INS035F
null
10135533
eng - iTunNORM 00000341 00000000 00003C39 00000000 0000110A 00000000 000081BE 00000000 000005D0 00000000
INS035M
null
10501249
eng - iTunNORM 00000165 00000000 00001DB2 00000000 00001172 00000000 000081D5 00000000 00001158 00000000
INS036F
null
417959
eng - iTunNORM 000004D5 00000000 000029BE 00000000 00000CF5 00000000 00007F69 00000000 00000B53 00000000
INS036M
null
417959
eng - iTunNORM 00000298 00000000 00001E8B 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00007DD0 00000000 000000EB 00000000
INS037F
null
51200023
eng - iTunNORM 0000045E 00000000 000035BB 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008106 00000000 00000378 00000000
INS037M
null
54857183
eng - iTunNORM 00000291 00000000 000028D0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000818C 00000000 000004CB 00000000
190 The InstrumentalCase
(38) Čiacutem vaacutem mohu pomoci[What-INST you-DAT can help]How can I help you
Čiacutem [What-INST] is not restricted to this fixed expression and can be used more cre-atively as in this example
(39) Čiacutem se společnost vnitřně řiacutediacute[What-INST self-ACC society-NOM internally directs]How does society direct itself internally
Questions and answers usually share similar constructions so it stands to reason that theanswer to Čiacutem [What-INST] lsquoHowrsquo will also involve INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS even whenit does not specify an item we would recognize as an instrument Tiacutem [That-INST] lsquoBythat meansrsquo can serve as an all-purpose filler here followed by a že clause containing anaction or item that answers the question of how something is done In this example com-mentary on the narratorrsquos laziness is used as the means for responding to an inquiry
(40) Na můj dotaz to komentoval tiacutem že jsem liknavyacute v přiacutestupu ke vzniku finančniacutepolicie[On my inquiry-ACC that-ACC commented that-INST that am sluggish-NOM inapproach-LOC to development-DAT financial police-GEN]In response to my inquiry he commented (by saying) that I am sluggish in myapproach to developing a financial policing system
The use of tiacutem lsquoby that meansrsquo to introduce any event as a means for accomplishing some-thing opens the gate for a huge range of actions and behaviors to serve as the means fordoing things Something can be said by using a shout a whine whisper as in the firstexample below and more nebulous forms of action can also be referenced as we see in thesecond example
(41) Polohlasem si předčiacutetal jakyacutesi anglickyacute text[Half-whisper-INST self-DAT recited some English text-ACC]He was reciting some English text to himself in a half-whisper
(42) Dal ti snad toto sveacute přaacuteniacute nějakou formou najevo[Gave you-DAT perhaps that own wish-ACC some form-INST clear]Perhaps he made his wishes clear to you in some way
The use of the instrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conven-tional that for some words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of mannerhere are some examples
Adverbsexpressing
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS
INS038F
null
18808156
eng - iTunNORM 000002C7 00000000 0000217B 00000000 00000139 00000000 00004A2F 00000000 0000020A 00000000
INS038M
null
1724081
eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000243D 00000000 0000020A 00000000 000080B5 00000000 0000020A 00000000
INS039F
null
2507754
eng - iTunNORM 000003F5 00000000 00001CB7 00000000 0000035E 00000000 00005B43 00000000 00000329 00000000
INS039M
null
24555092
eng - iTunNORM 00000184 00000000 0000108C 00000000 000000D0 00000000 000042D9 00000000 0000035E 00000000
INS040F
null
65306206
eng - iTunNORM 00000396 00000000 00002882 00000000 00000343 00000000 00005B69 00000000 000000EB 00000000
INS040M
null
65306206
eng - iTunNORM 000001AF 00000000 00000DC8 00000000 00000224 00000000 00006675 00000000 000002DB 00000000
INS041F
null
36048965
eng - iTunNORM 000003AE 00000000 00003026 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000649C 00000000 00000139 00000000
INS041M
null
36571414
eng - iTunNORM 000001CC 00000000 00001313 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00005B74 00000000 000001BC 00000000
INS042F
null
37093863
eng - iTunNORM 00000340 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000057EC 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS042M
null
36571414
eng - iTunNORM 000002AF 00000000 00002472 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007A9D 00000000 000000EB 00000000
191
Instrumental Forms that Serve as Adverbs
lsquoby chance by coincidencehappens torsquonaacutehodou [chance-INST]
lsquoin that case consequentlyrsquotiacutem paacutedem [that case-INST]
lsquoin that way thusrsquotiacutem způsobem [that way-INST]
lsquonearly almostrsquomaacutelem [little-INST]
lsquoby birth nativersquorodem [birth-INST]
lsquoby originrsquopůvodem [origin-INST]
lsquooncersquojednou [one-INST]
lsquoall at oncersquoraacutezem [blow-INST]
lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST]
lsquoby means of a detourrsquooklikou [detour-INST]
lsquofor the most part primarilyrsquovětšinou [majority-INST]
lsquoat a walking pacersquokrokem [step-INST]
lsquomuch (more)rsquomnohem [much-INST]
lsquoby rights justlyrsquopraacutevem [right-INST]
lsquoas a gift for freersquodarem [gift-INST]
lsquoon the whole altogetherrsquocelkem [whole-INST]
(43) Viacuteš že ti ta barva naacutehodou slušiacute[Know that you-DAT that color-NOM chance-INST suits]Did you know that that color happens to look good on you
(44) Poznaacutete u naacutes Čecha na ulici podle oblečeniacute Většinou ano podle špatnyacutech bot[Recognize by us-GEN Czech-ACC on street-LOC according-to clothes-GEN Ma-jority-INST yes according-to bad shoes-GEN]Can you recognize a Czech by his clothes on our streets For the most part yes byhis bad shoes
(45) Tatiacutenek byl rodem z Vodňan maminka z Vysočiny[Dad-NOM was birth-INST from Vodňany-GEN mom-NOM from Vysočina-GEN]Dad was a native of Vodňany mom was from Vysočina
Despite the fact that these words are all listed as adverbs in dictionaries some of them canoften be found in combination with modifying adjectives such as čirou naacutehodou lsquoby sheercoincidencersquo and velkou oklikou lsquoby means of a big detourrsquo The presence of adjectivesindicates that the connection between these adverbs and the instrumental case forms of theircorresponding nouns is still alive and productive as these examples prove
(46) Rozhodla se zjistit zda čirou naacutehodou nebyly v New Yorku ve stejneacute době anepotkaly se někde[Decided self-ACC find-out whether sheer coincidence-INST not-were in NewYork-LOC in same time-LOC and not-met self-ACC somewhere]She decided to find out whether by sheer coincidence they had not been in NewYork at the same time and met somewhere
Instrumental a means
INS043F
null
27167337
eng - iTunNORM 0000037B 00000000 00002404 00000000 00000187 00000000 00004BD6 00000000 00000449 00000000
INS043M
null
26644888
eng - iTunNORM 000003E5 00000000 00002183 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00006544 00000000 0000047D 00000000
INS044F
null
61649046
eng - iTunNORM 00000240 00000000 0000219C 00000000 00000EE5 00000000 00005891 00000000 00000ECB 00000000
INS044M
null
61126595
eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 00002157 00000000 00000E97 00000000 0000710D 00000000 000001A1 00000000
INS045F
null
3813876
eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 000015D6 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000042F3 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS045M
null
35526516
eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 00001662 00000000 00000A1A 00000000 0000817B 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS046F
null
6739601
eng - iTunNORM 0000037E 00000000 000022AD 00000000 000009CB 00000000 0000810B 00000000 0000097D 00000000
INS046M
null
65306206
eng - iTunNORM 000002A3 00000000 000022F2 00000000 0000080F 00000000 000081F3 00000000 000007F5 00000000
192 The InstrumentalCase
(47) Každyacute bojiacute přibliacutežit se k jezeru velkou oklikou je lideacute obchaacutezejiacute[Every-NOM fears approach self-ACC to lake-DAT big detour-INST it-ACCpeople-NOM go-around]Everybody is afraid to go near the lake people take a big detour around it
A common idiom used as an adverb also makes use of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS vzhůru nohama[up legs-INST] lsquoupside-downrsquo literally lsquoup by means of the legsrsquo
(48) Až přijedu obraacutetiacuteme město vzhůru nohama[When come turn city-ACC up legs-INST]When I come wersquoll turn the city upside-down
The adverb křiacutežem kraacutežem lsquocriss-cross this way and that wayrsquo is likewise a product of theinstrumental case the first segment křiacutežem is the instrumental form of křiacutež lsquocrossrsquo but thesecond is a pseudo-instrumental formmdashthere is no word kraacutež in Czech at all (just likeEnglish which doesnrsquot otherwise have the word criss) The adverbs najednou and pojednouboth of which mean lsquosuddenly all at oncersquo as well as namaacutetkou lsquoat randomrsquo and rovnoulsquodirectlyrsquo are also inspired by the instrumental case but Czech has no najedna pojednanamaacutetka or rovna
(49) Myslivec chodiacute křiacutežem kraacutežem ale žaacutedneacuteho zajiacutece nevidiacute[Hunter-NOM walks cross-INST criss-INST but no rabbit-ACC not-sees]The hunter walks about criss-cross but he doesnrsquot see a rabbit
A number of prepositions are similarly built from instrumental forms as cited in thefollowing table Note that kolem is both an adverb and a preposition since one can say bothŠla kolem lsquoShe was walking aroundbyrsquo and Přišla kolem osmeacute lsquoShe came at around eightorsquoclockrsquo
Instrumental Forms that Serve as Prepositions
lsquoduringrsquoběhem [run-INST] + GEN
lsquoin the form ofrsquoformou [form-INST] + GEN
lsquoaroundrsquokolem [circle-INST] + GEN
lsquoat the end ofrsquokoncem [end-INST] + GEN
lsquoas a result of because ofrsquonaacutesledkem [result-INST] + GEN
lsquoat the beginning ofrsquopočaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN
lsquowith the help of by means ofrsquopomociacute [help-INST] + GEN
lsquoby means of throughrsquoprostřednictviacutem [intermediary-INST] + GEN
lsquoin the direction ofrsquosměrem k [direction-INST to] +DAT
lsquodue torsquovinou [guilt-INST] + GEN
lsquodue torsquovlivem [influence-INST] + GEN
lsquoin view ofrsquovzhledem k [view-INST to] + DAT
lsquoat the beginning ofrsquozačaacutetkem [beginning-INST] +GEN
lsquoas a result ofrsquozaacutesluhou [merit-INST] + GEN
Prepositionsexpressing
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS
INS047F
null
60604143
eng - iTunNORM 000004A1 00000000 0000348F 00000000 000000EB 00000000 000064F0 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS047M
null
5694699
eng - iTunNORM 0000022E 00000000 000023F0 00000000 00000B39 00000000 00008216 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS048F
null
35526516
eng - iTunNORM 00000365 00000000 0000219A 00000000 000002A7 00000000 00005D20 00000000 0000059C 00000000
INS048M
null
34481618
eng - iTunNORM 000001B5 00000000 000017E9 00000000 00000605 00000000 000075FE 00000000 000005EB 00000000
INS049F
null
4754287
eng - iTunNORM 00000339 00000000 00001CE8 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 00007186 00000000 00000BF0 00000000
INS049M
null
4858777
eng - iTunNORM 00000295 00000000 00001A25 00000000 00000B1F 00000000 0000720E 00000000 00000B05 00000000
193
In all instances there is a strong and dynamic relationship between these prepositions andthe corresponding instrumental case forms and it would be impossible to overlook thecontibution of the instrumental to their meanings as we see in these examples
(50) Naacutesledkem niacutezkyacutech skliacutezniacute zaviněnyacutech vlivem počasiacute hroziacute zvyacutešeniacute ceny chleba[Result-INST low harvests-GEN caused-GEN influence-INST weather-GENthreatens rise-NOM price-GEN bread-GEN]Because of the small harvest caused by the weather there is a threat of a rise in theprice of bread
(51) Předtiacutem se osoby se stejnyacutem křestnyacutem jmeacutenem rozlišovaly pomociacute tzv nedědičnyacutechpřiacutejmeniacute (Vaacuteclav řečenyacute Vaacutecha)[Earlier self-ACC persons-NOM with same given name-INST differentiated help-INST so-called uninherited surnames-GEN (Vaacuteclav-NOM called-NOM Vaacutecha-NOM)]Earlier persons with the same given name were differentiated by means of so-calleduninherited surnames (Vaacuteclav called Vaacutecha)
(52) Šeacutef křesťanskyacutech demokratů pryacute svoji stranu nyniacute vede prostřednictviacutem mobilniacutechtelefonů[Head-NOM Christian democrats-GEN supposedly own party-ACC now leads in-termediary-INST mobile telephones-GEN]Supposedly the head of the Christian Democrats is now leading his party by meansof mobile telephones
There are two idiomatic constructions that depend on the pairing of items marked IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify the manner in which things are done čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip [what-INSThellip that-INSThellip] lsquothe (more)hellip the (more)helliprsquo and diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip [part-INSThellippart-INSThellip] lsquopartlyhellip partlyhelliprsquo Čiacutemhellip tiacutemhellip is always used with comparitive formsand creates sentences equivalent to English phrases like The more the merrier The biggerthe better Diacutelemhellip diacutelemhellip is used to describe things with a mixed nature or uneven qual-ity The following two examples illustrate these two idiomatic constructions
(53) Čiacutem viacutec o tom přemyacutešlel tiacutem naleacutehavěji se mu vracela stejnaacute otaacutezka[What-INST more about that-LOC thought that-INST more-insistently self-ACChim-DAT returned same question-NOM]The more he thought about it the more insistently the same question kept comingback to him
(54) Povaha Kristovyacutech vyacuteroků je směs kteraacute pochaacuteziacute diacutelem z tohoto světa diacutelem zesvěta onoho[Nature-NOM Christrsquos pronouncements-GEN is mixture-NOM which-NOM origi-nates part-INST from this world-GEN part-INST from world other-GEN]The nature of Christrsquos pronouncements is a mixture which comes partly from thisworld and partly from beyond this world
Instrumental a means
INS050F
null
65828657
eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 00001D6B 00000000 000002F5 00000000 00004E2F 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS050M
null
65306206
eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 00001FF7 00000000 00000139 00000000 00008184 00000000 0000011F 00000000
INS051F
null
9613082
eng - iTunNORM 00000473 00000000 0000562E 00000000 0000066D 00000000 00006CEC 00000000 0000066D 00000000
INS051M
null
8933895
eng - iTunNORM 00000139 00000000 000019BA 00000000 00001C0F 00000000 000080EB 00000000 00001BF5 00000000
INS052F
null
632164
eng - iTunNORM 0000026C 00000000 00001ABA 00000000 000003C6 00000000 000044C4 00000000 00000C72 00000000
INS052M
null
61126595
eng - iTunNORM 00000123 00000000 0000116E 00000000 00000153 00000000 0000611B 00000000 00000153 00000000
INS053F
null
54857183
eng - iTunNORM 000003AC 00000000 0000386D 00000000 0000023E 00000000 00005A10 00000000 00000A00 00000000
INS053M
null
5381228
eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 00001899 00000000 00000A9C 00000000 00006456 00000000 00000A00 00000000
INS054F
null
78367486
eng - iTunNORM 000002FC 00000000 00003CA7 00000000 00001053 00000000 000069AD 00000000 00000C24 00000000
INS054M
null
75232778
eng - iTunNORM 0000019D 00000000 0000243A 00000000 00000187 00000000 00006984 00000000 0000016D 00000000
194 The InstrumentalCase
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 7mdashControl manipulation enjoymentand suffering
An instrument is an item that an agent controls and manipulates so it should be nosurprise that words indicating control and manipulation are often associated with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS This includes various types of management (be they thrifty or wasteful)replacements and various kinds of filling both concrete and metaphorical (indicating inter-est or even obsession with something) Although the logical connection of these words tothe meaning of the instrumental case is clear their grammatical connection to INSTRUMEN-TAL A MEANS is not exclusive Most of these words can be used with a different case or withthe preposition s lsquowithrsquo + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as indicated in the table By the wayvlaacutednout can also be associated with DATIVE A COMPETITOR but its meaning is somewhatdifferent One can say vlaacutednout někomu lsquogovern someonersquo with the dative but with theinstrumental the item is almost always inanimate yielding vlaacutednout něčiacutem lsquouse somethingmasterfullyrsquo
Words Indicating Control and Manipulation
lsquobe sure ofrsquobyacutet si jist(yacute) (also GEN)
lsquohave at onersquos disposalrsquodisponovat
lsquomanagersquohospodařit (also s)
lsquowastersquomarnit (also ACC)
lsquowastersquomrhat (also ACC)
lsquostuff oneself withrsquonacpatnacpaacutevat se (CCz) (alsoGEN)
lsquoreplace (something) withrsquonahraditnahrazovat (co)
lsquo(be) filledrsquona-plnit (se) (also GEN)
lsquoeat onersquos fill ofrsquonasytitnasycovat se (also GEN)
lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat (also s)
lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se (also s)
lsquoprovide onself withrsquoopatřit se
lsquofullrsquopln(yacute) naplněn(yacute) (also GEN)
lsquowastersquoplyacutetvat
lsquoobssessed byrsquoposedlyacute
lsquosaversquošetřit
lsquouse masterfullyrsquovlaacutednout
lsquoreplace (something) withrsquozaměnitzaměňovat (co) (also za +ACC)
lsquobe occupied busy withrsquozaměstnaacutevat se zaměstnanyacute
lsquobe concerned obsessed with getfilled withrsquozaneacutestzanaacutešet se
lsquosupply (someone or oneself) withrsquozaacutesobitzaacutesobovat (koho or se)
lsquoabsorbed inrsquozaujatyacute
Here are some examples of how these words are used with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS
(55) Vyacuterobce určitě disponuje všemi nezbytnyacutemi vyacutepočty a nejspiacuteš i přiacuteslušnyacutempočiacutetačovyacutem systeacutemem[Manufacturer-NOM surely has-at-disposal all necessary calculations-INST andprobably also appropriate computer system-INST]Surely the manufacturer has all of the necessary calculations at his disposal andprobably an appropriate computer system as well
Wordsassociated with
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS
express controlmanipulationand emotional
reactions
INS055F
null
73665423
eng - iTunNORM 000003EF 00000000 0000645F 00000000 00000139 00000000 00006443 00000000 00000139 00000000
INS055M
null
7314297
eng - iTunNORM 00000131 00000000 00001349 00000000 0000118D 00000000 00005E7C 00000000 00000F68 00000000
195
(56) Nechceme plyacutetvat penězi na experimenty[Not-want waste money-INST on experiments-ACC]We donrsquot want to waste money on experiments
(57) Dědeček po babiččině odjezdu naplnil lednici uzenyacutemi jazyky teleciacutemi jaacutetry avepřovyacutemi kotletami[Grandfather-NOM after grandmotherrsquos departure-LOC filled refrigerator-ACCsmoked tongue-INST calfrsquos liver-INST and pork cutlets-INST]After grandmother left grandfather filled the refrigerator with smoked tongue calfrsquosliver and pork cutlets
Being involved in something can be a cause for joy or woe and a number of Czechwords with these meanings are associated with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS Like the control andmanipulation words above some of these words can be alternatively used with s lsquowithrsquo +INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and some use other cases andor preposition + case combina-tions as indicated below The words that mean lsquobe interested inrsquo are a transitional type forthey overlap with both lists
(58) Matka překypovala dobrou naacuteladou citovala hojně z divadelniacutech her[Mother-NOM bursted good mood-INST recited much from theatrical plays-GEN]My mother was bursting with good feelings reciting many lines from theatricalplays
Words Indicating Enjoyment and Suffering
lsquotouched (emotionally) byrsquodojat(yacute)
lsquoflauntrsquoholedbat se (LCz)
lsquoglory in boast ofrsquohonosit se
lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se (also s)
lsquobrag ofrsquochvaacutestat se
lsquodelight inrsquokochat se (also v + LOC)
lsquobecome ill withrsquoochořet
lsquobe charmed byrsquookouzlitokouzlovat se
lsquobecome ill withrsquoonemocnět
lsquoscornrsquoopovrhnoutopovrhovat
lsquohave a good time withrsquopo-bavit se
lsquodespisersquopohrdat
lsquoafflicted handicapped withrsquopostižen(yacute)
lsquoenjoyrsquopo-těšit se (also DAT z + GEN na+ ACC)
lsquobe bursting (with emotion)rsquopřekypovat
lsquobe proud ofrsquopyšnit se
lsquoenjoy distract oneself withrsquorozptyacutelitrozptylovat se
lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se (also s na + ACC)
lsquosatisfied withrdquospokojen(yacute) (also s)
lsquosufferrsquotrpět (also s)
lsquoboast ofrsquovychloubat se
lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se (also s)
Instrumental a means
INS056F
null
30824478
eng - iTunNORM 00000206 00000000 000014D1 00000000 00000258 00000000 0000453C 00000000 0000023E 00000000
INS056M
null
2977958
eng - iTunNORM 00000242 00000000 000018CB 00000000 000003FA 00000000 00005BE6 00000000 000003FA 00000000
INS057F
null
77845035
eng - iTunNORM 000003BF 00000000 000026CE 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00005DCD 00000000 0000035E 00000000
INS057M
null
7993484
eng - iTunNORM 00000178 00000000 000014AB 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00006533 00000000 000012FA 00000000
INS058F
null
51200023
eng - iTunNORM 00000261 00000000 00002F9A 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000659B 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS058M
null
5015512
eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00002677 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081BA 00000000 000000EB 00000000
196 The InstrumentalCase
(59) Pan Hlavatyacute důchodce a astmatik se raacuted nechaacuteval okouzlit chlapcovou zdvořilostiacute[Mr Hlavatyacute-NOM pensioner-NOM and asthmatic-NOM self-ACC glad-NOMallowed charm boyrsquos politeness-INST]Mr Hlavatyacute a pensioner and an asthmatic liked to let himself be charmed by theboyrsquos politeness
(60) Poruchami spaacutenku trpiacute staacutele viacutec lidiacute[Defects-INST sleep-GEN suffer constantly more-NOM people-GEN]More and more people suffer from trouble sleeping
INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS 8mdashThe passive agentThe examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS are based
on this model a nominative subject + a verb (or adjective) + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS participates in another construc-tion which looks like this a nominative subject + (verb byacutetmdashthis item may be missing) +passive participle + instrumental passive agent + whatever else is in the sentence Czechpassive participles are words like u-dělaacutenu-dělanyacute lsquodonersquo sledovaacutensledovanyacute lsquofollowedrsquoprominut(yacute) lsquoforgivenrsquo začat(yacute) lsquobegunrsquo od-souzen(yacute) lsquoconvictedrsquo vy-pit(yacute) lsquodrunk uprsquo u-pečen(yacute) lsquobakedrsquo Passive participles tell about something being done to an item by some-one or something else and that someone or something else is the passive agent Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case it is no surprise that Czechs use it to mark thepassive agent since it is the someone or something by means of which an action takesplace
Often there is an obvious correlation between passive participles and active verb formsFor example it is possible to say Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute spoluorganizovalakongres [How Czech-NOM thus Slovak embassy-NOM coorganized congress-ACC] lsquoBoththe Czech and Slovak embassies coorganized the congressrsquo Stated this way we use anactive verb spoluorganizovala lsquocoorganizedrsquo and the agent is expressed as a nominativesubject Jak českeacute tak slovenskeacute velvyslanectviacute lsquoBoth the Czech and Slovak embassiesrsquoThis might be a normal sentence to find in the context of a discussion of the activities of theembassies however in an article describing the congress we find the following sentencewhich uses byl lsquowasrsquo + the passive participle spoluorganizovaacuten lsquocoorganizedrsquo and marksthe agent as INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS
(61) Kongres byl spoluorganizovaacuten jak českyacutem tak slovenskyacutem velvyslanectviacutem[Congress-NOM was coorganized-NOM how Czech-INST thus Slovak embassy-INST]The congress was coorganized by both the Czech and the Slovak embassies
Similarly while one could say Pedagogickyacute uacutespěch rozradostnil učitelku [Pedagogicalsuccess-NOM delighted teacher-ACC] lsquoPedagogical success delighted the teacherrsquo in asentence like the following one where the focus is already on the teacher it is more normalto use a passive participle and instrumental agent Notice that in this example the verb byacutetlsquobersquo is absent
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS used
to mark apassive agent
Comparisonof passive
and active
INS059F
null
6687356
eng - iTunNORM 00000290 00000000 00002C4F 00000000 00000F00 00000000 00006A95 00000000 00000DC6 00000000
INS059M
null
7209807
eng - iTunNORM 000001D7 00000000 00002126 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00007C7A 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS060F
null
30824478
eng - iTunNORM 000003B7 00000000 00002D8D 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000066C9 00000000 000001D6 00000000
INS060M
null
31869376
eng - iTunNORM 000001E0 00000000 00001129 00000000 000007F5 00000000 000066C6 00000000 000007DB 00000000
INS061F
null
52767377
eng - iTunNORM 0000020B 00000000 00001BBE 00000000 00000B53 00000000 00003C59 00000000 00000FEB 00000000
INS061M
null
55902085
eng - iTunNORM 00000190 00000000 000015BD 00000000 000001D6 00000000 00006118 00000000 00000DC6 00000000
197
(62) ldquoJakpak že nerdquo smaacutela se učitelka rozradostněnaacute svyacutem pedagogickyacutem uacutespěchem[ldquoHow that notrdquo laughed self-ACC teacher-NOM delighted-NOM own pedagogi-cal success-INST]ldquoWhy notrdquo laughed the teacher delighted by her own pedagogical success
In the next sentence once again the passive participle and instrumental agent are used tomaintain focus on the topic of discussion which is the statues rather than the sculptors whoexecuted the enlargements
(63) Sochy Dvořaacuteka a Masaryka od již zemřelyacutech autorů existovaly v menšiacutem měřiacutetku abyly dodatečně zvětšovaacuteny jinyacutemi sochaři[Statues-NOM Dvořaacutek-GEN and Masaryk-GEN from already deceased artists-GENexisted in smaller scale-LOC and were subsequently enlarged-NOM other sculp-tors-INST]Statues of Dvořaacutek and Masaryk rendered by already deceased artists existed on asmaller scale and were subsequently enlarged by other sculptors
In English heavy use of passive forms is stigmatized as a characteristic of legal or bureacraticprose and the same is true for Czech The following two examples give you a taste for howthese forms are used in administrative contexts in Czech
(64) Smlouva z roku 1927 kteraacute zamezovala dvojiacute občanstviacute byla vypovězena všemistranami před několika lety[Treaty-NOM from year-GEN 1927 which-NOM restricted dual citizenship-ACCwas repudiated-NOM all parties-INST before few years-INST]The 1927 treaty which restricted dual citizenship was repudiated by all parties afew years ago
(65) Naacutevrhy podaneacute parlamentem vlaacutedou nebo prezidentem Uacutestavniacute soud předřazujeaby byly rychle vyřiacutezeny[Proposals submitted-ACC parliament-INST government-INST or prezident-INST Constitutional Court-NOM prioritizes so-that-AUX were quickly handled-NOM]The Constitutional Court prioritizes proposals submitted by the parliament the gov-ernment or the president so that they can be handled quickly
Note that in the last example above the passive participle is not nominative it is accusativeand the item it refers to (the proposals) is actually the direct object of the sentence In facta passive participle accompanied by an instrumental agent can appear in any role in a sen-tence In the following sentence the participle is marked GENITIVE A WHOLE you can think ofit as deriving from a passive sentence like Tabu byla vyhlaacutešena babičkou [Taboos-NOMwere declared-NOM grandmother-INST] lsquoThe taboos were declared by Grandmotherrsquoand related to the active version Babička vyhlaacutesila tabu [Grandmother-NOM declared ta-boos-ACC] lsquoGrandmother declared the taboosrsquo
Instrumental a means
INS062F
null
6373885
eng - iTunNORM 00000221 00000000 00002639 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00005F6E 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS062M
null
632164
eng - iTunNORM 000002C6 00000000 00006760 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008145 00000000 00000D5E 00000000
INS063F
null
94563465
eng - iTunNORM 00000497 00000000 00003C39 00000000 000001F0 00000000 000075D7 00000000 00001934 00000000
INS063M
null
9299611
eng - iTunNORM 00000241 00000000 00001833 00000000 000019EB 00000000 00007783 00000000 000003AC 00000000
INS064F
null
9038385
eng - iTunNORM 0000042A 00000000 00002BA1 00000000 000017E0 00000000 00007995 00000000 00000CDB 00000000
INS064M
null
9142876
eng - iTunNORM 00000210 00000000 000020FB 00000000 0000023E 00000000 0000813F 00000000 00000D0F 00000000
INS065F
null
8515935
eng - iTunNORM 000001E1 00000000 00001437 00000000 0000137D 00000000 0000482F 00000000 00001363 00000000
INS065M
null
8306954
eng - iTunNORM 000001C1 00000000 000018C5 00000000 00001AA1 00000000 000069E7 00000000 00001243 00000000
198 The InstrumentalCase
(66) Postupně se ale okruh babičkou vyhlaacutešenyacutech tabu staacutele viacutece rozšiřoval[Gradually self-ACC however range-NOM grandmother-INST declared taboos-GEN continuously more expanded]However the range of taboos declared by Grandmother was gradually and con-tinuously expanding
There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental over-lap For one thing it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are after alladjectives derived from verbs) Take an example like
(67) Dnešniacute večer bude pozoruhodnyacute akustickyacutem vystoupeniacutem kapely Hudba Praha[Todayrsquos evening-NOM will-be remarkable-NOM acoustic performance-INSTband-GEN Music-NOM Prague-NOM]This evening will be remarkable due to the acoustic performance of the PragueMusic band
Is the evening using the bandrsquos performance as a tool to make itself remarkable or is theperformance the agent that brings about this remarkable state It probably doesnrsquot matterFor another thing sometimes even when you have a passive verb form an instrumentalitem can identify either an instrument or an agent and sometimes you canrsquot tell for sureTake a look at this example
(68) Je nežaacutedouciacute aby z českeacute politiky byli novyacutem volebniacutem systeacutemem vyloučeniunionisteacute a lidovci[Is not-desirable-NOM so-that-AUX from Czech politics-GEN were new electoralsystem-INST excluded-NOM unionists-NOM and populists-NOM]It is not desirable that unionists and populists be excluded from Czech politics bythe new electoral system
Is the new electoral system an agent that is actually working to exclude certain people orare others using the new system as an instrument to produce this exclusion or is exclusionjust happening and the new system is the means by which it is occuring Once again itdoesnrsquot really matter this sentence can be used to make any of those assertions One of thebeauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap
There are some rare constructions in Czech that contain no subjects and one of themuses INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS to identify a raw force that brings about an event With the ldquorawforcerdquo use of the instrumental case you get sentences based on the model of ldquosomethinghappened by means of Xrdquo where X is the instrumental item but there is no actual agent insight The effect is rather similar to the ambiguous examples just above where we see ablurring of the distinction between the conduit and passive agent uses of INSTRUMENTAL A
MEANS and is also similar to the ldquoswarmingrdquo use discussed in section 4 However unlike thepassive agent use ldquoraw forcerdquo uses active (not passive) verb forms that are always neutersingular the ldquodefault moderdquo for verbs that have no subject ldquoRaw forcerdquo is typically used todescribe agentless events that are best understood as involuntary sensations as demon-strated by these examples
Ambiguitybetween conduit
and passiveagent uses of
INSTRUMENTALA MEANS
INS066F
null
52244925
eng - iTunNORM 00000293 00000000 00001AC8 00000000 000009B1 00000000 000061BF 00000000 000009B1 00000000
INS066M
null
56424537
eng - iTunNORM 000001BC 00000000 000013EE 00000000 00000F4E 00000000 000075C1 00000000 00000F1A 00000000
INS067F
null
55902085
eng - iTunNORM 0000039B 00000000 00008C21 00000000 00000139 00000000 000074F9 00000000 0000011F 00000000
INS067M
null
54857183
eng - iTunNORM 000001A2 00000000 00001C16 00000000 00000187 00000000 00007015 00000000 000013CB 00000000
INS068F
null
7314297
eng - iTunNORM 0000045A 00000000 0000322D 00000000 00000829 00000000 000068FD 00000000 0000080F 00000000
INS068M
null
83592
eng - iTunNORM 000001BD 00000000 00002C53 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000072E2 00000000 0000070A 00000000
199
(69) Roztřaacuteslo ho zimou[Shook him-ACC cold-INST]He was shaken by the cold
(70) Polilo ho horkem[Poured him-ACC heat-INST]A sensation of heat poured over him
(71) Hned mě zamrazilo novou hrůzou[Instantly me-ACC froze new horror-INST]I was instantly paralyzed by a new horror
INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL 1mdashBeing becoming seemingINSTRUMENTAL A MEANS is devoted to em-
powering Czechs to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verbThe remaining uses of the instrumental IN-STRUMENTAL A LABEL INSTRUMENTAL AN AD-JUNCT and INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK re-late the instrumental item not to a verb butto another item The type of relationshiphowever remains the same The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to
something else an accessory a companion or a backgrounded landmarkAlthough a label can be permanent it doesnrsquot have to be and is often associated with a
certain period of time for which it is valid A label tells you how to categorize somethingwhat set of things it belongs to Very often INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is used with verbs like byacutetlsquobersquo or staacutetstaacutevat se lsquobecomersquo to describe labels with varying degrees of impermanenceThe world of politics is a good place to look for unstable nomenclatures as the next fewexamples attest The first example below is the title of an editorial by a person who hadonce admired Vaacuteclav Klaus but then wrote an article telling why he changed his mind Inthe second and third examples the items marked with the instrumental are titles associatedwith political posts transitory labels by definition
(72) Proč nejsem ctitelem Vaacuteclava Klause[Why not-am admirer-INST Vaacuteclav Klaus-GEN]Why I am not an admirer of Vaacuteclav Klaus
(73) Kdo byl premieacuterem kteryacute předal Havlovi prezidenstskyacute uacuteřad[Who-NOM was prime-minister-INST who-NOM handed-over Havel-DAT presi-dential office-ACC]Who was the prime minister that handed over to Havel the office of the president
I
INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)
Relation ofINSTRUMENTALA MEANS to theother uses of theinstrumental
INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL with non-permanentlabels
Instrumental a label
INS069F
null
1724081
eng - iTunNORM 000000D0 00000000 000005A0 00000000 00000105 00000000 0000285E 00000000 0000023E 00000000
INS069M
null
18285708
eng - iTunNORM 00000130 00000000 0000082E 00000000 0000023E 00000000 000040EC 00000000 00000224 00000000
INS070F
null
15151016
eng - iTunNORM 000001ED 00000000 000009BC 00000000 0000020A 00000000 00003928 00000000 000001F0 00000000
INS070M
null
14106119
eng - iTunNORM 0000024D 00000000 00000B3A 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00004759 00000000 000001BC 00000000
INS071F
null
2507754
eng - iTunNORM 00000135 00000000 00000856 00000000 00000392 00000000 00003DBC 00000000 000002F5 00000000
INS071M
null
22987747
eng - iTunNORM 0000028C 00000000 00001DFF 00000000 00000224 00000000 00005BF2 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS072F
null
2925713
eng - iTunNORM 00000323 00000000 00002169 00000000 000006A1 00000000 00006612 00000000 00000687 00000000
INS072M
null
26644888
eng - iTunNORM 0000029D 00000000 0000132D 00000000 0000061F 00000000 00006BBE 00000000 00000605 00000000
INS073F
null
4127345
eng - iTunNORM 000002EB 00000000 0000246A 00000000 00000153 00000000 000057D0 00000000 00000139 00000000
INS073M
null
43363256
eng - iTunNORM 000002D6 00000000 000013C9 00000000 0000085E 00000000 00006F35 00000000 0000085E 00000000
200 The InstrumentalCase
(74) Novou kanadskou velvyslankyniacute v Českeacute republice se stane Margaret Huberovaacute[New Canadian ambassador-INST in Czech Republic-LOC self-ACC become Mar-garet Huber-NOM]Margaret Huber will become the new Canadian ambassador to the Czech Repub-lic
In the examples above INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is limited in its application over time A labelmay also be limited in its application to a specific context The following sentence is takenfrom an article on suicide and the claims it makes about Monday and May apply only tothat context although within that context they may be permanent
(75) Kritickyacutem dnem je pro sebevrahy ponděliacute a nejčernějšiacutem měsiacutecem květen[Critical day-INST is for suicide-victims-ACC Monday-NOM and darkest month-INST May-NOM]Monday is a critical day for suicide victims and May is the darkest month
This next example shows both a contextual limitation of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL whereEnlgish is official only for aviation as well as a conventional usage in the phrase byacutet otaacutezkouživota a smrti [be question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN] lsquobe a question of life anddeathrsquo
(76) Angličtina je oficiaacutelniacute řečiacute v aviatice kde dokonaleacute porozuměniacute je otaacutezkou životaa smrti[English-NOM is official language-INST in aviation-LOC where perfect under-standing-NOM is question-INST life-GEN and death-GEN]English is the official language in aviation where perfect understanding is a ques-tion of life and death
All kinds of items can be labeled as reasons or causes for something being the way it is andthis kind of categorization is conventionalized when the words důvodem [reason-INST]lsquoreasonrsquo and přiacutečinou [cause-INST] lsquocausersquo are used with the verb byacutet as illustrated in thisexample
(77) Přiacutečinou zdravotniacutech potiacutežiacute novinaacuteřů jsou trvalyacute stres nepravidelnaacute strava sedavyacutezpůsob zaměstnaacuteniacute[Cause-INST health problems-GEN journalists-GEN are constant stress-NOM ir-regular food-NOM sedentary means-NOM employment-GEN]The causes of journalistsrsquo health problems are constant stress irregular eating hab-its and a sedentary work style
Note also that INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be used even in the absence of a verb as in thisnewspaper headline for an editorial suggesting a candidate for the presidency
INS074F
null
51200023
eng - iTunNORM 000001E6 00000000 00000E44 00000000 00000639 00000000 00004574 00000000 00000ECB 00000000
INS074M
null
5328983
eng - iTunNORM 0000021D 00000000 00001709 00000000 00000EB1 00000000 000067DD 00000000 00000FD0 00000000
INS075F
null
5799189
eng - iTunNORM 00000213 00000000 00001689 00000000 0000011F 00000000 000052BD 00000000 00000D0F 00000000
INS075M
null
60081697
eng - iTunNORM 000001C7 00000000 00001726 00000000 000008FA 00000000 000077D2 00000000 000008E0 00000000
INS076F
null
7314297
eng - iTunNORM 000002EE 00000000 00001A54 00000000 00000E14 00000000 000062C3 00000000 00001434 00000000
INS076M
null
7314297
eng - iTunNORM 00000177 00000000 00001169 00000000 000014D0 00000000 000066AF 00000000 000014D0 00000000
INS077F
null
877716
eng - iTunNORM 0000025A 00000000 000039CE 00000000 0000132F 00000000 00006EAD 00000000 0000132F 00000000
INS077M
null
8202464
eng - iTunNORM 00000193 00000000 00001A3C 00000000 000001A1 00000000 0000783A 00000000 00000329 00000000
201
(78) Jakub Trojan prezidentem Českeacute republiky[Jakub Trojan-NOM president-INST Czech Republic-GEN]Jakub Trojan for president of the Czech Republic
A definition is a type of delimitation the statement of the appropriate application of a labeland the use of INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL is frequent in sentences that present definitions
(79) Uacutedery NATO byly promyšlenou a uacutespěšnou akciacute[Strikes-NOM NATO-GEN were thought-through-INST and successful action-INST]The NATO strikes were a well-thought through and successful action
(80) Člověk je zřejmě od přiacuterody tvorem chamtivyacutem kteryacute chce staacutele viacutec[Man-NOM is obviously from nature-GEN creature avaricious-INST who-NOMwants still more-ACC]Man is obviously by nature an avaricious creature who always wants more
There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of byacutet lsquobersquo and staacutetstaacutevat selsquobecomersquo and share this construction of NOMINATIVE A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL A LABELand all roughly mean lsquoX is a Yrsquo where X is a specific item and Y is the category used tolabel it Here are some of these words
Here are a few examples of these verbs with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL
(81) Byl to Čech ale ciacutetil se Američanem[Was that-NOM Czech-NOM but felt self-ACC American-INST]He was a Czech but he felt he was an American
(82) V mlaacutediacute jsem se učil hrobařem jezdit s hliacutenou jezdit s trakařem kopat hroby bylmůj ideaacutel[In youth-LOC AUX self-ACC studied grave-digger-INST drive with dirt-INSTdrive with wheelbarrow-INST dig graves-ACC was my ideal-NOM]When I was young I studied to be a gravedigger driving a wheelbarrow aroundwith dirt and digging graves was my ideal
Expressions of Being and Becoming Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL
lsquofeel likersquociacutetit se (also jako)
lsquoact likersquodělat se
lsquobe born asrsquonarodit se (also jako)
lsquoappear to bersquopro-jevit se
lsquobe calledrsquoslout (LCz)
lsquopretend to bersquostavět se
lsquopretend to bersquotvaacuteřit se (also jako)
lsquostudy to becomersquovy-učit se (also jako)
lsquoshow self to bersquoukaacutezatukazovat se (also jako)
lsquoseem to bersquozdaacutet se
lsquodie asrsquozemřiacutet (also jako)
lsquoremainrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat
INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquobersquo lsquobecomersquo
Instrumental a label
INS078F
null
34481618
eng - iTunNORM 00000301 00000000 00003491 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000627A 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS078M
null
32391825
eng - iTunNORM 000002E9 00000000 000027D4 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00008194 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS079F
null
39183657
eng - iTunNORM 00000321 00000000 00001867 00000000 00000187 00000000 00005948 00000000 000002C1 00000000
INS079M
null
39706106
eng - iTunNORM 000001A6 00000000 000010C5 00000000 0000028D 00000000 000052C4 00000000 00000272 00000000
INS080F
null
5015512
eng - iTunNORM 0000031E 00000000 0000176A 00000000 00000153 00000000 00005B87 00000000 0000101F 00000000
INS080M
null
52244925
eng - iTunNORM 000001D9 00000000 00001CFF 00000000 00000997 00000000 00007CCF 00000000 0000097D 00000000
INS081F
null
30824478
eng - iTunNORM 000001D0 00000000 00001706 00000000 00000105 00000000 00004C1E 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS081M
null
3343672
eng - iTunNORM 0000024B 00000000 00001B5E 00000000 000000D0 00000000 0000650A 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS082F
null
77845035
eng - iTunNORM 00000276 00000000 00002F02 00000000 00001729 00000000 00007CE3 00000000 000016F5 00000000
INS082M
null
73665423
eng - iTunNORM 000001F7 00000000 00002F7B 00000000 000015A1 00000000 000081A2 00000000 000015A1 00000000
202 The InstrumentalCase
(83) Vypraacutevěla jsi mi že jsi měla znaacutemost s policejniacutem detektivem a že zůstal tvyacutempřiacutetelem[Told AUX me-DAT that AUX had aquaintance-ACC with police detective-INSTand that remained your friend-INST]You told me that you made the acquaintance of a police detective and that he hasremained your friend
The two verbs ukaacutezatukazovat se lsquoshow self (to be)rsquo and zdaacutet se lsquoseem (to be)rsquo donrsquot juststand in for byacutet lsquobersquo but instead seem to require that byacutet appear in combination with themas in this example
(84) Gordon se jiacute zdaacutel byacutet ideaacutelniacutem partnerem[Gordon-NOM self-ACC her-DAT seemed be ideal partner-INST]Gordon seemed to her to be the ideal partner
When a label is applied metaphorically INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison stating that lsquoX is like a Yrsquo in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y Of course we know that mother is not literally a picture nor is Zeman literally a loco-motive but we can use INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to make the comparisons present in the fol-lowing two sentences
(85) V tu chviacuteli se maminka kteraacute jinak byla obrazem ticheacute pokory přiacutemo rozběsnila[In that time-ACC self-ACC mother-NOM who-NOM otherwise was image-INSTquiet submission-GEN downright got-enraged]At that moment mother who was otherwise the image of quiet submission becamedownright enraged
(86) Zeman je lokomotivou kteraacute taacutehne vlak ČSSD[Zeman-NOM is locomotive-INST which-NOM pulls train-ACC ČSSD]Zeman is the locomotive which pulls the ČSSD train
INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL can be applied in the absence of byacutet lsquobersquo or any other triggeringword Note its use in the following two examples where it has a meaning similar to Englishlsquolikersquo or lsquoasrsquo
(87) Slzy mi tekly proudem a ciacutetila jsem se hluboce nešťastnaacute[Tears-NOM me-DAT flowed stream-INST and felt AUX self-ACC deeply un-happy-NOM]My tears flowed like a stream and I felt deeply unhappy
(88) Jirko kamaraacutede kdo ti staacutel modelem Nějakej vzpěrač nebo boxer těžkyacute vaacutehy(CCz)[Jirka-VOC friend-VOC who-NOM you-DAT stood model-INST Someweightlifter-NOM or boxer-NOM heavy weight-GEN]Jirka my friend who modeled for you A weightlifter or a heavyweight boxer
INSTRUMENTAL ALABEL used to
mean lsquois likersquo
INS083F
null
68963366
eng - iTunNORM 000002F0 00000000 00003C1F 00000000 00000772 00000000 000071DA 00000000 0000020A 00000000
INS083M
null
68963366
eng - iTunNORM 00000144 00000000 000026D4 00000000 0000016D 00000000 000080CE 00000000 00000153 00000000
INS084F
null
34481618
eng - iTunNORM 0000035E 00000000 000019E2 00000000 000007DB 00000000 00005C50 00000000 000004E5 00000000
INS084M
null
31869376
eng - iTunNORM 00000302 00000000 000016A9 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00008143 00000000 00000463 00000000
INS085F
null
6269395
eng - iTunNORM 000003EB 00000000 00004F8C 00000000 000009B1 00000000 00006DF1 00000000 000008E0 00000000
INS085M
null
6373885
eng - iTunNORM 00000246 00000000 00001662 00000000 000008AC 00000000 00007D26 00000000 00000C24 00000000
INS086F
null
4545306
eng - iTunNORM 0000055E 00000000 00002CFF 00000000 000001BC 00000000 000065F7 00000000 0000085E 00000000
INS086M
null
4388571
eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00001F95 00000000 0000080F 00000000 00007513 00000000 000007F5 00000000
INS087F
null
42318354
eng - iTunNORM 0000021C 00000000 00001F5F 00000000 0000092F 00000000 00004FEE 00000000 00000463 00000000
INS087M
null
42318354
eng - iTunNORM 00000155 00000000 00000BEC 00000000 000002DB 00000000 00004967 00000000 00000449 00000000
INS088F
null
7157562
eng - iTunNORM 000004FE 00000000 000042CD 00000000 0000113E 00000000 00008094 00000000 00001124 00000000
INS088M
null
6739601
eng - iTunNORM 000004D1 00000000 00003FCF 00000000 00000105 00000000 000081D3 00000000 00000E7D 00000000
203
It is also common for verbs with meanings like lsquoappointrsquo lsquochoosersquo lsquomakersquo to apply theINSTRUMENTAL A LABEL to the items marked as their accusative direct objects Here is a tableand a few examples to show you how this works
Words Meaning lsquoApply a Labelrsquo Associated with INSTRUMENTAL A LABEL
(89) Jeho osobniacute statečnost moraacutelniacute autorita filozofickeacute zaměřeniacute a porozuměniacute proprobleacutemy společnosti i jednotlivce jej činiacute jedinečnyacutem kandidaacutetem[His personal courage-NOM moral authority-NOM philosophical attitude-NOMand understanding-NOM for problems-ACC society-GEN and individual-GEN him-ACC make unique candidate-INST]His personal courage moral authority philosophical attitude and understanding forthe problems of society and the individual make him a unique candidate
(90) Čerchovskeacute hvozdy byly vyhlaacutešeny naacuterodniacute přiacuterodniacute rezervaciacute[Čerchov forests-NOM were declared-NOM national nature reserve-INST]The Čerchov forests were declared a national nature reserve
(91) Ve čtyřech letech čtrnaacutectyacute tibetskyacute dalajlama byl oficiaacutelně prohlaacutešen vůdcemtibetskeacuteho naacuteroda[In four years-LOC fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama-NOM was officially proclaimed-NOM leader-INST Tibetan nation-GEN]At the age of four the fourteenth Tibetan Dalailama was officially proclaimed theleader of the Tibetan nation
lsquomakersquou-činit
lsquonamersquojmenovat
lsquohave someone who isrsquomiacutet
lsquonominatersquonominovat (also jako)
lsquoconfirmrsquopo-tvrdit
lsquoproclaim (to be)rsquoprohlaacutesitprohlašovat
lsquoordainrsquovy-světit (also na + ACC)
lsquomakersquou-dělat
lsquoappointrsquoustanovit (also jako)
lsquorecognize asrsquouznatuznaacutevat (also jako)
lsquochoose asrsquovybratvybiacuterat (also jako)
lsquodeclarersquovyhlaacutesitvyhlašovat
lsquoelectrsquoz-volit (also za + ACC)
INSTRUMENTALA LABEL withwords meaninglsquoapply a labelrsquo
Instrumental a label
INS089F
null
12068603
eng - iTunNORM 0000037D 00000000 0000483A 00000000 00000914 00000000 00006F22 00000000 0000092F 00000000
INS089M
null
11911867
eng - iTunNORM 00000147 00000000 0000178C 00000000 000008C6 00000000 0000647F 00000000 000008C6 00000000
INS090F
null
4493061
eng - iTunNORM 00000447 00000000 00002C3B 00000000 000009CB 00000000 00008027 00000000 000009B1 00000000
INS090M
null
4545306
eng - iTunNORM 00000209 00000000 00001E1C 00000000 00000105 00000000 00006ECD 00000000 000000EB 00000000
INS091F
null
78367486
eng - iTunNORM 00000513 00000000 000028D7 00000000 000011A7 00000000 000075B9 00000000 00000BA1 00000000
INS091M
null
7680013
eng - iTunNORM 0000027B 00000000 000020C1 00000000 0000073E 00000000 000074DC 00000000 00000724 00000000
204 The InstrumentalCase
INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 1mdashCompanionsIt is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English by
the word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inCzech Honza řezal maso nožem [Honza-NOM cut meat-ACC knife-INST] lsquoHonza cut bread with a knifersquo is of course an example of IN-STRUMENTAL A MEANS whereas Honza mluvil s učitelem [Honza-NOMtalked with teacher-INST] lsquoHonza was talking with the teacherrsquo is anexample of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT In Czech the use of the preposi-tion s lsquowithrsquo is generally reserved for INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT to in-troduce an accomplice companion or other peripheral adjunct to anitem of more central importance
Just about any activity a person engages in can become a joint projectwhen there is someone else to share it with as we see in this example
(92) Nechtěl bys s většiacutemi dětmi recitovat pěkneacute baacutesničky[Not-wanted AUX with bigger children-INST recite nice po-ems-ACCWouldnrsquot you like to recite some nice poems with the biggerchildren
Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engagewith All of the words below can use s lsquowithrsquo to name such a partner
I
INSTRUMENTAL AN
ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an
adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)
Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT
lsquotalk withrsquobavit se s
lsquofight withrsquobojovat boj s
lsquomake an agreement withrsquodohodnoutdohadovat se sdohoda s
lsquomake an agreement withrsquodomluvit se s domluva s
lsquoborder onrsquohraničit s
lsquodealnegotiate withrsquojednat s
lsquoconflict withrsquokonflikt s
lsquoconsult consultation withrsquokonzultovat konzultace s
lsquocooperate with cooperation withrsquokooperovat s kooperace s
lsquoharmonize with harmony withrsquoladit s soulad s
lsquomake love withrsquomilovat se s
lsquoget married torsquoo-ženit se s
lsquoenter into an arrangement withrsquopaktovat se pakt s
lsquoshare withrsquopodělit se s
lsquoargue withrsquopo-haacutedat se s
lsquohave a conversation withrsquopo-hovořit rozhovor s
lsquoexchange kisses withrsquopoliacutebitliacutebat se s
lsquoconsult withrsquopo-radit se s
lsquoconverse withrsquopoviacutedat si s
lsquotalk withrsquopro-mluvit s
lsquoargue argument withrsquopřiacutet se pře s
INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT
with s lsquowithrsquo
s +INSTRUMENTAL
AN ADJUNCT withcompanions
s +INSTRUMENTAL
AN ADJUNCT withinterpersonalrelationships
INS092M
null
36048965
eng - iTunNORM 00000257 00000000 0000100D 00000000 00000463 00000000 00005FF0 00000000 00000A9C 00000000
INS092F
null
40228553
eng - iTunNORM 00000233 00000000 0000105B 00000000 000003C6 00000000 00004CE4 00000000 000008E0 00000000
205
The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with these words
(93) Matka i otec se mnou zase mluviacute[Mother-NOM and father-NOM with me-INST again talk]My mother and father are talking with me again
(94) Obchody prezentujiacute kolekce tak aby obleky ladily s košilemi kravatami i dalšiacutemidoplňky včetně bot[Stores-NOM present collections-ACC thus so-that-AUX suits-NOM harmonizedwith shirts-INST ties-INST and other accessories-INST including shoes-GEN]The stores present their collections making sure that the suits go with the shirtsties and other accessories including shoes
(95) Kostniacute dřeň daacuterce nebyla s přiacutejemcovou zcela totožnaacute[Bone marrow-NOM donor-GEN was-not with recipientrsquos-INST entirely identi-cal-NOM]The donorrsquos bone marrow was not entirely identical to the recipientrsquos
Expressions of Engagement Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT (continued)
lsquoshare withrsquorozdělitrozdělovat se s
lsquopart ways parting withrsquorozejiacutetrozchaacutezet se rozchod s
lsquosay goodbye to part withrsquoroz-loučit se s
lsquocome together withrsquosbliacutežitsbližovat se s
lsquomeet with meetingrsquosejiacutet se s schůze
lsquomeet with relationship withrsquosetkatsetkaacutevatstyacutekat se s styk s
lsquobecome acquainted withrsquoseznaacutemitseznamovat se s
lsquomake a treaty withrsquosmluvitsmlouvat se s smlouva s
lsquoget along withrsquosnaacutešet se s
lsquoagree agreement withrsquosouhlasit souhlas s
lsquovie withrsquosoupeřit s
lsquobe neighbors withrsquosousedit s
lsquocompete withrsquosoutěžit s
lsquojoin connect withrsquospojitspojovat se s spojeniacute s
lsquojoin forces withrsquospolčitspolčovat se s
lsquocollaborate withrsquospolupracovat spolupraacutece s
lsquomake friends friendship withrsquospřaacutetelit se přaacutetelstviacute s
lsquocollide with meetingrsquosrazitsraacutežet se s sraz
lsquocompare reconcile withrsquosrovnatsrovnaacutevat (se) s
lsquoclash withrsquostřetnoutstřetat se s střet s
lsquowedding withrsquosvatba s
lsquosympathize withrsquosympatizovat s
lsquowrangle withrsquotahat se s
lsquodance withrsquotančit tanec s
lsquomake war withrsquovaacutelčit vaacutelka s
lsquoget along withrsquovychaacutezet s
lsquosettle accounts withrsquovyrovnatvyrovnaacutevat se s
lsquowrestle competition withrsquozaacutepasit zaacutepas s
lsquoidentify with identical torsquoztotožnitztotožňovat s totožnyacute s
lsquostay withrsquozůstatzůstaacutevat s
Instrumental a label
INS093F
null
2507754
eng - iTunNORM 000004C5 00000000 0000432A 00000000 00000224 00000000 0000736A 00000000 0000020A 00000000
INS093M
null
24555092
eng - iTunNORM 000003D8 00000000 0000341C 00000000 0000020A 00000000 0000803F 00000000 000000EB 00000000
INS094F
null
7941239
eng - iTunNORM 00000384 00000000 00002827 00000000 000013B1 00000000 00006CD8 00000000 00000A4E 00000000
INS094M
null
8254709
eng - iTunNORM 00000288 00000000 00001E27 00000000 00000C0A 00000000 0000811F 00000000 00000BF0 00000000
INS095F
null
45975513
eng - iTunNORM 00000282 00000000 0000148D 00000000 000000D0 00000000 00004D5C 00000000 0000042F 00000000
INS095M
null
40751004
eng - iTunNORM 00000244 00000000 000010F7 00000000 000003C6 00000000 0000740B 00000000 00000392 00000000
206 The InstrumentalCase
(96) Paradigma spojeneacute s minulyacutem režimem je nenaacutevratně pryč[Paradigm-NOM joined-NOM with former regime-INST is irrevocably gone]The paradigm associated with the former regime is gone for good
Several complex prepositions are motivated by the idea of engagement and are combinedwith s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT as evidenced in this table and the following example
Complex Prepositions Associated with INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT
lsquoin conflict withrsquov rozporu s
lsquoin agreement withrsquov souhlase s
lsquoin harmony withrsquov souladu s
lsquoin connection withrsquov souvislosti s
lsquoin connection withrsquove spojeniacute s
lsquoin comparison withrsquove srovnaacuteniacute s
(97) V souvislosti s posledniacutem skandaacutelem Jiraacuteskovaacute uvedla že byla ujištěna že jevšechno v pořaacutedku[In connection-LOC with latest scandal-INST Jiraacuteskovaacute-NOM stated that was as-sured-NOM that is everything-NOM in order-LOC]In connection with the latest scandal Jiraacuteskovaacute stated that she had been assuredthat everything was okay
Czech is not entirely fastidious about distinguishing between the meaning of accompa-niment associated with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT and the conduit meaning of theprepositionless INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS As a result there is strong overlap between thesetwo uses of the instrumental case evidenced by the extension of the preposition s to con-texts that include INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS This tendency to ldquooveruserdquo s is particularly strongin CCz where s can sometimes be inserted even when the instrumental case marks aninstrument as in Přijeli jsme s autem (CCz) [Came AUX with car-INST] lsquoWe came bycarrsquo (compare this with the LCz version Přijeli jsme autem)
In section 8 of INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS we noted a number of verbs indicating controlmanipulation and enjoymentsuffering which often appear both with INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS
and with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT These verbs are a further indication of the overlapsbetween these two meanings of the instrumental case The following table gathers theseverbs together
Overlap Between INSTRUMENTAL A MEANS and INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT
lsquomanagersquohospodařit s
lsquoboast ofrsquochlubit se s
lsquotrade inrsquoobchodovat obchod s
lsquobe occupied concerned withrsquoobiacuterat se s
lsquobecome ill withrsquorozstonat se s
lsquosuffer withrsquotrpět s
lsquobe interested inrsquozabyacutevat se s
INS096F
null
4388571
eng - iTunNORM 0000062F 00000000 000030FB 00000000 00000153 00000000 000080BD 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS096M
null
4127345
eng - iTunNORM 0000032C 00000000 00002257 00000000 00000BBC 00000000 00007BE2 00000000 000000EB 00000000
INS097F
null
78889937
eng - iTunNORM 00000437 00000000 000037F1 00000000 00000829 00000000 000080D8 00000000 0000080F 00000000
INS097M
null
7000827
eng - iTunNORM 000001A4 00000000 00001131 00000000 000010A1 00000000 00006A65 00000000 0000092F 00000000
207
The adjective spokojenyacute lsquosatisfiedrsquo can likewise be used either in conjunction with INSTRU-MENTAL A MEANS or with s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT
INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT 2mdashIdioms and other usesThe use of the preposition s lsquowithrsquo is not limited to human companions it can be used
with objects abstractions and attributes much as with is used in English Here are someexamples
(98) Viacuteza budou udělovaacutena na delšiacute dobu a s možnostiacute viacutece vstupů do země[Visas-NOM will-be issued-NOM for longer period-ACC and with possibility-INSTmore entries-GEN to country-GEN]Visas will be issued for a longer period and with the possibility of multiple entriesinto the country
(99) Bylo to druhyacute rok kdy jachta kotvila v přiacutestavu na Sibiři na uacutezemiacute s nekonečnyacutemia pustyacutemi lesniacutemi porosty tajgy[Was that-NOM second year-NOM when yacht-NOM anchored in harbor-LOC atSiberia-LOC at territory-LOC with endless-INST and empty forest growths-INSTtaiga-GEN]It was the second year that the yacht was anchored at harbor in Siberia in a territorywith endless and empty forests of the taiga
The phrase miacutet něco společneacuteho s [have something-ACC common-GEN with] is fairly fre-quent and transparently patterned after the same idea as its English equivalent lsquohave some-thing in common with something to do withrsquo here is an example of how it is used
(100)S tou firmou už nemaacutem nic společneacuteho[With that company-INST already not-have nothing-ACC common-GEN]I donrsquot have anything to do with that company anymore
The preposition s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is an essential component of a number ofidiomatic expressions in Czech and fortunately most of these idioms have close parallels inEnglish The idiom Co je s tebouvaacuteminiacutehellip [What-NOM is with you-INSTyou-INSTher-INSThellip] lsquoWhatrsquos with youherhelliprsquo has the same structure as its English equivalentand is extremely common Just as in English we talk about doing something with an item inCzech we can use INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT in phrases like u-dělat něco s něčiacutem [do some-thing-ACC with something-INST] lsquodo something with somethingrsquo and daacutetdaacutevat si s něčiacutempraacuteci [give self-DAT with something-INST work-ACC] lsquotake pains with somethingrsquo En-glish with is parallel to Czech s when we talk about taking and having things with us but inCzech the person is always expressed by the reflexive instrumental pronoun sebou as invziacutet něco s sebou [take something-ACC with self-INST] lsquotake something with oneselfrsquoand miacutet něco s sebou [have something-ACC with self-INST] lsquohave something with one-selfrsquo Starting hesitating and reckoning can all be done with something as in the Czechexpressions začiacutetzačiacutenat s něčiacutem [start with something-INST] lsquostart with somethingrsquo za-vaacutehat s něčiacutem [hesitate with something-INST] lsquohesitate with somethingrsquo počiacutetat s něčiacutem
s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT
with objectsabstractionsand attributes
Idiomaticuses of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT thatparallel English
Instrumental an adjunct
INS098F
null
5433473
eng - iTunNORM 000002C4 00000000 0000229B 00000000 00000224 00000000 000059DD 00000000 00000BA1 00000000
INS098M
null
49632673
eng - iTunNORM 0000027D 00000000 00002BAC 00000000 000001A1 00000000 000081E7 00000000 00000187 00000000
INS099F
null
9038385
eng - iTunNORM 000001A7 00000000 0000141F 00000000 0000070A 00000000 00005965 00000000 000006F0 00000000
INS099M
null
8254709
eng - iTunNORM 00000176 00000000 000015A3 00000000 0000078D 00000000 0000799A 00000000 00000772 00000000
INS100F
null
30824478
eng - iTunNORM 0000027E 00000000 000017C1 00000000 0000035E 00000000 000047E2 00000000 00000343 00000000
INS100M
null
26644888
eng - iTunNORM 00000211 00000000 00000D73 00000000 000004CB 00000000 00004BF7 00000000 000004B1 00000000
208 The InstrumentalCase
[reckon with something-INST] lsquoreckon with somethingcount on somethingrsquo The con-struction vypadat (dobřešpatně) s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT is approximately equivalentto English look (goodbad) with in the sense of giving a prognosis or a progress report forexample one might say S našiacutem vyacuteletem do Rakouska to vypadaacute špatně nemaacuteme na to[With our trip-INST to Austria-GEN it-NOM looks bad not-have for it-ACC] lsquoThings arelooking bad with our trip to Austria we canrsquot afford itrsquo Even some more complex idiom-atic constructions show that Czech and English follow transparently similar patterns forexample obraacutetit se s prosboužaacutedostiacute na někoho [turn self-ACC with requestdemand-INST to someone-ACC] lsquoturn to someone with a requestdemandrsquo haacutezet si s miacutečem [throwself-DAT with ball-INST] lsquoplay (by throwing) with a ballrsquo jiacutet k leacutekaři s [go to doctor-DATwith] lsquogo to a doctor with (an ailment marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo and ležet vnemocnici s [lie in hospital-LOC with] lsquobe in the hospital with (a disease marked INSTRU-MENTAL AN ADJUNCT)rsquo Just as in English we can say that a person does things with variousemotions in Czech we can use expressions like s chutiacute [with taste-INST] lsquowith gustorsquo sradostiacute [with pleasure-INST] lsquowith pleasurersquo and s odvahou [with courage-INST] lsquowithcourage (also used to encourage people like Go for it)rsquo
(101)Tak co s tebou dneska je[So what-NOM with you-INST today is]So whatrsquos with you today
A few idiomatic uses of Czech s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT lack obvious parallels withEnglish For example the construction zachaacutezet s can mean lsquotreatrsquo when the instrumentalitem is a person who is being treated well or badly or it can mean lsquouse masterfullyrsquo whenthe instrumental item is an inanimate object which the subject has a special talent for usingIf someone is holding something and you want to take it out of their hands the phrase Sdovoleniacutem [With permission-INST] lsquoMay IPlease allow mersquo is a polite way to stateyour request When talking about the day on which a future event is expected to take placeit is possible to use s + a day of the week marked INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCT with a meaningvery similar to English come as in S pondělkem vyraziacuteme na plaacutež [With Monday-INSTtake-off for beach-ACC] lsquoCome Monday wersquoll take off for the beachrsquo If someone is exag-gerating Czechs will say that the person is speaking (using a verb like mluvit or řiacutekat) snadsaacutezkou [with exaggeration-INST]
(102)S nadsaacutezkou se řiacutekaacute že po zkušebniacutech letciacutech patřiacute žurnalistika k nejviacutece rizikovyacutempovolaacuteniacutem[With exaggeration-INST self-ACC says that after test pilots-LOC belongs jour-nalism-NOM to most risky professions-DAT]It is said with some exaggeration that journalism is one of the most risky profes-sions after test pilots
The farewell greeting spaacutenembohem lsquogoodbyersquo is built from the phrase s Paacutenem Bohem[with Lord God-INST] meaning lsquo(May you go) with the Lord Godrsquo
A peculiar construction teams the instrumental up with the dative case to describe some-thing that happens to two people who are thought of as a couple One member of the pair is
Idiomaticuses of s +
INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT
with noEnglish
parallels
INS101F
null
18808156
eng - iTunNORM 000004FD 00000000 00001BE3 00000000 00000534 00000000 00005779 00000000 0000009C 00000000
INS101M
null
18285708
eng - iTunNORM 0000028D 00000000 00000F33 00000000 000000EB 00000000 0000799E 00000000 000000D0 00000000
INS102F
null
7314297
eng - iTunNORM 00000224 00000000 000033BF 00000000 00000258 00000000 00006BC3 00000000 0000023E 00000000
INS102M
null
6635111
eng - iTunNORM 00000127 00000000 00001743 00000000 00000224 00000000 000064A0 00000000 0000020A 00000000
209
either the speaker (lsquoIrsquo) or the hearer (lsquoyoursquo) and is referred to as plural (even though thisperson is obviously singular) using the dative pronouns naacutem or vaacutem The other member ofthe pair (usually a spouse or significant other) appears as s + INSTRUMENTAL AN ADJUNCTThus one could ask Jak se vaacutem se ženou dařiacute [How self-ACC you-DAT with wife-INSTthrives] lsquoHow are you and your wife doingrsquo and in response you might hear somethinglike
(103)Naacutem to zatiacutem se ženou klape (CCz)[Us-DAT that-NOM now with wife-INST work-well]Right now things are going well for my wife and I
This use of the instrumental to indicate the second person of a couple is also possible whenthe speaker is the first person of the couple and is also the subject of the sentence providedthat the subject pronoun is not used In this construction the verb appears in the my lsquowersquoform as we see with the verb Jdeme lsquogorsquo in this example
(104)Jdeme se s manželem podiacutevat k Nuselskeacutemu mostu[Go self-ACC with husband-INST look to Nusel Bridge-DAT]My husband and I are going to the Nusel Bridge to take a look
INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK 1mdashpřed lsquoin front of before agorsquoFive Czech prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK to describe the peripheral location of one itemin alignment with another item or items Two of theseprepositions view this alignment in a horizontal plane předlsquoin front ofrsquo and za lsquobehindrsquo Two more are exactly paral-lel to these but view the alignment in a vertical planenad lsquoaboversquo and pod lsquobelowrsquo The fifth preposition mezilsquobetween amongrsquo uses two or more items to establish thealignment independent of any geographic orientationIn terms of physical location před lsquoin front of beforersquo +INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK identifies an item that servesas a peripheral landmark for another item In these ex-amples people are located in front of a church and a mir-ror respectively
(105) Před kostelem svateacute Ludmily posedaacutevaacute unavenaacutemlaacutedež s transparentem ldquoNenaacutesilnaacute demonstracerdquo[In-front-of church-INST Saint Ludmila-GENsits weary youth-NOM with banner-INST ldquoNon-violent demonstration-NOMrdquo]In front of the church of Saint Ludmila sit wearyyoung people with a banner saying ldquoNon-violentdemonstrationrdquo
I
I
INSTRUMENTAL A LANDMARK
(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to
another item (small circle)
Use of s +INSTRUMENTALAN ADJUNCT
for the secondmemberof a pair
Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL ALANDMARK
před +INSTRUMENTALA LANDMARK lsquoinfront of beforersquoin the domainof space
Instrumental a landmark
INS103M
null
2089795
eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS103M
null
2089795
eng - iTunNORM 000002E1 00000000 0000273F 00000000 0000011F 00000000 00007948 00000000 00000105 00000000
INS104F
null
3395917
eng - iTunNORM 000001D5 00000000 00000F31 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000477C 00000000 00000343 00000000
INS104M
null
32914271
eng - iTunNORM 00000245 00000000 00001D86 00000000 00000139 00000000 00005D6F 00000000 0000011F 00000000
INS105F
null
74710326
eng - iTunNORM 00000353 00000000 000020AC 00000000 000016F5 00000000 000058DD 00000000 000016DB 00000000
INS105M
null
6687356
eng - iTunNORM 000001D8 00000000 000019AE 00000000 00001434 00000000 00007E39 00000000 00001400 00000000
210 The InstrumentalCase
(106)Když doma před zrcadlem cvičiacutevaacute diacutetě treacutenuje s niacute[When at-home in-front-of mirror-INST practices child-NOM trains with her-INST]When she practices at home in front of the mirror her child trains with her
Human beings that serve as landmarks are often understood as witnesses to whatever eventis placed before them so Czechs will say things like Nebudeme se haacutedat před dětmi [Will-not argue self-ACC in-front-of children-INST] lsquoWe arenrsquot going to argue in front of thechildrenrsquo Herersquos another example
(107)Před nimi živaacute skutečnaacute zviacuteřata skaacutekala plazila se a leacutetala tak bliacutezko že ciacutetili jejichpach a viděli každyacute jejich chlup[In-front-of them-INST live real animals-NOM jumped crawled self-ACC and flewso close that smelled their scent-ACC and saw every their hair-ACC]Real live animals jumped crawled and flew so close in front of them that theycould smell their scent and see every hair on their bodies
In the domain of time před means lsquobeforersquo when referring to events as in před odjezdem[before departure-INST] lsquobefore leavingrsquo or lsquoagorsquo when referring to periods of time as inpřed rokem [before year-INST] lsquoa year agorsquo or in the fixed phrase před tiacutem než [beforethat-INST than] lsquobeforersquo as illustrated in these two examples where the landing of aplane serves as a temporal landmark for a crash and a week is a period of time prior towhich some boasting took place
(108)Trosky Airbusu A320 čniacute z mělkeacute vody u pobřežiacute Bahrajnu kam se letoun společnostiGulf Air zřiacutetil kraacutetce před přistaacuteniacutem při letu z Kaacutehiry[Wreckage-NOM Airbus-GEN A320 projects from shallow water-GEN by coast-GEN Bahrain-GEN where self-ACC plane-NOM company-GEN Gulf Air-NOMcrashed shortly before landing-INST during flight-LOC from Cairo-GEN]The wreckage of an Airbus A320 sticks out of the shallow water off the coast ofBahrain where the Gulf Air plane crashed shortly before landing on a flight fromCairo
(109)Ještě před tyacutednem se rybaacuteři chlubili jak vyzraacuteli na pytlaacuteky[Still before week-INST self-ACC fishermen-NOM boasted how duped on poach-ers-ACC]Just a week ago the fishermen were boasting about how they had gotten the better ofthe poachers
The idiomatic construction miacutet něco před sebou [have something-ACC before self-INST] lsquohave something before oneselfhave yet to deal with somethingrsquo describes a futureevent (often an upcoming challenge) by conflating the domains of space and time Here thesubject stands on an imaginary time line facing the future and sees something that is comingup Alternatively the instrumental item can be the event itself and the meaning is verysimilar as in miacutet před svatbou [have before wedding-INST] which might be translated aslsquohave a wedding coming uprsquo Here are examples of how these constructions are used
před +INSTRUMENTAL
A LANDMARK
lsquobefore agorsquo inthe domain
of time
INS109M
null
4493061
eng - iTunNORM 000001CA 00000000 0000172E 00000000 0000011F 00000000 0000622F 00000000 00000B05 00000000
INS109F
null
46497965
eng - iTunNORM 0000026B 00000000 00002A01 00000000 000000EB 00000000 00005EAA 00000000 00000D92 00000000
INS108M
null
11493906
eng - iTunNORM 00000252 00000000 00001F90 00000000 00000392 00000000 00008101 00000000 00000534 00000000
INS108F
null
12382073
eng - iTunNORM 00000348 00000000 0000282C 00000000 000017C6 00000000 00007A9A 00000000 000017C6 00000000
INS107M
null
9665327
eng - iTunNORM 0000031B 00000000 0000211E 00000000 0000097D 00000000 00008063 00000000 0000092F 00000000
INS107F
null
10396759
eng - iTunNORM 00000269 00000000 00001A88 00000000 0000141A 00000000 00006597 00000000 000003AC 00000000