handbook on electricity meters - asia-pacific economic

Handbook on

Electricity Meters

APEC/APLMF Training Courses in Legal Metrology (CTI 10/2005T)

February 28 - March 3, 2006 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

APEC Secretariat

35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616. Tel: +65-6775-6012, Fax: +65-6775-6013 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org

APLMF Secretariat

AIST Tsukuba Central 3-9 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan Tel: +81-29-861-4362, Fax: +81-29-861-4393 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.aplmf.org

© 2006 APEC Secretariat APEC# 206-CT-03.3 ISBN 4-9903094-0-5 June 2006

Asia-Pacific

Legal Metrology Forum

Contents

1 Foreword 1

2 Summary Report 3

3 Agenda 5

4 Participants List ........................................................................................................... 9

5 Lecture 5.1 Introduction to the Training Course on Electricity Meters...................................... 11 Electricity Distribution Systems .............................................................................. 13 Sine Wave and Phasor (Vector) Concepts............................................................... 14 Electricity Metering Circuits ................................................................................... 19

Single Phase Load Analysis Single Phase 2-Wire Load ....................................................................................... 34 Single Phase 2-Wire Service ................................................................................... 36 Single Phase 3-Wire Service ................................................................................... 37

Polyphase Load Analysis Polyphase Phasors ................................................................................................... 40 3 Phase 4 Wire Wye Service ................................................................................... 42 3 Phase 3-Wire Wye Delta Service ......................................................................... 43

Measurement Concepts 4 Quadrant Measurement......................................................................................... 46 Watts hours (Wh)..................................................................................................... 47 Reactive Volt-Ampere hours (VARh) ..................................................................... 49 Volt-Ampere hours (VAh)....................................................................................... 51

Demand Measurement ............................................................................................. 53 Volt-Ampere Demand Measurement....................................................................... 61

Basic Induction Meters Motor Section .......................................................................................................... 65 Breaking Section...................................................................................................... 67 Gear Train Section................................................................................................... 68

Electronic Metering ................................................................................................. 72 Type Approval of Electricity Meters....................................................................... 84 Verification and Test Method.................................................................................. 89 Reverification Intervals ........................................................................................... 95 In-Service Compliance Programs ............................................................................ 99 Measurement Standards and Test Equipment........................................................ 102 Measurement Dispute Investigations..................................................................... 108

5.2 Overview of the Electricity Meters in Japan Legislation ............................................................................................................. 111 Type Approval ....................................................................................................... 115 Verification ............................................................................................................ 120 Verification Standards ........................................................................................... 126

Overview of International Standards on Electricity Meters .................................. 131

Current Situation of the Revision of OIML Recommendation ............................. 134

6 Reports from the Trainees

6.1 Cambodia (This is a non-APEC economy.) .......................................................... 137

6.2 Chile....................................................................................................................... 139

6.3 People’s Republic of China ................................................................................... 141

6.4 Indonesia................................................................................................................ 144

6.5 Japan ...................................................................................................................... 146

6.6 Lao People’s Democratic Republic (This is a non-APEC economy.)................... 149

6.7 Malaysia................................................................................................................. 153

6.8 Mongolia (This is a non-APEC economy.) ........................................................... 155

6.9 Papua New Guinea ................................................................................................ 158

6.10 Philippines ............................................................................................................. 160

6.11 Chinese Taipei ....................................................................................................... 164

6.12 Thailand ................................................................................................................. 167

6.13 Viet Nam................................................................................................................ 171

Fore word

This booklet is one of outcomes of the APEC Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology titled ‘Training Course on Electricity Meters’ that was held on February 28 - March 3, 2006 at the Rex Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. This training course was the second training course conducted as a follow-up of the first course held in March, 2005 in Hanoi. It was organized by the Asia-Pacific Legal Metrology Forum (APLMF) with a support fund of APEC-TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation) program, CTI-10/2005T. The training course was also supported by (1) Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ), Viet Nam, (2) Measurement Canada, Government of Canada, (3) National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and (4) Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC). Having this result, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the staffs of STAMEQ, two trainers from Measurement Canada and two trainers from JEMIC, and the Working Group on Utility Meters of APLMF chaired by Measurement Canada. Also, special thanks should be extended to the APEC Secretariat for their great contributions.

We have conducted the surveys among the APEC member economies concerning seminar and training programs in legal metrology to find their needs as well as possible resources which would be available for the region. The survey shows that there is still a strong need for repeating training courses on electricity meters that is one of the most essential categories of instruments in legal metrology and is also closely connected to our daily life. In addition, according to the globalization of international trade in worldwide, the compliance to international recommendations related to electricity meters, which are represented by the ISO/IEC 62053 series and the OIML Recommendation R46, is becoming an important issue for the APEC and APLMF member economies.

Main target of this training course was to assist the experts in charge of type approval and/or verification of electricity meters in the APEC / APLMF member economies to learn in depth and to develop common understanding about the verification procedures based on the international standards and OIML recommendations. Thus the target would meet the APEC objective to harmonize metrology legislation within the OIML framework. The contents of the training course were focused on the understandings of basic principle and construction of electricity meters, international or national recommendations related to the electricity meters, and learning of actual test procedures.

In view of these situations, this training course on electricity meters had been planned and completed successfully so as to settle a sure basis of confidence in legal metrology related to the measurement of electric power within the Asia-Pacific region. I would like to say that this

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is certainly the valuable second step to fruitful activities in legal metrology related to electricity meters in the Asia-Pacific region.

I am really pleased to have this outcome from the training course and again deeply appreciate the APEC Secretariat’s generosity in contributing to the development in legal metrology among the APLMF member economies.

June 1, 2006

Dr. Akira Ooiwa

APLMF President

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Summary Report on the Training Course on Electricity Meters

The APEC/APLMF Training Course on Electricity Meters was held in Ho Chi Minh

City, Viet Nam from February 28 to March 3, 2006. The course was attended by 35 participants representing 13 economies including Cambodia, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Chinese Taipei, Thailand and the host economy Viet Nam. The course was organized by the APLMF with support from APEC, the Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ) of Viet Nam, the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), the Japan Electric Meter Inspection Corporation (JEMIC) and Measurement Canada.

While electricity is one of the most commonly used and traded commodities in the world today; the nature of electrical power and energy, the forms in which it is delivered to the consumer, and the methods used in trade measurement are complex and often poorly understood by the general population. In order to develop and maintain mutual confidence in the trade measurement of electricity, APLMF member economies have recognized the need for effective and harmonized legal metrology programs.

The course was designed to provide participants with a greater understanding of the issues and challenges associated with achieving accuracy and equity in the trade measurement of electricity.

Participants came with a variety of technical and legislative expertise. Such benefit as a diverse group provides participants an exposure to legal metrology from different perspectives. While it is beneficial for legislators to understand the significance of the technical aspects of electricity measurement, it is equally important for technical personnel to appreciate the benefits of using national requirements that are in harmony with international standards or policies. The course was structured in a manner that would allow participants with varying levels of technical and legislative expertise to enhance their understanding of electricity measurement from a legal metrology perspective while providing the flexibility to add or expand on content where required to address the training needs of the participants.

At present, the legal requirements for electricity measurement vary significantly between the participating APLMF economies. In order to provide participants with a greater understanding and appreciation of the various policies and practices of other APLMF economies, participants were requested to make a three minute presentation on the current requirements within their respective economies, in relation to nine key questions. This provided a means for establishing the training needs of the individual participants, and also gave them with a greater understanding of the differing practices of other economies.

This was followed by lectures by Mr. Takao Oki, Director, Technical Research Laboratory, and Mr. Masatoshi Tetsuka, Senior Staff of Verification Management Division of the Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC). The lectures presented an overview of the legal requirements for electricity meters in Japan and provided participants with an example of a mature legal metrology program for electricity meters, along with an update on the progression of applicable OIML and IEC documents.

The remainder of the training session was presented by Mr. George Smith and Mr. Paul Rivers, Electricity Specialists for Measurement Canada, which is the government organization responsible for the administration of the legal metrology legislation for Canada. The session covered a broad range of topics applicable to the development of an effective legal metrology program for electricity measurement. Topics included the various single phase and polyphase electricity delivery configurations, energy and power analysis, measurement concepts, various methods for calculating the units of measure, energy and demand measurement options, induction and electronic meters, type approval, meter verification and test methods,

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reverification intervals, in-service compliance programs, meter test equipment, and the dispute investigation process used in the resolution of complaints.

The successful completion of this course is a tribute to all of those involved with organization, presentation and participation in the training. The participants demonstrated their commitment to the training session, often working well into their break periods and after class to gain a greater understanding of the concepts presented. The contributions of the APLMF Executive Secretary, Dr. Tsuyoshi Matsumoto, and Mr. Bui Quy Long, (STAMEQ) are greatly appreciated for the arrangement of such a well organized and productive training session.

Mr. Gilles Vinet Vice President

Measurement Canada

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APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology (CTI-10/2005T)

Training Course on Electricity Meters February 28 - March 3, 2006

at Rex Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Program

Organizers: 1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 2. Asia-Pacific Legal Metrology Forum (APLMF)

Supporting Organizations: 1. Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ) 2. Measurement Canada, Government of Canada 3. National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) 4. Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)

Trainers: 1. Mr. George Smith, Measurement Canada, Government of Canada 2. Mr. Paul Rivers, Measurement Canada, Government of Canada 3. Mr. Takao Oki, Director, Technical Research Laboratory, Japan Electric Meters

Inspection Corporation (JEMIC) 4. Mr. Masatoshi Tetsuka: Senior Staff of Verification Management Division, Japan

Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)

Registration: Fill the attached “Registration Form” and send it to the APLMF secretariat by January 23, 2006.

Visa assistance: If you need visa to enter Vietnam, please fill the attached “Visa Assistance Form” and send it to the host by January 31, 2006. On your request, the host will send an official letter of invitation for visa application.

Venue and Accommodation: Rex Hotel 141 Nguyen Hue, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Tel: (84-8)8292185, Fax: (84-8)8296536 Contact person: Mr. Ho Ngoc Trung, Assistant Director of Sales Email: [email protected] http://www.rexhotelvietnam.com/

Asia–Pacific

Legal Metrology Forum

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The accommodation will be prepared at the Rex Hotel with the rates below. Please use the registration form to reserve a room at the hotel.

Superior: USD60.00/single – USD 70.00/double Deluxe: USD65.00/single – USD 75.00/double Rex Suite: USD80.00/single – USD 90.00/double (Above rates include breakfast, 10%VAT and 5% service charge)

Contact Persons for the Training Course:

1. APLMF Secretariat (registration, travel support and lectures by JEMIC) Tsuyoshi Matsumoto and Ms. Ayako Murata NMIJ/AIST Tsukuba Central 3-9, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan Tel: +81-298-61-4362, Fax: +81-298-61-4393 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

2. Working Group on Utility Meters of APLMF (lectures by Measurement Canada) Mr. Gilles Vinet Vice-President, Program Development Directorate, Measurement Canada Holland Avenue, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C9 Canada Tel: +1-613-941-8918, Fax: +1-613-952-1736 E-mail: [email protected]

3. Host in Vietnam (visa assistance, accommodation and venue) Mr. Bui Quy Long Project Manager, Planning and Cooperation Department, Directorate for Standards & Quality Tran Hung Dao Street, Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: +84-4-7911633, Fax: +84-4-7911605 E-mail: [email protected]

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Final Program*1

Day 1 - Tuesday, February 28

09:30 - 10:00 Opening Ceremony - Welcome Address by the Mr. Dinh Van Tru, Vice Director of QUATEST 3 - Opening Address by the APLMF Executive Secretary - Introductions by the Trainers - Roll Call - Take an Assembled Photo

10:00 - 10:30 Coffee Break 10:30 - 12:00 Overview of the Measurement System and Current Situation about

Electricity Meters in Each Economy Presented by the Trainees*2 12:00 - 13:30 Lunch 13:30 - 14:30 Overview of the Electricity Meters in Japan – Legislation / Type Approval*3 14:30 - 15:00 Coffee Break 15:00 - 16:00 Verification / Verification Standards*3 16:00 - 16:30 Overview of Standards Relative to the Electricity Meters (TC13)*3 16:30 - 17:00 Current Situation of the Revision of OIML Recommendations *3 19:00 - 21:00 Welcome Dinner Invited by APLMF at the Rooftop Garden on the 5th Floor

of Rex Hotel Day 2 - Wednesday March 1

09:00 - 10:20 Introduction to the Training Course on Electricity Meters / Electricity Distribution Systems / Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts / Electrical Metering Circuit *4

10:20 - 10:50 Coffee Break 10:50 - 12:30 Single-Phase and Poly-Phase Load Analysis *4 12:30 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:20 Measurement Concepts / Watt-Hours / Reactive Volt-Ampere Hours and

Volt-Ampere Hours *4 15:20 - 15:50 Coffee Break 15:50 - 17:30 Electricity Metering: Demand Measurement / Volt-Ampere Demand

Measurement / Basic Induction Meters*4 Day 3 - Thursday March 2

09:00 - 09:50 Electronic Metering*4 09:50 - 10:30 Type Approval of Electricity Meters*4 10:30 - 10:50 Coffee Break 10:50 - 12:00 Type Approval of Electricity Meters (continue)*4 12:00 - 13:30 Lunch 13:30 - 17:00 Technical Tour to the Electro Testing Center of Power Company No. 2, 22

bis Phan Dang Luu st., District Phu Nhuan, Ho Chi Minh city

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Day 4 - Friday March 3

09:00 - 09:10 Overview of the Measurement System and Current Situation about Electricity Meters in Papua New Guinea by Mr. Victor Gabi*2

09:10 - 10:20 Electricity Meter Verification and Test Methods / Reverification Intervals / In-service Compliance Programs*4

10:20 - 10:50 Coffee Break 10:50 - 12:30 Electricity Metering: Measurement Standards and Test Equipment

/ Measurement Dispute Investigations*4 12:30 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 14:30 Review / Questions / Answers 14:30 - 14:40 Introduction of NMIJ with Video 14:40 - 14:50 Introduction of JEMIC with Video 14:50 - 15:00 Introduction of APLMF by Dr. Matsumoto 15:00 - 15:50 Coffee Break 15:50 - 16:30 Closing Ceremony

- Give a Certificate to All Trainees - Closing Address by the APLMF Executive Secretary. - Closing Address by the Dr. Ngo Quy Viet, Director General of STAMEQ

17:30 Leave the Hotel for the Farewell Dinner 18:00-20:00 Farewell Dinner Invited by STAMEQ at the Tan Cang Resort, A 100 Ung

Van Khiem, P. 25, Binh Thanh Dist., Ho Chi Minh city

Additional Comments:

*1 This proposed course outline is based on the trainee’s having previous knowledge and experience with Electricity Metering.

*2 This session will be presented by the Trainees A trainee from each economy provides a brief (3 minutes or less) overview of the measurement system and current situation about electricity meters in their economy. For example: - What organization(s) regulate the measurement of electricity in your economy? - What are the legal units of measure for the sale of electricity? - Do electricity meters require approval of type? - What organization performs approval of type testing? - Is meter verification testing required? - What organization performs the meter verification tests? - Are tests performed on meters in service? - Are meters given a reverification interval? (8 years? 12 years?) - Is there as measurement complaint/dispute resolution process?

*3 These lectures will be given by Mr. Takao Oki and Mr. Masatoshi Tetsuka.

*4 These lectures will be given by Mr. George Smith and Mr. Paul Rivers.

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No. Economy Category Name Organization

1 Cambodia Trainee Mr. Setha Mam ILCC, Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

2 Cambodia Trainee Mr. Vanndeth Yin Department of MetrologyMinistry of Industry, Mines and Energy

3 Canada Trainer Mr. Paul Gregory Rivers Measurement Canada, Government of Canada

4 Canada Trainer Mr. George Albert Smith Measurement Canada, Government of Canada

5 Chile Trainee Mr. Cristián Espinosa Superintendencia de Electricidad y CombustiblesGovernment of Chile

6 China, PR Trainee Mr. Qin Tong Liaoning Provincial Institute of Measurement

7 China, PR Trainee Mr. Yang Ming Liaoning Provincial Institute of Measurement

8 Indonesia Trainee Mr. Matheus Hendro Purnomo Directorate of Metrology (DoM)Directorate General for Domestic Trade, Ministry of Trade

9 Japan APLMF Dr. Tsuyoshi Matsumoto Executive Secretary of APLMFNational Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), AIST

10 Japan Trainee Mr. Isamu Namiki Verification Management Division, Technical Research Laboratory,Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)

11 Japan Trainer Mr. Takao Oki Technical Research Laboratory,Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)

12 Japan Trainer Mr. Masatoshi Tetsuka Verification Management Division, Technical Research Laboratory,Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)

13 Lao PDR Trainee Mr. Bounthiam Phimvongsa Sience Technology and Environment Agengy

14 Malaysia Trainee Mr. Norhisam Ismail National Metrology Laboratory, SIRIM Berhad

15 Mongolia Trainee Mrs. Suvd-Erdene Terbish Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology

16 Papua NewGuinea Trainee Mr. Victor Vaporoketo Gabi Papua New Guinea National Institute of Standards and Industrial

Technology (NISIT)

17 Philippines Trainee Mr. Manuel M. Ruiz Industrial Technology Development Institute

18 Philippines Trainee Mrs Linda Nora O. Taleon Electronics and Process Control DivisionIndustrial Technology Development Institute

19 Taipei, Chinese Trainee Mr. Tung-Tuan Wu Taiwan Electric Research & Testing Center (TERTEC)

20 Thailand Trainee Mr. Woravith Wisupakarn North Eastern Verification Center, Internal Trade Department,Ministry of Commerce

21 Viet Nam Host Mr. Bui Quy Long Directorate for Standards & Quality, STAMEQ

22 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Cao Huu Khanh Binh Duong Power Company

23 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Dieu Tuan Power Company N. 3

24 Viet Nam Host Mr. Dinh Van Tru Vice Director, QUATEST3

25 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Huynh Hong Phuong QUATEST 3

26 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Lam Nguyen Hong Buu Power Company No. 2

27 Viet Nam Host Eng. Le Dinh Dan Director, Electric Testing Center, Power Company No. 2

28 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Le Ba Huan CETT Ltd.

Participants List: APEC/APLMF Training Course in Legal Metrology (CTI-10/2005T)Training Course on Electricity Meters

February 28 - March 3, 2006 at Rex Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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29 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Le Viet Hung SYSTEC Vietnam Ltd.

30 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Ly Minh Quan EMIC Ltd.

31 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Mai Duy Ky Power Company N. 2

32 Viet Nam Host Dr. Ngo Quy Viet Director General, Directorate for Standards & Quality (STAMEQ)

33 Viet Nam Host Mr. Nguyen Hung Diep Directorate for Standards & Quality, STAMEQ

34 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Duong Dinh Quy SYSTEC Vietnam Ltd.

35 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Nguyen Anh Triet QUATEST3

36 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Nguyen Dinh Phi EMIC Ltd.

37 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Nguyen Van Thuan Dong Nai Power Company

38 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Nguyen Xuan Quang QUATEST 1

39 Viet Nam Host Mr. Pham Ngoc Tran Directorate for Standards & Quality, STAMEQ

40 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Pham Ba Nam CETT Ltd.

41 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Phan Van Tan Ho Chi Minh city Power Company

42 Viet Nam Host Mr. Phan Minh Hai Director, Training Center, STAMEQ

43 Viet Nam Host Dr. Ton That Kiem Head of Promotion Dept., QUATEST3

44 Viet Nam Host Mr. Tran Quy Giau Directorate for Standards & Quality, STAMEQ

45 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Tran Dinh Chien QUATEST 2

46 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Tran Xuan Quang Power Company N. 2

47 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Trinh Xuan Giao Department for StandardizationMetrology and Quality Control at Ho Chi Minh city

48 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Truong Quoc Huy CETT Ltd.

49 Viet Nam Trainee Mr. Vu Dang Quang Vietnam Metrology Institute

Names are listed in alphabetical order of their economies and last names.

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APEC/APLMF Training Courses in Legal Metrology (CTI-10/2005T)

Training Course on Electricity MetersFebruary 28 to March 3, 2006 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Asia-PacificLegal Metrology Forum

Prepared and presented by: George A. Smith, Measurement Canada Paul G. Rivers, Measurement Canada 2006

Training Courseon

Electricity Meters

Introduction to the

This course is intended to allowparticipants with varying levels of technical and legislative expertise to enhance their understanding of electricity measurement from a legal metrology perspective

Electricity Meters

The purpose of this course is to provide participants with an awareness of issues that may require consideration in your home economies.

Electricity Meters

Metrology, is defined as the "Science of Measurement"

Legal Metrology is intended to ensure the appropriate quality

and credibility of measurements, which can result in

significant benefits to society.

Electricity Meters

Electricity Meters

The measurement of electricityis a complex process.

Achieving accuracy and equityin the trade of electricity

requires an effective system for achieving metrological control,

and a consistent application of the measured quantities.

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Electricity Meters

The process of ensuring accuracy and equity in the trade of electricity requires a common understanding of:

- electricity delivery configurations, - the measurement principles, - the quantities being measured, - the purpose of the measurements, and - how accuracy and equity are achieved

This session is designed to focus on the principles of electricity measurement that are required to more effectively

achieve an acceptable level of accuracy and equity in the trade of electricity.

Electricity Meters

Electricity Meters

Questions?

Comments?

Next: Electricity Distribution Systems

Electricity MetersThis course on Electricity Meters is comprised of the following modules:

1) Introduction to Electricity Metering 2) Electricity Metering Circuits 3) Single Phase & Polyphase Load Analysis 4) Measurement Concepts 5) Demand Measurement 6) Volt-Ampere Demand Measurement 7) Basic Induction Meter 8) Electronic Metering 9) Type Approval of Electricity Meters 10) Verification & Test Methods 11) Reverification Intervals 12) In-Service Compliance Programs 13) Measurement Standards & Test Equipment

14) Measurement Dispute Investigations

There are a number of waysto measure electricity.

Measurement accuracywill not necessarily result in equity

if the accurate measurements are used in an inappropriate or inconsistent

manner.

Electricity Meters

12

Electricity DistributionSystems

Electricity Distribution Systems

The transmission and distribution of alternating current electricity typically ranges from 100 volts for residential

consumers to 500,000 volts or greater for transmission lines.

The frequency is usually 50 or 60 hertz, or cycles per second, but other

frequencies are sometimes used.


Electricity Measurement Points: Generation plants High voltage transmission lines Transmission interchange sites Distribution substations Industrial operations Commercial operations Apartment complexes Urban residential services Rural services


Distribution Systems may deliverelectricity using the followingservice configurations:

Single Phase 2-wire Single Phase 3-wire Polyphase 3-wire Network Polyphase 3-wire Delta Polyphase 4-wire Delta Polyphase 4-wire Wye


Single Phase 2-wire:A common residential service in many parts of the world which provides a single voltage, usually 100 to 240 volts

Single Phase 3-wire:A common residential service in North America which provides 2 voltages, 120 volts and 240 volts


Polyphase 3-wire Network: Common in apartment buildings where it provides 120 volts and 208 volts.

Polyphase 3-wire Delta:Generally used in industrial operations or for a single polyphase motor load such as water pumping station.

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Polyphase 4-wire Delta:Sometimes used in supplying electricity to sparsely populated rural areas.

It is an economical way of providing a combination of a single phase 3-wire service and a limited supply of polyphase power.


Polyphase 4-wire Wye:Commonly used for industrial and commercial operations.

It is widely used for electricity distribution systems, where it is transformed to other suitable service configurations.


During this session the electricity metering for these various service

types will be examined.


Questions?

Comments?

Next: Sine Wave and Phasor (Vector) Concepts

Sine Wave andPhasor (Vector) Concepts

Electrical power in alternating current systems can be visually represented in

different ways, including the use of sine waves and phasors.

The type of circuit evaluation required will determine the method used.

Sine Wave and Phasor Concepts

14

Sine waves are useful for illustrating the quality of the alternating current and

voltage wave forms, including the effects of harmonic distortion.

Phasors (vectors) are useful in determining how an electricity meter will respond in calculating electrical power

and energy.


Much of this course will involve the visual representation of electricity

within metering circuits.

This portion of the session is intended to ensure a common understanding of

the methods used.


360 degrees

Voltage

= 1 Cycle


Time = 1/60 second (60 hertz system)

+ Volts

- Volts

0 Volts

Voltage

Current

Voltage and Current "in phase"shown as true (pure) sine waves


Voltage

Current

Current as a true sine wave Current shown with distortion

The load may cause distortion in both the current and voltage wave forms.

Distortion may cause excessive conductor heating, voltage drops, and line losses


Voltage

Current

Voltage and Current are in phase


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60 degree lag

Voltage

Current

Voltage and Current are in phase Current lags voltage by 60 degrees

(inductive load)


60 degree lag

Voltage

Current


Voltage

Phasor representation


60 degree lag

Voltage

Current


VoltageCurrent



60 degree lag

Voltage

Current


Voltage VoltageCurrent



60 degree lag

60 degree lag

Voltage

Current


Voltage VoltageCurrent

Current



The relationship between the phasors can be used to determine:- Phase angle - in degrees lead or lag- Active power - in Watts (W)- Reactive power - in Reactive Volt-Amperes (VARs)- Apparent power - in Volt-Amperes (VA)- Power factor - as a ratio or percent

This can be demonstrated using the circuit from the previous example

Phasors used inPower Calculations

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Current

The relationship between the phasors can be used to calculate Watts:

Watts (W)

Watts (W)

Active power (Watts) is comprised of the portion of the current which is in phase with the voltage (the "in phase component")

Voltage


Current

Watts (W)

Reactive VA (VARs)

Reactive power (VARs) is comprised of the portion of the current which is90 degrees out of phase with the voltage

Reactive VA (VARs)

Voltage

The relationship between the phasors can be used to calculate Reactive Volt-amperes:


Current

Watts (W)

Reactive VA (Vars)(VA)

Volt-amperes

Apparent power (VA) is comprised of the total current, without regard to phase angle.

Volt-amperes(VA)

Voltage

The relationship between the phasors can be used to calculate Volt-amperes:


60 degree lag

Voltage

Current

Reactive VA (VARs)(VA)

Volt-amperes

The value of any quantity can be determined using:1) any other two values, or2) one other value and the phase angle

Watts (W)

The relationship between the phasors can be used to calculate values using the Power Triangle


Power Meters

Watt (W) meter:Measures active electrical power, normally displayed as kW.

Reactive Volt-Ampere (VAR) meter: Measures reactive electrical power, normally displayed as kVAR.

Volt-Ampere (VA) meter Measures apparent electrical power, normally displayed as kVA.

Energy Meters

Watt hour (Wh) meter:Measures active electrical energy, integrating active powerwith respect to time, normally displayed as kWh.

VAR hour (VARh) meter: Measures reactive electrical energy, integrating reactive power with respect to time, normally displayed as kVARh.

VA hour (VAh) meter Measures apparent electrical energy, integrating apparent power with respect to time, normally displayed as kVAh.

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Electrical Power and Energy

Power - the rate of energy output or transfer

Energy - capacity to do work - integration of power over time

The methods for calculation of these values will be covered in more detail later in the course.

Questions?

Comments?


18

Electricity Metering Circuits


1 Phase Metering

Various methods are used to supply and measure1 Phase (Single Phase) electricity


1 Phase Metering

1 Phase (single phase) supply methods: 1 Phase 2-Wire supply, 1 Phase 3-Wire supply,

1 Phase (single phase) metering methods: 1 Phase 1 Element meter 1 Phase 1.5 Element meter, 1 Phase 2 Element meter


Supply Transformer

B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire

1 Phase 2-Wire services are typicallysupplied from a 3 Phase supply transformer.

The 3 Phase supply transformer is shown asa 3 Phase 4-wire Wye configuration, using a different color for each phase voltage.



Supply Transformer

B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire

240 volts

1 Phase electricity is supplied by one of the 3 phases


Supply Transformer Consumer Load

B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire

240 volts240 volts

The consumer is supplied1 Phase electricity at one voltage

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B

C

A

Blondel's Theorum

240 volts240 volts

Blondel's Theorum states: In a system of N conductors, N-1 metering elements, properly connected, will measure the power or energy taken. The connection must be such that all voltage coils have a common tie to the conductor in which there is no current coil.


Supply Transformer Consumer Load Meter

B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire

240 volts240 volts

Blondel's Theorem requires (N wires - 1) elements

1 Element = 1 Current Sensor + 1 Voltage Sensor


Supply Transformer Consumer Load 1 Element Meter

B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire

= Current Sensor

240 volts240 volts

1 Element: 1 Current Sensor 1 Voltage Sensor



B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire

= Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor

240 volts240 volts

1 Element: 1 Current Sensor 1 Voltage Sensor



B

C

A

1 Phase 2-Wire


240 volts240 volts

1 Element Meter satifies Blondel's Theorem, and provides accurate measurement


1 Phase 3-Wire

1 Phase 3-Wire servicesare the common method of supplying electricity to homes in North America

20


Supply Transformer(s)

B

C

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

1 Phase 3-Wire services are typically supplied from a 3 Phase supply


Supply Transformer

B

C

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

The transformer secondary circuits are isolated from the primary circuits

PrimaySecondary


Supply Transformer

B

C

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

240 volts

The secondary circuit supplies electricity to the consumer



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

240 volts120 volts

120 volts240 volts

The secondary transformer is given a center tap to ground



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

The consumer has a choice of 120 volts or 240 volts



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts240 volts


21


1 Phase 3-Wire

1 Phase 3-Wire service using a Blondel Compliant 2 Element meter



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts240 volts




B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

Measurement using a 2 Element meter

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

2 Element Meter



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

= Current Sensor

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

A current sensor is added to Line 1

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

2 Element Meter



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

= Current Sensor

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

A current sensor is added to Line 2

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

2 Element Meter



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire


120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

A voltage sensor is connected between Line 1 and neutral (ground)

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

22



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire


120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

A voltage sensor is connected between Line 2 and neutral (ground)

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire


120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

2 Elements: 2 Current Sensors 2 Voltage Sensors

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire


120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

2 Element Meter satifies Blondel's Theorem, providing measurement accuracy in all loading conditions.


1 Phase 3-Wire

1 Phase 3-Wire service using a Non Blondel Compliant 1.5 Element meter


Supply Transformer Consumer Load1.5 Element Meter

B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

= Current Sensor

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

The 1.5 element meter still has a current sensor connected to Line 1 and Line 2

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire


120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

However only one voltage sensor is used

23



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire


120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

The voltage sensor is connected between the 240 volt supply lines, Line 1 and Line 2

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-Wire

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

1.5 Elements does not satisfy Blondel's Theorem (N-1 elements), however it will measure accurately under balanced voltage conditions.



B

C

Neutral

A

1 Phase 3-WireTransformer Type Installation

= Ring Style Current Transformer = Voltage Sensor

120 volts

120 volts240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

The 1 element meter functions similar to a 1.5 element meter, and does not satisfy Blondel's Theorem, but will measure accurately under balanced voltage conditions.


Electricity Metering Circuits Electricity Metering Circuits

24


1 Phase Metering

Questions?

Comments?

Next: 3 Phase 4-Wire Open Delta


3 Phase 4-Wire Open Delta

The 3 Phase 4-Wire open delta service is an economical way of providing a combination of a single phase 3-wire

service and a limited supply of polyphase power.



B

C

A


120 volts

120 volts

120 volts

120 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

C

120 volts

120 volts

The service configuration begins as a single phase 3-wire service.



B

C

A


120 volts

120 volts

120 volts

120 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

C

240 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

208 volts The non-polarity connection of the 'A' phase secondary winding is connected to the polarity connection of the 'C' phase secondary winding.



B

C

A


120 volts

120 volts

120 volts

120 volts

'A' phase power is supplied to the consumer

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

C

240 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

208 volts

Meter

25



B

C

A


120 volts

120 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

A

B

C240 volt delta

240 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

208 volts

Meter

The consumer is provided with a 240 volt 3 phase open delta power supply



B

C

A



120 volts

120 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

A

B

C240 volt delta

240 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

208 volts

208 volts

A current sensor and voltage sensor are added



B

C

A



120 volts

120 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Neutral

A

B

C240 volt delta

240 volts

240 volts

120 volts

120 volts

208 volts

208 volts

The A phase voltage sensor receives 208 volts



Questions?

Comments?

Next: Polyphase Supply & Metering Methods


Polyphase Metering

Various methods are used to supply and measure polyphase electricity

Polyphase supply methods 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye, 3 Phase 3-Wire Wye (grounded) 2 Phase 3-Wire Wye (network)

Polyphase metering methods: 2 Element meter, 2.5 Element meter, 3 Element meter


26


3 Phase 4-Wire services are a common method ofsupplying polyphase electricity to commercial and industrial consumers

3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service



A

B

C

Neutral

A

has a grounded neutral conductor


3 Phase 4-Wire Wye supply



A

B

C

Neutral

A


A 1 phase load is applied



A

B

C

Neutral

A





A

B

C

Neutral

A





A

B

C

Neutral

A


Blondel's Theorem requires N-1 elements

27


Supply Transformer Consumer LoadMeter

A

B

C

Neutral

A


A 3 element meter is recommended



A

B

C

Neutral

A A

= Current Sensor




A

B

C

Neutral

A A





A

B

C

Neutral

A A


B




A

B

C

Neutral

A A


B




A

B

C

Neutral

A A

C


B


28


Supply Transformer Consumer Load3 Element Meter

A

B

C

Neutral

A A

C


B


Colour coding of the supply wires to a transformer type meter will reduce the probability of wiring errors. In Canada, the color code is as follows:

Red --------------------------- A phase voltageYellow ----------------------- B phase voltageBlue -------------------------- C phase voltageWhite ------------------------ NeutralGreen ------------------------ GroundRed with White tracer - A phase current, polarityRed with Black tracer - A phase current, returnYellow with White tracer - B phase current, polarityYellow with Black tracer - B phase current, returnBlue with White tracer - C phase current, polarity Blue with Black tracer - C phase current, return

Electricity Metering Circuits 3 Element Wye Meter InstallationCurrent Tranformers

3 Element Meter Installation Electricity Metering Circuits


Questions?

Comments?

Next: 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye, 2.5 element meter

29


3 Phase Metering

3 Phase 4-Wire Wye service is sometimes fitted with a 2.5 element meter


A

B

C

Neutral

A

A

C

B

2.5 element meter3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service


A phase and C phase are complete elements


A

B

C

Neutral

A

A

C

B



B phase voltage is not measured (1/2 element)If the voltage is not balanced, errors will occur


A

B

C

Neutral

A

A

C

B



The 2.5 element meter is not recommended


3 Phase 3-Wire grounded Wye may be used for high voltage transmission lines

3 Phase 3-Wire Grounded Wye



A

B

C

A

may be used for high voltage transmission lines


3 Phase 3-Wire Wye supply (grounded)

30



A

B

C

Neutral

A A

C

B




A

B

C

A A

C

B


2 element metering is accurate if there is no ground current

3 Phase 3-Wire Network services are a common method of providing both 120 and 208 volt electricity to apartment complexes

3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service



A

B

C

Neutral

A

3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service120 / 208 volt load

208 volts

120 volts


Supply Transformer Consumer Load2 Element Meter is required

A

B

C

Neutral

A

3 Phase 3-Wire Network Service120 / 208 volt load

208 volts

120 volts



A

B

C

Neutral

A A



120 / 208 volt load

208 volts

120 volts


31


A

B

C

Neutral

A A



B

120 / 208 volt load

208 volts

120 volts


120/208v Network meters in an apartment complex

3 Phase 3-Wire Delta services are a common method of providing 3 phase electricity to large motor loads such as pumping stations

3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service



A

B

C

A A

C


B

Delta connected



A

B

C

A A

C


B

Delta connected Delta connected



A

B

C

A A

C


B



32


A

B

C

A A

C


= Current Sensor

B




A

B

C

A A

C



B




A

B

C

A A

C



B



Questions?

Comments?


33

Single Phase and Polyphase

Load Analysis


Single Phase Load Analysis

- Single Phase 2-Wire Load

- Single Phase 2-Wire Service 1.0 Element Meter

- Single Phase 3-Wire Service 2 Element Meter 1.5 Element Meter

Supply Transformer Consumer Load Watt Meter

B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

Motor

The above drawing shows a simple single phase motor circuit, which contains a wattmeter, an ammeter and a voltmeter.

The basic principles here apply equally to polyphase circuits.

Single Phase 2-Wire Load


B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

Motor

Watt Meter

The motor contains many turns in the internal coil windings. The current is therefore inductive as well as resistive and will cause a magnetic field to be present.

As a result the current will lag the voltage. In this case, let's assume the lag to be 30 degrees.



B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

MotorApparent Power is equal to the voltage times the currentand is expressed in volt-amperes (VA) or more commonly in KVA

This is the power which the utility delivers to the customer and is measured by the voltmeter and ammeter.

Watt Meter



B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

Motor

Apparent Power = E x I = 120volts x 10amps = 1200 VA

30 degrees

E = 120 volts

I line = 10 amps

Watt Meter

Note: E = volts I = amperes


34


B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

Motor

Watt Meter

Active Power is equal to the voltage times the in phase component of the current and is expressed in watts (W) or morecommonly in kW.

This is the power which is used to drive the shaft in the electric motorand is the power which is of value to the customer and measured by the wattmeter



B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

MotorActive Power = E x I x cosine 0* = 120volts x 10amps x cos 30 degrees = 1200 VA x .866 = 1039.2 watts

The Phase angle or Power Factoraffects the magnitude of Active Power Measurement0* = theta = phase angle of the current

30 degrees

Iw = (.866)

I = 10 amps

E = 120 volts

Watt Meter



B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

Motor

Watt Meter

Reactive Power is equal to the voltage times the component of theline current which is displaced from the voltage by 90 degrees and is expressed in volt amp reactance (vars) or more commonly in KVARs.

This is the power which is required to create and maintain the magneticfield in the electric motor. Reactive Power represents the reactive lossescreated by the customers motor.



B

C

A

120 volts

A

V10 AMPS

MotorReactive Power = E x I x sine 0*

= 120 volts x 10 amps x 0.5 = 600 VARs

30 degrees

E = 120 volts

I = 10 amps

Iw = (.866)

Im = 5amps

The Phase angle or Power Factor also affects the magnitudeof the Reactive Power0* = Theta = phase angle of the current

Watt Meter


Usable Active Power = 1039.2 Watts

Apparent Power delivered= 1200 VA

Reactive Power losses = 600 VARs

Power Factor = 30 degrees

The power triangle for this circuit reveals the apparent power delivered, the active power used by the consumer, and the reactive power losses.


Questions?

Comments?

Next: Single Phase 2-Wire Service


35

Single Phase 2-Wire Service 1 Element Meter



B

C

A

110 volts

What is the apparent power delivered to this consumers 1 phase 2 wire service?

10 amps

Service is 110 volts, Load is drawing 10amps, unity power factor

Single Phase 2-Wire Service


B

C

A

110 volts10 amps

Apparent Power = E x IApparent Power = 110volts x 10ampsApparent Power = 1100 va



B

C

A

110 volts

What is the active power measured in this 1 phase 2 wire service, by the 1 element meter?

Service is 110 volts, Load is drawing 10amps, unity power factor

10 amps



B

C

A

110 volts10 amps

Active Power = E x I x cosine 0*Active Power = 110 volts x 10 amps x 1.0Active Power = 1100 watts

0* = theta = phase angle of the current



B

C

A

1100 watts110 volts10 amps

If this load of 1100 watts was on for 1.5 hrs, the meter would register the following energy.

Energy = Active Power x Time = 1100watts x 1.5hrs = 1650 watthours


36

Questions?

Comments?

Next: Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 2 Element Meter


Single Phase 3-Wire Service 2 Element Meter



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts Line 2

Line 1

Neutral

220 volts

How much active power is the consumers load drawing?

Note : Unity power factor

Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 2 Element Meter


B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts Line 2

Line 1

Neutral

220 volts

Active Power = Load 1 + Load 2 + Load 3 = (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*)

E = Voltage, I = Current, PF = 1.0, 0* = theta = phase angle of the current



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts Line 2

Line 1

Neutral

220 volts

Active Power = (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*) = (110v x 10a x 1.0) + (110v x 5a x 1.0) + (220v x 20a x 1.0) = (1100 watts) + (550 watts) + (4400 watts) = 6050 watts



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts 25 amps

30 amps

Neutral

How much active power is the 2 element meter measuring?


37


B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts 25 amps

30 amps

Neutral

Active Power (meter) = (Element 1) + (Element 2)

Element = One voltage sensor and one current sensor



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts 25 amps

30 amps

Neutral

Active Power = (Element 1) + (Element 2) = (E x I x cos0*) + (E x I x cos0*) = (110v x 30a x 1.0) + (110v x 25a x 1.0) = (3300watts) + (2750watts)Active Power = 6050watts



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts 25 amps

30 amps

Neutral

Active Power calculated for the load = 6050 wattsActive Power indicated by the meter = 6050 watts


Questions?

Comments?

Next: Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter


Single Phase 3-Wire Service 1.5 Element Meter



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts Line 2

Line 1

Neutral

220 volts

Using the same load conditions as with the 2 element meter, let's see if a 1.5 element meter can also accurately measure this load?

Active Power (load) = 6050 watts

Single Phase 3-Wire Service, 1.5 Element Meter

38


B

C

Neutral

A

= Current Sensor

110 volts

110 volts220 volts

110 volts

110 volts

Line 1

Line 2

The 1.5 element meter has a current coil connected to Line 1 and a current coil connected to Line 2,



B

C

Neutral

A

= Full Current Coil

110 volts

110 volts220 volts

110 volts

110 volts

However the 1.5 element meter current coils are half coils,meaning they only have half the windings of a full current coil.

Line 1

Line 2

= Half Current Coil



B

C

Neutral

A

= Half Current Sensor = Voltage Sensor

110 volts

110 volts220 volts

110 volts

110 volts

Only one voltage sensor is required, connected between Line 1 and Line 2

Line 1

Line 2



B

C

Neutral

A

110 volts

110 volts220 volts

110 volts

110 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Using the same 6050 watt load from the previous examples, what active power is measured by the 1.5 element meter?



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts

Line 1

Line 2

220 volts

Note : The 1.5 element meter shares one voltage coil for two elements

Active Power measured = (E x IL1 / 2 x cos0*) + (E x IL2 / 2 x cos0*) = (220v x 30 / 2 x 1.0) + (220v x 25 / 2 x 1.0) = (3300 watts) + (2750 watts) = 6050 wattsActive Power calculated = 6050 watts



B

C

Neutral

A

10 amps

5 amps20 amps

110 volts

110 volts

Line 1

Line 2

Active Power calculated for the load = 6050 wattsActive Power indicated by the meter = 6050 watts

220 volts

Although the 1.5 Element meter does not satisfy Blondel's Theorem (N-1 elements), we have shown that the meter will measure accurately under balanced voltage conditions.

If voltages L1 - N and L2 - N are not balanced, errors will occur.


39

Questions?

Comments?

Next: Polyphase Load Analysis


Polyphase Load Analysis

- Polyphase Phasors

- 3 Phase 4 Wire Wye Service 3 Element Meter 2.5 Element Meter

- 3 Phase 3-Wire Delta Service 2 Element Meter

In order to describe how polyphase meters operate, it is necessary to have a common understanding of how phasors are used

Polyphase Phasors

EanEna

Eab

Ecb

Ebc

Ecn

Ebn

Enb

EncEba

Eca

Eac

Phasors are a visualrepresentation of the various voltage and current values, and their relationship to each other during one cycle

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C

N

This diagram can be used to plot voltage phasors and

establish their relationship to each other.

120 deg.

120 deg

120 deg.

30

30 deg

30 deg

3030

30

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanN

Voltage Ean is often used as the point of reference

The phasor Ean shows the position of voltage A in relation to Neutral

Polyphase Phasors

40

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanN

Ecn

Other phasors are added to representthe other line to neutral voltage values in the polyphase circuit

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanN

Ecn

Ebn

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanN

EabEcn

Ebn

The phasor Eab shows the position of voltage A in relation to voltage B

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanN

Eab

Ecb

Ecn

Ebn

The phasor Ecb shows the position of voltage C in relation to voltage B

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanN

Eab

Ecb

Ebc

Ecn

EbnEba

Eca

Eac

The phasor positions of other voltages can be added as required

Polyphase Phasors

A

B

C30

30

120120

120

30

30

3030

EanEnaN

Eab

Ecb

Ebc

Ecn

Ebn

Enb

EncEba

Eca

Eac

Polyphase Phasors

41

Next: 3 Phase 4-wire Wye Services, 3 Element Meter

Questions?

Comments?

Polyphase Phasors


3 Element Meter


3 Element Meter

A

C

B

N

3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 3 Element Meter

3 Element MeterA

C

B

N

Phasor RepresentationABC Rotation

Ean

EbnIb

Ecn

IcIa


A

C

B

N

Power Formula :

Active Power = (Ean x Ia x cos0*) + (Ebn x Ib x cos0*) + (Ecn x Ic x cos0*)

cos0* = cosine of the current phase angle relative to unity power factor

EanIa

Ebn

Ib

Ecn

Ic

3 Element Meter


Questions?

Comments?

Next: 3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter


42


2.5 Element Meter


2.5 Element Meter

A

B

C

N

3 Phase 4-Wire Wye Service, 2.5 Element Meter

2.5 Element Meter

A

B

C

N

Phasor RepresentationABC Rotation

EanIa

-Ib

Ecn

Ic


2.5 Element Meter

A

B

C

N

Active Power = (Ean x Ia x (cos0*)) + (Ean x -Ib x (cos60-0*)) +

(Ecn x Ic x (cos0*)) + (Ecn x -Ib x (cos60+0*))

0* = theta = phase angle of the current relative to unity power factor

EanIa

-Ib

Ecn

Ic


Questions?

Comments?

Next: 3 Phase 3-wire Delta Service



2 Element Meter


43

2 Element Meter

A

C

B


A

C

B

Consider a 3 phase 3- wire delta load:

Phase voltage: 600vLine current = 10 amperes, balanced load, unity power factorPhase current = Line current / 3Phase current = 5.7735 amperes

10 Amps

10 Amps

10 Amps

5.77 Amps

5.77 Amps5.77 Amps

LOAD

600 Volts

600 Volts


A

C

B10 Amps

10 Amps

10 Amps

5.77 Amps

5.77 Amps5.77 Amps

LOAD

600 Volts

600 Volts

Calculate the Active Power:

Active Power = 3 x E phase x I phase cos0* Active Power = 3 x 600 x 5.7735 x 1.0 = 10392 watts

or; Active Power = 3 x E line x I line cos0* Active Power = 1.732 x 600 x10 x 1.0 = 10392 watts

cos0* = cosine of the current phase angle relative to unity power factor


2 Element Meter

A

C

B

Ia is at unity power factor, but measures in relation to EabIc is at unity power factor, but measures in relation to Ecb

Eab

Ia

Ecb

Ic

30 deg.

30 deg.


2 Element Meter

A

C

B

Eab

Ia

Ecb

Ic

30 deg.

30 deg.

Active Power = (Eab x Ia x cos(30+0*)) + (Ecb x Ic x cos(30-0*))

0* = theta = phase angle of the current relative to unity power factor


2 Element Meter

A

C

B

Eab

Ia

Ecb

Ic

30 deg.

30 deg.

Active Power = (Eab x Ia x cos(30+0*)) + (Ecb x Ic x cos(30-0*)) = (600v x 10a x cos(30+0*)) + (600v x 10a x cos(30-0*)) = (600 x 10 x 0.866) + (600 x 10 x 0.866) = 5196 + 5196 = 10392 watts Active Power is correctly measured by the meter


44

Questions?

Comments?


45

4 Quadrant Measurement

Watts hours, (Wh) Reactive Volt-Ampere hours (VARh)

and Volt-Ampere hours (VAh)


Measurement Concepts

Watts

VARs

VA

Watts

VARs

VA


The Power Triangle

10,392 Watts

6,000 VARs12,000 VA

VA = Square root of (10,392 W squared + 6,000 VARs squared) = 12,000 VA

30 degrees


Most metering points require measurementof electricity being delivered to a consumer. Electricity is often transferred between suppliers, and require that electricity be measured in two directions, with both lagging and leading power factor.

Where bi-directional measurement is required, 4 Quadrant metering is often used.


4 Quadrant measurement can berepresented using a single phasor diagram

that combines the measurement ofelectricity in all phases, in both directions,

including all possible power factors.


Delivered + Watts

Received - Watts

Quadrant 1 PF lag

Quadrant 4 PF lead

Quadrant 3 PF lag

Quadrant 2 PF lead

+ Vars

- Vars

Quadrant 1:Watts delivered,Lagging Vars


46

Delivered + Watts

Received - Watts

Quadrant 1 PF lag

Quadrant 4 PF lead

Quadrant 3 PF lag

Quadrant 2 PF lead

+ Vars

- Vars Quadrant 4:Watts delivered,Leading Vars


Delivered + Watts

Received - Watts

Quadrant 1 PF lag

Quadrant 4 PF lead

Quadrant 3 PF lag

Quadrant 2 PF lead

+ Vars

- Vars

Quadrant 2:Watts received,Leading Vars


Delivered + Watts

Received - Watts

Quadrant 1 PF lag

Quadrant 4 PF lead

Quadrant 3 PF lag

Quadrant 2 PF lead

+ Vars

- VarsQuadrant 3:Watts received,Lagging Vars


Questions?

Comments?

Next: Watthour Measurement


Watthour measurement can be calculated by multiplying total Watts X time

Watthours = Watts X Time (in hours)

The following example shows the calculation of Watts

in an unbalanced polyphase circuit.

Watthour MeasurementEcn

Ebn

Ia

Ib 30 lead

30 lag

Watt Measurement

Ic

An unbalanced polyphase load:

Ean = 120 V, Ia = 100 A, 30 degree lagEbn = 120 V, Ib = 100 A, 30 degree leadEcn = 120 V, Ic = 50 A, In phase

Ean

47

Watts are calculated using the portion of the current which is in phase with

the associated voltage.

In a polyphase circuit the watts in the 3 phases can be represented on a phasor diagram

using the same 'x' axis as reference.

Watt Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

All phases combinedon the "x" axis:Ia is plotted

10,392 W

12,000VA

+ Volts

Ia (30 degree lag)

Total Watts: 10,392 + +

Watt Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

All phases combinedon the "x" axis:Ib is added

10,392 W

12,000VA

+ Volts

Ia (30 degree lag)

Ib (30 degree lead)Total Watts: 10,392 + 10,392 +

Watt Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

All phases combinedon the "x" axis:Ic is added

Ic = 6,000 W (zero VARs)

Ia (30 degree lag)

Ib (30 degree lead)Total Watts: 10,392 + 10,392 + 6,000

Watt Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

All phases combinedon the "x" axis: totalWatts are calculated

10,392 W + 10,392 W + 6,000 W

= 26,784 Watts total

Ib

Total Watts: 10,392 + 10,392 + 6,000 26,784 W

Ia (30 degree lag)

Ib (30 degree lead)

Watt Measurement

The meter can then use thetotal Watts to determine Watthours

Watthours = Watts X Time (in hours)

Watthour Measurement

48

Next: VAR hour Measurement

Questions?

Comments?

Watthour Measurement

Reactive Volt-Ampere hours (VARhours) are calculated using the portion of the current

which is 90 degrees out of phase with the associated voltage

In a polyphase circuit the VARs in each phase can be represented on the 'y' axis,

where lagging power factor gives positive VARswhile leading power factor gives negative VARs

VARhour Measurement

The total VARs within a polyphase system maybe added differently in different meters.

Adding VARs algebraically, as positive and negative values, will result in the NET value for VARs.

Adding the absolute value of VARs, withoutconsidering them as positive and negativewill result in the GROSS value for VARs.

VAR Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

Ia (30 degree lag)

+ 6,000 VARs

All phases combinedon the "x" axis:Ia is plotted

+ Volts

VAR Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

Ia (30 degree lag)

+ 6,000 VARs

Ib (30 degree lead)

- 6,000 VARs

All phases combinedon the "x" axis:Ib is added

+ Volts

VAR Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

Ia (30 degree lag)

+ 6,000 VARs

Ib (30 degree lead)

- 6,000 VARs

All phases combinedon the "x" axis:Ic is added

Ic (zero VARS)+ Volts

VAR Measurement

49

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

Ia (30 degree lag)

+ 6,000 VARs

Ib (30 degree lead)

- 6,000 VARs

Net VARS arecalculated by addingthem algebraically

Ic (zero VARS)

Net VARS: +6,000 + (-6,000) + 0 0 VARs

+ Volts

VAR Measurement

-Vars

+ Vars

'x' axis

Ia (30 degree lag)

+ 6,000 VARs

Ib (30 degree lead)

- 6,000 VARs

Gross VARs are calculated by addingabsolute values.

Ic (zero VARS)

Gross VARs: 6,000 + 6,000 + 0 12,000 VARs

+ Volts

VAR Measurement

VARhour Measurement

VARhours = VARs X Time (in hours)

VARhours can be calculated using either net VARs or gross VARs

Since the two methods will result in different quantities, the calculation method (net or gross)

should be clearly defined.

Calculation of NET VARs treats a three phase service as a single entity.

Calculation of GROSS VARs treats the three phases as three separate

and independant entities.

Both methods can be performed accurately, but the method used can have a significant effect on the calculation of VARs and VA.

VARhour Measurement

The meter can then use thetotal VARs to determine VARhours

VARhours = VARs X Time (in hours)

VARhour Measurement

Questions?

Comments?

VARhour Measurement

Next: Volt-Ampere hour Measurement

50

Volt-Ampere hour (VAhour) measurement is used to determine line losses,

transformer losses, and the sizing of equipment required for

supplying electrical energy to a consumer.

VAhour Measurement

The calculation of volt-amperes in a polyphase system is generally based upon one of two

internationally recognized methods:

1) Phasor (Vector) Additonor

2) Arithmetic Addition

VA Measurement

Arithmetic Addition of VA involves the simple addition of the VA

in each of the phases.

VA Measurement

'x' axis

Ib = 12,000 VA

Ic = 6,000 VA

Ia = 12,000 VA

All phases combinedusing Arithmetic Addition

Arithmetic VA: 12,000 + 12,000 + 6,000 30,000 VA

+ Volts

VA Measurement

Phasor Addition involves the addition of the phasor value of VA

in each of the phases.

VA Measurement

All phases combinedusing Phasor Addition:Ia is plotted Ia = 12,000VA

VA Measurement

51

Ib

All phases combinedusing Phasor Addition:Ib is added Ia = 12,000VA

Ib = 12,000VA

VA Measurement

Ib

All phases combinedusing Phasor AdditionIC is added Ia = 12,000VA

Ib = 12,000VA

Ic = 6,000VA

VA Measurement

All phases combinedusing Phasor Addition:Phasor VA = 26,784 VA Ia = 12,000VA

Ib = 12,000VA

Ic = 6,000VA

Phasor VA = 26,784

Ib

VA Measurement

Ib

Ia = 12,000VAIb = 12,000VA

Phasor VA = 26,784 Net VARs = 0 VARsPhasor VA = 26,784 VAGross VARs = 12,000 VARsArithmetic VA= 30,000 VADifference = +12%

Ic = 6,000VA

All phases combinedusing Phasor Addition:Phasor VA = 26,784 VA

VA Measurement

Calclation of Phasor VA treats a three phase service as a single entity.

Calculation of Arithemetic VA treats the three phases as three separate and

independant entities.

The calculation method selected should be clearly defined and consistently used.

VA hours = VA X Time (in hours)

VA hour Measurement Energy Measurement

Questions?

Comments?

52

Electricity Metering

Demand Measurement

Prepared and presented by: Paul G. Rivers, Measurement Canada George A. Smith, Measurement Canada 2006

First introduced over 100 years ago, in 1892 by a gentleman by the name of Hopkinson.

Mr. Hopkinson recognized that there are two main components in the measurement of electricity.

Demand Measurement

First Component :

Energy in kilowatthours (kWh)

It was clear that the measured kWh in a system provided a good representation of the cost of the electricity supplied to the customer.

Demand Measurement

Second Component :

Power in kilowatts (kW)

Hopkinson determined that kW provided a good representation of the cost to the utility for supplying the electricity to the customer.

Demand Measurement

As a result, this was the first

introduction to demand measurement and the very beginning of demand

metering.

Demand Measurement

What is Demand?

Demand is often referred to as the maximum rate of energy transfer demanded by the consumer.

Demand Measurement

53

What is Demand?

Kilowatt demand is generally defined as the kilowatt load (power) averaged over a specified interval of time.

Demand Measurement

What is Demand?

Kw demand is determined from the energy (kwh's) consumed and the time (hours) it takes to consume the energy.

Demand Measurement

Basic Power formula

Energy = Power x Time

or

Power (Kw's) = Energy(Kwh's) / Time (hours)

Demand Measurement

The rate or speed of energy transfer to the customers load will directly impact the measured kilowatts, otherwise known as the customers demand.

Power (kw) = Energy (kwh) / Time (hours)

Time

Power

Time

Power

Time

Power

A B C

Demand Measurement

Consider Customer A's Load


Time = 2 hours

Power or KW demand = 1000 kilowattsEnergy consumed = 2000kwh's

Demand Measurement

Time = 1 hour

Power or KW demand = 2000 kilowatts

Energy consumed remains at 2000 kwh

Demand Measurement

Consider Customer B's Load


54

Time = 4 hours

Power or KW demand = 500 kilowattsEnergy consumed remains at 2000 kwh

Demand Measurement

Consider Customer C's Load


Review All Three Customers

2 hours

1000 kw

1 hour

2000 kw

4 hours

500 kw

A B C

Energy consumed in all three cases is the same = 2000 kwh's

Demand Measurement

Time / Demand Interval The demand interval is the length of time over which demand is measured.

The demand interval is usually 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 minutes.

Demand Measurement

PowerKilowatts

Average Demand per interval

Energy Usage

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

Demand Measurement

Demand Intervals = 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 minutes

Maximum Demand?

The maximum measured demand for any customer is the greatest of all the demands measured within a given time interval, which has occured during the billing period.

A billing period may be one month.

Demand Measurement

Why is Demand Measured?

The size and capacity of transformer banks, sub-stations, transmission lines, switch gear, etc is determined by the maximum demand imposed on these devices by the customer.

Demand Measurement

55

As a result, the utility must install larger, more costly equipment in order to supply the same amount of energy in a shorter time period for customer B.

The measured maximum demand of 2000 kw's is a result of this high rate of transfer and can be used to charge the customer for the up front cost to meet his/her needs.

2 hours

1000 kw

1 hour

2000 kw

4 hours

500 kw

A B C

Demand Measurement

Demand Measurement (Considerations)

When establishing the appropriate length of the demand interval, (5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 minutes) one must take into consideration the type of load being measured.

Steady loading versus fluctuating loading

Demand Measurement

(Considerations)

For example measuring the demand over a longer time interval, such as 60 minutes will work well when the loading is fairly steady.

The average measured demand and the maximum demand within a demand interval will be very close if not the same.

Demand Measurement

PowerKilowatts

Maximum Demand Reached

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

Average Measured Demand

Demand Measurement

Demand Interval = 60 minutes

(Considerations)

However, measuring a fluctuating load with the same time interval (60 minutes) may not provide a measured demand value which is representative of the customers maximum or peak usage during the billing period.

Unless a shorter time interval is used , there can be a significant difference between the average demand measured and the maximum demand required by the customer.

Demand Measurement

PowerKilowatts

Maximum Demand

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

DemandInterval

Average Measured Demand

Demand Measurement

Demand Interval = 60 minutes

56

Demand Measurement (Considerations)

By shortening the demand interval length from 60 minutes to 15 minutes, the average measured demand for each 15 minute interval becomes a better representation of the energy consumed within the shortened time period.

The highest measured demand, becomes the maximum or peak demand value in which the customer is billed upon.

PowerKilowatts

Maximum Demand Average Measured Demand

Demand Measurement

15 minute Demand Intervals

Questions?

Comments?

Demand Measurement

Next: Methods of Determining Maximum Demand

Principle Methods of Determining Maximum

Demand

Demand Measurement

Principle Methods

1) Average Demand Method Integrating Demand

2) Exponential Demand MethodThermal Demand

Thermal EmulationLagged Demand

Demand Measurement

Average Demand Method?

Average demand or integrating demand is based upon the average power measured during a minimum time interval of 15 minutes.

Demand Measurement

57

Demand Measurement

Average Demand Method?

The response characteristic of an average or integrating demand meter is linear.

It will register 50 % of the load in half the demand interval and 100% of the load by the end of the demand interval.

Average / Integrating Demand Method

15 Minute Interval - Load = 1500 wattsAverage Demand Measured is 1500 watts

(100% of the load) in 15 minutes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n

Exponential or Lag Demand Method?

Exponential demand or Lag demand is based upon the rate of conductor temperature rise, measured over a minimum time interval of 45 minutes.

Demand Measurement Demand Measurement

Exponential or Lag Demand Method?

The exponential or lag demand meter has a exponential response characteristic.

In this case, it will register 90% of the load within a third of the interval, 99% in two thirds the interval and 99.9% by the end of the demand interval.

Exponential / Lag Demand Method

45 Minute Interval - Load = 1500 wattsExponential Demand Measured in 15 minutes ( 1/3 of the

demand interval) = 1360 watts = 90% of the load

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n

Demand Method Comparison

Demand Measurement

Average verses Exponential

The values in the following graphs provide the response of the two demand methods in relation to steady state load conditions,

and must be taken in context with the base load conditions.

58

Demand Method Comparison 2 Minute Duration

Exponential Method = 345Average Method = 200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n

Demand Method Comparison 5 Minute Duration


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

nDemand Method Comparison

8 Minute DurationExponential Method = 1050

Average Method = 800

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n

Demand Method Comparison10 Minute Duration


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Time in Minutes

0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300140015001600

Dem

and

Indi

catio

n

59

Demand Meter Response Characteristics (Considerations)

Similiar to the length of the demand interval, the response characteristics of a demand meter (linear vs exponential) can also impact on the measurements end result, depending on the type of loading imposed on the system, by the customer.

Demand Measurement

Overall Considerations

Consideration should be given to the standardization of both the demand interval length and the response type of the demand meter used within one's respective economy to ensure all customers are billed equitably.

Demand Measurement

Questions?

Comments?

Demand Measurement

60

Volt-Ampere Demand

Measurement


The cost of supplying electrical energy to a consumer increases as

the power factor decreases.

The cost increase is due to 2 factors: 1) increased capital costs, and

2) increased line losses

Volt-Ampere Demand

Volt- Ampere demand measurement is a common method for electricity

suppliers to recover these increased costs.

Volt-Ampere Demand

The method of integrating energy consumption over time (e.g. 15 minutes)

to establish Volt-Ampere demand,is similar to the method used to

calculate Watt demand.

However, there is only one generally accepted definition of total Watts in a polyphase circuit,

but there are more than one definitionof total Volt-Amperes.

Volt-Ampere Demand

The addition of volt-amperes in a polyphase system is generally based upon one of two

internationally recognized methods:

1) Phasor (Vector) Additonor

2) Arithmetic Addition

Volt-Ampere Demand

'Phasor Addition' and 'Arithmetic Addition' methods use the same units of measure (VA) but can yield significantly different

values for the same load conditions.

This can lead to measurement inequity, consumer complaints, and a reduced

confidence in measurement.

Volt-Ampere Demand

61

The following example provides acomparison of the calculated VA values

in a three phase circuit, where theindividual currents are lagging the voltage

by different phase angles.

Volt-Ampere Demand Calculation Comparison

VA Demand Calculations

Ean

Ecn

Ia

Ib30 lag

60 lag

Ic

Ebn

Ia is in phase with Ean Ib lags Ebn by 30 degrees Ic lags Ecn by 60 degrees

Ean

Ecn

Ia

Ib30 lag

60 lagEL-N = 120 Volts Ia = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps Ic = 100 Amps


Ic

Ebn

Ia is in phase with Ean 12,000 VA, 12,000 W, 0 VARsIb lags Ebn by 30 degrees 12,000 VA, 10,392 W, +6,000 VARs Ic lags Ecn by 60 degrees 12,000 VA, 6,000 W, +10,392 VARs Arithmetic VA = 36,000 VA, 28,392 W, +16,392 VARs

Ebn

Ecn

Ia

Ib30 lag

60 lag

30 lag

60 lag


Ic EanEL-N = 120 Volts Ia = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps Ic = 100 Amps

Total Watts = 28,392 Watts Total Vars = +16,392 VarsVectorial VA = 32,784 VA = (28,392 sqd + 16,392 sqd) VA Arithmetic VA = 36,000 VA = 12,000 + 12,000 + 12,000 VA % Difference = +9.8%

The next example provides a comparison of the calculated VA values

in a three phase circuit where two of the currents are lagging, and one current is leading the voltage.


Ean

Ebn

Ecn

Ic Ia30 lag

Ib 30 lead


30 lag

62

Ean

Ebn

Ecn

Ic Ia30 lag

Ib 30 lead

Total Watts = 31177 Watts Gross Vars = 18000 Vars Net Vars = +6000 Vars

30 lag


EL-N = 120 Volts Ia = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps Ic = 100 Amps

Ean

Ebn

Ecn

Ic Ia30 lag

Ib 30 lead

Total Watts = 31177 Watts Vectorial VA = 31749 VAGross Vars = 18000 Vars Arithmetic VA = 36000 VANet Vars = +6000 Vars % Difference = +13.4%

30 lag

30 lag

30 lead


EL-N = 120 Volts Ia = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps Ic = 100 Amps

This last example provides a comparisonof the calculated VA values in a

120/208 volt network service with a purely resistive (1.0 PF) 208 volt load.

Ia and Ib represent the same current, with Ib serving as the return for Ia.


Ean

Ebn

Ia

Ib 30 lead


30 lag

Example of a purely resistive (1.0 PF) 208 volt loadconnected between Ean and Ebn. (zero VARs)Ia & Ib represent the same current, with Ib serving as the return for Ia.

Ean

Ebn

Ia

Ib 30 lead

Total Watts = 20785 Watts Gross Vars = 12000 VarsNet Vars = 0 Vars


30 lagEL-N = 120 Volts Ia = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps Ic = n/a

Ecn is not connected

Ia

Ib 30 lead

Total Watts = 20785 Watts Vectorial VA = 20785 VAGross Vars = 12000 Vars Arithmetic VA = 24000 VANet Vars = 0 Vars % Difference = +15.5%

30 lag

30 lead

30 lag


Ean

Ebn

EL-N = 120 Volts Ia = 100 Amps Ib = 100 Amps Ic = n/a

63

Phasor addition of VA treats a three phase service as a single entity.

Arithmetic addition of VA treats the three phases as three separate

and independant entities.

VA Demand Calculation Comparison

In order for VA demand measurement to be equitable within a geographical area,

the method of VA additionmust be consistent.

VA Demand Calculation Comparison

Questions?

Comments?

Volt-Ampere Demand Measurement

64

Basic Induction Meter



Three Main Components are ;

a) Motor Section

b) Braking Section

c) Gear Train Section


The watthour meter works on the Induction Principle and is essentially an induction motor driving an eddy current dampening unit.

The stator consists of an electromagnet and the rotor is an aluminum disc mounted on a shaft.

A permanent magnet or braking system is used to keep the disc at a manageable speed.

A train of gears and dials come off the disc shaft and register the energy consumed

Basic Induction Meter Basic Induction Meter

Motor Section :

As an induction type motor, the potential and current coils can be considered the stator part of the motor, and the disc can be considered the rotor part of the motor.

The stator will provide the torque upon which the rotor (disc) will move or rotate.



The stator section of the motor consists of a potential electromagnet and a current electromagnet

Meter Disc(Rotor)

CurrentElectromagnets

Potential Electromagnets

Meter Base(Stator)


Motor Section :

- magnetic fluxes of the potential and current electromagnets. - interact with the aluminum disc - providing the necessary torque needed to move the disc - and register the energy


65


Potential Coil Flux Interaction

LineVoltage

Potential Lines of Flux

Meter Disc


Current Coil Flux Interaction

LineVoltage

Current Linesof FluxMeter Disc



Potential Coil Flux :

The flux produced by the potential coil lags the voltage by 90 degrees due to the coils high inductance characteristics. (many turns of fine wire)

E

Eflux


Current Coil Flux :

The flux produced by the current coil is in phase with the current due to the coils highly resistive characteristics.(few turns of course wire)

I

Iflux



The two fluxes are 90 degrees apart. Even uniform torque is therefore applied to the disc at any given time in the current and voltage cycles.

I flux

Eflux

I fluxmax

E fluxmax

90 degrees apart


Every quarter of a cycle, the maximum rate of change (slope) of either the voltage or current signwave will produce the maximum amount of eddy currents within the disc, producing maximum torque on the disc.

Here in the 1st quarter, the voltage flux is at it's maximum rate of change.

1ST Quarter


66


In the 2nd quarter, current flux is now at it's maximum rate of change in the cycle

2nd Quarter


Every half cycle the flow of the fluxes through the disc change direction due to the alternating signwave of the voltage and current.

- 3rd quarter, the voltage is at it's maximum rate of change. - flux flowing opposite direct through the disc.

3rd Quarter



- 4th quarter the current flux is at it's maximum rate of change- flux flowing in opposite direction from 2nd quarter.

4th Quarter


- driving torque on the disc is a result of eddy currents within the disc.

- due to the interaction between the disc and magnetic lines of fluxes.


Applied Torque :

The torque applied to the meter disc is proportional to the power (voltage and current) flowing through electromagnets.

Power TorquePower Power Torque


Since the meter register does not produce enough load to prevent the meter from running at an excessive speed, permanent magnets are used to provide a braking or retarding force on the disc.

Braking Section

67


Braking Section In order for the driving torque to remain proportional to the power, the counter torque or braking effect must also be proportional to the load.

Power Torque

Braking Torque


Direction of Rotation

Disc

Permanent Magnet

The magnetic fields interact with the permanent magnet flux to produce a dampening torque of opposite thrust.

Moving the magnet inward or outward, will increase or decrease the braking force, slowing or speeding up the disc.

Dampening Torque

Braking Section


Disc Constant (Kh)

The disc constant (Kh) represents the watthours of energy required to rotate the disc one complete revolution.

The watthour meter constant (disc constant) depends upon the fundamental design of the meter.


Therefore;

Kh = Power x Time = Watt hours Speed Revolutions

Disc Constant (Kh)


Gear Trains (Registers)

The function of the gear train is to count and totalize the number of disc revolutions in terms of energy units (kilowatthours)

Formula: Revolutions = Energy Kh


How many revolutions of the disc must the register record to measure 1000 watthours if the meter Khis 7.2?

Revolutions = Energy = 1000 watthours Kh 7.2 wh/rev

= 138.889 revolutions of the disc


68


In the gear train section of the meter, there are threeratio's to consider

Shaft Ratio

Register Ratio

Gear Ratio



Shaft Ratio = number of disc revolutions one revolution of take-off gear

take-off gear

Disk



Register Ratio = number of revolutions of take-off gear one revolution of unit dial pointer

take-off gear

Unit Dial Pointer


Gear Ratio = number of disc revolutions one revolution of unit dial pointer

Disk

Unit Dial Pointer


Induction watthour meters must have the capability to make adjustments to the meter in order that the speed of the disc correctly measures the energy consumed.

Adjustments and Compensation



Full Load Adjustment :

This is a course adjustment by way of magnetic shunting. Permanent magnets are used to divert some of the permanent magnet flux away from the disc.

Disk

Permanent Magnet Screw

Shunted Fluxes

69



Light Load Adjustment :

This is a fine adjustment by applying a small but constant additional torque to the disc. The potential coil flux is used to produce this additional torque, using a movable plate.

Potential Coil

Disk

Light load plate



Anti Creep Adjustment :

Creep is a slow continuous rotation of the disc when the potential coil is energized, but no current is flowing.

EnergizedPotential Coil

Disk Slowly Rotating




Creep can be a result of mechanical or magnetic dissymmetry, stray magnetic fields or excessive line voltage.

EnergizedPotential Coil

Disk Slowly Rotating




To prevent creep, the disk is designed with fixed anti-creep compensation, two holes or slots are inserted through the disc and are diametrically opposed to one another.

Anti Creep Holes




As the potential lines of flux make contact with the holes, the resulting distortions of the eddy currents produce a small locking torque, stopping the disc.

Anti Creep Holes

DISK STOPS



Temperature Compensation :

Any change in temperature can effect the strength of the braking magnets or change any resistance found in the meter.

Disc

Permanent Magnet

Dampening Torque

70



Temperature Compensation :

To compensate for temperature effects, the permanent magnet has a temperature sensitive alloy shunt, whose permeability varies inversely with the temperature.

DiscPermanent Magnet

Dampening Torque

Alloy Shunt


An induction type meter must also be designed with current and voltage overload compensations.

These compensations are addressed by the use of magnetic shunts which divert some of the fluxes away from the disc, produced by excessively high voltages and currents.



Questions?

Comments?

71

Electronic Metering


Since the late 1970's several electronic technologies have been developed.

The intent was to both replicate and improve on the Principle of Induction Metering.

Electronic Metering

The first step in the process of improving on the Electro-mechanical Induction Meter was to develop a Hybrid Meter before the advent of a fullyElectronic Meter.

This was known as the transition stage

Electronic Metering

Hybrid Meters :

A hybrid meter is a device that uses two types oftechnologies;

Mechanical and Electronic

Electronic Metering

Hybrid Meters :

A hybrid meter is a device that uses two types oftechnologies; Mechanical and Electronic

The mechanical component usually consists of an induction meter and the disc. The electroniccomponent consists of a microprocessor basedregister

Electronic Metering

Solid State Meters :

A solid state meter is a device that uses only one type of technology;

Electronic

Electronic Metering

72

Solid State Meters :

A solid state meter is a device that uses only one type of technology; Electronic

The device is completely microprocessor based with no induction meter disc.

Electronic Metering

Measurement Capabilities:

A single electronic meter is capable of measuring a multitude of billing functions such as ;

Watts / Watthours VA / VAhours Amp squared hoursVar / Varhours Volt squared hoursTransformer / line loss compensation

Electronic Metering


The demand section of the meter can be programmed to measure ;

- Averaging or Block Interval - Sliding Average or Sliding Block Interval - Exponential (or thermal emulation)

Electronic Metering


In addition, the demand intervals or sub-intervals can be programmed to different values such as;

60 minute interval, 15 minute sub-interval

15 minute interval, 5 minute sub-interval

Electronic Metering


The VA function can be programmed to measure ;

- Arithmetic VA, or, - Phasor (Vector) VA

Electronic Metering

Features and Functionality :

Electronic meters have many different features and functionalities which can be utilized for;

various billing applicationsload monitoring purposescommunication and programming efficiencies

Electronic Metering

73

Features and Functionality :

Mass Memory RecorderPulse Outputs (KYZ)Load ProfilingTime of Use Interval Data or Time Stamping

Electronic Metering

Additional Features and Functionalities :

- Communication Ports (optical / modems) - Automatic Meter Readers - Pre-payment metering - Loss Compensation - Bi-directional - 4 quadrant metering

Electronic Metering

Electronic Metering

Modes of Operation:

Electronic meters typically have three modes of operation:

- Normal (Main) Mode - Alternate Mode - Test Mode

Normal Mode :

This is the default mode and is the mode in which the meter operates while in service.

Typically this mode is used to display main billing quantities, such as KWH, maximum KW, maximum KVA.

Electronic Metering

Alternate Mode :

Used to display quantities that are not needed on a regular basis, such as power factor, volts, amps, etc.

Typically accessed via a magnetic read switch.

Meter automatically returns to normal mode

Electronic Metering

Test Mode :

Purpose of this mode is to provide a convenient means of testing a meters accuracy. Allows testing of the registers without altering billing data.

In test mode operation the demand interval is reduced to 3 minutes in order to facilitate accelerated testing.

Electronic Metering

74

An electricity meter, whether fully electro-mechanicala hybrid or fully electronic can always be divided into four elemental components.

Electronic Metering

An electricity meter, electromechanical or electronic can be divided into four elemental components;

SENSORS MULTIPLIERS NUMERICAL CONVERSION REGISTERS

Electronic Metering

SENSORS

Provide interface between incoming voltage and current and the metering circuit.

Electronic Metering

MULTIPLIERS

Perform the heart of the metering function by providing the product of the voltage and current.

Electronic Metering

NUMERICAL CONVERSION

Process of transforming the output of the multiplierstage into a form which can be processed by the register

Electronic Metering

REGISTERS

The devices that store and display the metering quantities.

Electronic Metering

75

Of course an electronic meter is a little more complicated, also has components such as;

Electronic Metering

Of course an electronic meter is a little more complicated, also has components such as;

-Multiplexers-Anologe to Digital Converters-Microprocessors-Displays / Registers-Communication and Input/Output Ports -LED's and Clocks

Electronic Metering

Methods of Measurement :

Four basic forms of electronic metering measurement have been introduced to the industry;

- Mark-Space Amplitude or Time Division Multiplicaton- Transconductance- Digital Sampling- Hall Effect

Electronic Metering

Time Division Multiplication :

TDM is a well established form of electronic metering

Based on analogue multiplication of instantaneousvoltage and current waveforms to derive power, which is output as a series of pulses.

Electronic Metering


Width (W)

Height (H)

Area = W x H

Physical ElectricalParameter Parameter

Width Voltage (E) Height Current (I)

Area Power (ExI)

Electronic Metering

Electronic Metering


A signal is formed with amplitude proportional to instantaneous current, and duration proportional to instantaneous volts.

Average value of the waveform is equal to instantaneous power

76


V I

v

I

E x I

Power

Electronic Metering


-good cost to accuracy ratio-excellent linearity and reliability-performance under distortion is limited-direct measurement limited to watts / vars-calibration is necessary

Electronic Metering

Hall Effect :

The Hall effect is based on well known principles

If a current conducting material is subject to a magnetic field, a voltage proportional to the product of the current and the magnetic field strength will develop across the material

Electronic Metering

Hall Effect :

A resistor is placed in series with the line voltage to create a current that is applied to the Hall Cell

Vline

BiasResister

Hall Sensor

I-res

Electronic Metering

Hall Effect :

The line current is used to create a magnetic field that flows through the Hall Cell at right angles.

ILine

MagneticCore

Hall Sensor

Electronic Metering

Hall Effect :

The developed Hall Voltage will be a product of the line voltage and line currents, therefore proportional to instantaneous line power

Hall Sensor

Integration /Calibration

Vhall Inst. Watts

Electronic Metering

77

Hall Effects :

Vline

ILine

BiasResister

Hall Sensor

MagneticCore

Integration /Calibration

Register Module

LED

Electronic Metering

Hall Effect :

-very cost effective technology-can measure watts / vars, but not va-linearity less than TDM technology-excellent response for harmonic content-susceptable to large temperature changes

Electronic Metering

Transconductance :

Transconductance is another form of metering that incorporates both TDM and Hall Effect technology by;

- conducting analogue multiplication of the line voltage and current to produce a voltage signal proportional to line power via the use of transistors.

Electronic Metering

Transconductance :

The secondary current from the meters transformers is converted to a voltage and applied across the bases of the two transistors.

The line voltage is applied between the collectors and the emitters of the transistors.

Electronic Metering

Transconductance :

A potential difference between the two collector legs is created.

This voltage is the product of the line voltage and line currents and therefore proportional to the line power.

Electronic Metering

Transconductance :

-excellent cost to accuracy ratio-requires four quadrant amplifier for superior performance under varying power factors and harmonic distortion.

Electronic Metering

78

Digital Sampling :

Digital sampling is the only technology that does not use an analogue values of voltage and current.

In this process, the analogue values of voltage and current are converted to digital data, prior to any multiplication taking place.

Electronic Metering

Sampling Process

In the following example, 8 samples are taken per cycle.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Electronic Metering

Sampling Process

1

2

3

4

5

67

8Each group includesa sample of voltage andcurrent on each of the three phases

Electronic Metering

Two consecutive cycles have samples that are 34 microseconds apart, this is called sample migration and ensures that each group of samples is not taken at an identical point during the cycling of the signal.

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

Electronic Metering

After 60 cycles the microcontroller has a complete picture of the waveform. Sample rate is 8 times 60 cycles = 480 plus 1 because of the migration. (401 samples for 50 hz frequency)

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

Electronic Metering

Theory of Operation:

- Transformers sense the input signals from the voltage and current

Inputs

IaIbIc

EaEbEc

Electronic Metering

79


- A multiplexer polls sequentially the different quantities being measured

Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc

Transformer /Multiplexing Board

Electronic Metering


- These quantities are fed to the measurement circuit, sampled and converted to digital signals representing voltage and current.

MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Electronic Metering


- These pulses are then processed by the microprocessor of the computation circuit to obtain the calculated quantities

Microprocessor

(ComputationCircuitry)

Electronic Metering


- The calculated quantities can now be displayed on the main display or stored in the meters internal registers

Main DisplayRegisters

Electronic Metering


- The power to energize the electronic portion is taken from A phase potential circuit

Power Supply Board

From A PhasePotential

Electronic Metering

Typical Electronic Meter Block Diagram

Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc

Electronic Metering

80


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Registers

Watts / Watthour

VA / VA hour

VAR / VAR hour

Power Factor

Volts

Amps

Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Registers

Watts / Watthour

VA / VA hour

VAR / VAR hour

Power Factor

Volts

AmpsPower Supply

To All ElectronicsA Phase

Electronic Metering

81


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Registers

Watts / Watthour

VA / VA hour

VAR / VAR hour

Power Factor

Volts

AmpsPower Supply


CommunicationOptical Ports

Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Registers

Watts / Watthour

VA / VA hour

VAR / VAR hour

Power Factor

Volts

AmpsPower Supply



I / O Board

Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Registers

Watts / Watthour

VA / VA hour

VAR / VAR hour

Power Factor

Volts

AmpsPower Supply



I / O Board

Memory / Clock

Electronic Metering


Inputs

I aI bIc

EaEbEc


MeasurementCircuit

A / DConverters

Microprocessor


Main Display

Registers

Watts / Watthour

VA / VA hour

VAR / VAR hour

Power Factor

Volts

AmpsPower Supply



I / O Board

Memory / Clock

Test LED

Electronic Metering

Digital Sampling Meters:

Most inaccuracies can be fully compensated algorithmically eliminating the need for any physical calibration of the meter.

Not very cost effective technology for single phase residential compared to TDM, Hall Effect or Transconductance technologies

Electronic Metering

Advantages :

- ability to handle complex billing rates- increased accuracy- ability to measure various quantities, one device- ability to collect meter data remotely- ability to program meter remotely- have time saving features- ability to measure all four quadrants

Electronic Metering

82

Disadvantages :

- more sophisticated testing apparatus required- more accurate reference standards are required- more advanced training is required

Electronic Metering

Questions?

Comments?

Electronic Metering

83

TYPE APPROVAL

OF

ELECTRICITY METERS


TYPE APPROVAL

Purpose of Type Approval: - to determine if a meter type is suitable for trade measurement, and,

- to reduce the amount of testing required during meter verification

This avoids complete testing of each device, and reduces the cost of achieving measurement accuracy.

TYPE APPROVAL

Type Approval Testing:

The legal metrology legislation of a nation will establish:- the requirement for type approval prior to use in trade measurement;- the metrological requirements;- the technical requirements;- the performance requirements;- the qualifications of the organization(s) responsible for the testing

TYPE APPROVAL

Suitability for use: The meter must accurately measure and record electricity consumption, and indicate the quantities in appropriate units

It must be durable, reliable, withstand expected operating conditions, and provide sustained accuracy

TYPE APPROVAL

Quality requirements:

A meter type must be of consistent quality. The submitted example must represent the subsequent (future) production.

Meters should be manufactured under a Quality Management System.

TYPE APPROVAL

Meter Type:

Same uniform construction Same manufacturer Similar metrology properties Use the same parts & modules Specified range(s) of operation Specified configuration(s)

Software flexibility makes a “meter type” more difficult to define.

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TYPE APPROVAL

Documentation:

The documentation submitted must provide evidence that the meter type complies with the specified requirements

TYPE APPROVAL

Accuracy requirements:

Electricity meters are presently tested using National, Regional, or IEC Standards (International Electrotechnical Commission)

TYPE APPROVAL

International Standards and Recommendations:

An international standard which is accepted in most parts of the world, should reduce testing costs for manufacturers, nations and consumers.

TYPE APPROVAL

International Standards:

OIML Recommendation IR-46 for Electrical Energy Metershas been withdrawn and is being revised to address changing technology

(Technical Committee TC12)

TYPE APPROVAL

Rated operating conditions:

The meter operating conditions should be clearly defined - Configuration - Voltage range - Current range - Frequency range - Phase angle range (e.g.from 0.5 inductive to 1 to 0.8 capacitive)

TYPE APPROVAL

Accuracy in relation to current range:

Meter accuracy can vary considerably over the range from zero current to maximum current.

Terminolgy defines the different current values used in type approval testing

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TYPE APPROVAL

Starting current (Ist):

The lowest current required for the meter to register energy

Energy registration below this value may be the result of electrical "noise" rather than actual electrical energy

TYPE APPROVAL

No-load registration:

No energy registration should occur within the current range from zero to the starting current (Ist)

(Can be tested at a percentage of starting current at unity power factor.)

TYPE APPROVAL

Transitional current (Itr):

- the transition point between the range of highest accuracy, and the lower current range.

- there is reduced measurement accuracy below the transitional current value

TYPE APPROVAL

Low current (Ilow):

The current range between starting current and transitional current

Large metering errors can occur if the load is lower than the transitional current for a large part of the time. (starved meters)

TYPE APPROVAL

Meter Accuracy Class:

Greater accuracy usually means greater cost

Accuracy requirements vary with the application Meters may be rated by accuracy class

OIML defines accuracy class A, B, C & D

TYPE APPROVAL

Quantity Maximum permissible errors (%) for meters of classA B (1) C D

Current I from Itr to Imax and power factor variation from 0.8 cap to 0.5 ind,

2.0% 1.0% 0.5% (2) 0.2%

Current I between Itr and Ilow(3), at unity power factor

2.5% 1.5% 1.0% 0.4%

Meter Accuracy Class:

(1) This class is the lowest accuracy class recommended for large consumers, e.g. above 5000 kWh/year, or other value chosen by the National Authority.(2) For this class the requirement is from power factor 0.5 ind. To 1.0 to 0.5 cap.(3) The relation Ilow / Itr shall be 0.4 for class A and B and 0.2 for class C and D. The meter shall be able to carry Imax continuously without larger error than base maximum permissible error.

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TYPE APPROVAL

Suitability for use in trade measurement:

The meter must accurately indicate the quantities in appropriate units

The legal units of measure, and the calculation methods used, may be

determined by the government authority

The approval process evaluates the correct application of these legal requirements

TYPE APPROVAL

Resistance to Severe Operating Conditions:

Meters require the ability to withstand expected electrical disturbances

These may be transient disturbances or semi steady-state disturbances

Technical requirements

TYPE APPROVAL

Transient disturbances: Electrostatic discharge Transient bursts on I/O ports

Short-time overcurrent during a short-circuit when the load is protected with the proper fuses

TYPE APPROVAL

Temperature dependence:

The meter must operate accurately within specified requirements over the range between the upper and lower temperature limits

TYPE APPROVAL

Load Asymmetry:The accuracy with current in only one element,

Load Imbalance:The accuracy when load is varied from fully balanced current conditions to where the currentin one of the meter's elements is zero.

TYPE APPROVAL

Voltage variation:Meter operation from 0.9 to 1.1 rated voltage

Frequency variation:Meter accuracy when the frequency is varied from 0.98 to 1.02 of the rated frequency

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TYPE APPROVAL

Harmonics Effects:

Meter should maintain accuracy with: - voltage harmonic distortion up to 5% - current harmonic distortion up to 40% (up to 20th or 50th harmonics) - DC and even harmonics in the AC current - when the current is half-wave rectified.

TYPE APPROVAL

Harmonics in the AC circuit: The distortion of the voltage or current sine wave

Harmonic:One of the frequencies used to describe the distortion in the sine wave

TYPE APPROVAL

Distortion factor (d):The ratio of the r.m.s. value of the harmonic content to the r.m.s. value of the sinusoidal quantity

Expressed in % THD, (% total harmonic distortion)

TYPE APPROVAL

Security:Security is required to provide sustained confidence in measurement results

Mechanical Security:Prevents access to accuracy adjustments Maintains mechanical integrity Access should require breaking the seal(s)

TYPE APPROVAL

Software security: Software security should require either breaking a seal, or leaving permanent evidence of the change.

TYPE APPROVAL

Questions?

Comments?

88

Electricity MeterVerification

andTest Methods


Meter Verification Process

Verification is intended to confirm that a meter conforms to an

approved pattern,and

complies with the applicable technical requirements and

performance criteria.


The meter verification process may useone of the following methods:

1) screening (all meters tested); 2) acceptance sampling;3) compliance sampling.


Technical requirements should include:

- required Type Approval markings - applicable measurement unit identifiers - electronic display functionality - circuit association is correct (voltage & current coils) - detent operation of registers - data retention requirements (power outage) - battery condition - meter is free of material deficiencies


Nameplate marking should include: - manufacturer - model, type - element configuration - measurement functions - type of demand, demand interval - meter multiplier(s), test constants - pulse output constants - voltage rating, current rating - frequency rating - register ratio (electromechanical meters) - firmware version


The meter verification processshould confirm the performance of

each approved measurement function thatmay be used for establishing a charge

in the trade of electricity.

Type approval documents may requireadditional verification tests

for certain meter types.

89


Verification of accuracy is based upon test results at a few specified points.

However, the intent is that all measurement functions will be

accurate within specified tolerances throughout their range.


The meter verification process may require either single phase testing of all meter types

orthree phase testing of polyphase meter types.

Measuring apparatus or standards used for meter verification should be calibrated and certified.

The error determined for a meter at any test point should be recorded to the nearest 0.1%.


Certificate of Inspection:

The results of a meter inspection should berecorded, as evidence of the meter's compliance

with specified requirements in the event of anaudit or measurement complaint.

The record should include a description of the meter,all approved and verified measurement functions,

and the associated test errors.


Meter Test Conditions:

- meters should be fully assembled;- within ± 3 degrees of level (electromechanical meters); - normal operating mode approved for verification;- within ±2.0% of test current, voltage, and test load;- power factor within ±2.0 degrees;- transformer type meters - use representative current range - Errors shall be determined to a resolution of 0.1%

Some test specifications may require:- voltage circuits connected in parallel- current circuits connected in series


METROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS

Verify the following: - accuracy at all energy test points - accuracy at all demand test points - bi-directional operation in each direction - transformer / line loss compensation - programmable metrological values are correct - multi-rate register operation - meter multipliers - pulse initiator constants


Error Calculations:

The meter error is generally calculated using the following equation:

%Error = (R / T - 1) x 100

R = the quantity registered (indicated) by the meter under test

T = the true value of the quantity indicated by the reference meter.

90


Voltage Squared Hour Meters:

Voltage squared hour function shall be evaluated at 95% and 105% of the nominal nameplate voltage.

Ampere Squared Hour Meters:

Ampere squared hour function shall be evaluated at 2.5%Imax and 25%Imax.


Prepayment meters:

- Verify the programmed parameters.

- Perform tests which confirm correct operation of the programmed parameters.


Zero load test - An electromechanical meter should not complete one revolution of its disc. - An electronic meter should not register energy at a current less than the starting current.

Comparative registration (dial) test - Electromechanical meters - zero error relative to the disc, tested to a resolution of 3.0%. - Electronic meters - ±1.0%


Electromechanical meters have a long history of being relatively consistent in

construction and operating characteristics.

The test points required for the verification of this meter type are quite

well established, as are indicated in the following test tables.


Test Configuration Current Power Factor Tolerance

Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 ±1.0%

Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 ±1.0%

Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 ±1.0%

Energy Tests: Single Phase, 1 Element and 1½ Element Meters


Test Configuration Current Power Factor

Power Factor

Power Factor Tolerance

W•h, VA•h var•h (1) Q•h (1)

Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Each Element 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Each Element 25% Imax 0.5 0.866 1.0 ±1.0%

Energy Tests: Polyphase 2 Element and 3 Element meters

Var hour and Q hour meters that operate on the crossed phase principle shall be tested as watt hour meters.

91


Energy Tests: Polyphase 2½ Element Wye Meters

Test Configuration Current Power

FactorPower Factor


W•h, VA•h var•h Q•h

Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Each element 50% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Each element 50% Imax 0.5 0.866 1.0 ±1.0%

Split coil element 50% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Var hour and Q hour meters that operate on the crossed phase principle shall be tested as watt hour meters.

The split coil element test is not required on reverification.


Energy Tests: Polyphase 2½ Element Delta meters

The tests for each element of 2½ element 4-wire Delta meters shall be applied to:(a) the 2-wire element; (b) the 3-wire element in series.

The series test for 3 element 4-wire Delta meters shall be conducted at the rated voltage of the lower rated potential coil.

The individual element tests shall be conducted at the rated voltage of the respective potential coil.


Factor Power Factor


W•h, VA•h var•h Q•hSeries Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%Series Test 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Each Element 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%Each Element 25% Imax 0.5 0.866 1.0 ±1.0%Each Element 2.5% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%


Demand meter verification requirements:

- demand Type (block/rolling block or exponential)- demand Interval (15 minute, 5 minute update etc)- three full demand response periods- demand reset operation - normal mode demand interval


Electromechanical Demand Meters:

- zero load must register within 1/32 inch of true zero- take readings only after the driving pointer has disengaged- block interval must be within ±1.0% of the set interval.

Grease dampened demand pointers:- tested for hysteresis (grease memory) - tested for pull-back after the test load is removed


Demand Tests: Electromechanical 1 and 1½ Element Thermal Demand Meters

Test Configuration Test Point Power Factor Tolerance

Series 66.6% F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.

VA only: Series 66.6% F.S. 0.5 ±1.5% F.S.

Any one element 20% F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.


Demand Tests: Electromechanical 2, 2½ and 3 Element Thermal Demand Meters

Test Configuration Test Point Power Factor Tolerance

Series test 66.6% F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.

VA only: Series test 66.6% F.S. 0.5

2 el: Any one element 20 % F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.

3 el: Any two elements 20 % F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.

2½ el: Each single element (delta meters) 20 % F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.

2½ el: Each single element (wye meters) 16.6 % F.S. 1.0 ±1.5% F.S.

92


Electronic meter types often vary in measurement capabilities and

operational characteristics.

The verification requirements for these meters are not yet firmly established.

As electronic metering technology matures, and meter types become more uniform in

operational charcteristics, it may be possible to refine and standardize the test

points for electronic meter verification.


Electronic Energy Meters:

It is generally agreed that, due to their operating charcteristics,

electronic meters may be verified using a reduced set of test points, as indicated in the following test tables.


Energy Tests: Electronic Single Phase, 1 and 1 ½ Element Meters


FactorPower Factor

Power Factor


W•h VA•h Var•h Q•h

Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 ±1.0%



Energy Tests: Electronic Polyphase 2, 2 ½ delta and 3 Element Energy Meters


FactorPower Factor

Power Factor



Series 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Series 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866

Each Element 25% Imax 0.5

Series 2.5% Imax 1.0

The series test for 2 ½ and 3 element 4-wire Delta meters shall be conducted at the nameplate rated voltage.

The individual element tests shall be conducted at the rated voltage of the respective potential coil.


Test Configuration Current Power Factor

Power Factor

Power Factor



Series Test 25% Imax 1.0 0.5 0.5 ±1.0%

Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 ±1.0%

Each element 25% Imax 0.5 ±1.0%

Split coil element 25% Imax 0.5 ±1.0%


Energy Tests: Electronic Polyphase 2 ½ Element Wye Energy Meters


Electronic Demand Functions:

Each demand calculation type, such as: - exponential, - block interval, - sliding block interval,should be verified by conducting one test at 25% Imax 0.5 Pf, for each demand type.

93


Demand Tests: Electronic 1 and 1½ Element Demand Meters

TestConfiguration Current Power

Factor Power Factor


W VA Var ±1.0%

Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 ±1.0%

Any one element 25% Imax 1.0 1.0 0.5 ±1.0%


Demand Tests: Electronic 2, 2½ and 3 ElementDemand Meters


FactorPower Factor


W VA Var

Series Test 25% Imax 0.5 0.5 0.866 ±1.0%


Meters with Multiple or Auto-ranging Voltages:

Electronic meters which are capable of operating at multiple voltages should be verified

at additional nominal service voltage ranges using a previously verified current and power factor

test point (i.e. energy or demand).

Gain Switching Circuits:

Meters which are equipped with gain switching circuits should be tested at one test point in

each gain switching range.


Combination electromechanical / electronic meters:

Meters which have electronic metering elementsand electromechanical metering elements

which are independent of each othershall be verified as two independent meters.

The electronic portion of such devices shall be verified in accordance with the electronic requirements,

andthe electromechanical portion of such devices shall be verified

in accordance with electromechanical requirements.


Hybrid electromechanical-electronic meters:

This meter type has the disc of the electromechanical induction meter monitored electronically to provide

metering functions.

Each approved function which is provided electronically,should be verified using the performance requirements

for electromechanical meters.


Questions?

Comments?

94

ReverificationIntervals


The reverification process refers to the periodic retesting of a measurement device.

Initial Verification

Placed in Service

Removed or re-assessed

ReVerified

Reverification Intervals

Reverification Process

Purpose of the Reverification Process;

To ensure there is a continuing and sustained confidence level in the performance of a measurement device, over a period of time.


Reverification Process Reverification Process

Benefits to Society;

- helps maintain high level of confidence in the overall measurement system.- helps identify poor performers and or potential component failures in devices. - ensures long term performance of devices


Reverification Intervals or Seal Periods are pre-determined periods of time in which a meter type, design or functionality is allowed to remain in service, before requiring some type of re-accessment of it's continuing performance.

Reverification Intervals (Seal Periods)

Typically, a reverification interval would be;

- long enough to obtain the maximum benefits of a device, while in service.


95

Typically, a reverification interval would be;

- long enough to obtain the maximum benefits of a device, while in service.

- short enough to ensure any re-accessment of a devices performance is completed prior to any component or system failures. (life expectancy)


Establishing Intervals or Seal Periods ;

- Reviewing Historical Data,



- Reviewing Historical Data,- Reviewing Past Practices,



- Reviewing Historical Data,- Reviewing Past Practices, - Reliability analysis,



- Reviewing Historical Data,- Reviewing Past Practices, - Reliability analysis, - Approval of Type evaluation.


Considerations :

- manufactures performance data


96

Considerations :

- manufactures performance data- quality of materials and processes used


Considerations :

- manufactures performance data- quality of materials and processes used- mechanical verses electronic components


Considerations :

- manufactures performance data- quality of materials and processes used- mechanical verses electronic components - device functionality


Considerations :

- manufactures performance data- quality of materials and processes used- mechanical verses electronic components - device functionality - simple verses complex - single verses polyphase


Reverification Intervals (Examples)

Electro-mechanical Hybrid Electronic

PossibleSealPeriods(years)

Single PhaseEnergy

PolyPhaseEnergy

Single /PolyphaseDemand

Single /PolyphaseEnergy

Single/PolyphaseDemand

Single/PolyphaseEnergy/DemandTDM/Hall EffectTechnology

Single/PolyphaseEnergy/DemandDigitalTechnology

12 8 6 8 6 10 12


The reverification interval can be influenced by the level of confidence which is desired or considered acceptable to society in general, as provided by the legal metrology legislation of a nation.

At the end of the reverification interval, the meters are required to be removed from service.


97

The meters require reverification prior to return to service. The reverification process may include:

1) Screening (inspection of all meters), or

2) Sample inspection


Methods of Reverification


Methods of Reverification

Sampling:

Depending on the level of confidence desired, sampling is a cost effective alternative to 100 % inspection.

A sample of the reserviced meters is taken, and the overall performance is accessed, using a sampling plan such as ISO 2859.


The reverification interval is influenced by the expected reliability of the device.

The reliability of a meter is reduced after being in servce.

The reverification interval for a reverified meter may be reduced as a result of the

reduction in expected reliability.

Questions?

Comments?


98

In-Service Compliance Programs



The use of meter reverification intervals is intended to ensure that the meters removed from service before reliability deteriorates, or accuracy drifts beyond specified

accuracy requirements.


While this prevents meters of inferior accuracy from remaining

in service, it also requires the removal of meter types with superior accuracy retention.


The purpose of the in-service compliance program is to establish

the appropriate reverification interval, based upon the performance of a group of homogeneous meters.


COMPLIANCE SAMPLE PROCESS

The process begins with meters that were first verified using the accepted

method, and placed into service.

The in-service meters are then listed in homogeneous compliance sample

groups, or lots.


Homogeneous lot criteria is contained in ISO 2859-1:1999*, section 6.6.

The criteria requires that "each lot shall, as far as practicable, consist of items of a single type, grade, class, size and composition, manufactured under the same uniform conditions at

essentially the same time."* Sampling procedures for Inspection by Attributes

99


Electricity meter homogeneous criteria may include: - manufacturer, - model, - number of elements - voltage, - current range - metering functions - year of manufacture - year of reservicing - recervicing organization


When the lot of meters approaches the end of the reverification interval, a

random sample is selected from the lot, removed from service, and tested.

An analysis is performed on the test results to determine the degree of

compliance with performance criteria.


Meter lots which demonstrate a lower level of compliance are required to be

removed from service at the end of the original reverification interval.

Meter lots which demonstrate a high level of compliance are granted an

extension beyond the original reverification interval.


The higher the level of accuracy, the longer the extension applied to the

reverification interval.

The interval could be extended from 1/6 to to a maximum of 2/3 of the

original reverification interval.

The performance based approach to re-evaluation of the reverification interval

Excellent Performance

2 4 6

Very Good Performance

Good Performance

Poor Performance

FailureExtension - Years

The results of the assessment determine the length of extension to the reverificationinteval.

In-Service Compliance Programs In-Service Compliance Programs

Meter lots that receive extensions are elegible for compliance sampling

as they approach the end of the extended reverification interval.

100


This process has been used in Canada

for the past thirty years.

It has demonstrated that some meter models will receive short, or no

extension to their reverification intervals, while other meter models have

remained in service after receiving numerous consecutive extensions to the

reverification interval.


Questions?

Comments?

101

Measurement Standardsand

Test Equipment

Electricity Metering

Some considerations when selecting the appropriate measurement standards and test equipment include the following:

- accuracy requirements of the meter under test; - accuracy requirements of the test equipment - the accuracy of all standards used to calibrate the test equipment

Measurement Standards and Test Equipment

Other considerations include; - Sensitivity - Resolution - Stability - Reproducibility


In addition, accurate electricity meter verification requires measurement

standards and test equipment which are traceable to national and

international standards.


Traceability of Standards:

Traceability is defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as:

"the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties."

National Primary Standard

International Standard

Local Standards

Calibration Console

Electricity Meter

Hierarchy of Standards and Traceability

Secondary Standards

Measurement Standards and Test Apparatus

102

Multi-Function Measurement Standards

These standards are available with various levels of accuracy, and are

capable of measuring a wide variety of electrical quantities.


Single Phase Transfer Standard1 voltage sensor

3 current sensors

Multi-function Measurement Standards

3 Phase Transfer Standard


Measurement Functions include; - Volts, Amps, Power factor - Watts / Watthour - VA / VAhour - VARs / VARhour - Q / Qhour - Volt squared hour - Amp squared hour - Harmonic distortion


Typical Ratings ;Up to 600 volt input - autorangingUp to 150 amp input- autoranging

Capabilities ;- Pulse Outputs - Programable- Pulse Inputs - Programable- Communication Interfaces and more


Certification of Standards:

Any electricity transfer standard used for electricity meter verification requires a valid calibration certificate.

Electricity transfer standards used to certify calibration consoles are one level higher on the traceability chain, and require a higher level of accuracy.


103

Calibration Consoles

Measurement Standards

Calibration consoles are complex devices, with many sources of error, and are subject to various conditions of use.

Calibration consoles are subject to a variety of operational characteristics:

- wide variations of current loading - several test voltages - different meter types - different meter configuations - various meter burdens - various numbers of meters under test - extended loading at high currents


The accuracy of a calibration console is reflected on every meter that it is used to verify.

It should be tested extensively to reduce potential sources of error, reduce measurement uncertainty, calibrated to established specifications and certified.


Safety considerations:

- master shut-down switch - indication that it is energized - electrical isolation of current and voltage circuits from the primary power source - effective grounding of exposed panels, or ground fault protection - circuit protection


Meter Mounting Arrangements:

When testing electromechanical meters, the console should support the meters within 3 degrees of level.


Electrical Requirements:

Creep Switch - zero load testCapable of Maximum Test Voltages and Currents

Operating Mode:

- Single Phase Testing- Individual Element test capability- Test with test Links closed


104

Indicating Instruments:

Voltage (volts)Current (amps)Phase angle meterPower:

Watt meterVolt-ampere meterVAR meter


Accuracy and Repeatability of Calibration Consoles

- capable of setting all currents, voltages, phase angles, and loads within the tolerances


Calibration Console Reference Meters

- Energy Reference Meters- Demand Reference Meters- Control Circuits for Energy Meters- Control Circuits for Demand Meters


Metrological Requirements: - should meet all accuracy requirements without including Manual Correction Factors.

Error Calculations: - Console errors are calculated in %Error - Recorded to 0.01%

Minimum Duration of Accuracy Tests: - 0.01% resolution (10,000 pulses)


Total Harmonic Distortion (THD); - voltage and current are tested - thermal demand <3% THD, - all other test conditions <5% THD

Load Regulation: - <0.25% variation in 1 hour - electronic meters ±0.2% over each minute, - all others ±0.3% over each minute.


Test Positions and Test Loads

Current Switching Effects: - switching back to a set load within +/- 0.2%

Sensitivity to Number of Meters under Test: - vary number of test positions in operation from 1 position to all positions.


105

Burden Effects: - high burden vs low burden test deviation <0.1% - perform tests using the burden producing the highest error. Variations from Position to Position: - errors < 0.1% allows testing in one position only when determining console errors. - 0.1 to 0.2% requires testing in all positions for determining individual position errors.


Sources of Errors

Intervening current transformer errors:Intervening voltage transformer errors:

1:1 isolation transformers: - for testing single phase 3-wire meters - each position, - each test point


Interchanging certified console reference meters is permitted.

Pulse Counters and Generators are verified

Rangeability of console error calculation is verified to ensure that meters with large errors are correctly calculated

Statistical Calculations are verified


USE REQUIREMENTS

Certified calibration consoles require periodic accuracy checks to ensure accuracy deviations do not exceed specified tolerances.

Daily or weekly accuracy checks, with a tolerance of ± 0.20% are recommended,


During use, accuracy deviations may occur for many reasons including:

- equipment degradation - inadequate maintenance - inadequate accuracy checks - inappropriate accuracy checks - inadequate test procedures - inadequate training


Quality Management System Audits are recommended to evaluate the process, and ensure the following:

- the appropriate test equipment is used - the test equipment is used appropriately - use requirements are performed - additional processes required to fulfill use requirements are performed - the complete process achieves the intent of meter verification


106

Calibration consoles and measurement standards are clearly an inherent part of any traceable measurement system and require a high level of calibration accuracy, with corresponding documented results.


Questions? Comments?


107

Measurement DisputeInvestigations


Measurement Dispute Investigations

An effective meter approval and verification process

should increase measurement accuracy,

and reduce the number of measurement complaints.


However, there will be times where the accuracy and equity in the trade measurement of

electricity comes into question.

When this occurs, a dispute resolution process should be in

place, and supported by the appropriate legislation.


When a purchaser or seller is dissatisfied with:

- the condition or registration of a meter, or

- the application of the measured quantities in the billing process,

a process for requesting a measurement dispute investigation should be available to the person(s) making the complaint.


Legislation can assist the dispute resolution process if it is an offence to supply less electricity* than the seller:

(1) professes to supply, or

(2) should supply, based upon the total price charged, and the stated price per unit of measurement used to determine the total price.

* subject to accepted limits of error


The investigation should include one or more of the following steps:

(1) Seek information from the buyer, seller or any person who could be expected to have knowledge relevant to the matter;

(2) Examine any records that may be relevant to the matter; and

(3) Test the meter for accuracy.

108


The testing of the meter should be scheduled so that the buyer

and seller can witness the meter test if they choose.


If a meter is found to register with an error exceeding specified

tolerances, the error duration will need to be established.

Billing Corrections


The duration of error may be easily determined where:

(a) the meter was incorrectly connected, or

(b) an incorrect multiplier has been used, or

(b) there has been an incorrect use of equipment effecting meter registration.


The measurement error resulting from these types of conditions

can be reasonably determined to have existed from the date of installation of the meter, or for the period that the multiplier or

incorrect equipment was in use.


Where the duration of the error is determined from past readings of a

meter or other information, the buyer or seller can be made liable for the amount of the charge for electricity

based on the full error, and for the full duration of time the error existed.


Where the duration of the error is not clearly evident, the legislation should specify a time duration, beginning at a period of time before the date of the complaint or request for an investigation.

109


When a dispute investigation results in the need for a correction to the quantity used for billing, the calculation methods used to calculate the error and correction should

be verified for accuracy.

The various terms for error calculation, and the applicable formulas, must be used

correctly if the revised billing corrections are to be accurate.

Measurement Dispute Investigations EXPRESSIONS OF MEASUREMENT ACCURACY:

ACCURACY: The closeness of agreement between the registered value and the true value.

ERROR: The deviation between the registered value and the true value.

Absolute Error = Registered value - True value

CORRECTION: The amount required to correct the registered value.

Correction = True Value - Registered value

Expressions of Measurement Accuracy

EXPRESSION FORMULA APPLICATION

e.g. meter registers ½ of true value

1 Absolute Error = R - T = - 50 units * (see below)

2 %True Error = (R - T) / T x 100 = - 50% or = (R / T - 1) x 100 = - 50%

3 % Field Note Error = (R - T) / R x 100 = - 100%4 % Fiducial Error = (R - T) / F x 100 = - 25%

5 % Proof = R / T x 100 = 200%6 Registration Factor = R / T = 0.5

7 % Registration = R / T x 100 = 50%8 Correction = T - R = + 50 units * (see below)

9 Correction Factor = T / R = 2.010 % Correction = (T - R) / R x 100 = + 100%

* T = True value determined using certified traceable standards e.g. 100 units (T) R = Registered value as indicated by the device under test e.g. 50 units (R) F = Fiducial (Full Scale) range of the device. e.g. 200 units (F)

Measurement Dispute InvestigationsOverall Registration Factor and Overall Correction Factor

When the error of one device is passed on to the error of the next device, such as where an incorrect transformer is connected to a meter with an unacceptable error, the Overall Correction Factor can be calculated as follows:

1) Calculate the Registration Factor (RF) for each component. (i.e. RF1, RF2, RF3, etc.)

2) Calculate the Overall Registration Factor (RFo)

RFo = RF1 x RF2 x RF3, etc.

3) The Overall Correction Factor (CFo) can then be calculated;

CFo = 1 / RFo


The legislation should be supported by a documented Measurement Dispute Investigation Process

andand an official Appeal Process in the event that either of the parties are not

satisfied with the findings.


Questions?

Comments?

110

Takao Oki

Masatoshi Tetsuka

Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation

Overview of the Electricity Meters in Japan

APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Coursesin Legal Metrology; (CTI-10/2005T)

Training Course on Electricity MetersFebruary 28 - March3, 2006in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Asia–PacificLegal Metrology

Forum 1. Legislation

2. Type Approval

3. Verification

4. Verification Standards

Contents

The measuring instruments used for tariff purposes (specified measuring instruments) are regulated by the following law and regulation

1. Measurement Law

2. Cabinet Order on Enforcement of Measurement Law

3. Regulation for Verification and Inspection of Specified

Measuring Instruments

4. Regulation on Inspection of Verification Standard

Types of Legislation (1)

Measurement Law1. The Measurement Law obligates us to do

accurate measurement to secure proper administration of measurement as stipulated by its objectives.

2. The Measurement Law, enforced in November 1st,1993, forms the backbone of the measurement regime.


Cabinet Order on Enforcement of Measurement Law

1. Administration of proper Measurement

Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry(METI), Local Government, JEMIC

2. Classification of specified measuring instruments

3. Duration of verification for specified measuring instruments:

Water meter : 8 yearsGas meter : 10 years

Types of Legislation (3)Regulation for Verification and Inspection of

Specified Measuring Instruments

1. Application for type approval and verification

Any person who intends to take the type approval or verification as to specified measuring instruments shall submit an application form to the METI, a governor of prefecture or JEMIC in accordance with the classification prescribed by Cabinet Order.

2. Requirements for type approval and verificationTechnical Standards for Structure (Markings, Performance)

3. Requirements for specified measuring instruments in-service

Performance, Maximum permissible errors in service


111

Classification of specified measuring instrumentsTaxi meter Weighing instrument

Thermometer Hide planimeter

Volume meter Current meter

Density hydrometer Pressure gauge

Flow meter Calorimeter

Maximum demand meter Watt-hour meter

Var-hour meter Vibration level meter

Illuminometer Noise level meter

Instruments for measuring concentration Relative density hydrometer

Specified Measuring Instruments

Regulation on inspection of Verification Standards

JEMIC has been requested to perform the inspection of verification standard by the specified standard

1. Application for inspection

2. Requirements for verification standards

3. Construction

4. Method of inspection


Documentary Standards for Electricity Meters

Measurement Law

Enforcement of Measurement Law

Verification and Inspection ofSpecified Measuring Instruments

Inspection of Verification Standard

Official Notice by METITest Procedures forSpecified Measuring

Instruments with Electric Circuits

Products

Watt-hour meters

Var-hour meters

Maximum demand meters

JIS: Standards for Mechanical Type Electricity Meters

JEMIC Regulation for Type Approval and Verification

Organization for Type Approval and Verification Services

The Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation(JEMIC) provide type approval and verification for the electricity meters used for tariff or certification purposes.

What is JEMIC ? (1)

1. In Japan the verification act of the electricity meter started at ETL (now AIST NMIJ) in 1912.

2. Then, the demand of verification increased withdevelopment of industry, and the more efficientand low cost system for verification is desired.

3. In such a reason, JEMIC was launched as asemi- government organization in 1964 based onthe JEMIC’s law.

What is JEMIC ? (2)

4. Simultaneously, JEMIC took over the verificationactivity which was being undertaken in ETL, theJapan Electric Association, and Tokyo metropolitan government.

5. Since then JEMIC has carried out the verificationof electricity meters for 40 years.

112

JEMICActivities

[Calibration Services]

1. JCSS Cal. Service2. Calibration Service3. Mobile Cal.Service

R & D

[Legal Metrology Services]1. Type Approval for Electricity Meters2. Type Approval for Illuminance Meters3. Verification of Electricity Meters4. Verification of Illuminance Meters5. Inspection of Legal Standards

TechnicalCooperation

What does JEMIC do?

JCSS: The calibrations using the primary standards of the accredited calibration laboratories are carried out for the general industries

General Affairs Division

Verification Management Div.

Verification Division

Calibration Laboratory

Technical Research Laboratory

Planning Office

Hokkaido

Tohoku

Chubu

Hokuriku

Kansai

Chugoku

Shikoku

Kyushu

President

Vice President

Managing Directors

Auditor Auditor’s Office

Head Office

Regional Offices

Okinawa

Niigata

Kyoto

Amagasaki

Okayama

Organization Structure

Kumamoto

Hokkaido

Tohoku

Head Office

Niigata

ChubuKyotoKansai

OkayamaChugokuAmagasaki

ShikokuKyushuKumamoto

Okinawa

Location of Lab.s

Ｎ

Hokuriku METI

Agency of Natural Resources and Energy

Industrial Science and Technology Policy and Environment Bureau

Electricity and Gas Industry Department Policy Planning division

Measurement and Intellectual Infrastructure Division Weight and Measures Office

AISTNational Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology

JEMIC

Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry

Supervisor for JEMIC

Measurement Law

Technical Guidance

Relationship Between JEMIC and METI

ElectricityMeters

Principle

Faculty

DistributionSystem

Consumers

Housemeter

Industrialuse

1. Induction type2. Electronic type

1. Single-rate2. Multi-rate

1. Single-phase2. Three-phase

Watt-hour meter class 2.01. Type 32. Type 43. Type 5Transformer Operated Meter1. Watt-hour meter

2. Var-hour meter3. Maximum demand meter

･ ordinary meter class 2.0･ precision meter class 1.0･ high-precision meter class 0.5

Classifications of the Electricity Meters in Japan

1. It is practically impossible to conduct all electrical performance tests for every mass-produced electricity meters due to the huge cost and time involved.

2. Therefore, these tests are conducted onsamples of newly developed electricity meters and those passing the test are given a type approval number.

Purpose of Type Approval

113

Summary of Legislation

1. Legal basisThe measuring instruments used for tariff purposes (specified measuring instruments) are regulated by the relevant regulations based on the Measurement Law of Japan.

2. National regulatory organizationMinistry of Economy Trade and Industry(METI)

3. Type approval and Verification body for Electricity meters

Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC)

114

APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology, Electricity Meters, Ho Chi minh City, Vietnam, 2006 page_1

Asia-PacificLegal Metrology

Forum

Type Approval

APEC/APLMF Seminars and Training Courses in Legal Metrology; (CTI-10/2005T)Training Course on Electricity Meters

February 28 - March 3, 2006, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam


Type Approval General Flowchart (1)









115




Outline of Type Test (1) - Appearance,Mechanism


Outline of Type Test (2) - Insulation


Outline of Type Test (3) - Basic Performance


Outline of Type Test (4) - Disturbances(1)



116



SHOCK TEST











117


Outline of Type Test (12)


Statistics (1) - The Number of Approval : Mechanical & Static


Statistics (2) - The Number of Approval : New & Modification


Statistics (3) - The Number of Approval : New & Modification


Statistics (4) - The Number of Approval : Mechanical & Static


Statistics (5) - The Number of Approval : Meter Categories

118


Conclusion

119

Verification (1)

Verification body (JEMIC)

1. Under the ministerial ordinance, JEMIC carries out verification tests on each meter submitted for verification.

2. The tests specified in the ordinance are the same for both new and repaired meters.

Verification (2)

Verification body (designated manufacturer)

1. In 1992, the new Measurement Law came into force in JAPAN.

2. The Major change is the introduction of self-verification system for electricity meters by the designated manufacturers of meters which has the same effect as the national verification.

3. The self-verification of electricity meters was introduced on October 31, 1998 after the grace period of six years.

Verification (3)Designation Procedure for Manufacturers in Japan

1. Before manufacturers can certify meters they have to meet certain conditions imposed by the ministerial ordinance of the Measurement Law.

2. One of conditions imposed by the ordinance requires manufacturers to have a Quality Assurance System that meets closely the requirement of ISO9001.

3. Manufacturers have to nominate a representative who takes responsibility for the quality assurance of production and certification of meters.

manufacturersJEMIC

METI

METIdesignationcommittee

Inspection by JEMIC document check of quality manual inspection of manufacturing processfinal test

(1) application

request (2)

inspection (3)report (4)

(5)judgment

(indefinite period)(6) designation

notification(less than 3 months from application)

(6)

Designation Procedure for Manufacturers in Japan

Tests for type approved meters

Meters tested for verification shall comply with the

following requirements:

1. Insulation requirement

2. Starting current requirement

3. No-load requirement

4. Error test

Verification (4)

Test Conditions

1. Temperature: 23ºC+/- 5 ℃.

(23 ºC +/- 2 ºC for high precision watt-hour meters)

2. Voltage: rated voltage +/- 0.3%

3. Frequency: rated frequency +/- 0.5%

4. Voltage and Current waveforms: Distortion Factor• Mechanical Type <3%• Static Type <2%

(<1% for high precision watt-hour meters)

Verification(5)

120

1. The verification mark shall be affixed to the meters which have passed theverification.

2. JEMIC has devised new sealing system, consisting of an ABS plastic cap loaded with a stainless steel spring.

3. The system permits a simple sealing process.

Verification (6)Verification Mark and Sealing (1)

Verification Mark and Sealing (2)

Verification

DesignatedManufacturers

DevelopedNew Type Meters

Mass-producedMeters

after Approved

Inspection atManufacturers

Self-Verification

Notified ManufacturersDevelopedNew Type

Meters Mass-producedMeters

after Approved

Repairers

Renewal Meter

OverhauledMeters

Type Approval

JEMIC

Power Utilities

Consumers

New Meter

New Meter

Valid Period5 Years7 Years10 Years

Legal Electricity Meters Verification Scheme in Japan

1. In Japan, all the electricity meters used for electricdealings are examined.

2. The number of the examination items performed inorder to test the performance of the electricity meterexceeds 30 items.

3. In the daily examination, a huge amount of time and expense are required to examine all of theseexamination items.

Verification System for Electricity Meters in Japan (1)

4. The examination system is divided into the typeapproval and the daily examination in order to carryout the verification system more efficiently andeconomically. That is, the sampled meter issubmitted to JEMIC. The examination of all items isperformed about these meters.

5. The sampled meter which passed all examinationsreceives type recognition.

6. As for the meter of the same type as the meter whichreceived type recognition, many of examination items areomitted.

Verification System for Electricity Meters in Japan (2)Verification System for Electricity Meters in Japan (3)

・Insulation test・Accuracy test・Climatic test・Mechanical test・Durability test・EMC test for static type・And othersmore than 30 test items

・Visual check for meters・Insulation test・Starting test・Test of no-load condition・Error test

Type approval Verification

Verification System

Certificate with approved number

Verification Mark and Sealing

121

Periods prescribed by the Regulation are as follows:

1. Type approved direct-connected meter (Domestic meter): 20 days

2. Type approved transformer operated meter: 20 days

3. Type approved transformer operated meter and instrument transformer: 30 days

4. Inspection of instrument transformer carried out at consumer’s premises: 50 days

Time Limit to Perform VerificationManufacturer, Repairer

Application of the Electricity Meters

Visual check

Insulation test

Test of no-load condition

Starting test

Self-heating & Registering test

Error test

Judgment

Verification mark and sealing

Consumers

40 min.

Power utilities

meters only complied with thelegal requirements

The daily Verification process

ManufacturersMass-produced Electricity Meter

RepairersReconditioning

Power Utilities Consumer

JEMIC

3

4

567

8 9

10

NewRecycled

Life Cycle of Electricity Meter

2

21 Self-Verification

View of the Automatic Testing Systemfor Electricity Meters

The automatic watt-hour meter testing system consists of 4 meter benches, a power source unit and P.C.

A group of 20 watt-hour meters undergoes the registering test after the no load test and starting current test.

The result of error tests are printed out.

Registering testduring

self heating

Replacement and Insulation test, no-load test, stating test

Error test


self heatingError test


self heating


self heating

Error test


self heating


self heating

Error test


self heating


self heating

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4

Cycle 3

Cycle 2

Replacement and Insulation test, No-load test, stating test

Replacement and Insulation test,

No-load test,stating test

Replacement and Insulation test, no-load test, stating test

Cyclic Operation of the Automatic Testing Equipment

Cycle 4

Cycle 1

Infraredsensor

A Test Method

Power supply

InstrumentTransformer

WHM under test

CRT

Display

CPU

Keyboard

Printer

Standard

Watt-hour

Meter

Pulse Output

Rating100V5A

Example:Rating100V,30A

5A

30,15,1A, Pf 1.030, 5A, Pf 0.5

122

An Automatic Watt-hour Meter Testing System

The revolutions of the rotating disc of the meters being tested are detected by an infrared sensor and are compared with the out put pulse of the standard watt-hour meter.

Different types of electricity meters

Static type3P3W,1P3W

Mechanical type1P2W,1P3W

Inspection of Instrument Transformers (1)

Instrument Transformers used with electricity meters shall comply with the legal requirements for inspection.

Inspection of Instrument Transformers (2)

Instrument transformers are classified into three:

1. A current transformer (CT) that transfers current of a

large-current to small current (usually 5A) in Japan.

2. A voltage transformer (VT) which steps down high voltage to low voltage (usually 110V) in Japan.

3. Transformer (VCT ) which contains both a current

transformer and a voltage transformer and is mainly used for measuring electric power.

Combined errors of Instrument Transformers and Transformer Operated Meters

1. The combined errors shall comply with the maximum permissible errors for inspection.

2. Combined error = error of transformer operated meter+error of instrument transformer

Matching numberIf the combined errors comply with the legal requirements for inspection, the matching number shall be attached to the meters and instrument transformers to ensure that combination of them is not changed in-service.

6600V 20A

123

Inspection of Instrument Transformers

Standard High Voltage Transformer

600kV high voltage capacitance

Maximum Permissible Errors for Verification1. Domestic meters (Direct-connected watt-hour meters)

Maximum Permissible errors Power factor Test current

Type 22.0% 1 5%In, 50%In, 100%In

2.5% 0.5 inductive 20%In, 100%In

Type 32.0% 1 3.3%In, 50%In, 100%In


Type 42.0% 1 2.5%In, 50%In, 100%In


Type 52.0% 1 2%In, 50%In, 100%In


2. Transformer operated metersMaximum Permissible errors Power factor Test current

Ordinary watt-hour meters

2.0% (2.0%) 1 5%In, 50%In, 100%In

2.5% (2.5%) 0.5 inductive 20%In, 100%In

Precision watt-hour meters

1.0% (1.2%) 1 20%In, 50%In, 100%In

1.5% (1.8%) 5%In

1.0% (1.3%)0.5 inductive

20%In, 50%In, 100%In

1.5% (2.0%) 5%In

High precision watt-hour meters

0.5% (0.6%)1

20%In, 50%In, 100%In

0.8% (1.0%) 5%In

0.5% (0.7%)0.5 inductive

20%In, 50%In, 100%In

0.8% (1.1%) 5%In

Var-hour meters 2.5% (2.5%) 0 100%In

0.866 inductive 20%In, 50%In, 100%In

Maximum demand meters 3.0% (3.0%) 1 10%In, 50%In, 100%In

0.5 inductive 100%In

Note (1) In: Rated current(2) ( ): Maximum Permissible errors for a meter error + an instrument transformer error

Electricity metersMaximum permissible

errors in-serviceVerification

period (in years)

Domestic Watt-hour meter100%In to 20%In, pf 1Rated current: 30, 120, 200 , 250ARated current: 20, 60 A

+/-3.0%10

7 (20, 60A)

Precision watt-hour meter100%In to 10%In, pf 15%In, pf 1

Rated current: 5 A

+/-1.7%+/-2.5%

5(mechanical Type)7(static Type)

High precision watt-hour meter100%In to 10%In, pf 15%In, pf 1Rated current: 5 A

+/-0.9%+/-1.4%

5(mechanical Type)7(static Type)

Var-hour meter 50%In, pf 0.866Rated current: 5 A

+/-4.0% 5(mechanical Type)7(static Type)

Maximum demand meter50%In, pf 1Rated current: 5 A

+/-4.0% 5(mechanical Type)7(static Type)

3. Maximum Permissible Errors for Meters in-service and Duration of Verification

After a meter is installed on a customers premises for charging purposes, an error of the meter is required to remain within the maximum permissible errors for the entire duration of verification

Number of Electricity Metersin-service (at 2004/4)

1. Direct-connected meterDomestic meter: 75,737,134pcs

2. Transformer operated meterIndustrial use meter: 3,794,558pcs

Number of Electricity meters in service and

Number of Meters Verified

1,9931,9941,995 1,996 1,997 1,998 1,999 2,000 2,001 2,002 2,003

Stat

ic

Mec

hani

cal

Tot

al

Inst

alle

d M

eter 0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Num

ber

of M

eter

s(t

en th

ousa

nds)

Fiscal Year

StaticMechanicalTotalInstalled Meter

124

Number of Meters Verified by JEMIC or Designated Manufactures

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003Fiscal Ye

Verification Self Verificat

Verification Fees (Cabinet Order)

1. Type approved direct-connected meter: Initial verification of 1p3w 30A meter: 446 yenSubsequent verification of 1p3w 30A meter: 480 yen

2. Type approved transformer operated meter: Initial verification of 3p3w ordinary watt-hour meter: 2,464 yenSubsequent verification of 3p3w ordinary watt-hour meter: 2,650 yen

3. Instrument transformer: Voltage transformer 3p3w 6.6kV : 4,600 yenCurrent transformer 3p3w 50A : 3,300 yen

Application fortype app. Application for

type app.

Foreign Manufacturers Importers

Foreign Manufacturers Importers

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry （METI）Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry （METI）

Domestic Manufacturers Domestic

Manufacturers

Designated manufacturersDesignated

manufacturersJapan Electric Meters Inspection

Corporation(JEMIC)

Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation

(JEMIC)

Repair companiesRepair

companies

NotificationNotification ApplicationApplication DesignationDesignation MandateMandate

UtilitiesUtilities ConsumersConsumers

Type approvalType approval VerificationInspectionVerification

InspectionApplication

for type app.Application for type app.

Application for verificationApplication for

verification

Application for verification of

repaired meters

Application for verification of

repaired meters

Self Verification Self Verification

Scheme of Legal Metrology for Electricity Meters

NotificationNotification

Watt-hour meters

Var-hour meters

Maximum-demand meters

Verified electricity metersInstrument transformers

Products

Period of verification and inspection・10 or 7 years for domestic meters・ 7 years for transformer operated meter (static type)・ 5 years for transformer operated meter (mechanical type)・10 years for instrument transformers

Summery of Verification

1. Initial verification is performed by JEMIC or designated manufactures.(10 manufactures at February 2006)

2. Subsequent verification is performed by JEMIC.

3. Meters tested for verification shall comply with the maximum permissible error and technical requirements.

125

Verification Standards

1. Inspection of Verification Standards

2. Traceability system of power and energy standards (Verification Standards)

3. Introduction of National Standard for power and energy(A Digital System for Calibrating Active/ReactivePower and Energy Meters)

Inspection of Verification Standards (1)

1. The use of standard of specific accuracy is essential to ensure and maintain the reliability of verification.

2. The measurement law demands that not only verification organizations for electricity meters but also business which manufacturers and repairers such meters be equipped with verification standards(legal standards).

3. The legal standards such as standard watt-hour meters are inspected by JEMIC.

Standard Watt-Hour Meters

1. Rotary standard watt-hour meter(first generation1957~)

2. Stationary standard watt-hour meter(second generation1968~)

3. Static standard watt-hour meter(third generation1980~)

Self calibration wide band watt-hour meter(fourth generation1999~)

Inspection of Verification Standards (2)

1. The JEMIC carries out calibration of power and energy standrad for industry and inspection of tariff and certification electricity meters.

2. Power and Energy measurement system which is designated as Primary Measurement Standard was developed by JEMIC.

3. The JEMIC maintains such Primary Measurement Standard as power and energy standrad.

Inspection Mark of Verification Standards

1. Term of Validity; 1Year

2. Instruments Error;

High Precision Standards 0.2%

Precision Standards 0.5%

A measuring instrument which has passedthe inspection of verification standards shall be affixed with aninspection mark of verification standards.

Traceability system of power and energy standards (Verification Standards) (1)

1. JEMIC establishes power and energy standards and supplies these standards to industries.

2. The scope and uncertainty of calibration service by JEMIC as an accredited calibration laboratory are shown as next page.

3. Power and Energy measurement system which is designated as Primary Measurement Standard was developed by JEMIC.

126

Calibration scope and uncertaintyby using Primary Standard

Best Uncertainty

(k= 2）

Watt Converter <110V, <50A, 45 - 65Hz 50ppm

Power MeasuringInstrument <110V, <50A, 45 - 65Hz 48ppm

Energy Watt-hour Meter <110V, <50A, 45 - 65Hz 50ppm

Scope of the Calibration Service

Power

Best Uncertainty : 100V, 5A, 50Hz,60Hz, 1Phse 2-Wire

Traceability system of power and energy standards (Verification Standards) (2)

Inspection and Verification

Power & Energy Standard

Watt Converter

Watt measuring Instruments Verification

Standards

ENERGY

electricity meters (WHM etc.)

POWER

High Precision Verification standards are inspected by Power and Energy Standard

A View of Electric Energy Measurement Introduction of National Standard for power and energy

A DIGITAL SYSTEM FOR CALIBRATING ACTIVE/REACTIVE POWER AND ENERGY METERS

Voltage : 100VCurrent : 5AFrequency : 50, 60Hz

Simple approaches for power/energy

measurement with digital technique.

System Overview

Basic PrincipleActive power (P) and reactive power (Q)can be calculated from voltage (U), current (I) and phase angle (ø) .

P = UIcosøQ = UIsinø

The power calibration system

generates U and I with phase angle ø,

measures U, I and ø individually,

calculates P and Q from the measurement results of U, I and øaccording to the “basic principle”.

The SystemPower MeterUnder Test

U

I ø

P = UIcosø P’

The output ofthe meter under test

Error = P’-P

Power applied tothe power meter under test

127

Block Diagram of the System

ResistiveVoltageDivider

Power MeterUnder test

SamplingPower Meter

for Monitoring

PC

PhaseMeter

Power Source

I

u2

u3

u1

U

1 ohm Shunt 0.1 ohms Shunt

ACVoltmeter

ACVoltmeter

A view of Primary Standard for power and energy

The sampling power meter

MultifunctionRMS value of voltage and currentActive / reactive powerPhase angleFrequency

The sampling power meter is used for monitoring U, I and ø.

Monitoring the power source with the sampling power meter

U

Measurement resultsof U, I and øNew Settings

I

Sampling Power Meterfor Monitoring

PowerSource

PC

Voltage measurement

U

PowerSource

PCdata

AC Voltmeter

Current measurement

IPowerSource

AC ShuntR = 0.1 ohms

AC Voltmeter

u1

I = u1/ RPCdata

128

Phase angle measurement

I

U

ResistiveDivider

1 ohmAC Shunt

u2 u3PowerSource

ø

PCdata

PhaseMeter

Active power (P) and reactive power (Q)

Active power (P) and reactive power (Q) can be calculated from the measurement results of U, Iand ø.

Active powerP = UIcosø = Uu1cosø / R

Reactive powerQ = UIsinø = Uu1sinø / R

Performance (1)Uncertainty of power measurement

Power factor 1• Uncertainty of voltage measurement 14 µV/V• Uncertainty of current measurement 14 µA/A• Total 20 µW/VA

Power factor 0• Uncertainty of phase measurement 11 µrad• Total 11 µW/VA

Performance (2)

Comparison between JEMIC’s and NRC’s system

Current-comparator-basedPower Calibration System

in NRC

The Power Calibratorin JEMIC

Transfer Standard

Comparison

Calibration

Time division Multiplier TypePower Meter

Calibration

Performance (3)Comparison between JEMIC’s and NRC’s system

The error of the transfer standardmeasured with JEMIC’s and NRC’s system

at 120V, 5A, 60Hz

µW/VA

45

-4510.5 lag 0.5 lead 0 lead0 lag

Power Factor

NRC JEMIC

Features of Power and Energy System

1. Theoretically simple

2. Simple design

3. Easy to operate

4. Sufficiently practical for calibrating precision power/energy meters

129

Summery of Verification Standards

1. The verification equipment must be traceable to national standards and be inspected by JEMIC.

2. Traceable to the primary standards on energy measurements are essential to maintain a fair trade.

3. A fair trade is to contribute for consume confidence.

Thank you for your Attention

130


Forum

Overview of International Standardsrelate to Electricity Meters

- Report of International Meeting in South Africa -- International Standards of IEC TC13 -



Meeting in South Africa (1)

Meeting in South Africa (2) Meeting in South Africa (3)

Working Group of TC13 WG11 Documents (1)

131

WG11 Documents (2) - IEC62052-11,62053s WG11 Documents (3) - IEC62053s

WG13 Documents (1) WG14 Documents (1)

WG14 Documents (2) WG15 Documents (1)

132

Mapping of Liaison(relationships) (1) Mapping of Liaison(relationships) (2)

Conclusion

133


Forum

Current Situationof

the Revision of OIML Recommendation

- Draft of R46 Electricity Meters -



Introduction

Progress Outline of Contents(1)

20 pages20 pages over 40 pagesover 40 pages

Outline of Contents(2) Outline of Contents(3)

15 test items15 test items over 30 test itemsover 30 test items

134

Outline of Contents(4)

IEC521(1976)IEC521(1976) IEC StandardsTC13, TC77, etcIEC Standards

TC13, TC77, etc

Outline of Contents(5)



135

Conclusion

136

ANG

KO

R W

AT, C

AMBO

DIA

Trai

ning

Cou

rse

onEl

ectr

icity

Met

ers

Febr

uary

28

to M

arch

3, 2

006

Ho

Chi

Min

hC

ity,

Viet

nam

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

s-D

epar

tmen

t of M

etro

logy

(DO

M) a

nd In

dust

rial

Labo

rato

ry C

ente

r of C

ambo

dia

(ILC

C) r

egul

ate

the

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

s in

Cam

bodi

a on

the

Prim

ary

Se

cond

ary

and

Wor

king

Sta

ndar

ds.

-The

lega

l uni

ts o

f mea

sure

men

t on

Elec

trici

ty in

C

ambo

dia

is k

Wh,

the

tarif

f was

app

rove

d by

M

inis

try o

f Ind

ustry

Min

e an

d En

ergy

(MIM

E) a

nd

Elec

trici

ty A

utho

rity

of C

ambo

dia

(EA

C),

but

Elec

trici

tedu

Cam

boge

(ED

C)

is re

spon

sibl

e fo

r se

lling

the

Elec

trici

ty.

-Now

, MIM

E ha

s not

pas

sed

the

met

rolo

gy la

w o

n el

ectri

city

met

ers y

et.

-Unf

ortu

nate

ly, D

OM

and

ILC

C h

ave

no

equi

pmen

t to

test

the

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

s, bu

t ED

C

has t

heir

own

equi

pmen

t to

verif

y th

e m

eter

s.

-EA

C h

as so

lved

the

com

plai

nts b

y co

nduc

ting

the

verif

icat

ion

of e

lect

ricity

met

ers,

but E

AC

can

not

calib

rate

them

.

-In

real

ity, D

OM

and

ILC

C a

re re

spon

sibl

e to

ve

rify

and

calib

rate

the

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

s.

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

s

EDC

is a

priv

ate

elec

trica

l com

pany

but

ad

min

istra

ted

by M

IME.

EAC

is a

n A

utho

rity

to so

ld th

e di

sput

es b

etw

een

the

cons

umer

s and

ED

C.

DO

M a

nd IL

CC

are

the

depa

rtmen

ts to

con

trol a

ll th

e m

etro

logy

in C

ambo

dia

incl

udin

g El

ectri

city

M

eter

s.

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

s

137

ILC

C h

as tw

o m

ain

Labo

rato

ries a

s bel

ow:

•Fo

od M

icro

biol

ogy

and

Che

mic

al L

ab

1.M

icro

biol

ogic

al

2.W

ater

Che

mic

al

3.Fo

od C

hem

ical

4.N

on F

ood

Che

mic

al

•Sc

ient

ific

and

Indu

stri

al M

etro

logy

Lab

.

1.M

ass a

nd V

olum

e

2.Sc

ale

Tem

pera

ture

3.El

ectri

cal a

nd P

ress

ure

Indu

stria

l lab

orat

ory

Cen

ter o

f Cam

bodi

a

DO

M is

resp

onsi

ble

for l

egal

Met

rolo

gy a

nd d

ivid

es

into

4 o

ffic

es a

s bel

ow:

-Adm

inis

tratio

n an

d Le

gisl

atio

n

-Con

trol-

Ver

ifica

tion

-Tec

hnol

ogic

al D

evel

opm

ent o

f Met

rolo

gy

-Pro

vinc

ial M

anag

emen

t Met

rolo

gy.

Dep

artm

ent o

f Met

rolo

gy

TH

AN

K Y

OU

FOR

YO

UR

AT

TE

NT

ION

138

Elec

tric

ity

Met

ers

–C

hile

Cri

stiá

n E

spin

osa

Ch

ief

of E

lect

rici

ty A

rea

Supe

rin

ten

den

cy o

f El

ectr

icit

y an

d Fu

els

(SEC

)

APE

C/A

PLM

F Se

min

ars a

nd T

rain

ing

Cou

rses

in L

egal

Met

rolo

gy (C

TI-

10/2

005T

)T

rain

ing

Cou

rse

on E

lect

rici

ty M

eter

sFe

brua

ry 2

8 -M

arch

3, 2

006

Chi

leSa

ntia

go

Chile

an E

nerg

y Reg

ulat

ory

bodi

es

CN

E

(Nat

inal

Com

issi

on o

f En

ergy

)

Reg

ulat

ory

body

SEC

(Sup

erin

tend

ency

of

Elec

trici

ty a

nd F

uels

)

Supe

rvis

ion

or

Con

trolle

r bo

dy

Reg

ulat

ions

on

Met

ers

•Be

fore

inst

allin

g, t

he m

eter

s ha

ve t

o be

ver

ified

, ca

libra

ted,

sea

led

and

cert

ified

by

a bo

dy a

utho

rized

to

do s

o by

SEC

(Ce

rtifi

catio

n Bo

dy).

•In

ser

vice

met

ers

have

to

be c

ontr

olle

d by

Ver

ifica

tion

Bodi

es (

auth

oriz

ed b

y SE

C).

•Th

e di

strib

utio

n co

mpa

nies

hav

e th

e re

spon

sibi

lity

of

doin

g m

aint

enan

ce t

o th

e m

eter

s.•

SEC

dete

rmin

es t

he r

ever

ifica

tion

and

mai

nten

ance

in

terv

als,

bas

ed o

n te

chni

cal c

hara

cter

istic

s of

the

eq

uipm

ent.

•Th

e di

strib

utio

ns c

ompa

nies

can

cha

rge

the

mai

nten

ance

co

st, on

ly a

fter

the

ser

vice

has

bee

n do

ne.

139

Som

e Fa

cts

•Th

ere

are

abou

t 5.

000.

000

elec

tric

ity c

usto

mer

s an

d m

eter

s in

Chi

le.

•Th

e di

strib

utio

n co

mpa

nies

ow

n ab

out

half

of t

hese

m

eter

s, a

nd r

ent

them

to

the

cust

omer

s (t

he t

ariff

in

clud

es m

aint

enan

ce).

•Th

e cu

stom

ers

that

ow

n th

e m

eter

s ha

ve t

o pa

y th

e “m

aint

enan

ce”

(rev

erifi

catio

n).

•Bo

th p

rices

are

set

by

a ta

riff

fixin

g pr

oces

s, le

ad b

y CN

E.•

The

Verif

icat

ion

Bodi

es a

re in

depe

nden

t co

mpa

nies

ow

ned

by t

he d

istr

ibut

ion

com

pani

es (

subs

idia

ries)

.

Mai

nten

ance

Tar

iff•

Mai

nten

ance

and

ren

t ta

riffs

are

ver

y si

mila

r in

pre

sent

va

lue,

but

the

ren

t is

a p

er m

onth

tar

iff.

•Th

e m

aint

enan

ce t

ariff

was

cal

cula

ted

with

a r

ever

ifica

tion

inte

rval

for

cus

tom

er o

wne

d m

eter

s of

4 y

ears

.•

The

tarif

f de

cree

indi

cate

s th

at t

he in

terv

al w

ill b

e 4

year

s un

til S

EC d

eter

min

es a

diff

eren

t in

terv

al.

•SE

C de

term

ined

10

year

s. T

he G

over

nmen

t N

atio

nal

Cont

rolle

r di

ctat

ed t

hat

SEC

cann

ot d

o th

is u

ntil

a ne

w

tarif

f pr

oces

s is

hel

d. S

EC a

ppea

led.

•

Very

unp

opul

ar s

ervi

ce•

Cost

: U

S$ 2

0 to

US$

35,

dep

endi

ng o

n th

e ta

riff

area

.•

Rec

lam

atio

ns f

rom

cus

tom

ers

and

auth

oriti

es

Mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt/d

ispu

te re

solu

tion

proc

ess

•If

a c

usto

mer

s as

ks f

or a

rev

erifi

catio

n, t

he

dist

ribut

ion

com

pany

has

to

do s

o by

an

auth

oriz

ed

Verif

icat

ion

Body

.•

If t

he m

eter

is O

K,th

e re

verif

icat

ion

is p

aid

by t

he

cust

omer

, oth

erw

ise

paid

by

the

com

pany

.

Elec

tric

ity

Met

ers

–C

hile

Cri

stiá

n E

spin

osa

Ch

ief

of E

lect

rici

ty A

rea

Supe

rin

ten

den

cy o

f El

ectr

icit

y an

d Fu

els

(SEC

)

APE

C/A

PLM

F Se

min

ars a

nd T

rain

ing

Cou

rses

in L

egal

Met

rolo

gy (C

TI-

10/2

005T

)T

rain

ing

Cou

rse

on E

lect

rici

ty M

eter

sFe

brua

ry 2

8 -M

arch

3, 2

006

140

APE

C/A

PLM

F Se

min

ars a

nd T

rain

ing

Cou

rses

in

APE

C/A

PLM

F Se

min

ars a

nd T

rain

ing

Cou

rses

in

Lega

l Met

rolo

gy (C

TILe

gal M

etro

logy

(CTI

-- 10/

2005

T)10

/200

5T)

Trai

ning

Cou

rse

on E

lect

ricity

Met

ers

Trai

ning

Cou

rse

on E

lect

ricity

Met

ers

Febr

uary

28

Febr

uary

28

-- Mar

ch 3

, 200

6M

arch

3, 2

006

in H

o C

hi

in H

o C

hi M

inh

Min

hC

ity, V

ietn

amC

ity, V

ietn

am

Ove

rvie

w o

f the

Ele

ctri

city

Met

ers i

n C

hina

Ove

rvie

w o

f the

Ele

ctri

city

Met

ers i

n C

hina

Yan

g Y

ang

Min

g M

ing

Qin

Qin

Tong

Tong

Liao

ning

Liao

ning

Prov

inci

al In

stitu

te o

f Mea

sure

men

tPr

ovin

cial

Inst

itute

of M

easu

rem

ent （（

LIM

LIM））

Asi

a–Pa

cific

Leg

al M

etro

logy

For

um

Liao

ning

Liao

ning

Prov

inci

al In

stitu

te o

f Mea

sure

men

tPr

ovin

cial

Inst

itute

of M

easu

rem

ent

（（LI

MLI

M））

••LI

M is

subo

rdin

ate

to

LIM

is su

bord

inat

e to

Lia

onin

gLi

aoni

ngPr

ovin

cial

Bur

eau

of Q

ualit

y an

d Pr

ovin

cial

Bur

eau

of Q

ualit

y an

d Te

chni

cal S

uper

visi

on, i

t is a

aut

horit

ativ

e le

gal m

etro

logi

cal

Tech

nica

l Sup

ervi

sion

, it i

s a a

utho

ritat

ive

lega

l met

rolo

gica

l ve

rific

atio

n in

stitu

tion,

and

it is

als

o th

e lo

cus o

f Nor

thea

st

verif

icat

ion

inst

itutio

n, a

nd it

is a

lso

the

locu

s of N

orth

east

Nat

iona

l N

atio

nal

Cen

ter o

f Met

rolo

gy a

nd M

easu

rem

ent.

C

ente

r of M

etro

logy

and

Mea

sure

men

t.

Ver

ifica

tion

Syst

em o

f ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s

benc

hmar

kbe

nchm

ark

Cla

ss 0

.005

Cla

ss 0

.005

Wor

k St

anda

rdW

ork

Stan

dard

Cla

ss 0

.01

Cla

ss 0

.01

amen

dam

end

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- pha

se S

tand

ard

phas

e St

anda

rdC

lass

0.0

2(0.

01)

Cla

ss 0

.02(

0.01

)

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- pha

seph

ase

Thre

eTh

ree --

phas

e St

anda

rdph

ase

Stan

dard

Cla

ss 0

.1C

lass

0.1

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- pha

seph

ase

Thre

eTh

ree --

phas

e St

anda

rdph

ase

Stan

dard

Cla

ss 0

.05

Cla

ss 0

.05

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- pha

seph

ase

Thre

eTh

ree --

phas

e St

anda

rdph

ase

Stan

dard

Cla

ss 0

.5C

lass

0.5

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- pha

seph

ase

Thre

eTh

ree --

phas

e St

anda

rdph

ase

Stan

dard

Cla

ss 0

.3C

lass

0.3

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- pha

seph

ase

Thre

eTh

ree --

phas

e St

anda

rdph

ase

Stan

dard

Cla

ss 0

.2C

lass

0.2

Wor

k El

ectri

city

Met

erW

ork

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

Cla

ss 0

.5C

lass

0.5

Wor

k El

ectri

city

Met

erW

ork

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

Cla

ss 2

.0C

lass

2.0

Wor

k El

ectri

city

Met

erW

ork

Elec

trici

ty M

eter

Cla

ss 1

.0C

lass

1.0

141

OOrg

aniz

atio

n(s

rgan

izat

ion(

s ) ) w

hich

w

hich

regu

late

the

mea

sure

men

t re

gula

te th

e m

easu

rem

ent

of e

lect

ricity

in

of e

lect

ricity

in o

urour e

cono

my

econ

omy

••In

our

eco

nom

y, th

e m

easu

rem

ent o

f ele

ctric

ity is

In

our

eco

nom

y, th

e m

easu

rem

ent o

f ele

ctric

ity is

re

gula

ted

by

regu

late

d by

Gen

eral

Adm

inis

tratio

n of

Qua

lity

Gen

eral

Adm

inis

tratio

n of

Qua

lity

Supe

rvis

ion,

Insp

ectio

n an

d Q

uara

ntin

e of

the

Peop

le's

Supe

rvis

ion,

Insp

ectio

n an

d Q

uara

ntin

e of

the

Peop

le's

Rep

ublic

of C

hina

Rep

ublic

of C

hina

. (A

QSI

Q)

. (A

QSI

Q)

The

lega

l uni

ts o

f mea

sure

for t

he sa

le o

f el

ectri

city

•kW

h

•kV

ARh

•kV

Ah

TT ypeype

AApp

rova

lpp

rova

l••

All

kind

s of e

lect

ricity

met

ers r

equi

re a

ppro

val o

f typ

e te

st.

All

kind

s of e

lect

ricity

met

ers r

equi

re a

ppro

val o

f typ

e te

st.

••Th

e ap

prov

al o

f typ

e te

st in

clud

es in

sula

tion

perf

orm

ance

Th

e ap

prov

al o

f typ

e te

st in

clud

es in

sula

tion

perf

orm

ance

te

st, a

ccur

acy

dem

and

test

, ele

ctric

dem

and

test

, EM

C te

st,

test

, acc

urac

y de

man

d te

st, e

lect

ric d

eman

d te

st, E

MC

test

, cl

imat

ic in

fluen

ce te

st, m

echa

nism

dem

and

test

.cl

imat

ic in

fluen

ce te

st, m

echa

nism

dem

and

test

.

••O

nly

the

orga

niza

tion

of m

etro

logy

and

mea

sure

men

t whi

ch

Onl

y th

e or

gani

zatio

n of

met

rolo

gy a

nd m

easu

rem

ent w

hich

be

aut

horiz

ed b

y A

QSI

Q c

an d

o th

e ap

prov

al o

f typ

e te

st.

be a

utho

rized

by

AQ

SIQ

can

do

the

appr

oval

of t

ype

test

.

••El

ectri

city

met

ers c

an b

e pr

oduc

ed a

fter t

hey

pass

ed

Elec

trici

ty m

eter

s can

be

prod

uced

afte

r the

y pa

ssed

ap

prov

al o

f typ

e te

st.

appr

oval

of t

ype

test

.

Met

er V

erifi

catio

n Te

stin

g

•M

eter

ver

ifica

tion

test

ing

is re

quire

d.

•Th

e ve

rific

atio

n ce

ntre

of e

lect

ricity

met

ers

whi

ch b

e au

thor

ized

by

AQ

SIQ

can

do

the

met

er v

erifi

catio

n te

stin

g.

•Te

sts a

re p

erfo

rmed

on

met

ers i

n se

rvic

e.

142

Re

Re --

verif

icat

ion

Inte

rval

sve

rific

atio

n In

terv

als

Dom

estic

Sin

gle

Dom

estic

Sin

gle --

phas

e M

eter

phas

e M

eter

Bas

ic In

duct

ion

Met

erB

asic

Indu

ctio

n M

eter

Elec

troni

c M

eter

Elec

troni

c M

eter

5 ye

ars

5 ye

ars

Sing

leSi

ngle

-- dia

mon

d A

xlet

ree

diam

ond

Axl

etre

e5

year

s 5

year

s D

oubl

eD

oubl

e --di

amon

d A

xlet

ree

diam

ond

Axl

etre

e10

yea

rs10

yea

rs

Than

k yo

u fo

r you

r Atte

ntio

n

143

Elec

tric

ity M

eter

M

easu

rem

ent S

yste

m in

Indo

nesi

a

M H

EN

DR

O P

UR

NO

MO

OVE

RVI

EW

Num

ber o

f el

ectri

city

met

er in

stal

led

is

mor

e th

an 3

8 m

illio

n

All

of e

lect

ricity

met

er a

re b

elon

ging

to

PLN

(Nat

iona

l Ele

ctric

ity C

ompa

ny)

OVE

RVI

EW

Dire

ctor

ate

of M

etro

logy

(DoM

) is

inst

itutio

n un

der M

inis

try o

f Tra

de h

as re

spon

sibl

e to

ca

rry

out l

egal

met

rolo

gy in

Indo

nesi

a

Min

istry

of T

rade

regu

late

the

mea

sure

men

t of

ele

ctric

ity i

n In

done

sia

(ME

T-40

05/3

548/

VIII

/199

1)

OVE

RVI

EW

Ele

ctric

ity m

eter

is a

lega

l met

rolo

gy

mea

surin

g in

stru

men

t w

hich

mus

t pas

s in

ve

rific

atio

n an

d re

-ver

ifica

tion

Dire

ctor

ate

of M

etro

logy

(DoM

) per

form

s

appr

oval

of t

ype,

ver

ifica

tion,

re-

verif

icat

ion

test

144

OVE

RVI

EW

Met

ers

are

give

n a

re-v

erifi

catio

n ev

ery

10 y

ears

The

lega

l uni

ts o

f mea

sure

for t

he s

ale

of e

lect

ricity

are

:-

kWh

(res

iden

ce)

-kv

arh

(fact

ory)

CU

RR

ENT

SITU

ATI

ON

14 m

illio

ns m

eter

s m

ust b

e re

-ver

ify a

nd

finis

hed

in 2

007

Dom

and

RV

O c

ould

not

han

dle

Third

par

ty n

eede

d

145

Intr

odu

ction o

f Ele

ctr

icity

Mete

r

Jap

an E

lectr

ic M

ete

r In

spection C

orp

ora

tion

Verificat

ion M

anag

em

ent

Gro

up

Isam

u N

amik

i

Intr

odu

ction o

f Ele

ctr

icity

Mete

ron L

ega

l M

etr

olo

gy

Nat

ional

regu

lato

ry o

rgan

izat

ion :

METI

METI：

Min

istr

y of

Econom

y,Tra

de a

nd

Indust

ry

Lega

l U

nit ：

W , W

h , V

arh , V

, A

Typ

e A

ppro

val B

ody

：JEM

IC

Verificat

ion B

ody

：JEM

IC, D

esi

gnat

ed

Man

ufa

ctu

rer

Verificat

ion

Periods

：7ye

ars

or

10ye

ars

Exa

mpl

e o

f Typ

e t

est

(1)

(Ext

ra M

agnetic f

ield

Test

) Helm

holtz

Coil

Fie

ld S

trengt

h100 〔

A/m

〕D

irection

・Fro

nt

Sid

e t

oB

ack

Sid

e・

Upper

side

to

Bott

om

sid

e・

Left

sid

e t

oR

ight

side

Exa

mpl

e o

f Typ

e T

est

(2)

(Ele

ctr

om

agnetic C

om

pat

ibili

ty)

Dis

tance

3〔m

〕

Fre

quency

Ran

ge

26-1000〔M

Hz〕

Fie

ld s

trengt

h

10〔V

/m

〕

146

Exa

mpl

e o

f Typ

e T

est

(3)

(Ele

ctr

ost

atic

Dis

char

ge T

est

)

Ele

ctr

ost

atic

Voltag

e

8〔KV

〕

Test

Conditio

n

Conta

ct

disc

har

ge

10 T

imes

Pro

duction o

f Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

1995 –

2004

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Year

Production of electricity 〔 106 MWh〕

Japan

Canada

Fra

nce

United

Kin

dom

US

A

Max

imum

Dem

and

1995 -

2004

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Year

Maximum Demand 〔103 MW〕

Japan

Canad

Fra

nce

United

Kin

gdom

US

A

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Com

panie

s in

Jap

an

Hokk

aido E

lectr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Tohoku

Ele

ctr

icP

ow

er

Com

pany

Toky

o E

lectr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Chubu E

lectr

onic

P

ow

er

Com

pany

Kan

sai Ele

ctr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Shik

oku

Ele

ctr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Chugo

ku E

lectr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Kyu

shu E

lectr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Hoku

riku

Ele

ctr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

Oki

naw

a Ele

ctr

ic

Pow

er

Com

pany

147

Pow

er

Supp

ly F

requ

ency

in J

apan

50H

zH

okk

aido E

lectr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Tohoku

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Toky

o E

lectr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pany

60H

zC

hubu E

lectr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Kan

sai Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pany

Hoku

riku

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Chugo

ku E

lectr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Shik

oku

Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Kyu

shu E

lectr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pany

Oki

naw

a Ele

ctr

ic P

ow

er

Com

pan

y

Than

k yo

u f

or

your

atte

ntion

148

Trai

ning

Cou

rses

Tr

aini

ng C

ours

es

onon

Coun

try

repo

rt o

f M

etro

logy

in L

ao

PDR

Coun

try

repo

rt o

f M

etro

logy

in L

ao

PDR

Febr

uary

28

Fe

brua

ry

28 --

Mar

ch 3

,200

6

in H

o Ch

i M

arch

3,2

006

in

Ho

Chi M

inh

Min

hCi

ty,V

ietn

amCi

ty,V

ietn

am

Bac

kgro

un

d

Lao

peap

le’s

Dem

ocra

tic R

epub

lic (

Lao

PDR)

esta

blis

hed

Dep

artm

ent

of I

ntel

lect

ual p

rope

rty

Stan

dard

izat

ion

and

Met

rolo

gy (

DIS

M)

in 1

993.

Th

e M

etro

logy

Div

isio

n (M

D)

that

car

ries

out

indu

stria

l and

lega

l Met

rolo

gy a

ctiv

ities

is o

ne o

f th

e fo

ur D

ivis

ions

tha

t fu

nctio

n w

ithin

the

pu

rvie

w o

f th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Int

elle

ctua

l Pr

oper

ty, S

tand

ardi

zatio

n an

d M

etro

logy

(D

ISM

) es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

the

Scie

nce,

Tec

hnol

ogy

and

Envi

ronm

ent

Agen

cy (

STEA

).

This

age

ncy,

whi

ch is

a G

over

nmen

t bo

dy, i

s th

e fo

cal p

oint

res

pons

ible

for

adv

isin

g th

e G

over

nmen

t on

issu

es o

f St

anda

rds,

Met

rolo

gy,

Test

ing

and

Qua

lity

(SM

TQ).

MD

is g

over

ned

by t

he D

ecre

e on

Met

rolo

gy

man

agem

ent

of L

ao P

DR is

sued

in 1

993

as w

ell

as a

reg

ulat

ion

on M

easu

ring

inst

rum

ents

issu

ed

in 1

995.

Ano

ther

reg

ulat

ion

that

has

bee

n is

sued

ha

s be

en w

ith r

espe

ct t

o th

e re

gist

ratio

n of

fue

l di

spen

ser

pum

ps in

200

1. R

egul

atio

ns

are

bein

g pr

epar

ed p

rese

ntly

for

pre

-pac

kage

d fo

ods

and

road

tan

kers

.

149

The

Met

rolo

gy D

ivis

ion

is pr

esen

tly

Viet

nam

is

prov

idin

g as

sist

ance

to

cons

truc

t an

d eq

uip

a N

atio

nal M

etro

logy

Cen

ter

The

revi

ewin

g a

draf

t M

etro

logy

law

, and

new

bui

ldin

g t

hat

will

hou

se

labo

rato

ry an

d ad

min

istr

ativ

e a

rea

is p

rese

ntly

un

der

cons

truc

tion.

STEA

has

use

d t

his

labo

rato

ry a

s th

e th

ird p

arty

fo

r co

ntro

l of

met

erin

g el

ectr

ic e

nerg

y in

the

w

hole

cou

ntry

. Thr

ough

the

cal

ibra

tion

of w

att-

met

er is

bei

ng c

ondu

cted

, it

is n

ot a

ctiv

ely

cond

ucte

d by

the

nat

iona

l adm

inis

trat

ive

body

an

d en

trus

ted

to t

he c

ompa

ny it

self

to c

alib

rate

du

e to

the

lack

of

refe

renc

e in

stru

men

t.

FUN

CTI

ON

S &

DU

TIES

OF

MET

RO

LOG

Y

DIV

ISIO

N (

MD

)

–Bei

ng a

cus

todi

an o

f na

tiona

l mea

sure

men

t st

anda

rds;

–Est

ablis

hmen

t an

d m

aint

enan

ce o

f in

tern

atio

nal

trac

eabi

lity

of n

atio

nal m

easu

rem

ent

stan

dard

s;

–Ver

ifica

tion

of m

easu

ring

equi

pmen

t us

ed in

tr

ade

and

com

mer

ce;

–Su

perv

isio

n, in

spec

tion

and

regi

stra

tion

of

mea

surin

g in

stru

men

ts;

–Pr

ovis

ion

of c

alib

ratio

n an

d tr

acea

bilit

yse

rvic

es t

o in

dust

rial a

nd c

omm

erci

al

esta

blis

hmen

ts;

–Co

oper

atio

n w

ith r

egio

nal a

nd in

tern

atio

nal

or

gani

satio

ns in

the

fie

ld o

f m

etro

logy

;

150

-Pr

ovis

ion

of t

rain

ing

and

impr

ovem

ent

of

the

tech

nica

l lev

el o

f its

em

ploy

ees;

-D

raft

ing

of le

gal i

nstr

umen

ts in

the

fie

ld o

f m

etro

logy

,

e.g.

)M

etro

logy

law

, Dec

ree

and

Reg

ulat

ions

.

CHAR

T O

F M

ETRO

LOG

Y D

IVIS

ION

CHAR

T O

F M

ETRO

LOG

Y D

IVIS

ION

MET

RO

LOG

Y D

IVIS

ION

(DIR

ECTO

R)

(DEP

UTY

DIR

ECTO

R)

MET

RO

LOG

Y D

IVIS

ION

(DIR

ECTO

R)

(DEP

UTY

DIR

ECTO

R)

Tech

nica

l Affa

irsTe

chni

cal A

ffairs

Legi

slat

ion

Affa

irsLe

gisl

atio

n A

ffairs

App

eal U

nit

App

eal U

nit

Legi

slat

ion

Uni

tLe

gisl

atio

n U

nit

Dim

ensi

ons

Sect

ion

Dim

ensi

ons

Sect

ion Leng

th U

nit

Leng

th U

nit

Elec

tric

ity S

ectio

nEl

ectr

icity

Sec

tion

Elec

tric

ity U

nit

Elec

tric

ity U

nit

Mec

hani

cal

Sect

ion

Mec

hani

cal

Sect

ion

Mas

s U

nit

Mas

s U

nit

Volu

me

Uni

tVo

lum

e U

nit

Pres

sure

For

cePr

essu

re F

orce

Forc

e U

nit

Forc

e U

nit

VERIF

ICAT

ION

AN

D R

EVER

IFIC

ATIO

NVE

RIF

ICAT

ION

AN

D R

EVER

IFIC

ATIO

N

Curr

ently

in L

ao P

DR, t

here

are

som

e la

bora

torie

s Cu

rren

tly in

Lao

PD

R, t

here

are

som

e la

bora

torie

s re

late

d to

met

rolo

gy a

ctiv

ities

. Lao

Ele

ctric

re

late

d to

met

rolo

gy a

ctiv

ities

. Lao

Ele

ctric

co

mpa

nyco

mpa

ny’’ s

Lab

orat

ory

is t

he la

b co

oper

ated

with

s

Labo

rato

ry is

the

lab

coop

erat

ed w

ith

STEA

tha

t te

sts

and

calib

rate

s th

e el

ectr

ic m

eter

.ST

EA t

hat

test

s an

d ca

libra

tes

the

elec

tric

met

er.

This

labo

rato

ry u

nder

Min

istr

y of

Ind

ustr

ies

and

This

labo

rato

ry u

nder

Min

istr

y of

Ind

ustr

ies

and

Han

dicr

aft

was

est

ablis

hed

to t

est

and

calib

rate

H

andi

craf

t w

as e

stab

lishe

d to

tes

t an

d ca

libra

te

part

icul

arly

for

met

erin

g el

ectr

ic e

nerg

y.pa

rtic

ular

ly f

or m

eter

ing

elec

tric

ene

rgy.

STE

A h

as u

sed

this

labo

rato

ry a

s th

e th

ird

party

to c

ontro

l met

erin

g el

ectri

c en

ergy

in

the

who

le c

ount

ry. A

lthou

gh th

e ca

libra

tion

of w

att-m

eter

is b

eing

con

duct

ed, i

t is

not

activ

ely

cond

ucte

d by

the

natio

nal

adm

inis

trativ

e bo

dy a

nd is

ent

rust

ed to

the

com

pany

to c

alib

rate

due

to th

e la

ck o

f re

fere

nce

inst

rum

ent.

151

The

lega

l met

rolo

gy o

n m

easu

ring

inst

rum

ents

by

the

insp

ecto

r of

met

rolo

gy is

to

see

if it

is

appr

opria

te e

noug

h on

the

Tec

hnic

al c

erta

inty

, and

le

galiz

ed b

y se

alin

g it

with

val

idity

mar

k an

d or

at

tach

ing

the

exam

inat

ion

resu

lt.

Verif

icat

ion

and

reve

rific

atio

nte

stin

g fo

r th

e el

ectr

ic

met

er a

re o

rgan

ized

in M

D.

Reve

rific

atio

nin

terv

al f

or e

lect

ricity

m

eter

is 1

0 ye

ars.

Met

rolo

gica

l Se

rvic

es

Met

rolo

gy D

ivis

ion

unde

r th

e Sc

ienc

e Te

chno

logy

an

d En

viro

nmen

t Ag

ency

is t

o m

anag

e an

d re

gula

te

stan

dard

mea

sure

men

t on

the

mea

sure

of

elec

tric

ity f

or le

gal m

etro

logy

mea

surin

g in

stru

men

t.

The

lega

l uni

ts o

f m

easu

re o

f th

e el

ectr

icity

met

ers

is K

ILO

WAT

T-H

OU

R or

WAT

T H

OU

R.

Than

k yo

u ve

ry m

uch

152

Nor

hisa

mIs

mai

lN

atio

nal M

etro

logy

Lab

orat

ory

SIR

IM B

erha

d, M

ALA

YSIA

Tues

day,

Feb

ruar

y 28

200

6

Ove

rvie

w o

f Ene

rgy

Indu

stry

in M

alay

sia

Ener

gy C

omm

issi

on-E

stab

lishe

d un

der E

nerg

y C

omm

issi

on A

ct 2

001

on 1

stM

ay 2

001

-Res

pons

ible

to re

gula

te th

e en

ergy

sup

ply

activ

ities

in M

alay

sia

-To

enfo

rce

ener

gy s

uppl

y la

ws

-Pro

mot

e fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of t

he e

nerg

y

3 m

ain

utilit

ies

Tena

gaN

asio

nalB

erha

d (T

NB

)Sa

bah

Elec

tric

itySd

n. B

hd. (

SESB

)Sa

raw

ak E

lect

ricity

Supp

ly C

orp.

(SES

CO

)-M

ain

pow

er u

tility

in P

enin

sula

r Mal

aysi

a-E

stab

lishe

d in

Sep

tem

ber 1

990

thro

ugh

corp

orat

izat

ion

and

priv

atiz

atio

n by

gov

ernm

ent

-For

mer

ly k

now

n as

Nat

iona

l Ele

ctric

ity B

oard

(NEB

) in

1965

-Cor

e ac

tiviti

es a

re in

the

gene

ratio

n, tr

ansm

issi

on a

nd

dist

ribut

ion

of e

lect

ric e

nerg

y-U

nder

the

dist

ribut

ion,

ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s is

one

of t

he

mai

n ac

tivity

Inde

pend

ent P

ower

Prov

ider

(IPP

)-s

uppl

y to

mai

n ut

ilitie

s ab

out 4

0% in

200

2-1

9 IP

Ps

Mea

sure

men

t Law

in M

alay

sia

Wei

ghts

and

Mea

sure

Act

197

2 -P

resc

ribes

S.I

units

as

the

only

lega

l uni

ts to

be

used

thro

ugho

ut M

alay

sia

-Pro

vide

s fo

r the

est

ablis

hmen

t of n

atio

nal m

easu

rem

ent s

tand

ards

of

phys

ical

qua

ntiti

es b

ased

on

the

S.I u

nits

Enf

orce

men

t

Min

istr

y of

Dom

estic

Tra

de a

nd C

onsu

mer

Affa

ir -E

nfor

cem

ent D

ivis

ion

-Ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s, ta

xi m

eter

s, w

ater

met

er a

nd b

illin

g sy

stem

sin

te

leco

mm

unic

atio

n in

dust

ry a

re e

xem

pted

from

ver

ifica

tion

and

insp

ectio

n by

Insp

ecto

r of W

eigh

ts a

nd M

easu

res

-The

se in

stru

men

ts a

re in

stea

d to

be

verif

ied

and

test

ed b

y th

e re

spec

tive

desi

gnat

ed a

utho

ritie

s

-In th

e ca

se o

f ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s, v

erifi

catio

n an

d in

spec

tion

are

cond

ucte

d by

Ten

aga

Nas

iona

lBer

had

(TN

B)

-It i

s ga

zette

as

Insp

ecto

r of W

eigh

ts a

nd M

easu

res

4 am

endm

ents

: 198

1, 1

985,

199

0 &

199

2A

men

dmen

t in

1985

Mea

sure

men

t Sys

tem

in M

alay

sia

NM

L-SI

RIM

Ber

had

-Res

pons

ible

of e

stab

lishm

ent a

nd m

aint

enan

ce o

f nat

iona

l prim

ary

stan

dard

s of

m

easu

rem

ent

-All

mea

sure

men

t use

d in

trad

e tr

ansa

ctio

ns a

nd o

ther

fiel

ds o

f leg

al m

etro

logy

ar

e tr

acea

ble

to N

ML

-Ele

ctric

al –

smok

e m

eter

s, ra

dar g

un, l

uxm

eter

, sto

p w

atch

es a

nd a

lso

patte

rn

appr

oval

of p

arki

ng m

eter

-M

echa

nica

l –w

eigh

t, ba

lanc

e, ru

lers

-Flo

w-v

olum

e, c

apac

ity, p

rove

rtan

k-C

hem

istry

-bre

ath

anal

yzer

Gov

ernm

ent E

nfor

cem

ent A

genc

ies

Acc

redi

ted

Labo

rato

ry-A

bout

4 a

ccre

dite

d la

bora

torie

s in

ele

ctric

met

ers

incl

udin

g TN

B th

roug

h its

sub

sidi

ary,

TN

B M

eter

ing

Sdn.

Bhd

.-R

efer

ence

sta

ndar

ds u

sed

for v

erifi

catio

n an

d te

stin

g of

ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s ar

e tr

acea

ble

to

NM

L

-Suc

h as

MD

TC, p

olic

e, R

oad

and

Tran

spor

t Dep

artm

ent,

Envi

ronm

enta

l D

epar

tmen

t-M

easu

rem

ent i

nstru

men

ts u

sed

in la

w

enfo

rcem

ent a

re tr

acea

ble

to N

ML

Indu

stry

-Non

e tra

de m

easu

rem

ent u

sed

for m

anuf

actu

ring,

indu

stria

l and

sci

entif

ic p

urpo

ses

are

trace

able

to N

ML

dire

ctly

or t

o ac

cred

ited

labo

rato

ry

153

Lega

l uni

t

-The

lega

l uni

t use

d in

sal

e of

ele

ctric

ity is

kilo

wat

t hou

r (kW

h)

Patte

rn A

ppro

val

-Pat

tern

app

rova

l of e

lect

ricity

met

ers

is c

ompu

lsor

y an

d pe

rform

ed b

y TN

B.-A

dopt

ing

IEC

sta

ndar

d w

hich

is d

epen

ding

on

clas

s of

the

met

er.

-The

ele

ctric

ity m

eter

’s m

anuf

actu

rers

are

requ

ired

to a

ttach

the

resu

lts fr

om

certi

fied

inde

pend

ent l

abor

ator

y.

Elec

tric

ity M

eter

s Ve

rific

atio

n

-Ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s ve

rific

atio

n is

per

form

ed b

y TN

B.-F

or m

ediu

m a

nd h

igh

volta

ge c

onsu

mer

whi

ch e

lect

ricity

met

ers

used

of

tran

sfor

mer

, the

ver

ifica

tion

inte

rval

is o

nce

a ye

ar.

-For

low

vol

tage

con

sum

er, i

n si

ngle

pha

se o

r thr

ee p

hase

ele

ctric

ity

met

ers,

ther

e is

no

spec

ific

verif

icat

ion

inte

rval

.The

ver

ifica

tions

test

is d

one

whe

re th

ere

is s

ome

diffe

renc

es in

bill

stat

istic

or c

ompl

ain

byth

e co

nsum

ers.

Than

k Y

ou

154

Mon

golia

n Ag

ency

for

Stan

dard

izat

ion

and

Met

rolo

gy

T.Su

vd-E

rden

eVe

rific

atio

n of

ficer

MAP

OF

MO

NG

OLI

AM

AP O

F M

ON

GO

LIA

Loca

tion:

Loca

tion:

Betw

een

Russ

ia a

nd C

hina

Betw

een

Russ

ia a

nd C

hina

Area

:Ar

ea:

1.5

1.5

mln

mln

sq.k

m (6

sq.k

m (6

ththin

Asi

a, 1

8in

Asi

a, 1

8thth

in th

e W

orld

)in

the

Wor

ld)

Qui

ck fa

cts a

bout

Mon

golia

Qui

ck fa

cts a

bout

Mon

golia

-Pop

ulat

ion:

2,4

mil.

(with

low

den

sity

of 1

,5 p

erso

ns p

er sq

.km

)-M

ore

than

10

ethn

ic g

roup

s, (7

5%-

Kha

lkha

, 7%

-Kaz

akhs

and

oth

ers)

-L

angu

age:

Mon

golia

n -R

elig

ion:

Mor

e th

an 9

0%-T

ibet

an

Bud

dhis

t Lam

aism

, 6%

-Mus

lim-C

limat

e: E

xtre

me

cont

inen

tal,

4 di

stin

ct

seas

ons (

-25C

in Ja

nuar

y; +

25C

in Ju

ly)

His

tory

of M

ongo

liaH

isto

ry o

f Mon

golia

•• Mon

golia

was

inha

bite

d 50

0.00

0 ye

ars a

go.

Mon

golia

was

inha

bite

d 50

0.00

0 ye

ars a

go.

•• Fir

st st

ate

was

est

ablis

hed

by H

uns t

ribe

s in

209

B.C

. Fi

rst s

tate

was

est

ablis

hed

by H

uns t

ribe

s in

209

B.C

.

•• Gre

at M

ongo

l Em

pire

und

er

Gre

at M

ongo

l Em

pire

und

er C

hing

gis

Chi

nggi

sK

han

was

K

han

was

es

tabl

ishe

d in

120

6.es

tabl

ishe

d in

120

6.

•• Con

ques

t by

Man

chu

Em

pire

dur

ing

XV

III

Con

ques

t by

Man

chu

Em

pire

dur

ing

XV

III --

XIX

X

IX

cent

urie

s ce

ntur

ies

•• Res

tora

tion

of M

ongo

lian

sove

reig

nty

in 1

911.

R

esto

ratio

n of

Mon

golia

n so

vere

ignt

y in

191

1.

•• Cre

atio

n of

Peo

ple'

s Rep

ublic

of M

ongo

lia in

192

4 C

reat

ion

of P

eopl

e's R

epub

lic o

f Mon

golia

in 1

924

(und

er c

omm

unis

m)

(und

er c

omm

unis

m)

•• Est

ablis

hmen

t of d

emoc

racy

in 1

990

Est

ablis

hmen

t of d

emoc

racy

in 1

990

155

Mon

golia

n A

genc

y fo

r St

anda

rdiz

atio

n an

d M

etro

logy

-M

ASM

Gov

ernm

ent r

egul

ator

y ag

ency

whi

ch is

G

over

nmen

t reg

ulat

ory

agen

cy w

hich

is

resp

onsi

ble

for c

oord

inat

ion

and

re

spon

sibl

e fo

r coo

rdin

atio

n a

nd

man

agem

ent o

f the

met

rolo

gy in

clud

ing

man

agem

ent o

f the

met

rolo

gy in

clud

ing

mea

sure

men

t of e

lect

ricity

met

ers,

mea

sure

men

t of e

lect

ricity

met

ers,

stan

dard

izat

ion,

test

ing

and

qual

ity

stan

dard

izat

ion,

test

ing

and

qual

ity

thro

ugho

ut th

e co

untry

.th

roug

hout

the

coun

try.

MA

SMT

he m

ain

func

tions

are

:•

Stan

dard

izat

ion

•C

ertif

icat

ion

•E

stab

lishm

ent o

f nat

iona

l mea

sure

men

t sta

ndar

ds

•L

egal

met

rolo

gy•

Acc

redi

tatio

n•

Stat

e su

perv

isio

n of

sta

ndar

diza

tion,

qua

lity

and

met

rolo

gy•

Tra

inin

g an

d co

nsul

ting

•In

tern

atio

nal c

oope

ratio

n

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

CH

AR

T

CH

AIR

MA

N

VIC

E C

HA

IRM

AN

CO

UN

CIL

Man

agem

ent

& F

inan

ce

Dep

artm

ent

Acc

redi

tatio

n O

ffic

eSu

perv

isio

n D

epar

tmen

tM

etro

logy

D

epar

tmen

tSt

anda

rdiz

atio

n &

Qua

lity

Cer

tific

atio

n D

epar

tmen

t

•Adm

inis

tratio

n D

ivis

ion

•Int

erna

tiona

l C

oope

ratio

n Te

am•M

arke

ting

and

train

ing

Team

•Fin

ance

&

Plan

ning

Div

isio

n•G

ener

al A

ffai

rs

Team

•Sec

reta

riat o

f St

anda

rds T

echn

ical

C

omm

ittee

s•Q

ualit

y C

ertif

icat

ion

Div

isio

n •S

tand

ards

In

form

atio

n C

ente

r

•Sta

ndar

d La

bs -

10•V

erifi

catio

n la

bs -

5

•Sup

ervi

sion

on

stan

dard

s &

pro

duct

qu

ality

•sup

ervi

sion

on

met

rolo

gy

•Tec

hnic

al

Cou

ncils

-4

Leg

al M

etro

logy

In t

he f

ram

e of

leg

al m

etro

logy

the

MA

SM

carr

ying

out

follo

win

g ac

tiviti

es :

A p

atte

rn a

ppro

val f

or

elec

tric

ity m

eter

s

acco

rdin

g to

MN

S/IE

C 6

1036

an

d it

does

by

the

ele

ctric

al

stan

dard

labo

rato

ry

of th

e M

ASM

156

•Ver

ifica

tion

of m

anda

tory

ele

ctri

city

met

ers b

y th

e

Ver

ifica

tion

labo

rato

ry o

f the

MA

SM a

nd it

’s b

ranc

hes.

The

re-

veri

ficat

ion

inte

rval

s for

mec

hani

cal m

eter

s are

3

year

s and

for

ele

ctro

nic

met

ers-

8 ye

ars.

Ther

e ar

e gr

ante

d th

e lic

ense

s fo

r man

ufac

ture

, Th

ere

are

gran

ted

the

licen

ses

for m

anuf

actu

re,

repa

ir, s

ervi

ce a

nd s

ale

of e

lect

ricity

met

ers

repa

ir, s

ervi

ce a

nd s

ale

of e

lect

ricity

met

ers

to 2

0 m

ore

com

pani

es a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

. to

20

mor

e co

mpa

nies

and

org

aniz

atio

ns.

157

AP

EC

/ A

PLM

F (C

TI 1

0/20

05T)

AP

EC

/ A

PLM

F (C

TI 1

0/20

05T)

Trai

ning

Cou

rse

on E

lect

ricity

Met

ers

Trai

ning

Cou

rse

on E

lect

ricity

Met

ers

Feb

28

Feb

28 ––

Mar

ch 3

, 200

6M

arch

3, 2

006

Intro

duct

ion

Intro

duct

ion

Nam

e: M

r. V

icto

r G

abi

Nam

e: M

r. V

icto

r G

abi

Posi

tion:

Sen

ior

Met

rolo

gist

(O

IC M

etro

logy

Po

sitio

n: S

enio

r M

etro

logi

st (

OIC

Met

rolo

gy

Dep

t)D

ept)

Org

aniz

atio

n: N

atio

nal I

nstit

ute

of S

tand

ards

O

rgan

izat

ion:

Nat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Sta

ndar

ds

and

Indu

stria

l Tec

hnol

ogy

an

d In

dust

rial T

echn

olog

y

Dep

artm

ent:

Met

rolo

gyD

epar

tmen

t: M

etro

logy

Res

pons

ibili

ty:

Nat

iona

l Bod

y in

cha

rge

of

Res

pons

ibili

ty:

Nat

iona

l Bod

y in

cha

rge

of

Phys

ical

and

Leg

al M

etro

logy

in t

he C

ount

ry.

Phys

ical

and

Leg

al M

etro

logy

in t

he C

ount

ry.

Wha

t Org

aniz

atio

n (s

) reg

ulat

e th

e m

easu

rem

ent

Wha

t Org

aniz

atio

n (s

) reg

ulat

e th

e m

easu

rem

ent

of e

lect

ricity

in y

our e

cono

my?

of e

lect

ricity

in y

our e

cono

my?

PN

G P

OW

ER L

TD (

serv

ice

deliv

ery

and

Reg

ula

tor

Fun

ctio

ns)

ve

rifi

cati

on/t

esti

ng/

insp

ecti

on

ICC

C (

Con

sum

er P

rote

ctio

n/c

onsu

mer

rig

ht)

NII

SIT

(cal

led

upo

n f

or S

tan

dard

s an

d C

onfo

rman

ce)

Kilo

Wat

thou

r

Wha

t are

the

Lega

l Uni

ts o

f Mea

sure

men

t for

the

Wha

t are

the

Lega

l Uni

ts o

f Mea

sure

men

t for

the

sale

of e

lect

ricity

?sa

le o

f ele

ctric

ity?

Do

elec

trici

ty M

eter

s re

quire

app

rova

l of t

ype?

Do

elec

trici

ty M

eter

s re

quire

app

rova

l of t

ype?

Yes

th

ey d

o re

quir

e ty

pe t

esti

ng

Yes

th

ey d

o re

quir

e ty

pe t

esti

ng

--A

S W

irin

g R

ule

s &

Ass

ocia

ted

STD

S A

S W

irin

g R

ule

s &

Ass

ocia

ted

STD

S P

NG

PO

WER

Tra

de C

ircu

lar

PN

GP

OW

ER T

rade

Cir

cula

r

Wha

t org

aniz

atio

n pe

rform

s ap

prov

al o

f typ

es

Wha

t org

aniz

atio

n pe

rform

s ap

prov

al o

f typ

es

test

ing?

test

ing?

PN

G P

ower

Ltd

PN

G P

ower

Ltd

158

Is m

eter

ver

ifica

tion

test

ing

requ

ired?

Is m

eter

ver

ifica

tion

test

ing

requ

ired?

PN

G P

ower

Ltd

PN

G P

ower

Ltd

Wha

t org

aniz

atio

n pe

rform

s th

e m

eter

ver

ifica

tion

Wha

t org

aniz

atio

n pe

rform

s th

e m

eter

ver

ifica

tion

test

?

test

?

Yes

Yes

Are

test

per

form

ed o

n m

eter

in s

ervi

ce?

Are

test

per

form

ed o

n m

eter

in s

ervi

ce?

PN

G P

ower

Ltd

PN

G P

ower

Ltd

Are

met

ers

give

n a

verif

icat

ion

inte

rval

?A

re m

eter

s gi

ven

a ve

rific

atio

n in

terv

al?

Yes

. 5 y

ears

inte

rval

Yes

. 5 y

ears

inte

rval

Is th

ere

a m

easu

rem

ent c

ompl

aint

/dis

pute

Is

ther

e a

mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt/d

ispu

te

reso

lutio

n pr

oces

s?re

solu

tion

proc

ess?

Yes

. Y

es.

Trip

arti

te :

PN

GP

OW

ER, I

CC

C, N

ISIT

Trip

arti

te :

PN

GP

OW

ER, I

CC

C, N

ISIT

Trac

eabi

lity

of M

easu

rem

ent

Trac

eabi

lity

of M

easu

rem

ent

MS

L (N

ISIT

)

Reg

ulat

ors

(ICC

C)

Accr

edite

d la

bs

Use

rs

NM

I Aus

tralia

BIP

M

OIM

L

AP

LMF

Phy

sica

l Met

rolo

gy

Lega

l Met

rolo

gy

Prototype

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Terti

ary

Commercial/

Industrial

Nat

iona

l Reg

iona

l

Inte

rnat

iona

l

END

END

159

Ove

rvie

w o

f (E

lect

rici

ty)

Mea

sure

men

t Sys

tem

s in

the

Phili

ppin

es

Dep

artm

ent

of

Sci

ence

and T

echnolo

gy

Indust

rial

Tec

hnolo

gy

Dev

elopm

ent

Inst

itute

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Labora

tory

Bic

uta

n,

Tag

uig

, M

etro

Man

ila,

Phili

ppin

es

Man

uel

M.

Ruiz

Ele

ctri

cal, T

ime

and F

requen

cy S

tandar

ds

Sec

tion

....

is

man

dat

ed b

y la

w t

o e

stab

lish

and m

ainta

in p

hys

ical

sta

ndar

ds

for

bas

ic u

nits

of

mea

sure

men

t –

elec

tric

ity

incl

uded

.

REP

UB

LIC

OF

THE

PHIL

IPPI

NES

BA

TASA

NG

PA

MB

AN

SA

C.B

. No.

11

Firs

t Reg

ular

Ses

sion

BA

TA

S PA

MB

AN

SA B

LG

. 8

AN

AC

T D

EFIN

ING

TH

E M

ETR

IC S

YST

EM A

ND

IT

S U

NIT

S, P

RO

VID

ING

FO

R IT

S IM

PLEM

EN-

TATI

ON

AN

D F

OR

OTH

ER P

UR

POSE

S

Be

it en

acte

d by

the

Bat

asan

g Pa

mba

nsa

in se

ssio

nas

sem

bled

:

SEC

TIO

N 1

. Ado

ptio

n of

the

met

ric

syst

em.-

Effe

ctiv

e Ja

nuar

y on

e ni

nete

en h

undr

ed a

nd e

ight

y-th

ree,

the

met

ric sy

stem

(SI)

as d

efin

ed h

erei

n, sh

all

be th

e so

le m

easu

rem

ent s

yste

m to

be

used

in th

e Ph

ilipp

ines

. ...

SEC

TIO

N 6

..Nat

iona

l Sta

ndar

ds fo

r met

ric u

nits

–a.

Fo

r the

pur

pose

of d

eriv

ing

the

valu

e of

the

base

uni

ts,

the

Nat

iona

l Ins

titut

e of

Sci

ence

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

shal

l est

ablis

h an

d m

aint

ain

natio

nal s

tand

ards

of

thes

e un

itsw

ith th

e co

ncur

renc

e of

the

Boa

rd fo

r ce

rtific

atio

n by

the

Inte

rnat

iona

l Bur

eau

of W

eigh

ts

and

Mea

sure

s whe

n ne

cess

ary.

...

Dep

artm

ent

of

Sci

ence

and

Tec

hnolo

gy

Ind

ust

rial Tech

no

log

yD

evelo

pm

en

t In

stit

ute

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Labora

tory

Ref

eren

ce

Vol

tage

Div

ider

Fluk

e 75

2A

8 ½

Dig

it M

ultim

eter

HP

3458

A(T

rans

fer S

td)

8 ½

Dig

it M

ultim

eter

HP

3458

A(T

rans

fer S

td)

Mul

tipro

duct

Cal

ibra

tor

Fluk

e 55

00V

dc, V

ac, R

esis

tanc

eA

dc, A

ac

Hig

h R

esol

utio

n Fr

eque

ncy

Cou

nter

/Tim

erH

P 53

131A

Sign

al G

ener

ator

HP

3325

A

Oth

er c

alib

ratio

n an

d te

st in

stru

men

ts o

f Lab

orat

ory

–an

d -C

lient

Inst

rum

ents

Dc

Vol

tage

Ac

–D

c D

iffer

ence

Res

ista

nce

Freq

uenc

y/T

ime

Inte

rval

GPS

R

ecei

ver

UT

C

Elec

troni

c V

olta

ge S

tand

ard

Stat

roni

cs V

S4(N

ML,

Aus

tralia

) Mul

tifun

ctio

n C

alib

rato

rFl

uke

5700

Vdc

, Vac

, Res

ista

nce

Adc

, Aac

AC

-DC

The

rmal

Tr

ansf

er S

tand

ard

Fluk

e 54

0B(N

ML,

Aus

tralia

) 8 ½

Dig

it M

ultim

eter

HP

3458

A(T

rans

fer S

td.)

DC

Res

ista

nce

Com

para

tor B

ridge

Gui

ldlin

e(R

atio

met

eric

Tr

ansf

er S

td. )

Set o

f St

anda

rd

Res

isto

rs,

0.00

1 oh

m to

1

Moh

m

1 oh

m &

10

kohm

Sta

ndar

d R

esis

tors

Leed

s and

Nor

thru

p(N

ML,

Aus

tralia

)

Ces

ium

Bea

m P

rimar

y Fr

eque

ncy

Stan

dard

HP5

071A

SI d

efin

ition

of t

he se

cond

Als

o,

purs

uan

t to

Rep

ublic

Act

No.

9236 “

An A

ct E

stab

lishin

g a

Nat

ional

M

easu

rem

ent

Infr

astr

uct

ure

Sys

tem

for

Sta

ndar

ds

and M

eas

ure

men

ts,

and f

or

Oth

er P

urp

ose

s”oth

erw

ise

know

n a

s The

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Act

of

2003:

Ther

e sh

all be

esta

blis

hed

a N

atio

nal

M

easu

rem

ent

Infr

astr

uct

ure

Sys

tem

pro

vidin

g m

easu

rem

ent

stan

dar

ds

that

are

inte

rnat

ional

ly t

race

able

and

consi

sten

t w

ith t

he

Met

re C

onve

ntion.

Rep

ublic

of t

he P

hilip

pine

s

Con

gres

s of

the

Phili

ppin

es

Met

ro M

anila

Twel

veth

Con

gres

s

Third

Reg

ular

Ses

sion

Begu

n an

d he

ld in

Met

ro M

anila

, on

Mon

day,

the

twen

ty-

eigh

t day

of J

uly,

two

thou

sand

and

thre

e.

[Rep

ublic

Act

No.

923

6]

AN

AC

T ES

TAB

LISH

ING

A N

ATI

ON

AL

MEA

SUR

EMEN

T IN

FRA

STR

UC

TUR

E SY

STEM

(NM

IS) F

OR

STA

ND

AR

DS

AN

D M

EASU

REM

ENTS

, AN

D F

OR

OTH

ER P

UR

POSE

S

Be it

ena

cted

by

the

Sena

te a

nd H

ouse

of R

epre

sent

ativ

esof

the

Phili

ppin

es in

Con

gres

s as

sem

bled

:

SEC

TIO

N 1

. Titl

e. –

This

Act

sha

ll be

kno

wn

as "T

he

Nat

iona

l Met

rolo

gy A

ct o

f 200

3."

SEC

TIO

N 2

. Dec

lara

tion

of P

olic

y. –

It is

her

eby

de

clar

ed th

e po

licy

of th

e St

ate

to fa

cilit

ate

the

deve

lopm

ent

of s

cien

tific

and

tech

nica

l kno

wle

dge

and

prog

ress

in th

e na

tiona

l eco

nom

y by

enc

oura

ging

the

stan

dard

izat

ion

and

mod

erni

zatio

n of

uni

ts a

nd s

tand

ards

of m

easu

rem

ents

to

adap

t to

the

need

s of

the

times

, the

reby

com

plyi

ng w

ith

inte

rnat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds a

nd p

rote

ctin

g th

e he

alth

, int

eres

t an

d sa

fety

of e

very

con

sum

er a

nd h

is e

nviro

nmen

t fro

m th

e ha

rmfu

l effe

cts

of in

accu

rate

or f

alse

mea

sure

men

ts.

160

Mea

sure

men

t la

bora

tori

es in t

he

Nat

ional

Mea

sure

men

t In

fras

truct

ure

Sys

tem

shal

l be,

with r

espec

t to

ac

cura

cy lev

el,

hie

rarc

hic

al in n

ature

, fo

rmin

g a

met

rolo

gy

pyr

am

id:

-nat

ional

lab

ora

tori

es o

f hig

hes

t ac

cura

cy lev

el a

t th

e ap

ex

-gove

rnm

ent

and p

riva

te-o

wned

th

ird p

arty

cal

ibra

tion lab

ora

tori

es

in t

he

mid

dle

-in

-house

cal

ibra

tion lab

ora

tori

es

and u

sers

of

mea

suri

ng a

nd

test

ing e

quip

men

t at

the

bas

e*

PN

RI –

DO

ST

and

BH

DT

–D

OH

: ion

izin

g ra

diat

ion

PA

GA

SA

–D

OS

T: ti

me

of th

e da

y

ITD

I –D

OS

T: a

ll ot

her n

atio

nal s

tand

ards

of u

nits

of

mea

sure

men

t (e.

g., m

ass,

leng

th, e

lect

ricity

, fre

quen

cy, t

empe

ratu

re, f

orce

, pre

ssur

e).

The

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Act

of

2003 p

resc

ribes

the

met

rolo

gic

al c

ontr

ols

on

mea

suri

ng inst

rum

ents

and

stan

dar

ds

requir

ed t

o e

nsu

re

relia

ble

mea

sure

men

ts in t

he

Reg

ula

ted A

reas

of

Applic

atio

n.

“…th

e fiel

d o

f en

dea

vors

or

area

s w

hic

h a

re c

ritica

l to

ci

tize

ns

as t

hey

affec

t hea

lth,

safe

ty,

wel

fare

, phys

ical

co

nditio

ns,

tra

de

and c

om

mer

ce,

legal

tra

nsa

ctio

ns,

envi

ronm

ent

and o

ther

are

as a

s m

ay b

e det

erm

ined

by

the

Nat

ional

M

etro

logy

Boar

d.”

The

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Board

is

the

body

resp

onsi

ble

for

imple

men

ting t

he

pro

visi

ons

of

the

Act

In t

he

regula

ted a

reas

of

applic

atio

n,

the

syst

em o

f units

bas

ed o

n t

he

Inte

rnat

ional

Sys

tem

of

Units

pre

scri

bed

by

the

CG

PM

is

man

dato

ryth

roughout

the

countr

y.

In t

he

regula

ted a

reas

of

applic

atio

n,

the

syst

em o

f units

bas

ed o

n t

he

Inte

rnat

ional

Sys

tem

of

Units

pre

scri

bed

by

the

CG

PM

is

man

dato

ryth

roughout

the

countr

y.

161

The

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Labora

tory

(N

MLP

hil)

pre

sently

exis

ting a

s th

e la

bora

tory

arm

of

the

ITD

I on m

etro

logy

shal

l le

ad p

ublic

and p

riva

te lab

ora

tori

es

in c

arry

ing o

ut:

–Cal

ibra

tion

–Ver

ific

atio

n

–Typ

e Appro

val

–Tes

ting,

and

–O

ther

Met

rolo

gic

al C

ontr

ols

of

mea

suri

ng inst

rum

ents

to e

ffec

tive

ly

imple

men

t th

e pro

visi

ons

of

the

Act

.

For

the

purp

ose

of

enfo

rcin

g its

man

dat

e,

the

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Boar

d m

ay

del

egat

e sp

ecific

auth

ori

ty a

nd f

unct

ions

to o

ther

dep

artm

ents

and a

gen

cies

of

the

gove

rnm

ent

and p

riva

te inst

itutions

as

dep

utize

d e

ntities

to a

ssis

t in

the

imple

men

tation o

f th

e Act

.

ITD

I sh

all fo

rm “

Tec

hnic

al W

ork

ing

Gro

ups”

dra

win

g m

ember

s fr

om

the

dep

artm

ents

and a

gen

cies

of

the

gove

rnm

ent

and p

riva

te inst

itutions,

to

dra

ft t

echnic

al a

nd o

ther

guid

elin

es n

eeded

to c

arry

out

the

pro

visi

ons

of

the

Act

. Am

ong o

ther

s,

thes

e sh

all in

clude:

–Ver

ific

ation P

roce

dure

s

–Typ

e Appro

val Pro

cedure

s

–Ver

ific

atio

n I

nte

rval

s

–Tole

rance

s fo

r M

easu

ring

Equip

men

t

Inte

rnat

ional

Sta

ndar

ds

shal

l be

use

d a

s re

fere

nce

for

dev

elopin

g

guid

elin

es f

or

the

above

pro

cedure

s.

Equ

ipm

ent

Type

Use

Inte

rval

Wei

ghin

g Sc

ale

Spri

ngD

ry an

d W

et

Mar

ket

12 m

onth

s

Wei

ghin

g Sc

ale

Top

load

ing,

el

ectro

nic

Dry

and

Wet

M

arke

t12

mon

ths

Wei

ghin

g Sc

ale

Han

ging

sca

le,

pend

ulum

Dry

and

Wet

M

arke

t12

mon

ths

Wat

er F

low

Met

erM

echa

nica

lRe

side

ntia

l8

year

s

Elec

tric

Ene

rgy

Met

erEl

ectr

o-m

echa

nica

lRe

side

ntia

l10

yea

rs

Elec

tric

Ene

rgy

Met

erEl

ectr

onic

Resi

dent

ial

7 ye

ars

Petr

oleu

m

Prod

uct

Gas

olin

e St

atio

nsD

aily

che

cks

by s

tatio

n

Calib

ratin

g Bu

cket

s

Veri

ficat

ion

of

disp

ense

r at

gaso

line

stat

ions

12 m

onth

s

Met

er S

ticks

Sale

of t

extil

es,

wire

s, et

c.5

year

s

Stee

l Tap

e M

easu

reSa

le o

f wir

es,

met

al ro

ds, e

tc.

6 ye

ars

Ver

ifica

tion

inte

rvals

for m

easu

ring

equi

pmen

t tha

t are

of

wid

espr

ead

use

for s

ale

of g

oods

dire

ctly

to c

onsu

mer

s

Dis

trib

ution o

f el

ectr

ic p

ow

er t

o a

ll en

d-u

sers

is

under

take

n b

y pri

vate

dis

trib

ution u

tilit

ies,

co

oper

ativ

es,

loca

l gove

rnm

ent

units

and o

ther

duly

auth

ori

zed e

ntities

.

The

Ener

gy

Reg

ula

tory

Com

mis

sion

pro

mulg

ates

and e

nfo

rces

bas

ic r

ule

s,

pro

cedure

s, r

equir

emen

ts a

nd

stan

dar

ds

that

gove

rn t

he

oper

atio

n

and m

ainte

nan

ce o

f el

ectr

ic

dis

trib

ution s

yste

ms

in t

he

Phili

ppin

es.

(RA 9

136 E

lect

ric

Pow

er I

ndust

ry R

eform

Act

of

2001)

This

incl

udes

req

uirem

ents

per

tain

ing

to m

easu

rem

ent

of

elec

tric

al

quan

tities

ass

oci

ated

with t

he

supply

of

elec

tric

ity

and p

roce

dure

s fo

r pro

vidin

g m

eter

ing d

ata

for

bill

ing a

nd

sett

lem

ent.

(Ph

ilippin

e D

istr

ibution C

ode)

Energ

y Regula

tory

Com

mis

sion

(Reg

ula

tory

Body)

Nat

ional

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Corp

ora

tion

(TRAN

SC

O)

Dis

trib

ution U

tilit

ies

-priva

te e

lect

ric

utilit

y-

gove

rnm

ent-

ow

ned

utilit

y-

loca

l gove

rnm

ent

unit

-el

ectr

ic c

ooper

ativ

e

End-u

ser

Indust

ry P

artici

pan

ts

–D

istr

ibuto

r is

res

ponsi

ble

for

des

ign,

inst

alla

tion,

oper

atio

n a

nd m

ainte

nan

ce o

f m

eter

ing s

yste

m t

o e

nsu

re inte

gri

ty a

nd

accu

racy

of

met

erin

g s

yste

m

–In

stru

men

t tr

ansf

orm

ers

and t

hei

r use

:

–ac

cura

cy c

lass

0.3

or

bet

ter

com

ply

ing

with I

EC o

r eq

uiv

alen

t nat

ional

st

andar

ds

–co

nnec

ted o

nly

to a

rev

enue

met

er

with a

burd

en t

hat

will

not

affe

ct t

he

accu

racy

of

mea

sure

men

t

–to

be

test

ed d

uring c

om

mis

sionin

g

stag

e

(Som

e im

port

ant)

Req

uir

emen

ts f

or

the

mea

sure

men

t an

d m

eter

ing o

f el

ectr

ical

quan

tities

for

the

supply

of el

ectr

icity:

162

–m

eter

tes

ting a

nd c

alib

ration:

–sh

all be

conduct

ed b

y ERC

or

its

auth

ori

zed r

epre

senta

tive

–per

form

ed d

uri

ng t

esting o

r co

mm

issi

onin

g s

tage

–ca

libra

tion s

hal

l be

trace

able

to

Nat

ional

Inst

itute

of

Sta

ndar

ds

or

any

reputa

ble

in

tern

atio

nal

sta

ndar

d b

ody.

–te

st,

calib

ration,

mai

nte

nan

ce

and s

ealin

g r

ecord

s ar

e ke

pt

by

the

dis

trib

uto

r

(Som

e im

port

ant)

Req

uir

emen

ts f

or

the

mea

sure

men

t an

d m

eter

ing o

f el

ectr

ical

quan

tities

for

the

supply

of el

ectr

icity

(continued

):The

Consu

mer

Aff

airs

Ser

vice

of

the

ERC

han

dle

s co

nsu

mer

com

pla

ints

and e

nsu

res

the

adeq

uat

e pro

motion o

f co

nsu

mer

in

tere

sts

with r

espec

t to

met

erin

g a

nd b

illin

g

dis

pute

s.

Rule

s an

d p

roce

dure

s gove

rnin

g c

om

pla

ints

file

d w

ith t

he

Consu

mer

Aff

airs

Ser

vice

of

the

ERC h

ave

bee

n e

stab

lished

to p

rovi

de

fair

an

d a

ccep

table

act

ions

on

com

pla

ints

/gri

evan

ces

of

consu

mer

s.

In

case

of

mea

sure

men

t dis

pute

s, t

he

Nat

ional

Met

rolo

gy

Boar

d m

ay

assi

st t

he

ERC,

court

or

oth

er a

dju

dic

ativ

e body

by:

–pro

vidin

g t

echnic

al info

rmat

ion

–co

nduct

ing t

ests

–re

nder

ing e

xper

t op

inio

n

Concl

udin

g R

emar

ks a

nd F

utu

re P

lans:

While

the

ERC

per

form

s ca

libra

tion o

f el

ectr

ic

ener

gy

met

ers,

the

NM

L m

ust

be

able

to

support

the

trac

eabili

ty n

eeds

not

only

of

the

regula

tory

body

but

also

of

the

in-h

ouse

ca

libra

tion lab

ora

tori

es o

f utilit

y co

mpan

ies.

At

pre

sent,

the

NM

L has

suff

icie

nt

capab

ility

in

the

mea

sure

men

t of

ac v

oltag

e an

d c

urr

ent,

phas

e an

gle

, an

d t

ime/

freq

uen

cy.

In p

rinci

ple

, it s

hould

be

able

to d

eriv

e pow

er a

nd e

ner

gy

from

those

quan

tities

, but

the

NM

L does

not

off

er t

he

mea

sure

men

t or

calib

ration s

ervi

ce.

For

reas

ons

of

econom

ics,

the

NM

L w

ill c

ontinue

to r

ely

on t

he

pre

sent

pro

vider

s of

the

mea

sure

men

t se

rvic

e. T

hes

e ex

isting m

easu

rem

ent

pro

vider

s how

ever

are

enco

ura

ged

to s

eek

accr

editat

ion (

ISO

17025)

for

the

serv

ice

they

per

form

. A f

orm

al d

eputizi

ng m

ay b

e r

equir

ed t

o form

aliz

e st

ature

acc

ord

ing

the

Met

rolo

gy

Act

of

2003.

In s

upport

of

ISO

17025 a

ccre

ditat

ion

requir

emen

ts o

f ca

libra

tion s

ervi

ce

pro

vider

s, t

he

NM

L pla

ns

to o

rgan

ize

inte

rlab

ora

tory

com

pari

sons

on t

he

calib

ration o

f en

ergy

met

ers

by:

–ac

ting a

s re

fere

nce

lab

ora

tory

, or

–purc

has

ing a

com

mer

cial

Pro

fici

ency

Tes

ting,

PT p

rogra

m f

rom

an o

vers

eas

PT p

rovi

der

and a

ctin

g p

rogra

m

coord

inat

or

–al

so s

ugges

ting t

o t

he

APLM

F to

org

aniz

e a

PT p

rogra

m f

or

ener

gy

met

er

calib

ration

ITD

I w

elco

mes

any

assi

stan

ce in im

pro

ving its

leg

al m

etro

logy

infr

astr

uct

ure

, e.

g.

in t

he

pre

par

atio

n o

f te

chnic

al g

uid

elin

es f

or

Ver

ific

atio

nan

d T

ype

Appro

val Pro

cedure

s an

d in t

he

Ver

ific

atio

n a

nd A

ppro

val pro

cess

them

selv

es.

ITD

I al

so a

ppre

ciat

es t

he

effo

rts

of APLM

F in

conduct

ing t

hes

e se

ries

of

Sem

inar

s an

d T

rain

ing C

ours

es o

n E

lect

rici

ty M

eter

s fo

r le

gal

met

rolo

gy

pra

ctitio

ner

s in

the

regio

n.

Concl

udin

g R

emar

ks a

nd F

utu

re P

lans

(continued

):

163

APE

C/A

PLM

F Se

min

ar a

nd T

rain

ing

Cou

rses

in

Lega

l Met

rolo

gy

Tung

-Tua

n W

uTa

iwan

Ele

ctric

Res

earc

h &

Tes

ting

Cen

ter,

TER

TEC

Febr

uary

28

-Mar

ch 3

, 20

06

Ove

rvie

w o

f the

Mea

sure

men

t Sys

tem

ab

out E

lect

rici

ty M

eter

s In

Chi

nese

T

aipe

i O

rgan

izat

ions

reg

ulat

e th

e m

easu

rem

ent

of e

lect

rici

ty

MO

EA (M

inis

try o

f Eco

nom

ic A

ffai

r)

regu

late

s met

rolo

gica

l con

trol o

f Mea

surin

g in

stru

men

ts.

BSM

I (B

urea

u o

f Sta

ndar

ds, M

etro

logy

an

d In

spec

tion)

ver

ifies

mea

surin

g in

stru

men

ts b

efor

e its

sale

or u

sage

.B

SMI i

nspe

cts m

easu

ring

inst

rum

ents

.

The

lega

l uni

ts o

f mea

sure

for

the

sale

of e

lect

rici

ty

Res

iden

tial :

KW

att-h

our.

Com

mer

cial

and

indu

stria

l :

max

imum

dem

and

KV

A-h

our.

Req

uire

men

t app

rova

l for

diff

eren

t el

ectr

icity

met

ers

Subm

issi

on o

f a m

eter

and

its t

echn

ical

in

form

atio

n to

BSM

I for

type

app

rova

l.

Labo

rato

ry te

sts e

nsur

e th

at e

lect

ricity

m

eter

com

plie

s with

regu

latio

n.

164

Org

aniz

atio

n pe

rfor

ms t

he m

eter

s ve

rific

atio

n te

st

All

new

and

repa

ired

elec

trici

ty m

eter

s re

quire

ve

rific

atio

n te

stin

g.A

ccre

dite

d bo

dies

ver

ify th

e m

eter

s.B

SMI e

ncou

rage

s priv

ate

test

ing

inst

itutio

ns to

pa

rtici

pate

in g

over

nmen

t aff

airs

.Th

roug

h th

e co

ntra

ct, t

he B

SMI a

ccre

dits

wel

l-eq

uipp

ed, i

ndep

ende

nt, a

nd im

parti

al te

stin

g in

stitu

tions

to c

arry

out

the

verif

icat

ion.

BSM

I ent

rust

s TER

TEC

for t

he v

erifi

catio

n of

el

ectri

city

met

ers.

BSM

I reg

ulat

es w

hich

and

how

man

y m

eter

s sh

ould

be

test

ed.

Po

wer

supp

ly c

ompa

ny re

mov

es m

eter

s to

be

test

ed.

TER

TEC

test

s ele

ctric

ity m

eter

s at t

he te

stin

g la

bora

tory

.C

ompl

aint

disp

ute

met

ers c

an b

edi

sass

embl

ed

to b

e te

sted

at t

he te

stin

g la

bora

tory

.

Tes

ts p

erfo

rm o

n m

eter

s in

serv

ice

Met

ers a

re g

iven

a v

alid

ity fo

r re

-ver

ifica

tion

Dia

mon

d be

arin

g w

att-h

our m

eter

is v

alid

for 7

ye

ars.

Non

-bea

ring

(ele

ctro

nic)

met

er is

val

id fo

r 8 y

ears

.Su

rge

proo

f with

tran

sfor

mer

or w

ith a

de

man

ding

met

er is

val

id fo

r 8 y

ears

.Su

rge

proo

f (m

agne

t bea

ring

wat

t-hou

r met

er)

with

out t

rans

form

er o

r with

out d

eman

ding

met

er

is v

alid

for 1

6 ye

ars.

Sing

le-p

hase

sock

et is

val

id fo

r 20

year

s.

Com

plai

nt/d

ispu

te r

esol

utio

n pr

oces

s

Use

rs c

an a

pply

for m

eter

s id

entif

icat

ion.

BSM

I or p

olic

e ac

com

pani

es w

ith

user

s and

pow

er c

ompa

ny st

aff a

ttend

th

e m

eetin

g fo

r met

ers i

dent

ifica

tion.

TER

TEC

off

ers b

oth

pow

er c

ompa

ny

and

user

s the

iden

tific

atio

n re

sults

.

165

BSM

I (B

urea

u of

Stan

dard

s, M

etro

logy

an

d In

spec

tion)

ht

tp://

ww

w.b

smi.g

ov.tw

TE

RT

EC

(Tai

wan

Ele

ctri

c R

esea

rch

&

Tes

ting

Cen

ter)

http

://w

ww

.tert

ec.o

rg.tw

Tha

nk y

ou fo

r yo

ur a

tten

tion!

166

Ele

ctri

city

Met

ers B

y: W

ora

vith

Wis

upa

karn

CB

WM

. Thai

land

Org

aniz

atio

n

In T

haila

nd,t

here

is n

o or

gani

zatio

n

that

isre

spon

sibl

e fo

r the

mea

sure

men

t of e

lect

ricity

dire

ctly

Met

ropo

litan

Ele

ctri

city

A

utho

rity

Prov

inci

al E

lect

rici

ty

Aut

hori

ty

Org

aniz

atio

nM

etro

polit

an

Ele

ctri

city

A

utho

rity

Prov

inci

al

Ele

ctri

city

A

utho

rity

167

Ver

ifica

tion

:

Ref

eren

ce b

ased

on IE

C s

tand

ard

and

verif

icat

ion

by ra

ndom

All

met

ers h

ave

to b

e ve

rifie

d,an

d st

anda

rdsa

re re

ferr

edto

the

thos

eof

its

cou

ntry

orig

in. F

or e

xam

ple,

the

impo

rted

met

ers f

rom

USA

will

be

verif

ied

by A

NSI

stan

dard

.

Impo

rt :

Dom

estic

:

In se

rvic

eEa

ch o

rgan

izat

ion

hast

o pr

ovid

e su

ch

data

for e

lect

ricity

met

ers b

efor

e se

tting

as

pla

ce, d

ate,

type

, etc

. Afte

r 20

year

s of

inst

alla

tion,

the

met

er w

ill b

e ch

ecke

d an

d re

plac

ed b

y ne

w m

eter

. (2

0 ye

arsf

or M

etro

polit

an E

lect

ricity

A

utho

rity,

and

15 y

ears

for P

rovi

ncia

l El

ectri

city

Aut

horit

y.)

Ver

ifica

tion

inte

rval

No

Ver

ifica

tion

inte

rval

.

Uni

t

Lega

l uni

t of m

easu

re is

Kilo

wat

t Per

Hou

r.

168

Typ

e A

ppro

val

Man

ufac

ture

rsha

ve to

send

type

test

Incl

ude

thei

rbid

. Ver

ifica

tion

is b

ased

on

IEC

521-

1976

.

Mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt:

Mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt w

ill b

e pr

ocee

d as

follo

w:t

hedo

ubte

d m

eter

will

be

chec

ked

at a

labo

rato

ry m

eanw

hile

the

offic

ersr

epla

ce it

with

ane

w m

eter

at

user

’s p

lace

Mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt:

Bot

h or

gani

zatio

ns fi

ndm

easu

rem

ent c

ompl

aint

ap

prox

imat

ely

0.4%

a y

ear

Mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt:

If th

e re

sult

of m

eter

-che

ck

is p

reci

se,t

he u

ser h

as to

pa

y fo

r the

che

ckin

g fe

e.

169

Mea

sure

men

t com

plai

nt:

Oth

er fe

es in

cas

e th

e m

eter

is

impr

ecis

e,of

ficer

will

do

the

follo

win

gs:

If th

e m

eter

read

ing

is a

bove

the

stan

dard

,th

en th

e or

gani

zatio

n ha

sto

pay

for s

urpl

us.

If th

e m

eter

read

ing

is b

elow

the

stan

dard

,th

en th

e us

er h

ave

to p

ay fo

r sur

plus

.

170

DIR

ECTO

RA

TE F

OR

STA

ND

AR

DS

AN

D

QU

ALI

TY (S

TAM

EQ)

VIET

NA

M M

ETR

OLO

GY

INST

ITU

TE (V

MI)

VIET

NA

M M

ETR

OLO

GY

INST

ITU

TE (V

MI)

,,

VM

I

2

YO

U A

RE

WE

LCO

ME

DIR

ECTO

RA

TE F

OR

STA

ND

AR

DS

AN

D

QU

ALI

TY (S

TAM

EQ)

VIET

NA

M M

ETR

OLO

GY

INST

ITU

TEVI

ETN

AM

MET

RO

LOG

Y IN

STIT

UTE

,,

Trai

ning

Cou

rses

in L

egal

Met

rolo

gy

Trai

ning

Cou

rse

on E

lect

ricity

over

view

of t

he m

easu

rem

ent

syst

em a

bout

ele

ctric

ity

met

ers

in V

ietn

am..

Febr

uary

28

-Mar

ch 3

, 200

6 in

Ho

Chi

Min

hC

ity, V

iet N

am

VM

I

-64

prov

ince

s &

citi

es

-3 re

gion

s:*N

orth

(24

prov

ince

s +2

citi

es)

*Mid

dle

(23

prov

ince

s +1

citi

es)

*Sou

th (1

2 pr

ovin

ces

+3 c

ities

)

AD

MIN

ISTR

ASI

ON

MET

RO

LOG

ICA

L SY

STEM

IN V

IETN

AM

Bra

nchs

of S

TAM

EQ

in 6

4 P

rovi

nces

& C

ity

QU

ATE

ST

1,3,

2In

dust

rial L

ocal

Dep

artm

ents Te

stng

Cen

ters

Loca

l PC

inP

rovi

nces

EV

N S

YSTE

MP

C1,

PC

2,P

C3

+5P

C

VM

I

STA

ME

Q

171

Elec

trici

ty D

istri

butio

n Sy

stem

in V

ietn

am(A

l sys

tem

bel

ongi

ng to

EV

N)

PRO

DU

CTI

ON

(Hyd

ro &

The

rmo)

TRA

NSM

ITIO

N &

DIS

TRIB

UTI

ON

SALE

FO

R

CU

STU

MER

S

Sta

tistic

of E

lect

ricity

Met

ers

for T

he S

ale

of E

lect

ricity

(12-

2005

)N

Nor

gani

zatio

nsIn

duct

ive

1 ph

ase

Indu

ctiv

e3

phas

eE

lect

roni

csSu

mm

ary

1EV

N11

,524

,956

16

8,34

2 15

1,68

6 11

,844

,984

2PC

1 (2

4 lo

cal P

C)

1,57

0,88

2 62

,680

15

,867

1,

649,

429

3PC

2 (1

2 Lo

cal P

C)

1,94

1,69

9 17

,151

16

,552

1,

975,

402

4PC

3 (2

3 Lo

cal P

C)

1,91

4,91

5 31

,832

12

,415

95

9,16

2

5H

ANO

I PC

2,57

1,00

7 14

,046

9,

060

1,89

,113

6H

AIPH

ON

G P

C1,

027,

385

32,7

68

8,13

5 1,

228,

288

7H

OC

HIM

INH

PC

2.20

4,49

9 6,

325

12.5

43

1,71

1,36

7

8D

ON

GN

AI P

C25

3,74

1 1,

796

1,95

4 25

7,49

1

9N

INH

BIN

H P

C40

,828

1,

744

160

42,7

32

•64

Aut

horiz

ed S

tatio

ns

(Bra

nche

s of S

TAM

EQ in

64

Prov

ince

s & C

ity)

•61

Aut

horiz

ed L

abor

ator

ies

(bel

ong

to P

Cs

of th

e EV

N S

yste

m)

•02

Aut

horiz

ed L

abor

ator

ies

(bel

ong

to lo

cal I

ndus

trial

Dep

artm

ents

)

Org

aniz

atio

ns R

egul

ate

The

Mea

sure

men

t of E

lect

rici

tyL

egal

Uni

t of M

easu

reFo

r The

Sal

e of

Ele

ctric

ity

-kW

h (K

ilow

att-H

our)

-kVA

rh (

Kilo

var-

Hou

r)

-kVA

h (K

ilova

-Hou

r)

In V

ietn

am, a

ll th

e m

eter

s us

ed fo

r el

ectr

icity

sal

es b

y co

ntra

ct h

ave

to b

e ve

rifie

d

172

2 ty

pes:

-Mod

el T

est :

-Dom

estic

ally

Pro

duce

(N

ew d

esig

n of

met

ers)

-Im

port

ed m

eter

s

-Ver

ifica

tion

test

:(I

nspe

ctio

n, r

e-ve

rific

atio

n…)

TYPE

APP

RO

VAL

Vie

tnam

ese

Stan

dard

s

For

Indu

ctiv

e M

eter

-TC

VN

657

2-19

99 &

DL

VN

07-

2003

Follo

w to

IEC

620

53-2

1 (I

EC

521

-198

8)

For

Ele

ctro

nic

Met

er

-TC

VN

657

1-19

99 &

DL

VN

39-

2004

Fo

llow

to IE

C 6

2053

-22

(IE

C 1

036

, IE

C 6

87

IEC

126

8) REG

ULA

TIO

NS

Typ

ical

Ele

ctri

cal M

eter

s of U

sed

1. R

efer

ence

(Ele

ctro

nic)

Cla

ssifi

catio

n: 0

,005

-0,0

1-0,

02-0

,1-0

,2-0

,5R

e-ve

rific

atio

n In

terv

al: 1

yea

r

2. C

onsu

mer

s (In

duct

ive

& E

lect

roni

c ty

pe)

-1 p

hase

(2 w

ire)

-3 p

hase

(3 e

lem

ents

-4w

ire

, 2 e

lem

ents

-3

wir

e)-3

phi

mul

titar

iffC

lass

ifica

tion:

0,5

-1,0

-2,0

(Fol

low

to IE

C)

Re-

veri

ficat

ion

Inte

rval

: 1 p

hase

-5

year

3

phas

e -2

yea

rs

Who

Has

the

Rig

ht to

Ver

ify a

nd T

est

the

Ele

ctri

city

Met

er

Aut

horiz

ed O

rgan

izat

ion

:

+ Pe

rson

al h

ave

licen

se

+ Te

chni

cal e

quip

men

ts

173

Who

Has

the

Rig

ht to

Ver

ify a

nd T

est

the

Ele

ctri

city

Met

erR

EFER

ENC

S m

eter

s

Con

sum

ers

met

ers

Acc

urac

y C

lass

of R

efer

ence

Met

ers

174

Trac

eabi

lity

of E

lect

ricity

Met

ers

Con

sum

ers

Met

ers

for A

ctiv

e &

Rea

ctiv

eEl

ectr

ical

Ene

rgy

Cla

ss 0

,5-1

-2

The

Jose

phso

nJu

nctio

nVo

ltage

Sta

ndar

d

Elec

tron

ic c

ell 4

pie

ces

FLU

KE

734A

±(1

÷2)

ppm

Inte

rnat

iona

l lev

el

Nat

iona

l lev

el

Com

para

tor K

-200

.3 &

co

nven

terC

1-2

Cla

ss 0

,01 ÷

0,00

5

Freq

uenc

y St

anda

rds

Cou

nter

of f

requ

ency

& ra

tio

Ref

eren

ce W

h M

eter

3 p

hase

& 1

ph

ase

Cla

ss 0

,02

Ref

eren

ce W

h M

eter

3 p

hase

&1

phas

eC

lass

0,0

5

Ref

eren

ce W

h M

eter

3 p

hase

& 1

ph

ase

Cla

ss 0

,1 v

µ0,

2

Who

Has

The

Rig

ht to

Ver

ify a

nd T

est

the

Ele

ctri

city

Met

er

Aut

horiz

ed O

rgan

izat

ion

:

+ Te

chni

cal e

quip

men

ts:

-MTE

(Sw

itzer

land

-G

erm

any)

-Chi

na

-....

.

Test

ing

Ban

d fo

r Ele

ctric

al M

eter

s Mad

e B

y V

MI

On-

site

Sup

ply

& R

efer

ence

W

atth

ourm

eter

.

175

Proc

ess

of C

heck

ing

Che

ckin

g A

ccur

acy

On-

site

Che

ckin

g ac

cura

cy o

n-si

teC

ompl

aint

-D

ispu

te R

esol

utio

n P

roce

ssIn

Vie

tnam

, met

ers u

sed

for t

he e

lect

ricity

sale

sby

con

stra

cts t

o pu

rcha

se e

lect

ricity

are

the

prop

riety

of

EVN

. Whe

n th

ere

are

com

plai

nts f

rom

cus

tom

ers r

elat

ing

to

Ener

gy a

ccou

nt R

ate,

the

cust

omer

s hav

e to

requ

est t

hrou

gh

the

appl

icat

ion

to th

e lo

cal P

C. T

he m

eter

is re

view

ed b

y a

grou

p of

3 re

pres

enta

tives

from

the

orga

niza

tions

: C

usto

mer

, Loc

al P

C a

nd B

ranc

h of

STA

MEQ

in lo

cal

prov

ince

.If

met

er is

faul

ty, i

ts e

nerg

y lo

st is

cal

cula

ted

and

is c

redi

ted

to th

eir a

ccou

nts,

and

the

met

er is

repl

aced

by

loca

l PC

.Pa

ymen

t for

che

ckin

g by

Who

m h

ave

done

not

trut

h -F

or b

ig c

usto

mer

s dec

ided

by

econ

omic

al L

aw-c

ourt

176

Than

k Yo

u

for y

our a

ttent

ion

VM

I

DIR

ECTO

RA

TE F

OR

STA

ND

AR

DS

AN

D

QU

ALI

TY (S

TAM

EQ)

VIET

NA

M M

ETR

OLO

GY

INST

ITU

TE (V

MI)

VIET

NA

M M

ETR

OLO

GY

INST

ITU

TE (V

MI)

,,

177