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User Report

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS POLICE:

FINDINGS FROM THE TORONTO COMMUNITY POLICING SURVEY

NO. 1988-01

licitor General Canada nistry Secretariat

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Chris Murphy, Ph.D. Senior Research Officer

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SOLICiTOE CAWADA

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS POLICE:

FINDINGS FROM THE TORONTO COMMUNITY POLICING SURVEY

NO. 1988-01

This working paper was prepared in 1988 by the Research Division of the Police and Security Branch of the Solicitor General of Canada in cooperation with the Planning and Research Branch of the Metropolitan Toronto Police Force and is made available as submitted to the Ministry. The views expressed are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada nor of the Metropolitan Toronto Police Force.

This working paper is available in French. Ce document de travail est disponible en français.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are pleased to acknowledge the invaluable

cooperation and assistance of Mr. Jacques de Verteuil of the

federal Department of Justice and Dr. Leah Lambert, Staff Inspec-

tor George Tweedy, Staff Sergeant Sam Fairclough, Staff. Sergeant

Jerry Montool and Staff Sergeant Al Robertson of the Metropolitan

Toronto Police Force.

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19

20

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22

23

27

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION 5

PROJECT OVERVIEW - 8

METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS 9

AGE AND ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE 11

1. Age and perception of police community relations

2. Age and rating of police performance

3. Age and need for police improvement in police services

Conclusion

SEX AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE

1. Gender variation in perception of police community relations

2. Gender rating of police performance

3. Perceived need for improvement in police services by gender

Conclusion

ETHNICITY AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE POLICE

1. Metro: Ethnicity and attitudes and perceptions of police

2. Parkdale: Ethnicity and attitudes and perceptions of police

3. Jane-Finch: Ethnicity and attitudes and perceptions of police

Conclusion 33

i

53

57

PAGE

PERCEPTION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD CRIME, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE POLICE 34

1. Neighbourhood crime trends and attitudes towards the police

2. Fear of crime

3. Crime trend and fear of crime

Conclusion

NEIGHBOURHOOD TIES AND ATTITUDES TO POLICE 45

1. Mobility and attitudes to police 46

2. Home ownership and attitudes towards the police 48

3. Length of time in neighbourhood 48

4. Neighbourhood ties index 50

Conclusion 52

VICTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE POLICE

Conclusion

MULTI-VARIABLE ANALYSIS OF KEY RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS IN DETERMINING ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE POLICE 58

Conclusion 67

CONCLUSION 69

APPENDIX 70

REFERENCES 71

ii

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44

List of Tables

Page

I Perception of police community relations by age 12

II Proportion rating police performance 'favorably' by age 14

III Need for improvement in police services 15

IV Perception of police community relations by gender 18

V Proportion rating police performance 'favorably' by gender 19

VI Perceptions of need to improve police services by gender 20

VII Rating police performance 'favorably' by ethnicity: Metro 25

VIII Perceptions of need to improve police services by ethnicity: Metro 26

IX Rating police performance 'favorably' by ethnicity: Parkdale 28

X Perceptions of need to improve police services by ethnicity: Parkdale 29

XI Rating police performance 'favorably' by ethnicity: Jane-Finch 31

XII Perception of need to improve police services: Jane-Finch 32

XIII Perception of police community relations and perception of amount of crime in one's own neighbourhood 35

XIV Police performance and perception of amount of crime in one's own neighbourhood 36

XV Need to improve police and amount of crime in one's own neighbourhood 37

XVI Perceptions of need to improve police and perception of the direction of crime trend during the last two years 39

iii

Page

XVII Fear of crime and perception of police community relations 41

XVIII Fear of crime and perception of direction of the direction of crime during the last two years

XIX Fear of crime and perception of amount of crime in one's own neighbourhood 43

XX Mobility and perception of police community relations 47

XXI Length of time in neighbourhood and perception of police community relations 49

XXII Neighbourhood ties and perception of police community relations 51

XXIII Victimization and perception of police community relations 54

XXIV Victimization and perceived need to improve police services 55

XXV Victimization and perception of direction of crime during the last two years 56

Summary Table I Proportion rating police community relations favorably: Metro 60

Summary Table II Proportion rating police community relations favorably: Parkdale 61

Summary Table III Proportion rating police community relations favorably: Jane-Finch 62

Summary Table IV Proportion rating police enforcement of laws favorably: Metro and Parkdale 65

Summary Table V Proportion rating police enforcement of the laws favorably: Jane-Finch

iv

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66

List of Graphs

Page

Perception of police community relations by ethnicity: Metro 24

II Perception of police community relations by ethnicity: Parkdale 27

III Perception of police community relations by ethnicity: Jane-Finch 30

V

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report is the third in a series based on a comprehen-

sive survey of citizen attitudes towards crime, order and

policing problems in Metro Toronto. The survey was sponsored

jointly by the Metro Toronto Police Force and the Research

Division of the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada in

Metro Toronto in order to support the development of community

based policing in Metro Toronto.

Working Paper No. 3 presents an analysis of the survey

responses to a series to questions regarding police and policing.

The data is analyzed at the individual and neighbourhood respon-

dent level by looking at the impact of demographic and social

characteristics such as age, sex, ethnicity, neighbourhood

characteristics, homeownership, mobility, residential stability,

and perceptual indicators - such as fear of crime and perception

of neighbourhood crime rates - on various dependent variables

related to police performance and police-community relations.

Responses are reported for two selected neighbourhood samples and

a control sample representing the whole of Toronto.

The following is a selective overview of the major findings:

A. Age: Age differences in respondent ratings of police perfor-

mance, police-community relations and need for improvement

indicate a positive relationship between age and attitudes

towards police in Metro Toronto. This finding is consistent with

previous studies which indicate that the older the age group the

more positive the rating of the police.

B. Sex: Analysis reveals that while males tend to be more

critical of police than females, that these differences are

inconsistent and few are statistically significant. Gender,

therefore, does not appear to be a strong predictor of attitudes

towards the police.

C. Ethnicity: Comparison of ethnic variation in evaluations of

the police produced some significant differences between ethnic

groups in their attitudes towards the police. However, the

findings indicate that with the exception of consistently

positive evaluation of the police by Eastern and Northern

European respondents, ethnic group ratings varied within and

across community samples. This suggests that ethnicity and

attitudes towards the police are influenced by community context

and that ethnicity-by itself is not a consistent predictor of

attitudes towards the police.

D. Crime Perceptions: The data strongly suggests that there is a

significant link between public perceptions of crime, fear of

crime and attitudes towards the police. Analysis suggests that

fear of crime and perceptions of crime are related and that they

negatively influence attitudes towards the police.

2

. E. Neighbourhood Ties: The findings suggest weak support for the

relationship between measures of neighbourhood ties and attitudes

towards the police. However, there was some evidence that the

more financial and personal ties to one's own neighbourhood, the

more one is likely to rate police positively.

F. Victimization: Analysis of victim and non-victim responses

indicate that crime victims are more likely than non-victims to

both see police-community relations as negative and see a need to

improve police services. In addition, crime victims are more

likely to see crime as increasing in their own neighbourhood than

non-victims.

G. Multiple Variable Analysis: In order to examine the combined

effect of multiple variables on respondent attitudes towards

police, the data was analyzed using a statistical technique known

as CHAID (Chi-Square Automated Interaction Detection). This

allows the identification of key characteristics which are

associated with both positive or negative evaluations of the

police. The following, lists the key variables which differen-

tiate the respondent sub-groups with the "most and least favorab-

le" responses to various questions on the police. For example,

in Metro Toronto 91% of the respondents who are over 35 and have

a low fear of crime rate police-community relations favorably,

while 80% of those respondents who are under 25 and have a high

fear of crime rate police-community relations unfavorably.

3

1

1 1 1

1 1

PROPORTION RATING POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS 'FAVORABLY'

MOST FAVORABLE GROUP LEAST FAVORABLE GROUP

METRO (91%) METRO (20%) -age: over 34 -age: under 25 -low fear of crime -high fear of crime

PARKDALE (70%) PARKDALE (28%) -age: over 34 -age: under 35 -perception of low crime rate -high fear of crime

-perception of high crime rate

JANE-FINCH (76%) JANE-FINCH (21%) -age: over 34 -perception of high crime rate -perception of low crime rate -high fear of crime

PROPORTION RATING POLICE ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS 'FAVORABLY'

4

1 MOST FAVORABLE GROUP LEAST FAVORABLE GROUP

METRO (87%) METRO (32%) -age: over 34 -age: under 35 -lived over 3 years in -perception of high crime rate neighbourhood -high fear of crime -low fear of crime -lived in neighbourhood over

10 years

PARKDALE (87%) PARKDALE (32%) -age: over 34 -age: under 35 -lived over 3 years in -perception of high crime rate neighbourhood -high fear of crime -low fear of crime -lived in neighbourhood over

10 years

JANE-FINCH (83%) JANE-FINCH (28%) -age: over 24 -age: under 25 -ethnicity: British, North and -no contact with police East European during past year -non-victim -ethnicity: British, North

and East European

INTRODUCTION

Until recently, most large urban communities in Canada were

policed in a relatively standard manner. The amalgamation of

neighbourhood sub stations, the movement from foot beats to car

districts, and the centralization of police command and ad-

ministration insured that urban areas received efficient, equi-

table and relatively uniform police services. However, while

increasing the administratative efficiency of police operations,

there is now a growing recognition that because policing problems

and crime concerns of urban residents are varied and situated at

the neighbourhood level, police services need to be decentralized

and focused on community or nelghbourhood specific problems.

The recent movement towards "community-based" policing in

urban police departments has reinforced the importance of

community level information as a basis for developing local

policing strategies and policies. Recognizing that communities

or neighbourhoods vary on a number of social, economic, demograp-

hic, and cultural dimensions and that these differences have an

identifiable impact on crime, opportunities for crime and public

perceptions has broadened the focus of modern policing beyond

standardized, reactive policing. Thus, by adopting a "neighbour-

hood" approach to policing it has made it vital for police

agencies to become more knowledgeable about unique community

characteristics, public perceptions and concerns of the various

neighbourhoods they police. The collection and analysis of

5

information relevant to aspects of a community's crime and order

problems, enables police to develop in consultation with resi-

dents a more appropriate mix of policing strategies capable of

addressing the specific needs of particular groups, neighbour-

hoods or communities.

Since 1982, the Metropolitan Toronto Police Force has been

involved in the development and implementation of zone based

community policing. Emphasizing decentralized police planning

and operations, and the development of district or zone based

community policing initiatives, the Toronto model encourages a

flexible and planned approach to policing different neighbour-

hoods. In order to develop a comprehensive and representative

information base on selected policing districts, the Toronto

Police Force and Research Division of the Ministry of the

Solicitor General of Canada, agreed to conduct a survey of

residents' perceptions, experiences, and attitudes regarding

crime, order and policing problems in two selected policing

districts. The results of this survey are being used as a basis

for informing the planning and delivery of police services in

those neighbourhoods and as a basis for stimulating community

dialogue and involvement in the development of cooperative

community based policing strategies.

The preliminary results of the 1985 survey were published in

a 1986 report entitled Metropolitan Toronto Community Policing

6

Survey: Working Paper No. 1 (Murphy and de Verteuil, 1986). This

report provides a detailed analysis of survey responses in two

selected Metro neighbourhoods and the whole of Toronto. The

second report entitled, Metropolitan Toronto Community Policing:

Survey Working Paper No. 2: Measurement of Victimization (de

Verteuil, 1987), focuses on the methodological limitations and

implications of the victimization data gathered in the survey.

Working Paper No. 3 presents the findings of the survey in

response to a series to questions regarding police and policing

in Metro Toronto. The data are analyzed at the individual

respondent level by looking at the impact of demographic and

social characteristics such as age, sex, ethnicity, neighbourhood

characteristics, homeownership, mobility, residential stability,

and perceptual indicators - such as fear of crime and perception

of neighbourhood crime rates - on various dependent variables

related to police performance and police-community relations.

Responses are reported for all three sample groups. This allows

for more detailed community analysis, and permits the salience of

individual variables to be evaluated across the three sample

groupings.

It is hoped that the findings of this report will allow both

the police and neighbourhood residents to use this information to

provide a basis for informed community-police dialogue and

further support the development of community based policing

initiatives in Metro Toronto.

7

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Metropolitan Toronto is Canada's largest city with a

population base of approximately 2.2 million people (Hurtig,

1985), and is the capital of the province of Ontario. Toronto is

located in southern Ontario on the north shore of Lake Ontario.

Two urban neighbourhoods within Toronto were selected as sample

or target communities for the survey and subsequent community

policing development. Each of the two neighbourhoods, Parkdale

and Jane-Finch were identified by the Metropolitan Toronto Police

as having persistent policing problems requiring distinctive

service strategies.

The Jane-Finch comMunity is located in the North West sector

of Toronto and is characterized by a high density of public

housing, various ethnic and racial groups, a relatively transient

population, and a higher than average number of young people.

This community has experienced inter-group tensions and a higher

than average crime rate.

Parkdale is an older community with mixed commercial and

residential use located in the south west area of Toronto. It is

characterized by a higher than average proportion of elderly

residents, various ethnic and racial groups and both long term

established families and a transient rooming house population. A

high proportion of mental health outpatients also live in the

area as a result of recent deinstitutionalization policies.

8

METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS

A comprehensive questionnaire was jointly developed and

tested by the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada and by

the Metro Toronto Police in order to capture distinctive com-

munity attitudes, experiences, perceptions and expectations

regarding various community and policing issues (see User Report

No. 1, Murphy and de Verteuil, 1986).

Interviews were conducted by telephone by Consumer Contact

Ltd. Three separate random samples were drawn for the study, one

from each target community, and a third "control" sample repre-

senting city-wide Metro Toronto. The samples were generated by

random selection of telephone numbers of households in each area.

Within each contacted household, a respondent was chosen accord-

ing to a formula which allowed for the determination of a

representative cross section of the actual composition of each

neighbourhood. The final sample sizes achieved were 466 in Metro

Toronto, 458 in Parkdale and 441 in Jane-Finch. Sample sizes of

this magnitude enable responses to a dichotomous variable to be

accurate to within 5% or a 95% confidence interval.

Where appropriate, the significance of the differences in

the distribution is also presented - significant levels of .05 or

better are denoted by one asterisk (*)•

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POLICE AND POLICING INDICATORS

The focus the analysis concentrates on the responses to

questions regarding public attitudes towards the police. The

questions addressed the following indicators: 1). public

perception of police community relations; 2). perception of the

need to improve police services in one's own neighbourhood; and

3). evaluation of police performance on the following:

(i) how well the police enforce the laws;

(ii) promptness in answering calls;

(iii) approachability of the police;

(iv) police delivery of crime 'prevention information to the

public.

The following analysis simply presents the findings with

appropriate tables. There has been a limited attempt to address

on the policy or policing implications of the findings. The

development and identification of appropriate policing strategies

must take into account not only the survey findings, but also the

in-depth knowledge of these neighbourhoods possessed by the

police and the community, the program resources available to the

police and the level of citizen support for community-based

policing strategies.

AGE AND ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE

Studies of citizen attitudes toward the police consistently

demonstrate that the age of the respondent has a significant

impact on their attitudes. Most surveys reveal that older

respondents tend to have more positive view of the police than

younger respondents. Garofalo's (1976) comprehensive U.S. study

of citizen attitudes towards the police found that older residen-

ts rated the police more favorably than younger residents (15-25)

on a variety of questions. These results have been substantiated

by other studies using various indicators of attitudes towards

police (Hadar and Snortum,1975; Smith,1984; Flanagan,

1985; Gomme,1986).

In Canada, a study by Koenig (1980) of British Columbia

residents, found a similar relationship between age and police

ratings. Brillon's (1984) study of Canadian attitudes towards

police found that respondents under the age of thirty-one were

the age group most inclined to be critical of the police.

In order to examine the relationship between age and respon-

dents' assessment of police in Toronto, an analysis of the

responses to three questions regarding attitudes toward police

were analyzed in relation to age variation.

1 1

1. Age and Perception of Police Community Relations

Residents were asked to rate their perception of police

community relations in their own neighbourhood. While perception

of police-community relations cannot assumed to be solely an

indication of attitudes towards police, it does provide an

assessment of police-community interaction. The distribution of

responses in each neighbourhood sample by four age grouping is

displayed in table I.

TABLE I. PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS BY AGE

UNDER 25 25 TO 34 35 TO 54 OVER 54

METRO*

EXCEL/GOOD 49% (49) 64% (74) 82% (96) 89% (59) FAIR-POOR 51% (51) 42% (42) 18% (21) 11% ( 7)

TOTAL 100%(100) 100% (116) 100% (117) 100% (66)

PARKDALE

EXCEL/GOOD 44% (44) 55% (70) 63% (64) 69% (42) FAIR-POOR 56% (55) 45% (57) 37% (37) 31% (19)

TOTAL 100% (99) 100% (127) 100% (101) 100% (61)

JANE-FINCH*

EXCEL/GOOD 41% (66) 44% (46) 52% (51) 66% (19) FAIR-POOR 59% (96) 56% (58) 48% (47) 34% (10)

TOTAL 100%(162) 100% (104) 100% (98) 100% (29)

Denotes statistical significance at the p<.05 level

The general finding from table one supports clearly the

hypothesized relationship between age and positive assessment of

police. In all three community samples, positive ratings of

police community relations increase with each successive age

group. The contrast is particularly evident when the responses

for the under 25 age group are compared to the responses of the

54 and over age group. The differences for each of the three

sample groups were found to be statistically significant (p<.05).

Of particular note are the age related variations in the

Metro sample, where 52% of those under 25, compared to 10% of the

over 54 group, said police-community relations are fair or poor.

Respondents under 25 are more likely to give similar poor or fair

ratings irrespective of the neighbourhood sample. This suggests

that, in general, youth and negative perceptions of police-

community relations are consistent despite neighbourhood dif-

ferences.

2. Age and Rating of Police Performance

Respondents of all four sample groups were asked to rate

(good, average, poor) police performance on four routine police

functions. The responses are summarized in table II.

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1 1

1

1 1

1

14

TABLE II. PROPORTION RATING POLICE PERFORMANCE 'FAVORABLY' BY AGE1

UNDER 24 25 TO 34 35 TO 54 OVER 54

POLICE ENFORCING THE LAW

METRO * 60% (59) 71% (85) 77% (95) 82% (62) PARKDALE 57% (58) 61% (84) 71% (75) 70% (49) JANE-FINCH* 46% (74) 62% (71) 70% (66) 88% (30)

POLICE PROMPTNESS

METRO * 58% (49) 72% (74) 77% (91) 82% (60) PARKDALE 55% (48) 58% (67) 73% (69) 68% (45) JANE-FINCH * 51% (70) 62% (58) 72% (62) 89% (24)

POLICE APPROACHABILITY

METRO* 66% (61) 73% (82) 84% (97) 86% (61) PARKDALE 70% (68) 72% (95) 73% (77) 74% (53) JANE-FINCH * 56% (81) 72% (75) 74% (67) 85% (29)


1 Table II only displays 'good' responses

The pattern of responses displayed in table II illustrates

clearly the impact of age on ratings of police performance. On

all three task areas (with the exception of Parkdale), the older

the age grouping the more positive the rating of police perfor-

mance.

Of particular interest, is that variation between age groups

is more dramatic in the general Metro sample than in the two

neighbourhood samples. This is in part explained by the sig-

1

I I I I I I I I 1

nificantly lower ratings accorded police performance in these two

neighbourhoods by all age groups. However, the pattern of

variation within these communities remains consistent with the

general age rating hypothesis.

3. Age and Need for Improvement in Police Services

Table III displays the responses by age grouping to a question

regarding the need for improvement in police services.

TABLE III. NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT IN POLICE SERVICES BY AGE

15

I I

UNDER 24 25 TO 34 35 TO 54 OVER 54

METRO

YES 33% (34) 42% (55) 38% (51) 21% (18) NO 67% (70) 58% (77) 62% (85) 79% (65)

TOTAL 100% (104) 100% (132) 100% (136) 100% (83)

PARKDALE

YES 35% (37) 42% (62) 41% (46) 32% (25) NO 65% (70) 58% (88) 59% (66) 68% (53)

TOTAL 100% (107) 100% (150) 100% (112) 100% (78)

JANE-FINCH

YES 30% (50) 31% (39) 41% (43) 17% (6) NO 70% (117) 69% (86) 59% (63) 83% (29)

TOTAL 100% (167) 100% (125) 100% (106) 100% (35)

* Denotes statistical significance at the p<.05 level

I

16

The results in Table III are inconsistent and not statisti-

cally significant. However, the over 54 age group is the least

likely to see a need for improvement in police services in all

three samples.

CONCLUSION

The results of our analysis provide mixed support for the

findings of other studies of age variation and citizen attitudes

towards the police. In general, the older the age grouping the

more positive the evaluation of the police. These findings were

consistent for all three indicators of public attitudes to police

and in most cases the differences were statistically significant.

17

SEX AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE

Surveys which have examined the impact of sexual identity on

attitudes toward the police have concluded that sex based

variation is not a powerful predictor of attitudes towards the

police. Winfree and Griffiths' (1971) study of adolescent

attitudes toward the police, and Campbell and Schuman's (1972)

research on inter-racial perceptions of police found that sex

accounted for very little attitude variation. In addition,

Garofalo's (1977) research found no significant differences

between males and female respondents in their evaluation of

police performance. However, a Canadian study by Kleih et.al .

(1977) which examined public experiences with the police dis-

covered that males tended to be less satisfied with police

performance than females.

In order to facilitate analysis of the Toronto data with

regard to the relationship between gender and respondent evalua-

tion of the police, survey responses to the three questions used

as indicators of citizen attitudes toward the police, were

analyzed by sexual identity.

18

1. Gender Variation in Perception of Police Community

Relations

Table IV reflects the distribution of responses regarding

police community relations in each neighbourhood sample by

gender.

TABLE IV. PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS BY GENDER

MALE FEMALE

METRO

EXCEL/GOOD 71% (134) 69% (149) FAIR-POOR 29% (56) 31% (67)

TOTAL 100% (190) 100% (216)

PARKDALE


TOTAL 100% (212) 100% (182)

JANE-FINCH


TOTAL 100% (204) 100% (194)

The results from table IV indicate that in Metro and

Parkdale, male respondents were slightly more positively inclined

in their perception of police community relations than females.

Only in Jane-Finch, did females view police community relations

more positively than the male respondents. These differences

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

were not statistically significant at the .05 level.

2. Gender Rating of Police Performance

Table V represents a summary of the results of the responses

of the three indicators which were used to measure respondents'

ratings of police performance in all three sample areas (table

only displays 'good' responses).

TABLE V. PROPORTION RATING POLICE PERFORMANCE 'FAVORABLY' BY GENDER

METRO PARKDALE JANE-FINCH

POLICE ENFORCING THE LAW

MALE 67% (130) 65% (147) 53%(112) * FEMALE 75% (174) 65% (127) 66%(131) *

POLICE PROMPTNESS

MALE 70% (120) 61% (120) 62% (114) FEMALE 76% (159) 66% (114) 62% (102)

POLICE APPROACHABILITY

MALE 74% (131) 70% (152) 62% (121) FEMALE 82% (175) 74% (149) 72% (133)


Table V indicates that in our survey, males generally rated

police performance in all three neighbourhoods less favorably

than female respondents. However, statistically significant

gender variation was discovered only in the Jane -Finch sample

19

(p<.05), where male respondents in rated police performance on

enforcing the law significantly lower than female respondents.

3. PERCEIVED NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT IN POLICE SERVICES BY

GENDER

Analysis of male and female responses regarding perceptions

of police need to improve services, is summarized in table VI.

TABLE VI. PERCEPTIONS OF NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE SERVICES BY GENDER

NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE

MALE FEMALE

METRO*

YES 42% (87) 29% (74) NO 58% (122) 71% (182)

TOTAL 100% (209) 100% (256)

PARKDALE

YES 37% (90) 39% (83) NO 63% (153) 61% (130)

TOTAL 100% (243) 100% (213)

JANE-FINCH

MALE 35% (79) 29% (62) FEMALE 65% (145) 71% (154)

TOTAL 100% (224) 100% (216)

20


Table VI illustrates that more male than female

respondents in Metro and Jane-Finch indicate a need to improve

police services. This difference was statistically significant

only for Metropolitan Toronto sample where 42% of the males as

opposed to only 29% of the females said that the local police

needed to improve their services.

CONCLUSION

The results of our survey analysis suggest that overall,

males tend to have slightly less favorable attitudes towards the

police than females. However, the lack of consistent statisti-

cal significance indicates that sex based variation is not a

strong predictor of citizen attitudes towards police. The

findings are consistent with the results of both Canadian (Kleih

et.a1.1977), and American survey research (Garofalo,1977).

21

22

ETHNICITY AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE POLICE

The city of Toronto is characterized by a rich mixture

of different ethnic and cultural groups. Citizens of these

ethnic communities have for a variety of reasons often located in

distinct neighbourhoods throughout Toronto. Given their dif-

ferent historical and cultural backgrounds and experiences with

crime and police it was hypothesized that ethnic affiliation may

have an impact on individual attitudes and perceptions of local

police.

Previous studies have looked at both race and ethnicity as a

predictor of attitudes towards the police. The majority of U.S.

studies have focused primarily on the issue of race and compared

black and white attitudes towards police. These studies indicate

significant differences between black and white attitudes towards

police, with blacks generally holding less favorable attitudes

than whites (Skogan & Maxfield,1981; Skogan,1979; Garofalo,1977;

Hyman & Thomas,1977; Campbell & Schuman,1972).

In Canada, ethnicity rather than race has been the focus of

most empirical studies. Koenig (1974) in a study of British

Columbian residents discovered that while the police were

generally favorably evaluated, certain ethnic minorities (such

as native peoples, French Canadians, and Chinese Canadians) were

more likely than the rest of the population to hold unfavorable

23

opinions of the police. Skoog and Boldt (1980), in a comparative

study of native and white attitudes toward the police, concluded

that ethnicity seems to be a consequential "intervening variable

in the relationship between socio-economic status and attitudes

toward the police." Brillon's (1984) inter-regional study

revealed significant differences between French Canadians (23%

not satisfied with the police), and English Canadians or other

ethnic minorities (where only 10% and 11% percent respectively

held similar views).

In order to examine the relationship and impact of neigh-

bourhood ethnic variation on attitudes towards police in Toronto,

responses to the three police attitude indicators were analyzed

according to the ethnic . category indicated by the respondent

during the interview. The results of this analysis are indi-

cated below. As ethnic composition varies in the three survey

samples, analysis of the data will focus on neighbourhood

ethnicity and attitudes toward the police.

1. Metro: Ethnicity and Attitudes and Perceptions of Police

An analysis of the response data in Metro and consideration

of adequate sample representation identified the following ethnic

groups as statistically most prevalent in the Metro sample:

Caribbean, East Indian, Anglo-Celtic, Italian, North and East

European. The responses to all three indicators of attitudes

1 24

towards police were analyzed in relation to these ethnic group-

ing.

GRAPH I: PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS BY ETHNICITY: METRO

11Graph I indicates significant variation (p<01) between

ethnic groups and rating of police community relations. The

groups that are most likely to perceive police community rela-

tions as excellent or good are those of Anglo-Saxon, North and

East European and Caribbean ethnic origins while those of East

Indian or Italian background were more likely to say fair or

poor.

When asked to rate police performance on three basic task

areas, ethnic variations remained consistent and significant as

indicated in Table VII (Table only displays 'good job' respon-

' ses).

TABLE VII. RATING POLICE PERFORMANCE 'FAVORABLY' BY ETHNICITY:METRO

CARIB. E.INDIAN ANGLO- ITALIAN N.& E.

CELTIC EUROPEAN

POLICE ENFORCING THE LAWS * 64%(14) 60% (6) 74%(181) 54%(22) 82%(36)

POLICE PROMPTNESS * 59%(13) 50% (5) 80%(169) 55%(21) 87%(34)

POLICE APPROACH- ABILITY * 85%(17) 73% (6) 82%(186) 58%(23) 87%(33)


1 1 1

a 1

1 1 1

1

1 1

Table VII indicates that once again respondents of European,

Anglo-Celtic and Caribbean origin tend to evaluate police

performance more positively than Italian or East Indian respon-

dents. These differences were statistically significant.

Finally, Metro respondents were asked about the need for

improvement in public services. Table VIII displays the results

of this question.

TABLE VIII. PERCEPTIONS OF NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE SERVICES BY ETHNICITY: METRO


YES NO TOTAL

CARIBBEAN 72% (18) 28% (7) 100% (25)

EAST INDIAN 58% (7) 42% (5) 100% (12)

ANGLO-CELTIC 67% (174) 33% (84) 100%(258)

ITALIAN 52% (23) 48% (21) 100% (44)

NORTH & EAST EUROPEAN 67% (32) 33% (16) 100% (48)

Table VIII does not.support the previous pattern of ethnic

affiliation and public ratings. The findings indicate that in

response to this question it the Caribbean and Anglo-Celtic

respondents who are significantly more likely to indicate a need

for improvement than Italian, East Indian, and North and East

Europeans. These differences were statistically significant

(p<.001).

26

-0m FAIR/POOR

MI EXCELLENT/ GOOD

› 38m -0m FAIR/POOR

MI EXCELLENT/ GOOD

FAIR/POOR

MI EXCELLENT/ GOOD

per,ln

tilt

CELTIC EUROPEAN

27

2. Parkdale: Ethnicity and Attitudes and Perceptions of

Police

Analysis of the Parkdale sample produces the following

selected ethnic groupings: Caribbean, South-East Asian, Anglo-

Celtic, Portuguese, and North and East Europeans. The responses

to the three indicators of attitudes towards police were analyzed

in relation to respondent ethnic grouping. Graph II represents

ethnic perceptions of police community relations.

GRAPH II: PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS BY ETHNICITY: PAREDALE

100

90 -

80 -

P 70 - E R 68 - C E 50 -

N 40 - T

30 -

20

10 -

0 CARIBBEAN S E ASIAN ANGLO- PORTUGUESENORTH&EAST

ETHNIC ORIGIN

1

1 1

1

28

Graph II illustrates that while there is some ethnic

variation regarding perceptions of police community relations in

Parkdale it is not as strong as the Metro sample. The group

registering the most negative perception of police-community

relations in Parkdale were South-East Asian respondents.

This same pattern is duplicated in table IX when respondents

rated police performance on the three basic indicators (table

only displays 'good responses).

TABLE IX. RATING POLICE PERFORMANCE 'FAVORABLY' BY ETHNICITY: PARKDALE

CARIB. SE ASIAN ANGLO- PORTU- N&EAST CELTIC GUESE EUROPEAN

POLICE ENFORCING THE LAWS * 85%(23) 50%(13) 64%(139) 64%(30) 68%(52)

POLICE PROMPTNESS * 83%(19) 57%(12) 63%(116) 61%(27) 61%(43)

POLICE APPROACH- ABILITY 80%(20) 71%(17) 72%(149) 74%(36) 71%(55)


1 Of particular interest is the relatively low rating on two

indicators of police performance by South-East Asian respondents

compared to other ethnic groups (p<.05).

1

1

The Parkdale pattern of low ethnic based variation with

regard to attitudes and perception of police is reflected in

table X when the Parkdale sample was asked to evaluate whether

there was a need to improve local police services.

TABLE X. PERCEPTIONS OF NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE SERVICES BY ETHNICITY: PARKDALE


YES NO TOTAL

CARIBBEAN 28% (8) 72% (20) 100% (28)

S.E. ASIAN 33% (10) 67% (20) 100% (30)

ANGLO-CELTIC 40% (92) 60% (135) 100%(227)

PORTUGUESE 30% (16) 70% (37) 100% (53)

NORTH & EAST EUROPEAN 38% (32) 62% (52) 100% (84)

Of interest is the relatively high percentage of Anglo-

Celtic (40%), and North and East European (38%) respondents who

indicated a need to improve police services despite their

relatively positive responses on the two previous indicators.

Despite their relative negative perceptions on previous in-

dicators, 66% of the South-East Asian respondents saw "no need"

to improve police services in Parkdale.

29

30

3. Jane-Finch: Ethnicity and Attitudes and Perceptions of

Police

Analysis of the Jane-Finch respondents produced the follow-

ing ethnic groupings as most representative of its overall ethnic

composition: Caribbean, East Indian, Anglo-Celtic, Italian, and

North and East European. The results of the responses to the

three indicators of perceptions and attitudes towards the police

were analyzed with respect

to this ethnic breakdown.

Graph III represents the ethnic based variation with regard

to respondents perception of police community relations.

1

GRAPH III: PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS BY ETHNICITY: JANE-FINCH

1

1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 s 1 1

Graph III indicates that Caribbean and East Indians were

more likely than Anglo-Celtic, Italian, and North and East

Europeans to rate police community relations as being poor or

fair. These sample differences were not statistically sig-

nificant overall.

The three questions relating to respondents ratings of

police performance produced varied results. Table XI (only 'good'

and 'excellent' responses are displayed).

TABLE XI. RATING POLICE PERFORMANCE 'FAVORABLY' BY ETHNICITY: JANE-FINCH

CARIB. E.INDIAN ANGLO- ITALIAN N. & E. CELTIC EUROPEAN

POLICE ENFORCING THE LAWS 65% (54) 60% (12) 63%(79) 49%(35) 77% (23)

POLICE PROMPTNESS 62% (45) 81% (13) 62%(63) 57%(36) 72% (18)

POLICE APPROACH- ABILITY 65% (52) 70% (14) 66%(79) 71%(46) 77% (20)

Table XI clearly indicates that North and East Europeans

respondents consistently rated the police higher than all other

ethnic groups. In addition, Italian respondents, just as in the

Metro sample were the most critical of police performance. Other

ethnic respondents did not display significant variation.

31

1

1 When asked to assess whether the police needed to improve

their services to the public, ethnic respondent variation on this

question was more pronounced than on the other indicators of

attitudes towards the police. Table XII presents the responses

to this question by ethnic grouping.

TABLE XII. PERCEPTION OF NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE SERVICES: JANE FINCH


'LES NO TOTAL

CARIBBEAN 30% (27) 70% (63) 100% (90)

EAST INDIAN 43% (10) 57% (13) 100% (23)

ANGLO-CELTIC 28% (37) 72% (95) 100%(132)

ITALIAN 43% (33) 57% (43) 100% (76)

NORTH AND EAST EUROPEAN 25% (8) 75% (24) 100% (32)

Analysis of the results indicate, once again, that East

Indian and Italian respondents are more likely than North and

East European, Anglo-Celtic, and Caribbean respondents to

indicate a need for police improvement. The ethnic differences

in response to this question are statistically significant at the

p<.05 level.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of the Toronto data indicates that ethnicity does

appear to have an impact on attitudes and perception of police.

Certain ethnic groups in specific neighbourhoods consistently

appear to view the police either more positively or negatively

than other ethnic groups. For example, East and North Europeans,

irrespective of neighbourhood, gave consistently more positive

ratings of police while East Indian and Caribbean and Italian

residents tended to express more critical opinions, but this

varied by neighbourhood. Despite inter-group variations, the

majority of all ethnic groups expressed more positive than

negative attitudes towards the police.

33

PERCEPTION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD CRIME, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS

POLICE

Residents' perception of their own neighbourhood's crime

rates were examined in relation to their overall attitudes

towards the police. The literature on crime and public at-

titudes tend to view both of these variables as unrelated

(Biderman et.al .,1967; Koenig,1974; Hyman and Thomas,1977).

However, it could be hypothesized that if residents perceived

crime increasing or that crime was particularly high in their own

neighbourhood, this could negatively affect their views or

attitudes towards the police.

Respondent perceptions of neighbourhood crime rates were

sorted according to their response to a question on their rating

of crime in their own neighbourhood (high, medium, and low), and

their evaluations of police performance, police-community

relations, and need for improvement. The following tables (XIII,

XIV, and XV) display the results of the analysis.

34

35

TABLE XIII. PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS AND PERCEPTION OF AMOUNT OF CRIME IN ONE'S OWN NEIGHBOURHOOD

AMOUNT OF CRIME IN NEIGHBOURHOOD

HIGH AVERAGE LOW

METRO*

EXCEL/GOOD 53% (19) 67% (79) 74% (180) FAIR-POOR 47% (17) 33% (39) 26% (63)

TOTAL 100% (36) 100% (118) 100% (243)

PARKDALE*


TOTAL 100% (97) 100% (170) 100% (105)

JANE-FINCH *


TOTAL 100% (100) 100% (187) 100% (78)


Table XIII indicates that there is a significant relation-

ship between crime perception and attitudes toward police. Those

who see crime as being high in the neighbourhood tend to have a

more negative perception of police community relations; those

who see crime as average or low in their neighbourhood tend to

view police community relations more favorably (p<.01).

36

1

1 1

1

1 1 1

• TABLE XIV. POLICE PERFORMANCE AND PERCEPTION OF AMOUNT OF CRIME IN ONE'S OWN NEIGHBOURHOOD

POLICE AMOUNT OF CRIME IN NEIGHBOURHOOD ENFORCING THE LAW HIGH AVERAGE LOW

METRO

GOOD JOB 62% (23) 68% (86) 75%(190) AVE. JOB 30% (11) 29% (36) 22% (55) POOR JOB 8% (3) 3% (4) 3% (9)

TOTAL 100% (37) 100% (126) 100%(254)

PARKDALE*

GOOD JOB 55% (58) 64% (118) 75% (80) AVE. JOB 39% (41) 34% (63) 25% (27) POOR JOB 6% (6) 2% (4) 0% (0)

TOTAL 100% (105) 100% (185) 100%(107)

JANE-FINCH

GOOD JOB 49% (51) 62% (119) 64% (52) AVE. JOB 40% (42) 34% (64) 29% (23) POOR JOB 11% (11) 4% (8) 7% (6)

TOTAL 100% (104) 100% (191) 100% (81)


It is clear from table XIV that the hypothesized relation-

ship between respondent perception of amount of crime in the

neighbourhood and rating police performance is further validated.

In other words, those who see crime as being low in their own

neighbourhood also tend to rate police performance more positive-

ly than those who view crime as being high in their neighbour-

hood. This relationship was statistically significant in

Parkdale (p<.01).

37

Table V displays the responses to the question regarding the

need to improve police services when measured against amount of

crime perceived in the respondents neighbourhood.

TABLE XV. NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE AND AMOUNT OF CRIME IN ONE'S OWN NEIGHBOURHOOD

NEED TO IMPROVE AMOUNT OF CRIME IN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICE

HIGH AVERAGE LOW

METRO*

YES 56% (23) 40% (54) 30% (82) NO 44% (18) 60% (83) 70% (192)

TOTAL 100% (41) 100% (137) 100%(274)

PARKDALE*

YES 53% (59) 38% (73) 30% (35) NO 47% (53) 62% (120) 70% (83)

TOTAL 100% (112) 100% (193) 100% (118)

JANE-FINCH*

YES 44% (47) 28% (56) 28% (25) NO 56% (60) 72% (142) 72% (66)

TOTAL 100% (107) 100% (198) 100% (91)


Table XV indicates that the more residents perceive crime to

be high in their neigbourhood, the more likely they are to

indicate a need to improve police services.

38

1. Neighbourhood Crime Trends and Attitudes Towards the

Police

The link between perception of crime and attitudes towards

the police was further examined by analyzing results from a

question concerning residents perceptions of the crime trend in

the past year or two in their neighbourhood. The answers were

analyzed in relation to the three indicators of attitudes towards

the police (perception of police community relations, evaluating

police performance, and evaluating the need to improve police s

ervices).

A relationship between crime perception and police perfor-

mance was statistically significant only in the Metro sample

(p<.01). Respondents who said that crime had remained the same

or decreased tended to rate the police higher on all the three

indicators of police performance (enforcing the law, promptness,

and approachability) than those who saw neighbourhood crime as

increasing (p<01).

Analysis of respondents perception of crime trends and their

assessment whether the police needed to improve their service was

more pronounced in Jane-Finch and Metro samples. As illustrated

in Table XVI.

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

TABLE XVI. PERCEPTIONS OF NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE AND PERCEPTION OF THE DIRECTION OF CRIME TREND DURING THE LAST TWO YEARS

NEED TO IMPROVE DIRECTION OF CRIME POLICE

INCREASED SAME DECREASED

METRO*

YES 51% (54) 32% (83) 31% (9) NO 49% (52) 68% (185) 69% (19) TOTAL 100% (106) 100% (268) 100% (28)

PARKDALE

YES 46% (58) 56% (77) 36% (16) NO 54% (69) 44% (134) 64% (19) TOTAL 100% (127) 100% (211) 100% (35)

JANE-FINCH*

YES 43% (41) 38% (51) 26% (27) NO 57% (55) 62% (146) 74% (46) TOTAL 100% (96) 100% (197) 100% (73)


Table XVI generally supports the hypothesized relationship

between perceptions of increasing crime and the need to improve

police services.

2. FEAR OF CRIME

One's fear of crime may be linked to perceptions of the rate

of neighbourhood crime and the perceived risk of personal

victimization. Being afraid to walk in one's own neighbourhood

at night, is used in various studies as a measure of individual

fear of crime. For example, the Canadian Urban Victimization

Survey (Canada, 1985a, 1985b) used this measure in the largest

39

1

and most comprehensive victimization survey ever conducted in

Canada. To.assess whether fear of crime is associated with

public attitudes towards the police, analysis was conducted by

comparing those who indicated they felt safe to those who felt

unsafe. The following findings reveal that fear of crime along

with perceptions of crime and crime rate trends, are negatively

correlated with positive attitudes towards the police.

The responses to the three questions on attitudes and

perceptions of police were used in the analysis in order to see

whether the respondents level of crime fear affects their

assessment of the police. Table XVII illustrates the relation

between fear of crime and perception of police community rela-

tions.

40

41

• TABLE XVII. FEAR OF CRIME AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

PERCEPTION OF HOW SAFE DURING THE NIGHT POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS SAFE UNSAFE

METRO*

EXCEL/GOOD 74% (220) 57% (60) FAIR-POOR 26% (77) 43% (45) TOTAL 100% (297) 100% (105)

PARKDALE

EXCEL/GOOD 62% (138) 48% (80) FAIR-POOR 38% (83) 52% (85) TOTAL 100% (221) 100% (165)

JANE-FINCH*

EXCEL/GOOD 48% (103) 43.5% FAIR-POOR 52% (110) 56.5% TOTAL 100% (213) 100% (177)


It is quite clear when examining table XVII that the

respondents who are afraid to be out at night tend to view police

community relations more negatively than those who feel safe.

This variation is statistically significant in Metro and Parkdale

at the p<.001, and p<.01 level respectively. Although the Jane-

Finch variation is not statistically significant, the direction

and pattern of responses are similar.

With regard to the other two indicators of attitudes and

perceptions of police, i.e. rating police performance and

assessing the need to improve police services, the variation

1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1

42

between those that respondents who felt 'safe' and 'unsafe' are

not statistically significant nor consistently followed the

predicted pattern.

3. Crime Trend and Fear of Crime

A similar hypothesis that perceptions of increasing crime in

one's neighbourhood is related to fear of crime, was tested, and

the results are displayed in tables XVIII, and XIX.

TABLE XVIII. FEAR OF CRIME AND PERCEPTION OF DIRECTION OF THE DIRECTION OF CRIME TREND DURING THE LAST TWO YEARS

HOW SAFE DURING THE NIGHT CRIME TREND

SAFE UNSAFE

METRO*

INCREASED 22% (66) 38% (39) SAME 69% (204) 59% (60) DECREASED 9% (25) 3% (3)% TOTAL 100% (295) 100% (102)

PARKDALE*

INCREASED 28% (57) 43% (69) SAME 60% (122) 51% (82) DECREASED 12% (24) 6% (10) TOTAL 100% (203) 100% (161)

JANE-FINCH*

INCREASED 17% (34) 39% (61) SAME 60% (120) 45% (72) DECREASED 23% (46) 16% (26) TOTAL 100% (200) 100% (159)


1

TABLE XIX. FEAR OF CRIME AND PERCEPTION OF AMOUNT OF CRIME IN ONE'S OWN NEIGHBOURHOOD

HOW SAFE DURING THE NIGHT AMOUNT OF CRIME

SAFE UNSAFE

METRO*

HIGH 6% (21) 17% (20) AVERAGE 28% (90) 38% (46) LOW 66% (215) 45% (54)

TOTAL 100% (326) 100% (120)

PARKDALE*

HIGH 19% (46) 36% (64) AVERAGE 46% (108) 48% (84) LOW 35% (82) 16% (29)

TOTAL 100% (236) 100% (177)

JANE-FINCH*

HIGH 19% (39) 37% (66) AVERAGE 55% (117) 45% (80) LOW 26% (56) 18% (31)

TOTAL 100% (211) 100% (177)


As expected, Tables XVIII and XIX very clearly demonstrate

that there is a strong interrelationship between fear of crime,

perception of crime trends and amount of crime in one's own

neighbourhood. Respondents who feel unsafe walking in their own

neighbourhood at night are more likely to say that crime is on

the increase and that the amount of crime in their neighbourhood

is high, than those who feel safe at night. In all three

neighbourhoods, the relationships between fear of crime and

44

perceptions of crime in one's own neighbourhood are statistically

significant.

CONCLUSION

Contrary to most studies of public perception of crime and

attitudes towards police, the previous analysis suggests there is

strong relationship between public perceptions and fear of crime

and attitudes towards police.

The results of this analysis strongly support the linkage

between perceptions of crime, fear of crime and attitudes towards

police. Collectively, the findings of this survey suggest that

the more citizens see crime as high in their neighbourhood,

perceive it to be increasing, and are afraid to walk at night,

the more negatively they will tend to rate police community

relations, police performance and see a need for improvement in

police services. While these findings do not suggest necessarily

that the public blame the police for high crime rates, it does

indicate that, they view the police as having some responsibility

for controlling crime in their neighbourhood, and that fear of

crime and perceptions of crime do have a negative impact on their

attitudes towards the police in general.

45

NEIGHBOURHOOD TIES AND ATTITUDES TO POLICE

The concept of neighbourhood implies a degree of personal

commitment to the area in which one lives. The degree to which a

person is tied to a particular neighbourhood is expressed in

various ways such as length of residence in a neighbourhood,

whether one owns a home or rents and whether one plans to move to

another neighbourhood in the near future (Skogan & Maxfield,

1982). These three indicators of financial and social ties to

one's neighbourhood can be viewed as a positive expression of

commitment and confidence in neighbourhood and may give an

individual a more personal stake in maintaining the quality of

life in that neighbourhood.

Various studies of public attitudes towards police have

attempted to examine the relationship between social integration,

social ties and neighbourhood satisfaction with attitudes towards

police. Brillon's (1984) research found a clear link between

social integration and satisfaction with police. Studies by

Hartnagel (1979) and Toseland's (1982), on fear of crime,

indicate that low social integration tends to produce a reduced

sense of personal security and fear of victimization. Personal

insecurity creates a more critical perception of crime and a more

critical attitude towards the local police.

Skogan and Maxfield's (1982) research on individual and

neighbourhood reactions to crime concluded that social ties have

46

a strong impact on fear of crime. The authors created a

composite index which included home ownership, length of time a

respondent had resided in the neighbourhood, and whether the

respondents planned to move within a year. All three factors

were found to be related to fear of crime, as well as age and

income.

In summary, it appears that the residents who have financial

and social ties to the neighbourhood in which they live will tend

to have more positive attitudes towards the police than more

transient, less committed residents. In order to examine the

impact of neighbourhood ties on attitudes towards the police,

analysis of mobility, length of time of residence in a neighbour-

hood, and home ownership was conducted with the following

results.

1. Mobility and Attitudes to Police

Analysis of respondents who indicated they would move or not

move within the next year revealed that in all three neighbour-

hoods "movers" are more likely to view police community relations

as fair or poor (see table XX). The differences were most

pronounced in the Metro sample (p<.001) where 39% of the movers

see police community relations as either fair or poor as compared

to only 27% for the non-movers. Significant results were also

obtained in Jane-Finch (p<.001) where 62% of movers as opposed to

1

only 47% of non-movers rated police community relations as fair

or poor. In addition, statistically significant differences

between movers and non-movers were obtained in Jane-Finch (p<.01)

on rating police performance in the enforcement of laws, 50% of

movers saying the police do an average job as opposed to only 33%

of the non-movers.

TABLE XX. MOBILITY AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

POLICE COMMUNITY MOVE WITHIN A YEAR RELATIONS

WILL MOVE WILL NOT MOVE

METRO*


TOTAL 100% (113) 100% (293)

PARKDALE


TOTAL 100% (151) 100% (241)

JANE-FINCH*


TOTAL 100% (171) 100% (225)


47

48

2. Home ownership and Attitudes Towards the Police

Analysis of home ownership reveals that renters tend to

perceive police community relations more negatively than home

owners in all three sample neighbourhoods. This variation,

however, did not prove to be statistically significant at the

.05 level.

Analysis of renters and non-renters' ratings of police

performance and the perceived need for improving local police

services did not yield any notable variation between homeowners

and tenants.

3. Length of Time In Neighbourhood

In order to examine the hypothesized relationship

between the length of time a respondent had lived in a neighbour-

hood and attitudes and perceptions of police, the respondents

were sub-divided into three groups, short-term (under four

years), middle-term (four to nine years), and long-term residents

(over nine years in the same neighbourhood). Table XXI il-

lustrates the results between length of time in a neighbourhood

and perception of police community relations.

49

TABLE XXI. LENGTH OF TIME IN NEIGHBOURHOOD AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

POLICE LENGTH OF TIME IN NEIGHBOURHOOD(YEARS) COMMUNITY RELATIONS UNDER 4 4 TO 9 OVER 9

METRO*


TOTAL 100% (102) 100% (96) 100% (168)

PARKDALE*


TOTAL 100% (110) 100% (93) 100% (139)

JANE-FINCH


TOTAL 100% (109) 100% (132) 100% (120)


Analysis of the hypothesized relationship clearly indicate

that long-term residents tend to view police community relations

more favorably than short-term residents in all three sample

neighbourhoods (statistically significant in Parkdale at the

p<.05 level). Of particular interest is the Jane-Finch sample in

which the majority of the short-term resident group (60%) felt

that police community relations were either poor or fair.

50

Similar analysis of ratings of police performance and the

need for improvement with the length of time in neighbourhood did

not produce consistent or statistically significant variability

in all three neighbourhoods.

4. Neighbourhood Ties Index

Mobility, home ownership, and number of years respondents

had lived in a neighbourhood were combined to develop a composite

index called 'neighbourhood ties'. Based on the level of

mobility, home ownership, and length of time in a neighbourhood,

a dichotomous variable was created to classify respondents

neighbourhood ties in terms of either 'weak' or 'strong'.

Evaluations of police community relations were analyzed in

relation to strength in neighbourhood ties. The results are

displayed in table XXII.

1

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

TABLE XXII. NEIGHBOURHOOD TIES AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

POLICE NEIGHBOURHOOD TIES COMMUNITY RELATIONS WEAK STRONG

METRO*


TOTAL 100% (229) 100% (177)

PARKDALE


TOTAL 100% (293) 100% (101)

JANE-FINCH*


TOTAL 100% (285) 100% (113)


The results of the analysis indicates a consistent and

significant relationship between a respondent's neighbourhood

ties and perception of police community relations. Respondents

with strong neighbourhood ties tend to have a more positive view

of police-community relations than those with weak neighbourhood

ties.

Although the variability between neighbourhood ties and

perception of police community relations were significant, this

52

relationship did not persist using indicators which measure

police performance, or the need to improve police services.

There was no discernible response pattern in all three neighbour-

hood samples which would suggest that the level of respondent's

social integration or ties had a strong effect on ratings of

police effectiveness.

CONCLUSION

The previous findings provide modest support for the

hypothesized relationship between neighbourhood ties and at-

titudes towards the police. Mobility or whether one plans to

move from the neighbourhood appears to be the strongest predictor

of attitudes towards the police. The lack of strong support for

the owner versus renter hypothesis may be in part explained by

the assumption that owners are distinguishable from renters as a

social group with distinctly different policing attitudes. Given

the mix of housing and the expense of home ownership in urban

Toronto, this assumption would appear to be questionable.

Nevertheless the general trend of the data support the generaliz-

ation that those with strongest neighbourhood ties tend to have

more positive and less critical attitudes towards the police.

53

VICTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE POLICE

Various research studies have explicitly examined how

victimization affects perception of the police. Teske et.al .

(1982) in a study of Texan public opinion discovered that while

victims rated the police favorably on professionalism and

courteousness respectively, less than half were satisfied with

the overall job done by the police. Crime witnesses showed a

similar tendency to rate police officer positively generally, but

expressed dissatisfaction with police handling of their par-

ticular case. A study by Poister and McDavid (1978) done in

Harrisburg Pennsylvania revealed that victim satisfaction with

police performance was lower than non-victims. Similar results

were obtained by Brillon (1984) in a study of Canadian residents

in which victims were more likely to be dissatisfied with police

performance than non-victims. Also, the Canadian Urban Vic-

timization Survey discovered that although most victims rated the

police positively, female victims were more likely than others to

rate overall police performance as poor (Canada, 1985a).

To examine the relationship between victimization and

attitudes towards the police this study examines the following

questions: first, do crime victims perceive police community

relations and police performance more negatively than non-

victims; second, do more victims than non-victims tend to believe

police need to improve their services; and last, does victimiza-

54

tion affects one's perception of the crime trend in one's own

neighbourhood?

For the purposes of the analysis, a dichotomous variable was

created which categorized respondents as either 'victims' or

'non-victims'. Victimization refers to any type of criminal

offence suffered by the respondents during 1985.

Table XXIII examines the first part of the hypothesis, i.e.

the relationship between victimization and perception of police

community relations.

TABLE XXIII. VICTIMIZATION AND PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS VICTIM NON-VICTIM

METRO


TOTAL 100% (103) 100% (303)

PARKDALE


TOTAL 100% (122) 100% (272)

JANE-FINCH


TOTAL 100% (110) 100% (288)

I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I

Although variations between the victim and non-victim

ratings were not statistically significant, in all three sample

neighbourhoods, the data supports the hypothesized relationship,

victims are more likely to view police community relations

negatively than non-victims. Further analysis of the victimiza-

tion data confirms the proposition that victims also have the

propensity to be more critical of police performance than non-

victims; however, the relationship was not statistically sig-

nificant at the .05 level.

The impact of victimization was also tested with measured

respondents' perceived need for police improvement. Table XXIV

represents the results of this analysis.

TABLE XXIV. VICTIMIZATION AND PERCEIVED NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE SERVICES

NEED TO IMPROVE POLICE VICTIM NON-VICTIM

METRO*

YES 47% (53) 31% (108) NO 53% (60) 69% (244) TOTAL 100% (113) 100% (352)

PARKDALE*

YES 51% (72) 32% (101) NO 49% (67) 68% (216) TOTAL 100% (139) 100% (317)

JANE-FINCH*

YES 42% (51) 28% (90) NO 58% (69) 72% (230) TOTAL 100% (120) 100% (320)

* Denotes statistical significance at the p<.05 level

55

I 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table XXIV indicates that in all three neighbourhoods there

was statistically significant variation between the victims and

non-victims and the need to improve police services (Metro and

Parkdale p<.001; Jane-Finch p<.01). These findings strongly

support the hypothesis that victimization tends to make one more

critical of police services.

Table XXV examines the results of the relationship between

victimization and perception of the direction of crime trend in

one's own neighbourhood during the last two years.

TABLE XXV. VICTIMIZATION AND PERCEPTION OF DIRECTION OF CRIME DURING THE LAST TWO YEARS.

DIRECTION OF CRIME VICTIM NON-VICTIM

METRO*

INCREASED 42.9% 21.1% SAME 51.0% 71.7% DECREASED 1.5% 5.5%

PARKDALE*


JANE-FINCH



56

1

The results clearly indicate that respondents' perception of

crime in their community is influenced by the victimization

experience. Thus, personal experience as a crime victim makes it

more likely that respondents will also perceive that crime has

increased in their neighbourhood.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of the results suggests that victimization general-

ly has a negative effect on victim's perception and attitudes

towards the police. It also appears that victimization is linked

with crime victims sense that crime is on the increase in their

neighbourhood. These findings suggest that one of the negative

consequences of criminal victimization is an increased awareness

of crime in one's neighbourhood and more critical attitudes

towards the police.

57

58

MULTI-VARIABLE ANALYSIS OF KEY RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS

IN DETERMINING ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE POLICE

This section of the report is based on a multi-variable

examination of police community relations and public evaluation

of local police performance in the three sample neighbourhoods

and presents five classification trees. The aim of the analysis

is to identify different population sub-groups in terms of their

positive or negative attitudes towards police. Sub-groups are

distinguished by a unique combination of predictor variables

which allows the researcher to predict important relationships

between independent and dependeht variables (see the Appendix,

page 70).

The identification of key sub-groups or sub-samples in the

larger survey data set, who have significantly different percep-

tion and attitudes towards the police helps to refine broad

generalizations about community attitudes. More precise consumer

or client information allows for more informed development and

targeting of police information programs and consultative

procedures. For example, it is clear from the following TREE

analysis that many younger respondents tend to have negative

attitudes towards the police. However, these attitudes are

specific to young respondents who perceive their neighbourhood as

having a high crime rate, have lived less than three years in a

community, are under 35, and have a high fear of crime. This

kind of analysis suggests that it is a combination of individual

and neighbourhood characteristics that determine respondent

replies to questions about police and policing not just their

age. Analysis has focused on both favorable and unfavorable

perceptions of policing as the dependent variable. Thus,

findings are reported in terms of the "most likely" or "least

likely" to indicate a favorable or unfavorable response to

various questions regarding policing.

1. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTION OF POLICE COMMUNITY

RELATIONS

Summary tables I, II, and III presents the tree analysis of

neighbourhood respondents perception of police community rela-

tions in all three sample neighbourhoods (the minimal level of

significance for all splits within the "tree" is p<.05, and for

reasons of clarity, only the "favorable" proportion of responses

are shown).

59

JANE-FINCH

47% n=185

PARKDALE

57% n=223

METRO

70% n=283

AGE-OVER 34

85% n=155

AGE-UNDER 35

57% n=128

LOW FEAR OF CRIME

65% n=107

HIGH FEAR OF CRIME

82% n=105

LOW FEAR OF CRIME*

91% n=50

SUMMARY TABLE I PROPORTION RATING POLICE COMMUNITY

RELATIONS FAVORABLY:METRO

PARENT GROUP

58% n=691

j HIGH FEAR OF CRIME

36% n=21

AGE-UNDER 25**

20% n=6

AGE-25 TO 34

52% n=15

* MOST FAVORABLE GROUP * * MOST UNFAVORABLE GROUP

ETHNICITY OTHERS 55% n=36

ETHNICITY BRIT. N.& E. EUROPEAN

72% n=71

JANE-FINCH

47% n=185

PARKDALE

57% n=223

METRO

70% n=283

AGE-OVER 34

65% n=106

AGE-UNDER 35

50% n=117

SUMMARY TABLE II PROPORTION RATING POLICE COMMUNITY

RELATIONS FAVORABLY: PARKDALE

PARENT GROUP

58% n=691

HIGH FEAR OF CRIME LOW FEAR OF CRIME

HIGH AMOUNT OF CRIME

50% n=19

LOW AMOUNT OF CRIME* 60% n=84 35% n=33

70% n=87

HIGH AMOUNT OF CRIME**

28% n=21

EAST INDIAN

40% n=11

LOW AMOUNT OF CRIME

60% n=12

OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS

73% n=73

* MOST FAVORABLE GROUP ** MOST UNFAVORABLE GROUP

JANE-FINCH

47% n=185

PARKDALE

57% n=223

METRO

70% n=283

LIVED UNDER 3 YEARS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD

35% n=39

LIVED OVER 3 YEARS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD 49% n=106

AGE-UNDER 35

34% n=28

AGE-OVER 34

37% n=11

AGE-UNDER 55

48% n=90

AGE-OVER 54

63% n=16

ETHNICITY EAST INDIAN 40% n=26

HIGH FEAR OF CRIME**

21% n=8

LOW FEAR OF CRIME

45% n=20

ETHNICITY OTHERS

52% n=64

SUMMARY TABLE III PROPORTION RATING POLICE COMMUNITY

RELATIONS FAVORABLY: JANE-FINCH

PARENT GROUP

58% n=691


44% n=141


63

In analyzing the Metro sample (Summary Table I), it was

discovered that the respondents most likely to rate community

relations most favorably, were those over the age of thirty-four

and had a low fear of crime. Of interest is the fact that the

Anglo-Celtic, and North and East European respondents perceived

police community relations less critically than other ethnic

groups. Conversely, the group most critical of police community

relations, were those respondents who were under the age of

twenty-four, and indicate high crime fear.

Analysis of police community relations in Parkdale (Summary

Table II), reveals that he most.favorable group is composed of

those over the age of thirty-four, who perceive crime as being

low in their neighbourhood, and are married. The group most

likely to express a negative opinion of the police is under

thirty-five years of age, exhibits a high fear of crime, and

perceives the amount of crime in their neighbourhood to be high.

Of particular interest is that young East Indian respondents,

despite a low fear of crime, held a more critical view of police

community relations than other ethnic groups.

Summary Table III illustrates that, in Jane-Finch, the first

"best" predictor of police community relations is the respon-

dents' perception of the perceived amount of crime in one's own

neighbourhood rather than age variability as in the Metro and

Parkdale samples. Consequently, the most favorable group of

64

police community relations represents respondents who perceive

the amount of crime as being low in their neighbourhood and are

over the age of thirty-four. The least positive group, on the

other hand, is distinguished by their belief that crime is high

in their neighbourhood, have lived under three years in Jane-

Finch, are under the age of thirty-five, and have a high fear of

crime. In addition, similarly to Parkdale, East Indians perceive

police community relations more negatively than the other ethnic

groups characterized by the saine predictor variables.

2. TREE ANALYSIS OF RATINGS OF POLICE PERFORMANCE IN ENFORCING

THE LAWS

Summary tables IV and V represents the tree analysis of

respondents' evaluation of Metro police performance in enforcing

the laws. Similar to the tree analysis of respondents' percep-

tion of police community relations, only the 'favorable' respon-

ses are displayed in table IV and V. However, when analyzing

respondents' ratings of police performance and controlling for

neighbourhood, tree analysis segmented by grouping the Metro and

Parkdale respondents together, and Jane-Finch separately. Thus,

indicating that methodologically the Metro and Parkdale samples,

with regard to evaluation of police performance, varied insig-

nificantly and therefore can be pooled and analyzed together.

JANE-FINCH

57% n=226

METRO, PARKDALE

65% n.521

AGE-UNDER 35 AGE-OVER 34

60% n=271 73% n=250


54% n=140

LORI AMOUNT OF CRIME

67% n=131

LIVED URGER 3 YEARS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD

60% n=47

LIVED OVER 3 YEARS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD 76% n=203

HIGH FEAR OF CRIME LOW FEAR OF CRIME*

87% n=54

NO CONTACT WITH POLICE SURINS PAST YEAR

71% n=29

CONTACT WITH POLICE DURING THE PAST YEAR

49% n=18

HIGH FEAR OF CRIME

73% n=149

MALES

66% n=58

FEMALES

78% n=91


77% n=78

NOT MARRIED

81% n=57

MARRIED

66% n=21

ETHNICITY OTHERS

57% n.53

HIGH FEAR OF CRIME

48% n=13

LOW FEAR OF CRIME

82% n=14

LOW FEAR OF CRIME

61% n=90

AGE-UNDER 25

49% n=26

AGE-OVER 24

67% n=64

45% n=50

LIVED UNDER 10 YEARS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD

48% n=42

LIVED OVER 10 YEARS IN NEIGHBOURHOOD**

32% n=8

• MOST FAVORABLE GROUP ** MOST UNFAVORABLE GROUP ,

SUMMARY TABLE IV PROPORTION RATING POLICE ENFONCEMENT OF

LAWS FAVORABLY: METRO AND PARKDALE

PARENT GROUP

62% n.747

im ma um mu mu ma mu um ma' mu ma ma ma 1.1 am mul

METRO, PARKDALE

65% n=521

JANE-FINCH

57% n=226

AGE-OVER 24

64% n=152

AGE-UNDER 25

46% n=74

ETHNICITY OTHERS

45% n=33

RISING CRIME TREND

41% n=12

CONSTANT/DECREASING CRIME TREND 62% n=43

NON-VICTIM*

83% n=57

VICTIM

63% n=19

SUMMARY TABLE V PROPORTION RATING POLICE ENFORCEMENT OF

THE LAWS FAVORABLY: JANE-FINCH

PARENT GROUP

62% n=747

NO CONTACT WITH POLICE DURING PAST YEAR

40% n=42

CONTACT WITH POLICE DURING THE PAST YEAR

57% n=32

ETHNICITY OTHERS

56% n=76


77% n=76

ETHNICITY BRIT. N.& E. EUROPEAN**

28% n=9


In the pooled Metro and Parkdale (Summary Table IV) samples

the sub-group with the most positive attitudes towards police

performance is characterized as being over the age of thirty-

four, having lived over three years in their neighbourhood, and

having a low fear of crime. The most statistically significant

least positive sub-group is under the age of thirty-five,

perceives crime to be high in its neighbourhood, is afraid of

crime, and has lived in its neighbourhood for over ten years.

Summary Table V indicates that in Jane-Finch the respondent

sub-group which rates police performance highest is: first, over

twenty-four years old; second, is of British, or Northern and

East European background; and third, had not been victimized

during the previous year. The most critical group, however, is

characterized by being: first, under the age of twenty-five;

second, had no contact with the police during the past year; and

third, is of British, or Northern and East European background.

The fact that those of British or Northern and East European

background were in both the "most favorable" and "least favorab-

le" sub-groups, points to the fact that in Jane-Finch age is a

more powerful predictor of respondent evaluations of police

performance than ethnicity.

67

CONCLUSION

The results of multi-variable analysis of the data suggest

68

that citizen attitudes towards the police can vary significantly

across different neighbourhoods in the same city. More impor-

tantly, public attitudes towards the police can vary across sub-

groups within the same neighbourhood. The most common predictive

characteristics that distinguish respondent sub-groups from the

rest of the sample, appears to be age, fear of crime, perception

of crime, crime trends in one's own neighbourhood, ethnicity,

victimization, police contact, and the number of years one has

lived in the same neighbourhood.

Generally, it appears the individual sub-group which holds

the most negative attitudes towards the police are young people

(under thirty-five), who are afraid of crime and perceive that

crime is high in their neighbourhood. The group with the most

favorable opinion of the police are older respondents (over

thirty-four) who are not afraid of crime. However, even older

respondents, who fear crime, or perceive crime to be high in

their neighbourhood, tend to be more critical of police-community

relations and police performance. Therefore, one can conclude

that public attitudes towards the police are strongly influenced

not only by the standard socio-demographic variables (such as

age, ethnicity, neighbourhood, etc.), but also by crime related

perceptive factors such as fear of crime, amount of crime and

crime trend in one's own neighbourhood. This finding suggests

that the perceived level of crime and crime fear has definite

negative effect on some residents perception of police.

69

CONCLUSION

The previous analysis of survey respondents to questions

regarding attitudes and perceptions of police in Toronto further

develops the community level findings presented in Report No. 1.

Just as community or neighbourhood level analysis reveals

important variations between neighbourhoods on various crime and

policing problems, analysis of individual citizen attitudes

towards the police has revealed how important individual or group

differences within a neighbourhood have an impact on attitudes

towards the police. This kind of information is important

because public perception and attitudes towards local police are

a good predictor of possible citizen cooperation, support and

involvement in community policing efforts. By refining our

understanding of how certain experiences such as victimization,

fear of crime, and group affiliation (e.g. ethnicity) affect

attitudes towards the police, it is possible for police and

community to direct community or policing strategies more

effectively. Analysis of the inter-relationship between various

social and demographic factors which influence attitudes and

perceptions also adds to our understanding of the complex nature

of modern community and its varied policing problems.

70

APPENDIX

The statistical technique employed in the analysis is based

on CHAID (Chi-Square Automated Interaction Detection - Kass,

1980) by a new automatic data analysis software called TEASE 1 In

this type of statistical analysis every independent variable is

crosstabulatated with the dependent variable. The variable with

the highest chi-square significance level is selected first and

is split into mutually exclusive sub-groups. The same procedure

is applied to the new sub-groups segmenting the data further

until the splits are no longer statistically significant.

However, unlike other statistical techniques, such as Multiple

Regression, Discriminant Analysis, or ANOVA, CHAID makes minimal

statistical assumptions (e.g. linearity or normal sample dis-

tribution with constant variance). This makes CHAID a more

appropriate statistical technique for the analysis of categorical

data where the observations are not from populations that are

normally distributed with a constant variance. Therefore,

allowing the identification of sub-groups and complex interactive

effects with categorical data that other techniques, such as

Multiple Regression or ANOVA, often miss.

1 KnowledgeWorks Research Systems Ltd., 57 Stevenson Av., Ottawa,

Ont.

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IF TErT IS A CONTINUATION OF OR AN AMENDMENT TO A PREVIOUS TRANSLATION, ENTER ORIGINAL REQUEST NUMBER AND DATE SUBMITTED. SIL S'AGIT D'UNE MOOW1CATION OU DE LA SUITE D'UNE TRADUCTION ANTÉRIEURE, INSCRIRE LE NUMEBO ET Lit DATE DE CETTE DEMANDE.

&marte ln target language shoym in Box 18 Résumer dans Is langue d'arrivée de le Ceee 18

Date I ta D-J

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Amidon — Révision II

Position title — Titre du poste ISignature

Director, ResearchkCrl- I certffy that this text hue nOt been Prmiousfy tranalehml according to Ciel Je certifie que ce texte n'a pea dei été traduit dnctsr

flerrii of departmentai abrarian (Print)

I Nom du bibliothécaire du ministère (Lettres moulées)

FOR TRANSLATION COORDINATOR USE ONLY — RÉSERVÉ AU COORDONNATEUR DE LA TRADUCTION 24. TYPE OF DOCUMENT — NATURE DU DOCUMENT 27. REMAFIKS — OBSERVATIONS

Correscondence 1 e i Agenda or minutes [ 3 I I

Correspondence 0„. du jour ou compte rendu

H1 Circuler or directive Circulaire ou directive H ' I Gituale ou manuei

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28. This request complies Wiltl pcicy Report 1 5 [ Other (Specify in Box 27) Cette demande est conforme à la pcattique

1 1 I I Rapport Autre (Préciser à la Case 27) Coorcinator name (Prit) — Nom du coordonnateur (Lettres moulées) I

25. Date received — Reçue le 28. PSORITY — monsit Y• A hl D•J

I I I I I I I I I aU i i J a• 1:61 SIGNATURE ›

FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE USE ONLY — RÉSERVÉ AU SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT

DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE - eseirle•F mi a,. ester a.,

soLGEN CANADA LIB/9111

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