historic, archived document do not assume content reflects current
TRANSCRIPT
Historic , archived document
Do not assume content reflects current
scientific know ledge , policies ,orpractices .
INST ITUTE OF TROPICAL FO RESTRY FOR EST SERVICEU. 5 . DEPARTMENT OF AGR ICULTURE o R IO PI EDRAS, PUERTO R ICO
VOLUME 24 0 NUMBER 1 0 1963
6 01 1 OIGS er
El Caribbean Forester es una revista semes
tral gratuita. publicada en Puerto Rico desdeel ano 1 938 por el Instituto de DasonomiaTropical del Servicio Forestal del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos.
Esta publicacic’
m esta dedicada a promoverla mejor ordenacién y utilizacion de los re
cursos forestales del tropico con especial éniasis a la region del Caribe.
Provee informac1on a los Que laboran en
la ,da'
sonomia y ciencias afines sobre los problemas especificos que confrontan, las politicas forestales vigentes y el progreso del trabajo que se lleva a cabo para mejorar la or
denacion y utilizacion de los recursos forestales tropicales. También sirve como medioinformativo sobre los resultados y el progresode los programas experimentales, en ordenaci6n forestal tropical y utilizacién, que se lle
van a cabo en al Instituto de Dasonomia
Tropical en Puerto Rico. También le brindauna oportunidad a otras personas interesadasen la dasonomia tropical para presentar el
resultado de sus trabajos.
Se solicitan aportaciones de otras fuentesen el campo de la dasonomia tropical siempreque no estén considerandose para publicacionen otras revistas. El manuscrito generalmenteno debe exceder 20 paginas escritas a maquina a doble espacio, aunque ocasionalmente podria aceptarse un articulo mas largo cuandotuviera un interés especial .Los articulos deben someterse en la lengua
vernacula del autor, deben incluir su titulo o
posicién que ocupa y un resumen corto. De
ben estar escritos a maquina a doble espacio,solamente en un lado de la pagina , en papelblanco primera , tamar‘io por 1 1 pulgadas.
Las tablas deben numerarse consecutivamente, cada una en una hoja separada con
su titulo. Las notas al pie usadas en las tablas deben escribirse a méquina como partede la tabla y designarse por medio de mimeros.
Las ilustraciones deben designarse con mi
meros y numerarse consecutivamente. Los ti
tulos para cada ilustracion'
deberén someterseen una pagina separada . Las fotografias so
metidas como ilustraciones deben ser claras,bien definidas y en papel glaseado, preferiblemente 5 por 7 u 8 por 10pulgadas en tamano.
Las notas al pie deben numerarse consecutivamente con nu numero de llamada siguiendo1a palabra en el texto a la cual hace referencia la nota al pie. La nota al pie debe aparecer en el texto en la linea siguiendo el mimero de referencia y separada del texto pormedio de una linea corta hacia dentro desdeel margen izquierdo del texto. Las notas alpie se usan para dar crédito a material nopublicado y a comunicaciones. Si s
'
e hacensolamente unas pocas referencias a la literatura
‘
entonces dichas citas pueden aparecercomo notas al pie. Las citas incluiran el nombre del autor, el ano de publicacion, el titulodel trabajo, y el nombre y paginas de la publicacion.
Los manuscritos deben enviarse al Directordel Instituto de Dasonomia Tropical, R ioPiedras, Puerto Rico.
Las opiniones expresadas en esta revista nocoinciden necesariamente con las del ServicioForestal. Los articulos publicados en el Caribbean Forester pueden reproducirse siempreque se haga referencia a la fuente original .
The Caribbean Forester is a free semi-annual technical journal published since 1 938 inPuerto Rico by the Institute of TropicalForestry, Forest Service, U. S . Department ofAgriculture. This publication is devoted tothe development of improved managementand utilization of tropical forest resources,with special interest in the Caribbean region.
Through the pages of the journal tropicalforesters and workers in allied scientific fieldsare informed of specific problems of tropicalforestry, policies in effect in various countries,and progress of work being carried out for
the improvement of the management and utilization of forest resources. It furnishes a
means of distribution of information on the
progress and results of the experimental programs of the Institute of Tropical Forestryin Puerto Rico. In addition, it affords an op
portunity for other workers in the field of
tropical forestry to make available the resultsof their work.
Contributions for the journal are solicited.However, material submitted should not be
under consideration for publication elsewhere.
Manuscripts should not ordinarily exceed 20(Continua en la portada #3)
VOL . 24 No. 1 1 963 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
C a ribbe an Fore st e r
C o n te n t s
S u m o r i o
Annual Report for 1 962 Institute of Tropical ForestryBrief Notes on Forestry in Southea st Asia
F . Bruce Lamb
Notas Dendrolégicas para el Estado de Campeche, MexicoHéctor Flores Sa lgado
Height Growth of Bigleaf MahoganyJohn J . Ewel
Weedkillers for the Control of Pentaclethm macroloba,and Alchornea subglandulosa
L . Kasasian
The 1 962 Tropical Forestry Short CourseH. Barres
Experiencias de Riego por Infiltracién Subterranea en
Almacigos de Pinos y EucaliptosManuel S . Buteler
Variation of Stand Structure Correlated withAltitude,
in the Luquillo MountainsH. H. White, Jr.
The'
Response of Honduras Pine to Various PhotoperiodsJ . A . Vozzo and. C. B . Briscoe
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
Annua l Report For 1 96 2
Institute of Trop ical F ore stry
GENERAL
Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islandsare faced with three major forest problems:( 1 ) most of the forest land, better sui ted toforest than to other crops, is devoid of timber,(2) existing forests are low in productivity,and (3 ) forest products , both local and imported, are incompletely utilized. Deficientforests are a problem on about one-fourth of
the land surface of the islands . They limitsoil and water conservation and outdoorrecreational opportunities. Because of themmore than per year in forestproducts "which might be produced locally arecurrently imported, including an employmentvalue of not less than annually .
The development of forestry techniques forthe solution of these problems is the primarygoal of the program of the Insn
‘
tute of Tro
pical Forestry.
The prospects for meeting these forestproblems are improving. On large areas of
forest land repeated low yields of other cropshave led to a reduction
"
in the intensity of
cropping and therefore“
in direct competitionbetween these other crops and forests. Cur
rent public planning is directed more thanever toward the f ull use of all lands, whichfor these means the production of forestcrops. The local demand for nearly all typesof forest products is rising, not only in the
absolute, but also per capita . Offshore payments for products which could be producedlocally are a growing source of concern. Localincentives for conservation and for industrialdevelopment, for which forestry and forestproducts industries are eligible, are becomingmore attractive. Rapidly rising demands foroutdoor recreation and continuing unemployament are problems both of which can be
solved in part by more forestry . The recent
success inestablishment of plantations of pinein Puerto Rico makes available a new rapidgrowing forest crop adapted to lands too poorfor most f arm crops and forwhich a marketat early age
-
is assured,thus overcoming im
portant past deterrents to the practice of
forestry on private lands.
The program of the Institute during 1 962consisted of five broad lines of work; ( 1 ) thesearch for better techniques for making forestlands productive forest management re
search; (2 ) the search for techniques for
more effective utilization of forest products,both local and imported forest productsutiliza tion research; (3 ) the application of
research results in multiple-use public forestry under tropical conditions applied
forestry; (4 ) assistance to forest landownersand by processors of forest products in the
use of better techniques technica l forestryassistance; and ( 5 ) the use of local forestconditions and forestry experience as a train »
ing ground in tropical forestry forestrytra ining.
Fores t management research made up
about of the program of the Institutein 1 962 . Continuation of long-range investigations already under way constituted thecentral core of this activity . Included are
the testing of the adaptability of selectedspecies of tropical trees to local sites, thedevelopment or improvement of techniquesfor the production of planting stock, and
appraisal of trees already established bymeasurements of
' their growth . This year’swork was marked by the undertaking of a
new study of the climate of the LuquilloMountain region as it influences forest growththere, and by completion of the shift toelectronic techniques wherever advantageous
2
for summary and analysis of experimmtal
data.
Forest products utilization research ao
counted for about 1 5% of the Ins titute program in 1 962 . Past investigations of the
service life of preserva tive -treated fence postsof all important local species were continued.Tests of the use of solar hea t for dryinglumber, begun a year ago, were expanded.New work during the year included exploratory studies of the ma chinability (suitabilityfor cabinet work) of the wood from loca llygrown mahogany trees as a basis for the
selection of superior individuals for futureproduction.
Applied forestry, carried out largely within the -acre Luquillo Experimental Forest, made up about 30% of the program of
the Institute in 1 962 . Protection and administration of the forest continued. The firstsilvicultural treatment of the 7 ,000-a cre timber production area within the forest, startedin 1 955 , was completed, and all plantationswere liberated. The field work of an inven
tory of this area was completed preparatoryto revision of the management plan. A directinformation service to recreationists visitingthe forest was inaugurated.
Technical forestry assistance to landowners and
_
processors of forest productsconstituted about 1 5% of the program of the
Institute in 1 962. This a ctivity includeddemonstrations, advice , and cost-sharing on
nursery practice, reforestation, forest improvement, timber processing, and wood preser
vation. The work was expanded geographically in Puerto Rico and in scope in the Virgin Islands.
Forestry t raining made up about 5% of
the program of the Institute during 1 962 .
The annual three-month_ tr_
opical forestryshort course for foreign students
'
was held andin addition the Institute was host to a new
course which promises to b ecome recurrent,a 1 2-week, gradua te -level summer session on
tropical forestry directed by New YorkState College of: Forestry at Syracuse Uni
CARIBBEAN F ORESTER
FACILITIES
Current developments and trends suggestthat shifts in program emphasis may be anticipated in the future. In forest managementresearch the development of managementtechniques for producing crops of speciesalready found promising will predominateover the search for new adapted species.
These studies will be concerned with the
development of superior varieties, site rela
tionships, spacing, and growth rates. Forestproducts utilization research will continuetoward immoved techniques for seasoningand service life of wood, and will place increased emphasis upon utilization oi woodfrom local plantations. In applied forestrythere can be predicted an overall intensifica tion of multiple use in the Luquillo Forest,involving “
expansion of recreation facilities,including new areas, and in the timber production area of this forest, more drastic improvement cuttings or replacement of existing stands by planting. Technical fores tryassistance will concentrate more on commerciel forests and less on subsistence woodlots.
Post treatment facilities will be installed andtested on a commercial scale . Forestry training can be expected to expand and to rise
in level of presentation.
The two-story headquarters building of
the Institute continues to serve adequatelycurrent needs. The headquarters librarycontinues to grow through a systematic procedure for obtaining desired references citedby several sources, particularly the Centralized Title Service of the CommonwealthForestry Bureau. Reindexing of all unboundmaterial in a gzcordance with the Oxford system and rearranging on the shelves by placeof origin was completed. The library con
tains over titles a nd receives nearly60 periodicals pertinent to tropical forestry .
The headquarters _eXperEmc'
nta1“
nurseryhas become inadequate for theplanting stock for all
"adaptability.
“
studiesand will become”
moreso for'
anti‘
ci-pate'
d tests
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
of teak, mahogany, and pine provenance .
Currently the overflow is being produced at
the Catalina nursery of the CommonwealthDivision of Forests . A head-house, providingfor propagation under shade
,packing, and
storage, is being constructed in the experi
mental nursery, as are two hydroponics bedsfor controlled testing of the influence of
wa ter, nutrients, and rooting media uponplanting stock quality.
The experimental solar drier, constructedandfirst tested in 1 96 1 , was expanded to a
capacity of board feet, and improvedtemperature and humidity recorders wereinstalled in response to unusual interest onthe part of local processors.
Numerous experimental areas are admin“
istered by the Institute . The chief one,
the Luquillo Experimental Forest, coveringacres in eastern Puerto Rico
,was in
creased acres during the year by a landexchange. A second land exchange promisesto increase this area another 1 09 acres.
Steps were begun to acquire Estate Thomas,a tract of 1 47 acres, for research on the
island of St. Croix . This tract is coveredlargely with a young stand of small -lea fmahogany.
The nature of the work of the Institutehas required access to a greater variety of
sites than those represented within the areas
administered direc tly. Studies are in pro
gress on various areas within the a cresof Commonwealth Forests in Puerto Rico,and on more than 200 acres of other lands ,both public and private, in both Puerto Ricoand the Virgin Islands.
PER SONNEL
The working force of the Institut e during1 962 was 52 employees, of which 24 werepermanent and full-time. A new position of
importance was that of a Visitors InformationService Officer, appointed during the yearand stationed in the Luquillo ExperimentalForest. All permanent employees took ad
vantage oi specialized training opportunitiesduring the year, nine left their posts of duty
3
to attend such activities. In the man
hours of work performed during the year,there were no disabling injuries. Two vehicleaccidents occurred in mil es of
EX TERNAL RELATIONS
The progress of the Institute depends inlarge measure on the effectiveness of relationships leading to cooperation by others directly in its work or in the practice of betterforestry. Part of this cooperation is in the
form of land made available for the us e of
the Institute . The headquarters building,laboratories, and nursery in R io Piedras are
on lands of the University of Puerto Rico.
Office and nursery space in the Virgin Islandsis provided by the Virgin Islands Agricul turalProgram. Experimen ts in and demonstrations of planting and fence post service lifeare in progress on the lands of more than30 cooperators, chief of which are the PuertoRico Division of Forests and the Virgin Is
lands Corporation. The Agricultural Extension Service of the University of Puerto Ricoand the Soil Conserva tion Service of the U. S .
Department of Agriculture have assisted inthe location of landowners for such cooperation.
Forest research is assisted directly or
actually conducted by coopera i'
ors, a development whi ch grew in importante during1 962 . Technical counsel on experimentaldesign and techni ques used in related workhas come from the Agricultural ExperimentStation of the University of Puerto Rico, the
Soil and Water Conservation Branch of the
Agricul tural Research Service, and the ForestProducts Laboratory of the Forest Service at
Madison ,Wisconsin . Libraries of the Insti
tute and the Experiment Station have hasshared. The Experirhent Station has a
'
so
at Institu te expense,undertaken leaf analyses
as a part of an Institute study on the effezt
of the use of fert'
lizers on forest plantations .
Forest soilfi
analyses were undertaken by theSoil and Water Conservation Branch of ABS.
4
The Puerto Rico Division of Forests, in co
ordination with the Institute, establishedtests of tree adaptability and studies withits pilot plant for the pressure treatment offence posts with preservatives. The StateCollege of Forestry at Syracuse, New York,as a part of its 1 962 summer session in tropical forestry, undertook several five-week forest research projects in cooperation with theInstitute . The Quartermaster Research and
Engineering Command of the Army providedweather“
data from within and near the Ln
quillo Forest and shared in the cost of theiranalysis. Finally, much of the research progress of the past year has been due to generous provision for and counsel in the use of
electronic data processing equipment by theAgricultural Experiment Station of the Uni
versity of Puerto Rico.
The Institute has shared the resources atits disposal with itsmany cooperators. Officespace in the R io Piedras headquarters building is provided to the Experiment S tation .
A suitable building in the Luquillo Experimental Forest was made available to the
University of Puerto Rico as a station for
research on the' biology of the forest area .
A program oi_technical forestry assistance
and related research was conducted for theVirgin Islands Corporation. A program of
the Puerto Rico Division of Forests for forest planting stock production and distribu
tion is financed partly through the Institute ,which also provides the land for the principalnursery. The Institute and the Divisionshare the costs of a Cooperative Forest Man
agement‘
program administered by the Division and
“providing technical forestry assistance to landowners and processors. The In
stitute provides technical supervision of'
a
roadside tree management program financedby the Virgin Islands government. Landareas within the Luquillo Forest have beenmade available for specialized studies by theAir Force, the University of Texas, . the Atomic
“
Energy Commission,the Waterways Ex
periment Station at'
Vicksburg, and numerous
individual scientists. More than 1 50permits
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
FOREST “MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
for a variety of continuous uses of areas within the Luquillo Forest are in effect.Direct technical assistance was provided
for the betterment of forestry practices. At
the planning level, Institute - personnel servedon
“three Technical Action Panels of the
Rural Areas Development program of the
Department of Agriculture, advising localcommittees on the potentialities of forestry,including related industrial development.Field “ demonstrations of preservative treatcdfence posts were establishe d on priva te landsand one-day treatment demonstrations wereheld. In a ddition, technical assistance wasoffered to numerous industrial timber processors.
The Director represented the United States in two international conferences: ( 1 ) the8th British Commonwealth Forestry Conference at Nairobi, Kenya , June 25 to July 30,and (2 ) the 8th Session of the Latin American Forestry Commission at Santiago, Chile ,November 8 to 1 9. At the latter conferencea resumé of the programs of Latin-Americaninstitutions conducting forestry research waspresented by the Institute.
Research in forest management at the
Institute is currently a single major project,designated Tropical Silviculture . Within thisproject studies are directed ‘ toward a Widerange of objectives, all of which will contribute to better Silviculture. Studies of “
dendro
logy have as their objective the facilitationof the identification of trees and other forestplants. Studies of phenology concern the
timing of plant processes such as growth,flowering, and fruiting, as related to seasonal
external influences. Varia tion and selection
studies involve the search for strains of the
accepted tree species which are geneticallysuperior, as
"
a preliminary to more formalforest ” genetics studies. Investigations of
site improvement are concerned currentlywith the effects upon “tree growth of artifia
cially increased nutrient supplies . Nursery
VOL . 24 No. 1 1 963
practice currently is investigated to the de
gree necessary to assure successful propagation of experimental stock and to eliminateany major cost barriers to large-scale pro
duction of stock of species alrea dy provenpotentially important. Tests of species adaptability concern the search for better treespecies for
“ timber production on the more
important local sites,Studies of growth of
trees and stands are directed toward the ef
feets of site and spacing upon the growth of
trees and stands of desirable species.
A total of 69 distinct investigations within this project were under way at the be
ginning of the year. Of these, six studieswere completed. Four new studies werebegun,
leaving 67 on the active list at the
end of the year. Al though these statisticsmay suggest liztle change in the program,
the re has begun a transition in the emphasiswithin this project. Now that a few valuablespecies have been tentatively aczepted as
adapted to certain of the various major sitesof Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands lessemphasis is being placed upon adaptabilitystudies and more is on the techniques for
us ing these species where adapted. Attention has turned to genetic provenance, plantation spacing, and other aspects of establishment and management of these species.
DENDROLOGYPast work in the field of dendrology has
included the establishment of a herbarium of
local trees;the preparation of a popular manuscript on 250 of the common trees, theconstruction of preliminary keys for fieldident fication of trees, “
and the planting of
an arboretum of timber species at CiénagaAlta in, the Luquillo Experimental F orest.The Ciénaga Alta Arboretum , composed
of small plantings, ranging from 8 to 49 trees,of prospective timber species was expandedby the introduction of 1 3 new species. Theseare . parané pine (Araucarz
'
a . angustifolia)fromB razil and from Argentina , cunninghamia (Cunninghamia lanceola ta) from Ind
'
a,redwood (Sequoia f rom t he
PHENOLOGY
VARIATION AND SELECTION
United States, ,West Indian pine (Pinus occi
dentalis) from Haiti, eucalyptus (Eucalyptussa ligna , E . macalcita , E . ma idenii, E. robusta ,
and E. panicula ta) from Brazil, Honduraspine (Pinus caribaea) fromHonduras, Spanish-cedar (Cedrela odora ta) from Mexico,and yagrumo hembra (Cecropia spp.) fromIocal
’
sources. This brings to a total'
of 45
the number of species in this arboretum .
Unexpected printing delays postponedpublication of Arboles Comunes de PuertoRico e Islas Virgenes. During the year publication of the English version, CommonTrees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ,was approved. There are prospects thatboth the English and the Spanish editionswill be printed in 1 963 .
Analysis of the first phenologi c
al studiesin the forests of Puerto Rico are still underway. Three years of coordinated weeklymeasurements of rainfall and individual treegrowth and continuous measurements of
temperature and humidity were completed atfour distinct sites between 500 and feetelevation in the Luquillo Forest. The $ e data ,including hourly readings of temperature and
humidity, total more than measure
ments and are being processed electronically.
Supplemented by more complete da ta fromnine Army weather stations in and near the
Luquillo Mountains, an overall analysis of
Luquillo Mountain weather, based upon near
ly hourly observations is in progress.
Coordinated readings of rainfall, soil mois
ture, and tree diameter growth are continuingat one of the original four stations.
The selection for local sites of timberspecies from the
'
vast - array available in the
tropicali world has in the past taken precedence. o
'
ver
‘
the study of natural variation and
basesf orselectionof superior strains withinspecies. a M ass selection of future seed bear
6
has been a secondary benefit of improvementwork in existing stands and thinnings in
plantations.
’ Variations -in the growth rateand fon
'
n'
of teak (Tectona grandis big
leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King)and Honduras pine (Pinus caribaea hondu
rensis) : have been observed and it appearsthat some of these are hereditary. However,these prom1 smg spec1e-s are represented in thisarea by only a few provenances, so more
introductions are needed before the prospectsof genetic improvement can be appreciated.Preliminary trials in pure plantations of
Honduras pine indicated that on the bettersites, after only one . year, some seedlingsmake height growth highly significantlygreater than tha t of their ne ighbors in the
plantation. A number of such seedlings at
several locations have been identified to
determine whether this rapid early growthis continued in later years.
A study of the wood of bigleaf mahogany,described elsewhere in this report, is directedtoward the recognition of superior wood quality in standing trees which in other respectsare superior.
sf'rE IM PROVEMENTThe fact that many species of timber
trees will thrive in climates or on“
soils too
adverse for the economic production of othercrops has
‘
led to -a concentration of forestryresearch effort on these poor sites. Timbertrees adapted to many of them have beenfound, but it has also come to light that thespecies producing the most highly prizedtimbers respond favorably to and, like othercrops for commercial production, may requiremore favorable condi tions. The growingneed to ‘
put to use all lands in the islandsand the extensive area which can be usedonly for forest suggests that timber cropsmight be offered better gron environmentmore practically by improvement of thesepoorer sites than by moving the trees to better ones.
Tests of the response ,of plantation teak
to fertilizer application on various sites in
CARIBBEAN F ORESTER
NUR SERY PRACTICE
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, beguntwo years
-
_
ago, provide the first-
e vidence of
what might be expected from this practice.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium wereapplied semiannua
‘
lly in levels up to 800, 400,and 800
“pounds per acre, respectively, and
with cal cium and magnesium present in
abundance. Two-year tree diameter growthwas highly significantly correlated with totalNPK applied, with original tree diameter a t
breast height, and with location, but was not
significantly correlated with the amountapplied of any one of these three elements.
Analyses of leaves one year after treatment began, made by the Agricultural Experiment Station, showed that the amount ofnitrogen and manganese present was highlysignificantly correlated with the amount offertilizer applied, but phosphorus, potassium,
iron, and boron were not. A secondarypreliminary test made concurrently withthese lea f a nalyses showed that differencesin the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassiumcontents of the leaves from the terminal
shoot, as comparedWith those from the lowercrown were not statistically significant and
in fact were negligible . Confirmation of thisfinding by further tests could lead to important savings in the costs of this experi
mental technique.
Four related short-term studies, conductedin cooperation with Syracuse University,explored techniques for the investigation of
the use of liquid fertilizers, foliar analysis,and soil conditions as measured by lysimeters.
The advantages of using potted plantingstock of some timber species, in both postplanting survival and growth have justifiedefforts to improve the techniques for prodnoing such stock, even though the searchcontinues for effective methods of employingless expensive planting material. The development of potting media which are superiorin termsof weight and of seedling growth has
VOL . 24 No. 1 1 963
continued . Additional tests with fertilizedsawdust as a potting medium have givensatisfactory development of pine and hardwoods tested. The major difficulty encoun
tered ha s been providing adequate moistureto the seedlings
,because sawdust in polye
thylene bags sheds moisture when appliedfrom overhead . This difficul ty has been essen
tially overcome by mixing two parts sawdustwith one part vermiculite . Use of shr
eddedcoconut fiber in m ixture wi th sawdust or
vermiculite has shown no advantages in the
nursery. It is somewhat more difficult toinsert seedlings during transplanting, but itdoes hold together sl ightly better at the tfie
of outplanting.
Daily saturation of the rooting medium
with a nutrient solution has yielded fastergrowth of several hardwoods, but none of the
Table 1 .
SPECIES
Anthocepha lus cadamba
Araucaria angustifolia
Cordia a lliodora
Cybistax donnell-smitka
Hibiscus ela tus
Khaya senega lensis
M aesopsis eminii
Pinus caribaea
P . douglasiana
P . elliottii elliottii
P . michoacana
P . montezuma
P. oocarpa
P . pseudostrobus
P . taeda
Swietenia humilis
S . mahagoni
Taxodium mucrona tum
combinations of elements tried as yet has
improved the growth of pine .
Tree heights 1 2 to 1 5 months after planting.
PLOT MEANS-TREE HEIGHTCLAY SOIL
SPECIE S ADAPTABILITYStudies of the adaptabili ty of planted
trees have continued, with current workchiefly on the following major sites: ( 1 ) deepsandy loam soils of eastern and cen tral Puerto Rico
, (2 ) deep clay soils of eastern and
central Puerto Rico, (3 ) shallow clay loam
soils of eastern Puerto Rico, (4 ) shallow claysoils of the northern limestone region of Puerto Rico, and ( 5 ) shallow clay loam soils
of the mounta ins of St . Croix . Tables 1 to3 present recent results with some of the
species under test on the first two sites listed. Precipitation on the sandy loam siteranges from 50 to 1 1 0 inches annually; forthe clay from 40 to 1 50 inches.
8 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Table 2 . Tree heights 24 to 2 7 months after outplanting.
PLOT MEANS-TREE HEIGHTSPEC IES CLAY SOIL
Anthocephalus cadamba
Carapa guianensis
Casuarina equisetifoliaCordia a lliodora
Cybistax donnell-smitka
Eucalyptus x bangaloreE. patentinervis
Hibiscus elatus
Pinus caribaea
P. elliottii elliottu
P. massoniana
P. occidentalis
Pterocarpus indicusSwietenia humilis
S . macrophyllaS. mahagoni
Tectona grandis
Table Tree heights months after outplanting.
n or MEANS-TREE HEIGHTSPECIES CLAY sou.
Anthocephalus cadarn-ba
Casuarina equisetifoliaCecropia pelta taEuca lyptus x bangaloreE. pa ten tinervis
Hibiscus elatus
Khaya nyasica
Pinus caribaea
P. occidenta lisP. taeda
Schizolobium parahybum,
S . parahybum,Guatemala
Spa thodea campanula taSwietenia macrophyllaS . mahagoni
Tectona grandis
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 968
Introductions of new species and seedsources during the year totaled 1 1 . Im
portant new sources of seed were East andWest Africa and Central America .
A short-term study of site evaluationundertaken in cooperation with SyracuseUniversity provided new information as to
variations in stand structure due to environmental factors correlated with al titude in theLuquillo Forest .
GROWTH OF TREES AND STANDS
Past studies of tree spacing and thinningin plantations, carried out on a small sca lewith several species on a variety of sites, haveproduced only approximate guides to properspacing . The more intensive plantation management anticipated for the future will re
quire a stronger experimental basis. To thisend 48 yield tables were analyzed (Table 4)to determine those measurable stand characteristics with which tree spacing is related.For the 35 species and species-groups in 7
countries, average spacing between trees wassigni ficantly correlated with mean tree diameter at breast height or basal area (which issimply a function of diameter) in 85 percent
Table 4 .
SPECIES
Abies and Picea
A . grandis
A . magnifica
Alnus rubra
Anthocephalus cadamba
Bottomland hardwoodsDalbergia sissoo
Eucalyptus globulus
F raxinus americana
Hardwoods, mixedLarix deciduaLiriodendron tulipifera
9
of the tables; spacing was significantly cor
related with total height, and with site quality in 55 per cent of the tables. Finally, 42per cent of the tables indicated that spa cingis correlated with age.
Spacing trials of Honduras pine wereestablished at three locations. Triangulararrangement was used at spacing of 5, 7 , 1 0,and 1 4 feet be tween adjacent trees. Diameter growth measurements will be taken an
nually for anal ysis.
A composite volume table for tabonucotype forest of the Luquillo Mounta ins
,form
erly derived from two formulas was recom»
puted by a single formula . Master carddecks were prepared for this table to permitautoma tic compilation of volumes from the
forest inventory of this area made duringthe year.
Records of the growth and developmentof forest planta tions growing in tropical Africa under conditions comparable to PuertoRico and the Virgin Islands were collected.
An evaluation of the effects of a number of
site factors upon the growth of bigl eaf mabogany in plantations within Puerto Rico wasmade in cooperation with State College of
Forestry at Syracuse University .
Yield table ana lyses of factors to which spacing is rela ted .
HSHS HS HS
HS HS HS S
1 0
SPECIES
Northern hardwoodsNyssa sylva tica biflora
Picea excelsa
Pinus banksiana
P . echinata
P . elliottu elliottu
P . pa lustris
P. ponderosa
P. resincsa
P. erotlna
P . sitchensis and Tsuga
he terophylla
P. taeda
P. taeda and P. elliottu
elliottii
Populu'
s deltoides
Pseudotsuga menziesu
Sequoia sempervirens
Shorea lepresura
S . robusta
Tectona grandis
Percentage significant
Table 4 . Cont.
HS
HS’
HS
HSHSHS7 1
HSHS
HS5 1
HSHSHSHSHS
HS
HSHS55
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
HSHS
HS HS HS
HS
HS
1 / 5 indicates a c orrelation s ignificant at the 5 percent level of confidence; HS, at the 1 per cent level.
Dashed lines indhate the variable was not tested.
Blanks indicate the variable was tested but the correlation was not s ignificant.
1 2
grown trees and from three foreign sources
is being compared as to physical propertiesand shaping quality. In the local materialthe relationship between shaping quality, ifany, and d-rection of the gra in, position in
the tree, age of the tree at the time the woodwas formed, growth rate, and specific gravityare all being studied. Further tests are
projected for local mahogany from three otherprovenances and sites.
WOOD PRESERVATION
Current studies of service life of fenceposts now concerns both the use of creosoteand pentachlorophenol with most of the com
mon species and with three nonpressure treatment techniques: cold soaking
,hot and
cold bath, and double diffusion. Plans are
in preparation for a comparative study of
pressure and nonpressure trea tment, but no
new studies in this field were undertakenin 1 962 .
Reexaminations of service life tests of
fence posts showed the following results:1 . Posts of casuarina (C. equisetifolia)
treated with carbolineum by the hot-and
cold bath method are all sound a fter 1 9 yearsexposure in the wet forest of the LuquilloMountains. Comparable untreated posts failed after an average of years of service life.
2 . Posts of eucalyptus (E. robusta) and
mesa (M icroph‘
olis chrysophylloides) , treatedsimilarly, are all sound a fter 1 3 years of
exposure on the north coast and in the cen
tral mountains of Puerto Rico. Untreatedposts in this test also failed a fter an averageof years.
3 . Posts of 57 species cold soaked for 5days in 1 0percent pentachlorophenol in dieseloil are , after 10 years of exposure, 50 percentsound on the north coast and 80 percentsound in the central mountains .
OTHER STUDIES
In cooperation with the State College of
Forestry of Syracuse University exploratorystudies were made of ( 1 ) the relationship
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
between wood specific gravity and positionin the tree, with bigleaf mahogany (Swieteniamacrophylla ) and teak (Tectona grandis) ,(2 ) fence post preserva tive treatment bypressure methods, and (3) trends in forestproducts imports into Puerto Rico.
APPLIED FORESTRY
The Institute continued to administer theLuquillo Experimental Forest and to applywithin it the Forest Service policy of multipleuse and progressive silviculture directed toward improvement oi the timber stands.
The completion of a long-pending landexchange increased the size of the LuquilloForest from to a cres. A secondexchange , undertaken during the year, may
add about 1 08 acres more. All boundariesand monuments were checked in the fieldpreparatory to restoration of those lost. Datawere collected for a new base map. Con
struction of two roads,totaling miles, was
in progress throughout the year.
The first improvement cutting in the timber in the -acre pilot management areawas completed seven years a fter it began .
This consisted principally of the poisoningof undesirable trees, particularly those of
inferior species. A secondary, more intensivetreatment of 62 1 acres of plantations withinthis area was also completed . This treatment consisted of the selection of crop treesand their liberation to a D+d radius.Preparations were undertaken for a com
plete revision of the plan for the managementof this forest. Review of the designation of
areas to research, timbermanagement, recreation, and other uses is nearly complete . Atimber inventory was completed and recom
partmentation of the pilot management areais under way. More intensive silviculturaltreatments are being tested for the secondcycle.
The use of the Luquillo Forest for purposes other than timber production is growing rapidly. There have been issued 1 56
permits for uses such as resorts, organization
VOL . 24 No. 1 1 963
camps, picnic areas,radio communications,
rights of way, and residences. The mostrapid increase in these uses is for recreation,
with visitor-days to the forest in1 962 , an increase of 1 0% over 1 96 1 . To
meet this growing demand preliminary planning was done for four new picnic areas and
a permanent technical employee was assignedto the La Mina Recreational Area to provideinformation to visitors.
The Forest Service hasmade arrangementsfor the transfer of the 1 46 -acre Esta te Thomas Experimental Forest from the Virgin Islands Corporation, thus providing an area in
St. Croix for the testing and demonstrationof intensive forestry in the natural stands of
small-leaf mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)and the plantations of teak (Tectona grandis)there. Eight acres of this forest were sub
jected to an intensive crop-tree liberationcutting.
TECHNICAL FORESTRY ASSISTANCE
Technical assistance in forestry was a
continuing activity of the Institute during1 962 . Recipients of such assistance were intwo general groups: landowners and pro
cessors of forest products.
ASSISTANCE IN PUERTO RICO
Landowners
The Institute shared costs with the Commonwealth government for the productionand distribution of forest plan ting stock and
for technical assistance to landowners on
reforestation and forest management. Farmforesters of the Commonwealth Division of
Forests, working under these cooperative programs, met requests for technical forestry assistance from landown ers. A totalof trees were produced and distributed to farmers and served to reforest 556acres. This is an increase of 297 in numberof requests, and in number of treesdistributed.
Processors of Forest Products
1 3
The Commonwealth government, Wi thabout acres of forest lands, is itselfthe largest single recipient of assistance fromthese cooperative programs. A total of 50
acres were planted on Commonweal th forestlands during the year. Technical assistanceto the Division of Forests in the managementof its lands was offered by the Institute inthe layout of administrative studi es, nurserytechniques for the produc lion of pine planting stock, recreational area planning, and
timber stand improvement .
Plantings of Honduras pine for demonstration purposes were established at eightlocations on three major soil types in cooperation with the Institute. These plantations,ranging from one—half to five acres in area,
are widely dispersed over the island and
located along well traveled roads in readilyaccessible locations. Establishe d primarilyat the expense of the landowner, five of the
eight are on private farms. In addition to
their demonstration value they are expectedto yield growth information for research purposes.
Continued delays in the establishment ofcommercial facilities for nonpressure preservative treatment of fence posts, in spite of
evidence from past research as to the effectiveness of the treatment and the large demand for fence posts in Puerto Rico, and
incentives offered by the Commonweal thgovernment for new industries of this type,led the Institute to acquire the basic equipment required for a minimum commercialtreating plant. An interested potential en
trepreneur has been located, and installationof the plant, in cooperation wich the PuertoRico Economic Development Administration,
is anticipated soon. The Institute will serveas technical advisor and will conduct researchwith the equipment.Technical assistance was provided to the
Agricultural Extension Service and to the
1 4
Soil Conservation Service in field demonstrations of timber harvesting equipment andpreservative treatment of posts were heldin eight loca tions. About 1 70 persons at
tended . These agencies are also being assisted in the
'
establishment of a network of
demonstration fences throughout the island .
These fences, with posts treated by the Institute and set at the expense of the landowner
,. are now installed in eight locations.
The service life of these posts is being de ter;
mined as a research aspect of this project.
The solar drier has continued to interestfurniture manufacturers, and three lots of
lumber were dried in it to show its u tility .
Samples of local woods adequate for testingfor furniture and novelties were providedupon request from local manufacturers.
ASSISTANCE IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
'
_Du
_ring t'
he f irst half of the year the technical forestry assistance program in the Vir
gin Islands was financed nearly entirely bythe Virgin Islands Corporation. During thesecond half the Forest Service undertookdirect financing of the technical aspects of
the program , con tinuing cooperative relation
ships with the Virgin Islands AgriculturalProgram is research and extension, with theVirgin Islands Corporation for logging, milling, and preservative treatment; with the
Soil Conservation Service in land use plan
ning; with the Virgin Islands government inplanting stock produc tion and roadside treemanagement; and with private landownersfor forestry practices and studies on theirlands .
Landowners
Requests for technical assistance werereceived from about 1 50 landowners: 1 35 in
St. Croix,1 0 in St. Thomas, and 5 in St .
John . Response to these requests involvedpersonal contacts on the land and inc uded
advice on re forestation, plantation management
,
“
stand improvement, insect and disease
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Processors of Forest Products
control, and harvesting . In addition, planting stock was produced and distributed freeof charge , a crew of laborers was tra ined inall aspects of the work and provided techn icalsupervision on work for landowners.
A total of potted trees were produced in the nursery, nearly all mahogany(Swie iema but because of adverseweather and personnel limita tions only 700were distributed for the planting of one acre
of forest . The remainder are being held overfor planting in 1 963 . The weeding and re
lease oi established plantations, promoted bythe program,
but at the expense of the landowner
,
-were done on 36 plantations, totaling1 8 1 a cres. Tra ining of workers and technica l supervision of crews engaged in thiswork for landowners have formed a part ofthis program; Many of these plantations arethe subjec t/ of administrative studies in pro
gress by the Institute . In the six years of
this program private landowners have invested more than in the establishmentof forest planta t ions.
The Virgin Islands g overnment, owner of
extens ive areas of forest lands, is a ma jorrecipient of technical forestry assistance fromthe Institute . This has included the training and technical supervision of laborers hiredby the government for planting and man
aging plantations on 22 a cres of its lands andalso along roadsides where timber productionis a possibility.
The limited volume of standing timberavailable within the Virgin Islands has not,
the past, supported an organized marketor logging and milling industry. The highqual ity of local woods, particularly mahoganyand thibet (Albizia lebbeck) , suggests that asmall industry producing furniture , novelties,and tourist items,could be profitable. As a
step in this direction the Virgin Isl-andsCorporation
“
has done custom“
logging and
milling, placing the lumber from trees which
VOL. 24 No. 1 1 963 1 5
F ig . 1 . Pa rticipants and instructors, New York Sta te College of Forestry , Summer Session on
tropica l forestry . Ba ck row from left to right : B . A . Bays, A . G . Clegg, J. Ewel , H . WIS
dom , Wyckoff, J . Harris, G . Gruenwold t, C . B . Briscoe,M iddle row : H . Barres, J. H .
Kra emer, F ox ,J . E . Coufa l , S . C . Snedeker, H. W. White , Jr.
F ront row : J . W. Sposta , E . Copus, Jr.,
otherwise would have been unusable at the
disposal of local woodworkers.Under the technical supervision of the
program, about 85 trees, mostly mahogany,were logged, and the Sion Farm Sawmill wasrun intermittently, producing boardfeet of lumber for specialty purposes. Lum
ber was sold at $400 per thousand board feetgreen
,and $500 seasoned. Slabs, crotches,
and miscellaneous chunks sold at from 4 to
5 cents a pound. Most of the material wasused for furniture , including such novel usesas coffee tables from slabs and crosscut crotches, lamps, serving boards, and similar uses
which make the most of attractive grain .
One cabinetmaker put into use a portablechain ripsaw which has facilitated the removalof individual trees where logging equipmentis not ava ilable . As a resul t of efforts bythe Institute there are now prospects for
J . Hutchinson , R . P. B elanger, V . R . Ortiz .
operation of the Virgin Islands Corporationlogging and mill ing equipment under con
tract by a cabinetmaker. This would markan important step forward in Virgin Islandsforestry.
The VICORP hot-and-cold bath plant fortreating fence posts
,opera ted under the tech
nical supervision of the Institute, was ussc'
t
for the preservation of fence posts removedin stand improvement operations in EstateThomas experimental forest. In all, 550
posts were treated . Most of these are beingused to establish fences on farms
“
in key
locations dispersed over the islands. Thesewill establish a basis for estimating expectedservice life and to attract the a ttention of
private landowners. Two such fences wereinstalled during the _ year.
Fuelwood out during silvicultural workat Estate Thomas and from roadside fellings
1 6
was made available to the VICORP sugarmill, reducing by about 450 cords the amountre quired from less discrimina te felling else
where by contractors.
FORESTRY TRAINING
The role of the Institute as a center fortraining in tropical forestry became more
important in 1 962 wi .h the inauguration of
a second training course in tropical forestryand a nearly three-fold increase in traineedays during the year.
The Ninth Tropica l Forestry Short Coursewas held from September 5 to November 28
,
with 1 4 participants from British Guiana ,
the Dominican Republic, Jamaica , Liberia ,
and the Sierra Leone .
A graduate -level,1 2-week summer session
in tropical forestry was held at the Institutefrom June 6 to August 29 by the Coliege of
Forestry of State University of New Yorkat Syracuse . Fifteen students, graduates of
six forestry colleges, participated. The staffof the .
Institute provided part of the instruotion and guidance on the individual 6 ~weekresearch projects assigned to the students .
Reports of several of these merit publication .
In addition to these formal courses thestaff of the Institute provided informal tra ining to 42 other students and visitors from 1 1
foreign countries.
PUBLICATIONS
Barres, H .
1 962 . REPORT ON TROPICAL FORESTRY SHORT COURSE. Carib. Forester -32 .
Five particb ants from four countries weregiven a 1 2-week course in tropical for
estry .
Briscoe, C ,B.
1 962. EARLY LIFTING OF PINESEEDLINGS . ITF Trop. Forest Note
2 pp.S eedlings potted four weeks before out
planting grew as well and survived al
most as well as seedlings grown ih pots.
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
1 962 . MEDIC ION DEL CRECIMIENTO DE LOS ARBOLES EN LOS BOS
QUES TROPICALES . Carib . Forester-20.
A brief , deta iled discussion of tree
measurement.
1 962. TREE DIAMETER GROWTHIN THE DRY LIMESTONE HILLS .
ITF Trop . Forest Note 2 pp.
Sw ieten ia mahagon i plantations growfaster than the best natural forest on
this harsh site .
1 962. HEIGHT GROWTH OF MAHOGANY SEEDLINGS . ITF Trop.
Forest Note 2 pp.
On S t. Croix, hybrid mahogany seedlingsoutgrew both parent species for the firsttwo years on all but the driest site tested .
Englerth, G . H . and E . Goytia Ohnedo1 962 . THE BOW SAW FOR CUTTING TROPICAL WOODS . ITF Trop .
Forest Note 3 pp.
Describes the use of the bow saw.
1 962 . LEAF SIZE IN SWIETENIACarib
,Forester - 1 1 5 .
M easurements of lea flet size strongly indica te that Swieten ia mahagoni and S .
ma crophylla hybridize freely . The hybridis easily distinguishable from S . mana
goni and partia lly distinguishable from
S . macrophylla on the basis of lea flet
length only .
Institute of Tropical Forestry.
1 962. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1 96 1 .
Carib. Forester - 1 4.
A brief description of the activities of
the Institute during calendar 1 96 1 .
Maldonado, E . D .
1 962 . SOLAR RADIATION USED TODRY MAHOGANY L U M B E R INPUERTO RICO. ITF T wp. ForestNote 5 pp .
VOL . 24 No. 1 1 963 1 ?
M ahogany lumber in a ventilated, plas Describes current nursery techniques ,
tic-covered shed dried much more r'
apid and some of those being tested, at thely and to a lower moisture content than Institute
lumber in covered piles. S easoning degrade was not increased . Sposta , J . W.
Marrero, J 1 962 . THE L U QU 1 L L o EKPERI1 962 . PRACTICAS USADAS EN LOS MENTAL FOREST PUERTO RICO.
VIVEROS DE PINOS DE PUERTO A leaflet prepared for distribution to
RICO. Carib . Forester -99. visitors, describing the Luquillo Forest .
Copies available upon request.
1 8 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Brie f Note s on F ore stry in Sou thea st Asia
B"
F . BRUCE LAMB
S U M M A R Y
Observation s made during a recent survey trip to Southeast Asia are re
ported. Countries visited were Japan ,Taiwan , Philippine Islands, North Borneo,
Sarawak ,Indonesia , Vietnam, Cambodia , Thailand, and India . The opinion is
expressed that if politica l stability is achieved,forestry will play an important
role in the economic development of this area in the years to come
R E S U M E N
S e informan las observaciones hechas durante un viaje de reconocimientohecho recientemente por el Sureste de Asia . Se visitaron los siguientes paises :Japon , Taiwan , Islas Filipinas, Borneo del Norte, Sarawak, Indonesia , Vietnam ,
Cambodia ,Ta ilan y la India . S egun 1a Opinion expresada , si se alcanza la
estabilidad politica dentro de los proximos anos la dasonomia ocupara un lugarimportante en el desarrollo economico de esta area .
Southeast Asia constitutes one of the TAIWANmajor tropical forest resource areas of the
world. This region is also rapidly developing into an important manufacturing area forwood products. Stable progress of fore zt
resource development in this large and variedregion depends
.
on full realization of the
potential value of the forest resources and thecreation of new markets for wood productsas well as full exploitation of existing localand world marke ts.
JAPAN
The Japanese have made an impressivecontr-bution to the utilization of Southseaforest resources in their organization of log
transportation to Japanese manufacturingcen ters
,the production of wood products,
especially plywood, and the distribution of
salable wood merchandise to local and worldmarkets. Their creative enterprise will un
doubtedly continue to provide an example of
the possible results of Well organized effortand financing.The utilization of local Japanese forest
resources plays a relatively small, but nevertheless significant, part in the program.
A forest resource survey of Ta iwan has
recently been completed by the ChineseAmerican Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction. This study Will provide an
adequate basis for appraising the part localforest resources can be expected to play inrelation to imported logs for the rapidly developing local plywood industry.
An active forest research program is underway at the Taiwan Forest Research Institut
e
located at Taipei. Since the southern partof the island lies in the subtropical and tropical zones, studies which are being carriedout there will be of interest to foresters in”w American tropics.Of special note are propagation and plan
ta tion management studies with bfgleaf mabogany (Swietenia macrophylla K
'
ng) . As
a result of the observation of a high proportion of mahogany seedlings in nurseries withtwisted or deformed roots, a study was
undertaken of the relationship between the
orientation of the seed at planting and sub
sequent germination, survival and seedlinggrowth . It was found that the position of
the seed in the ground giving best results
foresters of the world is of vital interest asa means of improving forest resource management efficiency.It was interesting to observe the place
bigleaf mahogany is taking in reforestationin the Islands. Ease of propagation, silvicultural characteristics, and wood quality givethis species many advantages. Like chinar(Platanus orientalis L.) which has becomethe state tree of Kashmir even though an
exotic, bigleaf mahogany (also an exotic) israpidly becoming the national tree of the
Philippines. It is the most abundant shadetree in Manila , and reforestation programsare using it extensively. In openings alonglogging roads in the forested areas it is com
monly found, having become established bothby direct seeding and by transplanting . At
tention to tree improvement practices in se
leeting planting stock of mahogany could benefit the reforestation program because of thewide variety of ecotypes available and the
wide range of site conditions to be reforestedin the Islands.If full advantage is to be taken of these
efforts some attention should also be given toprotecting the good name of mahogany. The
worldwide reputation of this wood in lumbermarkets will be much easier to maintain thanto reestablish once it is cast in doubt.
NORTH BORNEO AND SARAWAKIt is certainly gratifying to see the con
servative approach to forest resource man
agement displayed by these two states,soon
to be joined politically with Malaya . The
stated policy of the Forest Departments isto set up permanent timber concessions underlong-term agreements for timber extractionunder the basic principle that security of
tenure and long-term planning are essentialfor successful management.
In North Borneo the lowland commercialDipterocarp forests cover approximately
square miles and produce 98% of the
timber export, a volume of 490million boardfeet in 1 960. The concession areas are worked under special licenses which constitute
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
INDONESIAWith the addition of West New Guinea
(West Irian) to its territory, Ind i nesia be
comes the mayor forest resource area in
Southeast Asia . However, a great deal of
information must be obta ined before the largeforest regions of Kalimantan (B
‘
rneo) and
New Guinea can be exploited under sound
simple working plans. The aim is to achievesustained yield management. Each concession area is managed as a separate fellingseries, with annual cut controlled by area
a llotment. The rotation is established at 80
years, but only one-hundredth of the area of
each series is allocated each year in order tomake allowance for 20% unworkable forestarea.
The individual working circles are exploited under a modification of the
“MalayanUniform System.
”The actual logging oper
ation is to a certain extent selective. Fellingis carried out to a minimum girth limit whichvaries from 4% to 6 feet ( 1 7 to 23 inchesdia .) according to market conditions. The
first improvement isll 'ng over advanced na
tural regrowth is carried out by the ForestDepartment by girdling or poisoning to re
move defec tive trees and undesirable species .
In addition to large semi-permanent timber concessions the Forest Department grantsannual licenses to small operators. Indig
enous tribes can obta in free use permits fortheir own domestic purposes.Reforestation has been undertaken to a
limited extent but, logically, in a countrywith such large timber reserves the majoreffort is exerted in keeping the forest naturallyproductive without planting.The forest resources of Sarawak are some
what more varied in character than those of
North Borneo, which complicates over-alladmin istration. However, basic policies are
essentially the same.
It is to be hoped that the present forestpolicies may continue in effect as the politicaladministration changes over the next fewyears.
VOL . 24 No. 1 1 968
adimWnistrat vs control. Plans for forest inven tcries and other studies are being formulated forKaliman tan which will provide a
basis for future forest 1 esource deve 1 0pment .
It is too early to anticipate what developments will take place in West New Guinea .
Imp ortant developments have taken placeand are cont ui.n g in the field of forest plantatien establishmen t and management on theislands of Java and Sumatra . Indonesia haslong been a major producer of plantationrubber. This involves plantation management of a forest species (Hevea brasilionsis
Mueil. Arg. including tree improvement
progra ms and other p1 actices of interest inthe field of forestry. Cui rent studies are
being made of the possib fl ity of produ:in g
pulp and paper from plan zat ons of this spe
cies tnat e.re on the point of being cut and
repia1 1 ted (age 2 5 to 85 years) .1 1 01
°
Java extensive teak for“
( indie L i . ) are under man
In addi tion,many other exotic
species from all tropical regions have beenintroduced on a trial basis . Bo
‘
lh Swie tenia
from tropical America and Khaya from Africa have been planted to a considerable extent
,
In planting programs using mahogany, preference is now bein g given to
g
Khaya over Swistenio because i f. is apparently more resistant tothe mahogany shoot borer (Hypsipyla robus
ta) than Swietenz'
a under Indonesian condi
tions. However,the question of wood quality
shoul d also be taken in to consideration. Treeimprovement studies appear inevitable in the
achievement of maximum resul ts in bothvolume and quality production.
Unfortunately reports of these trials are
largely confined to the Dutch and Indonesianlanguages. However, my respect for the
Indonesians as linguists is considerabie a ftera two-week exposure, and I believe theywould be glad to present their data in otherlanguages on invi tation
V —l - V - A U 0
VIETNAM , CAM BODIA, THAILAND
The very brief stops made in these countries provide little basis for comment on the
2 1
forest situation . Political developments uh
fortunately are a di
srupting factor in some
areas .
On the streets of Phnom Penh, Cambodia ,
one sees a mixture of the mahoganies plantedtogether (Swieterzia sp. and Khaya Thi swould provide an interesting situation in
which to investigate the possibili ty of the
crossing between these two cl ea n-
1 1 m ] distinct
genera l-i orphoiogicel stuches of nurser
stockwould probably give a good indication ,
wh1 ch coul d be followed by cyt ological studies1 1: cross 1 ng appeared to be taking place ,
Thi ne limita tions confined my visit in thisfabled land to indust ial in stallations an d theForest R esearch Institute at Debra Dun .
The physical plant of the Institute ari d the
scope of the work pr1 ogram cer justifyi st reputa tion as one of the world’
s foremost
forest research institutions.
FAG, ROMETwo days were spent at the Forestry and
Forest Products Division of FAQ in Rome,
going over projects and reports from the
Southeast Asian area . The contribution of
this organiz ation to progr ess in forest resourcedevelopment in Southeast Asia has been and
undoubtedly will continue to be of greatsign ificance.
CONCLUSIONIn looking back on this trip the conclusion
is inescapable tha t permanent progress in
forest resource utili zation and managementdepends on polit ical and economic stabili tyin the various states of Southeast Asia . Ifa measure of political stab l ity is acheved,
forestry should play an important role in the
economic picture in years to come. ctivities
of the FAO of the United Nations, increasedscientific interchange, and Various exchangesof technicians can all help to maintain for
estry in Southeast Asia in the vital positionto which the magnitude of the natural re .
sources entitles it.
22 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Nota s Dendrolog ica s Pa ra e l Esta do de
Campeche , Mexico
Por
HECTOR F LORES SALGADO 1 /
F acultad de Agronomia , Universidad de Nuevo Leon
Monterrey, México
RESUMENEl presente articulo versa sobre la impor‘
tancia que tiene 1a dendrologiatropica l dentro del campo de la Dasonomia Trop ical y la Investigacién F oresta lTropical . Ademas, se incluyen tres listas de los arboles mas comunes que se en
cuentran en el Estado de Campeche , M éxico , ordenados éstos a lfabéticamentepor nombre comun 0 regiona l, nombre botan ico y familia a que pertenecen . Por
ultimo , una l ista de nombres comunes de arboles que no se identificaron .
SUMMARYThis article dea ls with the importance of the dendrology in Trop ica l F orest
M anagement and R esearch. Included are three l ists of the most common trees
found in the State of Campeche, M exico . These are in a lphabetica l order by (a )
common or regiona l name , (b ) botan ica l name, and (0) fami ly to which theybelong . F ina lly, there is a l ist of the common names of trees which were not
identified .
La complicada vegetacron de México ha
sido desde hace muchos anos motivo de interés para uh gran numero de botanicos ih
vestigadores, pues en los dos millones de Km2
con que cuenta este pais se encuentra una
amplia gama de climas y suelos, debido a sus
muy variadas condiciones topograficas y de
localizacién; por lo mismo, gran diversidadde asociaciones ecologicas vegetales estén re
presentadas, cada una con sus diferentes eta
pas de sucesion en constante evolucion para
llegar al climax.
Pues bien, cada una de estas asociaciones
representa uh problema de interés desde el
punto de vista botanico. Dentro de esta
amplia rama de las ciencias biolégicas, todoinvestigador se formula una pregunta muycomun. gCuéles y cuantas especies de inte
rés para mi existiran en esta asociacién? Cla
to estaq ue en si la pregunta es muy ambigua
porque .no conocemos el pun to de vista que
le interesa al investigador, pero si nombramos
dos palabras:‘fDendrologia Tropical
”, de
inmediato nos damos cuenta que las especies
de interés para él son las arbéreas que se
encuentran dentro de la zona tropical.
Desde el punto de vista dendrologico, e]tropico mexicano presenta un extenso campo
de accion para desarrollar un programa de
investigacion basica , cuyos resultados posteriores beneficiaran a programas de investigacion forestal aplicada 0 practice . Digamospues, que la dendrologia en M éxico, y en to
dos los paises tropicales del mundo que cuen
tan con areas boscosas, es el punto basico o
de partida para iniciar un programa de ih
vestigacién forestal. Primero necesitamos eu
contrar las respuestas a las preguntas: aCuan
tas especies componen los bosques tropicales?aCuales son ellas? , para posteriormente hacerinventarios, estudios economico-forestales y
estudios silviculturales.
Desafortunadamente , 1a distribucion de
especies forestales no es la misma en todos
1 / Los datos qué sirven como base=de este articulo fueron
coleccionados cuando el autor era Jefe del Campo Experimental
Forestal Tropical “El Tormento." México.
VOL“
. 24 No. 1 1 963
los bosques y asi como en
'
América encontramos especies de gran importancia tales como
Swie tenia macrophylla King y Cedrela mexicana Roem, en Asia se encuentran otras es
pecies de gran importancia para los bosquesde ese continente tales como Shorea robusta
y Tectona grandis. Pero las especies de im
portancia secundaria , como hasta ahora las
hemos llamado por carecer en gran parte de
conocirnientos sobre la utilizacién que se
puede dar a cada una de ellas, en conjuntorepresentan un papel basico en la composi
cién de los bosques tropicales, supuesto que
se encuentran en proporcién mas elevada no
solamente desde el punto de vista cualitativo,sino también cuantitativo.
Después de haber analizado en forma muysomera la importancia que tiene la dendro
logia en el campo de la dasonomia y sus ra
mas a fines, se sugiere lo siguiente:
La elaboracién de uh manual ilustradosobre Dendrologia Tropical” en cada uno de
los paises que cuentan con bosques tropicales,lo que seria de gran ayuda para ingenieros
forestales, técnicos forestales,~
guardas forestales
, y en general para todas aquellas personas que de una manera u otra estén en
contacto con los bosques tropicales o sus pro
duetos,
En ese manual que se sugiere, deben agru
parse los datos necesarios para cada una de
las especies, principalmente: Nombres comu
nes o regionales y nombres técnicos, carac
ARBOLES IDENTIF ICADOS ORDENADOS ALFABETICAMENTEPOR NOMBRE COMUN REGIONAL
Nombre Comrin Nombre Botdnico
Aguacate Persea americana M ill
Aguacatillo F icus cotinifoliaAlmendro Termina lia ca tappa L.
Amapola Bombax ellipticum HEK
Anonillo Annona reticula ta L.
Arbol de pan Artocarpus a ltilis (Park ) Fosb.
Balsamo o Nava Myroxylon ba lsamum (Royle ) Harms .
Bari Ca lophyllum brasiliense Camb .
Bojon Cordia gerascanthus L.
Bolchiche Cocco loba schiedeana Lindau
23
teristicas botanicas, distribucmn geografica ,especies con que se asocia
, condiciones espe
cificas de clima y suelos en los que se eh
cuentra con mayor frecuencia , habitos de
floracién y fructificacion,capacidad regene
rativa,usos regionales, nacionales y mundia
les, propiedades fisicas y quimicas de eu ma
dera para las especies mas utiles y por ultimocomplementar esto con ilustraciones graficasde material vegetativo en detalle y el aspecto
general del arbol, en las especies de mayorutih
'
dad.
A continuacién se incluyen tres listas de
los arboles mas comunes del Estado de Campeche, M éxico, los cual es estén ordenadosalfabéticamente por nombre comun, nombre
botanico y familia a que pertenecen; al final,una lista de nombres comunes de arboles
que no fueron identificados por motives ajenos a la voluntad del autor.En estas listas estén incluidas especies
arbéreas que son desde arbolitos (de 3 a 5
M ts. de altura ) hasta las especies de gran
tamano ( 50 o mas M ts . ) como Ceiba pentan
dra (L. ) Gaertn. considerada la reina de los
bosques tropicales por su impresionante ma
jestuosidad; ademas, se incluyen algunas es
pecies frutales o de ornato cultivadas, peroque son arbéreas, y algunas de ellas suelen
aparecer con frecuencia en forma espontanea
como parte componente de los bosques tropicales.
24 .CAnlpeEAN FORESTER
Coccoloba cordiophylla
Haema toxylon brasiletto Karst.Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brondeg.
Chrysophyllum cainito L.
C'
andelero Cordia“
sp.
Canilla de venado Gymnopodium antigonoides (Roh) BlakeCanishté Lucuma campechiana HEK
Cafia fistula Cassia fistula L.
Caoba Swietenia macrophylla KingCapulin Muntigia ca labura L.
Capulincillo Trema micrantha (L) Blume .
Cascarillo grueso Croton sp.
Cascarillo menudo Croton sp.
Catalox Swartzia cubensis
Cedrillo Trichilia cuneata Radlk.
Cedro Cedrela mexicana Roem.
Ceiba o C eibo Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn.
Cencerro,
Sweetia panamensis Benth.
Ciruelillo o
I
Pa’asak Simarouba glauca D ,
C.
Cocoite blanco Gliricidia sepium (Jacq . ) Steud'
.
Cocoite negro Gliricidia gua temalenis Mich.
Cojén de gato Th'
evetia sp.
Cojén de toro S temmadenia sp.
Cola de laga'
rto'
Zanthoxylum procerum D. Sm.
Copal Protiu‘
m copal (Schl. et Cham.)Copo F icus sp.
Acacia collinsu Saff,
Cuero d_e vaca M iconia sp.
Chaco o R amon coloradoTrophis racemosa (L.) Urb.
Chactéviga Caesalpinia pla tyloba
Cha ctekéc o palo de rosaCosmocalys spectabilis Standl.
Chaka Bursera simaruba (L) Sarg.
Chaka blanco Bursera graveolens (HEK) Tr. et PI.
Chakahuanté Saurauia sp.
Chechén blanco Cameraria la tifolia L,Chechén negro M etopium brownei (Jacq . ) Urban
Chico sapote o sapote Achras z
'
apota L.
Chimon F icus sp .
Chintoke Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) UrbanChuktim Pithecolobium sp.
Escobillo Eugenia axilaris (Sw.) Willd.
Framboyan Delonix regia (Boj .)‘
Raf.
Garrobo Acacia sp.
Granadillo Pla tymiscium yuca tanum
Grosello cimarron Ma lpighia sp.
Guacamayo o Subin Acacia dolichostachya
Guacimo Luehea speciosa“Willd.
Guarumo Cecropia peltata _L.
Ta lisia olivaeformis (HBK) Iladlk .
Psidium guajava L.
Psidium sartorianum (Berg) Nied .
Tabebuia gua-
yacdn (Seem .) Hemsl.
Tabebuia sp.
Crecentia cujete L .
Lonchocarpus sp.
F icus sp.
Eugenia sp.
Castilla elastica Cerv .
Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.
Sapindus saponaria L.
Astronium graveolens Jacq .
Spondias mombin L.
Acacia angustissima (M ill ) KuntzeAcacia sp.
Kantsin Lonchocarpus rugosus Benth .
Laurelillo Nectandra sanguinea
Limoncillo Randia sp.
Luin Ampelocera hottlei Stand]Maculis o rosa morada Tabebuia pentaphylla (L. ) Hemsl .Machiche Lonchocarpus castilloi S tandl .Madre de cacao
Ma jahua palencanaMamey cimarron
Mangle colorado
Erythrina glauca Willd .
Belotia mexicana S ch,
Ca locarpum sapota (Jacq. ) M err.
Rhizophora mangle L .
Mamba Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria D . Sm .
Mango M angifera indica L.
M arafion Ana cardium occidenta le L .
Matapalo Clusia fava Jacq .
Mora Chlorophora tinctoria (L) Gaud .
Nance o NancheNance agrio
Nava oLbalsamo
Pa’asak o Ciruelillo S imarouba glauca Dc.
Palo de rosa o chactekoc Saurauia sp.
Tabaquillo Alseis yuca tanensis
F icus sp.
Byrsonima crassifo lia HEKB . bucidaefolia (L) HEK
Aspidosperma stegomeris (Woods) Woods .
Entero lobium cycIOcarpum (Jacq .) GrisebfirOcotea veragensis (Meissn.) M ez .
Phoebe sp .
Guasuma ulmifolia
Myroxylon balsamum (Royle ) Harms.
SapindaceaeM irtaceae
M irtaceae
Bignoniaceae
BignoniaceaeBignoniaceae
Papilionaceae
Moraceae
M irtaceae
Moraceae
Papilionaceae
SapindaceaeAnacardiaceaeAnacardiaceaeM imosaceae
M imosaceae
Papilionaceae
Lauraceae
Rubiaceae
Ulmaceae
Bignoniaceae
Papilionaceae
Papilionaceae
Tiliaceae
Sapotaceae
RhizophoraceaeMoraceae
Anacardiacea eAnacardiaceaeClusiaceae
Moraceae
Malpigiaceae
Malpigiaceae
PapilionaceaeSimarubaceae
Saurauiaceae
Rubiaceae
Moraceae
A pocynaceae
BignoniaceaeMimosaceaeLauraceae
L auraceae
Esterculiaceae
Cochlospermum -vitifolium (Willd) Spreng. CochlospermaceaeJa tropha curcas L.
Psychotria sp._
Popistle negro Blepharidium mexicanum Standl .
26 CARIBBEAN,F ORESTER
Pozol agrio Sapium macrocarpum M ,Arg.
Puk’té Bucida buceras L.
Ramon Brosimum a licastrum Sw.
Ramon colorado o chacoTrophis racemosa (L.) Urb.
Rosa morada o Maculis Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl.Salchaka Gilibertia arborea (L.) March .
Sapote o chico sapote Achras zapota L.
Sapote Faisan Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A . De
Sapotillo Sideroxylon Sp.
Sinanche Zanthoxylum sp.
Siricote Cordia dodecancira DC.
Subin o guacamayo Acacia dolichostachya
Tabaquillo o papelillo Alseis yuca tanensis
Tabasché Exostema mexicanum A . Gr.
Tamarindo Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarindo cimarron Calliandra tonduzii (Br. et Rose) Standl.Tinto Haema toxylon campechianum L.
Tocuy Pithecolobium calostachys
Tza’alam Lysiloma bahamensis Benth
Unliebe Tabernaemo-ntana amygdalaefolia Jacq .
Uva de mar Coccoloba uvifera L.
Coccoloba . sp.
Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.
Inga sp.
Vitex gaumeri Greenm.
9
Oxandra sp.
ARBOLES IDENTIFICADOS , ORDENADos ALFABETICAMENTE
POR NOMBRE BOTANICO
Nombre BotdnicoAcacia angustissima (M ill) KuntzeAcacia collinsii Staff.Acacia dolichostachya
Acacia sp.
Acacia sp.
Achras zapota L.
Alseis yuca tanerisis
Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebru.
Ampelocera botilei StandlAnacardium occidenta le L.
Annona re ticula ta L.
Artocarpus altilis (Park) Fosb.
Aspidosperina stegomeris (Woods) Woods.
Astronium graveolens Jacq .
Belotia mexicana Sch.
Blepharidium inexicanum Standl .
Nombre Comun
KantemoCornezuelo
Subin o guacamayo
Kaz inGarrobo
Sapote o Chico sapota
Tabaquillo o papelillo
Visinik
Luin
Maranon
Anonillo
Arbol del pan
PelmaxJobillo
Majahua palencanaPopistle negro
285
Guasuma ulmifoliaGymnopodium antigonoides (Roh) BlakeHaema toxylon brasiletto -Karst.Haema toxyloni -Ca inpechanum L.
Inga sp.
Ja tropha curcas"
L.
Krugiodendron'
ferreum (Vahl) Urban
Lonchocarpus castilloi S tandl.Lonchocarpus rugosus Benth .
Lonchocarpus sp.
Lucuma cam-
pechiana HEK
Luchea speciosaWilld.
Lysiloma baha’
mensis'
Benth
Ma lpighia sp.
M angifera indica L.
Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urban
Miconia sp.
M untigia calabura L,
Myroxylon ba lsamum (Royle ) Harrris.
Nectandra sanguinea
Ocotea veragensis (Meissn . ) M ez
Oxandra sp.
Persea americana Mill.
Phoebe sp.
Piscidia piscipula Sarg.
Pithecolobium calostachys
Pithecblob‘
iim'
z“
sp.
Platymiscium yuca tanum
Protium copal (Schl, et Cham. ) Eng].Pseudolmed
'
ia'
oxyphy'
llaria D . Sm.
Psidium guajava L.
Psidium sartorianum
Psychotria sp .
R andia sp.
Rhizophora mangle L .
Sapindus saponaria L.
‘
Sapium macrocarpum M. Arg.
Saurauia sp .
Sideroxylon sp.
Simarouba glauca Dc
Spondias mombinL.
S temmadenia sp.
Swartzia cubensis
Swee tia panamensis'
BenthSwietenia macrophylla KingTabebuia guayacan Hemsl.
Tabebuia Hemslp .fl
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
"Guayac
‘
an"
negro
Copal
Mamba
Guayaba
Guayabillo
Popistle blanco
Limoncillo
Mangle coloradoJaboncillo
Bozo] agrioChakahuanté
Sapotillo
Pa’asak o Ciruelillo
JoboCojén de toro
Catalox
Cencerro
Caoba
Guaya’
can amarillo ,
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
Tabernaemontana amygdalaefolia Jacq .
Ta lisia olivaeformis (HEK) R adlkTamarindus indica L.
Termina lia ca tappa L .
Thevetia sp.
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume
Trichilia cuneta R adlk
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb.
Vitex gaumeri Greenm
Zanthoxylum procerum D . Sm.
Zanthoxylum sp.
‘
29
LISTA DE ARBOLES IDENTIF ICADOS ORDENADOSALFABETICAMENTE POR FAMILIAS
AnacardiaceaeAnacardium occidentale L.
Astronium graveolens Jacq.
Mangifera indica L.
Metopium brownei (Jacq .) Urban
Spondias mombin L.
Anonaceae
Annona reticula ta L.
Oxandra sp.
Aspidosperma stegomeris (Woods) Woods.Cameraria latifolia L.
S temmadenia sp.
Tabernaemontana amygdalaefolia Jacq .
Thevetia sp.
Araliaceae
Gilibertia arborea (L. ) MarchBignoniaceae
Crecentia cujete L.
Tabebuia guayaccin (Seem.) Hemsl.Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl.Tabebuia sp,
9
Bombacaceae
Bombax ellipticum HEK.
Ceiba pentandra Gaertn
Boraginaceae
Cordia dodecandra DC.
Cordia gerascanthus L. .
Cordia sp.
COjOn de gato
Salchaké
Giiiro
Guayacan amarillo
Maculis O rosa moradaGuayacan negro
Pepino de arbol
Ceibo o Ceiba
COJOn de gatoCapulincillo
Cedrillo
Ramén colorado o chacoYa
’axnik
Cola de lagarto
Sinanché
Burseraceae
Bursera graveolens (HEK) Tr. et Pl.
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.
Protium copal (Schl. et Chem.) Eng].
Caesalpinia pla tyloba
Cassia fistula L.
Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf.Haematoxylon brasiletto Karst.Haema toxylon campechianum L .
Swartzia cubensis
Tamarindus indica L.
Clusiaceae
Clusia fava Jacq .
Combretaceae
Bucida bacera L .
Terminalia ca tappa L .
Cochlospermaceae
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd ) Spreng,
Elaeocarpaceae
Muntigia ca labura L.
Esterculiaceae
Guazuma ulmifoliaEuphorbiaceae
Croton sp.
Croton sp.
Ja tropha curcas L.
Sapium macrocarpum-M . Arg.
Guttiferae
Calophyllum‘
brasilie'
nse Camb
Lauraceae
Nectandra sanguinea
Ocotea veragensis (Meissn.) Mez .
Persea americana M ill.
Phoebe sp.
Malphighiaceae
Byrsonima bucid'
aefolia (L . ) HEK
Byrsonima crassifolia HEKM a lpigia sp.
Melastomaceae
M iconia sp ,
Meliaceae
Cedrela mexicana Roem.
Swietenia macrophylla KingTrichilia cuneta
‘
Radlk
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Matapalo
Pochote
Capulin
Cuero de vaca
VOL .524
' NO. 1
Mirnosaceae
Acacia angust'
issima (M ill) KuntzeAcacia collinsii Staff.Acacia dolichostaéhya
Acacia sp.
Acacia sp.
Ca lliandra tonduzu (Br. et R ose ) Standl.Enterolobium
‘
cyclocarpum (Jacq .) Griseb
Inga sp.
Lysiloma bahamensis BenthPithecolobiumca lostachys
Pithecolobium sp.
Mirtaceae
Eugenia axilaris (SW) WilldEugenia sp.
Psidium guajaba L.
Psidium sartorianum (Berg) Nied .
Moraceae
Artocarpus a ltilis (Park ) FoshBrosimum a licastrum SW.
Castilla elastica G erb.
Cecropia pelta ta Gerb .
Chlorophora tinctoria (L. ) Gaud .
F icus cotinifolia
F icus sp.
F icus sp.
F icus sp.
Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria D . Sm.
‘
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb .
Polygonaceae
Coccoloba cardiophylla
Coccoloba schiedeana LindauCocco loba sp.
Cocco loba uvifera L .
PapilionaceaeErythrina glauca WilldGliricidia gua tema lensis Mich ,
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq ) Steud.
Lonchocarpus castilloi Standl .
Lonchocarpus rugosus Benth .
Lonchocarpus sp.
Myroxylon balsamum (Royle ) HarmsPiscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.
Pla tymiscium yuca tanum
Sweetia panamensis Bentht
Rhamnaceae
Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban
3 1
Kantemé
Cornezuelo
Subin ‘
0 guacamayo
Mamba
Ramén colorado O chaco
Uva de mar
Garrobo
Tamarindo cimarronPichVix
Tza’alam
TocuyChukun
32 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
RhizophoraceaeRhizophora mangle L . Mangle colorado
Rubiaceae
Alseis yuca tanensis Tabaquillo O papelillo
Blepha’
ridium mexicanum Standl. POpistle negro
Cosmocalys spectabilis Standl. Tabasché
Exostema mexicanum A . Gr. Chactekoc O pa'
lo de rosa
Psycho tria sp. Popistle blanco
Randia sp. Limoncillo
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum procerum D . Sm. Cola de lagarto
Zanthoxylum sp. Sinanché
SapindaceaeSapindus saponaria L.
Ta lisia olivaeformis (HEK) RadlkSapotaceae
Achras zapo ta L.
Ca locarpum sapota (Jacq .) M erri l
Chrysophyllum ca inito L.
Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brondeg
Dipholis salicifolia (L.) _A. DC.
Lucuma campechiana HEKS ideroxylon sp.
Saurauiaceae
Saurauia spp. Chakahuanté
Simarubaceae
Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm .
S imarouba glauca D . Pa’asak O Ciruelillo
TiliaceaeV
B‘
elOtia mexicana Sch. M a jahua palencanaLeuhea speciosa Willd . Guacimo
Ulmaceae
Ampelocera hottlei Standl.Trema micrantha (L.) Blume
Verbenaceae
Vitex gaumeri Greenm Ya’axnik
ARBOLES NO IDENTIFICADOS
Aceituna
Arrocillo
Ballo
Cabello de Angel
Cabeza de M ico
Cachuché
Canasin
ColchoChascarrillo O Palo .del
Sapote O Chico sapote
Mamey cimarrén
Caimito
Caimitillo
Sapote F aisan
Canishté
Sapotillo
Mamey Santo DomingoMorgao BlancoMorgao Negro
Naranjillo
Palo de Sangre
Pa lo Prieto
Palo Santo
QuebrachoSabasché
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963 33
Chaschin
Granada cimarrona
Ebano
Jabin de AguaJolché
Kamcham O PalO de PetroleoLaurel
Leche de Gallo O Copal ColoradoLomo de Lagarto
BIBLIOGRAF IA
Lund ell, Cyrus L ,R ecord , S. J . Hess, R . W.
1 937. THE VEGETATION OF PETEN. 1 943. TIM BER S OF THE WORLD.
Stud ies of M exican and Centra l American Ya le University Press, New Haven . 640 pp.
Plants, 1 . Carnegie Institution Of Washington Standley, Paul Carp enterPublication 478. Washington, DC . 244 pp. 1 920-26. TREES AND SHRUB S OF MEXICO.
Miranda , F austino Contributions from the U . S . Nat. Herba1 952. LA VEGETACION DE CHIAPAS. Par rium, V . 23, 5 pts Washington . 1 721 pp.
tes I y II. S eccién Autografica Departamentode Prensa y Turismo . Tuxtla Gutierrez . 1 930 F LORA OF YUCATAN pp . 1 57-492
Chiapas, Mexico. 426 pp . F ie ld Museum of Natura l History Publication279 ,
Botanica l S eries Vol . III, NO. 3 .
34 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
He ight Grow th of Big lea f Ma hoga ny
B iglea f mahogany plantations in Puerto R ico were studied to determine
relationships to selected site variables. A sign ificant correlation of tree heightwas found with mean diameter and depth of the A; soil horizon . NO correlationwas found with age, competition index, location, dra inage , slope , or a spect.
RESUMEN
S e hicieron estudios sobre plantaciones;.de caoba de hoja grande en PuertoR ico para determinar ' las relaciones con sitios variab les seleccionados.
_S e encon
trOuna correlaciOn sign ificativa de la altura de _lO'
s arboles. con'
_el d iametro,me
diO y la profund idad del horizonte A 1 del suelo. NO se ha l lo correlaciOn a lgunacon la edad
'
, ind ice de competicién , localizacién , drenaje, ondulaciOn o aspecto .
Height growth in bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) plantings. in the Ln
quillo and Rio Abajo forests in Puerto R icowas studied to determine its relationship toselected site variables. In the Luquillo Forest the stands are located at elevations rang
ing from 200 to 1 300 feet and receive an
annual rainfall of 90 to 1 40 inches. "I'hestands in the R io Abajo Forest are located
at elevations ranging from 900 to 1 100 feet
AI horizon texturez/
AI horizon depthB horizon texture
Reaction at 1 4 inchesDrainage
Aspect
1 / The field work on which this paper is based was done 2/ The surface soil horizon containing incorporated organicduring the 1 962 Syracuse Forestry
"
Summer Course. conducts‘ matter.by New York State University College of Forestry at Syracuse.
in cooperation with the U. 5 . Forest Service institute of Tro
pical Forestry.
and receive an annual rainfall of 70 to 90
inches. All plantations are approximately 25
years Old.
Thirty-eight plots were measured, nine
teen in each forest. Each plot contained at
least six biglea f mahogany trees and was
apparently uniform in l pe , aspect, and
surface drainage. The site variables,and
the degree to which they were measured ,were the following:
clay
clay humusgranular clay humusnearest IA inchclay
clay loam
pH to nearest tenth
very Well drainedWell dra inedmoderately well drainednearest one per cent
nearest degrees
36 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
We edkillers for the Control of Penta c lethra
Ma crolob a a nd A lchornea Subg la ndulosa
app l ied basa l ly; -T provided the greatest ki l l .
tocones y la soluciOn —T produjo la mayor morta lidad .
University of the West Indies, Trinidad
SUMMARY
F our herbicides were app l ied to Pentaclethra ma croloba and Al chornea
subglandulosa in Trin idad . All the herbicides prevented regrowth from stump-s
RES-UMEN
Cuatro herbicidas fueron apl icados a Pentaclethra ma croloba y Alchornea
subglandulosa en Trin idad , Todos los herbicidas impid ieron el rebrote en los
Pentacle thra macroloba and A lchorneasubglandulosa are common tree weeds in forest areas in certain parts Of Trinidad . As
both tend to sucker profusely when out back ,four weedkillers were tested to see if theywould a fford a satisfactory means Of control,
when applied as stump or basal bark treat
ments.
The herbicides used were( 1 )
(2 )
(3 )
(4 )
-D-butyl ester (F ernesta ) as
a 1 % (acid equivalent) solution
in diesel Oil.-T mixed esters (Trioxone )
1 % (acid equivalent) in dieselOil.
-TP propylene glycol butyl
ether ester (Kuron ) 1 % (acidequivalent) in diesel oil .Ammonium sulphamate (Ammate ) 50% (active ingredient)aqueous solution Agra]
90 (a non-ionic wetter) ,
Bark treatments were applied to the basal1 8 -24 inches of the stem, in an amount suf
ficient for a little of the spray to run-off the
bark into the soil.
In the stump trea tments, which weremade immediately a fter cutting, both the cut
surface and bark were wetted to run-off.
The treatments were applied early in the we t
season ,when ra infall is heavy.
From Table 1 , which summarises the re
sults obta ined, it will be seen that all the
compounds prevented regrowth from the
stumps. When applied basally -T was
much the best treatment, particularly on
Alchornea . All the Alchornea were alreadydead and being invaded by termites withinsix months, but only one of the Pentaclethra
had died. After 1 3 months, however 5 of
the 6 Pentaclethra were dead and the re
maining tree was distinctly unhealthy and
will probably -d-ie.
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 968 37
Table 1 . Herbicide effects
’
Pentaclethra macroloba Alchornea subglandulosa
Months after treatment Months a fter treatment1 3 6 1 3
41 a43 + 3 ~l~ >
3 B 3 ot\
o e o e o eN o a
g on"C5 $1 no
rd 2: tore ‘3 to
"O
.c: a<1) G
..c: ao a: a <1) s _q H
o r:
if. 0 8 fi 0 5 2 fi 8 5 z: o 8g 8 cc:
Q‘ é 8 ”csQ‘ "
9
f: 53 "cQ‘ “
9 fl8 Po9 ‘ q"
(6 a: co 8 4a co a: co 8 4: co m to“ E en El «5 E
a) co o a) co 9 o co co 8 0 <1) <1) 5 o
Ii o - Q'
iii Z m c o a t; 2 i5lz “ Q t/2 Z T. em f-1 13
-D stump
-T stump
-TP stump
Ammate stump
1 / All trees not located at 6 months were located at 1 3 2/ Those not located at 1 3 months were a ll located at 6months and found to be dead
,with the exception of those months when all stump treatments were recorded as showingtreated basally with ammate. no regrowth and all basal treatments ( except for ammate)
were recorded as dead it therefore seems likely that the treeshad rot ted by the la ter date and that these should be includedin the column dead
".
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
The 1 96 2 Trop ica l F ore stry Short Course
By
H. BARR ES , TRAINING OF F ICER
Institute of Trop ica l F orestry
The ninthTropical Forestry Short Coursewas conducted at the Institute Of Tropical
Forestry from September to November, 1 962 .
It provided three months Of intensive training in the general field Of forestry in the
tropics to fourteen participants. They re
presented six countries in the tropics: BritishGuiana , Dominican R epublic , Jamaica , Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Vietnam .
Fig. 1 . Part icipants in the 1 962 Tropical Forestry Short Course. Left to Right and Back to Front : D . H. Nho,
A. Betancourt , R. l_, Mota, D . S . Togba, J. Angleré , J. J. Williams, J. Fahas, A. A. Ovalle, L. C. Heang.
O. Thuok, A. 0. Miller. J . S. Tiah, T. V. W. Bennett , A. S . Musa. J. W. Meikle. C. Soutuon, A. D . Nimley.
J . I. Gonzalez, and P. A. Duran.
The course covered the following fieldsdendrology, ecology, surveying, inventory,
aerial photo interpretation,silviculture
,man
agement, protection, and utilization. For a
more detailed description Of the material
covered , see the Caribbean Forester, Vol. 23,NO. 1
, Report on 1 96 1 Tropical ForestryShort Course . The program was essentiallythe same as in 1 96 1 .
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 968
The Agency for International Development (AID ) of the United States financedthe course. The Institute Of Tropical F or
estry, U. S . Forest Service, Department Of
Agriculture , provided the personnel . The
Food and Agriculture Organization Of the
United Nations donated literature and the
services Of Dr. M . A . Huberman,FAO regional
Forestry Officer. Other agencies Of the U .
3 9
Government and the Puerto R ican Commonw ealth participated.
The participants were : J . W. M eikle(Britist Guiana ) ;P. A . Duran F .
,J . I. F afias
R ., J . I. Gonzalez V ., R . I. M ota R .
, A. A .
Ovalle M . (Dominican R epublic) ; T. V . W.
Benn ett, A . 0. M iller (Jamaica ) ;A . D .
ley, J . S . Tiah, D . S. Togba (Liberia ) ;A . S .
Musa , J. J . Will iams (Sierra Leone ) and
D . H. Nho (Vietnam ) .
40 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Experienc ia s de Riego por. Infiltra c ién Suhterrdnea
En. Almdoigos de P inos Y Eue a iip tos
Por
MANUEL S . BUTELER
Jefe del Vivero Provincia l
" R epublican Argentina
RES-UMEN
Se describen varios ensayos de infiltracién subterranea l levados a cabo conel fin de tratar de simp lificar los metodos de ri ego en a lmaci gos de pa s
“
y
euca l iptos. Varias de las venta j as logradas con este tipo de riego son : una solapersona puede en cargarse del riego; el terreno se apelmaza menos; los riegosresultan mas homog'éneos con mej or distribuciOn de la humedad y de mayorduraciOn; la germinacién es mas rapida y parej a ; y probablemente el controlde la enfermedad de los a lmacigos (damp ing-Off ) resulte mas faci l .
SUMll/IARY
Various tests Of underground irrigation in p ine and euca lypt nurseries are
described to simp li fy the irrigation methods. S ome Of its advantages are : a
single person can take care Of it; soi l does not get so compact; irrigation is
more uniform yielding a more lasting and better d istribution of moisture :germ ination is faster and more even; and control of damping-Off is probablyeasier.
E1 riego por infiltraciOn subterranea con
siste en suministrar el agua humedeciendolas capes inferiores de la tierra , la que luegoascendera por capilaridad a la superficie , enlugar de regar directamente sobre esta.
Nuestras experiencias se mICIaron con el
proposito de simplificar las tareas de riego
de alm'
acigos y ademas conseguir algunas
ventajas,entre ellas
a )"
M enos jornales insumidos en riegos,
ya que S610 un hombre podria encargarse del
mismo;b) La tierra se apelmaza menos que en
los almacigos regados con regaderas O por
inundaciOn superficial, al llevarse la humedadde abajO hacia arriba;
0) Los riegos podrian sermas homogéneos, con mejor distribucién de la humeda dy de mayor duraciOn, lo que no haria nece
sario hacerlos diariamente;(1 ) La germinaciOn en estas condiciones,
seria mas rapida y pareja , y menor la in
MATERIALES Y METODO
vasron de malezas por utilizarse tierra zaran
deada; asi el desarrollo de la plantula en esta
clase de tierras podria ser mas rapido.
e) Probablemente el control de la enter
medad de los almacigos (damping-Off) resultemas facil, ya -
que la plantita no esta en con
tacto directo con un exceso de agua de riego.
LUGAR
Vivero Forestal dependiente del Instituto
'
Provincial de Asuntos Agrarios y ColonizaciOn en la ciudad de Rio
Cuarto, Provincia de Cordoba, R epublica
Argentina .
ESPECIES UTILIZADAS
Pinus radiata , P. halepensis y Eucalyptus
vimina lis.
SUELO
Arenoso-franco. (Con bastante porcen
taje de arena fina) .
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
Figura 1 . Preparacién del cantero para riego por infiltraczon.
PODER GERM INATIVOPinos 75%Eucalyptos 70%
F ECHA DE SIElVIBRA
Agosto de 1 960.
CONTROL DE PLAGAS
Pin os: Se esterilizé la tierra 24 horasantes de la siembra con acido sulfurico al
La semilla se trato con“Uspulum
”
Bayer en seco , hasta cubrirla con una del
gada capa .
Euca liptos, sin tratamiento .
GERMINACION
Pinus radia ta a los 20 di es;P. ha lepens is‘,
siete dias después.
Los eucaliptos a los 1 2 dies.
1 / El numero rnd:cado en la llustracwn.
targets Ac ladrillosincl ( esteée an«as Eliafit $mas site
411“
PR EPARACION DEL ALMACIGO Y MEDIDAS
Se prepararon tres canteros orientados de‘
este a oeste con anchO de metros; dos
para pinos de 3 metros de largo y uno para
eucaliptos de 1 4 metros de largo.
Estos fueron preparados de la siguiente
forma segi’
in se ilus lra en la F igure 1 .
A partir del nivel del fondo de una a ce
quia de riego, se hizo una excavacion de
III. de pro fundi dad, 1 metro de anch-o porel largo de los canteros; nivelando bien el
fondo , se coloco sobre él um piso de ladrillossueltos y encima de éste y a ambos
costados de la zanja , se ubico dos hiladas deladrillos también s ueltos, forman dopared de m
, y apoyadas sobre ambas
paredes se
'
instalaron varillas separadasentre si por m .; apoyandose en estas va
rillas, se colocO un piso de cafias de castilla ,
Figura 2a . Euca lrptos sembrado el regados
por mfrltracién.
Fotografias tomadas dos meses de germinados.
F igura 2 b.
CARIBBEAN F ORESTER
Eucaliptos sembrados el y regados
por aspersion.
44 CARIBBEAN" FORESTER
el almacigo se tap6 unicamente con esteras
de canas de castilla. Esta siembra fue hechaen tierra Sin tratar, con el Objeto de Observer
Si se producian y en que intensidad ataquesde
“damping-Off”
, que en la siembra ante
rior con. semillas y tierra tratadas fue casi
nulo.
La germinaci6n en ambos casos fue homo
CUADROS COMPARATIVOS
RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS EN LA GERMINACION’
DE LOS ALMACIGOS
DE PINOS Y EUCALIPTOS SEGUN SISTEMAS DE RIEGOS
Especie
aspersion
lineas
lineas
E . vimina lis
1 / Los riegos por aspersron se hicieron diariamente. 2/ La tierra se traté con acido sulfurico al 1 0% y la semillaLos riegos por infiltracién se hicieron semanalmente. con
GRAMOS DE SEM ILLAS SEMBRADAS Y NUMERO DE PLANTAS OBTENIDAS
EN AMBOS ALMACIGOS SEGUN EL SISTEMA DE RIEGO EMPLEADO
1 6 8
350 350
1 / El almacigo de pinos reg'
ados“
par asper5 |on fu6 u' tilizado 27 Este almacigo se inundé el 3 de septiembre, hasta rebalsar
para experimenter la pala tubular de trasplante, original del por la mitad de l' misr‘no, arrastrando la semi'lla en una longitudautor. de tres metros. lo‘ que mermé la cantidad . de plantas obtenldas
para el repique .
génea , pero de(
igual InOdO se registraronataques de esta
“
enfermedad, segun se menciona mas adelante en las conclusiones.
Pudo comprobarse que los almacigos ta
pados con coberturas de polietileno con'
ser
varon mejor la humedad, al condensarse debajO de ellas el vapor de agua , que de otro
modo habria escapado a la atm6sfera .
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
TIElVIPO EMPLEADO POR UN OBRERO PARA REGAR ANIBOSALMACIGOS DESDE LA SIEIVIBRA HA STA EL REPIQUE
Fecha de Fecha de
Siembra Repique
lnfilt. Asper. l lnfilt.
PinosEucaliptos
45
Ndmero de Total de minutos empleados en Rlegos
El tiempo de’
ca
'
da riego por infrltracrén subterranea fué de veinte y cinco minutos semanales.
El t iempo dé cada riego por aspersién tué de seis '
minutos dra rios.
CONCLUSIONES
El mayor costo habido en la preparacIon
del cantero por el_
método descri fo esta ple
namente justificado por las siguientes ventajas:
1 . Econoinia de jornales en los riegos.
Solo se requiere un hombre,una
'
vez por se
mana , cuya tarea se limita a controlar la
cantidad de agua necesaria para cada alma
cigo.
2 . M enor apelmazamiento de la tierra . El.
riego de abajo hacia arriba evi‘
ca la compre
si6n del terreno y la formaci6n de costras
Superficiales.
3 . La germinaci6n es mas répida y pa
reja por la mejor distribuci6n de la humedad.4 . El desarrollo de las plantulas es mas
rapido, y se Obtienen plantas para el repiqueantes que en los almacigos regados por as
persi6n.
5 . El ataque de la enfermedad de losalmacigos, (damping-Off) , parece ser menor,
AGRADECIM IENTOS
Asper.
estimandose que sera facil su control, debidoa que las pléntulas no estén en contacto con
un exceso de agua de riego .En los almacigos de Pinus ha lepensis tra
tadOS con acido sulfurico y Uspulum Bayer,
y regados por aspersiOn se produjo a taqueen un En la siembra de Pinus radia ta
,
sin tratamientos, se Observaron ataques del30 al Se hace notar que la germina
ci6n de pinos coincidi6 con una temporadade lluvias y dias nublados. En los eucaliptos
no se apreciaron ataques.
A las autoridades del Instituto Provincialde Asuntos Agrarios y Coloniza ci6n y al Jefedel Departamento Técnico del mismo, por el
apoyo prestado a estas experiencias. Al In
- geniero Agr6nomo F ernando Castro Corbat,“Jefe de la" Agencia de Extensién, local de
igual que a todo el personal técnicO de la misma . Al Agrotecnico Carlos
Brisighelli, pOr la colaboracién prestada .
46 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Va ria tion -oi Sta nd Struc ture Corre la ted
w ith A ltitude , in the Luqu illo Mounta ins
H. H. WHITE, JR . 1 /
SUMMARY
A study was made of changes in stand structure associated with elevationsin the Luqui l lo M ounta ins of Puerto R ico;
Number of trees per acre increased with elevation. Average height of dominant trees, average d iameter, maximum d iameter, basa l area per acre, and
number of species per plot a ll decreased as elevation increased . Species whichpredomi nated a lso varied
'
with e levation.
RESUMEN
S e hizo un estud io de los cambios ocur’
ridos en la estructura de un roda lasociado con las e levaciones en las montanas de Luqui llo en
'
Puerto Rico .El mimero de arboles por acre -aumentocon la elevacion. La a ltura promed io
de'
los arboles dominantes, el d iametro promed io, el d iametro maximo, el areabasimétrica por acre, y el numero de especies p'
or parce la , todos disminuian segi'
maumentaba la elevacion . Las especies que predominaban también variaban con
la e levacion
This study was to determine changes instand structure correlated with altitude in
the Sierra de Luquillo Of Puerto R ico. It
was intended to limit the study to only the
climatic climax type and to avoid takingmeasurements in
‘
edaphic climaxes or lesser
successional stages.
The transect lay within the boundariesOf the Luquillo Experimental Forest on the
northwestern slopes of El Yunque, one of thehigher peaks Of the Sierra de Luquillo.
measurementS were taken within the Sub
tropical R ain Forest as defined _
by HoldridgeThis study was undertaken in for
est stands also known locally as the Coloradoand Mossy forest types.
An excellent description Of the Mossy
Forest type is given by Gleason and CookTheir book includes lists Of many
of the tree species as well as those Of the
lesser vegetation. The Colorado type is dis
cussed together with the Tabonuco type
under the heading “R ain Forest . The latter
1 / Prepared as a special report for the 1 962 Syracuse Fores
try Summer Course, conducted by New York State UniversityCollege of Forestry at Syracuse, in cooperation with the U. S.
Forest Service institute of Tropical Forestry.
type is found at a lower elevation thanformer.
In more - recent times the S. 1 Forest
Service Institute Of Tropical Forestry has
taken measurements in both types Where thisstudy w as undertaken. In the C oloradotype
'
53 Species .were found, and they- occur
in two.
canopy layers. Cyrilla raceni ifloraL., M iérophb lis garciniaefolia Pierre, Calyco
goriia in squamulosu'
m Cogn ., Ocotea spath
ula ta’
Mez ., and‘
M icr‘opholis chrysophylloides
Pierre are the most important species in re
gai d to density, frequency, _and dominance .
The forest stands Of the Colorado type are
known to decrease in height with increas ingaltitude, and eventually form a single canopy
level at its highest altitudes.
Where the tree height decreases below20 feet, the type is usually referred to as the
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
F igure 1 . Study area.
Elfin or Mossy Forest. Above this al titudetree height continues to decrease, and tree
form becomes increasingly poor. The aver
age diameter has been found to decrease toless than two inches on the mOre exposedridges. Wadsworth ( 1 95 1 ) stated that theMossy forest should be considered a subdi
vision of the Colorado “
type, as there are no
species confined to this type alone. The
number Of species at the higher elevations ismuch smaller than below, and Wadsworthindicated that this is a result Of the adversityOf the exposed environment Other Obser
vations made by Wadsworth ( 1 952 ) concerning two transects that were made near the
summit Of El Yunque,showed that Tabebuia
rigida Urban is by far the predominant tree,both in frequency and in basal area. Otherimportant species that were encountered
included Ca lycogonium squamulosum Gogh .,
Eugenia borinquensis Britton , and Ocotea
47
spa thula ta M ez. Eleven species were foundon one transect measuring 1 4 chains bychains acres) ,
M icropholis garciniaefolia
Pierre was also noted as being prominent in
basal area on a transect made between Eastand West Peaks Of the Sierra de Luquillo,but this species was not found in the transectsmade on El Yunque
METHODS
The original intention was to make a
transect line from El Verde F ield Station to
the summit ridge Of El Yunque, and then tomeasure tenth-acre plots at 250-foot inter
vals of vertical elevations, beginning at 1 500
feet and ending at 3250 feet. Preliminaryreconnaissance indicated that the lowest levelwhere the plots could be established in a
relatively undisturbed stand was at an elevation Of 2000 feet. Second-growth stands
48 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
NUMBER OF TREES / Ao NUMBER OF SPECIES
3 000
I000
AVERAGE HEIGHT DOMINANTS' BASAL AREA / ACRE
ETER MAXIMUM DIAMETER
2 5 00 3000 3 5 00 2000 2 5 00 3 000 3 5 00
ALTITUDE .IN F EET ALTITUDE | N F EET
Figure 2 . Plot characteristics.
were found almost everywhere below this level.
In order to keep slope, aspect, and othersite factors not correlated with alti lude con
stant, the transect line was established along
a ridge line,and thus was not a straight
line.
Below the 3000-foot level, only small
areas of land along the ridge contained thedense forest stands that were considered tobe the climatic climax formation. Considerable area had secondary vegetation growingup as a result of windfalls. Thus it was
found necessary to shift the plots up or
down from the desired 250-foot intervals.
Thus plots were finally established at 1 960,
2250, 2600, 2800, 3 1 00, and 3350 feet. These
a ltitudes were determined by the use of an
anaeroid altimeter and by checking elevationsagainst points of known elevation that couldbe discerned on the topographicmap
“El Yunque , P. R .
”
Because of the lack of time available and
because of the limited area that containedthe climatic climax, it was found possible toestablish only two plots for the lowest threeelevation levels, and only one for the upper
three elevation levels. Plot size was also
reduced to l /2oth-acre at the 3350-foot level.It was felt that this reduction in plot area
at the higher altitudes was justified becauseof the greater number of stems per acre.
All plot trees larger than inches indiameter at breast height were tallied by
VOL . 24 No, 1 i963
2 000 2 5 00
ALTITUDE IN F EET
F igure 3 . Number of stems by species and altitude .
dbb , species, and crown position . Heightsof several dominants on each plot were also
measured .
When the field work Was completed, some1 000 trees had been measured on a total of
acres, and a total of 27 species wereidentified.
DISCUSSION
CURVES OF BASIC MEASURENIENTSThe data from these ~measurements are
summarized by the graphs in F igure 2 .
The number of trees per acre increasedfrom 595 at the 1 960-foot level to 3240 peracre at the 3350-foot level.
Average height of the dominants de
creased'
from 60 feet at 1 960 feet elevationto only 1 2 feet at
‘
335ofeet elevation. Obser
vations -made ' inthe vicinity of the latter levelshowed that the trees decreased to less than
3 000
49
3 500
two feet in height around an exposed rocksummit to the north of the main summit of
El Yunque . Observations made throughoutthe transect indi cated that the decrease in
height was quite irregul ar, and greatly de
pendent on local exposure. In some plotsthe he ights of the dominants varied considerably, depending on whether they stood on
the windward or leeward side of the ridge .
The average d.b.b . of the
_plots decreased
from to inches as the altitude in
creased . M aximum plot diameter decreasedfrom 60 to 8 inches.
The basal area curve was the most
irregular of the data recorded. However itwas apparent that the b asal area also de
creased as altitude increased, from around300square feet per acre at the lower “
altitudesto 1 60 square feet
'
per acre at the higheraltitudes.
50
2 000 25 00
ALTITUDE IN F EET
Figure 4 . Total basal area by species and altitude.
The number of species decreased from 1 5
at the lowest level to 6 at the highest level .It should be noted that these figures are
based on d ifferent numbers of trees talliedat each altitude; 59, 82 , 1 04, 1 48, 1 78, and1 62 at elevations of - 1 960, 2250, 2600, 2800,
3 1 00,and 3350 feet respectively.
ORDINATION OF SPECIES
Two graphs are included to show the
ordination of species according to the numberof stems and basal area to altitude . The
lines on the graphs should only be consideredas connecting plot data; the sample was not
of sufficient size for interpolation to be made.
F igure 3 shows the frequency distributionof species expressed as a percentage of the
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
total number of stems at the respective alti
tude levels. Only eight of the twenty-sevenspecies. found are shown on the graph; theremaining species occurred only in limi tednumbers, or at only one altitude. No species
shows dominance at the lower altitude levels,but Ocotea spa thula ta and Tabebuia rigida
showed a marked dominance at the higheraltitudes. It can also be seen tha t most ofthe species prominent in the Colorado type
greatly decreased in frequency at the higherelevations, and some species dropped out
completely. Apparently some inconsistency
is found on the plot at the 2800-foot level,as there is a seemingly abnormal peak in the
frequency of M icrophol’s garciniaefolia and
M . chrysophylloides, and a depression in thefrequency of Ocotea spa thula ta . Some other
52 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Euterpe globosa Gaertn.
F icus laeviga ta VahlH
'
aenianthus obova tus Krug Urban
He terotricaum cymosum (Wendl .) Urban
Hirte lla rugosa Perslxora ferrea (Jacq .)M agno lia splendens Urban
M atayba domingensis R adlk
M eliosma herberti RolfeM iconia Sp.
M icropholz’
s chrysophylloides Pierre
M icropholis garciniaefolia
Myrcia splendens (Sw . ) DC.
Oco tea leucoxylon (Sw. )Ocotea spa thula ta M ez
Psycho tria sp .?
Tabebuia rigida Urban
LITERATURE CITED
G lea son ,H . A . and M . T . Cook Wa dsworth, F . H.
1 927 . PLANT ECOLOGY OF PUERTO RICO . 1 95 1 . F OREST MANAGEM ENT IN THE
Scientific Survey of Puerto R ico and the LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS . Caribbean F orestVirgin Islands. Vol . 8 , New York Academy of er, Vol . - 1 1 4.
S ciences, New York .
Holdridgie, L. R . 1 952 . U,S . F orest S ervice memorandum
1 958. DETERM INATION OF WOR LD PLANT concern ing measurements made on three
F ORMATIONS ' F ROM SIMPLE CLIMATIC transects in the M ossy F orest Type .
DATA . Science -368 .
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
The Response of Hondura s Pine to
Various Photop eriods
J. A . VOZZO C . B . BR ISCOEF orest Physiology Laboratory Institute of Trop ica l F orestryU. 8 . F orest ServiceBeltsville , M aryland
He ight growth of Honduras p ine (P. caribaea v. hondurensis) seed l ings is
shown“
to be significantly influenced by photoperiod . M aximum in itia l _effect_
was“obta ined hy
'
the' longest period tested , 1 6 hours;but by 7 weeks, greatest growth
was obta ined by an interrupted 1 1 hours.
El crecimiento en a ltura de arbolitos de pino hondurefio (P. cariba ea v .
hondurensis) Se demostro sign ificativamente in f luenciado por fotoperiodo . S e
obtuvo un ezfecto inicia l maximo durante el periodo mas largo de prueba , 1 6
horas;pero a las 7 semanas se obtuvo uh mayor crecimiento durante un periodode 1 1 horas interrumpidas
8 hours
Wee ks
Figure 1 . Variation in stem length of Pinus caribaea v. hondurensis with daily photoperiods; means of groups
seedfings.of 1 5
53
54
Figure 2 . Comparative heights of Caribbean pine after 30 weeks exposure to 5 different photoperiods.
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Note that 8 -hour
day seedling is shorter than the 1 2 1 4 and 1 6 -hour seedlings which are shorter than the seedling with 1 1
hours interrupted light .
Growth and development of Honduraspine (Pinus caribaea V. hondurensis) exposedto various photoperiods were observed in a
study at Beltsville , M aryland, with seed oh
tained from British Honduras. Approximate
ly 2 months after germination, the seedlingswere divided into 5 groups, with the averageheight of the seedlings approxima tely the
same in each group, F igure 1 . Each groupwas exposed to one of five photoperiods: 8 ,1 2 , 1 4, 1 6 , and 1 1 hours per day. The 1 1
hour seedlings received light in two separate
periods, as explained below .
Each group of pines was placed on a
greenhouse truck for transporting into and
out of its appropriate photoperiod chamber.
1 /
The 8 -hour seedlings were moved into the
greenhouse at 8 a m . and into a dark chamberat 4 p. m. Also at 4 p.m., the 1 2-hour truckswere wheeled into a chamber illuminated byincandescent bulbs (Downs, Borthwick , and
Piringer; 1 958) and left to 8 pm ; the 1 4
hour seedlings were left under incandescentlights until 1 0 pm the 1 6 -hour seedlings tomidnight, and the interrupted-light seedlingswere in the illuminated chamber from 1 1 pm .
to 2 a m . The light intensity within the
chambers was 40_footcandles and the mini
mum temperature was 70°F .
The general effect on Honduras pine of
extended photoperiod was to increase both
1 / Photoperiod facilities were provided by R . J . Downs, Plant Physiology Pioneering Research Laboratory, AgricultureResearch Service. Beltsville, Maryland.
VOL . 24 NO. 1 1 963
Figure 3 . Continuous acicular growth and stem elongation ofCaribbean pine. This response was common to all photoperiods.
height growth and production of new needles,F igure 2 .
Durin g the first five weeks o f treatment
height growth for the 1 6 -hour and interrupted
1 1 -hour days were greater than for 1 2 or
1 4 hours; these latter were , in turn, greater
than for 8 hours. Both differences weresignificant at the 1 per cent level o f contidence
,
At the end o f 24 weeks the pattern hadchanged slightly . Growth for the interrupted
55
1 1 hours was Signi ficantly greater than for
1 2,1 4
, or 1 6 hours, all o f which were highlysigni ficantly greater than for 8 hours.
Although it is interesting to speculate as
to whether this shift in pattern was a ccidental
or characteristic,and if characteristic why it
occurred, the study provides no apparent
basis for analysis.
It is interesting that there wa s continuousneedl e production at all photoperiodic treatments, F igure 3 . This is in contrast to
Pinus sylvestris L . whi ch produced typical
nodular growth a t 8 1 2 an d 1 6 -hour daysbut at 1 4 -hour days ga ve the same continuousacicular growth pattern as Honduras pine(D owns and Borthwick
,According
to Downs and Piringer ( 1 958 ) the number
of fascicles on the ju venile stem is controlledby photoperi od .
Other growth habi ts included very little
la teral branching, chl orosis (possibly attrib
utable to excessive watering) , occasional formation o f terminal buds a fter thirty weeks,no lateral buds ,
and frequent curled,um
elongated fascicles whi ch di d not alwaysrupture the fascicular sheaths.
LITERATURE CITED
Downs, R . J and H . A . B orthwick1 956 . EF F ECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD ON
GROWTH OF TREES . Bot . G az . 1 1 7 , 4 23 1 0
326 .
Down s,R . J .
,H . A . B orthwick, and A . A . Piringer
1 958 . COMPARIS ON OF INCAND ESCENTAND F LUORESCENT LAMPS F OR LENG .
THENING PHOTOPERIOD . A mer. Soc . Hort .
S ci . - 578.
Downs, R . J . and A . A . Piringer.
1 958. EF F ECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND
KIND OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHT ON
VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF PINES . F or. S ci .
4, -1 95 .
double-spaced typewritten pages, although anoccasional longer article of special interest
may be acceptable. Articles should be sub
mitted in the author’s native tongue, and
Manuscripts should be typewritten, doublespaced, on one side of the page only, on
x 1 1 inch white bond paper.
Tables should be numbered consecutively,each on a separate sheet with a title. F oot
notes used in tables should be typewritten as
part of the table and designated by numerals.
Illustrations should be designated as figuresand numbered consecutively. Captions for
each illustration should be submitted on a
separate sheet. Photographs submitted for illustrations should be clear, sharp, and on glossy paper, preferably 5 x 7 or 8 x 1 0 inchesin Slze.
Footnotes should be numbered consecutively, with a superior figure placed after the
word in the text to which the footnote refers.
The footnote should appear in the text in theline following the reference number, separatedfrom the text by a short line running inwardfrom the left margin of the text. F ootnotes
are used to give credit to unpublished materialand communications. If only a few referencesto literature aremade, literature citations maybe placed in footnotes. Literature citations
should include the author, year published, title of the work cited, name of publication,
and pages.
M anuscripts shoul d be sent to the Director,Institute of Tropical Forestry, R io Piedras,Puerto Rico.
Opinions expressed in this journal are notnecessarily those of the Forest Service. Ar
ticles published in the Caribbean Forestermaybe reproduced, provided reference is made tothe original source.
0
Le Caribbean Forester est une revue semiannuelle qui a été publiée depuis l’année 1 938en Puerto Rico por le Institut de Foresterie
Tropique, Service Forestier du Department
de l’Agricul ture des Etats-Unis. Cette revue
est dediée a l’aménagement et a l
’utilisation
des forets surtout dans la region caraibe.
Par les pages de cette revue les personnesq ui travaillent aux tropiques peuvent etre in
realiser u n e ameilloration technique p a r
l’
aménagement et l’usage des resources fores
tieres. Cette revue pourvoit aussi un moyende destribuer l
’
information et les resultats oh
tenus par le programme experemental du
Institut de F oresterie Tropique de Puerto
R ico;en plus cette revue Offre ses pages a les
autres travailleurs forestiers des pays tropicaux pour qu
’ils purssent publier les resultats
de leur travaux.
Cette revue accepte volontiers des contributions ne depassant pas 20pages dactilografiées
a double espace, cependant que certains tra
vaux du intéret spécial plus long purvent etreacceptés. Les contributions doivent etre ecri
tes dans la langue maternelle de l’auteur et
doivent bien preciser son titre et sa position
professionnelle, l’appert doct etre accompagnéd
’un résumé de l
’
étude. Les manuscripts doi
vent etre dactilografiées en double espace su
du paper por 1 1 pouces.
Les tables du travail doivent etre numero
tees en ordre sur page separee et les notes au
pied de ces tables doivent etre dactilografiées,comme une partie du table.
Les illustrations doivent etre designees avecdes numeros consecutifs. Les titres de chaqueillustration doivent etre sumis sur une page
separee Les photographies comme les illus
trations doivent etre bien claires, bien definies
et sur papier glacé preferablement 5 x 7 pouces
au 8 por 1 0.
Les notes au has de la page doivent etre
numerotées apies le mot qui fait reference a
la note. La note au pied devra aparaitre dansle texte sous la ligne qui suit le numero de
reference, separee de texte par une ligne courtecouront de gauche a driole de la marge du
papier. Les notes eu pied sont usées pour
faire honneur aux travaux qué nOnt pas été
publiés. Si on fait seulement quelques-unesreference qua la litterature pauvent designeeles comme notes au pied . Citation au littera
ture publiée doivent comprendu, l’auteur, l
’an
née publiée, le titre du travail, le nom de la
revue et les pages de cette revue.
Les manuscripts doivent etre evnooyés a
Director, Institute o f Tropical Forestry, R ioPiedras, Puerto R ico.
Nous voulons rappeller a nos lecteurs que
les opinions expumées dans cette revue ne sontpas necessairement les Opinions du Forest
Service et que les articles publiés dans la re
vu e la“Caribbean F orester
”auvent etre t e
Ca ribbean Forester
The La st IssueWith this issue the CAR IBBEAN FOR
ESTER terminates its appearance as a semi
annual forestry journal of the Institute of
Tropical Forestry. The journal is being discontinued because oi policy revision by the
government of the United States. Henceforththe results Of research a t the Institute, like
those of other Forest Service R esearch Units,will ’be publish-ed in a series of R esearch Papers and Notes which will be sent under thesame terms to all who maintain active status
on the same mailing list which has guideddistribution of the Caribbean Forester.
The discontinuation of the Caribbean F or
ester does not signify any reduced interest atthe Institute in the forest problems Of Latin
America . R esearch here will continue to dealwith problems which are of regional importance . Our findings will continue to be
distributed throughout the region .
An international technical journal whichwill serve the same purpose as the Caribbean
Forester is planned for the near future bythe Inter-American Institute of Agricultural
Sciences at Turrialba, Costa R ica . Ourmail
ing list has been sent for their use , in orderto assure continued service to you all. We
refer authors to that Institute for the future .
The publication of a technical journa l,even one as modest as this
,involves much
work, editorial and otherwise . We have recognized also certain benefits of this responsibi
lity, particularly direct access to reports on
new work and firsthand communication withleading foresters throughout the American
tropics.
In the 24 years tha t the Caribbean For
ester has appeared, a total Of 524 technical
articles and notes have been published withinit. Of these 2 1 0 were contributions from the
Forest Service . These have come from or
have referred to 45 different countries, and
have concerned almost every phase of for
estry.
Esta Ultima Edic iénCon esta edicron el CAR IBBEAN FOR
ESTER desaparece como,
una revista forestalsemianual del Instituto de Dasonomia Tropical. La desaparicién de la revista obedece a
un cambio o revisién de politica del gobier
no de los Estados Unidos. De ahora en ade
lante los resultados Obtenidos en los traba
jos de investigacién del Instituto, al igual
que los de las demas unidades de investigacion del Servicio Forestal, se publicaran va
liéndose de una serie de apuntes y articulosque ba jo los mismos términos se distribuiran
a todas aquellas personas y entidades incluidas en la lista activa utilizada en el envio delCaribbean Forester.
La suspension del Caribbean Forester no
significa que el Instituto haya perdido interésen los problemas forestales de la América Latina . Nuestras investigaciones seguiran ocu
pandose de los problemas que tengan impor
tancia regional. Seguiremos diseminandonuestros descubrirnientos a través de la re
giOn.
El Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias
Agricolas de Turrialba , Costa R ica ,se pro
pone publicar en nu futuro cercano una revista técnica internacional que servira el mismo
proposito del Caribbean F orester. Le hemosenviado a dicha instituciOn copia de nuestro
fichero de envios para asegurarles un serviciocontinuo a todos ustedes. Para el futuro re
ferimos los autores a ese Instituto.
La publicacion de una revista técnica , aununa tan modesta como esta , requiere muchotraba jo, incluyendo la labor editorial y de
otra clase . R econocemos también haber derivado ciertos beneficios de esta responsabili
dad, especia lmente cl acceso directoa los in
formes sobre traba jos nuevos y la comunica
cion directa con los principales dasénomos de
los trOpicos americanos.
En los 24 anos en que el Caribbean For
ester ha estado en circulaciOn se han publi
cado um total de 524 apuntes y articulos téc
nicos de los cuales 2 1 0 fuer‘
on contribuidospor el Servicio Forestal . Estos articulos pre
cedentes de o referentes a 45 paises diferenteshan tratado sobre casi todas las fases de ladasonomia .
VOL . 24 NO. 2 1 968 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
0
c an O I‘
C SLCI‘
C o n t e n t s
S u m a r i o
Forest Formations of Puerto Rico
Variation of Specific Gravity in Planta tion-
grown
Trees of Bigleaf Mahogany
C. B . Briscoe,J B . Harris
,and D . Wyckoff
Ra infa ll Interception in a Tropica l ForestA lbert G . Clegg
Trends in Wood and Paper Imports into Puerto Rico
Tree Seedlings w ith a
R . P . Belanger and C. B . Briscoe
Preservation of Puerto R ican Fence Posts TreatedPressure Methods
Victor B . Ortiz
Caribbean Forester Index ,Volumes 1 24
Author Index
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963 57
F ore st F orma tions of Puerto Rico 1
by
K . W . O . KUMME AND C . B . BRISCOE
SUMMARY
A map was constructed of Puerto Rico , showing the p lant formations a ccording to the Holdridge system of classification . This system is ba sed on annua lra in fa l l and b iotemperature , and is re lative ly simp le to app ly .
RESUM EN
S e preparo un mapa de Puerto Rico mostrando las formacion es vegeta lessegun el S istema de Clasificacion Holdridge .
Su uso es relativamente senc i l lo .cipita cién y biotemperatura anua l .
A forester faced with the practical pro
blems of choosing what species to plant on a
given site,or of selecting sites and species for
the production o f a particular type of timber,needs a deta iled knowledge of the local cli
mates and plant associations of his territoryto supplement his general knowledge(Champion Brasnett,
Of the many systems proposed for classifying climates and plant formations, one o f thesimplest is tha t o f Holdridge Al
though there are minor considerations to
fa cilitate usage , the system basically dependson only two variables: precipitation and bio
temperature . The latter is simply the averageo f the tempera tures which are above 0°C. In
the true tropics, therefore , biotemperature issynonymous with average temperature .
An addi tiona l advantage of the Holdridgesystem is tha t it has been rather widely ap
plied in the American tropics (Div . of Econ .
Development,1 96 1 ; Holdridge , 1 962 , 1 957;
Tosi, Veillon ,1 963; Tropical F orest
R esearch Center, Thus a large bodyof information concerning counterpart areas
is readily available if the same system is ap
plied locally.
F ina lly in the Caribbean Area at least,
there would appear to be no doubt that theHoldridge classification yields categories thatare real and important.
Este sistema se ba sa en la pre
For these reasons, Puerto R ico was map
ped according to the Holdridge system ofecologica l formations.
PROCEDURE
BASIC DATA
As indicated above,the basic data neces
sary are a verage annual temperature and
rainfa ll. Because this in formation was foundto be less readily available than originally ex
pected, some detail is provided on how it wasobta ined.
1 / Begun a s'
a sp ec ia l report for the 1 96 3 S vra cuse F orestrySummer Course , conducted by N ew York S ta te Un ive rsity College of F orestry a t Syra cuse , in coope ra tion w ith the U . S .
F orest S erv ice Inst itute of Trop ica l F orestry .
The Weather Bureau Climatological Data ,
Puerto R ico and Virgin Islands, 1 96 1 , yielded26 stations for which the annual means and
deviations from the long-term means werelisted . The long-term means of these stations
were calculated by algebra ically subtracting
the devia tion from the annual mean .
Ea ch previous year’
s summary was thens:arched for stations no longer active
, and
the same subtraction was applied to thosefound . Carrying this procedure back to 1 900yielded 2 1 additional stations, a total of 47 .
The records, both published and unpub
lished, were then checked for stations for
58 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
which no long- term mean was ever calculated .MAPPING ISOMETR IC LINES
F or a ll such stations, annual va lues werelisted and means compu ted. Because tempe
rature is so uniform from year to year, a mean
based on only a single year was accepted
Preclpitation records were not used unless a
minimum o f four year’s records were ava il
able . In a ll cases Without long-term mean
the a ctual basis was recorded to impro ve interpreta tion of conflicting values on the fina lmap.
These were based on the station data to
By these means, a tota l o f 1 28 stations the extent ava ilable , andm odified by the adia
were a ssembled with a verage temperature , batic cooling constant“
. In general, differencesa verage ra infa ll, or both,
Table 1 . between stations followed the adiabatic
Table 1 .
— Wea ther sta tions,with annua l means and e leva tions
L ength ofS ta t ion Temp era ture R a in fa ll E leva t lon
R e cord 1
YearsAceituna
AdjuntasAguadilla
Aguirre
Aguirre R esearch Sta .
AibonitoAlto de la BanderaAnascoArecibo 2ESEBa cupey
Barcelone taBarranquitasBayamon
Bayamon Hato Teja sBorinquen F ield U .S .A .
Cabo Roj oCagua s 2ENE
Calero CampCambalache Expt. F orestCanévanas 2 NorthCamuy
Caonillas UtuadoCaonilla Villalba
Carite Camp Tunnel
Carite Plant I
Catano
Each station was then plotted on a topographic map o f the island, scale
The appropriate isotherms were then con
structed . As may be seen from the WorldPlant F ormation Chart, F igure 1 , the critica l
iso therm in Puerto R ico is tha t for Z4"C
Additional adjacent isotherms w e r e a 1 s o
drawn , a s listed in Table 2 .
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
S ta tion
Central Aguirre
Central San F ranciscoCentral Service F armCepero (Trujillo Alto )Cidra SE
Coamo Dam
ColosoComerio F a lls Plant IICoroza l 4WCubuy
Dorado 4WDos BocasEl Verde
Ensenada
Espiritu SantoF a jardoGarza s Darn
Gua jataca Dam
Guanica Centra le
Gu‘ayaba l R eservo irGuayama
Guineo R eservoirGuraboGurabo Sub - stationHacienda Amis iadHacienda Perla (A )Huma ca o 1 8WInabOn F a lls
Indiera Ba jaIsabel-a 4 SWIsolinaJaj ome AltoJayuyaJimén‘
ez
Josefa (Central Aguirre )Juana Diaz Cam lp
Juncos lELa Carmelita
La F é
La F loridaLa jasLa M
'
ma (El Yunque )
Years
59
60
S ta tion
Lares
La s M aria-S
LOS CamosLosey F ieldLuquilloM ameyes (Utuado)
M arica oM arica o F ish HatcheryM arvefiaM atrullas Dam
M aunaboM ayaguez
M ayaguez AirportM elania Dam
M oro CampM orovisNaguaboOrocovis (Barros)Para iso
Penuela-s (Salto Garcas)PoncePotala (Juana Diaz )Puerto R ealPonce M ercedita (AP)
QuebradillasR amey Air F orce Ba seR incon (2NNW)R io Blanco IR io Blanco II
R io Grande El VerdeR io Grande Valley
R io JueyesR io Piedra s
R io Piedras Exp . F arm
R oosevelt R oadsSaba ter
Sa int JustSan Cristobal
San German
San Juan WB City
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
64
constant a lmost perfectly . Some exceptionsoccurred
,however.
F or example , the mean annual tempera
ture for Aibonito is and for Barran
quita s is 2 1 .7"C,but Barranqui tas is nearly
1 50 meters lower. This apparent anomaly is
probably because Barranquitas lies on the
floor o f a steep va lley; it therefore receivesfewer hours o f sunshine than would a site on
a level pla in ,besides receiving cold a ir drain
a ge from the surrounding slopes.
In such cases,a certa in amount of per
sonal judgement was necessary in locating theappropria te isotherms.
Isohyets were loca ted in the same general
manner, for the values listed in Table 2 , plus500, 1 000, 2000, and 4000 millimeters. A‘
.
though ra infall exceeds 8000mm . some years
a t some stations,there is no existing station
a t which the average annual ra infa ll exceedsthat amount.
PLANT F ORMATION DESIGNATION
The classifica tion cha rt prepared by Holdridge ,
a portion o f which is reproduced inF igure 1 , consisted of a network of hexagons .
Ea ch junction point where three hexagonsjoin is enclosed within an equilateral trfang
’
e
forme zl by the evaporation/precipita tion ratioline
, the m ean annual precipitation line , and
the horizonta l temperature line . The en
closed area is assumed to be an area of transitiou in which the a ctual formation may varywith edaphic, topographic , or other factors .
Assignment of a particular location to a spe
ific formation , therefore , requires on -the
ground observation ,because even the labori
ous calcula tion and plotting of al l relevantisotherms and isohyets cannot compensatefor the basic fact that other factors may be
decisive in the neighborhood o f divld‘
ng lin
Therefore, Holdridge’s chart was mad
ified,F igure 2 . The transitional areas were
then categorized according to the va lueslisted in Table 2 .
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
MAPPING PLANT FORMATIONS
F inally,the small area of Subtropica l
Dry formation which includes the Guanica
Insular F orest and in which there is no
weather sta tion was separated from the sur
rounding Tropical Dry only on the basis of
elevation . There are certa inly grounds forsuspecting tha t the slightly higher elevationo f these low hills is not adequate
,in fact, to
support a change .
LITERATURE CITED
Holdridge ,L . R .
1 962 . MAPA ECOLOGICO DE NICARAGUA ;ESCALA M anagua , Nicaragua .
U . S . Agency for Internationa l Deve lopment .
2 sheets.
OF MAINLANDEighth Pacific
1 957 . THE VEGETATIONM IDDLE AM ERICA . Proc .
Sci . Congress .
- 1 6 1 .
1 956 . REPORT OF AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA .
Ca ribbean F orester - 1 1 0.
Considering the combination o f temperature with
.
precipitation , then , a map of theplant formations in Puerto R ico was pre
pared, F igure 3 .
Certa in weaknesses_
of the map are not
apparent. The Lajas Valley, near the southwes tern corner of the island
,has very few
stations; neither is there any appreciable
amount o f undisturbed native vegetation .
Consequently the boundary between the
Tropica l Dry and Tropica l Very Dry forma
tions in that area is more of an educatedguess than a ca lculation .
The limestone hill areas, especially in
the northwestern part of the island , are alsovery deficient in wea ther recording stationsInterpolation between existing station
,as well
as topographic maps, helped compensate forthe lack of stations, but formation boundariesin the limestone hill regions should definitelybe considered as approximations only.
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
1 96 1 . CLAVE DE LAS ASOCIACIONES CLI
M‘ATICAS NATURALES DEL MUNDO Y
GUIA PAR A EL USO DE LA TIERRA EN
LOS TR OPICOS . Sup lemento , Academ ia CO~
lomb ian a de Ciencias - 1 4 .
B . F . Lamb,and B . M a son
1 950. LOS BOSQUES DE GUA TEMALA .
Instituto Interamericano de Cien cias Agricolas e Instituto de F omento de la Producc ion de
‘ Gua tema la . Turria lba , Costa Rica .
1 74 pp .
Tosi , J . A .
1 960. ZONAS DE VIDA NATURAL EN ELPERU . B oletin Técn ico No . 5 ,
Proyecto 39 .
Program a de Coopera cién Técn ica . Institu
to Interamericano de Ciencia s Agricola s ,
Zona And ina , Lima ,Peru,
27 1 pp . 4 maps.
Trop ica l F orest Research Center1 960. RECORDS OF F OREST PLANTATIONGROWTH IN M EXICO
,THE WEST INDIES ,
AND CENTRAL AND SOUTH AM ERICA .
65
Veil lon,J . P .
1 963 . RELACION DE CIERTAS CAR ACTE
R ISTICAS DE LA MASA F ORESTAL DE
UNOS BOSQUE S DE LAS ZONAS BAJASDE VENEZUELA CON EL F ACTOR CLIM ATICO : HUMED‘AD PLUVIAL . Acta CientificaVenezolan a - 4 1 .
Wea ther Bureau
1 935 1 954 . CLIMATOLOGICAL D A T AWEST INDIES AND CARIBBEAN . Vols . 1 5
34 . U . S . Dept . Commerce .
1 898—1 934 . U . S . DEPT . COMM ERCESUMMARIES . P . R . S ec . of the Cl im atologica lS ec . of the Weather Bureau , Richmond , Va
W B .O . ; B oston , M ass,W.B .O S an Juan ,
S econd Annua l Report of the S ection on
Planting , R eg . Comm ittee on Research,F AO
Latin American F orestry Commission . Caribbean F orester 2 1 : Supplem ent .
rees
ssed
ssed
los
a ci'
a
r a proposed
studv pla n . U .S .
trv , R i o Piedra s ,
VOL . 24 NO. 2 1 968
Tre e s of Big le a f M a hoga ny
C . B . B riscoe ,
J . B . Harris,
an d D . Wy ckoff
S U M M A R Y
As a prelude to tree im provemen t w ork in the genus Sw ieten ia , a study was
m ade of speci fic gravity varia tion within the bole of six p lantation - grown trees
of biglea f mahogany .
Varia tion w as appreciable , from to an d severa l patterns weredeterm in ed . Specific gravity of the tree increa sed with growth rate
,as expressed
in d iameter a t brea st height , but not w ith re lative len gth of ra d ius a t a givenhei ght in a particular tree . It increa sed outward from the p ith; but it w as highat the base ,
dropped marked ly to a m in im um a t e ight feet , then increased to
near the base of the crown . There w as no clear corre la tion with d irection,but
,
in these trees the wood a t heights of 22 and 29 feet is heavier a long the westra d ius .
Tree specific gravity can be estima ted from spec ific gr avity a t the p ith a t
l - foot height , r I or from core specific gravity and growth, as- expressed
by d iameter breast high and merchan table he ight,r
R E S U M E N
Como um pre lud io del traba j o para el m e j orami ento de arboles del géneroSwieten ia ,
se hizo un estud io de la varia ciOn del peso espec ifico den tro de los
troncos de se is arboles de ca oba de hoj a grande crecidos ‘
en planta ciOn.
La variaciOn fue aprec iable , de a y se determ inaron varias'
ten den
ciasf ‘
EI peso espec ifico del arbol aum en tO con la rap idez de‘
crecimientO'
en el
d iam etro a la a ltura del pecho , pero no con la longitud re lativa d’
el'
rad io a -un‘
a
a ltura dada -de un arbol en particular. El aum ento fué '
d esde la _médula"
hacia
a fuera ; pero fue mayor en la ba se , dism inuyO notablem en te a l m in imo a los
8 p ies de a ltura y luego aumentO hasta cerca de la ba se d_e la c0pa . No se re
gistrO una correlaciOn clara con la d irecciOn , pero en éstos arboles la In adera
‘
a una a ltura de 22 y de 29 p ies es m as pesa da en el rad io oeste .
”
.L'
El peso espec ifico de un arbol puede estimarse del pe so espec ifico en la
médula a un pie de a ltu1 a ,r 0.6 1 8 , 0 d el peso especifico del centro y el cre
cim iento , segun lo demuestra el d iametro a la a ltura del pecho y la a ltura co
me1 ciable ,r
67
Va ria tion of Sp e c ific Gra v ity in Pla n ta tion -Grow n
Specific gravity o f wood is o f practica linterest because
"it is the best
'
single cri
terion Of strength” (Des'
ch 1 938, page
Continued study has Supported this basic
premise (Kra emer 1 956 N icholls Dadswell
1 960, R adcliffe 1 953 )Tree improvement, parci cularly; requires
an estimation of the quality of standing trees,
and the present study wa s primarily to pro
vide ba ckground information for a proposed-
=tree i mprovement program 1 for biglea f ma
hogany”
(Swie ienia . macrophylla King) .
Knowledge Of the entiie meIchantable
po i t on ,oi the stem is necessaIy, however.
_1 / Ba rres , _
H . 1 963 . M ahoga n y p roven an ce S tudy p la n . L'
. .S
l orest S erv ice ,
“
In s t itute c f Trop ica l F orestrv , R io P iedra s .
Puerto R ico.
68
and the objectives of this study were ( 1 ) todetermine whether specific gravity varieswithin a tree and
,if so, ( 2 ) to study the
pa ttern o f varia tion .
PREVIOUS WORK
Gymnosperms have now been studied fa irly extensively (Spurr Hsiung 1 954
,list
87 references) and variation has been foundto occur. The pattern is fa irly well acceptedas being essentia lly that described by Chevandier in 1 848 .
( 1 ) Specific gravity increases with age ,
fa irly rapidly at first and later very slowlyif at all. In some species, at least, there are
reports (Desch. 1 932,Sekhar Negi 1 96 1 ,
Spurr Hsiung 1 954 ) that wood producedby overmature trees is lighter than thatproduced earlier. This pa ttern is the same
at any given height in a tree . In spruce , at
least,this norma l pa ttern is modified in that
the Specific gravity next to the pith is rela
tively high drops o ff rapidly, then begins thenormal increase with age (Bryan Pearson1 955 , Nylinder
(2 ) For wood la id down during a givenyear, specific gra vity decreases with he ight.
This pa ttern ,a lso , is modified in spruce and
similar species with indistinct summerwoodand pronounced taper (Nylinder 1 953 , SpurrHsiung Specific gra vity may even
increase with height .
(3 ) There is no regular relationship o fspecific gra vity with ring width . This pointhas been the subject o f a great dea l o f controversy , chiefly because o f the confounding ofring width with tree age and height in tree , seeabove
,and with precentage o f latewood , see
below.
(4 ) Not mentioned by Chevandier, butextensively documented in this century (Lar
son 1 957,~Nylinder 1 953 ) is that specific gra
vity varies with percentage of latewood , at
least in those species with distinct latewoodand earlywood (Spurr &' Hsiung
R ing-
porous hardwoods, particularly spe
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
D iffuse porous hardwoods, a group whichincludes most tropical hardwoods, have beenstudied much less
,and
,despite M cLintock
’s
( 1 957 , page 2 ) somewhat optimistic statement-‘In the case of hardwoods — bothring porous
and diffuse porous the facts are well established the results are apparently not
consistent, even within a species.
Since there is no clear distinction be
tween early and late wood, their differenceshave not been studied.
cies o f Quercus and F raxinus have a lso beenstudied , though less extensively. For thesespe cies, the proportion of latewood apparentlyfar outwe ighs o ther considerations (Bethel
Therefore,specific gravity tends to de
crease with age and from the crown towardthe tree stump ,
just as percentage latewoodtends to decrease .
( 1 ) Specific gravity increased with age
(Aung 1 962;Stauffer 1 892;Curro 1 957 , 1 960;Anonymous 1 948; M urthy or it in
creased for some trees and decreased for
others (Lenz or — like spruce it
decreased at first then increa sed (Grossler
or varied with age in the lower boleonly (Gohre Gotze or was simply
irregular (Anderson Moltesen
(2 ) Specific gravity decreased withheight (Burger 1 940
,Tamolang Balcita
1 957 , Stauffer or increased brieflythen stabilized (Grossler or decreasedupward a few meters then increased (GohreGotze increased with height (Burger1 9 10, Curro 1 957 , Lenz 1 954) in single rings
as well as the entire disc (Curro 1 960) or didnot vary with height (Anonymous 1 948 ,
Greenhill Dadswell
(3 ) R apid growth may be associatedwith decreased specific gravity (Susmel
increased specific gravity (Grossler
no relation (Anonymous 1 948,Lenz
1 954,Gohre Gotz 1 956 , Seaman or
with increased specific gravity in some species
and decreased specific gravity in others(Ghosh et a l.
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
Site,however
,has often been thought
to exert influence , certa inly as it in fluencesgrowth; In addition
,Hartig ( 1 897 ) felt that
good site s produce fast growth of high densityas opposed to wide spacing yielding fastgrowth of low density . The resul ts reported(Susmel 1 953 ) fail to support this distinction .
Altho Murthy ( 1 959 ) reported no specificgra vity variation in stems of swamp-
growntimber of a species in which specific gravityincreased with age on other sites
,most
studies have failed to correlate specific gravitywith site per se .
The reader who w i s h e s to reviewthoroughly the pertinent litera ture Shoul dbegin with “
The Influence o f Environment
and Genetics on Pulpwood Qua lity”
(F orestBiology Committee , TAPPI the pre
ceding indicate that variation does occur,but the pattern is certa inly not universalamong diffuse porous species .
PROCEDURE
Biglea f mahogany is an exotic in PuertoR ico , so plantation -
grown trees are the onlyones a vailable . To reduce extraneous variation , trees from only a single plantation wereused
,with one exception . A preliminary
ana lysis fa iled to Show the single tree dif
ferent from the other five, so the data were
combined.
Before felling, each tree w as markedwith the four cardina l directions and a re
ference height .
Immedia tely a fter felling the merchantable bole was marked off in 7 - foot sectionsfrom the butt, which was normally cut one
foot abo ve ground level. Cardinal directionswere marked at each point previously designated for cross-cutting, then a disc 1 -2 inchesthick was cut out, labelled, and stored in
a polyethylene bag to reduce moisture loss.
In the laboratory, each disc was markedwith a 1 - inch strip, from east to west and
another from north to south, i ntersecting at
the pith . Ea ch strip was then marked into
69
1 -in ch lengths , labelled, then cut out witha small band saw .
TR EE SPECIF IC GRAVITY
2/ The f ield p roce dure and p re lim in a ry ana lyses w ere conducted a s p a rt of a specia l study f or the 1 962 Syra cuse F or
estry Summ er Course , con duc ted bv N ew York S ta t e Un ive r sityCol lege of F ores try a t Syra cuse, in coop era tion w ith the U .S .
F ores t S ervice Ins titute of Trop ica l F ores try .
RESULTS
The green volume and o ven - dry weightwere then determined and the specific gra vity calcula ted for each block , a total of 429blocks from six trees . Individual block speci
fic gravity varied from to
Weighted3 specific gra vity o f a radial strip
varied from to di sc specific gra vityvaried from a low o f to a high o f
Clearly there is variation; the problem is
to determine the pattern .
The question of most interest w as whe thertree specific gra vity could be estimated froma sma ll sample . A ffirmative results havebeen obta ined with pine (Harris 1 963
,Zobel
Rhodes and for other characteristicsth poplar (Blalobok fir (Stage
and spruce (Ruden amongothers (Zobel The small sample of
greatest utility in a program of tree impro vement would be the first wood la id down .
r
Iherefore , a regression was run o f specificgravity of the tree on that o f the core at 1
foot height. That is,an equa tion Y a bx
was solved, using the weighted specificCC
gra vity o f the tree as y and the specificgravity of the 1 -inch blo ck from the center
o f the disc cut at 1 - foot height as x .
3/ Beca use a cube of fix ed cross-sec tiona l a rea rep resents aportion of the tota l which dim in ishes w ith dis ta n ce from thep ith, va ria ble w eighting mus t be used to de term in e ra dius ordisc sp ecific gra vity . A rea represen te d by a sample is app rox ima tely eq ua l to Pi t im es the squa re of the ra dia l d is ta n ceto its outer lim it , m inus Pi tim es the squa re of the ra dia ldis tance to its inner iim it . This y ields a rea s of
a nd s q ua re in ches for 1 -inch squa resw ith the ra dia l length to the cuter edz e of .5 ,
and in ches , rec
p e ctiv ely . D iv id ing through b y g ivesre la tive weights of 1 , S , 1 6 , 24 , 32 , 40, 5 6 , etc .
In other words , the rin g of wood to in ches fromthe p ith ha s { 8 times a s m uch cross- sectiona l a rea a s a ringfrom to in ch from the p ith.
The m ea n sp ecific gra v ity of a ra dia l s trip , therefore ,equa ls 1 x sp ecific s ra v ity a t 0 in ch h e a r the p ith, plu s3 X f Dec if ic gra v ity a t 06 in ches , p lus 1 6 x sp ecif ic gra vityt in ches p lus 48 1: sp ec if ic gravity a t
in ches , the sum of the p roducts being div ided by the sum of
the we ightin gs .
70
The relationship wa s encouraging, a cor
relation coefficient oi but was not
significant for so few trees.
When the equation was expanded to
include growth ra te (as expressed by dbb ) ,
the correlation was raised to significance .
F urther expansion o f the equation to includemerchantable height ra ised the combinedcorrelation coefficient to Best esti
mate of the tree specific gravity was:
Tree Specific GravityCore Specific Gravity at 1 foot
dbh No.
7 - foot Bolts .
GROWTH RATE
Since the importance of growth rate wa s
so clearly indicated in the preceding analysis,
two further tests were made .
The first was to determine whether the
specific gravity o f the wood most recently
la id down was a lso correlated with growthrate . Considering only the outermost 1 -inchblocks a t the 1 - foot and 8- foot levels
,their
specific gra vity had a correlation coe fficiento f for dbb a lone , and for dbh and
height in combina tion .
The next test was to determine whetherthe specific gravity o f a particular radius
,as
compared to the entire cross-section of thestem
,was related to the length of radius, a s
compared to the average radius for thatcross-section . If
R adius Specific GravityDisc Specific Gravity
R adius Lengthand
“x”D-lsc Average R adius
is y correlated with x, in the equationY z a bx? For the 1 36 discs availablefor analysis, there was virtually no correlationwhatever
The two preceding analyses indica te then ,
that (a ) tree specific gravity increases with
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
tree growth rate as expressed by dbb and
number of bolts, but (b) specific gravityalong a radius within a particular crosssectiona l disc o f the bole is not related to there lative growth rate along that radius.
That is,specific gravity increa sed with
increasing tree growth rate , but did not varywith variations in growth rate along differentradii at the same level in the same tree .
COR E VER SUS ADJACENT BLOCKS
To determine whether specific gra vityvaries around the bole at a given level, thefour radial values obta ined were placed indescending order. The results are exemplifiedin Table 1 .
Table 1 . M ean specific gravity a t specifiedheights of periphera l blocks
,a ll
trees combined. F or each‘
tree the
va lues were placed in order ofmagnitude .
S p ecific Grav ity
S e cond i Third IHe ight Highe st H ighest l H ighes t Low es t M ea n
.533 523 5 1 7 498 .5 1 8
.457 443 438 427 .44 1
.470 .448 .438 .428 .446
.496 4 74 .460 -448 .470
Average .489 .472 4 63 .450
As noted above , some reports (Grossler1 943
,Nylinder 1 953 , Sekhar Negi 1 96 1 )
have indicated that the wood immediately
surrounding the pith is relatively heavy, and
tha t the very light juvenile” wood does not
include the actual tree center.
Comparison indicated that in these 34
mahogany discs the core is highly significantly lighter than the adj oining blocks. F racti
ca lly speaking, however, the difference of 2percent is o f little consequence .
VAR IATION ABOUT THE ROLE
Vol. 24 NO. 2 1 963 7 1
The apparent di fferences are highly sigui gra vity differs on the north and south sides
ficant, but this could be random variation . of the stem (Nylinder
There ha ve been many reports that specific
Table 2 . M ean specific gra vity of mahogany ,by height a bove ground and cardina l
direction . Individua l blocks were weighted by distance from the p ith; ea ch
tree va lue wa s given unit weight.
Sp ec ific Gra vity b _v Ca rdin a l D irection
He ighta bove groun d North South E a s t est
Tota l S tem
Inspection of Table 2 shows that for the VARIATION ALONG THE RADIUSstern as a whole no significant differences are
to be found between directions . There are
indications tha t two borin gs give a morea ccurate esti mate than one , and that borings1 80° apart may give a more a ccurate estim ate
than those 909 apart .
The data p resented by Lenz ( 1 954 ) showed this same overall uniformity am ong radii ,
but showed rather clear differences at some
poin t up the bole . The same indication is
found in Table 2; in this case,the west radius
appears hea viest in the neighborhood Of 2 5
feet .
VARIATION ALONG THE ROLE
Both tables 1 and 2 clearly show thatspecific gra vity is high at the base , drops toa m inimum at eight feet (o f the heights test8 d) , then CIM bS Steadfl'y to near the base
4/ The a uthors a re in deb t ed to the Compu ting L a bora tory .Ox ford Un ivers ity f or ma chin e solu tion of a num ber of theo f the crown .
e qua tions .
The variation in length between radii
prevents a clear tabul ar presentation of thevariation o f specific gravity outward from the
pith .
The combined indications mentioned in
the three preceding sections were tested bymultiple regression
Specific gravity o f the west radius is
signi ficantly hea vier, at heights o f 22 and 29
feet. It must be emphasized that an analysis
such as thi s proves only that a difference theauthors thought they saw in a particular se t
Of data actually exists . Only further testingcan indicate whether the relationship foundin these trees is part o f a general pa ttern .
Specific gravity varied significantly withheight in bole . Ea ch tree showed the same
72
trend,and there seems little room for doubt
that the sample represents a real patternflVaria tion is much more strongly correlated
with absolute height than with relative height;that is
,height in feet was a better expression
than height as a percentage o f merchantableheight.
Spe cific gravity also increased significantly outward a long a radius. Inches from the
pith was a more use ful expression than per
centage o f the total radius.
CONCLUSIONS
A study was made o f the varia tion Of
specific gravity in the boles o f six plantationgrown trees o f biglea f mahogany .
1 . Tree specific gra vity can be estimatedfrom specific gra vity a t the core of a disc cut
one foot above the ground line , r
2 . A highly significant correlation was
obta ined o f tree specific gravity with the
combination o f core -a t—l - foot specific gravityplus dbb plus merchantable height, r
3 . The specific gravity of the outer 1 - inchof wood in the lower bole was correlated withthe same three variables. The correla tioncoefficient was identica l to three decimals
but there was relatively less correlationo f the outer wood with core specific gravityand more with dbh.
4 . The variation in specific gra vity o fradii at a given height o f a particular tree
was not related to their relative growth rates
at that point .
5 . The wood immediately surrounding thepith wa s the lightest, and spe cific gra vity increased outward . Progression was
-
erratic or
a ltogether-m i ssing in some radii.Specific gravity was high at the base ,
dropped to a minimum at eight feet, thenincreased upwards to near the base of thecrown .
7 . F or the entire trees, specific gravityvaried between radii
,but not in a definite
pattern .
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
LITERATURE CITED
Andersen ,K F . ,
81, P . M oltesen
1 955 . (TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON
BEECH : DENSITY AND ITS VAR IATION . )
Dansk S kog F oren . Tidsskr.
- 6 1 1 .
Anonymous1 948 . QUALITY OF M ERANTI TEM BAGAF ROM DIF F ERENT AREAS . M a layanF orester 1 1 1 1 28 .
Aun g‘,M .
1 96 2 . DENSITY VARIATION OUTWARDSF ROM THE PITH IN SOM E SPECIES OF
SHOR EA AND“
ITS ANATOM ICAL BASIS .
Emp ire F orestry Review - 56 .
B ethe], J .S .
1 943 . F ACTOR S INF LUENCING THE
SPECIF IC GRAVITY OF CHESTNUTOAK WOOD . J . F orestry - 601 .
Burger,H .
1 940. (WOOD ,F OLIAGE YIELD AND
GROWTH . IV . AN 80-YEAR OLD BEECHSTAND . ) M itt S chweiz . Centra lansta lt
F orstl . Versuchsw .
- 348 .
Chevand ier, E . de B .,G . Werthe im
1 948 . M EMOIRE SUR LES‘
PROPR IETES
MECANIQUES DU BOIS . Bache l ier Im
p'
rimeur Libra ire . 1 35 pp .
8 . At a height o f 22 and 29 feet wo od inthese six trees averaged significantly hea vieron the west radius .
9 . Position a long the radius removed moreo f the total variance when expressed in inchesfrom the pith than when expressed as a per
centage of the radius.
1 0. Height in feet removed more of thetotal variance than did height as a percent
age oi merchantable height.
B ia lobok ,S .
1 963 . THE PROGRESS OF SEEDLINGGROWTH OF POPLAR HYBRIDS IN R E
LATION TO THEIR SELECTION . F AO
World Consultation on F orest Geneticsand Tree Improvement , S tockholm . 2b /4 .
1 7 pp .
Bryan , J .,82. F .G .O . Pearson
1 955 . THE QUALITY OF SITKA SPRUCEGROWN IN GREAT BRITAIN . Emp ireF orestry R ev .
- 1 59 .
74
S ekha r,A .O . , G .S . Negi
1 96 1 . STUDIES ON V A R I A T I O N OF
STRENGTH PROPERTIES IN WOOD .
Ind ian F orester - 93 . 3 1 refs .
Spurr, S .H .,8a W . Hsiun g
1 954 . GROWTH RATE AND SPECIF ICGRAVITY IN CONIF ERS . J . F orestry
- 200.
S tage ,AR .
1 963 . SPECIF IC GRAVITY AND TREEWEIGHT OF SINGLE—TREE SAMPLES OF
GRAND F IR . U .S . F orest S ervice ResearchPaper INT- 4 . Intermounta in F orest and
Range Experiment S ta tion . 1 1 pp . 8 '
refs .
S tauf fer,O .
1 892 . (STUDY OF THE SPECIF IC DRY
WEIGHT AND THE ANATOM ICAL STRUGTURE OF BIRCH WOOD . ) F orstl .-Naturw .
Z .
- 1 63 .
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Susmel,L .
1 953 . (THE SPECIF IC GRAVITY OF
EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA SCHLECHT .
WOOD F ROM THE PONTINE CAMPAGNA . )
Ita l ia F oresta le e M ontana - 227 . 7
refs .
Tamolang , E N , 85 BB . Ba lcita
1 957 . THE SPECIF IC GRAVITY OF BA
LOBO (DIPLODISCUS PANICULATUSTUR CZ .) F ROM MAKILING NATIONALPARK . F orest Leaves - 28 .
Zobel,B .
1 96 1 . INHERITANCE OF WOOD PROPERTIES IN CONIF ERS .
'
S i lvae Genetica 10:
65 - 70. 54 refs .
81. R . Rhodes1 95 6 . SPECIF IC GRAVITY ESTIMATIONSOF MATURE LOBLOLLY PINE FROMJUVENILE WOOD AND SEEDLING LIMBSECTIONS . F orest S ci .
- 1 1 2 . 1 4
refs .
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963 75
Rdinfd ll Interc ep tion in d . Trop ic a l F ore st1
ALBERT G . CLEGG
SUMMARYRa in fa l l interception was stud ied in the Luqui llo M ounta ins of Puerto Rico ,
for twelve individua l ra in fa l ls .
Interception in inches of ra in varied d irectly with tota l ra in fa l l and withcrown density .
Percentage interception a lso varied d irectly with crown density — for -a givenamoun t of ra in but varied inversely and curvilinearly with amount of ra in .
Intercep'
ion d id not vary between the two forest types considered , but w as
qu ite high. in both.
RESUMENDurante doce agua ceros ind ividua les se estud io la intercepta cic'm de la lluvia
en la S ierra de Luqui llo en Puerto Rico .
La intercepta cién por pulgadas de precipita ciOn va rio d irectamente con la
lluvia tota l y con la densidad de las copa s .
El porcenta j e de interceptaciOn también va rio d irectamente con la densidadde las copas — para una cantidad especi fica de l luvia pero vario inversamen te
y curvilineamente con la cantidad de l luvia .
No vario la intercepta cién en tre los dos tipos de bosques bajo estud io, pero
fue mas bien a lta en ambos.
In forests o f the temperate regions, ra in
fall interception has received considerablestudy in past years, the data ha ving a widerange of applica t ion in both hydrological - andecologica l studies. R ecently the importance
o f this variable has been realized in tropica lz ones where high percentages Of crown den
sities and high rates o f precipitation oftenprevail, and where population pressures in
tropical areas o f recent years have incited newinvestigations into the water supply picture .
Puerto R ico is an example of such an area .
This exploratory study was conduc ted inthe Luquillo M ounta ins to determ in e the
interception ra te o f ra infall in two sub tropica l forest types, and to investigate methodsand procedures applicable to tropica l forestconditions .
PROCEDURE
LOCATION AND DESCR IPTIONSThe study was carried out from July 3 1
to August 1 6 , 1 962 , in second growth foresto f the Colorado and Tabonuco types, approxima tely 35 years old, a t an eleva tion of 1 700feet . Average annual precipitation is about
CRO'
vVN DENSITYCrown density was measured over ea ch
four- fo o t square plot, a t the beginning and a t
1 / Prepa red a s a spec ia l repo rt for the S v ra cuse F or
s try S umm er Course . conduc ted by New York S ta te Un ive r".ity College of F orestry a t S yra cus e. in coop e ra tion w ith the
U. S . F ores t S erv ice In s titu te of Trop ic a l F ores t rv .
1 30 inches, chiefly orographic ra ins o f lightto hea vy intensities.
Twelve fa lls were recorded o ver theperiod,
four o f which were light intermittent ra ins
co vering a 24-hour period . These latterfourwere recorded as indi vidual falls and groupedwith the eight separate rains. Intensities o fthe individual showers varied from 0 1 1 to
inches. One fall.
of inches w as not
incorporated into. the data . Precipita tion was
re corded at e .m . each day.
PLOT LAYOUTF ive plots, ea ch four feet square and haff
a cha in apart were se t on each of two tran
sects two chains apart ( 1 0 plo ts ) , in each ofthe two forest types. Ten control plo ts (zerocrown density) o f the same size were randomly placed in openings in the stands a s nea r
as possible to the transects.
the termination o f the experiment; the a verage of the two readings was used in the
analysis . Crown density, determined from a
spherical densiomcter is the average of fourreadings, one reading made while facing. in
each of the four card inal directions whilestanding within the four- foot square area ofeach plot. Over
‘
the period of study, crowndensity measurements increased an a verageof six percent, varying from a loss o f six percent on one plot to a ga in of 1 5 percent on
another; a ll but one increased. New flushesof leaves were seen emerging during the pe
riod of study. No lea f fall was n oted .
PRECIPITATION M EASUREM ENTPrecipitation was measured in No. 2 cans
with spikes soldered to the bottom ,randomly
placed on each plot. The spikes held the
gauges upright and prevented — the rats and
mongooses from carrying them away .
The gauges were not precisely calibrated,but it was found that one cubic centimeter
o f ra in was lost for any amount that fell.Most of the loss was recovered from the can
sides by swirling the can around before pouring the contents out. As the cans became
older (in days) , the sides became more ad
hesive to water. There was little or no lossby evapora tion ,
especially from gauges underthe -crown canopy. The amount of water inthe gauge was, therefore
,recorded as the
a ctual amount o f rainfall or through fall.One inch of water in the gauge was equal
to 90 cubic centimeters. Accordingly, a table
was prepared for converting cc . to hundredthsof inches. The contents of each gauge was
emptied into a graduated cylinder, and the
amount recorded was la ter converted to in
ches.
R ainfall recorded for each plot was the
a verage o f the four gauges. Each gauge wasreturned to the plo t a fter its water was meas
ured,but not necessarily to the original
position .
STEM F LO‘W
No a ttempt was made to measure stem
CARIBBEAN F oarsrerz
Table 1 .— S ummary o f ra infa ll informa tion .
a ll plo ts, a ll crown densities.
( Pe rcen t |
flow , that part o f the ra in which finds its waxto the soil by means o f the tree stems or the
stems o f other plants. Much study has been
done in temperate regions on this variable ( i )(2 ) Different investiga tors set stein
flow a t from less than one-tenth o f one percent to as high as ten percent o f the toe :
ra infall, depending on“
the duration o f thestorm and the species studied . Considerin
the rainfall intensities and the mass o f vegetation on the site
,little stern flow seem
probable . Even if allowances o fR ainfall Stemflow
.3 .6 inches one'
percent of the total ra in
.6 .9 inches two percent o f the total ra in
.9+ inches three percent o f the to tal ra in.
_ L A ~
tha t analysis was made excluding the variable .
Stemflow and evapora tion during the stormpresumably would be included in longer, moreprecisely programmed studies.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
As ana lysis o f variance indicated that ihterception on the two forest types was not significantly different; the two sets o f da ta w ere
therefore combined,and a regression ana lys is
made of combined results,Table 1 .
R A IN FALL , In che s
F igure 1 Interception a s re la ted to ra in fa l l , a ll p lots. Sol id’ l in e is in inches(Y 0.479X r an d da sh l in e is in p ercen ta ge .
La in tercepta cion en re la c ion a la prec ip ita cién ,toda s la s pa rce la s.
La l in ea sol ida represen ta la s pu lga da s , la l in ea in terrumpida e l por
cen ta j e .
Inches o f interception ,for all crown class
es combined was related to inches o f ra infa ll,figure 1 . The regression is estima t ed by a
linear function o f Interception R a in
fall with a correla tion coefficientof .95 1 . Interception varied from 005 inchwhen ra infall was .05 inch , to inchwhenra infall was .80 inch . F ifty- four percent o fthe measured ra in fa ll was intercepted .
Ii intercep zion in inches is converted to
percentage interception ,a curvilinea r expre t
sion results.
Interception wa s found to differ withcrown density,
figure 2 . Only 23 percent c f
the t otal ra infall was intercep ed by the
72-76 percent crown density class, but 57
percent was intercepted by the 80-86 percent
density class . These results indica te tha trather small
‘variations in crown density a c
count for large variations in interception rate .
To obta in a more exact idea as to th is ra ic,
in t erception wa s directly rela ted to crowndensity,
figure 3 .
Interception clearly increased with crowndensity. For each one percent increase in
crown density from 72 -87 percent, there was
a 3 percent increase in interception rate . The
regression is approxima ted by a linear function o f Y 0.01 43X with a correlation coefficient o f If this rela tionship isma in t
a ined,a ll o f a -inch is in tercepted a t
c. crown der sity o f 97 percent.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
While the rela tionships b e tween the severa l variables used here were found to be S igmi
fican ; to h ighly sign ificant, the reader must
remember tha t the study is brief and exploratory,
and in a field somewhat separa ted fromprevious s tudies
,most o f which perta in to
tempera te forest types In the la ter
there is for a ll species, a period of max imum
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
crown density, and a period o f minimumcrown density . This m akes for a m inimum o fstudy to determ ine periodic or annual inter
ception . In a tropica l climate on the otherhand , there always exists a distinct crowndensity, yet this density appears to vary con
tinuously and significantly, necessitating
continuous precipitation and crown densitymeasurements to bring about accurate determinations of annual interception ra tes . In
any one period,new flushes o f lea ves on one
species may or may no a be compensated bylea f fall on ano ther species and in that period,crown density may be in the range o f 80- 90
percent . Conversely a period o f no leaf emer
gence may foliow ,accompanied by heavy lea f
fall on many species. Over these periods, a
different pattern of ra infa ll may develop,the
data of which if collected and analysed ,would
result in regressions quite different from thosepresented here .
In figures 2 and 3 the 78 percent crowndensity class w as
,omitted because intercep
tion-
in this class was found to be abnormally
high . S ince crown density class 78 wa s con
fined to two adja cen t, plots, it was assumedtha t some geographic or geologic featurewas present here which caused the ra ins to
be'
partially wa fted over these plots to fa llelsewhere in greater intensity. This poin twould require further investigation before a
definite conclusion could be made . On the
other hand,certain plots on occasion register
ed more throughfall than rainfa ll recorded‘
on
the check plots, which would indica te tha teither the wa ter w as channelled to the gaugesor more rain actua lly fell o ver these plotsthan fell o ver the check plots. F uture inter
ception studies therefore should endea vor toimpro ve the check plots, idea lly by keepingthem near the throughfall plot but above thetree crowns .
.Direct observations indicated tha t stem
flow is not sign ificant for ra infall intensitiesof the range studied . Smooth barked , widecrowned trees did show some stem flow in
heavier showers .
79
REF ERENCES
1 . Hoppe ,E .
1 896 . REGENM ESSUNG UNTER BAUMK
RONEN . M itt. forstl . Versuchsw . Osterr.
2 1 21 - 75 .
2 . Horton ,R . E .
1 9 1 9 . RAINF ALL INTERCEPTION . M on thly Wea ther R ev .
- 623 .
3 . Kittredge,J .
1 948 . F OREST INF LUENCES . ixi curaw H il lBook Co. ,
Inc ., New York .
ilk M unns
,E . N .
1 923 . EROSION AND F LOOD PROBLEM SIN CALIF ORNIA . Report of the Legisla tureon S enate concurren t r esolution No . 27
(Legis . of 1 92 1 = by the Ca lit . S tate Bd .
F orestry .
0 . Pea rson ,G . A .
1 9 1 3 . A . M ETEOROLOGICAL STUDY OF
PARKS AND TIM BERED AREAS IN THE
WESTERN YELLOW PINE F ORESTS OF
ARIZONA AND NEW M EXICO . M onthlyWea ther R ev .
- 1 629 .
6 . Snedecor, G . W .
1 959 . STATISTICAL M ETHODS . The IowaS ta te College Press . F ifth Ed ition . 534 pp .
9
The almost da ily and o ften severa l tim i s
da ily ra infa lls encountered would seem to
necessita te the investiga tor a ssociating himself closely and con tinuously with the site .
He would thus be in a position to estimate
the duration o f showers, the condition of the
foliage p _ evious to a show er, and such other
conditions and variables as may be essential
to a m ore a ccura te analysis.
The 54 percen t rate o f interception is
higher than exceptional cases found in tem
perate zones where , in Ca lifornia ,Munns
‘ (4 )found 3 1 percent interception in Ca liforniascrub oak
'
and Kittredge (3 ) found ‘
37 per
cent interception in dense spruce and bal
sam fir in M a ine . Pearson ( 5 ) found 40 percent interception in a scand o f ponderosa pineat feet elevation in Ariz ona much c f
which is ascribed to the high evapora tingpower o f the air.
80 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Trends in Wood a nd Pa per Imports in to
Puerto Rico 1
HAROLD W. WISDOM
SUMMARY
Wood and paper ma ke up a bout 5 percent of the tota l commod ity importsinto Puerto Rico . In 1 960 the ir va lue came to $46 m i l l ion ,
with the Un itedS ta tes supp lying 72 percent of this tota l .Trends in wood and paper imports over the last two deca des have been
towards an increasing importance in raw materia l imports on the one hand and a
decrea se in the percen ta ge of the imports com ing from the Un ited S tates on
the other.
Softwood lumber is the ma j or wood import, comprising 50 percent of thetota l volume
,but has been slowly dec l in ing in importance re la tive to other wood
imports .
About 80 percent of the hardwood lumber imported is mahogany fromM exico and the Un ited S ta tes .
Imports of ra i lroad crossties have shown a de fin ite decl ine in volume since1 940 to less than on e m il lion bd . ft . M ost of the ties imported are of southernye llow pine .
F rom a negligible volume in 1 940, p lywood imports have jumped to morethan 30 m i l l ion sq . ft . annua lly . About ha l f is Douglas- fir; foreign p lywoodshipments are ma in ly ba boen from Surinam and lauan from Japan .
F urn iture and m il lwork imports have rema ined more or less constant in
re la tive importance . The loca l industry supp l ies most of the med ium and
lower priced articles .
M inor products such as util ity poles, wooden conta iners , and cooperage havea lso rema ined more or less constant in re lative importance .
Pulp and paper imports ma ke up about ha l f of the tota l wood and paper
imports in va lue ; conta iners and bags represent about one - third of tota l paperin va lue terms .
RESUM EN
La ma dera y el papel representan como el 5% de los articu los importadosen Puerto Rico . En el 1 960 su va lor ascend io a $46 m i l lones de cuyo tota l Estados Un idos sum in istro
Durante las ultimas“
dos d écadas la importa cion de madera y pape l , poruna parte giro ha cia una crec iente importancla en la importacion de ma te-ria
prima y por otra pa rte en una d isminucién en e l porcenta j e sum in istrado porlos Estados Un idos .
Las maderas con iferas representan la mayor parte de la importacion , cu
briendo como 50% del volumen tota l, pero poco a poco su importancia ha ve
n ido d ism inuyendo en compara cion con otras maderas .
La caoba representa el 80% de la s maderas ang‘iosperm-icas, importada de
M éxico y los Estados Un idos.
Desde el 1 940 la importacion de tra viesas ha d ism inuido defin itivamen te en
volumen , a menos de un m i llon de p ies tablares . Casi todas las traviesas pro
vienen del p ino amari l lo del sur de los Estados Un idos .
1 / Prepared a s a spec ia l re port for the 1 962 Syra cuse F or
es try Summer Course; conduc ted by New York S ta te Un ive rsity College of F ores try a t S yra cuse , in coope ra tion w ith the
U . S . F ores t S erv ice Institute of Trop ica l F orestry .
82
imports which come from the United Sta tes
has dropped , from 96 percent of a ll imports in1 940 to 72 percent in 1 960. Wood and paperimports in .
1 960 came from 40 different countries
,including 1 5 in
’
Latin America .
wofo'
o'
IMPORTS
In a survey made in 1 954,Long wood2
e stimated that less than 2 percent o f the woodused by Puerto R ican industries, and probably less than 1 percent o f a ll primary forestproducts, came from local timber supplies .
The figure is probably even smaller today .
Puerto Rico,is, therefore , a lmost en tirely
dependent on imports to supply her industria l
wood needs.
In 1 960, the United States supplied 53
percent o f the total wo od import, Canadacontributed 26 percent, and Latin American
countries about 1 8 percent. Even thoughPuerto R ico is far behind the more advancedindustria l countries in wood consumption ,
the . , island’
s per capita consumption is sur
prisingly high for“
a country dependent on
externa l sources of supply. In 1 960, consump
tion o f sawmill produc ts for selected countrieswas as follow:
CountryUnited StatesEuropeTrinidad and Tobago
PUER TO -R ICO
Softwood lumber is the ma j or wood import, about 50 percent of the total;
_
however,softwood imports have been declining in im
portance since World War II. Hardwo odimports have , on the other hand , been steadily
increasing in importance . M anufactured wood
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
products, such as furniture and millwork,
have remainded more or less constant in re
lative importance over the years. The changesin rela tive importance o f the various ma jorwood “
products imported into Puerto R icosince 1 940 are shown in figure 1 .
2/ Longwood , F . R . , In dus tria l wood use in Pue rto R ico,
Ca ribbea n F orester 1 955 .
3/ F ood a nd A gricultura l Org a n iza t ion , Yea rbook of F orestProduc ts S ta tistics, 1 96 1 , Un ite d N a t ion s , Rome , p p . 1 20- 1 2 1 .
4 / Depa rtmen t of Labor, D iv is ion of S ta t ist ics , Commonwea lth of Pue rto R ico.
M ost Puerto R ican homes are constructedof non -wood ma terials , such as cement. The
ma j or uses o f construction lumber are for
sca ffolding and forms. Softwood lumber imports, while declining in rela tive importance ,ha ve nevertheless shown a 40 percent in
crease ih volume over 1 940 imports, to a totalvolume o f thousand bd . ft . in 1 960
,
see Table 2 .
In 1 958 , Canada replaced the United
States as the ma jor supplier o f so ftwo od lumber to Puerto R ico . In 1 950
,the United
S tates supplied 85 percent o f the softwood ,
Canada 7 percent. In 1 960, Canada supplied58 percent , the United Sta tes 23 percent.
Imports from Canada are primarily true firs(Abies D ouglas-fir (Pseudo tsuga menz ieszz (M irb . ) F ranco ) , hemlo ck (Tsugaand spruce (Picea The imports fromthe United States are mainly southern yellowpine (Pinus elliottu Englm P. echina ta
M ill ,P. pa lustris M ill , and P. ta eda L . ) and
Douglas - fir. Other important softwood im
ports are Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea
Mor. ) from the Caribbean mainland,
and
Parana pine (Ara ucaria a ngustifo lia (BertolO. Kuntze l from Brazil .
The furniture and m illwork industries are
the ma jor users of hardwood lumber in Puerto R ico . The rapid increase in hardwoodifnports shown in F igure 1 reflects the in
creased capa city o f these two industrie s: 57
plants with 9 1 9 employees in 1 939; 233
plan ts with 3 454 employees in 1 9604 . Bigleaf
Vol . 24 No. 2 1 963
1 9 4 0 4 2 4 4 4 s
83
5 6 5 8 l9 6 0
F IS CA L Y EAR
F igure 1 .
A . M inor wood products
B . R a ilroa d crossties
M a jor wood imports in to Puerto Rico, 1 940- 1 960.
C . P lywood and ven eerD . Hardwood lumber
E . F urn iture and m illworkF . Softwood lumber
Source : Annua l book of statistics of Puerto R ico,1 940- 1 950; P. R . Dept . of Agricu lture and
Comm erce .
mahogany (Swie tenia macrophylla King)makes up approximately 80 percent of all
hardwood lumber imports. M ost of the ma
bogany comes from M exico or the United
S tates . The latter shipments are re -exportsfrom Central and South America . Spanishcedar ( Cedrela mexicana R oem ) and ba lsa
(Ochroma lagopus Sw . ) make up the bulk cf
the rema ining hardwo od imports. Am trican
hardwoods imports, such as b i rch (Be tula
spp . ) and oak (Quercus spp are negligible ,
about 1 60 thousand bd . ft. in 1 960.
R a ilroad crossties were used by the two
public ra ilroads and the sugar companies. In
Externa l tra de sta tistics , Sta tistica l Yea rbook , 1 95 1 —1 960; P . R . P lann ing Board .
recent years the ra ilroad companies ha ve discontinued opera tions and sugar companieshave largely converted to rubber-tired wagonsand trucks. F or these reasons, tie imports
ha ve steadily declined to less than 1 millionbd . ft . annua lly , Table 2 . About 80 percentof this volume is southern yellow pine , mostlyuntreated .
PLYWOOD AND VENEER
Prior to 1 940, no significant amount of
plywood or veneer was be ing imp orted intoPuerto R ico . Since then , annua l imports ha ve
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Table 2 .-Vo lume o f sawmill products imported into Puerto R ico.
se lected years.
Bd . F t.
S ource A nnua l Book of S ta t is t ics of Puerto R ico, 1 935- 1 950; Dep t . of A g riculture a nd Comme rce . Ex terna l tra de s ta tistics,S ta tist ica l Yea rbook , 1 9 5 1 -1 960; Pue rto R ico Plann ing Boa rd .
Table 3 .— Vo lume of plywood and veneer imports into
Puerto R ico , se lected years .
Imports fromU . S . F ore ign
Source : A nnua l Book of S ta tistics of Puerto R ico, 1 93 5- 1 950; D ep t . of A griculture a nd Commerce . Ex terna l trade sta tistics ,
S ta tis tica l Yea rbook. 1 95 1 - 1 960; Puerto R ico Pla nn ing Boa rd .
Thousand Bd
thousand square
873
86
under this category is for use in the manufa c
ture o f insuldyne (a locally manufacturedbuilding material made from exselsior and
cement) .
In terms of both va lue and volume paper
bags and paper containers have rema ined thema j or paper products imported into PuertoR ico . The 1 960 value o f $7 million , com
pared to $2 million in 1 950 was 1 8 percent
paper conta iners and 1 2 percent paper bags .
Other paper imports have also Shownsubstantial increases in the last 1 0-20 years,
but there have been shifts in the relativeimportance Of the various products . In rela
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Although newsprint is the second ma jorpaper import in terms of volume
lbs. in in va lue it accounted for only6 percent of tota l paper imports. This is a
decline in relative importance from 1 0 per
cent in 1 950.
tion to tota l paper imports, coarse“
papers havede zlined from 1 8 percent o f total va lue in
1 950, to 9 percent in 1 960. Imports of paperboard , wallboard , building board, etc . ha vea lso shown a Slight decline in relative importance , from 1 0 percent in 1 950 to 8 per
cent in 1 960. Imports Of fine papers ha verema ined constant in relative va lue
, a t about9 percent .
Vol. 24 NO. 2 1 963
Effe c ts of Irrig a ting Tre e Se edling s w ith
Nutrien t
R . P . BELANGER
Solu tion 1
by
AND O. B . BRISCOE
SUMMARY
Subsurfa ce irrigation with nutrient solution wa s found to be biologica l lyfeasible under the cond itions tested . Growth of seed l ings w as sa tisfa ctory ,
but
not unusua l ly good .
On the bases of tota l height growth and growth in fresh weight,the various
ferti lizers tested produced sta tistica l ly d ifferen t results .
The species tested ,members of three d ifferent fam i lies and native to three
d ifferent continents,reacted sim ilarly to the nutrient solutions tested .
The highest root- to- shoot ratio Obta ined was in pla in tap wa ter.
RESUM EN
S e encontro que ba jo ias cond ic iones ensayadas el riego subterraneo con
una soluciOn nutriente es biologicamente fa ctible . El crec im ien to de las p lantitas fue sa tisfactorio , pero no excepciona lmente bueno .
B asandose en la a ltura y el peso fresco , los d istintos ferti lizan tes probadosproduj eron d iferentes resultados .
La s especies usadas, m iembros de tres d iferentes fam i l ia s y na tura les de trescontinen tes d istintos, rea cc ionaron de manera sim i lar a las soluciones nutrien tesensayadas . Resulto me j or la proporciOn 7 —6 - 1 9 .
La rela cién mas a lta entre la ra iz y el ta llo se obtuvo usando agua corrien te .
F ertilization in the nursery has long beenan a ccepted practice for improving the vigorof .ree seedlings (Hansen ,
1 923;Wilde e t a l. ,
1 9 10;Vlamis e t a l.,
Presumably there is an optimum combination of nutrients, possibly a different optimum
for ea ih species . In soil , however, the searchfor an Optimumis complicated by the fluctuation Of nutrient levels with time and by the
varied interaction Of soils with applied fertilizers.
One apparent means of minimiz ing thesecomplications is growing seedlings in an essen
tially sterile medium and supplying nutrients
in a frequently-replenished water solution . To
eliminate possible toxic effects of fertilizersolution on the foliage and Simultaneously
1 / Begun a s a spec ia l report for the 1 96 2 S yra cuse F orestryS umm er Course , conduc te d by New York S ta te Un iversity College of F orestry a t Syracuse , in coopera tion w ith the U . S .
F orest S e rvice Institu te of Trop ica l F orestry .
PROCEDURE
87
avoid possibilities o f oxygen deficiency in theroot zone, subsurfa ce irrigation appears morepromising than surfa ce flooding or sprinklingor than wa ter cul ture .
A study was undertaken (a ) to test the
fea sibility o f subsurface irrigation with nu
trient solutions, (b ) to determine the rela tiveeffects of several readily-a va ilable commercia l
fertilizers, and (c ) to determine whethere ffe cts varied with species.
F orty-four vigorous seedlings approxi
mately 2 weeks old of Afrormosia ela ta Harms
from Nigeria ,Euca lyptus a lba R einw . from
Australia Via Braz il, and Cedrela mexicana
R oem . from M exico were transplanted to
perforated 5 x - inch polyethylene bags filled with firmly packed vermiculite . F irm
cotyledons still rema ining on the Afrormosiaseedlings were clipped off at the time of trans
planting. During the initial 6 days a f iertransplanting seedl ings were kept under a
light shade and irriga ted da ily with pla in tap
water. Treatment started August 2 , 1 962 .
TR EATIVIENTS
Each spe cies was irrigated with three different solutions of liquid fertilizer, plus a
control of pla in tap water. The fertilizersand their composition are listed in Table 1 .
Table 1 .
—F ertilizers and the ir composition 1
F ertilizer
0 0 0 0
1 / Prop rie ta ry p repa ra t ions the source s of w hich'
a re .a va ila ble upon req ue st .
_ 2/ N um be rs refe r to percen tage s of n itrogen ,phosphorous ,
a nd pota ss ium , resp ec tive ly .
Twenty“
ga llons o f ea ch fertilizer solu ti onand the control trea tment were prepared initia lly and replenished periodica lly .
Ea ch solution was applied to 1 1 seedlings
oi —ea ch species every day for 60 days and
twice week ly therea fter. The seedlings wereplaced in a perforated polyethe lene pail whichwas immersed Sl owly into the fertilizer solution to a leve l assuring complete satura tfon
of the vermiculite without wetting the stems .
When the vermiculite was sa turated the pa ilwa s lifted out of the solution and a llowed todra in . The thre e solutions using the com
mercial fertiliz ers were stirred thoroughlyea ch day before irriga tion ,
to disperse a pre
c ipita te which formed in the bottom of theconta iner. A plastic and mesh-wire screen was
kept over“
the plants to reduce solar radia tionand pre vent “
lea ching o f the ‘
nutrients by
hea vy ra ins . The
groups were re -
p t sitioned
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
da ily to minimize the effect o f variations inthe m icroenvironment.
M EASUREM ENTS
Immediately a fter the final mea suremen t
a t 85 days, ea ch plant was lifted from the pot,
cut in two at the ground line , and each partweighed . Oven dry weights were determinedfor each group . That is, roots of a ll plantso f each species and of each fertilizer wereweighed together, not individually .
RESULTS
Table 2 .
— F resh we ights a fter 85 days
S p ec ie sTrea tmen t
Shoot Weights, Grams
R oot We ights, Grams
M ean
The height o f ea ch plant wa s measured tothe nearest millimeter
,a fter immersion
, everyfourth day for the first 60 days and weeklytherea f ter. Each plant was measured from a
marked spot on the surface of the vermiculiteto the apex o f the termina l leader, not in
cluding leaves or lea flets .
Cumula tive height growth is shown in
F igure 1 . Although the magnitude o f thegrowth differed greatly,
the rank o f the fertilizer solutions was the same for a ll threespecies . Height growth varied significantlywith species and with nutrient solution .
F resh weights are shown in Table 2 . On
90
the basis_
of fresh shoot weight, the three spe
cies differed significantly from each other, asdid the four treatments.
On the basis o f fresh ro ot weight Euca lyptus is significantly heavier than the other twospecies, which are not different from ‘
eachother. Treatment 1 5-5 -5 is significantly po orer than water and 1 8 - 1 8 - 1 8
,which in turn
are inferior to 7 - 6 - 1 9 .
On the basis of ro ot-to-shoot ratio , Table3 , the species did not differ significantly fromeach other. The plants treated with fertilizersolution did not differ from each other, but,treatment with 1 5- 5 -5 and 7 - 6 - 1 9 gave results
which differed highly significantly from the
Controls .
Table 3 .
—R oot- to-shoo t ra tio a fter 85 days ,fresh weight .
Trea tmen t A frormosia
Wa ter
1 8- 1 8 - 1 8
5 -5 -5
7 - 6 - 1 9
M ean
The trends in dry weights followed thosefor fresh weight. However
,as noted above
individual seedling roots and stems were not
weighe d dry and di fferences based only on
tota l dry weights were not statistically signi
ficant.
Some visual d ifferences were not ed .
Cedrela mexicana produced excellent lea fgrowth and vigor in solutions 1 8- 1 8- 1 8 and
7
Height and leaf growth o f Euca lyptus a lbawere exceptional under treatment 7 -6 - 1 9 .
Trea tment 1 8- 1 8 - 1 8 produced a reddening o f
CARIBBEAN F ORESTER
DISCUSSION
LITERATURE CITED
Hansen , TS .
1 923 . USE OF F ERTILIZERS IN A CONIF EROUS NURSERY . Jour. F orestry735 .
M eyer,B S , and D . B . Anderson
1 939 . PLANT PHYSIOLOGY . D'
.
trand Company,Inc . New York .
Van Nos
696 pp .
Vlamis, J H .H . B iswell , and A . M . S chu ltz1 957 . NUTR IENT RESPONSES OF PONDEROSA PINE SEEDLINGS . Jour. F orestry
- 28 .
Wi lde ,S .A . ,
R . Wittenkamp ,E . L . S tone , and
H.M . Ga l loway1 940. EF F ECT OF HIGH RATE F ERTILIZER TREATM ENTS OF NURSERY STOCKUPON ITS SURVIVAL AND GROWTH IN
THE F IELD . Jour. F orestry - 809 .
the meristematic regions and a profuse grow thof branches. Trea tment 1 5 - 5 - 5 produced muchless growth and resulted in leaf burn and
curling of the tips o f the upper leaves.
Afrormosia e la ta growth consisted prima
rily o f the development of leaves with verylittle stem growth . In addition the Afrormosia seedlings suffered somewhat from Whatappeared to be sun sca ld .
The three objectives of the study werefulfilled, but the results were somewhat nu
expected .
Although the results of Vlamis e t a l.
( 1 957 ) suggest high nitrogen and phosphorous levels promote rapid grow th such was
not the result in this study.
R ela tively high potassium is expec ted to
stimulate merjstematic development (M eyer
and Anderson , bu t shoot growth was
stimulated more by potassium than rootgrowth . The g rea test ratio of ro ots-to -sh‘oot,on a fresh weight basis, was obta ined by irrigating with plain tap water.
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963 9 1
Pre serva tion of Puerto Ric a n F enc e Posts Trea ted
By Pre ssure M e thods 1
VICTOR R . ORTIZ
SUMMAR Y
Posts of five species were treated by three standard pressure methods, excepttha t cold preservative wa s used . Resu lts of non -pressure treatments previouslyapp lied to the same spec ies a re a lso inc luded .
Assum ing 6 pounds per cubic foot is sat isfa ctory retention , the hot- an d- cold
ba th and full cel l trea tm ents ar sa tisfa ctory , as is the Lowry treatment exceptfor M yrc ia coria cea ; the cold bath and the R ueping (with cold preserva t ive )were ina dequate .
RESUM EN
S e tra taron postes de c inco espec ies usando tres m étodos a presién standard
con la excepcién de que se uso preservativo frio .
sultados de tratam ientos sin presion previam ente ap licados a las m isma s espe
ciesAsum iendo que la retencién de 6 lbs . por pie cubico es sa tisfactoria , el ba fi o
ca l ien te- frio y el tra tam iento '
de célu la comp leta son satisfa ctorios, com o lo es
el tratam iento Lowry , excepto con la espe’
cie M yrc ia coria cea ; el bar' io f l' IO y el
tratam iento R ueping (con preservativo frio ) no resultaron adecuados .
La peneti a cion resulto en correlacién con la retencion .
The forests o f Puerto R ico contain numer
ous species of trees that grow only to fencepost and pole size . The removal of thesetrees would probably increase the growth ofthe remaining and more desirable trees. Most
of the trees in Puerto R ico which yiel il natura lly durable fence posts have been cut, and
the non -durable species last only six monthsto two years in use . Even for species that may
ha ve durable heartwood, post-size trees often
are mostly sapwood not resistant to decay or
in sect attack .
It has been proved that the treatment o fnon -durable fence po sts with a good oil-bornepre servative at a re tention o f six pounds percubic foot and a ccompanied by good penetration will increase the service life o f the postssevera l fold
_
This paperpresents a sum
1 / Prep a red a s a sp ec ia l report for the 1 962 Syra cuse F orestrySumm er Course , con ducted by N ew York S ta te Un iv ersitv Colle g e of F orestry a t S y ra cuse , in coop era tion w ith the U .S .
F c r cs t S erv ice Ins titu te of Trop ica l F orestry .
También se incluyen los re
mary of informa tion on the treatment o f fivespe cies.
PREVIOUS l l’ORK
Limited work has been done on preser
va tive trea tment o f wood by pressure methodsin Puerto R ico . In 1 959 the D ivision of Fores
'
s of the Puerto R ico Department o f Agriculture started a study with 1 5 species whichdid not include moisture conten t nor penetration results.
Lim ited tests on 3 1 species by cold soakingin 1 952 yielded a retention of 3 to 1 5 poundsper cubic foot (2 An intensive study beguni _i 1 958 by the U . S . F orest Service Ins ti tute
0 .
'
l :opi:al F orestry involved the treatment
of 52 species by cold soaking with 5 percentpentachlorophenol in diesel oil , 2 1 species by
the hot-and- cold bath method with 5 percentpen ira chlorophenol , and 1 0 species by bothtreating methods with a 50- 50 creosote a
“
d
diesel oil solution
92
PROCEDURE
F ive of the most common species used as
fence posts in Puerto R ico were selected forthe study. Seven- foot posts were a ir driedfor 2 months and their moisture contentwas determined . The species and their moisture contents are listed below.
Common Nam e S cien t ific N ame
Pino australiano Casua rina equise tifolia 1 7
Pomarrosa Eugenia jambos
Hoja menuda M vreta corzacea
Ca irnitillo Chrysophyllum bico lor 27
M antequero R apanea ferruginea
All species were treated by pressure methods with a 5 percent pentachlorophenolsolution in diesel oil. For each method , 25posts o f each species were used. A brief description o f ea ch pressure method follows:
1 . Rueping
a ) Air pressure is applied to the
wood in the treating cylinder.
b ) Cylinder is filled with preser
vative , ma intaining the a ir pres
sure.
0) Pressure is applied .
d ) A vacuum is drawn on the treat
ed wood .
2 . Lowrya ) Preservative is admitted to the
treating cylinder a t atmosphericpressure .
b) Pressure is applied.
0) F inal vacuum on the treatedwood' in the treating cylinder.
Full-Cell
a ) A preliminary vacuum is appliedto the wood in the treating
cylinder.
b ) Preservative is admitted into the
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
treating cylinder, without admitting air.
0) Pressure is applied.
d) A final va cuum is applied .
In a ll the treatments except R ueping thepressure applied was 1 25 pounds per square
inch for 30 minutes and the vacuum was ofinches of mercury for 30 minutes also .
In the Rueping process, an initial a ir pressureo f 50 pounds per square inch for 1 5 minuteswa s applied .
No heat was used with any pressure treat
ment.
Each post wa s identified and diameter
measurements were taken at the top and base .
Average diameter and volume were determined for each post for the purpose of expressing the retention of preservative by cubic foot.R etention Of preservative per post was determined by weight before and a fter treatment .
Table 1 shows the average retention of pre
servative . None of the species absorbed morethan pounds of preservative by the Rueping method;while a ll of them except Myrcia
reta ined more than six pounds by the othertwo methods . Probably these low retentionsin Myrcia are due to its high moisture content
and high density. The posts treated by coldsoaking and hot-and-cold-bath were air driedto a moisture content of 1 6 to 20percent. Thedata for these methods is included to permitcomparison with the pressure methods.
Table 1 a lso shows penetration obta ined .
F rom each batch of 25 posts, the 5 with re
tention nearest the mean were selected forpenetration measurements, which were madeat intervals of one foot.
The lowest penetration was obtained withMyrcia and the highest with Casuarina . It
appears that the higher the retention per cu
bic foot the higher the penetration of the
preservative. With the hot-and-cold bath thepenetra tion of the preservative is very good .
Probably penetration would be higher in some
species if they were dried to a lower moisture content.
94 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Ca ribb ea n F ore s ter Index
Volume s 1 24
AUTHOR INDEX
Adames,G .E .
Babassu Un gran recurso foresta l(Extracto ) 1 23
Adamson ,A . M .
,with R .L . Brooks,
R .E .D . Ba ker, and SH . CrowdyDurabil ity tests on untreated
timbers in Trin idad - 1 1 9
Almeyda ,H .
,with HF . Winters
Ornamenta l trees in PuertoRico 1 4 :38z4 z97 - 1 05
Alva rez - Ga rc ia , L .A .
A mahogany seed ling blight inPuerto Rico - 24
A cedar seed l in g blight in PuertoRico
Amos, G .L .
S ome si l iceous timbers of BritishGuiana - 1 37
Algunas maderas sil iceas de'
la
Guayana Britan ica - 1 40
Ascorbe ,F .J .
The inhib itory action oforgan ic chem ica ls on a
blue sta in fungus - 1 39
Avila -Hernandez , M .
Exp lotaciones foresta les en el
sure'
ste de M éxicoF orest uti lization in southeasternM exico
Baker,
with R .L . Brooks, A .M .
Adamson , and S . H . CrowdyDurability tests on un treated
timbers in Trin idad
- 42
1 2 :1 242 - 46
—1 1 9
B arbour, W.R .
F orest types of trop ica l America - 1 50
Barres,H .
Report on 1 96 1 Trop ica l F orestryShort Course - 32
The 1 962 Trop ica l F orestryShort Course - 39
Barrett, W.H . , and L . Golfa ri
Descripcion de dos nueva svariedades del “
Pino delCaribe ”
- 7 1
- 1 37
1 82 - 1 87
- 74
- 1 02
1 35 - 1 39
—67
- 1 8
— 33
—46
Be langer, R P , and CB . BriscoeEffects of irrigating tree seed l ingswith a nutrient solution —90
Be ltran ,E .
Educacion de d irigentes politicose industria les en ma teriaforesta l - 72
B ender, W.L .
R aw materia l prospects for the‘
Colombian paper industry 2 1 2 1 - 23
Bevan,A .
Possibilities for forestry in the
Virgin Islands : S t . Thomas, St .
John , S t . CroixA forest policy for the Americantrop ics
- 1 2
—53
Beard , J .S .
S oil erosion on the island ofChacacha care‘
,Trin idad ,
B .W.I.
Land - uti l ization survey ofTrin idad
M ontane vegetation in the
AntillesSummary of si lvicultura l experiencewith cedar Cedrela m exicanaRoem . in Trin idad
The importance of ra ce in teakTectona grandis L .
Provisiona l l ist of trees. and
shrubs of the Lesser Anti l lesReport on forestry in S t . Luc ia(Extract )A si lvicultura l techn ique in
Trin idad for the rehabilitationof degraded forest
Una técn ica si lvicultura l de la islade Trin idad para la rehab ilitacién
de bosques degradadosNotes on the vegetation of theParia Pen insula ,
Venezue laNotas sobre la vegetacion de la
Pen insula de Paria , Venezue la —56
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
Bonn et , J .A . , with E H . WadsworthS oil as a fa ctor in the occurrenceof two types of montane‘ forestin Puerto Rico 1 2 2 67 - 70
E1 suelo com o un factor para la
existencia de dos tipos de bosquemontano en Puerto Rico
Briscoe ,C .B .
Early results of mycorrhiza linoculation of p ine in PuertoRi coReview . Experimenta l designand ana lysis in forest research 2 1 : 45
Ensayos de p lanta cionestad isticamente val idos
M ed ic ion del crec im iento de losarboles en los bosques
- 74
- 77
22 : 64 - 68
trop ica les :1 5 - 20
Review : Trop ica l forestry withparticular reference to West
AfricaBriscoe
,C .B . , with R P . B e lan ger
Effects of irriga tin g tree seed l ingswith a nutrient solution - 90
Briscoe , C .B . ,with F .B . Lamb
,
and G .H . EnglerthRecen t observa tions on forestryin trop ica l America 2 1 46 - 59
Briscoe, J .B . Harris ,
and D . WyckoffVariation of spec ific gravity inp lantation grown trees ofbiglea f mahogany
Briscoe ,C .B
, with K .W.O . Kumme
F orest forma tions of Puerto Rico
- 74
- 66
B riscoe , with F .B .Lamb( L ‘ VLea f size in Sw ieten ia — 1 1 5
Briscoe , C .B . , with J .A . Vozzo
The response of Honduras p in e'
to various photoperiods - 55
British Hondura s F orest Departm ent
Notes of in terest from Annua lReport of British Hondurasfor ca lendar year 1 943
Brooks ,R .L .
F orestry in Trin ida d and TobagoNote on atta cks of M onan thia
monotrop id ia S ta l in Trin idadThe regeneration of m ixed ra inforest in Trin idadNotes on pure tea k p lantationsin Trin idad
The forest policy of Trin ida dand Toba go
- 1 30
- 1 5
- 28
1 5 1 - 1 57
95
Brooks , R .L . ,A .M . Adamson
,
B aker , and SH . CrowdyDurability tests on untrea ted
timbers in Trin idad — 1 1 9
- 38
- 34
Budowski , G ., w ith L .R . Holdridge
Report of. an ecolog ica l surveyof the Republic of Panama - 1 1 0
Informe sobre'
un levantam ientoecologico de la Republica d e
Panama —32
Burgers, F .T .
El crecim ien to de los euca liptosen region e‘
s sem-i -humedas y
sem i - aridas 2 1 24 - 37
Burgos,J .A .
Un estud io de la si lviculturade a lguna s especies foresta lesen Tingo M aria
,Peru - 53
Burns , L .V .
Roofing shingles in Jam a ica - 1 5
Buteler,M S .
Experiencia s de'
riego por
in filtra cion subterranea en
a lmacigos de p inos yeuca liptos 24 :1 :40- 45
—99
- 1 64
—1 8
—5
- 1 53
- 1 00
Budowski, G .
S istemas de regen era cmn de
los bosques de ba jura en la
America trop ica l 1 7 :3&4 z52 —75
Regeneration systems in trop ica lAmerican lowlands 1 7 :3&4 z76 - 91
F orestry tra in ing in La tinAmerica
M odificacién d el programa de
ensefian za
Carabia , J .P .
Contribucion es a l estud io de la
flora cubana G ymosperm a e
The q uestion of Croton e luteria
and Croton ca sca ri l laEl género Croton en CubaNota s sobre la nomenc laturade a lguna s pa lma s cubana s
Ca ter, J .C .
The use of the con ica l spadeNotes on Ca lophyl lum lucidumBenth
The form a tion of tea k p lanta tionsin Trin idad with the assistan ceof peasant contractors
F orestry in the Leeward Islands(Extra ct)
The si lviculture of _
'
Cedre la .
m exican—a
96
La selvicultura de Cedre lam exica na 1 00 1 1 3
The forest industries of Trin idadand Tobago - 6
La s industrias foresta les de las
isla s. de Trin ida d y Tobago - 1 3
Cha lmers, W.S .
Observa tions on some Caribbeanforests 1 9 : 30- 42
The breed ing of p in e (Pinusca riba ea M or. ) and tea k(Tectona grand is L . ) in
Trin idad some earlyobserva tions
Chardon , C .E .
Los p inares de la RepublicaDom in icana
Chinte ,F .O .
Tria l p lanting of large lea fmahogany ( Sw ieten iam a crophyl la King )
- 1 1 1
- 1 3 1
1 3 I - 84
S iembra de prueba de la
caoba hondurefia ( Swieten iam a crophylla King en
F i l ip inasChittenden ,
A .E .,with C . Swabey
Potentia l ities of trop ica l forestsin the world ’
s timbereconomy
- 9 1
22 : I47 - 50
Cianciul l i , PL .
The introduction of con ifers to
the S tate of S ao Paulo - 78
Clegg , A .G .
Ra in fa l l interception in a trop ica lforest
Gobin ,M . , with .D .G . White
,
and P .
_
S eguinot-Robles
The re la tion between curing anddurabil ity of Bam busatuldoides
Re lac ion entre e l m étodo decura r la Bambusa tuldoid es y
su durab ilidad
- 267
7 3 267 - 273
Cordova ,J .P .
What kind of land is adapted
to trees? Point of viewof the S oil Conserva tionS ervice
gQué‘clase de tierra sé adapta
a l cultivo "forestal ? "
Puntode vista del S ervicio deConservacion de Suelos
1 0 - 242
- 280
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Cozzo , D .
Ordenacion de los bosqueshigrofiticos y subtrop ica lesde M isiones, Argentina
F orest management in the
subtrop ica l ra in forests ofM isiones, Argentina
Cranda l l , B .W.
A vascular wilt of Ca lophylrumin El Sa lvador
M architez vascular de
Ca lophyl lum en El S a lvador
- 1 64
1 3 :4 :1 65 - 1 72
- 3 1 0
Crowdy, S .H . , with R .L . Brooks,AM .
Adamson , and R .E .D . Ba kerDurability tests on untrea ted
timbers in Trin idad - 1 1 9
—1 2
- 25
Dan ie l , HermanoAlgunas espec ies madera bles de
Colombia 1 1 9- 1 23
D-ivaga ciones sobre la flora de
Colombia 1 45 - 1 53
Notes on the flora of Colombia - 1 60
Dawkins,H .C .
New methods of improvings
'
tand composition in
trop ica l forests - 20
Estima ting tota l volume ofsome Caribbean trees - 63
- 5 1
- 1 63
- 45
Del Mora l , C .
La si lvicultura y las industriascomo bases para el emp leopermanente
'
de emergenc ia —1 44
Curtis , J .T .
The Pa lo Verde forest typenear Gona ives
,
“Ha iti , and its
re lation to the surround ingvegetation
E1 tipo foresta l de P'
a lo Verdecerca de Gona ives, Ha iti; y su
re lacion con la vegetacion
circunstante
Irmay,H .
La caoba , Sw ieten ia ma crophyllaKing
,en Bolivia
Mahogany , Sw ieten ia m a crophylla
King,in B olivia
Leon ,D .
S ome observa tions on forestentomology in Puerto RicoNotes on some forest insectsfound in Pinus occidenta lis
Swartz near Jarabacoa ,
Dom in ican Republic
98
NOLas sobre la si lvicultura del
cedro , Cedre la m exicanaRoem
E1 p ino ma cho,Pinus ca rib a ea ,
en las lomas de Trin idad,
Cuba
— 1 1 7
— 1 29
S tudy on the regenerationof Pinus ca riba ea in the
hi l ls of Trin idad , Cuba - 1 34
F raser,H .
F orest preservation in the
Windward IslandsF ree land ,
F 1 32 , with J .W. Wright(Translator J . M a rrero )Tamano de la s parce las de
ensayo en investigaciones de
gen ética foresta lG . , M .J .
Evolucion y posibilidades de laproducciOn foresta l en la
Guayana F rancesa . (Extracto )
- 28
22 79 - 8
Ga l lant , M .N .
Obsta c les to trop ica l forestryla ck of markets and
incomp lete uti l isation 2 1 99- 1 07
Ga rc ia —M a rtinez , J .
Desarrollo y utiliza ciOn de los
recursos foresta les de M éxico - 1 35
Garc ia Piquera , C .
A Span ish- English glossary offorestry term inology , I.
II.
III.
IV .
V .
G aztamb ide , J .B .
Ensefianza de los va lores delbosque y de la da sonomia a
los n inos de Puerto RicoG aztamb ide ,
J .B . ,with
F . H . Wa dsworthF orestry in the coffee region ofPuerto Rico
—77
- 8 1
G ilorm in i , J .A .
PreparaciOn y uso del manti l loo estiércol compuesto en viverosforesta les - 28
Orien tando a l agricultor en
selvicultura - 296 , 328
Problems of_tree propaga tion
for farm forestry - 269
Problema s de propaga cién
foresta l
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
G ilorm in i , J .A . ,with F .H . Wadsworth
The potentia lities of forestry on
M ona Island - 23 1
Las potencia l idades dasonOm icas
de la isla de M ona - 244
- 1 4
Un p lan naciona l foresta lvenezolano 1 63
Good ing,E .G .E .
Turner’
s Ha l l Wood ,Barbados - 1 70
Gordon , W.A .
F orest man agement in the
Caribbean - 25
Greenway ,P .J .
Plantas que sum in istran tan inoen el Africa Orienta l (Extracto )
Gregory ,L .E .
Notes on the yarey pa lm. ofPuerto Rico and the strawindustry derived from it - 1 6
- 36
- 1 97
- 207
- 36
Hard ing , R .E .
Notes on the Pa cific Coastregion of Nicaragua —3 1
Golfari , L . , with W.H . B arrett
DescripciOn de dos nuevas“varieda des del “
Pino del Caribe — 7 1
Gomes,P . , and Hermano F ernandes
F lorestas amazon icas
The Amazon and its forestLos bosques amazOnicos
( l l.
Gonzalez - Va le , M .
Venezue la foresta l , I.
La conservaciOn de los recursosnatura les : El problema , sus
d iversas fases y la importanciare la tiva d e estas
Gregory ,L E , and I. Velez
An ecologica l survey of thePolytechn ic Institute arboretum - 24
Reconocim iento ecologico delarboretum del InstitutoPolitécn ico
Ha ig , I.T .
17‘01'
csts and forest industries 1 11
Chi leLos bosques y las industriasforesta les de Chi le
Hardee ,J .H .
The forestry phase of the Un itedS ta tes techn ica l a ssistanceprogram in Chi le
Proced im ientos para pequenosviveros foresta les en Chi le - 5 1
Vol. 24 NO. 2 1 963
Harra r,ES
,and D .G . Re id
Retention of “
creosote oil in the
wood of Pinus occidenta lis
Swartz - 1 3 1
Harris , J .B . , with C .B . Briscoe ,
and D . WyckoffVariation of Specific gravity in
p lantation grown trees of biglea fm ahogany - 74
Heesterman,J .E .
M arketing of Caribbeantimbers - 63
Heinsd ijk ,D .
Surveys particularly app l icableto extensive forest areas — 98
Hodge , W.H .
A synopsis of the pa lms ofDom in ica - 1 09
Alka loid d istribution in the barkof some Peruvian c inchona s r
7:1 :79 - 86
D istribuciOn de a lca loides en la
corteza de a lgunas cinchonasperuana s
— 92
Holdridge ,L .R .
F orestry in Puerto Ri co - 1 1
A rap id method of extracting ba lsase ed
Ca lophy l lum a n tilla num , a
desirable tree for d ifficultp lanting sites
The possibility of c lose Cooperationfor mutua l benefit betweena griculture and forestry in the
Am erican trop icsSom e notes on the
“mangroveswamps of Puerto Rico
The_p ine forests of Ha iti
Comm en ts on the si lvicu lture ofedrela
The a lder,
“Alnus a cum ina ta ”, a s
a farm timber tree in CostaRicaEl j aul
,Alnus a cum in a ta ”
, para
los arbolados de la s finca s en
Cost-a RicaHoldridge ,
L R . , an d G . Budowski
Report of an ecologica l surveyof the Republic of Panama - 1 1 0
In forme sobre un levanta rriiento
- ecolc’
1gico en la Republica
—28
- 29
- 80
1 2 2 47—53
- 57
(1 3 Panama 1 8 :1 &2 :I2—32
Holdridge , L R ,and J . M arrero
Pre l im inary notes on the
si lviculture of '
the big—lea fmahogany 2 : —23
99
— 2 1 3
—2 1 8
7 —289
—294
- 1 38
— 1 43
- 47
- 5 1
—366
- 372
— 67
Howard ,R .A .
B otan ica l observations on PitchLa ke in Trin ida d — 1 78
Observa ciones botan icas sobreel Lago d
_e Brea de la isla
de Trin idad - 1 82
Huckenp ahler,B .J .
Report on the F ourth Trop ica lF orestry Short Course —39
1 6 : 1 2 - 23
—35
Ij j asz , E .
La in fluen c ia d e los nudos en
la ca l ida d de la ma dera y
m étodos para d ism inu irlos —97
Ranu‘
ra y cuenca d e Pino
ra d ia ta—57
Institute of Trop ica l F orestryAnnua l Report for 1 96 1
Annua l Report for 1 962
Horn,E .F .
F orest resources and foresttypes of the Province of ElOro,
EcuadorRecursos foresta les y tiposforesta les de'
la Provinc ia de
El Oro, EcuadorGrowing B a lsa in westernEcua dorEl cu ltivo de Ba lsa en e l Ecuadoroccidenta l
The grasslands , savanna forestsand dry forests of Bra z i l
Los campos, la s saban as y los
bosques secos del Bra z i lBra z il ian substitutes for guttapercha
Substitutos brasilefios de la
gutapercha
The Ama zon hylea , some noteson its deve lopment
La hi lea am-a zOn ica ,a lgun as
anotac iones sobre su
desarrolloThe lumber industry of thelow er Ama zon va l ley
Huckenpahler,B J .
,with E H .
Wadsworth, and CF . Ehelebe
A report on the Trop ica lF orestry Short Course heldin Puerto R i co M a rch 1 to
M ay 29 , 1 955
In forme sobre el Curso Cortode Da sonom ia Trop ica lce lebra do en Puerto Rico ,marzo 1 a mayo 29 ,
1 955
1 00
Kasa sian , L .
Weedkil lers for the controlof Penta clethra ma croloba and
Alchornea subglandulosa- 37
Ke l ly- Edwards, E .J .
The relation of forests to genera lconservation and to cond itionsin S outhern Rhodesia(Reprint )
La re lac ion que existe entre
los bosques, las d iversa s fasesde la conservaciOn y la s
cond iciones preva lecien tes en
Rhodesia M erid iona l .(R e impresiOn )
Kin loch, J .B .
M app ing vegetationa l types inBritish Honduras from a eria lphotographs
Kumme , and CB . BriscoeF orest forma tions of Puerto Rico - 66
- 320
- 327
- 4
Lam-b ,A .F .A .
Policy and econom ic problem s in
the conversion of old growthforests to managed stands in
trop ica l S outh America 2 1 - 67
Lamb,F .B .
Primavera , importan t furn iturewood -of Centra l America - 83
La primavera,una importante
madera de eban isteria de'
la
America Centra l - 91
The forests of D-arien ,
Panama
The 1 959 Trop ica l F orestry1 4 1 28- 1 35
Tra in ing Course — 1 6
A se lected , annotatedbibliography on mahogany - 37
The coasta l swamp forests ofNarino , Colombia - 89
An approach to mahogany treeimprovem ent :1 2—20
Brie f notes of forestry insoutheast Asia - 2 1
Lamb , F .B ., with CE . Briscoe
Lea f size in Sw ieten ia - 1 1 5
Lamb,F .B , C .B . Briscoe ,
and G .H . EnglerthRecent observa tions on forestryin Trop ica l America 2 1 1&2 z46 - 59
Landa - Escober, L .
Apuntes sobre la M yrica cerifera
L . de Honduras 1 63
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Lang . W.G .
F orest uti l ization in S a intLucia , British West Ind ies - 1 23
Larsen ,E .
,with N .T . M irov
Possibilities of M exican and
Centra l American p ines in the
world reforestation proj ects - 49
Le Ga llo , P G , and J . M onachinoAdd itions to the flora of S t .
Barthe lemy 1 7 1 2 - 24
- 1 67
- 1 70
8 3 1 82 ,202
Lewis, C .B .
Notes on furn iture cracking inJama ica —97
—1 1 4
- 288
- 298
- 353
Longwood ,F .R .
Industria l wood use in Puerto“Rico —97
Lynch, S .J .,and HS . Wolfe
F uture may see mahoganyforests in F lorida - 1 28
M archan ,F .J .
The l ign in ,ash and .prote in
content of some neotrop ica lwoods - 1 38
Leon , HermanoComentarios sobre e l articulode J .P . Carabia : Notas sobrela nomenclatura de a lgunaspa lmas cubanasComments on J .P . Carabia ’
s
article on“Notes on the
nomenclature of severa lcuban pa lms
”
Comentario del Hermano Leonsobre el articulo “Tiposforesta les de las islas del
Caribe”de H . Stehle
Commen ts on H . Stehlé’
s articleon
“F orest types of the
Caribbean Islands”
Little ,E .L .
Ochrom a lagopus Swartz , the
name of the ba lsa ofEcuadorA collection of trees specimens
from western EcuadorUna colecciOn de especimenes
foresta les del EcuadorOcc identa lCopey oak
,Que rcus copeyensis,
in Costa RicaEl roble copey , Quercuscopeyensis, de Costa Rica —359
Trees of M ona Island —53
Key to M exican species of p ines —8 1
1 02
M artorel l , L .F .
S omes notes on forestentomology I.
III.
IV .
Notes on the biology ofM esocondyla con corda lis
Hubner and its para sites — 1 9
B iologica l notes on the sea
grape sawfly ,Schizocera krugii.
Cresson ,in Puerto Rico —1 44
F orests and forest entomology —1 34
gQué arbol sembraré? - 1 60
M cM illen ,J .M .
Kiln schedules for Puerto Ricanyagrumo hembra
M eyer,H .A .
F orestry and forest resourcesin M exico
22 84- 90
- 8
M i l ler, W.A .
M ahogany logg ing inBritish Honduras
M irov,N .T .
,and E . La rsen
Possibil ities of M exican and
Centra l American p ines inthe world reforestationproj ects
- 72
1 9 43 - 49
M oldenke ,H .N .
S ome new species and varietiesof Verbenacea e 1 3 - 1 7
M ona chino , J .
A check - l ist of theSpermatophytes of S t .
Bartholomew Part I.
II.
A new spec ies of Term ina l iafrom Cuba
Una nueva especie de Term ina l iade CubaA new species of Xy losm a
from Cura caoUna nueva especie de Xylosma
de Cura ca oM onachino , J with PC . Le Ga l loAdd itions to the flora ofS t . B arthelemy
8 :3 :238- 239
1 7 : 1 2- 24
M on tenegro , E .
El p ino monterrey en
Cund inamarca
M oore D .
The uti l ization of tea kthinn ings'
in Trin idad and
Toba go
9 1 - 97
- 86
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
M orrison , R . Y .
Propagacién de la quina(Extracto )
M urray ,C . H .
Teak and fire in Trin idad - 6 1
- 79
—78
Nicolas, S .
F orestry and forestresources in Ha iti
- 9 1 - 93
Pedersen , A .
F rost dama ge in the p ineforest - 96
Pereles , J .
The acid ity of selected PuertoRican woods - 44
Pidduck,H . B .
The forests of Dom in ica ,B .W.I.
Pierce , J .H .
A p lant new to the westernhem isphere 3 2 88
Pitt , C .J .W.
Possib le m ethods of regeneratingand improving some of theAma zon forests - 32
Questel , A .
Les_ pa lm iers de la Guadeloupeet dependances (Extra it ) - 302
The pa lms of Guadeloupe and
dependenc ies ( Abstra ct ) —308
Las pa lmas de la isla de
Guada lupe y sus dependenc ia s(Extracto ) - 3 1 4
Ne lson —Sm ith,J .H .
Use of British Hondura s woodsfor ra i lway sleepers or crossties
The formation and m anagement
of mahogany p lanta tions at
S i lk Grass F orest ReserveF orest associa tions ofBritish Hondura s II.
III.
Algunas asociaciones foresta lesde Honduras Britan icas II.
III.
Ortiz,Victor R .
Preserva tion of Puerto Ricanfence posts trea ted bypressure methods
Page ,H .J .
Problema s de sue lo de lproducciOn de
'
cosechastrop ica les (Extra cto )
Vol . 24 NO. 2 1 963
Quinon es LR .
In forme prelim inar sobre la
utiliza ciOn practica de la
corteza del mangle - 47
R anghel—Ga l indo , A .
Los Pa los Bra sil de Colombia - 93
M aderas industria les de
Colombia - 1 80
S ome industria l woodsof Colombia — 1 96
Re id ,D .
Creosote pen etra tion in tabonucowood a s a ffected by _
prel im in ary boiling trea tm en ts
in organ ic solven ts - 34
Re id,D .G . ,
with E S . HarrarRetention of creosote oil in thewood of Pinus occ iden ta li sSwartz — 1 3 1
Richardson ,H .
,with V . Vie ira
F orest cond itions, problems , and
programm es in BritishGuian a - 48
Roig, J .T .
Notas ad iciona les sobre el cedro
Roig y M esa , J .T .
Estado a ctua l de la s p lanta c ionesde cedro (Cedre la m exicana )en la isla de Cuba - 97
Presen t status of cedar (Cedre lam exican a ) p lantations in Cuba - 1 02
Ross ,P .
The util iza tion of tea k inTrin idad — 85
Ru bbo , R .
Conserva cién foresta l enUruguay (Extra cto )
R ys , L .J .
Pulp ing trop ica l woods —46
S aks ,E . V .
Trop ica l hardwoods for ven eerproduction in M exico - 1 1 9
S anderson ,I.T .
rThe use of geom etric figures inecologi ca l description - 1 9
S carff , J .G .
F orestry and forest “legislation in
the Dom in ican Republic - 9
S ChOI’
y , S r" EiA',
The Ca j aput tree in F lorida
S eguinot—Robles
,P .
,with D .G .
White , and M . GobinThe re lation between curingan d durability of B ambusatuldoides
Sm ea thers ,R .
The manufacture of shinglesfrom loca l woods in Trin idadand Tobago
Sm ith,C .M .
Acc l imatiza tion of species(Extra ct )
A clim ata ciOn de espec ies(Extra cto )
S olis,E . ,with F
'
.H . WadsworthPopula tion an d emp loym ent
problems in the Toro NegroF orest
Problem as en pobla cion y de
emp leo en el B osque de
Toro NegroS tahel , G .
The forests of Surin am
1 03
:253 - 267
- 273
- 24
- 1 1 1
- 46
— 48
—68
- 80
- 1 59
- 3 1
— 38
— 1 23
R ela cIOn entre el m étodo_
de
curar la B ambusa tuldoides y
su durab ilida d
S eifriz , W .
Reproductive cyc les in p lantsShull
,R .A .
Headquarters office and
labora tory build ing comp leted pagespreced in g pa ge 99 )
S tehle, H .
Con d ition s eco—sociologiques et
evolution des foret desAnti l les F ranca isesClassifica tion des essen ces
forestieres . de la M artin iqued
’
apres leur uti l isa tionPlan d
’
amenagement et
d’
exploitation rationn e l le dela foret M artin iqua ise
Cata logue d es cryptogam es
va cula ires d es Antil lesF ranca ises
Classificat ion des arbres a la texet a secretions de
,
?gon1mes,
resines et ma tieres gcolorantes
aux An ti l les F ran ca isesLa vegeta tion muscina le des
Anti lles F ran ca ises et son
interet dans 31a va lorisationsylvicole
1 04
Les petites a ssocia tionsepiphille
‘
s en foret hygrosciaphile aux An ti llesF ranca ises 1 36 - 1 37
Les glum iflorees des An ti l lesF ranca ises especes nouvel lespour la Gua deloupe et pourla M artin ique —206
Los tipos foresta les de la s Islasdel Caribe 6 (Supple 1n ent ) :273 - 41 6
Notes taxonom iques xylologiques
et geographiques sur les
chata ign iers du genre S loaneades Petites Anti llesNotes on taxonomy ,
woodtechnology , and geographica ld istribution of S loan ea in the
Lesser Anti l lesNotas sobre la taxonom ia ,
xilolog ia y d istribuciOn
geografica d e S loanea en las
Anti l las M enoresS tehle,
H . , and E . M arieLe
“M agnol ia ’
,Ta la um a
dod ecapeta la , des PetitesAnti l les monographie sylvo
botan iqueThe M agnolia tree ,
Ta la um a
dod ecapeta la , of the LesserAnti l les : A si lvicu ltura l andbotan ic monograph
La,
M a gnolia ,Ta la um a
d-od ecapeta la , de las Anti l lasM enores : M onogra f ia silvico
botan icaS tehle
,H .
,and Mme . S tehle
Liste complementa ire des arbreset arbustes des Petites Antil les
Supp lementary l ist of the treesand shrubs of the LesserAnti l les
Suplemento de la l ista de arbole ”
y arbustos de las Antil lasM enores
S tehle, Mme,with H . S tehle
Liste complementaire des arbreset arbustes des Petites Anti l les
Supp lemen ta ry l ist of the treesand shrubs of the LesserAnti l les
Sup lemento de la l ista de arbolesy a rbustos de las Anti l lasM enores
S te in ,A .H .
F orest cond itions and problems
in participants’countries
F orest policy and legisla tion
—307
- 3 1 4
- 32 1
1 83 - 1 90
- 1 95
1 95 - 201
—1 1 1
- 1 1 7
1 1 7 - 1 23
- 1 1 1
—1 1 7
- 1 23
- 43
1 8 68- 87
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
S tevenson ,N-S .
F orestry in British HondurasBa lsa in British HondurasF orest associa tions ofBritish Honduras - 1 72
- 74
— 1 46
- 41
- 1 64
- 1 70
Swa bey , C . , and A .E . ChittendenPotentia l ities of trop ica l forestsin the world ’
s timbereconomy 22 :1&zz47 - 50
Sylva in , P .
Compte rendu prelim ina ire du
tra va il forestier a la
sta tion de Kenscoff , Ha iti - 22
Taylor,B .W.
The sta tus and deve lopment ofthe Nicaraguan p ine savannas - 26
Throop ,F . R .
The F i fth Trop ica l F orestryShort Course - 29
Tordoff,H .
F orestry public ity through d isp layPublicidad foresta l va l iéndosede la demostraciOn
- 85
- 90
Swabey ,C .
F orestry in Jama icaReserva tion policy in Jama icaB lue mahoe of Jama icaExotic trees a t a trop ica lhi l l sta tion
Supp ly of tann ing ma teria lsin Jama ica"
An islander looks at
the ma in landThe deve lopment of forest policyin Jama ica (Extract )Note on the deve lopment offorest policy in BritishGu ianaNota sobre el desarrollode la pol itica foresta l de laGuayana Britan ica
Trop ica l F orest Experiment S tationNew trop ica l forest experiment
sta tionS e lection of species forreforestation
S elecciOn de especies pararepobla cién
Centra l and S outh American plantscientists l isted
F ore ign woods used in
manufacturing in the Un itedS ta tes during 1 940
F orest p lanting in Jama ica during1 940
1 06
Review : The vegeta tion ofBritish GuianaThirteenth annua l rep ortDecimotercer in forme anua lde la Esta cién
‘
de
Experimen ta ciOn F oresta lTrop ica l
F ourteenth annua l reportE1 Cuarto Congreso F oresta lM und ia l
F ifteenth annua l reportS ixteen th annua l reportS eventeenth annua l reportEighteenth annua l reportThe sta tus of forestry and
forest resea rch in PuertoRico and the Virgin Islands
1 958 annua l reportReview : F orestry and the
timber trade in the Ca ribbeana rea
1 959 annua l reportDa tos de crec im iento deplantaciones foresta lesen
'
M éxico , Ind ia s'
Occidenta les y Centro ySur America
Records of forest p lanta tiongrowth in M exico," theWest Ind ies , and Centra land S outh America
1 79
1 4 : - 33
- 64
1 5 : - 1 3
- 24
20: 1 - 1 0
2 1 ( Supp lement )
S upplement )
1 960 annua l report '
- 1 1
U S . F orest S ervicegCua l es nuestro obj etivo ? - 77
Uribe -Uribe ,L .
Arboles de sombrio de los ca feta lesen Colombia - 83
Coffee shade trees in Colombia - 84
Velez ,I.
,with L . E . Gregory
An ecologica l survey of thePolytechn ic Institute Arboretum - 24
Reconocim ien to ecologico delarboretum del InstitutoPclitécn ico 7 : - 36
Vide la —Pila si , E .O .
La s imp lanta c ion es foresta lesen el sur de la Republicade Chi le
Vie ira , V . , and H . RichardsonF orest cond itions
, problems ,
and programmes in BritishGuiana
Viva ld i , S A .
Wha t kind of land is adapted
to trees? Point of view ofthe Agricultura l Ex tensionS ervice
- 56
1 8 : - 48
—244
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
gQué c lase de tierra se adapta
a l cultivo foresta l? Puntode vista del S ervicio deExtension Agricola 1 034 1 28 1 —282
Problemas de distribucién de
ma teria l de vivero foresta lentre a gricultores - 309
Arboles en la f inca —1 5 1
Vozzo, J .A . , and CB . B riscoeThe response of Honduras pineto various photoperiods - 55
- 58
—76
4 :3 :1 40J1 43
- 1 94
- 2 1 2
—38
—44
6 4 267—269
- 272
8 :1 227—35
- 43
—70
- 77
- 1 62
- 1 64
- 207
207—2 1 2
Wa dsworth,E .H .
The eva lua tion of forest treespecies in Puerto Rico , a s
a ffected by the loca l forestproblemR'oble , a va luable forest tree inPuerto Rico
The Las Coban itas Campechep lanta tion
Pomarrosa ,Jambosa j ambos (L . )
M illsp . and its p lace in
Puerto RicoThe deve lopment of a mariap lanta tion on a poor site
The first year in the Camba lacheExperimen ta l F orest
Primer an iversa rio del BosqueExperimenta l de Camba lache
F urther notes on the
regenera tion and growth ofTa bebu ia pa l l ida M iersNotas ad iciona les sobre la
regenerac ion y crecim iento dcTa bebu ia pa ll ida M iersGrowth in the lower mon tanera in forest of Puerto RicoEl crecim ien to en los bosqueshigrof iticos de la parte
montafiosa in ferior (bosquep luvia l intermedio osubhygrophytia ) de PuertoRico “
The second year in the
Camba la che Experimenta l
F orestS egundo an iversario del BosqueExperimenta l Camba la che
The development of Sw ieten iamaha gon i Ja cq . on S t . CroixEl d esarrollo de Sw ieten iam aha gon i Jacq . en S anta
CruzThe third year in the
Camba lache Experimenta lF orestEl tercer an iversario del Bosque
Experimenta l Camba la che
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963 1 07
An approa ch to si lviculture introp ica l America and its
app l ication in Puerto Rico —256 - 1 1 1
Abordando el estud io de la
selvicultura en la America 1 4 :3&4 :I40- 1 45
trop ica l y su aplica cién
en Puerto Rico - 268
The in fluen ce of forest upon —7 1
cl imate and wa ter behavior —293
La in fuencia c limatologica e - 89
hidrolOgica de los bosques — 299
F ive years of forest research
on the northcoast of P uertoRi co - 376
- 70CInco anos de 1nvest1ga cion
foresta l en la costa nortede Puerto Rico — 380
The cl im ate of the Luqu illo 1 2 2 2704 4M ounta ins and Its Sign 1 f 1 cance
to the people of Puerto Rico - 335 Wadsworth, E H . and G .H . EnglerthEl cl ima en las montanas de Effects of the 1 956 hurricane on
Luquil lo y lo que sign ifican forests in Puerto Rico - 5 1
para el pueblo de Puerto Wadsworth,F H .
,and J .B . G aztambideRico
F orestry In the coffee regionAnge l M onse i i a te s fo 1 est of Puerto Rico - 8 1El bosque de Ange l M onserra teWha t k ind of lan d is adapted Wa dsworth, F H . , and J .A . G ilorm ini
to trees? Point of view of The potentia l ities of forestrythe F orest S ervices on M ona Island - 23 1
How should farm forests b e Las potenc ia lidades dasonOm icasman aged ?
- 259 de la isla de M ona 6 24 223 1 - 244
Wha t will be the returns fromfarm forestry? - 266
gQué clase de tierra se adapta
a l cultivo foresta l ? Puntode vista de los S erviciosF oresta les - 23
aCOmo deben “ordena rse los
arbolados en las fincas ? - 298
gCua les seran las gananciasa derivarse de la cienciaforesta l ap licada a la finca") —306
Notes on the c lim ax forestsof Puerto Rico and the _
l
destruction and conserva tion ”
- 62
prior to 1 900 - 47
Notas sobre los bosques climacicosde Puerto Rico y su destrucciOn - 66
y conservaciOn con anterioridada l 1 900 - 56
F or . st managem en t in the
Luquillo M oun ta ins I.
II.
III.
OrdenaciOn foresta l en la s l 4’
1&2 :79— 9 1
M ontanas de Luqui llo I. 1 1 5 — 1 o2
II.- 74
III.- 1 4 2 - 79
New observations of treegrowth in tabonucoforest
Our efforts to conservetrees
Growth and regen era tion ofwhite mangrove in PuertoRico
The regenera tion of trop ica lforests by p lanting
Wadsworth, and J .A . B onn etS oil a s a factor in the occurrenceof two types of montan eforest in Puerto RicoEl sue lo como un fa ctor parala existen cia de dos tipos debosque montano en PuertoRico
Wadsworth,B .J . Huckenpahler,
and CF . Eheleb e
A report on the trop ica lforestry short course he ldin Puerto Rico , M arch I to
M ay 29 ,1 955
In forme sobre el curso cortode dasonom ia trop ica lce lebrado en Puerto Rico ,marzo 1 a mayo 29 , 1 955
Wa dsworth F . ,H . with J . M arrero
Early results from the
improvem ent of a“ farmwood lotResultados pre l im in ares delme j oram ien to del arboladode una finca
The sign ifican ce to PuertoRico cf Companhia Paulistaexp erience with Euca lyptus l 4 :1 &2 :65 — 78
Exp eriencias de la CompanhiaPaul ista con euca lip to su
imp ortancia para PuertoRico
Ind ica ciones pa ra la repobla c1on
foresta l de las fincas de
Puerto Rico
1 08
Wadsworth,F H .
,and E . S olis
Popula tion and emp loyment
problems in the Toro -NegroF orest —68
Problemas en poblacion y de
emp leo en el Bosque de
Toro Negro - 80
Wa ld ,E .Y .
F orestry in S t . Lucia — 1 3
Wel lwood ,R .W.
The physica l -mechan ica lproperties of certa inWest Ind ian timbers I.
1 1 .
La s prop iedades fisico - quirn ica sde ciertas m ade ras de las
Ind ia s Occ identa les I.
II.
White ,D .G .
,M . Cobin ,
and P . S eguinot-R'
oblesThe re la tion between curingand durabil ity of B ambusatuldoid es - 267
Re lacion entre el método decurar la Bambusa tuldoides
y su durabilida d 7 3 267—273
White ,Jr. ,
H .H .
Variation of stand structure
corre lated with a ltitude ,
in the Luqui l lo M ounta ins - 52
Whitney , W.R .
Isn’
t research fun ? —57
Whitton ,B .A .
F orests and dom inant legumes
a t the Ama tuk region,British
Gu iana :35 - 57
Winters , and N . A lm-e yda
Ornamenta l trees in PuertoRico - 1 05
Wisdom ,H .W.
Trends in wood and paper
imports into Puerto Rico —86
Wolcott , G .N .
The entomologist looks at M aga - 30
A list of woods a rrangeda ccord ing to the ir resistanceto the a tta ck of the “
polillathe dry
-wood term ite of theWest Ind ies , Cryptoterm es
brevis Wa lker — 1 0
An outbrea k of the sca le insec*LAsterolecan ium pustulans
Cockere l l on ma ga ,M ontezuma
spec ios issim a 2 : - 7
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
- 1 35
- 1 20
“
6 3 - 1 29
—256
- 266
—1 34
- 1 49
- 54
:54- 56
1 97- 200
The d ispersion of the cottonycushion sca le in Puerto Ricoin e ight yea rs
The accidenta l introduction ofa bene ficia l insect into PuertoRicoLady - beetles don ’
t beha veHow to ma ke wood unpa lata bleto the West Ind ian dry
-woodterm ite , Cryptoterm es brevisWa lkerI. With inorgan ic compounds - 1 56
II. With organ ic compounds - 1 80
Trees for roadside p lanting inPuerto RicoArboles para las carreteras de
Puerto RicoHow to make wood unpa la tableto the West Ind ian dry
-woodterm ite Cryptoterm es b revisWa lker III.
Como lograr que la madera no
sea apetecible a l termes de
la m ad era seca ,Cryptoterm es
brevis, Wa lker III.
F a ctors in the natura l resistanceof wood to term ite atta ck
F actores de la resistenciana tura l de las maderas a l
ataque de los termes
A list of woods arrangedaccord ing to the ir resistanceto the a tta ck of the WestInd ian dry
-wood term iteCryptoterm es brevis (Wa lker) 7 - 334
Lista de las maderas de acuerdocon su resistencia a l ataquedel termes de la madera seca ,
Cryptoterm es brevis (Wa lker) 7 :4 2335 - 336
The resistance to dry—wood
term ite a ttack of some
Centra l American woodsLa resistencia de
'
a lgunasmaderas centroamericanasa l ataque del termes de
la madera seca
The compounds of copper moste ffective in mak ing woodresistant to the attack ofthe West Ind ian dry-woodtermite , Crytotermes brevis(Wa lker)
Los compuestos de cobre que
logran mayor efectividad en
in fund irle'
resistencia a la
madera contra la polilla ,
Cryptotermes bre vis (Wa lker) —203
The insects of “a lmendron ”
,
Prunus occ iden ta lis Sw .
1 1 0 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
SUBJECT INDEX
Abordando el estud io de laselvicultura en la America
trop ica l y su aplica ciOn en
Puerto Rico - 268
Aca cia negra en Rio Grande del
Sur, Brasi l , La industria de la - 78
Accidenta l introduction of a bene ficia linsect into Puerto Rico - 60
Accl ima tiza tion of spec ies (Extra ct ) - 46
Acid ity of selected Puerto Ricanwoods - 44
Aclima ta ciOn de especies (Extra cto ) —48
Actividades de la Organ iza ciOn para
la Agricultura y la A limenta ciOn —232
Activities of the F ood and
Agriculture Organ iza tion —227
Add itions to the flora ofS t . Barthelemy - 24
Ad iestram iento foresta l en Puerto Ricoba j o el programa del
“Punto Cuarto ”
Africa Orienta l,P lanta s que sum in istran
tan ino en el
Akawa io Ind ian p lant names - 1 27
Alder,
“Alnus a cum ina ta ”, as a
farm timber tree in Costa Rica - 53
Alka loid d istribution in the barkof some Peruvian cinchonas - 86
Amazon and its forests - 1 55
Ama zon forests , Possib lemethods of regenera ting and
improving som e of the —32
Ama zon hylea , some notes on
its deve lopment,The - 366
Angel M onserra te’
s forest - 7
Annua l report and program , NinthTrop ica l F orest Experiment S ta tion - 1 1 9
Annua l report, Tenth Trop ica lF orest Experiment S ta tion - 80
Annua l report , EleventhTrop ica l F orest Experiment S tation - 1 7
Annua l report, Twe lfthTrop ica l F orest Experiment S ta tion - 2 1
Annua l report , Thirteenth Trop ica lF orest Experiment S tation
Annua l report , F ourteenth Trop ica lF orest Experiment S tation
Annua l rep ort , F ifteenthTrop ica l F orest Resea rch Center
Annua l report , S ixteenthTrop ica l F orest Research Center
Annua l report, S eventeen thTrop ica l F orest Research Cen ter
Annua l report , EighteenthTrop ica l F orest Resea rch Cen ter
Annua l rep ort, 1 958Trop ica l F orest Research CenterAnnua l report , 1 959Trop ica l F orest Resea rch Center
Annua l report, 1 960Trop ica l F orest Resea rch CenterAnnua l report for 1 96 1
Institute of Trop ica l F orestryAnnua l report for 1 962
Institute of Trop ica l F orestryAntil las M enores , Nota s sobre lataxonom ia ,
xilologia y distribuciOn
geografica de S loan ea en la s
Anti l las M enores, Sup lemento de lal ista de arboles y arbustos de las
Antil las M enores : monogra fiasilvico—botan ica
,La magnolia ,
Ta la um a dod eca peta la , de las
Anti l les, M ontane vegetation in the
Anti l les F ranca ises ,Ca ta logue
des cryptogames vasc'ula ires des
An ti l les F ranca ises , Classifica tiondes arbres a la tex et a secretionsde gommes
,resines et matieres
colorantes aux
Antil les F ranca ises , Cond itionseco- sociologiques et evolutiondes forets des
1 5 :
1 6 :
1 7 :
1 8
1 9 :
20:
2 1
22
:1 - 33
:1 - 1 3
:1 - 1 1
1 - 1 1
1 — 1 1
1 —24
1 — 1 0
1 - 1 1
1 - 1 1
1 - 1 4
1 - 1 7
- 32 1
- 1 23
- 201
- 74
- 1 23
- 1 59
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
An ti lles F ran ca ises, Les petitesa ssocia tions epiphilles en forethygro
—sciaphile aux— 1 37
An til les F ranca ises especes nouve l lespour la Guadeloupe et pour la
M a rtin ique , Les glumiflorees des- 206
Antil les F ranca ises et son interet
dans la va lorisation sylvicole ,La
vegeta tion muscinale des - 1 82
Aporta ciOn pecun iaria de los bosquespublicos a l campesinopuertorriquefio 7 4 283 - 284
Approa ch to mahogany tree
improvem en t 2 1 - 20
Approach to silviculture in Trop ica lAm erica and its appl ica tion in
Puerto Rico —256
Apun tes sobre la M yrica cerifera L .
de Hon durasArawak Ind ian p lant names
— 1 80
Arboles de sombrio de los ca feta lesen Colombia - 83
Arboles en la finca - 1 5 1
Arboles para las carretera s de
Puerto Rico —1 29
Arboreto de arboles nativos, UnArgen tina ,
F orest managemen t in the
subtrop ica l ra in forests of M isiones - 1 72
Argen tina , OrdenaciOn de los bosqueshigrofiticos y subtropica les de
M isiones 1 3 4 :1 45 - 1 64
Asia ,Brief notes on forestry
in southeast- 2 1
Asocia ciones foresta les deHonduras Britan ica ,
II.
- 70
III.
- 1 58
Asterolecan ium pustulans Cockere l lon ma ga ,
M ontezuma speciosissm a ,
An outbreak of the sca le insect - 7
Atta cks of M onan thia monotrop id ia
Sta l in Trin idadAustra l ia , Some observa tion fromthe Euca lyptus S tudy Tour to — 1 20
B aba ssu Uh gran recurso foresta l(Extracto ) 1 23
B a lsa en el Ecuador Occidenta l ,El cultivo de - 294
1 1 1
Ba lsa in British Hondura s - 3
Ba lsa in western Ecuador, Growing - 289
Ba lsa seed , A rap id method of extra ctin gB am busa tuldoides , The relationbetween curing and durability of - 267
B ambusa tuldoides y su durabilida d
Re la c ion entre el método decurar la - 273
B arbados,Turner’
s Ha l l Wood - 1 70
B ecas para estud iar dasonom ia y
xilologia otorga das a estud ian tesgraduados de colegio de las republica sla tino - americanas (Extra cto )
B iologica l notes on the sea —grapesawfly , S chizocera krugii Cressonin Puerto Rico - 1 44
B l ight in Puerto Rico,A cedar seed l ing
B light in Puerto Rico , Amahogany seed l ing —24
B lue mahoe of Jama ica - 1 2
B lue sta in fungus,The inhibitory
a ction of organ ic chem ica ls on a - 1 39
Bolivia , La caoba , Sw ieten iam a crophyl la King en - 5 1
B olivia ,M ahogany ,
Swieten iama crophy l la King in - 57
Bosque de Ange l M onserrate El — 1 0
B osque Nac iona l Caribe de PuertoRico : Experiencias en el pasadocomo guia para. ol futuro ,R epobla ciOn foresta l en el - 2 1 3
Bosques amazOnicos ,Los 1 56 - 1 58
B osques climacicos de Puerto Ricoy su destrucciOn y conserva cién
con anterioridad a l 1 900,Notas
sobre los - 5 6
Bosques y las industrias foresta lesde Chi le , Los
- 207
B otan ica l observations of P itchLake in Trin idad - 1 78
Brasi l , La industria de la a ca c ian egra en Rio Grande del Sur(Extracto ) 8 1 77 - 78
Braz il , Los campos ,las sa bana s
y los bosques secos del - 1 43
1 1 2
Braz i l , The grasslands , sa vannaforests, and dry forests of - 1 38
Brazi l ian substitutes for gutta percha - 47
Breed ing of p ine (Pinus ca riba ea
M or. ) and teak (Tectona gra ndis L . )
in Trin idad S ome earlyobserva tions
,The - 1 1 1
Brief notes on forestry in
southeast Asia - 2 1
British Gu iana ,F orest cond itions ,
problems,and programmes in l 8 z1&2 :44 - 48
B ritish Guiana ,F orest types of - 1 1 1
B ritish Gu iana ,F orests and
dom inant legumes a t the Ama tuk
Region ,
- 47
British Guiana , Note on the
deve lopmen t of forest policy in — 1 64
British Gu iana , S i l iceous timbers of — 1 37
British Hondura s,Ba lsa in - 3
British Hondura s,F orest
asocia tions of I - 1 72
II - 6 1
III - 1 47
British Hondura s F orest Departmen t
for the ca lendar year 1 943 , Notesof interest from annua l report of — 1 30
British Hondura s , F orestry in - 3
British Honduras, M ahogany logging in 2 2 67 - 72
British Honduras from aeria lphotographs , M app ing vegeta tiona ltypes in - 4
Ca j aput tree in F lorida,The - 55
Ca lophy llum an tilla num , a desirabletree for d ifficu lt p lanting sites - 28
Ca lophy l lum en el S a lvador,
M architez vascular de
Ca lophy l lum in El S a lvador, Avascular wilt of —3 10
Ca lophy l lum luc idum B enth,Notes on - 5
Camba lache ,El tercer an iversario del
B osque Experimenta l - 21 2
Camba lache ,La creac ion del nuevo
B osque Experimenta lCamba lache ,
Primer an iversario delB osque Experimenta l - 44
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Camba lache , S egundo an iversario delB osque Experimenta l —77
Camba la che Experimenta l F orest,
The first year in the - 38
Camba lache Experimenta l F orest,The second year in the
Camba lache Experimenta l F orest,
The third year in the - 207
Campos , la s sa banas y los bosquessecos del Bra si l , Los - 1 43
Cafia guadua en Ecuador,Utiilza ciOn de la - 1 5 1
Ca oba , Swieten ia m a crophylla King ,en B olivia ,
La - 5 1
Cara ibes, Cooperation dans les
recherches forestieres - 88
Caribbean , Cooperation in forestresearch in the —86
Caribbean ,F orest management
in the —25
Caribbean Na tiona l F orest, Y ie ldfrom the
Caribbean Nationa l F orest pastexperience as a guide for the
future ,F orest p lan ting in the - 1 47
Caribe , Coopera ciOn en las
investiga ciones dasonOmicas en el - 87
Caribe ,El progreso de la legisla ciOn
foresta l en el - 280
Ca ta logue des cryptogames.
vascula ires des Anti l les F ranca ises - 47
- 98
Cedar seed ling blight in Puerto Rico , A 1
Cedre la , Commen ts on the
si lviculture of —80
Cedrela m exicana,La selvicultura de — 1 1 3
Cedre la mexicana , The si lviculture of —1 00
(Cedre la m exicana ) en
'
la isla de
Cuba,Estado actua l de las
p lantac iones de cedro —97
(Cedre la mexicana ) p lanta tions in
Cuba ,Present sta tus of cedar — 1 02
Cedre la mexicana Roem , Notassobre la si lvicultura del cedro - 1 1 7
1 1 4
Compte rendu prelim ina ire du
tra va i l forestier a la S ta tion de
Kenscoff , Ha iti - 22
Compuestos de cobre que logran mayor
e fectividad en in fund irle resistenciaa la madera contra la polil la ,
Cryptoterm es brevis (Wa lker) - 203
Cond itions eco- soc iologiques et
evolution des forets des Antil lesF ranca ises 1 54- 1 59
Congreso F oresta l M und ia l,El
cua rto - 72
Con i fers to the S ta te of S ao Paulo ,The introduction of 22 :3&4 z69 - 78
Conserva ciOn - 24
ConservaciOn de'
los recursos na tura les :El problema , sus d iversas fases y
la importanc ia re la tiva de estas ,La - 1 8 1
- 1 0
ConservaciOn foresta l en Uruguay(Extracto )Consta ta tion de la politique et taches
ayant a f fa ire aux forets qui
appartienent au peup le de PuertoRico — 1 89
Conten ido en l ign ina,
cen izas y
proteina s de a lgunas ma dera s
n eotropica les, El 1 50
Contribuc iones a l estud io de la
flora cubana Gymnospermae 2 2 83 - 99
Coopera ciOn en la s investigac ionesdasonOm icas en el Caribe - 87
Coopera tion dans les recherches
forestieres Cara ibes :87—88
Coopera tion formutua l ben efit betweenagriculture and forestry in the
American trop ics,The possibility
of close - 29
Cooperation in forest research in theCaribbean :85 - 86
Copey oak , Quercus copeyensis , in
Costa Rica —353
Costa Rica , Copey oak , Quercuscopeyen sis , in 9 - 353
Costa Rica , El j au l , “A lnus a cum ina ta ”
,
para los arbolados. de las fincas en - 57
Costa Rico , El Roble Copey ,
Quercus copeyen sis , de 9 - 359
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Costa Rica , The a lder,
“Alnusa cum ina ta ”
,as a farm. timber
tree in - 53
Creacion del nuevo B osqueExperimenta l Camba lache ,
La
Crecim iento de los euca l iptos en
regiones sem i -humeda s y sem iaridas, El - 37
Crec im iento en los bosques higrof iticosde la parte montar
‘
iosa interior(bosque p luvia l intermed io osubhygrophytia ) de Puerto Rico , El - 43
Creosote penetration in tabonucowood as a ffected by pre l im inaryboiling treatments in organ ic solvents - 34
Cross ties ,Use of British Honduras
woods for ra i lway sleepers, or- 79
Croton e luteria and Crotonca sca rilla , The question of — 1 1 3
Cryptoterm es brevis Wa lker, A list ofwoods arranged a ccord ing to the i r
resistance to the a ttack of the“polilla ”
, the dry-wood termite of
the West Ind ies ,
- 1 0
- 266
7 4 335 - 336
1 0 - 203
- 200
Cryptoterm es brevis (Wa lker) , _A l ist
of woods arranged a ccord ing to
the ir resistance to the attack ofthe West Ind ian dry
-wood termiteCryptoterm es brevis Wa lker
,Como
lograr que la madera no sea
apetecible a l termes de la
madera seca III.
Cryptotermes brevis Wa lker, How to
ma ke wood unpa latable to the
West Ind ian dry-wood term iteI.
"With inorgan ic compounds1 1 . With organ ic compoundsIII.
Cryp toterm es brevis (Wa lker) , Listade las maderas de acuerdo con
su resistenc ia a l a taque del termes
de la madera seca ,
Cryptoterm es brevis (Wa l ker) , Locompuestos de cobre que logranmayor efectividad en in fund irleresistencia a la madera contra la
polilla ,
Cryptoterm es brevis (Wa lker) , The
compounds of coopermost effectivein making wood resistant to the
a ttack of the West Ind ian dry
wood term ite ,
- 334
05
tO
0 ph
i-P
Ao
0
0
I
N
H
H45 - 1 56
7 1 - 1 80
45 - 256
Vol. 24 NO. 2 1 963
aCua l es nuestro obj etivo ? - 77
aCuales seran la s gananc ias a
derivarse de la ciencia foresta lap l icada a la finca ? - 306
cCuales son los usos de'
las especies.
foresta les de los arbolados en la
finca ? —292
Cuarta reun ion de la Com isionF oresta l La tinoamericana - 1 44
Cuarto congreso foresta l mund ia l ,El - 72
Cuba ,El género Croton en - 1 35
Cuba ,El p ino ma cho , Pinus ca riba ea ,
en las lomas de Trin idad ,- 1 29
Cuba,Estado actua l de la s p lantac iones
de cedro (Cedre la m exican a ) en la
isla de —97
Cuba ,In form e sobre p lanta ciones
foresta les en 1 38- 1 40
Cuba ,Las p lanta ciones de euca l ipto
de la‘Compania M inas de
M atahambre , S .A . en la Provinc iade Pinar del Rio , —55
Cuba,La s p lanta ciones de euca l ipto
de la M ah a j a , M ina s de M atahambreS .A . Pinar del Rio , - 56
Cuba ,Present sta tus of cedar, (Cedre la
mexica n a ) p lanta tions in - 1 02
Cuba , S tudy on the regenera tion 01
Pinus ca riba ea in the hil ls ofTrin idad , 8 :2 :1 30- 1 34
Cultiva tion of Euca lyptus in the
moun ta ins of Ecuador :64- 69
Cultivo de' ba lsa en el EcuadorOccidenta l
,El - 294
Cultivo del euca l ipto en la sierrade Ecua dor, El —62
Curso corto de Dasonomia Trop ica lce lebrado en Puerto Rico
,marzo
1 a mayo 29 , 1 955 , In forme
sobre el 1 6 : - 35
Curso d e ad iestram iento en PuertoRico , en ma teria de ciencia foresta lap l icada a la finca
,Uh - 276
Da tos de crecim iento de p lantacionesforesta les en M exico, Ind iasOcc identa les y Centro y Sur
America 2 1 : (Suplement )
1 1 5
Desarrollo de la politica foresta l dela Guayana Britan ica ,
Notasobre el - 1 70
Desarrollo de Sw ieten ia m aha gon iJa cq . en S an ta Cruz , El - 1 64
Desarrollo y utilizaciOn de los recursosforesta les de M éxico - 1 35
DescripciOn de dos nuevas variedadesdel
“Pino del Caribe”
- 7 1
Deve lopment of a M aria p lantationon a poor site , The
—2 1 2
Deve lopment of forest policy in
British Guiana ,Note on the
Deve lopment of forest policy inJama ica ,
The (Extract )D-évelopment of Sw ieten ia m aha gon iJacq . on S t . Croix
,The — 1 62
Disem ina cién y establecim iento del
mangle colorado , Rhizophora ,
en la F lorida - 320
D ispersa l and establishment of red
mangrove Rhizophora in F lorida ,
The - 3 1 0
D ispersion of the cottony cushionsca le in Puerto Rico in e ight years,
The — 1 35
D istribuciOn d e a lca loides en la cortezade a lgunas c inchonas peruanas - 92
Distribucic’
m de' ma teria l de vivero
foresta l entre los agricultores,Problemas de - 309
D iva gaciones sobre la flora de
Colombia 8 2 :1 45 - 1 53
Domin ica ,A synopsis of the pa lms of — 1 09
Dom in ica ,The forests of
Dom in ican Republic ,F orestry and
forest legisla tion in the - 9
Dom in ican Republic , Notes on some
forest insects found in Pi nus
occ iden ta l is Swartz near Ja rabacoa ,
- 45
Dura bility tests on untreated timbersin Trin ida d - 1 1 9
Early results from the improvement
of a fa rm wood lot - 62
Early results of mycorrhiza linocula tion of p ine in Puerto Rico - 77
1 1 6
Ecologica l description ,The use of
geometric f igures ln '
- 1 9
Ecologica l survey of the Polytechn icInstitute arboretum ,
An —24
Ecua dor, A collection of treesspecimens from Western - 288
Ecuador,Cultiva tion of Euca lyptus in
the mounta ins of —69
Ecuador,El cultivo del euca l ipto en
la sierra de —62
Ecuador, F orest resources and foresttypes of the Province of El Oro,
- 2 1 3
Ecuador,Growing ba lsa in western —289
Ecuador,Recursos foresta les y tipos
foresta les de la Provincia de El Oro,- 2 1 8
Ecua dor,UtilizaciOn de la cafia
guadua en - 1 5 1
Ecuador occidenta l , El cultivo de
ba lsa en e l - 294
Ecuador occ iden ta l , Una coleccién de
especimenes foresta les del - 298
Educa cion de d irigentes politicos e
industria les en materia foresta l —72
Efectos de la poda rad icular de dosespecies foresta les - 244
Effects of the 1 956 hurricane on
forests in Puerto Rico - 5 1
El S a lvador, A vascular wilt ofCa lophyllum in - 3 1 0
El S a lvador, M architez vascular de
Ca lophy llum en
Encina ,Quercus virg in iana M il l . - 1 63
Ensayos de p lantacionestad isticamente val idos 22 :3&4 z64- 68
Ensenanza de los va lores del bosquey de la dasonomia a los n ifios de
Puerto Rico - 77
Entomologist looks a t maga ,The - 30
Entomology ,F orests and forest - 1 34
Entomology , S ome notes on forest I .- 26
II.- 32
III.- 24
IV .- 82
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Especies del género Inga usadas comosombra de ca fé en Puerto Rico 1 5 :1&2 z54- 7 1
Especies maderables de Colombia ,
Algunas —1 23
Estado a ctua l de las plantacions de
Cedro (Cedrela m exica na ) en la
isla de Cuba —97
Estimating tota l volume of some
Caribbean trees 22 :3&4 z62 - 63
Estud io de la si lvicultura de a lgunasespecies foresta les en Tingo M aria ,
Peru - 53
Estud ios de los bosques de Chi leEuca l ipto de'
la Compania M inas de
M atahamb re , S .A . en la Provinc iade Pinar del Rio , Cuba ,
Las
p lantaciones de - 49 - 55
Euca l ipto de la M ana ja , M inas de
M a tahambre,S . A . Pinar del Rio ,
Cuba , Las p lantaciones de - 56
Euca l ipto en la sierra de Ecuador,
El cultivo de —62
- 91
- 45
—37
Euca lyptus, The sign ificance to PuertoRico of Companhia Paul istaexperience with —78
Euca lyptus in the mounta ins ofEcuador, Cultivation of 7 :1 264- 69
Euca lyptus study tour to Austra l ia ,
S ome observations from the — 1 20
Eva luation of forest tree speciesin Puerto Rico , as a ffected by the
local forest problem ,The - 58
EvolucIOn y posibi lidades de laproduccion foresta l en la GuayanaF rancesa. (Extracto )Exotic trees at a trop ica l hi l l station —74
Experienc ias de la Companhia Paulistacon euca l ipto Su importanc iapara Puerto Rico - 91
Euca l ipto Su importancia para
Puerto Rico,Experiencias de la
Companhia Paul ista con
Euca l iptos , Experiencias de riego porin filtraciOn subterranea en a lmacigosde p inos yEuca liptos eri regiones sem i-humedas
y sem i -aridas, El crecim ientode los
1 1 8
—1 1 1
1 37 - 1 50
F orest types of British GuianaF orest types of trop ica l AmericaF orest uti l iza tion in S a int Lucia ,
British West Ind ies 1 5 3&4 zl 20- 1 23
F orest util ization in
southea stern M exico - 46
F orestry and forest legisla tion in
the Dom in ican Republic - 9
F orestry and forest resources in Ha iti - 9
- 22
F orestry and forest resources in M exico —8
F orestry in British Honduras - 3
F orestry in Grenada —6
F orestry in Jama ica - 6
F orestry in Puerto RicoF orestry in S t . Luc iaF orestry in the coffee region ofPuerto Rico - 81
F orestry in the Leeward Islands(Extra ct )
F orestry in the Windwa rdIslands (Extra ct )
F orestry in Trin idad and Toba goF orestry pha se of the Un ited S tates
techn ica l assistance program in
Chi le,The
F orestry publicity through d isp layF orestry term inology,
A Span ishEngl ish glossary of I.
- 1 20
II.
- 64
III.- 288
IV .
—43
V .
- 37
F orestry tra in ing in La tin America 22 :1&2 z33 - 38
F orests. and dom inant legumes at theAma tuk Region ,
British Guiana - 57
F orests and forest en tomology - 1 34
F orests and forest in dustries inChi le - 1 97
F orests of Da ‘
rien , Panama , The - 1 35
F orests of Dom in ica,
The
F orests of Surinam , The
F orma tion and mana gemen t ofmahogany p lanta tions at S i lk Grass
F orest Re serve,The - 78
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
F ormation of tea k p lantations in
Trin idad with the assistance ofpeasant contra ctors, The - 1 53
F rost d amage in the p ine forest —96
F urn iture cracking in Jama ica,
Notes on —97
F urther notes on the regenerationand growth of Tabebuia pa llidaM iers - 269
F uture may see mahogany forestsin F lorida - 1 28
Género Croton en Cuba ,El — 1 35
G lumiflorees des Anti l les F ranca isesespeces nouve l les pour la Guadeloupeet por la M artin ique ,
Les - 206
Gra sslands , sa vanna forests, and dryforests of Brazi l , The - 1 38
Grenada,F orestry in - 6
Growing ba lsa in western Ecuador 7 - 289
Growth and regenera tion of whitemangrove in Puerto Rico —7 1
Growth in tabonuco forest, Newobservations of tree —1 1 1
Growth in the lower montane ra inforest of Puerto Rico —35
Guada lupe y sus dependencias, Laspa lmas de
' la isla de (Extracto ) 7 - 3 1 4
Guade loupe and dependenc ies , Thepa lms of (Abstract ) - 308
Gua de loupe et dependances , Les
pa lm iers de'
la (Extra it) 7 - 302
Guayana Britan ica , Algunas madera s
si l iceas de la - 1 40
Guayana Britan ica , Nota sobre el
desarrollo de la politica foresta lde la - 1 70
Guayana F rancesa , Evolucion y
posibilida des de la producciOn
foresta l en la (Extracto )Gutapercha , Substitutos brasi lefiosde la - 5 1
Gutta Percha ,Braz i lian substitutes
for - 47
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
Gymnosperma e ,Contribucion es a l
estud io de la flora cubana - 99
Ha iti , Compte rendu prelim in a ire du
trava il forestier a la Station de
Kenscoff , - 22
Ha iti , F orestry and forest resources in - 9
- 22
Ha iti , The p ine forests of - 22
Ha iti , and its re lation to the
surround ing vegeta tion ,The Pa lo
Verde forest type near Gona ives,- 2
Ha iti , y su relacion con la vegetaciOn
circunstante , El tipo foresta l dePa lo Verde cerca de
' Gona ives, - 25
Headquarters office and laboratorybui ld ing completed (2 pa ges
preced ing pa ge 99 )
Hevea rubber p lanta tions in LatinAmerica ,
Opportun ities for - 1 92
Hi lea amazon ica,a lgunas anotac iones
sobre su desarrollo , La —372
Honduras ,Apuntes sobre la M yrica
cerifera L . de
Honduras Britan ica , Alguna sasociaciones foresta les de 1 1 .
III.
Honduras p ine to variousphotoperiods,
The response of - 55
How should fa rm forests bemanaged ? —259
How to make wood unpa latable to
the West In d ian dry-wood term ite ,
Cryptotermes brevis Wa lker1 . With inorgan ic compounds - 1 56
II. With organ ic compounds — 1 80
III.
- 256
Hurricane on forests in Puerto Rico,
Effects of the 1 956 - 5 1
Imp lan taciones foresta les'
eh el sur
de la Republica de Chi le ,Las - 56
Importance of race in teak , Te cton agrand is L .
,The — 1 39
Ind ias Occidenta les ,Las prop iedades
fisico - quim ica s de'
ciertas maderas
de las I.
— 1 89
II.
1 1 9
Ind icac iones pa ra la repoblaciOn
foresta l de las finca s de PuertoRico - 79
Industria de la a cacia n egra en
Rio Grande de l Sur,Brasi l
,La
(Extracto ) - 78
Industria maderera en la se lvaperuana ,
La
Industria l woods of Colombia , S ome - 1 96
Industria l wood use in Puerto Rico 1 6 3&4 z64 - 97
Industria s foresta les de las isla sde Trin idad y Tobago , Las - 1 3
In fluence of forest upon cl imate and
wa ter behavior,The - 293
In fluenc ia c l ima tologica e hidrolOgica
de los bosques ,La - 299
Inf luenc ia de los nudos en la ca l ida dde la m adera y métodos para
d ism inuirlos ,La —97
In forme anua l y programa,Noveno - 1 60
In forme anua l de la Esta cion de
Investiga ciOn F oresta l Tropica l ,Décimo - 1 04
In forme anua l de la Esta c ion de
Experimenta ciOn F oresta l Trop ica l ,Undécimo - 35
In forme anua l de la Estacic'
m de
Experimenta cién F oresta l Trop ica l ,Duodéc imo :22 - 44
In forme anua l de la Esta cion de‘
Experimentacién F oresta l Trop ica l ,Decimotercer - 64
Informe pre l im in ar sobre la utiliza cio’
n
practica de la corteza de l mangle - 47
In forme sobre plan taciones foresta lesen Cuba — 1 40
In forme sobre uh levantam ientoecologico de la Republica de
Panama 1 8 :1&2 zl 2 - 32
In ga usa da s como sombra de ca fé enPuerto Rico , Especies d el género - 7 1
Inhib itory a ction of organ icchem ica ls on a blue sta infungus ,
The - 1 39
In sects of Almendron ,Prunus
occ identa l is Sw . ,The 1 6 98
1 20
Introduction of con ifers to the S ta teof S ao Pau lo , The 22 :3&4 z69- 78
Investiga c iones dasonOmicas en e l
Caribe,CooperaciOn en las -87
Irrigating tree seed l ings with a
nutrient solution , Effects of - 90
Islander looks a t the ma in land ,An - 41
Isn’
t resea rch fun ? - 57
Jam a ica ,B lue mahoe of - 1 2
Jama ica , F orestry in - 6
Jama ica ,Notes on furn iture cracking in —97
Jama ica ,Reservation policy in — 1 2
Jam a ica ,Roofing shingles in — 1 5
Jama ica ,Supply of tann ing
materia ls in - 1 46
Jama ica,The deve lopment of forest
policy in (Extra ct )Jama ica during 1 940,
F orestplanting in
Jaul ,“Alnus a cum ina ta para los
a rbolados de las finca s en CostaRica , El - 57
K ey to M exican species of p ines - 8 1
Kiln schedules for Puerto Ricanyagrumo hembra - 90
Lady- beetles don ’
t beha ve - 82
Land—util ization surveyof Trin idad - 1 87
Las Coban ita s Campechep lanta tion ,
The
Latin -American ‘ forest resourcessurvey organ izedLea f key to common forest trees of
the Yuca tan Pen insula - 1 9
Lea f size in Swieten ia - 1 1 5
Leeward Islands, F orestry inthe (Extra ct )
LegislaciOn foresta l en e l Caribe ,El
progreso de la - 280
Legisla tion ,Progress in trop ica l
forest 7 4 275 - 276
Lesser Anti l les,Notes on taxonomy ,
wood technology , and geographica ld istribution of S loan ea in the - 3 1 4
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Lesser Anti l les ,Provisiona l l ist of
trees and shrubs of the - 67
Lesser Anti lles : A si lvicultura l andbotan ic monograph,
The magnoliatree ,
Ta lauma dodecapeta la ,of the - 1 95
Lesser Anti l les, Supp lemen tary l istof trees and shrubs of the - 1 1 7
Lign in , ash and prote in content ofsome neotrop ica l woods, The - 1 38
List of woods arranged a ccord ing tothe ir resistance to the attack of the“Polil la the dry
-wood termite ofthe West Ind ies
,Cryptotermes
brevis Wa lker,A 1 - 1 0
List of woods arranged accord ing tothe ir resistance to the a tta ck of theWest Ind ian dry-wood term iteCryptotermes bre vis (Wa lker) , A - 334
Lista de ma deras de acuerdo con su
resistencia a l a taque del termes
de la madera seca , Cryptotermes
brevis (Wa lker) - 336
Liste complementa ire des arbres et
arbustes des Petites Antil les - 1 1 1
Lumber industry of the lower Amazonva l ley,
The 1 8 :3&4 z56 - 67
Luquil lo , Orden aciOn foresta len las monta fias de I.
II.
III.
Luquil lo moun ta ins, F orestmanageme nt in the I.
Luquil lo mounta ins ,Variation of stand
structure corre la ted with a ltitudein the - 52
Luqui l lo mounta ins and its sign ificanceto the peop le of Puerto Rico , Theclimate of the - 335
Luqui llo y lo que sign i fican para el
pueblo de Puerto Rico , El cl ima en
las montanas de - 344
M aderas industria les de Colombia - 1 80
M aderas sil iceas de la GuayanaBritan ica ,
A lgunas — 1 40
M aga , A seed stora ge study of —1 84
M aga ,The entomologist looks at - 30
1 22
M on tan e vegeta tion in the An til les - 74
M on tezum a spec iosissim a , An outbrea kof the sca le insect , Asterolecan iumpustulan s Cockerel l on M a ga ,
—7
M ycorrhiza l inocu la tion of pin e in
Puerto Rico , Early results of - 77
M yrica cerifera L . de Honduras,
Apuntes Sobre la
Na tura l regenera tion in the hum idtrop ica l forest 2 1 :3&4 z73 - 8 1
New methods of improving stand
composition in trop ica l forests - 20
New observa tions of tree growthin Ta bonuco forest — 1 1 1
New spec ies and va rieties ofVerbenaceae , S ome - 1 7
New spec ies of Te rm ina l ia fromCuba ,
ANew spec ies of Xy losm a fromCura ca o
,A
New Trop ica l F orest Experiment
S ta tionNewly sta ted public forest landpol icy for Puerto Rico
Nicaragua,Notes on the Paci fic
Coast region of - 3 1
Nicara guan p ine sa vannas , The
sta tus and deve lopment of the - 26
Nombres de las plantas segun los
Ind ios Arawacos - 1 8 1
Nomenc la tura de a lgunas pa lma s
cubanas , Notas sobre la - 1 64
Notas ad iciona les sobre el cedroNota s dendrolOgica s pa ra el Estadode Campeche ,
M éj ico —23
Notes on Ca lophyl lum luc idum B enth —5
Notes on some forest insects foundin Pinus occ iden ta l is' Swa rtz near
Jaraba coa,Dom in ican Republic - 45
Notes on taxonomy , wood technology ,
and geographica l d istribution ofS loa n ea in the Lesser Anti l les - 3 1 4
Notes on the biology of M esocondyla
con corda lis Hubner and its parasites — 1 9
Notes on the flora of Colombia —1 60
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Notes on the mangrove swamps ofPuerto Rico , S ome - 29
Notes on the Pa c ific Coast regionof Nicaragua - 31
Notes taxonom iques,xylologiques et
geographiques sur les chata ign iersdu genre S loan ea des PetitesAnti lles —307
Nueva especie de Term ina l iade Cuba ,
Una
Nueva esp ecie de Xy losma de
Cura cao , Una —239
Nuevo esbozo de la politica foresta lpublica para Puerto RicoNutrient solution
,Effects of irrigating
tree seed l ings with a - 90
Observacion es botan icas sobre el
Lago de Brea de la isla Trin idad - 1 82
Observa tions from the Euca lyptusStudy Tour to Austra l ia ,
S ome — 1 20
Observations on forest entomologyin Puerto Rico , S ome - 1 63
Observa tions on some Caribbeanforests - 42
Obstacles to tropica l forestry lackof markets and incompleteuti lisa tion 2 1 99— 1 07
Ochrom a la gopus Swartz , the name
of the ba lsa of Ecuador —1 1 4
Opportun ities for Hevea rubberp lantations in La tin America - 1 92
OrdenaciOn d e los bosques higrof iticosy subtrop ica les de M isiones,Argentin a - 1 64
Ordena ciOn foresta l en la s montana sde Luqui l lo I.
II.
III.
Organ iza ciOn para la Agricultura y laA limentaciOn ,
Actividades de la - 232
Orientando a l a gricultor en
selvicultura 7 :4 295
Ornam enta l trees in Puerto Rico - 1 05
Our ef forts to conserve trees - 1 45
Vol. 24 NO. 2 1 963
Outbreak of the sca le insect,Asterolecan ium pustulan s Cockere l l ,M aga ,
M ontezum a sp ec iosissim a , An - 7
Pa lmas cubanas , Com entarios sobreel articu lo de J . P . Carabia : Nota ssobre la nomen clatura de a lgunas —1 67
Pa lmas cubanas, Notas sobre la
nom en clatura de a lgun a s - 1 64
Pa lma s de la isla de Guada lupe y sus
depen dencias ,La s (Extra cto ) - 3 1 4
Pa lm iers de la Guade loupe et
dependances ,Les (Extra it ) 7 —302
Pa lms, Commen ts on J . P . Carabia ’
s
artic le on the nomencla ture ofsevera l Cuban - 1 70
Pa lms of Dom in ica,A synopsis of the - 1 09
Pa lms of Guade loupe and dependencies(Abstra ct ) —308
Pa lo Verde forest type n ear Gona ives ,
Ha iti , and its re la tion to the
surround ing vegeta tion , The - 1 2
Pa los brasi l de Colombia ,Los - 93
Pan ama,In forme sobre un
levan tam iento ecologico de larepublica de 1 8 :1&2 zl 2 - 32
Panama , Report of an ecologica lsurvey of the republic of — 1 1 0
Panama,The forests of L‘
arien ,
- 1 35
Paper industry ,R aw materia l
prospects for the Colombian —23
Peru,Un estud io de la si lvicultura
de a lguna s especies foresta lesen Tingo M aria - 53
Petites An ti lles ,Liste complementa ire
d es arbres et arbustes des - 1 1 1
Petites Antilles, Notes taxonom iques ,
xylologiques et geographiques sur
les cha ta ign iers du genreS loan e a des —307
Petites Anti lles monographie sylvo
botan ique , Le“M agnolia ”
,Ta laum a
dodeca pe ta la , des - 1 90
Petites a ssociation s ep iphilles en
foret hygro- scia phile aux Anti llesF ranca ises, L
SS 1 36 - 1 37
1 23
Physica l—mechan ica l properties ofcerta in West Ind ian t imbers ,
I. 5 1 - 1 73
II.
—228
P inares de la RepublicaDom in ican a , Los - 1 31
Pin e forest , F rost damage in the—96
Pin e forests of Ha iti , The - 22
Pin es ,Key to M exican spec ies of - 8 1
Pin es in the world reforesta tionproj ects , Possib ilities of M exicanand Cen tra l Am erican 1 9 :3&4 z43- 49
“P ino del Ca ribe DescripciOn de
dos nuevas variedades del 23 2 59—7 1
Pino m a cho , Pinus cariba ea , en las
- 1 29lomas de Trin idad , Cuba , ElPino monterrey en Cund in amarca .
El 22 :3&4 z9 1 - 97
— 45
— 1 34
(Pinus ca riba ea M or ) and tea k(Tecton a grand is L . ) in Trin idad
S ome early observa tions ,The
breed ing of p ine - 1 1 1
Pinu s occid en ta lis Swartz , Retentionof creosote oil in the wood of - 1 3 1
Pinus occ iden ta lis Swartz n ear
Ja rabacoa ,Dom in ican Republic ,
Notes on some forest insectsfound in - 45
Plan d’
amenagem en t et d’
exploita tion
ra tionnn elle de la foretM artin iqua ise 3 : — 38
Plan naciona l foresta l ven ezolano , UnPlant new to the _
Western Hem i sphere ,A
Planta c ion es de euca l ipto de la
Compania M ina s de M atahambreS . A . en la Provin c ia de Pin ardel Rio , Cuba ,
La s,
1 8 z3&4 z49 - 5 5
Planta cion es de euca lipto de la
M ah a j a ,M inas d e M atahambre
S . A . Pin ar del Rio , Cuba ,Las - 56
Pino rad ia ta , Ranura y cuen ca de - 57
Pinos y euca l iptos ,Experien cias de
riego por in filtraciOn subterranea
en a lmacigos dePinus ca rib a ea in the hi lls ofTrin idad , Cuba ,
S tudy on the
regenera tion of
1 24
Planta c iones foresta les en Mexico ,Ind ia s Occ iden ta les y Centro y SurAmerica
,Datos de
crec im iento de (Supp lement )
Plantas que sum in istran tan ino en
el Africa Orien ta l (Extra cto )Planta tion growth in M exico , theWest Ind ies and Cen tra l and S outhAmerica ,
Records of forest 2 1 : (Supp lement )
Planting , The regenera tion oftrop ica l forests by 2 1 :3&4 z82 - 89
Plantin g in the insular forests ofPuerto Rico , Resu lts of forest - 1 47
Planting with tar—paper pots on
d iff icu lt sites — 1 63
Poda ra d icular de dos espec iesforesta les,
Efectos de la - 244
Policy and econ om ic problems in the
conversion of old growth forests tomanaged stands in trop ica l S outhAmerica - 67
Policy and obj ectives govern ing theforest lands of the peop le of PuertoRico , Sta tement of - 1 77
Policy for Puerto Rico , A new ly stated
public forest landPolitica foresta l publ ica para PuertoRico , Nuevo esbozo de la
Politique forestiere publiquenouve l lement exposee a Puerto Rico - 1 84
Pomarrosa ,Jambosa jambos (L . )
M illsp . and its p la ce in Puerto Rico - 1 94
Popula tion and emp loymen t
problems in the Toro Negro forest - 68
Possibilities for forestry in the
Virgin Islands : S t . Thomas, S t . John ,
S t . Croix —1 2
Possibilities of M exican and Centra lAmerican p ines in the worldre forestation proj ects 1 9 :3&4 z43- 49
Possib il ity of c lose cooperation for
mutua l benefit between agricultureand forestry in the Americantrop ics, The —29
Potencia l idades dasono’m icas de laisla de M ona , La s - 244
Potentia l ities of forestry on M onaisland
,The - 23 1
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Potencia lities of tropica l forests inthe world ’
s timber economy —50
Practica s usadas en los viveros dep inos de Puerto Rico - 99
Pre l im inary notes on the si lvicultureof the big - lea f mahogany —23
Prepara ciOn y uso del m anti l lo oestiércol compuesto en viverosforesta les - 28
Present sta tus of cedar , (Cedre lam exicana ) p lanta tions in Cuba - 1 02
Preserva tion of Puerto Rican fenceposts trea ted by pressure methods - 93
Primavera , important furn iture woodof Centra l America - 83
Primavera , una importante madera
de eban isteria de la América Centra l ,La - 9 1
Primer an iversario del B osqueExperimenta l de Camba lache - 44
Problemas de distribuciOn de materia lde vivero foresta l entre losagricultores - 309
Problemas de propagaciOn foresta l - 307
Problemas de sue lo de la producciOnde cosecha s trop ica les (Extra cto )
Problemas. en pobla cion y de'
emp leoen el bosque de Toro Negro —80
Problems of tree propaga tion for
farm forestry - 269
Proced im ientos para pequenosviveros foresta les en Chi le l 7 :1&2 z37 - 5 1
Profund idad y tipo de coberturatérrea adecuados para las sem il lasde varias especies de maderas duras
del trop ico , La - 236
Program for forestry and forest landsin Puerto Rico - 278
Programa dasonOm ico para la s tierrasforesta les de Puerto Rico - 283
Progreso de la legislacidn foresta len el Caribe , E 1 7 - 280
Progress in trop ica l forest legislation —276
PropagaciOn de la quina . (Extracto )
1 26
Puerto Rico , Resumen de la
investigaciOn foresta l en - 83
Puerto Rico , Roble , a va luableforest tree in 4 :2 :59 z76
Puerto Rico , S oil a s a fa ctor in the
occurrence of two types ofmontan e forest in - 70
Puerto Rico , S ome notes on the
mangrove swamps of - 29
Puerto Rico , S ome observations on
forest entomology in - 1 63
Puerto Rico , S ta tement of policyand obj ectives govern ing the forestlands of the peop le of — 1 77
Puerto Rico , Summa ry of forestresea rch in - 69
Puerto Rico , The a ccidenta lintroduction of a beneficia l insectinto - 60
Puerto Rico , The c l imate of theLuqui l lo mounta ins and its
sign i ficance to the peop le of - 335
Puerto Rico , Tree seed da ta from —30
Puerto Rico , Trees for roadsidep lanting in - 1 20
Puerto Rico , Trends in wood and
paper imports into - 86
Puerto Rico , Wood uti l ization in
Puerto Rico and“
the destruction and
conserva tion prior to 1 900, Notes onthe cl ima x forests of —47
Puerto_Rico a s a f fected by“
the loca lforest problem ,
The eva luation offorest tree spec ies in 54- 58
Puerto Rico in e ight years ,The
d ispersion of the cottony cushionsca le in — 1 35
Puerto Rico y su destrucciOn y
conservacidn con an terioridad a l
1 900,Notas sobre los bosques
climacicos de —56
Pulp ing trop ica l woods 22 : :39- 46
Punto Cuarto Ad iestram iento foresta len Puerto Rico ba jo"
el programa del'
gQué arbol sembraré ? - 1 60
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
aQué clase de tierra se adapta a l
cultivo foresta l ?Punto de vista del S ervicio deConservaciOn de Sue los 277 - 280
Punto de vista del S ervicio '
de
Extension Agricola - 282
Punto de vista de los
S ervicios F oresta lesgQué especies foresta les se adaptan a
la s tierras foresta les de las finca s? —288
aQué puede lograr la reforesta ciOn ?
Question of Croton e luteria
and Croton ca sca rilla,The - 1 1 3
Quina ,Propaga cidn de la (Extracto )
Quino vue lve a l hogar,El
Ra in fa l l interception in a trop ica lforest - 79
Ranura y cuenca de p ino rad ia ta - 57
Rap id '
method of extra cting balsaseed , A
R aw materia l prospects for theColombian paper industry - 23
R'
eacciOn de maderas de'
América del
Sur y del area del Caribe a l ataquede
'
ta ladra dores marinos en a guasHawa iianas —42
Rea ction of woods from S outhAmerica and Caribbean areas to
marine borers in Hawa i ian waters - 4 1
Reboisements en Sw ieten iam a crophyl la Kin g —21 1
Recent observations on forestryin Trop ica l America - 59
Recherches forestieres Cara ibes,Coopera tion dans les - 88
i'
- 83
Reconocim iento ecologIco del
arboretum del Instituto Politécn ico - 36
Recomenda ciones de la de legacion de
conserva cidn de sue los , a guasy bosques en la cuarta sesiOn de la
Com ision Angloamericana de l Caribe .
(Extra cto ) — 1 07
Recommenda tions of the soil,wa ter,
and forest conseryation comm itteeof the fourthmeet-ing of the AngloAmerican Caribbean Comm ission(Abstract )
Vol. 24 No. 2 1 963
Records of forest plantation growthin M exico , the West Ind ies , andCentra l and S outh Am erica 2 1 : (Suplement )
Recursos foresta les y tipos foresta lesde la Provincia d e El Oro, Ecuador - 2 1 8
R e foresta ciOn , aQué puede lograr la ?R eforestaciOn con Sw ieten iama crophylla King en la M artin ica ,
Notas sobre la - 222
Reforestation ,S e lection of species for
Re foresta tion of degrade d landsin Puerto Rico - 1 5
Re forestation with Sw ieten ia “
m a crophylla King in M artin ique ,
Notes .on- 2 1 6
Regenera cion y crec im iento deTabebu ia p a llida M iers , Notasa d iciona les sobre la -272
Regeneration of m ixed ra in forestin Trin idad
,The — 1 73
Regenera tion of trop ica l forestsby p lanting , The 2 1 :3&4 z82 - 89
Regenera tion systems in trop ica lAmerican lowlands 1 7 - 9 1
Re lac ion entre el método de curar laBambusa tuldoides y su durab ilidad - 273
Rela cion que existe entre los bosques,las d iversas-fases de la conservaciOny las cond ic iones preva lecientes en
Rhodesia merid iona l (R eimpresién ) 7 4 321 - 327
Re la tion between curing and
durability of B '
ambus'
a tuldoides“
Relation of forests to genera lconserva tion and to cond itions insouthern Rhodesia . (Reprint ) - 320
R epoblacién , S eleccién de especies paraR epoblaciOn foresta l de las fir
'
icas d‘
e
Puerto Rico , Ind icaciones para la - 79
R epobla ciOn foresta l en el BosqueNaciona l Caribe de '
Puerto Rico :Experiencias en , el pa sado c
'om 'o“Jguiapara
'
el futuro - 21 3
R epoblaéidn foresta l en los bosquesinsulares de Puerto Rico - 1 95
Report from Trin idad and
Tobago“ (Extra ct )
1 27
Report of an ecologica l surveyof the Republic of Panama 1 7 :3&4 :92i 1 1 0
Report on forestry inS t. Lucia (Extra ct )Reproductive cycles in p lants - 24
Republica Dom in icana , El S ervmioF oresta l en la — 1 6
Republica Dom inicanaf Losp inares de la - 1 3 1
Research in the Caribbean ,
Coopera tion in forest —86
Reserva tion policy in Jama ica - 1 2
Resistance to dry-wood term ite a ttackof some Centra l Am erican woods - 54
Resistencia de a lgun as ma deras
Centroamericanas a l a taque del
termes de la madera seca - 56
Response of Hondura s p ine to variousphotoperiods ,
The - 55
Resul tados de la repoblaciOn foresta l r
en los bosques insulares dePuerto Rico - 1 95
Resultados pre l im inares de lme j oram iento del a rbolado de una
- 66
Results of forest p lanting in the
Insular forests of Puerto Rico - 1 47’
Resumen de la investiga cidn foresta len Puerto RicoReten tion of creosote oil in the woodof Pinus occ id en ta l is Swartz - 1 3 1
- 92'
- 36
- 1 75
Reviews :Bosques de Gua tema la ; Los ,
Estudio de las zonas foresta lesdel Estado Portuguesa
“Experimental design and ana lysisin forest research
F orestry and the timber tra dein the Ca ribbean area
Na tura l vegeta tion of the Windwarda nd
“Leeward island s,The
Notes on forty- two secondarytimbers of British HondurasTrop ica l forestry with particular ”1 U
re ference to West AfricaTropica l ra in forest, TheTrop ica l woodsVegeta
'
cién na tura l de las islasBarlovento y S ota vento - 1 78
Vegetation of British Guiana , The
1 28
Rhizophora , en la F lorida ,
D isem ina cién y establec im ientodel mangle colorado , 9 4 3 1 1 - 320
Rhizophora in F lorida ,The d ispersa l
and establishme nt of red mangrove —3 1 0
Rhodesia M erid iona l,La re lacion que
existe entre los bosques , la s d iversasfases de la conservacidn y las
cond ic iones preva lecientes en
(R eimpresidn ) - 327
Rhodesia ,The re lation of forests to
.genera l conserva tion and to
cond itions in S outhern (Reprin t ) - 320
Riego por in filtraciOn subterranea
en a lmac igos de p inos y euca l iptos,Experienc ias de —45
Roble,a va luable forest tree
in Puerto Rico —76
Roble copey ,Quercus copeyen sis,
de Costa Rica , El - 359
Roofing shingles in Jama ica - 1 5
S t . Barthe lemy , Add itions to theflora of - 24
S t . B artholomew , A check- l istof the Sperma tophytes of I.
- 47
II.
- 66
S t . Croix,The deve lopment of
Sw ieten ia mahagoni Jacq . on - 1 62
S anta Cruz,El desa rrollo de
Sw ieten ia maha gon i Ja cq . en - 1 64
S t . Luc ia ,F orestry in - 1 3
S t .-Lucia ,
Report on forestry in (Extract )S t. Luc ia
,BritishWest Ind ies
,
F orest uti l iza tion in 1 5 1 20- 1 23
Sao Paulo,The introduction of
con i fers to the S tate of —78
Sca le in Puerto Rico in e ight years, Thed ispersion of the cottony cushion - 1 35
S econd year in the Camba lacheExperimenta l F orest
,The - 70
S eed storage study of M aga ,A - 1 84
S eed storage study of some
trop ica l hardwoods, A - 1 06
S egundo an iversario de l BosqueExperimenta l Camba lache - 77
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
S elecciOn de espec ies para repob lacién
S e lected , annotated bibliographyon mahogany ,
A 20:1&2 zl 7
S e lection of spec ies for reforestationS elvicultura de' Cedre la mexicana , La - 11 3
S elvicultura en la America trop ica ly su aplicaciOn en Puerto Rico ,Abordando el estud io de la - 268
S em i l las de arboles foresta les dePuerto Rico , Datos sobre - 35
'
S ervice l ife of some Puerto Ricanpost species tested with ten percentpentachlorophenol by cold soaking 21 : - 40
S ervicio F oresta l en la RepublicaDom in icana , El - 1 6
S iembra de prueba de la caobahondurena ( Swieten ia ma crophylla
King ) en F i l ip inas - 9 1
S ign ificance to Puerto Rico ofCompanhia Paul ista experiencewith Euca lyptus, The —78
'
S i l iceas de la Guayana Britan ica ,
Algunas maderas 1 39 - 1 40
S i liceous timbers of BritishGuiana , S ome 1 33- 1 37
S i lvicultura de a lgunas espec iesforesta les en T ingo M aria ,
Peru,
Un estud io de la - 53
S i lvicultura del cedro,Cedre la
m exicana Roem ,Notas sobre la - 1 1 7
S i lvicultura y la industrias comobases para el emp leo permanente
d e emergencia ,La —1 44
S i lvicultura] experience with cedar
Cedre la mexicana Roem ,in
Trin idad , Summary of 91 - 1 02
S i lv icultura l techn ique in Trin idadfor the rehabilitation oi
degraded forest , A - 1 8
S i lviculture in trop ica l America and
its app lication in Puerto RicoAn approa ch to 8 4 245 - 256
S i l viculture of Cedre la m ex icana ,The :89- 1 00
S istema s de regeneracidn de los
bosques de ba jura en la .
-Américatropica l - 75
1 80
Ta ladradores marinos en a guasHawa iiana s, R eaccion de maderas
de America del Sur y del area del
Caribe a l a ta que de - 42
Tamano .de las parce las de ensayo '
en investiga ciones de
gen ética foresta l 22 :3&4 z79 e 83
Tann ing ma teria ls in Jama ica ,
Supp ly of - 1 46
Taxonom ia,xilologia y d istribucion
geografica de S loanea en la s Anti l la sM enores , Notas sobre la - 32 1
Tea k and f ire in Trin idad - 01
Tea k in Trin ida d ,The uti l ization of - 85
Tea k p lanta tions in Trin idad ,
Notes on pure - 28
Tea k p lan ta tions in Trin idad withthe assistance of pea santcontra ctors , The form a tion of - 1 53
Tea k thinn ings in Trin ida d,
The util iza tion of “- 86
Técn ica si lvicultura l de la isla d e
Trin idad para la rehab ilita‘
cién de
bosques degra dados, Una - 33
Tectona gra nd is L .,The
importance of ra ce in tea k , - 1 39
(T ectona gra nd is L . )“
in Trin ida d,
some ea rly observa tions,The
breed ing of p ine (Pinus ca riba ea
M or. ) and tea k - 1 1 1
Tercer an iversario de l bosqueexperimenta l
'
Camb'
a lache,El - 2 1 2
Termes, F a ctores de la resistenciana tura l de .l
'
a s' “
madera s a l ata quede los - 1 49
Termes de la madera'
s e'
ca ,La
resistencia de a lgunas maderas
centroam ericanas a l a ta que del - 56
Term ina l ia de Cub a '
, Una nueva“
especie deTerm ina l ia from Cuba , A new species ofTermite a ttack , F actors in the
na tura l‘
r esi-stance of woods to - 1 34
Term ite a ttack of some Centra lAm erican woods , The resistanceto d
'
ry-wood - 54
Third year in the Cambala che “
Experimenta l F orest, The - 207
CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Timber sa les in Caribbean Nationa lF orest continue to increaseTipo foresta l de pa lo verde cerca
de G ona ives , Ha iti , y su re lacioncon la vegetacion circunstante , El - 25
Tipos foresta les de las islas delCaribe;Los 6 (Supplement ) :273—41 6
Toro Negro , Problemas en pobla cion10:1 n1 69- 80
y de emp leo en“
el bosque de
Toro Negro F orest , Population and
emp loyment problems in the - 68
Tra in ing in La tin America ,F orestry 22 :1&2 z33- 38
Tree seed data from Puerto Rico —30
Trees for roadside planting inPuerto Rico —1 20
Trees of M ona Island - 53
Trends in wood and paper importsinto Puerto Rico 24;2 30- 86
Tria l plan ting of large lea f mahogany( Swieten ia m a crophy l la King) - 84
Trin ida d ,B otan ica l observations
on Piteh Lake in - 1 78
Trin idad ,Durability tests on
untreated timbers in - 1 1 9
Trin ida d ,Land - uti l iza tion survey of - 1 87
Trin idad ,Note'
oh'
attacks “of M onan thia
monotropid ia Sta l '
in'
Trin idad, Notes on pure tea kp lanta tions in 33” - 28
Trin idad , Observaciones botan icassobre el Lago de Brea de la i'sla “
de - 1 82
Trin idad , S oil erosion on the islandof Chacachacare ,
- 1 37
Trin idad , Summary of si lvicultura lexperience with cedar Cedre lamexica na Roem , in
- 1 02
Trin idad ,Tea k and fire in - 6 1
Trin idad,The regenera tion of m ixed
ra in forest inTrin idad
,The utilization of teak in - 85
Trin idad for the rehabilitation bfdegraded forest, A si lvicultura ltechn ique in - 1 8
Vol . 24 No. 2 1 963
Trin ida d Lands Advisory Comm itteeproves successfulTrin ida d para la rehab ilitacion de
bosques d egradados, Una técn icasilvicultura l de la isla de - 33
Trin idad some early observations ,
The breed ing of p ine (Pinus cariba eaMor. ) and teak (Tectona grand is L . )
in - 1 1 1
Trin idad with the a ssistance ofpeasant contra ctors ,
The formationof teak plantations in - 1 53
Trin idad and Toba go , F orestry in - 1 5
Trin ida d y Tobago , La s industriasforesta les de las islas de - 1 3
Trin ida d and Toba go , Reportfrom (Extract )Trin idad and Tobago , The forestindustries of - 6
Trin idad and Tobago , Theforest policy of - 1 57
Trin idad and Toba go , Themanufacture of shingles from loca lwoods in - 1 1 1
Trin idad and Tobago Theutil iza tion of tea k thinn ings in -86
Trop ica l F orestry Short Course 1 6 :1&2 zl 2—23
- 39
- 29
20:1&2 zl l - 1 6- 32
- 39
Trop ica l hardwoods for-veneer
production in M exico - 1 1 9
Turner’
s Ha l l Wood , B arba dos - 1 70
Uruguay , Conserva cion foresta l en
(Extracto )Use of British Honduras woods for
ra i lway sleep ers or cross ties - 79
Use of geometric figures in ecologica ldescription ,
The —1 9
Use of the con ica l spade , The - 1 8
Utilizacion de la cafi a gua dua en
Ecuador 5 3 :1 45 - 1 5 1
Varia tion of specific gravity in
p lan ta tion grown trees of biglea fmahogany - 74
1 3 1
Variation of stand structure correlatedwith a ltitude ,
in the Luqu i lloM ounta ins - 52
Vascular Wi lt of Ca lophy llum in
El S a lvador, A - 3 1 0
Vegeta cién de la pen in sula de Paria ,
Venezuela , Notas sobre la - 56
Vegetation muscina le des AntillesF ranca ises et son interet dans la
va lorisa tion sy lvicole ,La
Vegeta tion of the Paria pen insula ,
Venezuela , Notes on the - 46
Ven ezuela , Nota s sobre la vegetacion
de la pen insula de Pa ria ,
- 56
Ven ezue la, Notes on the vegetationof the Paria pen insula , 7 - 46
Venezuela foresta l , I.
- 1 4
Verbena cea e , S ome new speciesand varieties - 1 7
Virgin Islands : St . Thoma s, S t . John ,
S t . Croix , Possib ilities -for forestryin the - 1 2
Viveros de pinos de Puerto Rico ,Practicas usadas en los - 99
Viveros foresta les , Prep ara cion y uso del
manti l lo o estiércol compuesto en - 28
Weedki l lers for the control ofPen ta clethra m a croloba and
Alchornea subglan dulosa - 37
West Ind ian timbers , Thephysica l -mechan ica l propertiesof certa in I.
II.
Wha t are the uses of farm foresttree spec ies ? - 253
What kind of land is a dapted to trees?Point of View of the Agricu ltura lExtension S ervice —244
Point of V iew of the F orest S ervicesPoint of view of the S oilConservation S ervice ‘
- 242
What tree species are a dapted to
farm forest lands? - 249
What wil l be the returns fromfarm forestry ? - 266
1 32 CARIBBEAN FORESTER
Windward Islands, F orest Yagrumo hembra ,Kiln schedules
preservation in the 1 7 :1&2 z25—28 for Puerto Rican 22 :3&4 z84- 90
Windward Islands, F orestry Yarey pa lm of Puerto Rico and the
in the (Extract ) straw industry derived from it,
Notes on the - 1 6Wood uti liza tion In Puerto Ri coCaribbean Nationa lXy losm a de Curacao , Una nueva
especie de- 239
Yuca tan Pen insu la , Lea f key toXy losm a from Curacao , A newcommon forest trees of the - 1 9
species of 8
